Professional Documents
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SYSTEM
GROUP NUMBER : 16
DEPARTMENT : INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
YEAR : 3RD
SEMESTER : 6TH
GROUP MEMBERS :
ARNAB ROY (48)
ISAN KUMAR BOTHRA (10)
AWANISH KUMAR (34)
INTRODUCTION :
The widespread penetration of information technology into our daily lives has
triggered the real need for reliable and user friendly mechanism to authenticate
individuals.
Automated personal authentication using biometric features has been widely studied
during the last two decades. Previous research efforts have made it possible to apply
biometric systems to practical applications for security or commercial purposes.
Biometric systems based on palmprint recognition, face recognition, and iris
recognition have already been developed to a quite mature stage so that they can
be applied to critical security applications such as the immigration control and the
crime investigation.
The slope, intercept and inclination of each segment are used as features for
palmprint matching. C.C. Han et al. investigate the magnitude of palm lines in
palmprint matching. The latest related research reveals that the orientations of palm
lines also contain strong discriminative power. Based on palm line orientations, a
Competitive Code is designed for palmprint representation in; and Y. Han et al. use
local orientation histograms for describing palmprints. Similar to the texture based
methods; the palm line based methods usually employ image filtering for line feature
extraction, leading to a high computational complexity.
For example, in the Competitive Code method, six Gabor filters are applied to each
palmprint ROI (Region Of Interest) for generating the corresponding orientation map.
Suppose that the Palmprint ROI is 128 x 128 pixels and the Gabor filters are 35 35 in
size, the overall MADD (Multiplication + Addition) operations required for one
palmprint is around 120 million, leading to a very long processing time especially on
slow mobile platforms. Experiments show that extracting the Competitive Code for
one palmprint takes more than eight seconds on a state of the art PDA. This is far too
slow for a real-time biometric system.
This may account for the significant performance variations of different filtering
based palmprint authentication methods on different databases. In this paper, we
propose a texture based approach for palmprint authentication, in which palmprint
image grayscale information are directly adopted as features.
The computational complexity of the feature extraction process is much lower than
previous filtering based approaches, and thus can be implemented efficiently for
even slow mobile embedded platforms. By extending the idea of SAX (Symbolic
Aggregate approximation) in time series research to 2D images for palmprint
representation and matching, the proposed method can achieve the authentication
performance, in terms of EER (Equal Error Rate), comparable to the state of the art
palmprint authentication methods. The rest of this paper is organized as the follows.
Section 2 explains the 2D extension of SAX for images. Section 3 describes the
feature extraction and matching processes of the proposed approach. Experiments
and results are elaborated in Section 4. The last section is a conclusion of our work.
DETAILS :
The analysis of palmprints for matching purposes generally requires the comparison
of several features of the print pattern. These include patterns, which are aggregate
characteristics of ridges, and minutia points, which are unique features found within
the patterns. It is also necessary to know the structure and properties of
human skin in order to successfully employ some of the imaging technologies.
Patterns :
The three basic patterns of palmprint ridges are the arch, loop, and whorl, quite
similar to that of fingerprints, however the texture obtained via the lower part palm
is and the wrist are a bit complex, as explained later:
Arch: The ridges enter from one side of the palm, rise in the center
forming an arc, and then exit the other side of the palm.
Loop: The ridges enter from one side of a palm, form a curve, and then
exit on that same side.
1. Arch Pattern
Full Palm
2. Whorl Pattern
3. Loop Pattern
4.
Scientists have found that family members often share the same general palmprint
patterns, leading to the belief that these patterns are inherited.
Minutia features :
The major minutia features of palmprint ridges are ridge ending, bifurcation, and
short ridge (or dot). The ridge ending is the point at which a ridge terminates.
Bifurcations are points at which a single ridge splits into two ridges. Short ridges (or
dots) are ridges which are significantly shorter than the average ridge length on the
palmprint. Minutiae and patterns are very important in the analysis of palmprints
since no two palms have been shown to be identical.
Palmprint sensors :
Optical :
Optical palmprint imaging involves capturing a digital image of the print
using visible light. This type of sensor is, in essence, a specialized digital
camera. The top layer of the sensor, where the palm is placed, is known as the
touch surface. Beneath this layer is a light-emitting phosphor layer which
illuminates the surface of the palm. The light reflected from the palm passes
through the phosphor layer to an array of solid state pixels (a charge-coupled
device) which captures a visual image of the palmprint. A scratched or dirty
touch surface can cause a bad image of the palmprint. A disadvantage of this
type of sensor is the fact that the imaging capabilities are affected by the
quality of skin on the palm. For instance, a dirty or marked palm is difficult to
image properly. Also, it is possible for an individual to erode the outer layer of
skin on the palmtips to the point where the palmprint is no longer visible. It can
also be easily fooled by an image of a palmprint if not coupled with a "live
palm" detector. However, unlike capacitive sensors, this sensor technology is
not susceptible to electrostatic discharge damage. Palmprints can be read from
a distance.
Ultrasonic :
Ultrasonic sensors make use of the principles of medical ultrasonography in
order to create visual images of the palmprint. Unlike optical imaging,
ultrasonic sensors use very high frequency sound waves to penetrate the
epidermal layer of skin. The sound waves are generated using piezoelectric
transducers and reflected energy is also measured using piezoelectric
materials. Since the dermal skin layer exhibits the same characteristic pattern
of the palmprint, the reflected wave measurements can be used to form an
image of the palmprint. This eliminates the need for clean, undamaged
epidermal skin and a clean sensing surface.
Capacitance :
Capacitance sensors use principles associated with capacitance in order to
form palmprint images. In this method of imaging, the sensor array pixels each
act as one plate of a parallel-plate capacitor, the dermal layer (which is
electrically conductive) acts as the other plate, and the non-conductive
epidermal layer acts as a dielectric.
Passive capacitance :
A passive capacitance sensor use the principle outlined above to form an
image of the palmprint patterns on the dermal layer of skin. Each sensor pixel
is used to measure the capacitance at that point of the array. The capacitance
varies between the ridges and valleys of the palmprint due to the fact that the
volume between the dermal layer and sensing element in valleys contains an
air gap. The dielectric constant of the epidermis and the area of the sensing
element are known values. The measured capacitance values are then used to
distinguish between palmprint ridges and valleys.
Active capacitance :
Active capacitance sensors use a charging cycle to apply a voltage to the skin
before measurement takes place. The application of voltage charges the
effective capacitor. Theelectric field between the palm and sensor follows the
pattern of the ridges in the dermal skin layer. On the discharge cycle, the
voltage across the dermal layer and sensing element is compared against a
reference voltage in order to calculate the capacitance. The distance values are
then calculated mathematically, and used to form an image of the
palmprint. Active capacitance sensors measure the ridge patterns of the
dermal layer like the ultrasonic method. Again, this eliminates the need for
clean, undamaged epidermal skin and a clean sensing surface.
Algorithms :
Pattern based algorithms compare the basic palmprint patterns (arch, whorl, and
loop) between a previously stored template and a candidate palmprint. This
requires that the images can be aligned in the same orientation. To do this, the
algorithm finds a central point in the palmprint image and centers on that. In a
pattern-based algorithm, the template contains the type, size, and orientation of
patterns within the aligned palmprint image. The candidate palmprint image is
graphically compared with the template to determine the degree to which they
match.
CONCLUSION :
In this paper Palmprint recognition algorithms are reviewed. Palmprint recognition
has considerable potential as a personal identification technique as it shares most of
the discriminative features with fingerprints and in addition possesses a much larger
skin area and other discriminative features such as principal lines, ridges and
wrinkles which are very useful in biometric security. Coding based techniques have
proven to be efficient in terms of memory requirement and matching speed. Fusion
technique is recent area in which researchers used to fuse features like appearancebased, line and texture features from palm-prints, which has led to an increase in
accuracy. Recent work involves use of multiscale, multi-resolution based techniques
like wavelets and contourlets are for efficient implementation of palm print
recognition.