ESSAYANSWER SHCEME [ BIO.F5.P2.

MARCH 2013
UJIAN PERTENGAHAN PENGGAL I TINGKATAN 5 TAHUN 2013
SECTION B
QUESTION 6:
The function of Eosin solution in this experiment is to color[1] the
structure of xylem[1] as a water transport .

6(a)

6(b)

The importance of an experiment to study the role of vascular tissue in the

transport of water in plants:
-

6( c )

Able to study the xylem is a vascular tissue in transport of water[1]

Able to study the eosin solution is the safety colour for the plant. [1]

The pathway of water from soil to leaves:

1.
-

2.
-

3.

6(d)

From Soil to root[1]

Water in soil is hypotonic to the cell sap in the root hair cells[1].
Water diffuses into the roots by osmosis, and across the cortex cells by
osmosis[1].
This produces a pushing force (root pressure)[1]
which pushes water into the xylem and upwards in the root to the stem[1].
Mineral ions are actively pumped from root cells into the xylem vessels
From Root to stem [1]
Capillary action and transpiration pull cause water in the xylem vessels of the
stem to be transported to the leaves[1].
Capillary action is due to the cohension and adhension of water in the xylem
vessel force causes a continuous water columm to move up the narrow xylem
vessels.[1]

From Stem to leaves [1]

Water lost by transpiration create a suction force call (transpiration pull) to draw
continous water columm from the roots up the xylem vessels to the leaves[1]

1. Transpiration meaning:
- Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from the
leaves to the atmosphere through the stomata.[1]
1. The importance of transpiration:
(a) Produces a suction force[1]
- Suction force called transpiration pull, pulls up the column of water and
minerals in the xylem tissues from the root to leaves[1]
(b) Enable the process of absorption and transportation[1]
- Water and minerals absorpted and transported by xylem tissue were
occur[1].
(c) Keeps the plant cool[1]
- In hot waeather as evaporation of water from the leaves required heat[1].
- This process produces the cool condition in the plant.
(d) Helps maintain osmotic pressure of cell sap[1].
- The movement of water molecules through xylem tissue by osmosis
maintain the osmotic pressure.[1]
[ Max :6]

Question 7
7( a ) Functions of blood in transport;
1. Transport of oxygen[1]
- The oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the capillaries
- In capillaries oxygen combine with haemoglobin form haemoglobin.
- In form oxyhaemoglobin, oxygen is transported to the body cells used
for cell respiration.[1]
2. Transport of carbon dioxide[1]
Carbon dioxide diffuses from body cells into capillaries and into alveolus
of lungs
- Carbon dioxide is transported by the blood in form hydrogen carbonate
ion in plasma and carbaminohaemoglobin in the erythrocytes.[1]
-

3. Transport of digested food materials, vitamins and minerals.[1]

- Soluble digested food absorbed into capillaries of villi to the liver and
than to the heart pumps to whole body[1]
- Unsoluble digested food absorbed into lacteals to lymphatic system and
transported by the plasma of blood in capillaries.
4. Transport of excretory waste products[1]
- Nitrogenous waste products of deamination of excess amino acids in liver
are transported by plasma of blood to kidneys to be excreted[1]
5. Transport of hormones[1]
Hormones are secreted by endocrine gland s directly into the bloodstream
and transport blood plasma to target organs[1]

6. Transport of heat[1]
- Heat is produced from metabolic activities such as cell respiration
especially in the skeletal muscle and liver.
- Excess of heat is transported by the blood to the skin and lungs to be
removed[1]
- In this way, the body temperature can be regulated at 37oC.
7. Transport of water[1]
Water acts as a solven and a medium for biochemical reactions in the
cells.
- The blood transport water, which forms 70% of the protoplasm of the cell
to all parts of the body to regulate the balance of water and osmotic
pressure in the body.[1]
[Any 5 : max 10]
-

7(b)(i) Formation of fibrin in Blood clotting mechanism[1]

-Thrombin catalyses the change of fibrinogen ( a soluble protein) into
fibrin ( an insolubleprotein).[1]
-Fibrin form a mesh across the wound to stop erythrocytes from
flowing out of the blood vessel.[1]
-Blood coagulates and a protective scab is formed to close the
wound[1].
-Prevent microorganisms from entering the body[1].

7(b)(ii) Body defence:

- The second line of defence involves phagocytic cells[1]
- That carry out phagocytosis,deal with bacteria which may have entered
the body[1]
- The fagocytic cells will engulf and hydrolyse bacteria[1]
-

The third defence:

Lymphocytes are involved and they produce specific antibodies in an
immune response[1]
It produces lymphocytes produce antibodies and antitoxins to neutralize
toxin of bacteria.[1]
[max:10]

Question 8
8(a)
The circulatory system in human:
- Humans have a double closed and complete circulatory system which
consist of:
(a) Pulmonary circulation system[1]
-Deoxygenated blood flows from heart(right ventricle)[1] to lungs[1],
becomes oxygenated blood[1] and flows into the heart[1](left atrium)
-Changes deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood[1]
(b) Sytemic circulation system[1]
-Blood flows from heart(left ventricle) to all parts of the body[1] and
back to the heart(right atrium)[1]
-Supplies oxygen and nutrients to body cells.[1]
-

The human heart has four chambers, two atria and two ventricles[1]
The septum between the right and the left side of the heart prevents the
mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood.[1]
A rich supply oxygen and nutrient is carried rapidly to the body tissues to
meet the requirements for a high metabolic rate [1].
The left ventricle has thick muscular walls to provide a higher pressure to
pump the blood to all parts of the body[1]
The right ventricle has a thinner and less muscular walls to provide
sufficient pressure to pump blood to lungs nearby [1].
[max:10]

8(b). Transpiration:
- Transpiration
-

is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from the

leaves to the atmosphere by evaporation through the stomata.[1]
It produces a suction pressure to pull water and dissolved mineral salts
from the soil up the roots and straight to the stems and leaves.[1]
It helps to distribute water and mineral salts to all parts of the plant[1].
Its gets rid of excess water absorbed by the roots to stabilise the osmotic
pressure of the cell sap.[1]
Evaporation of water from the mesophyll cells produces a cooling effect
on the plant
Transpiration occurs through the;
a) Stoma
-90% of water is lost through stomata[1]
-Transpiration occurs at a high er rate through the lower surfaces of
the leave because there are more stomata there compared to the
upper surface[1]

b) Lenticels
-Lenticles are pores found on woody steems made up of loose celle at
the surface[1]
-Only a small amount of water is lost by this way
c) Cuticle
-The cuticle is the waxy layer on the young leaves and stems[1]
-The rate of cuticle transpiration is low.[1]
-

The disadvantage of transpiration is that it can cause the plant to wilt if

the rate of transpiration exceeds that of water absorption by root[1]
Excessive loss of water causes the plant cells to undergo plasmolysis.[1]
[max:10]

Question 9
9(a)(i) The blood composition of human:
1. Cellular components(45%)[2]
a. Erythrocytes[1]
b. Leucocytes [1]
Granulocytes
- Eosinophils
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
Agranuloctes
-Lymphocytes
-Monocyte
2. Platelets[1]
3. Plasma(55%)[1]
a. Water(90%)
b. Dissolved substances(10%)
9(a)(ii) The mechanism of blood clotting:
i.
Wounded tissue[1]
- Platelets stick to collagen fibres
ii.

Coagulated platelets[1]
-Platelets coagulate and fill the wound area
-Produce clotting factors that start the clotting process
-Thrombokinase is released[1]

iii.

Thrombokinase[1]
-Thrombokinase change prothrombin in the plasma into the
thrombin in the presence of calcium ion[1].
-Vitamin K is very important for prothrombin formation[1]

iv.

Formation of fibrin[1]
-Thrombin catalyses the change of fibrinogen ( a soluble protein) into
fibrin ( an insolubleprotein).[1]
-Fibrin form a mesh across the wound to stop erythrocytes from
flowing out of the blood vessel.[1]
-Blood coagulates and a protective scab is formed to close the wound
and prevent microorganisms from entering the body[1].
[max:10]

9(b)(ii). Similarities and differences between the circulatory system in

organism S and organism T
Similarities
1- Both have a closed circulation[1]
2- Both have a heart which acts as a pumping organ[1]
3- Blood flows in blood vessels[1]
Differences[5]
Organism S

Organism T

1. Single circulation

1. Double circulation

2. Heart divided into 2

chambers

2. Heart divided into

4 chambers

3. Chambers of heart are

not separated by septum

3. Chambers of heart
are separated by
septum

4. Oxygenated blood flow

from gills to the body
cells/tissues
5. The blood flows

through the heart once

in one complete cycle

4. Oxygenated blood
flows from lungs
to heart
5. The blood flows

through the heart

twise in one
complete cycle