ECTROMAGNETIC

COMPIILITY
HANDBOOK
KENNETH L KAISER

CRC

PRESS

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Contents

EMI Sources
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

Industrial Noise Sources..

Office Noise Sources
Residential Noise Sources
Holiday Noise Sources
Natural Noise Sources
Automobile Noise Sources
RF Electromagnetic Sources in the Spectrum
Noise, Interference, and Unwanted Signals

'.

1-1
1-1
1-1
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2

Decibel and Approximations

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16

RMS vs. Maximum Amplitude

Relative Decibels
Electric Field, Magnetic Field, and Power Density dB Conversions
Adding dB to dBm
Adding dB to dBmV
Adding dB to dBmA
Negative dB
Significance of 3 dB and 5 dB
Significance of 6 dB and 10 dB
Is dB Power or Voltage Gain?
dB Version of Equations
dB Multiplication
Adding dBmV to dBmV
dB Approximations
Signal Sources and Unmatched Loads
Common Approximations

2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-5
2-6
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-9
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-11

Electrical Length
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7

Electrical Length vs. Physical Length

Standing Waves
Antenna Effects and Effective Permittivity
Unshielded Conductor Radiation
PCB Trace Radiation
Electrically-Large Car
Properties of Electrically-Small Metallic Objects

3-1
3-2
3-3
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-6
xiii

Fast Bode Magnitude Plotting

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7

Quickly Sketching a Bode Plot

A Real Function
The Spectrum of Common Functions
Equations for the Spectral Magnitude
Expression from the Bode Plot
Common Improper Standard Forms
The Other Bode Plot: The Phase Plot

4-1
4-10
4-13
4-14
4-17
4-19
4-21

Skin Depth, Wire Impedance, and Nonideal Resistors

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7'
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21

Eddy's Currents
:.....
The Value of a dc Resistance Measurement
..'...

Skin Depth for Round Wires.

Rectangular vs. Circular Wires
High-Frequency Resistance Formula
Importance of the Skin Depth when 8> rw and Litz Wire
'..
'.
Inductance Dominating over Resistance
....
Wire Gauge and Cross-Sectional Area
Importance of Skin Depth in House Wiring
:
.".
Stranded and Solid Wire
::
..'....'...;
?.
Aluminum Wire in a House
.' !.'....
When is the Internal Inductance Important?
'.'...
..:.
Adjusting a Transformer Tap to Compensate for Line Drop
'........'.
Power Loss in Speaker Wire
;.
....*..:
Impedance of a Grounding Jumper Wire
.../..
.....:.
The Resonance of a Resistor
....:...v
.........:
Resistor Acting Like a Capacitor or an Inductor
..!.........!
Resistors without an Impedance Peak
..'..?:'.
A Resistor Cage
:.v.
:
;. :..
.;.'.V......'.'
Resistor Types
.':.: ..'. ......
.'
Exotic Audio System Interconnect Cablev.
;....;'...:...:.'.$.[.'. _..'..'.
.

Nonideal Capacitors and Inductors

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
XIV

' i

Realistic Range of Impedances

Model of a Practical Capacitor
Model of a Practical Inductor
Resonant Frequency of a Practical Capacitor
Resonant Frequency of a Practical Inductor
Resistive Region of a Capacitor
,
Resistive Region of an Inductor
ESR Determination
Maximum Q of an Iron-Core Inductor
Why Place Two Different Capacitors in Parallel?

....5-1
5-2
5-2
5-6
5-8
5-8
5-12
5-12
5-15
5-16
5-17
5-19
5-20
5-21
:.. 5-23
5-25
5-27
.'.;... 5-30
5-32
5-34
\:h. 5-35

, ,

..,,...
,
'..

'.

'.
'.

6-1
6-2
(... 6-4
6-5
,
6-6
6-7
6-9
......6-12
6-13
6-16

6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14

6-20
6-23
6-23
6-25

Passive Filters
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33

Capacitor Types
Choosing the Right Capacitor
Inductor Types
Impedance Summary

Filters
Low-Pass Capacitor Filter
High-Pass Capacitor Filter
Low-Pass Inductor Filter
High-Pass Inductor Filter
Low-Pass RC Filter
Low-Pass LC Filter
Low-Pass CL Filter
High-Pass LC and CL Filters
Series Band-Pass Filter
Shunt Band-Pass Filter
Band-Reject Filters
Low-Pass it Filter
High-Pass 7t Filter
Low-Pass T Filter
High-Pass T Filter
Filter Comparisons
RC Filter Comparisons
More RC Filters
Maximum Possible Q
High-Q Circuit Conversions
Q Selection for Filters
Series and Parallel RLC Circuit Properties
Measuring the Q of a Crystal
Distorting a Signal
Passive vs. Active Filters
Insertion Loss
Insertion Loss and Q
Filtering at High-impedance Levels
Filtering on A/2 Transmission Lines
Impedance "Matching" with Passive Filters
Three-Terminal Capacitor
Feed-Through Capacitor

7-1
7-3
7-5
7-6
7-8
7-9
7-13
7-16
7-19
7-21
7-27
7-30
7-34
7-38
7-41
7-43
7-44
7-49
7-53
7-53
7-58
7-62
7-70
7-86
7-95
7-100
7-101
7-103
7-108
7-108
7-109
7-127
7-128

Cable Modeling
8.1
8.2

Purpose of a Cable
High-Fidelity Speaker Wire Candidates

8-1
8-3

xv

8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21

Selecting the Cable Model

Failure of the Lumped-Circuit Model
Characteristic Impedance
Characteristic Impedance of a dc Power Bus
Reducing the Characteristic Impedance
Influence of Dielectric Constant
Coax and Twin-Lead
Thinly Coated Twin-Lead
Beads in Coax
Dielectric Resistance and Insulators
Cable Capacitance and Audio Cables
Grounding Strap Impedance
ESD Signal Wire Guideline
TwistedPair
When the Line Can Be Ignored
Line Resonance
Multiple Receiver Loading
Proximity Effect
Characteristic Impedance Formula

8-6
8-10
8-10
8-14
8-20
8-20
8-21
8-25
8-30
8-31
8-33
8-34
8-40
8-42
8-45
8-46
8-47
8-50
8-52

Transient Behavior in the Time Domain

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22
9.23
xvi

Transient vs. Sinusoidal Steady State

A Time-Delay Circuit
An RC Integrator
An RC Differentiator
A More General RC Circuit
Static Charge Buildup
Current Surges and Capacitor Dividers
Compensation, General Voltage Divider, and Multiple Capacitors
Multiple-Supply RC Circuits
RC Rise Time and Speed
Measuring the Time Constant
Energy and Power in RC Circuits
The Inductive Kick
RL vs. RC Differentiators and Integrators
Inductive Load Switching, Release Time, and Rise Time
dc Biasing an Inductor and Inductive Energy
Inductive vs. Capacitive Circuits
Series and Parallel RLC Circuits
Ringing as a Function of Q
Ringing and Resonant Frequency
Digital Signal Ringing
Effect of the Energy Content of the Input Signal on Ringing
Oscillation BurstThe Ringing Circuit

9-1
9-2
9-6
9-8
9-11
9-14
9-18
9-22
9-26
9-31
9-32
9-34
9-37
9-40
9-41
9-45
9-48
9-49
9-54
9-59
9-60
9-61
9-62

9.24
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28

Shunt Peaking to Reduce the Rise Time

Other Two Energy-Storage Element Circuits
Double-.RC Lumped Interconnect Model
Advanced RLC Circuit
More Overshoot, Settling Time, and Ringing Frequency

9-68
9-73
9-75
9-80
9-83

10 Air Breakdown
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
10.22
10.23

Breakdown Voltage
Glows, Arcs, Coronas, and Sparks
Nonuniform Fields and Time-Varying Arc
Ideal Switching of Simple Loads
Ideal Switching of Complex Loads
Switching and Breakdown
Showering Arc
Speed of Switching
Suppressing the Breakdown
Switch Network Example
Arc Suppression with Resistive Loads
Arc Suppression with Capacitive Loads
Arc Suppression with Inductive Loads
Sparking at Very Low Voltages?
Switch Corrosion and Erosion
Maximum Electric Field and Breakdown Table
Minimum Corona Voltage
Voltage Rating of Coax
Solutions to Poisson's Equation
Arcing in a Silo
All of the Electric Field Boundary Conditions
Powder Bed
The Field from Corona

10-1
10-4
10-5
10-8
10-11
10-16
10-18
10-18
10-19
10-26
10-30
10-31
10-33
10-38
10-39
10-44
10-58
10-62
10-65
10-72
10-78
10-91
10-93

11 Transient Behavior in the Frequency Domain

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11

What Is the Laplace Transform?

Properties of the Laplace Transform
Massive Laplace Transform Table
The Step Function
The Impulse Function
The Impulse Response, Step Response, and Transfer Function
Modeling a Real Inductor Using a Current Ramp
Sinusoidal Steady State with Transforms
Initial Capacitor Voltages and Initial Inductor Currents
Voltage Zapper
Blimp Amplitude

11-1
11-6
11-41
11-46
11-55
11-68
11-75
11-77
11-79
11-84
11-88
xvii

11.12
11.13
11.14

Audio Filter Response

Half-Wave Rectifier
The Power of the Laplace Transform

11-91
11-93
11-97

12 Spectra of Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
12.19
12.20
12.21
12.22
12.23
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.30

Time and Frequency Viewpoints and Periodicity

The Marvelous Fourier Series
Fourier Series Forms for Periodic Signals and their Spectra
Success of the Fourier Series Approximation
Fourier Series Table
Converting between the Various Fourier Forms
Using the Table to Determine Other Series
Last Resort: Using the Definition to Determine the Fourier Series
Fourier Series Shortcuts via Symmetry
Circuit Analysis Using the Fourier Series
Amplitude Spectrum of a Digital Waveform
20X Guideline for Digital Waveforms
Doubling the Frequency and Halving the Rise Time
Fourier and Laplace Transforms Necessary Tools
for Understanding Aperiodic Signals
Obtaining the Fourier Transform via Properties, the Laplace
Transform, and the Fourier Series
Spectrums of Aperiodic Signals
Smoothness and Amplitude Spectrum
Highest Frequency of Interest of a Digital Waveform
Double-Exponential Pulse
Modeling a Stroke of Lightning
Spectrum of Double-Exponential Pulse
Energy in a Double-Exponential Pulse
Using Just the Rise Time
Many Delay and Rise Times
Effective Rise Time of Systems in Cascade
Impulse Responses of Many Systems in Cascade
Many Bandwidths
Time-Bandwidth Product
Consequence of Ripple in the Frequency Domain
Frequency-Domain or Time-Domain Testing?

12-1
12-6
12-12
12-104
12-107
12-107
12-112
12-133
12-140
12-142
12-155
12-159
12-161
12-165
12-167
12-181
12-185
12-188
12-193
12-194
12-197
12-198
12-200
12-203
12-225
12-230
12-233
12-239
12-243
12-245

13 Transmission Lines and Matching

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

xvin

Voltage Reflection and Transmission Coefficients

Impedance Mismatch
VSWRandSWR
The Cost of a VSWR > 1

13-1
13-2
13-3
13-7

13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
13.11
13.12
13.13
13.14
13.15
13.16
13.17
13.18
13.19
13.20
13.21
13.22
13.23
13.24
13.25
13.26
13.27
13.28
13.29
13.30
13.31
13.32
13.33
13.34
13.35
13.36
13.37
13.38
13.39
13.40
13.41
13.42
13.43
13.44
13.45
13.46
13.47
13.48

Distinguishing between the Load and Source

Transient and Steady-State Input Impedance
Transient Reflections
Matching at the Receiver and its Cost
Shunt Matching with Distributed Receivers
Microstrip Branching
Shunt Diode Matching
Shunt RC Matching
Matching at the Driver and its Cost
Series Matching with Multiple Receivers
Effects of Nonzero Source and Load Reflection Coefficients
Signal Bounce as a Function of Time
Settling Time
Settling Time vs. Reflection Coefficient
Receiver Voltage when Rise Time = Line Delay
Receiver Voltage when Rise Time Line Delay
Receiver Voltage when Rise Time Line Delay
Advanced Transient Problem
Ringing in Lumped Circuits
More Shunt Matching
Shunt Matching with a Split Termination for a TTL System
Shunt Matching with a Split Termination for a CMOS System
Shunt Matching with a Split Termination for an ECL System
Split-Termination Equivalent
Experimentally Determining the Line Impedance
Series Matching and Dynamic Output Resistance
Driver Current for Series and Shunt Matching
Summary of Matching Methods
Relationship Between Sinusoidal Input and Output Voltage
The Sinusoidal Current Expression
The Sinusoidal Input Impedance
Coaxial Cable Branching
"Y" Splitter for "Hair-Ball" Networks
Stub Tuning
Inductive Loading
Low-Loss Lines and Short Lines
Inductive Line
Capacitive Line
The Lossy Expressions for Sinusoidal Steady-State
Telephone Lines and the "RC" Region
Transmission Line Parameter Expressions
S Parameters
Using the Sinusoidal Reflection Coefficient for Transient Problems
Effect of Receiver Capacitance on Transient Behavior

13-8
13-9
13-11
13-13
13-15
13-16
13-18
13-19
13-23
13-25
13-28
13-29
13-30
13-32
13-33
13-35
13-37
13-38
13-42
13-42
13-44
13-47
13-47
13-49
13-50
13-51
13-54
13-55
13-56
13-60
13-62
13-65
13-67
13-69
13-75
13-79
13-84
13-87
13-89
13-91
13-95
13-99
13-105
13-106

13.49 Complete Reflection due to Excessive Capacitance

13.50 Amplitude of Mismatch "Blimp" from Receiver Capacitance
13.51 When not to Match!

13-107
13-107
13-110

14 Passive Contact Probes

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9

Low-Impedance Passive Probe

Improved Model of the Low-Impedance Passive Probe
Operating Range of the Low-Impedance Passive Probe
Improved Model of the Cable and Scope
High-Impedance Passive Probe
Input Impedance of a High-Impedance Passive Probe
High-Impedance Probe Compensator
Testing with a Square Wave
Effect of Inductance on the Probe

14-1
14-2
14-4
14-4
14-7
14-9
14-10
14-13
14-17

15 Inductance, Magnetic Coupling, and Transformers

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
15.14
15.15
15.16
15.17
15.18
15.19
15.20
15.21
15.22
15.23
15.24
15.25
15.26
15.27

Inductance
Equivalent Inductance
Winding Direction and the Dot Convention
Modeling the Inductance of Two Parallel Strips
Modeling the Inductance of a Loop Near a Wire
Changing Inductance via Magnetic Coupling
Different Currents but Identical Voltages
Useful Properties of Parallel Inductors
Grounding Strap Inductance
Multiple Conductor Grounding Straps
Reducing PCB Land Inductance
Typical Mutual Inductance of Wire
Lead Position on Capacitors
The Many Inductances and the "Sniffer"
Optimum Loop Dimensions
Pickup Loop Loading Down the Circuit
Inductance Formula
Ideal Transformers Operating in Sinusoidal Steady State
Typical Ideal Transformer Problems
RF Tuning
Behavior of a Nonideal Transformer
Linear Transformer Models
Low-Frequency Model
Mid-Frequency and Power-Frequency Models
High-Frequency Model
Wideband Models
Multiwinding and Tapped Transformers

15-1
15-2
15-4
15-6
15-7
15-8
15-12
15-13
15-18
15-26
15-31
15-33
15-35
15-38
15-46
15-48
15-51
15-57
15-62
15-70
15-74
15-79
15-81
15-83
15-85
15-86
15-90

15.28
15.29
15.30
15.31
15.32
15.33
15.34
15.35
15.36
15.37
15.38
15.39
15.40

Placing Transformers in Series and Parallel

Hybrid Transformers
Autotransformers
Transformer Ratings
Nonlinear In-Rush Current
Instrument Transformers
Tuned Transformers
Some "Other" Transformers
Determining All of the Unknowns
Transient Inputs to Linear Transformers
Step Input to a Real Step-Up Transformer
Step Input to a Real Step-Down Transformer
When Are Transformers Used?

15-94
15-97
15-104
15-110
15-112
15-116
15-119
15-138
15-141
15-151
15-158
15-166
15-167

16 Magnetic Materials and a Few Devices

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13
16.14
16.15
16.16
16.17
16.18

B = uH
Magnetic Circuits
Toroidvs. Rod
Common-Mode Choke
Ringing and Chokes
Increasing Inductance with a Bead
Relationship between Bead Parameters and Inductance
Saturating Ferrite Beads
How Ferrite Filters Work
Loss Factor
The Hysteresis Curve and the many Permeabilities
Further Discussion of the Hysteresis Curve
Hard vs. Soft
Survey of Typical Magnetic Properties
Demagnetization Field and Magnetic Charge
Purpose of the Air Gap
Force, Torque, and Magnetization Current
Free Energy from a Magnet?

16-1
16-2
16-8
16-10
16-12
16-13
16-15
16-17
16-19
16-21
16-23
16-33
16-35
16-38
16-41
16-54
16-60
16-67

17 Baluns and Balanced Circuits

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8

Definition of Balanced System

Voltage Balun
Another Voltage Balun
Current Balun
Another Current Balun
Why Baluns Do Not Always Work
Another Common-Mode Choke Limitation and Shielding a Choke
Varying Common-Mode Impedance

17-1
17-2
17-6
17-8
17-10
17-13
17-19
17-21

xxi

17.9
17.10
17.11
17.12
17.13
17.14
17.15
17.16
17.17
17.18
17.19
17.20
17.21
17.22
17.23
17.24
17.25
17.26
17.27
17.28
17.29
17.30
17.31
17.32
17.33

Excess Cable
Location of Choke
Multiple Cores
Why a System Is Never Truly Balanced
Balancing and Common-Mode Currents
A Resistive Balanced Circuit
The Conversion Process
CMRR
Balanced Input Receivers
Balanced Output Drivers
Balanced and Single-Ended Drivers and Receivers
Balanced and Matched
Common Choke
Ferrite Beads
Grounding Coax Outside a House
Isolation Transformers
Single, Double, and Triple Transformer Shielding
Optoisolators
Common-Mode and Differential-Mode Impedance
Transmission Line Baluns
Matching n and O Pads
Matching T and H Pads
Matching L and U Pads
Bridged T and H Pads
Low-Impedance and High-Attenuation Pads

17-22
17-23
17-25
17-25
17-25
17-26
17-27
17-29
17-32
17-36
17-37
17-44
17-47
17-50
17-51
17-52
17-53
17-58
17-59
17-63
17-67
17-70
17-73
17-76
17-78

18 Cable Shielding and Crosstalk

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
18.11
18.12
18.13
18.14
18.15
18.16
18.17
xxii

Best Cable to Reduce Magnetic Noise

Connecting Balanced and Unbalanced Systems
Bicoaxial Line
Reducing Noise Through Transformers
Modeling a Cable as a Transformer
Break Frequency of Coax
Multiple Grounding Points for Coax
Keeping Noise off the Shield
Switching the Neutral and Hot Wires
Avoiding Ground Loops and Hum
Multipoint and Hybrid Grounding
Dynamic Range Between Systems
Multiple Returns in Ribbon Cable
Loose Wires as a Cable
Transfer Impedance
Loss Impedances and Transfer Admittance
The Coupling Model

18-1
18-6
18-12
18-13
18-17
18-19
18-22
18-24
18-26
18-27
18-31
18-33
18-35
18-38
18-38
18-48
18-54

18.18
18.19
18.20
18.21
18.22
18.23
18.24
18.25
18.26
18.27
18.28
18.29
18.30
18.31
18.32
18.33

Pigtails and ConnectorsWeak Links in a System

Capacitive or Inductive Crosstalk?
Measurement Tools
Susceptibility of High and Low Resistances
Susceptibility of Scopes
Foam Encapsulation
Inductive Crosstalk and the 3-W Guideline
Capacitive Crosstalk and the 3-W Guideline
Long Lines vs. Close Lines
6" Guideline for Telephone Lines
Four-Conductor Trace Layout
377 Q Guideline
Why Twisting Often Helps
RC Circuit and Crosstalk
Summary of Methods to Reduce Crosstalk
Fiber's Weakness

18-57
18-59
18-62
18-63
18-64
18-65
18-65
18-69
18-73
18-75
18-76
18-81
18-83
18-89
18-92
18-93

19 Radiated Emissions and Susceptibility

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.11
19.12
19.13
19.14
19.15
19.16
19.17

Radiated or Conducted Vehicle Interference?

The Automobile Noise Mystery
Copper Plane Addition
Emissions from Twin-Lead Line
Differential-Mode Current Emissions from Twin-Lead Line
Common-Mode Current Emissions from Twin-Lead Line
Reducing Emission Levels
Susceptibility of Twin-Lead Line
Small-Loop and Hertzian Dipole Models
Neglecting the Capacitance and Inductance
Probe Lead Pickup
Wave Equation
Susceptibility of Electrically-Long Twin-Lead Line
Susceptibility of Electrically-Long Wire Above a Ground Plane
Theory of Current Probes
Loaded Current Probe
Transfer Impedance of Current Probes

19-1
19-2
19-6
19-7
19-9
19-10
19-11
19-13
19-17
19-20
19-21
19-25
19-27
19-35
19-44
19-55
19-59

20 Conducted Emissions and Susceptibility

20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6

Polluted Power Line

Locating Malicious Conducted Interference
Suppressors
LISN's
Input Impedance of LISN
Maximum Input Impedance of a Network

20-1
20-4
20-5
20-20
20-24
20-28
xxiii

20.7 Resonance of LISN with Capacitive and Inductive Loading

20.8 Separating the Common and Differential
20.9
Common-Mode and Differential-Mode Filters
20.10 Nonlinear Evils

20-31
20-34
20-36
20-38

21 Plane Wave Shielding

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10
21.11
21.12
21.13
21.14
21.15
21.16
21.17
21.18
21.19

The "Magic" of Shielding Waves Revealed

The Impedance of a Wave
Impedance of Air, Real Metals, and Real Insulators
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
Plane Wave Power
Single-Layer Conducting Shield
Thin Shields and Reflection Loss
Thick Shields and Absorption Loss
Skin Depth
Skin Depth for Good Insulators
Skin Depth for Several Good Metals
Complex Permittivity and RF Through Human Fat
Microwaves through Human Fat
Table of Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents
Loss in dB Per Skin Depth
Reflection, Absorption, and Multiple-Reflection Losses
Effect of Dielectric Constant on Shielding
Near Field or Far Field?
Wave Impedance

21-1
21-2
21-3
21-7
21-8
21-11
21-18
21-20
21-23
21-24
21-25
21-27
21-30
21-32
21-33
21-41
21-43
21-43
21-48

22 Electric Field Shielding

22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9
22.10
22.11
22.12
22.13
22.14
22.15
22.16

xxiv

The "Magic" of Electric Field Shielding Revealed

Size is Important!
Shielding Reciprocity?
Using Capacitance to Model Shielding
Capacitor Shielding
Three-Terminal Capacitor
Shielding Cans
Finite-Conductivity Spherical Bodies
Step Response of Spherical Bodies
Finite-Conductivity Cylindrical Body
Electric Blankets and Infants
Typical Electric Field Strengths
Current Through and Voltage Across a Field-Immersed Person
Insulating Spherical Shields
Insulating Cylindrical Shields
EQS and Perfect Conductors

22-1
22-3
22-6
22-8
22-10
22-12
22-13
22-19
22-26
22-27
22-29
22-30
22-30
22-39
.....22-41
22-42

23 Magnetic Field Shielding

23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9
23.10
23.11
23.12
23.13
23.14
23.15
23.16
23.17
23.18
23.19
23.20
23.21
23.22
23.23
23.24
23.25
23.26

The "Magic" of Magnetic Field Shielding Revealed

Magnetic Field from Simple Current Distributions
Magnetic Fields for Other Current Distributions
Magnetic Field Boundary Conditions
Flux Shunting Explained via Boundary Conditions
Self Shielding Nature of Coax
Method of Images for Currents
Wire Partners Can Reduce Fields
Thick Poor Conductors
Thin Good Conductors
Spherical and Cylindrical Conducting and Magnetic Shields
Pure Magnetic Spherical Shell
Pure Magnetic Cylindrical Shell
Finite-Length Cylindrical Shell
Shielding the Source and Shielding Reciprocity
Shielding a Cosmetologist with a Body Suit
Power Line Shielding via Burying
Wave Impedance Concept
Flat Shielding of Current-Carrying Loops
Grounding Shields
Cheap Shielding
Nonideal Shapes
Reducing the Magnetic Coupling Between Inductors
Typical Magnetic Flux Densities
MQS and Perfect Conductors
Decoupled Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields

23-1
23-2
23-16
23-32
23-38
23-41
23-50
23-54
23-62
23-64
23-67
23-76
23-79
23-82
23-85
23-87
23-91
23-98
23-103
23-105
23-105
23-106
23-107
23-109
23-112
23-118

24 Additional Shielding Concepts

24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9
24.10
24.11
24.12
24.13
24.14
24.15

When Is a Shield Flat?

Performance of a Shielded Room
Laminated Shields
Shields with an Air Gap
Gold Coating on Glass
Laminates for Magnetic Fields
Rust Never SleepsCorrosion
Surface Impedance
Voltage and Current along a Chassis
Impedance of Coated Conductors
Nontraditional Shielding Materials
Shielding Effectiveness vs. Surface Resistance
Near-Field Electric Shielding Effectiveness
An Equipotential Surface
Electric vs. Magnetic Field Measurements

24-1
24-3
24-5
24-8
24-17
24-21
24-32
24-34
24-40
24-42
24-44
24-47
24-49
24-51
24-52
XXV

24.16
24.17
24.18
24.19
24.20
24.21
24.22
24.23
24.24
24.25

Single-Conductor Transmission Line

TEM, TE, and TM Waves
Cutoff Frequency of a Waveguide
Attenuation Beyond Cutoff
Seepage through a Seam
One Large Hole vs. Several Smaller Holes
Honeycomb Ventilation Openings
Coupling through an Aperture
Radio in a Metal Box
Lightning Protection Inside an Automobile

24-54
24-54
24-55
24-59
24-61
24-64
24-66
24-67
24-74
24-75

2 5 Test Chambers
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8

Cage Antenna
Screen Rooms and OATS's
Resonant Frequency of a Midsize Car and Notebook Computer
High or Low Q?
Abundance of Modes and Mode Degeneracy
Stirring Up the Fields
Dark Room
TEM Cell

25-1
25-7
25-15
25-15
25-21
25-25
25-30
25-36

26 Floating Metal and Guard Electrodes

26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9
26.10
26.11
26.12
26.13
26.14
26.15

Examples of Floating Metal

Unused Conductors
To Ground or Not to Ground Nearby Metal
Artificially Changing Capacitance and Inductance
Loose Metal
Arcing and Floating Metal
Floating Inputs
Tube vs. Transistor Multimeter
The Powerless Voltage
Standard Bridge Circuit
Connection to a Floating Bridge
Irrelevance of Floating a Shield
Strain Gauge Shielding
Electronically Reducing CapacitanceThe Guard Electrode
Interference Control with a Guard Shield

26-1
26-2
26-3
26-5
26-10
26-11
26-16
26-18
26-19
26-19
26-21
26-23
26-24
26-26
26-30

2 7 Electrostatic Discharge
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
xxvi

What is ESD?
Methods of Charging
Triboelectric Series
Microphony

27-1
27-1
27-5
27-7

27.5
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.9
27.10
27.11
27.12
27.13
27.14
27.15
27.16
27.17
27.18
27.19
27.20
27.21
27.22
27.23
27.24
27.25
27.26
27.27
27.28
27.29
27.30
27.31
27.32
27.33
27.34
27.35

Voltage and Current Responses

Sources of Current
Rate of Charge Decay
Maximum Surface Charge Before Breakdown
Grounded Conducting Objects and Charged Insulating Surfaces
Charge Accumulation Along Interfaces
Convection Charge Flow
Potential of an Insulator's Surface
Electric Field from Simple Charge Distributions
Electric Field From Other Charge Distributions
Discharges Classified
Minimum Ignition Energy
Electrostatic Hazard Case Studies
Measuring Charge
Measuring the Electric Field
Measuring Voltage
Measuring Bulk and Surface Resistivity
Maximum Body Voltage and Typical Capacitances
RLC Discharge Model
ESD Rules-of-Thumb and Guidelines
Raindrop Bursts, P-Static, and Corona Noise
Locating Weaknesses with a "Zapper"
Surround, Ground, and Impound
Wrist and Ankle Straps
Floor Coatings
Pink, Black, and Shielded Bags
Static-Dissipative Work Surfaces
Sugar Charge Decay
Capacitance Measurement for Multiple Conductors
Energy and Capacitance
Capacitance Formula

27-11
27-14
27-18
27-25
27-32
27-45
27-52
27-58
27-60
27-64
27-71
27-76
27-81
27-85
27-97
27-105
27-109
27-116
27-119
27-121
27-123
27-124
27-124
27-125
27-126
27-127
27-130
27-136
27-141
27-148
27-152

28 Grounding
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9
28.10
28.11

Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives

Groundless Devices
Ground Symbols
A "Good" Ground Reference
Reasons to Earth Ground
Voltage Hazards Involving Ground
Safe Current and Voltage Levels
Transient Shocks
Grounding the Neutral Wire in Service Panels
GFIs
IDCIs and the Achilles' Heel of GFCIs

28-1
28-2
28-2
28-3
28-3
28-4
28-5
28-10
28-14
28-16
28-20
xxvii

28.12
28.13
28.14
28.15
28.16
28.17
28.18
28.19
28.20
28.21
28.22
28.23
28.24
28.25
28.26
28.27
28.28

Dangerous Two-Prong Devices

Pigtail Adapters
Safe Leakage Current for an Electric Razor
Isolation Transformer
Resistance Definition
Resistance to Ground Formula
2.2L Guideline
Surface Potentials
When Lightning Hits
The Purpose of Lightning Rods
Rod Materials
Measuring Earth's Resistivity
Measuring the Resistance of an Earthing Electrode
Three-Point Method Again
Surge Impedance of an Electrode
Dedicated Ground in a Plant
Single-Point vs. Multiple-Point Grounding

28-22
28-23
28-24
28-26
28-29
28-36
28-48
28-50
28-56
28-59
28-60
28-60
28-74
28-79
28-81
28-82
28-83

29 Circuit Board Layout for EMC

29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9
29.10
29.11
29.12

EMC Overview
Immunity or Susceptibility?
System Levels
Introductory Component Layout Concepts
Single-Layer PCB System Layout
Single-Layer PCB Power Distribution System
Multilayer Boards
Board Resonance
The Flow of Charge Down a Line
Printed Circuit Board Trace Configurations
Decoupling Capacitors
More Decoupling Capacitors

29-1
29-2
29-3
29-3
29-5
29-6
29-10
29-12
29-15
29-17
29-21
29-24

30 Antennas
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5
30.6
30.7
30.8
30.9
30.10

xxvm

Radiation Resistance
Radiation Efficiency and Ohmic Losses
Small Antennas
Large Antennas
Input Impedance
Directive Gain, Directivity, and Power Gain
Q and Bandwidth
Receiving vs. Transmitting Antenna
The Right Antenna
Wave Orientation

30-1
30-2
30-7
30-11
30-15
30-23
30-27
30-32
30-35
30-53

30.11 Objects Close to an Antenna

30.12 Antenna Factor
30.13 Near-Field H Antennas and Probes
30.14 Shielded H-Field Probe
30.15 Magnetic-Core Rod Antenna
30.16 Near-Field E Antennas and Probes
30.17 Loop vs. Rod Antenna
30.18 Friis's Formula
30.19 Fields from a Distant Source
Appendix A: Summary of the Three Major Coordinate Systems
Appendix B: Definitions for Common and Uncommon Functions
Appendix C: Conversion, Unit, and Notation Tables
Appendix D: Helpful Mathematical Relationships
References
Index

30-56
30-57
30-59
30-61
30-67
30-73
30-76
30-77
30-79
A-l
B-l
C-l
D-l
R-l
1-1

xxix