Submited By: NOUREEN JAN

Submited To: MISS S ANA MEHBOOB

Class:G5B

INTRODUCTION
T h i s p r o j e c t i n t r o d u c e s r a i l w a y r e s e r v a t i o n syste m . I t expl ai ns how
re se rvati on i s bei ng d o n e i n P a k i s t a n R a i l w a y s . T h e s t e p b y
stepprocedure
is
explained
.
This
p r o j e c t i s developed
In
microso ft acce ss . Allmost all the fe ature s of acce ss have bee n use d in
t h i s p r o j e c t . Proper comments have been given at desired l o c a t i o n s t o m a k e t h e
p r o j e c t u s e r f r i e n d l y . Various functions and structures are used to make a complete use of
this office.Thos project is w e l l v e r s e d w i t h t h e a c c e s s . R a i l w a y re s e rvati on can
e asi l y acc ompani e d w i th the help of this.
This project will help in solving all the problems in existing system of railway reservation
system.In existing system all data will be stored on files which is akward method and many problems
will be faced by the user so this project will help to enter data easily in computer nd no problems will be
faced by the user.the user can easily find any data in any time in a few seconds. It includes modules
required to successfully operate railway reversion process smoothly. It has train master to add modify train
information, Train schedule to enter train journey details include all the station name, arrival time and departure time.
It includes automatic fare calculation as per the distance between two stations. Reservation module consist of
automatic seat no and coach no allocation system. Daily schedule for updating of not confirm seat and coach no. All
master like train master, train schedule, reservation fees, cancellation fees charges can be modified individually from
front end and changes reflect in all modules immediate. Therefore proposed Railway Reservation System has been
designed to automate the process of railway for ticket reservation and back office activities. System can make the
daily activities efficient and providing the fast response.

PROBLEM DEFINITION
File system data management (or flat-file databases) served as the only method of file
storage and retrieval before the advent of database management systems (such as relational
databases). While retaining some use, flat-file databases suffer from poor accessibility, data
redundancy, lack of standard file access and the inability to organize data. In existing system
of RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM only file system could be used and the
disadvantages of file system can be as follow.
Since flat-file databases rely on files that contain records as text without any structural data, they cannot relate data
from one file to another. For example, if one file contains an address record of Mr. Johnson, another file that uses
address information on Mr. Johnson has to recreate that data. The second file must duplicate the data. This means that
the address data on Mr. Johnson exists in two files at once. On large scales, this leads to data redundancy that can
quickly take up space in the database and prove cost-inefficient.
Flat-file systems usually do not support access for multiple users. This means that multiple users at different
workstations cannot access the same data simultaneously, limiting access to important data if multiple users search for
the same data at the same time
Since a flat-file system relies on files to store data, it necessarily relies on the file system that defines how those files
are stored and read. This ties data to the system that stores it, and any software used to access the data must conform
to the system of storage. Accordingly, any changes to the database require changes to all the software that accesses it.
Requesting data from a flat-file database simply retrieves data from a single file. Requesting and retrieving data from
various files at the same time (called a "transaction") is impossible. This means that complex requests that make data
retrieval accurate and efficient simply do not exist.

SCOPE OF PROJECT
The scope of my project is to solve all existing problems in reservation system. Pakistan has some of the most
spectacular and unforgettable rail journeys in the world. Here you experience a simple way .There's no better way to
enjoy Pakistan's outback, cities, coastal towns and regional areas in comfort. Articles of house hold effects and
personal effects which are required by the passengers during their journey or immediately after the journey will only
be accepted for booking as luggage.
ADVANTAGES OF DBMS: A DBMS allows large amounts of data to be stored in the most efficient manner possible.
The data is stored in lists of independent information. Additional data sets can be added at any time. Relationships
between the data sets are defined in the DBMS, and can be altered without affecting the data.
Advantages
In a database system, the data is managed by the DBMS and all access to the data is through the DBMS providing a
key to effective data processing. This contrasts with conventional data processing systems where each application
program has direct access to the data it reads or manipulates. In a conventional DP system, an organization is likely to
have several files of related data that are processed by several different application programs.
if some major changes were to be made to the data, the file may need to be rewritten. In a database system, the
database management system provides the interface between the application programs and the data. When changes are
made to the data representation, the metadata maintained by the DBMS is changed but the DBMS continues to
provide data to application programs in the previously used way. The DBMS handles the task of transformation of
data
wherever
necessary.
This independence between the programs and the data is called data independence. Data independence is important
because every time some change needs to be made to the data structure, the programs that were being used before the
change would continue to work.In DBMS, all files are integrated into one system thus reducing redundancies and
making data management more efficient. In addition, DBMS provides centralized control of the operational data.
Redundancies and inconsistencies can be reduced.In conventional data systems, an organisation often builds a
collection of application programs often created by different programmers and requiring different components of the
operational data of the organisation. The data in conventional data systems is often not centralised. Some applications
may require data to be combined from several systems. These several systems could well have data that is redundant
as well as inconsistent (that is, different copies of the same data may have different values). Data inconsistencies are
often encoutered in everyday life. For example, we have all come across situations when a new address is
communicated to an organisation that we deal with (e.g. a bank, or Telecom, or a gas company), we find that some of
the communications from that organisation are recived at the new address while others continue to be mailed to the
old address. Combining all the data in a database would involve reduction in redundancy as well as inconsistency. It
also is likely to reduce the costs for collection, storage and updating of data.
Flexibility of the system is improved .Changes are often necessary to the contents of data stored in any system. These
changes are more easily made in a database than in a conventional system in that these changes do not need to have
any impact on application programs.
Standards can be enforced .Since all access to the database must be through the DBMS, standards are easier to
enforce. Standards may relate to the naming of the data, the format of the data, the structure of the data etc. Integrity
can be improved .Since the data of the organization using a database approach is centralized and would be used by a
number
of
users
at
a
time,
it
is
essential
to
enforce
integrity
controls.
Integrity may be compromised in many ways.

EXISTING SYSTEM

The railway reservation system stored data in files.in existing system the data will be maneged using file processing
system.In a typical file processing system, each department in an organization has its own set of files.The files are
designed specially for their own applocation.the records in one file are not related to the records in sny other
file.Disadvantages
of
File
Processing
Systems
include:
Program-Data Dependence
Program data dependence is a relationship between data in files and program
required to update and maintain the files .Application programs are developed according to a particular file format in
file processing system. If the format of file is changed the application program also needs to be changed accordingly.
For example, if there is a change in the length of postal code, it requires change in the program. The changes may be
costly to implement.

Duplication of data
Applications are developed independently in file processing systems leading
to unplanned duplicate files. Duplication is wasteful as it requires additional storage space and
changes in one file must be made manually in all files. This also results in loss of data integrity. It
is also possible that the same data item may have different names in different files, or the same
name
may
be
used
for
different
data
items
in
different
files.
Limited data sharing
Each application has its own private files with little opportunity to share data outside their
own applications. A requested report may require data from several incompatible files in
separate
systems.
Lengthy Development Times
There is little opportunity to leverage previous development efforts.
Each new application requires the developer to start from scratch by designing new file
formats and descriptions
Excessive Program Maintenance
The preceding factors create a heavy program maintenance load.
Inconsistance data
file system approch can also result incosistance means that two files may contain different data
of the same student.For example,if the address of a student is changed,it must be changed in both files.There is a
possibility that it is changed in the students file and not from library file.the data becomes incosistance in this
situation.
security problems

File processing system does not provide adequate security on data.In some situations it is
required to provide different type of access to data for different users.For example,a data entry
operator should only be allowed to entry data.The chairman of the organization should be able to
access or delte the completely.Such type of security options are not available in file processing
system.
Integrity problems

Integrity means reliability and accuracy of data.The stored data must satisfy certain types
of consistency constrains.For example Roll no and Marks of students should be numeric value.It is
very difficult to apply these constrains on files in file processing system.
Lack of flexibility
The file processing system id not very flexible.It cannot easily generate the
information that is different from routine.It can take a lot of time to coleect the data from different
files and write programs to produce the desired information.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
The
proposed
system
is
access
and
this
project
is
made
in
DBMS.
In DBMS, all files are integrated into one system thus reducing redundancies and making data management more
efficient. In addition, DBMS provides centralized control of the operational data. Some of the advantages of data
independence, integration and centralized control are:

1.Redundancies
and
inconsistencies
can
be
reduced
In conventional data systems, an organisation often builds a collection of application programs often
created by different programmers and requiring different components of the operational data of the organisation. The
data in conventional data systems is often not centralised. Some applications may require data to be combined from
several systems. These several systems could well have data that is redundant as well as inconsistent (that is, different
copies of the same data may have different values). Data inconsistencies are often encoutered in everyday life. For
example, we have all come across situations when a new address is communicated to an organisation that we deal
with (e.g. a bank, or Telecom, or a gas company), we find that some of the communications from that organisation are
recived at the new address while others continue to be mailed to the old address. Combining all the data in a database
would involve reduction in redundancy as well as inconsistency. It also is likely to reduce the costs for collection,
storage and updating of data.
2.Better

service
to
the
Users
A DBMS is often used to provide better service to the users. In conventional systems,
availability of information is often poor since it normally is difficult to obtain information that the existing systems
were not designed for. Once several conventional systems are combined to form one centralised data base, the
availability of information and its up-to-dateness is likely to improve since the data can now be shared and the DBMS
makes it easy to respond to unforseen information requests.Centralizing the data in a database also often means that
users can obtain new and combined information that would have been impossible to obtain otherwise. Also, use of a
DBMS should allow users that do not know programming to interact with the data more easily. Changes are often
necessary to the contents of data stored in any system. These changes are more easily made in a database than in a
conventional system in that these changes do not need to have any impact on application programs.
3.Cost

of

developing
and
maintaining
systems
is
lower
It is much easier to respond to unforseen requests when the data is centralized in
a database than when it is stored in conventional file systems. Although the initial cost of setting up of a database can
be large, one normally expects the overall cost of setting up a database and developing and maintaining application
programs to be lower than for similar service using conventional systems since the productivity of programmers can
be substantially higher in using non-procedural languages that have been developed with modern DBMS than using
procedural languages.

4.Standards

can
be
enforced
Since all access to the database must be through the DBMS, standards are easier to enforce.
Standards may relate to the naming of the data, the format of the data, the structure of the data etc.
The disadvantages of DBMs are as follow:

Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design

Substantial hardware and software start-up costs .
Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs .
Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system .
Initial
training
required
for
all
programmers
and

MAIN OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this project RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM in DBMs are as follow:

DBMS give multi user access

Give good security to database.
Give full control to Data
Gives better hope of porting the code to other DBMS products.
Platform independent.
Support online documentation
Keep and maintain proper backups.
Concurrency control.
crash recovery
Complex query support
Redundancies and inconsistencies can be reduced
Better service to the Users
Flexibility of the system is improved
Cost of developing and maintaining systems is lower
Standards can be enforced
Security can be improved
Integrity can be improved

ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

users.

Berth no

Destinatio
n

Train i.d

Destinatio
n

Source
Seat
no

Train name
Route i.d

Distance

Class

Source

Passes

TRAIN

ROUTE

Have

Class
Time
Date

PESSENGER

Far
e
Nam
e
Ag
e

N.I.C
No

Train i.d
Personal
i.d

ime

Berth no

RESERVATION
B

CONFIR
M

I.D

Total
fare

Seat fare

Baggie
no

Ticket no

Route i.d
Berth fare

Source
Destinatio
n

ANALYSIS AND SYSTEM DESIGN

There are four main objects of database which are as follow:

Tables
Forms
Reports
Queries

TABLES:
In relational databases and flat file databases, a table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model
of vertical columns (which are identified by their name) and horizontal rows. A table has a specified number of
columns, but can have any number of rows . Each row is identified by the values appearing in a particular column
subset which has been identified as a candidate key. Table is another term for relations; although there is the
difference in that a table is usually a multi-set (bag) of rows whereas a relation is a set and does not allow duplicates.
Besides the actual data rows, tables generally have associated with them some meta-information, such as constraints
on the table or on the values within particular columns. The data in a table does not have to be physically stored in the
database. Views are also relational tables, but their data are calculated at query time. Another example are nicknames,
which represent a pointer to a table in another database. There are four tables in this project which are as follow:

Train
Route

Passenger

Reservation

TRAIN
S.NO

FIELD NAME

DATA TYPE

Seat no

Number

I.D

Text

Class

Text

Train name

Text

Berth no

Text

Source

Text

Destination

Text

ROUTE
S.NO

FIELD NAME

DATA TYPE

Route i.d

Text

Distination

Text

Source

Text

Distance

Number

PASSENGER
S.NO

FIELD NAME

DATA TYPE

Passenger I.D

Number

Name

Text

Age

Number

NIC NO

Text

Fare

Number

RESERVATION
S.NO

FIELD NAME

DATA TYPE

Distination

Text

Route i.d

Memo

Berth fare

Text

Ticket no

Number

Boggie no

Number

Seat fare

Text

Seat no

Text

Berth no

Text

Date

Date/time

10

Time

Date/time

11

Total fare

Number

12

Train i.d

Text

13

Personal i.d

Number

14

Source

Text

15

Class

Text

QUERIES:
In general, a query is a question, often required to be expressed in a formal way. The word derives from the
Latin queerer (the imperative form of queerer, meaning to ask or seek). In computers, what a user of a
search engine or database enters is sometimes called the query. To query means to submit a query (noun).
A database query can be either a select query or an action query. A select query is simply a data retrieval
query. An action query can ask for additional operations on the data, such as insertion, updating, or
deletion.
Languages used to interact with databases are called query language of which the Structured Query
Language (SQL) is the well-known standard. There are three queries in this project are as follow.

FORMS:
A graphical interface used to interact with the database is called form. Forms are used to enter data in the
database. A form consists of textboxes, labels, buttons and other graphical objects. These objects enable the
user to interact with the database easily. The user can also retrieve, change,delete and update data by using
forms. The application programmers create the user interface by designing the forms in different ways.
Forms are easy to use. Forms are graphical interface that is attractive. The user can interact with the

database without technical knowledge. The data in the forms cannot be formatted. The forms are only use
on computer screen. There are four forms in this project are as follow:

Passenger form
Reservation form

Route form

Train form

Passenger form:

REPORTS:
Reports are the outputs of database application. Reports are used to retrieve and present data in formatted
way. The information on reports is arranged in different ways. A report may also contain graphs, charts,
tables etc.The user can generate different types of reports by manipulating database. Some reports are
simple a list of the record in database. Reports are very important in making key decisions. The user can
print reports to send them for different people. The output of a query can also be used a source for reports.
Most of the DBMS provide the facility of reports. Reports provide quick result from database. Reports help
in making important decisions. Reports can display processed data using graphs and charts etc.Reports can
be printed or emailed easily. The data in the report cannot be modified. The user cannot add new data using
report. The data in the report cannot be deleted. There are four reports in this project are as follow:

Passenger
Reservation

Route

Train

ROUTE:

TRAIN: