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Contents
1 Models of emotion
o 1.1 Basic model
o 1.2 Appraisal model
o 1.3 Psychological construction model
o 1.4 Social construction model
2 Emotional regulation
o 2.1 Emotional intelligence
o 2.2 Disorders
3 See also
4 References
Models of emotion
There are many different theories about the nature of emotion and the way that it is
represented in the brain and body. Of the elements that distinguish between the theories of
emotion, perhaps the most salient is differing perspectives on emotional expression.[citation needed]
Some theories about emotion consider emotions to be biologically basic and stable across
people and cultures.[2][4][5] These are often called "basic emotion" perspectives because they
view emotion as biologically basic. From this perspective, an individual's emotional
expressions are sufficient to determine a person's internal, emotional state. If a person is
smiling, he or she is happy. If a person is crying, he or she is sad. Each emotion has a
consistent and specific pattern of expressions, and that pattern of responses is only expressed
during that emotion and not during other emotions. Facial emotional expressions are
particularly salient stimuli for transferring important nonverbal signals to others. For that
reason, emotional expressions are the best direct indicators of affective attitudes and
dispositions. There is growing evidence that brain regions generally engaged in the processing
of emotional information are also activated during the processing of facial emotions [6][7]
Some theories of emotion take the stance that emotional expression is more flexible, and that
there is a cognitive component to emotion. These theories account for the malleability in
emotion by proposing that humans appraise situations and, depending on the result of their
appraisal, different emotions and the corresponding expressions of emotion are triggered. The
tendency to appraise certain situations as one emotion or another can vary by person and
culture; however, appraisal models still maintain that there are basic responses that are
specific and consistent to each emotion that humans feel.[8][9][10]
Other theories of emotion propose that emotions are constructed based upon the person,
situation, culture, and past experiences, and that there are no preset emotional responses that
are consistent and specific to one emotion or another.[11][12][13][14]
Basic model
The basic model of emotions finds its roots in Charles Darwin's The Expression of Emotions
in Man and Animals. Darwin claimed that the expression of emotions involves many systems:
facial expression, behavioral response, and physical responses, which include physiological,
postural, and vocal changes. Most importantly, Darwin claimed that emotional expression was
consistent with his theories on evolution and thus, the expression of emotion is universal and
should therefore be expressed similarly across race or culture. This is known as the
universality hypothesis. Lastly, primates and animals exhibit precursors of muscle actions of
the facial expressions of humans.[4]
Many researchers have expanded on Darwin's original theories on emotional expression. Paul
Ekman, Carroll Izard and colleagues[15] were the first to test Darwin's theory. These
psychologists, through cross-cultural empirical tests found that there were a number of basic
emotions that were universally recognized.[15][16] Later studies suggested that facial
expressions are unique to each emotion and are signals that convey information of one's
internal state, and this information is used to coordinate social interactions.[4][15] Overall, the
basic emotion perspective assumes that emotions are unique events that occur as a result of
special mechanisms, and each emotion has its own respective specific brain circuit. Moreover,
the expression of each emotion has its own respective response, manifestation in face, voice,
and body.[17] The basic emotion view Ekman to create the Facial Action Coding System
(FACS) and Facial Expression Awareness Compassion Emotions (F.A.C.E). FACS is a
database of compiled facial expressions, wherein each facial movement is termed an action
unit (AU). F.A.C.E explains how to become keen at observing emotion in the faces of others.
It consists of the Micro Expression Training Tool (METT), which trains individuals to
disambiguate between emotional expressions through recognizing distinct facial expressions
that are unique to each emotion. The second part of this training program trains individuals to
read micro-expressions; a face elicits an emotion very quickly and the individual is prompted
to report which emotion was seen. The Subtle Expression Training Tool (SETT) trains
individuals to be able to recognize the subtle changes in a person's facial expression due to
slight changes in emotional experiences. These subtle expressions can occur at the onset of
emotions, or when an individual is actively suppressing the emotion.[18]
Appraisal model
Appraisal models of emotion state that emotions are triggered by mental states that are truly
unique in both form and function. Appraisal models are similar to the basic model of emotion
in that both views consider that, once an emotion is triggered, emotional expressions are
biologically predetermined and are displayed only in one emotion and every time that emotion
is expressed. The main difference between basic emotion models and appraisal models is that
appraisal models assume that there is a cognitive antecedent that determines which emotion is
triggered. Traditional appraisal theories consider appraisals to be universal and like a set of
switches that can be turned on by biological and environmental triggers. When a person
makes an appraisal, an individual will react with an appropriate, emotional response that can
include an external, emotional expression. More recent appraisal models account for variation
in emotional expression by suggesting that cognitive appraisals are more like themes that can
be triggered by a number of different actions and situations. Emotional expressions arise from
these appraisals, which essentially describe the context of the situation.[19] One appraisal
model has developed the law of situational meaning, which states that emotions tend to be
evoked by certain kinds of events. For example, grief is elicited by personal loss. In this case,
personal loss would be the appraisal and one can express grief through emotional expressions.
[20]
performances rather than internal mental events. Knowing a social script for a certain emotion
allows one to enact the emotional behaviors that are appropriate for the cultural context.[19]
Emotional expressions serve a social function and are essentially a way of reaching out to the
world.[25]
Emotional regulation
Various researchers have highlighted the importance for an individual of being able to
successfully regulate emotions. Ways of doing this include cognitive reappraisal (interpreting
a situation in positive terms) and expressive suppression (masking signs of inner emotional
states).[1] Emotions are evident through facial expressions. Humans can express their own
emotions and understand others as well.[26] Humans can quickly identify happy expressions
whereas the disgust expression takes longer to identify.[27]
Emotional intelligence
Theorists such as Gardner and Sternberg have each presented different definitions and
categories of intelligence.[28] Gunderman refers to emotional intelligence as a type of
intelligence, in addition to the commonly used definition. He has defined it as "the ability to
understand and respond to emotions in daily life".[26] For instance, a person who does not face
his or her emotions and tackle them may be constantly frustrated. This person will face
troubles moving on with his or her life. Consequently, emotionally intelligent individuals are
better at expressing and identifying their emotions and those of the people around them.
Those who are adept at handling their emotions tend to live an easier life than those who are
not. Since people with better emotional intelligence are sensitive to emotions, they are
considered better team players and are family-oriented.
Some researchers argue that emotional intelligence is biological, while others say it is innate.
Gunderman states that emotional intelligence is a learned and an instinctual skill.[26]
According to him, it can be cultivated through three means: learning more about it, drawing
attention to it for oneself and others, and reading the works of authors he considers to be
emotionally intelligent, such as Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy.[26] Through engaging in
emotional expressions and regulation, it is contemplated more than before and brings forth
considerable changes in life and attitude. Sy and Cote conducted a study that proved
emotionally intelligent are more competent and perform better. Therefore, many companies
are using "EI training programs" to increase matrix performance.[29]
Disorders
There are few disorders that show deficiency in emotional expression. These include autism
and involuntary expression disorder.[citation needed]
See also
Affect display
Coping (psychology)
Emotional Intelligence
Facial expression
Microexpression
References
1.
2.
Darwin, Charles (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.
London: John Murray.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Frijda, Nico H. (1986). The emotions. New York, NY: Cambridge University
Press.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Gross, J. J.; Feldman Barrett, L. (10 January 2011). "Emotion Generation and
Emotion Regulation: One or Two Depends on Your Point of View". Emotion Review 3
(1): 816. doi:10.1177/1754073910380974.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Chen W, Lander K and Liu CH, 2011. "Matching faces with emotional
expressions."
28.
29.
Emotions (list)
Categories:
Emotion
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