Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of CONTENTS
FALLACIES OF
RELEVANCE
Fallacies of relevance are attempts to prove a conclusion by
offering considerations that simply dont bear on its truth. In
order to prove that a conclusion is true, one must offer
evidence that supports it. Arguments that commit fallacies of
relevance dont do this; the considerations that they offer in
support of their conclusion are irrelevant to determining
whether that conclusion is true. The considerations offered by
such are usually psychologically powerful, however, even if
they dont have any evidential value.
refugees and the appalling conditions in Leyte to push the argument that the
local and national government failed in their duty to protect the well-being of
their constituents. It appealed to masses feelings of grief and loss to in
effect send a cutting remark on the government's failures. Though its
premises may contain factual items, their whole context cannot be seen
because they have been glossed over by emotions of grief or pity that
overpower the logical underpinnings of the statements.
Conclusion:
In order to effect change and ensure prosperity in this country, we must be
ready to commit acts of violence against criminals who threaten our
communities stability.
Why is it a fallacy under [Ad Baculum]?
Mayor Duterte commits the fallacy of appeal to force because he not only
answers the questions of the CHR with a logical response but instead
answers with a threat and angry retort. In his statement, He further
threatens individuals who would not follow the rule of law in his city with
near draconian punishments and even incites violence against criminals.
Mindanao would create and merely draws on the alleged qualities of the
members of the MILF that were part of the encounter in Mamasapano. The
argument of the Senator does not take into consideration the members of
the MILF who not only did not take part in the Mamasapano incident but are
genuinely interested in peace and the passage of the BBL.
without counsel, in front of the body that is prosecuting him/her that she be
afforded the services of impartial counsel. This is a constitutional right that
regardless of his/her financial situation should be respected.
operations that would have had gathered intel on operatives staying within
their area of control. They did not answer the question of Senator Cayetano
directly and opted to use a situation that is different from that which is
relevant in this situation. Metro Manila is in the control of the Government
and in itself is the largest community in the Philippines. Mamasapano which
is in MILF controlled territory could not have had the same level of
population and would therefore be easier to monitor through their agents.
FALLACIES OF
DEFECTIVE INDUCTION
Definition!!!!!
responsible for giving statements that were inconsistent with regard to the
Jan. 25 Mamasapano operation. Allegedly, Roxas tried to escape liability by
claiming that he was not aware of previous operations against Malaysian
bomb maker Zulkifli bin Hir alias Marwan, or that such claims cannot be
proven with sufficient evidence.
Purisima indicated that relieved PNP Special Action Force (SAF) chief Director
Getulio Napeas himself admitted during Senate hearings that he briefed
Roxas on these operations. However, this indication was not adequate to
overturn the claims of Roxas that he was surprised at the commission of the
operation. Based on his statement, he had not been briefed on Oplan
Exodus, nor on previous operations against Marwan.
Simply stated, Roxas claimed that no liability can arise on his part regarding
the Mamasapano incident because it cannot be sufficiently proven that he
had been previously informed about the matter.
the
pollution
of
rivers
and
aquifers,
Premise:
The
Pope
believes
that
climate
change,
desertification
and
loss
of
While it is true that the people must be prepared with warning systems in
place, disaster response networks organized, communications equipment on
standby and evacuation centers established for future contingencies, it is a
fallacy to claim that ignorance is the actual cause of a bigger and greater
disaster.
Premise:
1: If a white person is killed, it is an act of terrorism.
2. If a Muslim community is attacked, it is self-defense.
Conclusion:
1. All white persons are victims of terrorism.
2. All Muslim communities start the violence and whoever attacks them are
only doing it for self-defense.
FALLACIES OF
PRESUMPTION
DEFINITION!!!!
Accident
The fallacy of applying a general rule to a particular case whose special
circumstances render the rule inapplicable.
Premise:
Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have
the right to remain silent and to counsel and to be informed of such right No
force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiates the
free will shall be used against himself. Any confession obtained in violation of
this section shall be inadmissible in evidence.
Conclusion:
Taylaran should have been informed of his rights. Since he was not informed
of his rights, the evidences against him, including his own confession, shall
be inadmissible.
Why is it a fallacy of Accident?
It is fallacy of Accident because it presupposes that a rule applies to all
circumstances. The rule is that all persons under investigation, must be
informed of his rights during such custodial investigation. In this case,
however, no formal investigation has taken place, and no formal nor
confession was sought for from the defendant. The confession that he has
presented was out of his own volition and free will, even before the
investigation for the crime began. Therefore, he was not under investigation
yet, and he does not fall within the Constitutionally mandated protection for
persons under custodial investigation.
This is a fallacy because it assumes that the Constitutionally mandated
protection applies in all cases. That is, however, the general rule. There are
exceptions. In this case, while Taylaran is indeed undergoing investigation,
the evidence he is seeking to become unenforceable is evidence acquired
prior to investigation, making it enforceable.
Complex Question
The complex question fallacy is committed when a question is asked (a) that
rests on a questionable assumption, and (b) to which all answers appear to
endorse that assumption.
Premise:
Women usually go to Syria to be with ISIS men in order to live better lives.
This is notwithstanding the terrors they might experience considering that
ISIS is waging war on whoever stands on different beliefs and principles.
Women still would rather disregard the dangerous fact, in order to be
blessed with a luxurious lifestyle.
Conclusion:
Erelle should go the Syria as well because she, like all women, are looking
for a life of luxury and richness.
Why is it a fallacy of a Complex Question?
The first instance of the fallacy is evident in the statement when you get
here. It automatically assumes that Erelle will be going to Syria to join the
ISIS soldier. It is, in the same manner, asking as though when will you get
here? There is already a conclusion which states that her arrival is imminent
and that it is only a question of when. The second instance of the fallacy is
found in the conclusion this is why girls go there. There is a conclusion as
to what girls want, and for what purpose girls go to Syria. An assumption is
presented that shows a generalization of women being materialistic, inferior
and that they are a people who only want to be treated like a princess.
This excerpt from the article that narrates the experience of an undercover
reporter is filled with the fallacy of a Complex Question which presupposes
independent conclusions within the statements that were provided.
Premise
When the Senate Blue Ribbon committee orders a personality to appear
before it, attendance becomes mandatory in the absence of any valid
excuse. That is the rule.
Conclusion
Makati mayor Junjun Binay should have shown himself before the committee
because that is the rule. Since he did not appear before the committee,
without any valid excuse, he was arrested for being cited in contempt.
Why is it a Fallacy
It is a fallacy because as per the statement of Guingona, rules are rules,
and they apply to everyone. Granted that the Senate Blue Ribbon
committee is mandated to call upon any individual for the purposes of
legislative inquiry. However, in order to explain as to why an individual is
required to appear before the committee after such individual has been
summoned, Guingona explained with saying that because that is the rule,
and rules are rules.
A circular argument was created in such a way that the statement becomes
endless without any substantial conclusions.
FALLACIES OF
AMBIGUITY
DEFINITION
A1:
EQUIVOCATION
dummies,
nominees,
agents,
subordinates
and/or
business
A2:
AMPHIBOLY
A3:
ACCENT
case fell victim to. The emphasis given by the respondents to the phrase
unless it is otherwise provided after a comma following publication in the
Official Gazette has confused the respondents to argue that the issuance of
laws that provide for their effectivity date are exempt from complying with
the publication in the Official Gazette. The Supreme Court interpreted this
provision from Article 2 of the Civil Code in favor of the petitioners that
publication in the Official Gazette is an indispensable requirement for the
effectivity of laws. Otherwise, without such notice and publication, there
would be no basis for the application of the maxim "ignorantia legis non
excusat."
A4:
COMPOSITION
A5:
DIVISION
Health
group
joins
call
for
PNoy
to
resign,
by
Jet
Villa,