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    Inspection Practices - Part 1 Cilindrical Gears Tangencial Measurements

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    Inspection Practices - Part 1 Cilindrical Gears Tangencial Measurements

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    21 views44 pages

    Agma 915-1-A02

    Uploaded by

    gastonsuarez
    Inspection Practices - Part 1 Cilindrical Gears Tangencial Measurements

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    AGMA 915-1-A02 AGMA 915-1-A02 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Inspection Practices - Part 1: Cylindrical Gears - Tangential Measurements AGMA INFORMATION SHEET (This Information Sheet is NOT an AGMA Standard) AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 915-1-A02 Contents Foreword 1 Scope . 2 References 3 Symbols and corresponding terms... 4 Extent of gear inspection . ae 5 Identification of deviation position ...........5 6 7 8 ‘Measurement of pitch deviations «0.0.0.2... oe eaeers Measurement of profile deviations ............4 eae Measurement of helix deviations : 19 Measurement of single flank composite deviations .. 10 Contact pattern checking . . Figures Notation and numbering for external gear Notation and numbering for internal gear... Schematic of single prove measuring device Single pitch deviation, single probe device . ... Pitch measurement with a pitch comparator... Gircular pitch measurement, two probe device Single pitch deviation, two probe device . : Sample table witn hypothetical deviation values obtained ty pitch ‘comparator (two prabe) device. .... we 10 ‘Sample table with hypothetical deviation values obtained by | Indexing (single probe) device... a 10 Sample graphic representation of single pitch deviations 11 Sample graphic representation of index deviations ... 12 Base pitch measurement, two probe device 13. Schematic of involute inspection device 44 Protiie measuring method ........e.ve05 18 Profile inspection by coordinates 16 Typical tooth profile measurement charts ...,..,.. 17 Tooth profile and profile diagram ce 18 Mean profile siope deviation, fijam 19 Profile inspection by optical projection... 20 Profile inspection by gear tooth caliper method .... 21 Profile inspection by measurement aver pins ....... 22 Helix deviation ae 23° Graghic charting of helix . 24 Helix diagram ........ 25 Traces generated fram four tooth flanks « 26 Helix of right hand helical geer with short lead (+ helix angle) .. 27 Helix of right hand helical gear with Iong lead (- helix angle) 28 Helix of left hand helical gear with long lead (— helix angle) ........ 29 Helix of left hand helical gear with short lead (+ helix angle) 30 Principle of undulation inspection 31 Composite gear testing, double an 82 Schematic of a single flank measuring device ...... 32 Individual tooth deviations revealed by single flank testing ‘34 Filtered signal from figure 83 (eccentricity removed) 38 Angular motion curves from tooth modification @Yoarsens ingle flank . AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, Foreword This Information Sheet, AGMA 915-1~A02, inspection Practices - Part 1: Cylindrical Goars ~ Tangential Measurements is provided for informational purposes and is intended for use with the Standard ANSVAGMA 2015-1-A01, Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurements for Cytincrical Gears. ‘AGMA 915-1~A02 replaces AGMA ISO 1064-1, Cylindrical Gears - Code of inspection Practice - Part 1: nspection of Corresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth. and the information on similar subjects as covered in ANSVJAGMA 2000-A88, Goar Classification and inspection ‘Handbook - Tolerances and Measuring Methods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears, ‘The user of this Information Sheet is alerted that differences exist between it and ANSI/AGMA 2000-A88 and AGMA ISO 10064-1. These include, but are not limited to: ~ Measuring methods refer to an accuracy grade numbering system thatis reversed, ‘such that the smallest number represents the smallest tolerance; = Probe direction and measurement requirements for elemental and composite tolerances may differ from ANSVAGMA 2000-A88 or AGMA ISO 1064-1; ~The measurement “profile evaluation range" and “helix evaluation range", where the tolerances are applied, are defined for different area than in ANSWAGMA 2000-A88 or AGMA ISO 1064-1; = The measurement of undulations is included; - Concepts of ‘mean measurement trace’, “design trace”, ‘slope deviation’, “form deviation’, “gear form fiter cutof’, "tolerance diameter’ and “vata density’ are defined. ‘Therefore, the user of this information sheet must be very careful when comparing ‘measurement methods formerly specified using ANS\/AGMA 2000-AB8 or AGMA ISO 1064-1. ‘The first draft of AGMA 915-1-A02 was made in May, 1998. This document was approved by the Inspection Handbook Committee on January 31, 2002. It was approved by the ‘Technical Division Executive Committee as an AGMA Information Sheet on April 16, 2002. ‘Suggestions for improvement of this document willbe welcome. They should be senttothe ‘American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1600 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22514, AGMA 915-1-A02 AGMA915-1-A02 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. PERSONNEL of the AGMA Inspection and Handbook Committee Chairman: Edward Lawson ACTIVE MEMBERS WA Bradley .... Consultant D.A. Choiniere .. Profile Engineering. Inc. J. Clatworthy .... Gear Metrology, Inc. B.L Cox 2.2.5, BWXTYI2LLO T.G. Glasener ... Xtek, Incorporated G.G. Grana ..... The Gleason Works B. Hofrichter .... Arrow Gear Company T. Kiaves Milwaukee Gear I. Laskin........ Consultant ASSOCIATE MEMBERS M. Antosiewicz .. The Falk Corporation MJ. Barton ....- Gear Motions, Inc, D. Behting Hamilton Sundstrand Aero, ‘MK. Considine .. Considine Associates: . Considine .... Considine Associates JS, Cowan Eaton Corporation Process Equipment Company ‘Mahr Corporation . Dick........, The Horsburgh & Scott Co. H.D. Dodd ...,,. Caterpillar, Ino, R. Green . RT Group, Gear Consultants D. Gregory Gear Products, Inc, B. Gudates Fairfield Manufacturing Co., Inc. J.S. Hamilton... Regal-Beloit Corporation H. Harary....... NIST D. Heinrich Xtek, Incorporated G. Henriot ...... Consultant J. Horwell ...... Brown & Sharpe S.Johnson ..... The Gear Works - Seattle, Inc. T. Klemm. Liebherr D.E. Kosal National Broach & Machine Co. J.Koshiol ...... Columbia Gear Corporation wi M&M Precision Systems S. Lindley The Falk Corporation M. May ‘The Gleason Works DA. MoCarroll .. ZF Industries D.R. McVittie.... Gear Engineers, Inc. S.Moore - Martin Sprocket & Gear, Inc. RM. Ott. Caterpillar, inc. JIM. Rinaldo ,... Atlas Copco Comptes, Inc Lu. Smith ...... Consultant RE. Smith ...... RE, Smith & Company, ine. WE. Lake ....,, Mitsubishi Gear Technology Ctr. AJ. Lemanski ... Penn State University G.A. Luetkemeier Rockwell Automation/Dodge D. Matzo Northwest Gears, Inc. PA. McNamara . Caterpillar, Inc. Wud. Michaels... Sundstrand Corporation M. Milam Amarilo Gear Company T. Miler ........ The Cincinnati Gear Company M. Nanfawala ... |:T Research Institute/INFAC M, Octrue ...... Centre Technique Des Ind. Mec. T. Okamato ..... Nippon Gear Company, Ltd J.A. Pennell... Univ. of Neweastle-Upon-Tyne. KR. Price ...... Eastman Kodak Company R.S. Ramberg... The Gear Works - Seattle, Inc. Vz. Pychiinski .. Brad Foote Gear Works, Inc, DH. Senkfor .... Precision Gear Company S. Shariff ....... PMI Food Equipment Group E. Storm + Consultant ALF. Wasilewski . Arrow Gear Company FM. Young ..... Forest City Gear Company P. Zwart ........ Caterpillar, In. ‘AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION ‘AGMA 916-1-A02 American Gear Manufacturers Association - Inspection Practices - Part 1: Cylindrical Gears - Tangential Measurements 1 Scope ‘This information sheet constitutes a code of practice dealing with tangential measurements on flanks of individual cylindrical involute gears., ie., with the measurement of pitch, profil, helix and tangential composite characteristics. In providing advice on gear measuring methods and the analysis of measurement results, it supplements, the standard ANSVAGMA 2015-1-A01, Accuracy Classification System ~ Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears. 2 References ‘The following standards contain provisions which are referenced in the text ofthis information sheet. Atthetime of publication, the edtions indicates were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this document are ‘encouraged to investigate the possibility of apolying the most recent ecitions ofthe standards Indicated. ‘AGMA 918-3-A98, Inspection Practices - Gear Bianks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism ANSVAGMA 2015-1-AO1, Accuracy Classification System ~ Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Goars 180 59:1998, Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering - Standard basic rack tooth profile 'SO_54:1996, Cylindrical gears for general engineering and for heavy engineering - Modules 180 701:1998, International gear notation - ‘Symbols for geometrical data 180 1122-1:1998, Vocabulary of gear terms ~ Part 1: Definitions related to geometry 3 Symbols and corresponding terms. ‘The symbols andterms used throughout this manual are in basic agreement with the symbols and terms given in ISO 701:1998, international gear notation ~ ‘Symbols for geometrical data, In all cases, the frst time that each symbol s introduced, itis defined and discussed in detall, See table 1. NOTE: The symbols and definitons used inthis infor mation sheet may iff from other AGMA standards. ‘The user should not assume that familar symbols can bbe used without a careful study of their definitions. Table 1 = Symbols and definitions Where Symbols Definition”? Units | firstused e Facet man — [Figure 28 ID Design pitch diameter mm feq4 >» _| Design base diameter mm |Eas jd Reference diameter mm — |Eq2e dp oft Effective base diameter mm 653 ar Tolerance diameter mm |62 Fp Total hele de um [Figure 22 (continued) AGMA 915-1-A02 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Table 1 (continued) ‘Where Symbols Detinition®) Units | first used Fie Total single Tank composts deviation am [Ba Fp Total cumulative pitch deviation um [ea Hp | Sector pitch deviation? um 62 is Radial eunout wm jose Fa Total profile deviation um [Figure 17 liom | Mean base diameter difference?) wm [653 a Eccentricity between gear axis and axis of gear teeth am — | Figure 18, fe Profile form deviation am | Figure 17 Mig Helix form deviation um — | Figure 24 fa Profile slope deviation?) wm Figure 17 iam {Mean profile slope deviation? am |76 lis Holic slope deviation?) wm — | Figure 24 Viti | Mean helix slope deviation® um [86 Jie | Mean helixslope deviation, in the transverse planeandtangenttotne | um Eq 18 tolerance diameter?) Mia ‘Tooth-to-tooth doubte flank composite deviation wm foe is ‘Tooth-to-tooth single flank composite deviation um fot fim Mean lead difference?) mm: 87 Vit | Mean normal base pitch deviation?) um [e538 Hgtn | Normal base piteh deviation?) um |a5 ee Single pitch deviation?) wm fot ie Undulation height (along helix) um | Figure 24 Ate Reading head frequency pulses/sec | Figure 32 fe Pressure angle deviation?) degrees |7.5 Hann | Mean normal pressure angie deviation®) degrees [653 lfam | Mean transverse pressure angle deviation?) degrees 6.5.3 fp Helix angle deviation?! degrees [8.5 im | Mean helix angle deviation®) degrees [87 lee Lonath of path of contact mm — | Figure 36 k Number of pitches in a sector -- [56 L Left flank -- [sz i Lead of the design helix mm |Eq17 Lett Effective lead mm 87 ra Profile evaluation range mm | Figure 17 lice | Functional protie length mm Ego u5 Helix evaluation range mm | Figure 24 Le ‘Base tangent length to start of active profile mm Figure 17 1 Lefthand helix -- [53 i Normal module mm |Eqt lw Pitch number ~~ |85 n ‘Number of deviation values Included in the mean -- [ea Pp Base pitch mm Figure 36 Iron | Theoretical normal base pitch mn [os Pm ‘True position pitch?) am 6.3.2 (continued) AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 915-1-A02 Table 4 (concluded) Where ‘Symbols Definition’) first used R Fight Tank 32 r ight hand helix 53 5 ‘Undulation measurement bar length Figure 90 z Number of teeth Eq2 at Number of teeth in master indexing worm wheel Eq 24 2 Driving gear Figure 32 2 Driven gear Figure 32 an Transverse pressure angle at the tolerance diameter degrees [6.5.2 os Normal pressure angle degrees |Eq1 Jénet | Effective normal pressure angle degrees [6.5.3 a Design transverse pressure angle degrees |Eq6 tot | Etfective transverse pressure angle degrees [6.5.3 6 Helix angle degrees |Eq5 Bo Design base helix angle degrees |Eq2 Bott Effective helix angle at the standard pitch ciameter degrees [8.7 Bret | Effective helix angle atthe tolerance diameter degrees 2.7 & Total contact ratio -- |e.as ip ‘Undulation wave length mm | Eq24 Dox Axial wavelength of undulation mm — | Figure 24 E Involute rot angie degrees [Figure 17 1 Reference face -- 152 1 Non-reference face -- [52 NOTE: 4 Symivos used for deviations of individual element measurements om spectied values are composed! over case laters 7 wrth subscripts (exceptions includ ff and f) whereas symbols used for “cumulative” or “otal” deviations, \which represent combinations of several individual element deviations, are composed af capital lotors"Falso with sub Borpta, tis necessary to quality some deviations with an algebraic sign. A deviation is postive when e.g, a dimer is larger tan optimum and negative when smaller nan optimum. 2 “These deviations can be + (olus) oF - (minus) 4 Extent of gear inspection Its rarely necessary or economical to measure all possible deviations on all gears manufactured. Certain elements may not significantly influence the function of the gear under consideration. Some ‘measurements can be substituted for others. Stable manufacturing processes allow a relatively smal ‘number of samples to be measured and stil ensure that the required quality level is maintained, It is recommenced that specific measuring plans be negotiated between purchaser and supplier. 4. Required inspection Information Certain necessary information should be provided to the operator(s) of the measuring equipment. The information required will vary depending on the type. of measurement(s) required. Most measurement processes require basic gear and blank data, number of teeth, pitch, pressure angle, helix angle, tooth size, outside diameter, root diameter, face width, design profile, design helix, etc. Certain ‘measuring tasks require additional information. For example, to measure profile, the profile control diameter and start of tip break must be provided With mechanical measuring equipment, additional information may be required: base circie diameter (radius), base helix angle, sine bar setting, etc. ‘The design engineer or engineering department should be responsible for supplying this minimum, required inspection information to those performing the measurements. 4.2 Measurement selection Inspection may be carried out using a number of alternate methods. Some measurements may be AGMA 915-1-A02 substituted for others. For example single flank ‘composite measurement may be substituted for pitch measurement, or radial composite measure- ‘ment may replace runout measurement. ‘A number of factors should be considered when selecting the measurements, including the quality level required, size of the gear, manufacturing cost ‘and most important the application of the product gear. 4.2.4 Sampling Gears, like other parts, are manufacturedto a certain level of accuracy dependant on the production Process used. When the process used is proven capable of producing the required accuracy level using statistical methods, sampling inspection may be utilized. Many factors may influence the sample size and frequency, foremost among these should be the assurance that the required accuracy level of the parts is met, 4.2.2 First plece inspection may be possible to inspect only the fist place of a batch to verity that the setup is correct, allowing the inherent accuracy of the process to assure the quality of subsequent parts. 5 Identification of deviation position {tis convenient to identify deviations associated with ‘measurements of gear teeth by specific reference to individual right flanks, left flanks, pitches or groups of these. In the following, conventions are described which enable positive determination of the location of deviations. 5.1 Datum axis ‘Specification of the design profile, design helix, and design pitch requires definition of an appropriate reference axis of rotation, called the datum axis, Its defined by specification of datum surfaces. See AGMA 915-3-Ag9, ‘The datum axis determines tooth geometry, theraby being the reference for measurements and associet- 1 tolerances. The location and orientation of the tolerance diameter circle are determined by the datum axis, AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Ideally the surfaces used to construct the datum axis, the surfaces used io locate the gear for manufacturing, and the functional surfaces that define the gear axis of rotation in its final assembly would allbe the same. In practice this is often notthe case. For example, shaft type paris are often manufactured andinspected using female centers to define the datum axis. In cases where the inspec: tion, manufacturing, and/or functional datum sur- faces are different, these surfaces must be coincident with each other to a level of accuracy sufficient to assure the final quatty of the gear is adequately represented during measurement. The gear being measured should be oriented so that its datum axis is coincident with the axis of rotation of the measuring instrument. in the case of mounting the gear between centers, care must be taken to assure that the mounting arbor, f used, is in good condition, and the female centers are clean and ‘concentric with the datum surfaces ofthe gear. Inthe case of computer controlied measuring instruments, ‘itmay be possible to mount the gear with significant deviation to the instrument's axis of rotation, In that cease, the measuring program must be capable of mathematically correcting the errors resulting from this off axis mounting condition. 5.2 Right or left flank Itis convenient to choose one face ofthe gearas the reference face and to mark it with the letter I’, The other non-reference face might be termed face "I. For an observer ooking atthe reference face, sothat the tooth is seen wit its tip uppermost, the right flank is on the right and the left flank is on the left. Right and left flanks are denoted by the letters “A” and “L” respectively ‘5.3 Right hand or left hand helical gears The helix of an external or internal helical gear is ‘referred to as being righthand orlefthand. The hand of helix is denoted by the letters 't* and “lr respectively. ‘The helix is right hand (left hand) if, when looking ‘rom one face, the transverse profiles show succes- sive clockwise (counter-clockwise) displacement with increasing distance from an observer. 5.4 Numbering of teeth and flanks Looking at the reference face of a gear, the teeth are numbered sequentially in the clockwise direction. ‘The tooth number is followed by the letter For L, ‘AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION indicating whetheritis aright or aleftflank, Example: “Flank 29 L". 5.5 Numbering of pitches The numbering of individual pitches is related to tooth numbering as follows: pitch number "N" lies between the corresponding flanks of teeth numbers: “N-t" and "N"; with a fetter Ror L it is indicated ‘whether the pitch ies between rightor left flanks. For ‘example "Pitch 2 L”, (see figures 1 and 2) 5.6 Number of pitches “k” ‘The subscript "tof a deviation symbol denotes the number ofconsecutive pitches to which the deviation, applies. In practice, @ number is substituted for “t, for ‘example Fz indicates that a given cumulative pitch deviation refers to three pitches. 30 loft “0.R = pitch No, 80, right Rank “2 Le pitch No, 2,leftflank AGMA 915~1-A02 6 Measurement of pitch deviations. 6.1 Pitch deviation Index, single pitch (j2), and total cumulative pitch (Gp) areelemental parameters relatingto the accura~ Cyot tooth ocations aroundagear. Thefollowing is a tip circle of mating root circle base circle 1 Design profile C-Q Base tangent length to point © 2 Measured profile §_ _Involute roll angle to point © 3 Mean profile line Start of roll (point of tangency of transverse base tangent) A Tipcircle point Lee Profile evaluation range B Start of tip break (chamfer) ZT, Base tangent length to start of active profile D Start of active protiie Fe Total profile deviation E Profile control diameter fic Profile form deviation F Origin of involute fix Profile slope deviation B-D Active profile B-E Usable profile Figure 17 - Tooth profite and profile diagram 15 AGMA 915-1-A02 7.4 Evaluation of profile diagrams Depending on accuracy class specified, it may only bbe necessary to measure total profile deviation, Fa. ‘See ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01, clause 4. It may also be necessary to determine the profile slope deviation, fie, and the profile form deviation, fic: For this itis necessary to superpose the mean profile line onto the diagram as shown in figure 17, also in figure 2 of ANSVAGMA 2015-1-A01. Allow- able values of fy, and fi, can be calculated in accor- ance with ANSVAGMA 2015-1-A01, clause 7. 7.5 Algebraic signs of fgg and fi The protie slope deviation, fa, Is termed positive and the corresponding pressure angle deviation, fa, is termed negative when the mean profile line rises towards the tooth-tip end Act the diagram, as shown in figure 17. In figure 18, both positve and negative slopes, caused by eccentricity of mounting on the {gear generating machine, are shown, ifthe slopes seen in the profile diagrams of mating gears are equal and have the same sign, the deviations are mutually compensating. This applies to both external and internal gears. AB E “tA 66 s7 Setam = 4 (= 11-1 = 6. M_ = axis of rotation of the gear on the £2 ai of ratation ofthe gear onthe © _ = position of tool or profile measurin 1, 2, 3 = Posttions of the profiles from wi relevant profile traces Figure 18 - Mean profi 16 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 7.6 Mean profile slope deviation, fem ‘Slope deviations of individual profiles can be caused by eccentricity due to inaccuracies of manufacturing ‘or inspection set-up. Such deviations will vary ‘ound the gear. The use of mean profile slope deviations cancels out the influence of eccentricity (on Individual profie traces. The effect of eccentricity on profile slope, and the determination of mean profile slope deviation, are ilustrated in igure 18. Calculating the mean profile siope deviations a step towards the correction of manufacturing processes fr other suitable action. For all practical purposes, it is usuelly sufficient to calculate the arithmetic mean of the profile slope deviations by calculating the average of the devi ations measured on three or more corresponding flanks of equally spaced teeth around the gear circumference according to the following equation: Traum * 7 (iar * Sica *~ * fon) ® where: ‘um is the mean profie slope deviation, um; fuan Is the individual profile slope deviations, wm; Is the number of profile slope deviation Values included in the mean 6 + 5.7) = ~ aun machine tool. Inspection apparatus, Bh ihe lich the traces were obtained (at 45°, 165°, 285°) and le slope deviation, fem AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 7.7 Additional calculations for profi measurements ‘The mean profile slope deviation, fij4m, can be used tocalculatea variety of parameters that are usoful for controlling the quality of gear involute profiles Included in these calculated parameters are: ~ mean base diameter difference, fermi = effective base diameter dy ~ effective wansverse pressure angle, Oo, ~ effective normal pressure angle, cy ef = mean transverse pressure angle deviation, Lert = mean normal pressure angle deviation, fun. Al of the following equations are based upon the ‘mean profile slope deviation fem Alternatively, the ‘same formulas could be applied to the case of individual tooth data. The calculation sequence ‘would then commence with the entry ofthe individual profile siope deviation, fg 7.7.1 Calculation of mean base diameter difference, faom Mean base diameter difference, fay, can be calou lated as follows: o {favm |S the mean base diameter difference, um; Dy Is the base diameter, mm; Z.g¢_ {8 the functional profie length, mim; ‘fiiam is the mean profile slope deviation, ym. A positve mean profile slope ceviation (profile trace ‘ising towards its tooth tip end) implies that the effective base diameter is too large, and visa versa. when fitam > 0, then fam > 0 7.7.2 Calculation of effective base diameter, dy oft fective base clametr, do, can be calculsted as folows yee = Py + Vm 1073) (10) where dy of is the effective base diameter, mm. AGMA 915-1-A02 7.7.3 Calculation of effective transverse pressure angle, at ef Effective transverse pressure angle, ay of, can be calculated as follows: dy bot of = aC08 (38) ay where: {oi Is the effective transverse pressure angle, degrees; D__ isthe design pitch diameter, mm. 7.7.4 Calculation of effective normal pressure angle, dp ott Effective normal pressure angle, cn om, can be calculated as follows: ty = atan ("2M 0 y4 0086) (12) where: diy etls the effective normal pressure angie, degrees; B isthe helx angle, degrees. 7.7.5 Calculation of mean transverse pressure angle deviation, famt Mean transverse pressure angle deviation, fant, can be calculated as follows: Fert = Soy ~ (19) where: fart 18 the mean transverse pressure angle deviation, degrees; Is the design transverse pressure angle, degrees. ‘Alternatively, fort Can be calculated (in degrees) by: Fusam 180) tne (tie) ) 9 Apposttive mean profile slope deviation (profile race rising towards its tooth tip end) implies that the effective pressure angles oo small, and visa versa. when fiuom > 0, then fare <0 7.7.6 Calculation of mean normal pressure angle deviation, fmn ‘Mean normal pressure angle deviation, farm, can be calculated as follows: (18) Fann = &y 9 ~ On where: 7 AGMA 915-1-A02 farm (8 the mean normal pressure angle deviation, degrees; Gn et iS the effective normal pressure angle, degrees; Gy IS the design normal pressure angle, degrees. A positive mean profile slope deviation (profile trace tising towards its tooth tip end) implies that the effective pressure angie is too small, and visa versa. when fiiem> 0, then fan <0 7.8 Other profile measuring methods While not commonly used or recommended, the following profile measuring methods may prove valuable when more conventional methods are not practical or availabie. 7.8.1 Projection ‘A shadow of the gear tooth under inspection may be ‘Optically magnified and directly or refiex projected to ‘permit comparison of the profile to a large scale layout of a specttied profile (see figure 19), This ‘method is normally applied only to fine pitch gears. ‘When gears are too large to be mounted in the projector, @ thin wafer (manufactured simultaneous- |y with the gear), or a mold of a gear tooth form may be used for projection, This method requires two known reference surfaces to locate the image both radially and angularly. Scale 1 layout Projection Figure 19 - Profile inspection by optical projection 7.8.2 Indirect profile inspection methods ‘The following techniques may be employed for Inspection of gear profiles. These methods do not yleld actual measurements of deviation of an in- pected profile from a nominal. = Multis thickness measurement. The chord- al tooth thickness and associated addendum depth for several positions on a tooth may be ‘computed for a gear tooth caliper. Comparison of measurements with the computed values will give 18 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION an indication of profile accuracy (see figure 20). However, readings give na indication as to which profile may have an error, since two flanks of a measured tooth are contacted at the same time, ‘This method will not reveal deviations that cancel ‘each other, such as those caused by a form cuter, Which has been offset from a true radial position K Figure 20 - Profile inspection by ge: caliper method tooth = Auxiliary gaging elements. The theoretical position of wires, rolls, pins, or balls of several Cifferent diameters placed in a tooth space may ‘be computed and compared to actual measure- ments (See figure 21). This method has limita- tions similar to those of gear tooth caliper measurements. Figure 21 - Profile inspection by measurement over pins ‘AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 7.8.3 Profile measuring with master gear Contact pattern checking with a master gear may be Used to check the profile deviation of gears in place ‘or when gears are too large to be accommodated by a profile measuring instrument. The axis of the gear and master must be parallel. Refer to clause 10 for more information concerning this method, 8 Measurement of helix deviations 81 Helix Helix is the lengthwise shape of the tooth flank across the face from one end to the other. The ‘theoretical helix ofa helical gear is contained on the surface of a cylinder, which is concentric with the 0 and Fs> 0) when helix angles are larger, and negative when helix angles are smaller, than the design helix angle. The helix deviations of spur gears if other than zero are indicated by the subscripts ‘r” and’, instead of an algebraic sign. implying deviations in the sense of right or left hand helices, respectively In figure 25, both positive and negative slopes, caused by eccentricity of wobble of mounting on the gear generating machine, are shown, apy fap. Saas. Sigs 0° 360") 90° 180° 270° Figure 25 - Traces generated from four tooth flanks If the helix slope deviation, fi, (assuming equal ‘evaluation ranges) of the corresponding flanks of two mating gears are equal in magnitude and algebraic sign, the deviations are mutually compen sating 8.6 Mean helix slope deviation, fipm For correction of machine too settings or adaptation to a mating gear, determination of the mean helix slope deviation, fxm. of the gear Is useful Ifthe helix siope deviations are either random or are fairly consistent, then the mean helix slope deviation may be used to correct the helix setting of the machine used to manufacture the gear. in the case of a matched set of mating gears where one has been manufactured and inspected, then the mean helix slope deviation may be used to adjust the ‘manufacture of the other gear in the set. This will ‘esultin improved contact between the gears without at AGMA 915-1-A02 the need to make corrections to the previously finished gear, If the helix slope deviation, jp, varies in a regular pattern around the circumference of a helical gear, then the datum axis of the gear was probably tited, offset, or mis-orientated relative tothe machine axis, during ether manufacture or inspection, See figure 2. Tilting affects spur gears in the same manner, ‘but offset (eccentricity) does not. = Eccentricity: The variation of helix slope deviation caused by eccentricity (if within speci- fied limits) is not normally detrimental to the ‘operation of the gear. = Tiling: Variation of helix siope deviation caused by mis-orientation of the gear teeth relative to the datum axis may affect the proper functioning of the gear. The helix slope deviations will cause the center of contact pressure to shift axially back and forth with each revolution, This may in tun cause premature gear tooth failure andjor bearing problems. Therefore, attention should be drawn to this condition even if the deviations are within tolerance. The mean helix slope deviation, ym, 1 calculated by averaging the helix lope deviation, fu, observed on the corresponding flanks of three ot more teeth ‘equally spaced around the circumference of the sear. Say = Bas + Saga t+ Sign) (18) vihere: fag ls the mean heli slope deviaton, um; {ign are the individual helx slope deviations, um; n isthe number of helix slope deviation values included in the mean. ‘Asuitable mean value can be obtained trom the helix diagrams of corresponding fanks of two diametrical- 'y opposite teeth. However, if the heli slope deviations vary around the gear, this will not always be disclosed unless traces of at least three equispaced flanks are obtained ‘87 Additional calculations for helix ‘measurements ‘The méan helix slope deviation, f4jm, canbe used to calculate a variety of parameters that are useful for 22 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION controling the quality of gear helices. Included in these calculated parameters are: = effective helix angle at the tolerance iamater, Br of ~ effective lead, Lop: - effective helix angle at the standard piteh diameter, ot =. mean lead diference, fim = mean helix angle deviation, fm All of the following equations are based upon the ‘mean helix slope deviation, jim. Alternatively, the same formulas could be applied to the case of Individual tooth data. The calculation sequence would then commence withthe entry of the individual helix slope deviation, jap. 8.7.1 Required preliminary data ‘The following data is required for the additional ‘calculations for helix measurements. Lead, L, can be calculated as follows: Dx a 7) wher L isthe lead of the design helix, mm; D isthe standard pitch diameter, mm; $ _Isthehetix angle atthe standard pitch diam. eter, degrees. Mean helx slope deviation, in he transverse plane ‘and tangent othe tolerance diame, fe, can be calculated as folows: Fr cs (18) where: frame is the mean helix slope deviation, in the transverse plane and tangent to the toler- ance diameter, um; fiaym is the mean helix slope deviation, in the transverse plane and tangent to the base diameter (the tolerance direction specified in ANSAGMA 2015-1 -A01), um; Dy isthe base diameter, mm; dy isthe tolerance diameter, mm. AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 8.7.2 Calculation of effective helix angle at the tolerance diameter, Br of Etfective helix angle atthe tolerance diameter, Br tt can be calculated as follows: Fagen * 10-3] | + (eqn) ma nope (19) where: Br ert Is the effective helix angle at the tolerance diameter, degrees; 1 Is the helix evaluation range, mm. 8.7.3 Calculation of effective lead, Len Etfective lead, Zo, can be calculated as follows: aye Lat” tat Bog (0) where: Let Is the effective lead. 8.7.4 Calculation of effective helix angle at the standard pitch diameter, Bory Etfective helix angle at the standard pitch diameter, Best, can be calculated as follows: Boy = mn(P2) 1) 8.7.5 Calculation of mean lead difference, fim Mean lead difference, fim, can be calculated as follows: ihe “2 (22) where: Jim is the mean lead ditterence, mm. A positive mean lead difference implies that the effective leadistoolong, and visa versa. See figures 26, 27, 28 and 29, ‘Aposttive mean helix slope deviation implies thatthe effective lead is too short, and visa versa, when fiym>0, then fim <0 AGMA 915-1-A02 Desired load A. ctuatlead othe “ot helx | Facewidth Path of contact of measuring pointer Figure 26 ~ Helix of right hand helical gear with short lead (+ helix angle) Facewiets Path of contact ‘of moasuring pointer Facewath Figure 27 - Helix of right hand helical gear with long tead (- helix angle) AGMA 915-1-A02 ‘Actual lead ‘of holx Desiredioad. ofheix NY Facowidtn Path of contact ‘of measuring pointer Facamiatn} Figure 28 ~ Helix of left hand helical gear with long tead (- hellx angle) Actuallead _ _Destedicad othelx. —\\~ “ofhelx Facewicth Path of contact ‘of measuring pointer Faceniat| Figure 29 - Helix of left hand helical gear with short lead (+ helix angle) 26 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 8.7.6 Calculation of mean hol angle deviation, fun ‘Mean hetix angle deviation, fim, can be calculated as folows: fim = Bor ~ =) fm _ is the mean helix angle deviation, degrees, ‘A positive mean helix slope deviation implies that the effective helix angle is too large, and visa versa. when fiitm > 9, then fm > 0 8.8 Undulations Undulations are helix form deviations having ‘constant wavelength and almost constant height. Perturbations of gear production machine transmis- sion elements are their most common cause, ‘especially those of: 4) the cutter saddle teed-screw drive, and ) the worm of the indexing wormgear drive, ‘The wavelength of undulations caused by a), ‘measured in direction of helix, is equal tothe pitch of the feed-screw divided by cos f. Cf undulations due to cause b) the wavelength is: dg = (24) where: 2g isthe undulation wavelength, ym; 4 isthe reference ciameter, mm; zm is the number of teeth in the master indexing worm wheel. ‘The number of undulations generated as a result of »), projectediintoa transverse plane, are equaltothe umber of teeth, 24, of the master indexing worm wheel, These can be sources of objectionable ppure-tone components of noise spectra, also known ‘as ghostharmonies, at frequencies corresponding to the rotational speed (revolutions) of the affected gear mutiplied by The method of application ofthe undulation measur- ing attachment of a helix measuring apparatus is shown in the diagram in gute 30. This s discussed in the folowing. When undulations due to the cause a) or b) ‘mentioned above are to be measured, the appropr ate wavelength is calculated and the spherical AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION location feet of the attachment are sot at an odd umber of wavelengths distant from each other, ‘The amount of the undulations is indicated by a probe situated midway between the feet as the later ate slid along the helix ltcan be seen in the figure that the displacement of the probe, when apeakandnexta rough are sensed by the probe, Is equal to twice the height of the lundiulation as shown in figure 30. This feature enhances the sensitnity ofthe apparatus, which also plots the results in the form of a diagram, Itshould be noted thatthe undulations would not be indicated ithe feet were spaced at a distance equal toaneven number of wavelengths as shown infigure 80 with s = 424, 8.9. Indirect helix inspection methods ‘The following indirect methods may be employed for inspection of gear helix. These methods do not provide the actual levels of helix deviation. However, in instances where the measurement methods AGMA915-1-A02 ‘outlined in 8.2 are impractical, these indirect meth- ‘ods may prove valuable. 8.9.4 Helix indication using axial pitch ‘An indication of helix accuracy may be derived from inspection of axial pitch on gears with sufficient hex angle and face width to have multiple axial overlaps ‘The measurement must be made paralllto the gear axis at increments equal to the axial pitch. The ~ Single flank) ju (sts SEtieee jistet. Jonette stat 6 7 8 9 0 1 12 Tooth number Figure 42 - Manual interpretation of composite test Analysis is similar to that described in 9.3.6 for a product gear with a master gear, except that the deviations should be calculated based on the complete meshing period of both gears rather than ‘on a single revolution of the product gear, 9.4.1 Identification and location of defects The measurement of tangential composite devi- ations faciltates the identification and location of defects (nicks or burrs) which may degrade the ‘quality of transmission. For example, as indlcatedin the diagram in figure 43, the presence of a defective tooth can readily be seen. Furthermore, it Is ‘sometimes possible to carry out corrective mea- sures vile still connected to the measuring appara- tus, in which case the effectiveness of the agjustments can be verified without delay. 9.4.2 Selective meshing of gears Insome exceptional cases, involving mated pairs of gears with equal numbers of teeth or other integer ratios, special steps can be taken to ensure that ‘optimum performance is realized. Such gears can bbe meshed to best advantage by remeshing the gears witha phase shit of ninety degrees to find the

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