Task 1: Compare and contrast different organizational

structures and culture.

An organizational structure defines how activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision
are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. It can also be considered as the viewing
glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment. Organizations
large and small can achieve higher sales and other profit by properly matching their needs with the
structure they use to operate.
Organizational culture, on the other hand, is the behavior of humans within an organization and the
meaning that people attach to those behaviors. Organizational culture represents the collective values,
beliefs and principles of organizational members and is a product of such factors as history, product,
market, technology, and strategy, type of employees, management style, and national culture. Culture
includes the organization's vision, values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and
habits.

TYPES OF STRUCTURE
TALL STRUCTURE
The organization which works under the tall structures is characterized by more levels of managers and
supervisors. In a tall structure the span of control (no superior should have more than 5 or 6 subordinates)
is narrow. Tall structure provide more control and direction from the organization point of view and from
the point of view of employees they are more restrictive and the taking of decision is also very few. In
tall structure it is easy for the manager to keep in touch with employees and their department because of
few subordinates and narrow area to supervise.
FLAT STRUCTURE
The organization which works under the flat structure have few levels of managers and the span of
control in flat structure is wide. In this structure organizers are unable to control and direct the
organization due to the wide structure the organizers are unable to keep in touch with employees.
FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE:
In a function structure employees work on a function of a specific job in an organization. According to
the functional areas the organization is structured. In this structure groups are specialized in similar skills
in different areas and organization is coordinated with a top management.
DIVISIONAL STRUCTURE:
This structure is formed when organization is divided into number of units. This structure is applied in
large companies.

Organizational Structure: Amazon.com

Amazon.com incorporates a multidivisional structure where each function such as marketing, operations,
development and others get their own domain. Each functional division has its own CEO who is directly
responsible and accountable for overseeing the workings of the functions. Each CEO of Amazon gets
autonomy over how to run their divisions and collaborations are done between functions through CEO
level.

Organizational Structure: Bata Shoe Company Bangladesh

Bata also has a divisional structure based on functional areas. All functional heads report back to the
Managing Director. The advantages and disadvantages for both Bata and Amazon would be the same on a
core basis.

Organizational Culture: Amazon.com

One of Amazons values is customer obsession. Amazon as an organization solely focuses on bringing in
more customers day by day. To obsess means to think very deeply about it, to never let it out of your
thinking, and to use it as the constant cornerstone of approach. They make long-term investments to
create an innovative and better customer experience. Another Amazon value is ownership, which is
defined as thinking long term and not sacrificing long-term value for short-term results. Amazons culture
is intentional about expecting high performance and results. They have a high bar for performance and are
committed to not getting complacent.
Frugality is one of the main areas which Amazon concentrates on. To them it means not trying to spend
money on things that dont matter to customers. This is exhibited on both the employees side as well as
the suppliers side. Amazon employs a lot of very smart people, the work culture there is very much
driven by efficiency. All of their products are ideated and communicated through written stories/long
memos. It's a very innovative culture, where people are encouraged to do things differently from how
others are doing things

Organizational Culture: Bata Shoe Company Bangladesh

The Company is committed all times to ensuring that its people developed up to their utmost potential and
to equip them to face the future challenges effectively and efficiently. As such the Companys human
resources initiatives are designed to encourage open communication, creativity, innovation and initiatives.
Bata has a truly international team whose diversity of ideas and exchange of expertise creates an
environment that stimulates people to think beyond their immediate national markets. It is Bata culture to
provide equality of opportunity, to promote on merit and to provide employees with on-going training
opportunities to build new skills. Assignments in different operational areas or abroad are also common
within the Group to enable promising individuals to gather an unusually broad set of experiences.
Companys working culture is characterized by open and informal dialogue between employees and
management. Teamwork plays an important role and mutual respect is the key ingredient. Manners
between colleagues are informal and relaxed, and a sense of belonging plays an important role in
everyday life. With opportunities across the world, Bata ensures each employees success through a
culture of knowledge sharing and community spirit. Career probation for each employee is based on
result oriented performance.

Task 2: Explain how the relationship between an

organizations structure and culture can impact on the
performance of the business.
Organizational performance comprises the actual output or results of an organization as measured
against its intended outputs (or goals and objectives). Organizational structure will deal primarily with the
setup of the culture. How management works, which specific responsibilities supervisors have, how a
complaint is passed through the ranks-these are all issues within the organizational culture that are
directly tied to how an organizational structure works. The way a company allocates power and authority
determines how employees behave. These choices manifest in a company's organizational structure and
organizational culture. Organizational structure is the way a company arranges its management and lines
of authority. The compatibility of organizational culture and structure would have a positive impact on an
organizations performance.
Financial performance is evaluated through how much profit is being brought in due to the efforts and
resources being put in. Financial performance may also relate to increasing assets, share value and
decreasing liabilities. Non-financial performance cannot be measured through monetary units. Common
examples include measures of customer or employee satisfaction, quality, market share, and the number
of new products. Non-financial performance measures are sometimes considered to be leading indicators
of future financial performance.

Amazon
Organizations have their own structure and culture. If there is any informality in the organization culture
and employees believe that they are a part of organization then behavior effect positively. Culture and
structure is very important for an organization in a culture there are many people belong to different
groups and the structure of organization is made from the people if there is unity of command, Span of
control and intrinsic motivation so it effect the motivation level of the employees. In organization if they
have a good culture and they have the good social norms, values and ethical behavior so culture

automatically control behavior .Culture is develop by good social norms, good contents, good peer group
and culture cannot be reinforced, it is link with the inner behavior and change is also continuous process.
In organization good and positive behavior controls the culture aspects. Culture also pushes the member
to behave in a way that is counter to the formal mission and goals of organization but it can be changed
through inter personal skills and good behavior. In organization good, positive and progressive culture
and structure is shared among the people. Organizational structure is the way in which the interrelated
groups within and organizations are set up to allow them function smoothly from a large stand point. The
two main purpose of successful organizational structure is to ensure effective communication between
various parts of the company, as well as to increase coordination between different departments.

Bata
Culture and structure is important in organization but each organization has their own structure and
culture. According to this organization, there is not a specific culture in organization but through
employees and their related environment culture is develop. They develop their own culture according to
their own requirement. Culture controls the behavior of employees according to their nature which
accepts the efforts to that culture. They develop that culture which they need. Culture depends upon the
nature of employees it develop the behavior of employees according to that culture. Culture does not
remain the same but the unwanted culture will changed according to mew environment. In organization
culture is made when employees share their own culture. Employees are not involved during taking of the
decision they are totally depended upon the orders of their boss. Through structure it is easy for the
organization for placement of employees, staffing and they also know how many employees are required
for the jobs in organization. In the absence of structure some difficulties occurs for the organization that
how many employees they need for the job and how they control the organization.

Task 3: Discuss the factors which influence individual

behavior at work.
Personality: Personality is the behaviors and techniques for solving problems that are used by an
individual .personality are the individual as culture is to the group personal beliefs, expectations, desires,
values and behaviors that drive from the interaction between culture and the individual.
Perception:
Perception is differs from sensations which is the impact of some stimulus on some receptors.
Perception in selection:
The main point here is that we pay attention to various inputs which are selected. Some of the inputs are
automatically selected while other have impact but may not be perceived.
Perception in organization:
An organization affects individual in terms of what information is present as potential input.
Attitude:
Attitudes are tendency to responds in a particular way towards a specified class of object. It is something
which cannot be measured directly because it is inside the people.

Co-operation and Conflict:

The number of people working together and cooperating on a task will produce better results then the
same number of people who working alone. Co-operation inspires teamwork. Conflicts plays large role in
most peoples live. Conflict occurs due to new ideas, practices and solutions to problems because people
differ in the appearances, attitudes, goals. Conflict is necessary for the growth and development of
individual, groups and organizations.
Communication:
Communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged with each
other. The effective use of communication skills such as active listening and helpful feedback depends on
a supportive communication climate. Research indicated that structure communication affects both the
speed and quality of work and also feeling of people.

Amazon
Amazon is known for paternalistic style of management based on, a family like environment where every
employee is aware of their responsibilities. Every organization has its own rules but every boss has
sufficient powers to run the show smoothly. Amazon goal oriented organization, where the whole of the
organization wok as a single unit.
Amazons key staff push their subordinates to do their best. Over all Amazon as an organization, holds
the employees satisfaction with the job at moderate. Amazon provides a competitive environment for its
employees.

Bata
Bata Bangladesh being a local company shows classical management traits. Branch level manager cannot
take decisions only high level management can take decisions. Managers only gave order on day to day
basis and implement the orders which are given by high level management. Goals are mostly related to
the development of the organization. As it is a commercial organization so all employees work as a single
team. Conflict occurs between managers and employees due to personal and organizational goals. No
such conflicts occur between manager and owner because they cannot afford it.

Task 4: Compare the effectiveness of different leadership

styles in different organizations. Discuss the impact that
different leadership styles may have on motivation in
organizations in periods of change.
Leadership:
Leadership is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and
enthusiastically to words the achievement of group goals. An Important feature of leadership is its style
which may be defined as the manners of a leader of dealing with the people and the methods of handling
various situations and circumstances, problems and crises, changes and upheavals etc. that may arise in an

organization, systems and processes. There are number of leadership styles which are adopted by the
leaders. From this book we conclude that on the bases of authority there r three basic styles used by the
leaders

Leadership Styles
Autocratic Style:
In this style all the power is in the hand of the leader he has the authority from making decisions and
sating ogles to give or with draw punishment and rewards. Whereas some autocratic leaders may act as
benevolent autocrats.

Democratic Style:
This style is also called participative style. This style is based on consultation in this style of leadership;
leaders make decisions in consultation with sub-ordinates. In this style authority is distributed and
decision making is sheared.

Free-rein Style:
In this style the power or the authority in the hand of the leader is very little while the subordinates are
independent to set their goals and make their decisions. Leader is limited to the meters of the outside and
he has to provide information and resources for his workers to increase output.
Production Oriented Style:
This style is also called task oriented style of leadership in this style the leader gets satisfaction when
he looks that his task is successfully performed and he does not bother about his workers.

People Oriented Style:

In this style of leadership the leader is concurrent more with the problems of workers and tries to
keep good relations with them. While he is not interested in output.

Leadership Styles used by Amazon and Bata

Positive Leadership:
This leadership style is used on branch level. It refers to such a leadership or leadership style whereby
organizational personnel are motivates to hard work, more work and better work through financial or nonfinancial in centavos. It is based on the fact that a satisfied worker put in more and better work. Thus the
higher is the reward; the higher is the productive efficiency. If someone works hard so at the end of year
he is given cash prize. And double recommendation later is given in his favor. so through these kind of
motivation the employees tries to work more hard in coming years and work hard to take more prizes and
to promote quickly.
Autocratic Style:
This style is used in main offices. It may be defined as such a leadership style wherein power is
concentrated in the leader. It is based on centralized authority. The management is the fountain head of
power and authority. The leader makes decisions, policies and procedures to be followed by the workers
blindly and without questioning. So that work should be done quickly and in this style leader is
responsible for everything. And in this way all the works obeys the leader. Ant quick decisions are made.
This stile is used because they want to produce more and more. If everyone got the right to give advice so
then they cannot work in friendly environment many misunderstandings will created in members.

Production Oriented:
This style is used in head office. It refers to such leadership style whereby the leader laid entire emphasis
on production or work. They believe in getting hard, more and better work from their subordinates. Manly
they are concerned with more output. They mostly are maximizing production. To them employees are of
less or no importance. Instead they emphasize more work and more output. Their management
techniques, ogles and policies all aim at maximizing output, by working round the clock, keeping work
force constantly busy and attaining high standards of quality. If they do not do this then workers are relax
and do not complete their work in time. If they do not achieve their tasks in time which they are given so
then they also have to be punished. By demoting them or cutting salaries etc. Because they have enough
employs to work for them so they dont care about employees they only care about their production.

Task 5: Explain how organizational theory underpins the

practice
of
management.
Evaluate
the
different
approaches
to
management
used
by
different
organizations.
The practice of management in order to achieve the organizational objective in an efficient manner. At
present the advancement of information technology has made possible to emphasis upon the theories and
concepts based on the organization in order to facilitate the activities of the management. Therefore it can
be observed that the practice of management can bring overall success for the organization by creativity

and innovation in the workplace. In this stage it is answer that can influence the individual behavior in the
workplace and to determine the organizational structure and culture it is essential for the management to
emphasis upon the organizational theories and concepts.
The scientific management approach: The scientific management applause emphasis upon the
improvement of the workforce by increasing the productivity in the workplace. According to this
approach it is observed that the employees should buy from their job in an efficient manner based on the
technical structuring of the given job responsibilities.
The classical management approach: The classical management approach takes into account the rational
and logical behavior in the workplace. It also takes into account the planning of the work based on the
requirements and nature of the organization.
Bureaucratic approach: The bureaucratic approach is based on the size and complexity of the
organization. It is also associated with the hierarchy organizational structure. In addition to it is also
observed that the complexity and size of the organization has significant influence towards the
bureaucratic approach.

Human relations approach: The human relations approach is based on the oversimplified is and concepts.
It is also identified as insufficiently scientific approach that ignores the role of organization itself.
System approach: The system approach to management can be defined as the consent in which the
activities of the companies are interconnected based on the purposive system. In this stage input, process
and outward are three prime determinants in order to apply the system approach in the organizational
context.
Contingency approach: The contingency approach has significant influence towards the improvement of
the organizational performance. It is also defined as the extension of system approach by the previous
researchers while identifying the management approach. In this stage it is observed that the contingency
approach highlights the possible means of differentiating among alternative forms of organization for the
management.

Task 6: Compare the application of different motivational

theories within the workplace. Evaluate the usefulness of
a motivational theory for managers.
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y:
In theory X and theory Y McGregor has given two sets of assumptions about the nature of people.
According to him there are two approaches or infect two management philosophies based on human
behavior which he has explained briefly in his theory.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory:
Maslows theory has five categories, Physiological needs, and security needs, affiliation or acceptance
needs, esteem needs, and need for self-actualization. This theory holds that human needs form a hierarchy
ranging from the lowest order needs to the highest order needs. This theory also says that when one set of
needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator.
Alderfer's ERG Theory:
This theory has three categories there categories 1) Existence needs 2) relatedness needs 3) growth needs.
He suggests that a person may be motivated in more than one category at the same time.
Herzberg's two Factors Theory:
He says that there are two sets of motivating factors. In one set they are dissatisfies, which are related to
the jobs context (circumstances, conditions). The absence of these factors results in dissatisfaction. In
other set are the satisfiers, or motivators, which are related to the content of the job. They include
achievement, recognition, challenging work, advancement and growth in the job.
The Vroom's Expectancy Theory of Motivation:
According to him people will be motivated to do things to reach a goal if they believe in the worth of that
goal and if they can see that what they do will help them in achieving that goal.
Equity Theory:
This theory stats that people will be batter motivated if they think they are being treated fairly and feel de
motivated if they think they are treated unfairly.
Skinner's Reinforcement Theory:
In this theory it is said that individuals can be motivated by proper design of their work and by praise for
their performance, while punishment for power performance produces negative result.
McClellands Needs Theory of Motivation:

In this theory McClellands has identified three types of basic motivating needs are need for power, need
for affiliation and need for achievement.

Motivations theories used practically

Equity Theory:
In this theory it is explained that people will be more attracted if they are ashore that they are treated
fairly and will not be attracted if they think that they are not treated fairly. If someone works hard so he is
reworded with cash price and has promotion chances are more. Every employee of same rank has equal
power and authority. And equal facilities are given to all of them. Salaries, home alliances, convince
alliances, medical facility etc. are same of every manager. Everyone gets equal bonus. Everyone has to
respect his seniors according to roles and regulations. And seniors also respect their joiners and guide
them in a right way.
Expectancy Theory:
They also use expectancy theory. This theory can explain why extrinsic financial motivation works only if
the link between effort and reward is clear and the value of the reward is worth the effort. If someone
works hard so he should be rewarded and should be given cash prize. And double recommendation later is
given in his favor. So through this kind of motivation the employee tries to work more hard and to take
more prizes and to promote quickly. So this is a kind of force which is applied to the workers to work
hard and to give well output.

Task 7: Explain the nature of groups and group behavior

within organizations.
Group:
Groups is the smallest unit of organization .It is the close relation on which it depends can not be formed
more than dozen of people.
Group is widely recognized as an important sociological unit of
Analyze in the study of organization behavior. Group studying is valuable when the dynamic is analyzed.
Group dynamic are the interaction and forces among groups members in social situation. When the
concept is applied to the study of organizational behavior then the focus is the dynamic of both formal
and informal work group.

TYPES OF GROUPS
FORMAL GROUP
Formal and Informal groups are most directly applicable.
There are many formally designated work groups such as, committees in the modern organization .the
functional departments committees (finance, marketing, operations and human resource) and now cross
functional team is example.

INFORMAL GROUPS
These groups are form for political, friendship, or common interest problem, for political purpose. The in
formal groups may form to attempt to get its shares of rewards or limited resources .Friendship groups
may form on the job and carry on outside the work place. Common interest in sports or ways to get back
at management can also bind members into informal groups.
OTHER TYPES OF GROUPS
PRIMARY GROUPS
Often the term small groups and primary groups are used interchangeably there is a difference. A small
group has to meet only the small size group. Thus all primary groups are small groups, but not all small
groups are primary groups. Besides primary groups there are also other classification of groups that
important to study organization behavior the important distinction are between membership and reference
groups and between in groups and out groups. The membership group are those to which the individually
actually belongs. Reference groups are those to which the individual would like to belong (those he or she
identifies with). These differences can be summarized by noting that membership groups are those group
to which individual actually belong. In groups are those groups who have or shares the dominant values
and out groups are those groups on the outside looking in. All these types of groups are important to study
organization behavior.

GROUP FORMATION
More established social psychology explanation for group formation there are also some generally
recognized stages of group formation.
FORMING
Groups members are not sure about the purpose, structure and task etc. STORMING
There may be considerable disagreement among the members about rules and duties.
NORMING
Finally at this stage the member begin to settle into cooperation.
PERFORMING
This is the stage where the group is fully functioning and devoted effectively the task agreed on in the
normal stage.
ADJOURNING

This represents the end of group which is ongoing; permanent group will never be reached. Once the
objective is accomplished the group will have a new composition and the stages will start over and again.
An alternative model that has most recently been proposed as an explanation for group formation process
called punctuated equilibrium model. According to this approach group form in the first phase in a target
or mission is set and then or not uttered easily due to process called inertia or systemic resistance to
change.

Task 8: Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the

development of effective teamwork in organizations.
FACTORS AFFECT TEAM WORK

Autocratic type of leadership within organization.

Lack of integrity in the organization can affect the team work
Selection of right person for right job.
Lack of professionalism in any organization can cause a team work in that organization.
Lack of Co-ordination
Communication gape (city to city or country to country gap among the manager is the bigger cause
that affect the team work in an organization.
Lack of responsibility (in proper work and late for job can affect the team work in that organization.
Job enlargement
Supervisor expertise.
Organization structure (team work also effect on the organization structure.
Skills
Target market selection.

Factors that affect the team work in Amazon

Lack of professionalism
Lack of co-ordination
Lack of responsibility (if the manager will not be responsible so the team work will be affected)
Job of enlargement (job enlargement effect the team work in UBL)
Organization structure

Factor that affect the group work in Amazon

Supervisor expertise
Selection of right person for right job
Communication gap (City to city gap among manager effect the group work in organization)
Lack of integrity
Target market selection
Democratic type of leadership can affect the group work

Factor that affect the team work in Bata

Job enlargement
Supervisor expertise

Communication gape (city to city or country to country gap among the manager is the bigger cause
that affect the team work in an organization.
Lack of responsibility (in proper work and late for job can affect the team work in that organization.
Selection of right person for right job.

Factor that affect the group work in Bata

Lack of co-ordination.
Lack of responsibility (if the manager will not be responsible so the team work will be affected)
Job of enlargement (job enlargement affect the team work in Bata)
Organization structure.
Relevant suggestion how to improve team work

Task 9: Evaluate the impact on team functioning within a

given organization.
In the current society technology plays a major role. You are able to maintain your
position in the market environment only if your organization is updated and
informed with the available technology.
Various technologies which are available in an organization can be used to improve
team building in different ways.
1. Social Networks:
Twitter, Facebook, Google+, Myspace, etc are common social networks which is
used by many people internationally. By using these social networks workers can be
in contact with their co-workers or team members even outside of the organization.
These social networks are better than having in touch with people using phones.
They are more creative and entertaining as well, also this will allow the team
members to know more about others even in their personal life.
2. Instant Messengers:
Instant messengers such as MSN, yahoo messenger, Gmail messenger and Skype
can be effective and less time consuming mode of communication to have within
the organization. This will allow people to communicate without any hassle caused
to others, also it will be easier to share files and documents.
3. Laptops and Mobiles:
By giving office laptops and mobiles teams can easily check the updates and send
mails to the team members as soon as they are informed of anything. There will be
a trustworthy communication between them. Even when one of the team member is
sick at home, he can easily access and communicate with his co-workers.
4. Games:

You can organize online or network multiplayer games for employees on a Friday
afternoon. Games boost everyone's spirits and remove the stress that's prevalent in
office. This will be very effective if the teams play together. But this will applicable
for a younger age groups and will be a very effective method.
5. Groupware:
Enables teams to plan meetings, collaborate, delegate all within a virtual
environment which can often be accessed remotely from anywhere in the world.