Praktikum Sistel - FM

Modulasi Analog
FM

Praktikum Sistel - FM

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Frekuensi dari gelombang pembawa (carrier wave) diubah-ubah

menurut besarnya amplitudo dari sinyal informasi.
Modulasi FM merupakan modulasi analog yang sangat banyak
digunakan, hal ini dikarenakan noise yang rendah, tahan terhadap
perubahan amplitudi yang berubah-ubah sebagai akibat fading.
Penggunaan modulasi FM misalnya pada pengiriman siaran televisi,
telephone dan lain-lain.

The amount of change in carrier frequency produced by the

modulating signal is called Frequency Deviation (f).
The modulation index m of FM signal is the ratio of the frequency
deviation fd to the modulating frequency, fm (m = fd / fm)
Equation for the frequency-modulated wave :

Praktikum Sistel - FM

In FM, the message signal m(t) controls the frequency fc of the carrier. Consider the
carrier
v t = V sin t
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then for FM we may write:

FM signal

vs t = Vc sin2 f c + frequency deviation t ,where the frequency deviation

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again.

will depend on m(t).

Given that the carrier frequency will change we may write for an instantaneous
carrier signal

Vc sini t = Vcsin2f i t = Vc sini

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The image cannot be display ed. You r co mputer may no t have eno ugh
memory to op en the image, or the image may hav e been cor rup ted.
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appears, yo u may hav e to delete the image and then insert it again.

i t = 2f i t and fi is the instantaneous

where i is the instantaneous angle =

frequency.

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then insert it again.

The image cannot be display ed. You r co mputer may no t have

enou gh memory to op en the image, or the image may hav e been
cor rup ted. Restart you r co mputer, and then o pen the file again. If
the red x still appears, you may hav e to delete the image and then
insert it again.

Since i = 2f i t then

di
= 2f i
dt

or

fi =

1 di
2 dt

i.e. frequency is proportional to the rate of change of angle.

If fc is the unmodulated carrier and fm is the modulating frequency, the carrier frequency fi
will vary around a resting frquency fc,then we may deduce that
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f i = f c + f c sinmt =

1 di
2 dt

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CarrierSwi ng 2 f c

fc is the peak deviation of the carrier.

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1 di
= f c + f c sinmt ,i.e.
2 dt

Hence, we have

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di
= 2f c + 2f c sinm t
dt

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+ 2f sin t dt

After integration i.e.

2f c cos m t
m

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i = c t +

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i = c t +

f c
cos mt
fm

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y our c ompu ter, and then op en the file again. If the red x still appears, y ou may hav e to d elete the image and th en insert it again.

Hence for the FM signal,

vs t = Vc sin i

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f
vs t = Vcsin ct + c cosmt
fm

Praktikum Sistel - FM

The ratio

The image cannot be

displayed. Yo ur c ompu ter
may no t have eno ugh
memory to op en the
image, or the image may
hav e been cor rup ted.
Restart yo ur c ompu ter,
and then o pen the file
again. If the red x still
appears, yo u may hav e to
delete the image and then
insert it again.

f c
is called the Modulation Index denoted by i.e.
fm
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y ou may hav e to delete the image and then insert it again.

mf =

Peak frequency deviation

modulating frequency

Note FM, as implicit in the above equation for vs(t), is a non-linear process i.e.
the principle of superposition does not apply. The FM signal for a message m(t) as a
band of signals is very complex. Hence, m(t) is usually considered as a 'single tone
modulating signal' of the form

mt = Vmsinmt
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comp uter, and then op en the file again. If th e red x still appears, y ou may hav e to delete the image and then insert it again.

The image cann ot be displayed . You r comp uter may no t hav e enoug h memory to open the image, o r the image may hav e been c orr upted. Restart yo ur c ompu ter, and then op en the file again. If the red x still appears, yo u may hav e to delete the
image and then insert it again.

f
vs t = Vcsin ct + c cos m t may be expressed as Bessel
fm

The equation

series (Bessel functions)

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and then insert it again.

vs t = Vc

J mf sin + n t
n

n=

where Jn(mf) are Bessel functions of the first kind. Expanding the equation for a few
terms we have:

vs (t ) Vc J 0 (mf ) sin (c )t Vc J1 (mf ) sin (c m )t Vc J 1 (mf ) sin (c m )t

Amp

fc

fc fm

Amp

Amp

fc fm

Vc J 2 (mf ) sin (c 2m )t Vc J 2 (mf ) sin (c 2m )t

Amp

fc 2 f m

Amp

fc 2 f m

Praktikum Sistel - FM

Penyelesaian fungsi Bessel orde ke-n untuk berbagai indeks modulasi

FM Signal Spectrum
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The amplitudes drawn are completely arbitrary, since we have not found any value for
Jn() this sketch is only to illustrate the spectrum.
7

Praktikum Sistel - FM

Bandwidth
Low-index modulation (narrowband FM)
m <1 (fm>>f), B = 2fm

Actual
bandwidth*
BW = 2 (n . fm)

High-index modulation (wideband FM)

m >10 (f >>> fm), B = 2fm

Bandwidth
FM

Carsons rule
(approx 98% of
power)
BW = 2 (f + fm)

f = peak frequency deviation

fm = modulating frequency
Frekuensi band for FM commercial broadcasting

*(use Bessel table, n = number of

significant sidebands)

FM modulator: f = 10 kHz, fm = 10 kHz, Vc = 10 V, fc = 500 kHz, m=1

Praktikum Sistel - FM

Receiver and Transmitter FM

Receiver FM
RF AMP. &
SELECTOR

IF AMP
(10,7MHz)

MIXER

LIMITER

DETECTOR

DEEMPHASIS
NETWORK

AUDIO
AMP.

LOCAL
OSC.

Transmitter FM
RF
OSCCILATOR

AUDIO
AMP.

POWER
AMP

EXCITER

Exciter : providing
an FM RF signal

PREEMPHASIS
NETWORK

The transistor Reactance Modulator

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delete the image and then insert it again.

Ceq =

hfe.R 2.C 2
hie R2

The Reactance Tube Modulator

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image, or the image may hav e been cor rup ted. Restart you r co mputer, and then o pen the file
again. If the red x still appears, y ou may hav e to delete the image and then insert it again.

Ceq = gm.RC

where gm is caused to vary with audio signal.

Praktikum Sistel - FM

Latihan Soal
1. Stasiun siaran FM mengijinkan sinyal audio pemodulasi
hingga 15 kHz dengan deviasi maksimum sebesar 75 kHz.
Tentukan:
a. Indeks modulasi FM
b. Lebar bidang yang dibutuhkan untuk transmisi sinyal FM
Jawab :
a. Indeks modulasi FM
mf = f / fm = 75 kHz / 15 kHz = 5
b. Lebar bidang untuk transmisi FM dapat ditentukan dengan:
BW = 2 ( n . fm) = 2 ( 8 . 15 ) = 240 kHz
atau dengan aturan Carson sbb: BW = 2 ( f + fm ) = = 2 (
75 + 15 ) = 180 kHz

2.

Sinyal audio yang mempunyai frekuensi maksimum 3,3 kHz digunakan untuk
memodulasi FM suatu sinyal pembawa sebesar 10 MHz. Jika sinyal pembawa
mempunyai amplitudo maksimum sebesar 10 Volt dan indeks modulasi yang
digunakan adalah sebesar 4, maka tentukanlah:
a. Besarnya amplitudo komponen pembawa dan komponen bidang sisi sinyal
termodulasi FM yang terbentuk.
b. Gambarkan spektrum frekuensi sinyal termodulasi FM yang terbentuk.
c. Besarnya lebar bidang yang dibutuhkan untuk mentransmisikan sinyal FM
tersebut.
Jawab :
Diketahui fm= 3,3 kHz ; fc= 10 MHz ; Vc= 10 Volt dan mf= 4.
a. Amplitudo komponen pembawa = Vc. J0(mf) = 10 . 0,4 = 4 Volt
Amplitudo komponen bidang sisi 1 = Vc. J1(mf) = 10 . 0,07 = 0,7 Volt
Amplitudo komponen bidang sisi 2 = Vc. J2(mf) = 10 . 0,36 = 3,6 Volt
Amplitudo komponen bidang sisi 3 = Vc. J3(mf) = 10 . 0,43 = 4,3 Volt
Amplitudo komponen bidang sisi 4 = Vc. J4(mf) = 10 . 0,28 = 2,8 Volt
Amplitudo komponen bidang sisi 5 = Vc. J5(mf) = 10. 0,13 = 1,3 Volt
Amplitudo komponen bidang sisi 6 = Vc. J6(mf) = 10 . 0,05 = 0,5 Volt
Amplitudo komponen bidang sisi 7 = Vc. J7(mf) = 10 . 0,02 = 0,2 Volt

Praktikum Sistel - FM

b. Untuk menggambarkan spektrum frekuensi

sinyal termodulasi FM, perlu diketahui besarnya
frekuensi masing-masing komponen bidang sisi.
Frekuensi komponen pembawa = 10 MHz
Frekuensi komponen bid-sisi 1 = 10 Mhz 3,3 kHz
Frekuensi komponen bid-sisi 2 = 10 Mhz 6,6 kHz
Frekuensi komponen bid-sisi 3 = 10 Mhz 9,9 kHz
Frekuensi komponen bid-sisi 4 = 10 Mhz 13,2 kHz
Frekuensi komponen bid-sisi 5 = 10 Mhz 16,5 kHz
Frekuensi komponen bid-sisi 6 = 10 Mhz 19,8 kHz
Frekuensi komponen bid-sisi 7 = 10 Mhz 23,1 kHz

c. Lebar bidang yang dibutuhkan (BW)

BW = 2.n.fm = 2. 7. 3,3 = 46,2 kHz

Soal
1. Jelaskan perbedaan AM dan FM!
2. Jelaskan perbedaan narrowband FM dan
wideband FM!
3. Mengapa FM lebih jernih dibanding AM?