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zExample Analyses
zComment and Closure
(27 November 2003)
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a. The "engineer's solu- b. The "gee it works" plot c. The "scratch your head"
plot ... interesting, but ...
tion" (i.e., the log-log
I wonder if there is
how does it work?
plot) (did not stand
some theory ... (yes).
the test of time plot).
z From: Estimation of Underground Oil Reserves
by Oil-Well Production Curves Cutler (1924).
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Introduction of exponential
and hyperbolic families of
"decline curves" (Arps, 1944)
Introduction of log-log "type
curve" for the "Arps" family
of "decline curves" (Fetkovich, 1973).
Empirical ... but seems to
work as a general tool. Is
this more coincidence or
theory?
z "Arps" curves should be used
as an empirical tool particularly for estimating future performance and reserves.
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Module for:
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into "equivalent" constant rate case using a superposition formula based on boundary-dominated flow
behavior.
Liquid (oil) systems have a simple formulation
based of the flowrate and cumulative production.
Gas systems require a pseudotime function for the
pressure-dependent gas properties.
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Np
qo
qg (t )
gi ti
ta = q
( p )c ( p ) dt
t
g 0 g
(27 November 2003)
gi zi p
pp =
pi
p
base
p
dp
g z
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d
d
| (qo / p )i | or (q g / p p )id = t a
| (q g / p p )i |
dta
dt
Analysis of Production Data
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Where:
mo , pss =
Flowrate Form:
qo
1
=
p bo , pss + mo , pss t
1 Bo
Nct Boi
o Bo 1
4 1 A
bo , pss = 141.2
ln
+ s
2
kh 2 e C A rw
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Flowrate Form:
qg
= bg , pss + mg , pss t a
Where:
p p
1
bg , pss + mg , pss t a
z
q
t
(
)
p
gi
i
gi ti
g
=
dp
ta = q
( p )c ( p ) dt pp
pi p
g z
t
g 0 g
base
1
mg , pss =
Gct
(27 November 2003)
bg , pss = 141.2
gi Bgi 1
kh
4 1 A
ln
+ s
2
2 e C A rw
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(1/4)
zData Requirements
Good estimates of base PVT properties (black oil: T,
sep, pb, STO and for dry gas: T, sep). OR, a fluid
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flow properties.
No major issues water/liquid loading has been
seen to cause problems in the pressure data. Well
cleanup also occasionally an issue (low permeability reservoir systems).
(27 November 2003)
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zMiscellaneous
This is data analysis methodology designed to be a
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From Camacho-V., R.G. and Raghavan, R.: "Boundary-Dominated Flow in Solution-Gas-Drive Reservoirs," SPERE (November 1989) 503-512.
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Horizontal wells
Formation Permeability
Initial Skin Factor
Fracture Half-Length
Effective Horizontal Well Length
Boundary Flux Parameters (possibly)
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conductivity case.
FcD=0.5: Low fracture conductivity case.
Analysis of Production Data
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z From: SPE 37409 Crafton, et al. (1997) (Fig. 5). z From: SPE 37409 Crafton, et al. (1997) (Fig. 10).
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