Article Bmsap 0037-8984 1995 Num 7 3 2413

Francesco Mallegni
Pier Francesco Fabbri
The human skeletal remains from the upper palaeolithic burials

found in Romito cave (Papasidero, Cosenza, Italy)
In: Bulletins et Mmoires de la Socit d'anthropologie de Paris, Nouvelle Srie, tome 7 fascicule 3-4, 1995. pp. 99137.
Citer ce document / Cite this document :

Mallegni Francesco, Fabbri Pier Francesco. The human skeletal remains from the upper palaeolithic burials found in Romito
cave (Papasidero, Cosenza, Italy). In: Bulletins et Mmoires de la Socit d'anthropologie de Paris, Nouvelle Srie, tome 7
fascicule 3-4, 1995. pp. 99-137.
doi : 10.3406/bmsap.1995.2413
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bmsap_0037-8984_1995_num_7_3_2413
Rsum
Rsum. II s'agit de l'tude anthropologique concernant six squelettes (Rom 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) de la fin
du Palolithique suprieur, retrouvs dans la grotte de Romito prs de Papasidero (Cosenza, Italy).
Deux squelettes (Rom 3 et 4) ont t retrouvs dans deux spultures l'intrieur de la grotte, tandis
que les autres squelettes, deux deux, taient regroups dans des spultures distinctes (Rom 1 et 2 ;
Rom 5 et 6) dans abri qui est en avant de la grotte. L'analyse des six individus a montr que leurs
caractres, surtout ceux du crne, sont trs semblables ceux des specimens du Palolithique
suprieur de l'Italie, qui peuvent tre dfinis comme cromagnoides. Les individus de la grotte sont plus
robustes, avec une stature plus grande que ceux de l'abri, bien que les six individus montrent une
grande homognit morphologique. Quelques-uns des caractres du massif facial font penser une
adaptation de la dentition un emploi extra-alimentaire. Une grande endogamie entre les quatre
individus de l'abri est envisage, parmi lesquels un (Rom 2) prsente une forme de nanisme
dfinissable comme une acromsomlie.
Abstract
Summary. The six skeletons (Rom 1-6) coming from Upper Palaeolithic burials were discovered at
the Grotta del Romito near Papasidero (Cosenza, Italy). Two single burials were discovered in the cave
(Rom 3, Rom 4), two double burials under the rock shelter (Rom 1 and 2, Rom 5 and 6). The skeletons
are generally well preserved, and belonged to adult or nearly adult individuals, three females (Rom 1, 4
and 5), two males (Rom 3 and 6) and one probable female (Rom 2). Their distinctive characteristics
recall those of other Italian Upper Palaeolithic individuals. Like thes ones they are definable as
cromagnonoids. The individuals from the cave are bigger and more robust than those of the rock
shelter, even if a remarkable homogeneity of morphologies is observed among all of them. Some
features regarding the facial skeleton seem to suggest an adaptation to a heavy and extra-alimentary
use of dentition. Regarding the stature, the individuals from the cave are normal (compared to
contemporary Palaeolithic individuals) while the specimens from the rock shelter are among the
shortest. A high level of endogamy, at least among the population represented by the individuals from
the shelter, is supposed. Rom 2 was affected by a serious genetic disease which caused a form of
dwarfism acromesomeha.
Bull, et Mm. de la Socit d'Anthropologie de Paris, n.s. t. 7, 1995, 3-4, p 99-137.
THE HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UPPER

PALAEOLITHIC BURIALS FOUND IN ROMITO CAVE
(PAPASIDERO, COSENZA, ITALY)
Francesco Mallegni ' et Pier Francesco Fabbri2
Summary. The six skeletons (Rom 1-6) coming from Upper Palaeolithic burials were
discovered at the Grotta del Romito near Papasidero (Cosenza, Italy). Two single burials were
discovered in the cave (Rom 3, Rom 4), two double burials under the rock shelter (Rom 1 and 2,
Rom 5 and 6). The skeletons are generally well preserved, and belonged to adult or nearly adult
individuals, three females (Rom 1, 4 and 5), two males (Rom 3 and 6) and one probable female
(Rom 2). Their distinctive characteristics recall those of other Italian Upper Palaeolithic individuals.
Like thes ones they are definable as cromagnonoids. The individuals from the cave are bigger and
more robust than those of the rock shelter, even if a remarkable homogeneity of morphologies is
observed among all of them. Some features regarding the facial skeleton seem to suggest an adaptation
to a heavy and extra-alimentary use of dentition. Regarding the stature, the individuals from the
cave are normal (compared to contemporary Palaeolithic individuals) while the specimens from the
rock shelter are among the shortest. A high level of endogamy, at least among the population
represented by the individuals from the shelter, is supposed. Rom 2 was affected by a serious
genetic disease which caused a form of dwarfism closely resembling acromesomeha.
Key words: Anthropology, Palaeopathology, Upper Palaeolithic, Southern Italy.
LES RESTES SQUELETTIQUES DES SPULTURES DU PALOLITHIQUE SUPRIEUR DE LA GROTTE DE ROMITO
(PAPASIDERO, COSENZA, ITALIE)
Rsum. II s'agit de l'tude anthropologique concernant six squelettes (Rom 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
de la fin du Palolithique suprieur, retrouvs dans la grotte de Romito prs de Papasidero (Cosenza,
Italy). Deux squelettes (Rom 3 et 4) ont t retrouvs dans deux spultures l'intrieur de la grotte,
tandis que les autres squelettes, deux deux, taient regroups dans des spultures distinctes (Rom
1 et 2 ; Rom 5 et 6) dans abri qui est en avant de la grotte. analyse des six individus a montr que
leurs caractres, surtout ceux du crne, sont trs semblables ceux des specimens du Palolithique
suprieur de l'Italie, qui peuvent tre dfinis comme cromagnoides. Les individus de la grotte sont
plus robustes, avec une stature plus grande que ceux de l'abri, bien que les six individus montrent
une grande homognit morphologique. Quelques-uns des caractres du massif facial font penser
une adaptation de la dentition un emploi extra-alimentaire. Une grande endogamie entre les
quatre individus de l'abri est envisage, parmi lesquels un (Rom 2) prsente une forme de nanisme
dfinissable comme une acromsomlie.
Mots cls : Palolithique suprieur, Anthropologie, Palopathologie, Italie du Sud.
1. Dipartimento di Scienze Archeologiche, Via S Maria 53, 56100 Pisa.
2. Laboratoire d'Anthropologie, Universit de Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence Cedex.
100
FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI
I. INTRODUCTION
Romito cave opens along the southern side of the Lucanian Appenines, at 250 m a.s.l.,
38 52' N, 15 54' E.
Excavations performed by a team led by P. Graziosi brought to light a series of
archaelogical levels, most of which dating back to the Upper Palaeolithic (Epigravettian),
some large blocks which engraved pictures of bovids and linear marks, and the burials of
six individuals (Graziosi, 1963; 1964; 1965). The remains were recovered inside the cave
(two double graves, Rom 1 and 2 in 1963; Rom 5 and 6 in 1965) and below the spacious
shelter (two single graves very close to each other, Rom 3 and Rom 4 in 1964) in front of
it. Fragmentary remains of other individuals were found in several parts of the shelter and
the cave at different levels.
The 14C dating of charcoal samples from the layers immediately above the grave gave
the following results: 1 1,150 150 yrs BP (Rom 1, 2, 5 and 6); 10,960 350 yrs BP for
Rom 3 and 4 (Alessio et ai, 1967).
A brief preliminary note about the specimens (Rom 1-6) was presented in 1989 at the
2nd Int. Cong. Hum. Pal. in Turin (Fabbri et ai, 1989). The data concerning the teeth have
been published previously (Fabbri and Mallegni, 1988).
In the present work we will deal more in detail with the skeletal traits of the six
individuals in question. Our research will be integrated with the data concerning the teeth
in order to give a general picture of the palaeolithic individuals from Romito cave.
. STATE OF PRESERVATIONOF THE MATERIAL

Romito 1. Calvarium with incomplete base Mandible with damaged left condyle. Vertebrae present:
1, 2, 4, 6, 7; T 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, L 1, 2, 3, 4 Various badly damaged ribs Glenoid cavity, acromion and coracoid
process of the right scapula. Glenoid cavity and adjoining half of the axillary border of the left scapula Right
clavicle lacking lateral extremity. Central portion of the left clavicle Humen and radii with slightly damaged
epiphyses Right ulna lacking distal epiphysis Right ilium, ischium and acetabular portion of the pubis Left
ilium, pubis and ischial body Right femoral shaft with damaged proximal epiphysis. Left femur with badly
damaged proximal and distal epiphyses Right tibial shaft Proximal epiphysis with adjoining 2/3 of the shaft of
left tibia.
Romito 2 Calvarium. Mandible without condylar process, alveolar border damaged especially in the
right P4-M1 region Vertebrae present. 2, 3, 6, 7, T 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1 1, 2, 3. Fragmentary sacrum Few
fragmentary nbs Glenoid cavity and adjoining portion of the spine of the left scapula. Right clavicle with
damaged lateral epiphysis. Left clavicle with fragmentary medial epiphysis Humen with damaged proximal
and distal epiphyses Right and left radii lacking distal epiphyses Right ulna with damaged proximal and distal
epiphyses Left ulna Left iliac wing damaged in many parts. Left ischial tuberosity Right femoral shaft with
fragmentary distal epiphysis Fragmentary nght patella Left patella Tibiae with damaged proximal and distal
epiphyses Right fibula lacking proximal epiphysis. Left fibula with fragmentary proximal and distal epiphyses.
Right 2nd cuneiform Right 1st and 2nd metatarsals Right hallucial phalanges Left talus, calcaneus, cuboid,
1st and 2nd cuneiforms Five left metatarsals Six foot phalanges (3 first, 2 middle, 1 distal).
Romito 3. Fragmentary right and left zygomatic bones Right maxilla lacking alveolar process posterior
to Ml . Left maxilla lacking alveolar process postenor to M2 Right and left nasal bones Fragmentary nght half
of frontal Mandibular body (from nght P4 to left P3) Right humeras Left humrus lacking greater and lesser
tubercles Distal third of nght radius Left radius lacking distal epiphysis First nght metacarpal, all left carpal
bones except for trapezium. 1st, 2nd and 3rd left metacarpals Three hand phalanges. Fragmentary right ilium
HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC IN ROMTTO CAVE(PAPASIDERO, COSENZA, ITALY)
10 1
and ischium (auricular surface and adjoining part of the greater sciatic notch, anterior part of the iliac wing,
partial acetabulum, descending ramus of the ischium) Damaged left ilium Left ischial tuberosity Left pubis
body Femora with fragmentary proximal and distal epiphyses Right and left patellae. Right and left tibiae.
Right and left fibulae. Left talus. Lightly damaged right and left calcaneus.
Romito 4 Cranium. Few fragmentary vertebrae and ribs Fragmentary sacrum. Glenoid cavity, acromion
and coracoid of the right scapula Right and left humeri Right and left radu. Right and left ulnae. Right carpal
bones except for trapezoid Five right metacarpals Proximal phalanges of 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers. Right
ilium, ischium and pubic symphysis. Left ilium, ischium and horizontal ramus of the pubis Right femur with
damaged distal epiphysis Left femur Right and left patellae Right and left tibiae Right and left fibulae with
slightly damaged shafts. Right talus, calcaneus, navicular and second cuneiform Five right metatarsals. Right
second hallucial phalanx Two right proximal phalanges. Right talus, calcaneus, cuboid and second cuneiform.
Five left metatarsals. Left hallucial phalanges.
Romito 5. Cranium. Few fragments of vertebrae and nbs. Glenoid cavities, acromion and coracoid
process of right and left scapulae. Right and left clavicles. Right humrus with damaged proximal and distal
epiphyses. Left humrus shaft with damaged distal epiphysis. Right and left radii with damaged epiphyses.
Right ulna with fragmentary distal epiphysis. Left ulna. 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th right metacarpals. Left scaphoid,
capitate and hamate Five left metacarpals. Two proximal hand phalanges (side unknown). Anterior part of the
right iliac wing. Right pubis. Damaged left ilium and ischium Right and left femoral shafts with damaged
proximal epiphyses Right tibial shafts. Left tibial shaft with fragmentary proximal epiphysis. Right and left
fibular shafts.
Romito 6. Cranium, distorted on right side. Various fragments of vertebrae and ribs. Right and left
scapulae lacking bodies Right and left clavicles with damaged lateral extremities Humen lacking proximal
epiphyses Right radius Left radius with damaged proximal and distal epiphyses Right and left ulnae. Right
scaphoid, trapezoid, capitate and hamate Five right metacarpals Seven right phalanges Left ilium, ischium
and horizontal pubic ramus Right femoral shaft with damaged proximal epiphysis Right tibial shaft Left tibia
with damaged epiphyses. Right and left fibular shafts.
. ESTIMATION OF SEX AND AGE AT DEATH

All the individuals, except Rom 2, preserve their pelvic girdle, a primary element for
sex determination. We mainly utilized: the shape and height of the greater ischiatic notch,
the three aspects taken into account in Phenice's visual method (Phenice, 1969); the breadth
of the subpubic angle; the value of the cotylo-sciatic index (Sauter and Privt, 1955), the
value of the ischio-pubic index (Novotn, 1975); the presence and morphology of the
preauricular sulcus (Houghton, 1974).
For the estimation of age at death, we considered the dental eruption (Ubelaker, 1 978),
the fusion of the epiphyses of the long bones (Ferembach et al. , 1979) and the modification
of the pubic symphyseal surface (Todd, 1920, 1921; Meindl et ai, 1985).
Romito 1. Adult female individual about 25-30 years old (pubic symphyseal stage),
according to: height and morphology of the greater sciatic notch (the sides form a 90
angle); medial aspect of the pubis and presence of subpubic concavity; presence of a
bilateral preauricular sulcus of GP type.
Romito 2. The sex and age at death of this individual will be considered below
under "Pathology", because of the signs of physical dficiences which characterize this
specimen.
Romito 3. Adult male individual about 25-30 years old (pubic symphyseal stage).
Although not measurable, the greater sciatic notch is very narrow and has a typical male
aspect (nearly parallel sides); no subpubic concavity is present and the subpubic angle is
102
FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRl
very narrow; the value of the cotylo-sciatic diameter (44 mm) approaches the upper limit
of the male range (Sauter and Privt, 1955), and coincides with the maximum value
observed in the Italian Upper Palaeolithic sample.
Romito 4. The lower M3s and the upper right M3, though erupted, do not reach the
occlusal plane. The epiphyses of the long bones are fused to the diaphyses, but traces of
fusion are still visible on the femora (heads and distal epiphyses). As a whole, an age of
18-20 yrs seems the most plausible. It is a female individual according to the height
(Table VI) and shape of the greater sciatic notch, the presence of subpubic concavity and
the very broad subpubic angle.
Romito 5. The pelvis preserving the lower half of the right pubic symphysis seems
to indicate an age of about 25-30. The following features led to the diagnosis of a female
sex: right (not measurable) greater sciatic notch with sides forming an angle of about 90;
presence of subpubic concavity; quite broad subpubic angle.
Romito 6. The narrow and U-shaped greater sciatic notch and the low value of the
ischiopubic index (Table VI) are typically male traits.This individual had reached the
adult stage, but no age can be accurately estimated as the pubic symphysis is missing.
In conclusion, five of the six individuals from Romito were rather young; considering
that Rom 2 (see VII) was about 20 years old, we have: two late adolescent/young adults
(Rom 2, 4); three young adults less than 30 years old (Rom 1, 3, 5).
The age values must be considered as indicative, but we intend to underline that three
of the adult individuals have pubic symphysis corresponding to Todd's stages I-V, (i.e. to
the pre-epiphyseal phase). Apart from the synchrony between modern men and upper
Palaeolithic populations, these individuals died before reaching full skeletal maturity.
Regarding sex determination, two of the individuals are male, Rom 3 and 6, an three
are females, Rom 1, 4 and 5. Rom 2, as we will see, is probably a female. Therefore we do
not observe any discriminatory behaviour towards women, as far as their sepulture was
concerned. From this point of view, we must differentiate the Romito site from other
Italian sites where several Upper Palaeolithic burial were discovered (Arne Candide,
Barma Grande and S. Teodoro). Indeed, in these sites, a sharp predominance of male
individuals was observed (Paoli et ai, 1980; Formicola, 1988; Graziosi, 1947) for which
a cultural import was attributed (Mussi, 1986; Mussi et al, 1989). But our review of part
of this material (in preparation) led us to think that at least some of the sex diagnoses were
questionable, and that the number of women buried was greater than has been previously
thought. The peculiarity of Romito would therefore be more apparent than real.
IV. THE SKULLS

The measurements and indices of the individuals from Romito and those of the reference
sample (r.s.) are shown in Graphs la and b, and in Table I. The r.s. includes individuals of
the Italian Upper Palaeolithic {i.e. Arne Candide, Barma Grande, Grotte des Enfants, La
Punta, Ortucchio, Maritza, San Teodoro, Vado all' Arancio).
HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC IN ROMTTO CAVE (PAPASIDERO, COSENZA, ITALY)
-lsd
1 03
-2sd
....
Roml
Rom 3
Rom 4
Rom 5
Rom 6
Graph la. Romito cranial measurements compared to Italian Upper Palaeolithic

mean 2 s.d.
Norma superior, The maximum length (Ml) of Rom 4 and 6 are within the interval
m 1 sd of the r.s. while Rom 1 and 5 are out of this interval as they approach the lower
limit of the range of the r.s. (observed in Ortucchio 1). This is not surprising since the
latter individuals are females. On the other hand, the Rom 4 female has a rather high
value. From this measurement we can already observe the tendency constant in the whole
study: the individuals from the cave (Rom 3 and 4) show higher values than those
discovered below the shelter (Rom 1, 2, 5 and 6).
104
-2sd
-1 sd
8/1
17/1
48/45
52/51
+2 sd
&
17/8
47/45
+1 sd
i
\
^;
~~ "11
" - - " Rom

Rom 4531
54/55
Graph lb. Romito cranial indices compared to Italian Upper Palaeolithic mean 2 s.d.
The same phenomenon concerns the maximum breadth (M8): Rom 4 coincides with
the m + 1 sd value of the r.s. whereas Rom 1 , 5 and 6 are within the m/m - 1 sd interval. A
similar result is observed in the case of the horizontal circumference (M23), where Rom
4's value is higher than the m + 1 sd of the r.s.
As far as the horizontal cranial index is concerned (M8/M1), we observe that the
subjects under study and the r.s. tend to longish shapes, even though slightly shorter
shapes are also present, especially among the women.
The basic shape of the contour is ovoidal (Figure 1), it tends to be pentagonoid in
Rom 1 and 6, and wide-ovoidal in Rom 5. The r.s. shows similar aspects: the contours are
usually ovoidal, also in the cases where ellipsoidal contours had been supposed, A. Candide
(Paoli et al, 1980) and S. Teodoro (Graziosi, 1947). It is interesting the tendency to
pentagonoid shapes recurring in all sites.
With the exception of Rom 4, phenozygy is constant in the individuals from Romito.
This trait is also observed in the specimens of Arne Candide, in two of the three skulls
from S. Teodoro, and in at least three skulls from "Grotte des Enfants".
Norma lateralis. The Romito individuals are similar to the r.s. for their cranial
heights (M 17, M20), within the m 1 sd interval of the r.s. The lowest values are always
observed in the female individuals from the shelter (Rom 1 and 5), whereas Rom 6's M 17
and Rom 4's M20 coincide with the mean of the r.s. itself.
As for the height indices (/Ml, M20/M1), the individuals from Romito are
orthocranial, like most of the specimens from the r.s.
The morphological traits are nearly constant in the subjects in study (Figure 2). The
face is orthognathic; only in the case of Rom 5 is a slight alveolar prognathism observed.
The nasal bones of Rom 1, 3 and 4 form a high and sinuous bridge; the nasion is always
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Figure 1. Skulls: norma superior, Romito 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. (Scale 1:3.5).
1 07
Figure 2. Skulls: norma lateralis; Romito 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. (Scale 1:5).
deep set; the supra-orbital ridges (arcus supraciliares) are protruding, especially in the
specimens from the cave (Rom 3 and 4), while in those from the rock shelter they are less
evident, with no great distinction between the sexes.
The forehead is always erected, with no distinction between the sexes. Thus the sulcus
at the ophryon (always present) is well marked in the case of Rom 3 and 4. The calvarium
is uniformly curved, except in Rom 5, where it tends to be slightly salient. Only Rom 4
shows slight clinocephaly coupled with bathrocephaly, while the flattening at the obelic
region is constant in the other individuals. The occiput is usually roundish, and only in
Rom 4, its profile appear heel-shaped. The mastoid process is quite small in the females
except Rom 4, where it is long and broad at the root. The supra-mastoid reliefs of this
individual are also marked. The temporal lines are marked in Rom 4 and 6. Finally we
observe the presence of a bilateral parietal bone notch in Rom 4 and on the right side of
Rom 1.
In the r.s., most of these characteristics are constant, even with variable intensity
according to the individual. The nasion is always deep set and the sulcus at the ophryon is
present except in G. dei Fanciulli 6, as it is for the aspect of the calvarium. In the r.s. we
do not observe a predominance of uniformly curved vaults, as in the case of Romito, but
an equal frequency of both this calvarium type and salient vaults. Both morphologies are
often present in the same site. On the other hand the shape of the occiput is quite variable,
with a predominance of cuneate shapes, whereas in Romito most shapes are roundish.
The alveolar prognathism is also rarely present in the r.s., and seems to be more frequent
in the females.
108
Figure 3. Skulls: norma posterior, Romito 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. (Scale 1:3.5).
1 09
Figure 4. Skulls: norma inferior, Romito 2, 4, 5, 6. (Scale 1:3.5).

Norma posterior. If the M20/M8 indices are analysed, the Romito skulls are
metriocranic, while with the M17/M8 index we observe a tendency to a shift towards
acrocrany. The r.s. shows similar characteristics. The values of M20/M8 tend to concentrate
within the average class, those of M17/M8 tend to the class of acrocrany (five specimens
are clearly included in this class).
The posterior contour is always "house shaped", with walls slightly bulging just below
the parietal protuberances ; walls are straight only in Rom 6. A slight sagittal keel is
observed in Rom 4, 5 and 6 (Figure 3).
110
Several wormian bones are present along the lambdoidal suture in Rom 1, 4 and 6; the
nucal plans are always bulging.
These morphologies are within the limits of the variability of the r.s.: the posterior
shape is always "house shaped", Arne Candide 1, 4 and 5 included, even though they
have been considered as "tent shaped" (Paoli et al , 1980). On the other hand the shape of
the walls is variable, with equal presence of straight and bulging ones. The sagittal keel
which is quite frequent on Romito, is only present in Arne Candide 4 and 5. The wormian
bones are nearly constant in the skulls where this trait is examinable.
Norma inferior. The basal length (M5) is low in Rom 4, remainig outside the
range of the r.s. but this may be due to the reconstruction of the basis. The axes of the
mandibular fossae are differently oriented according to the specimens: they converge
anteriorly of the basion in Rom 5, on the basion in Rom 6, behind the basion in Rom 4.
The shape of the alveolar arch is upsiloid in Rom 3, 4 and 5, and is parabolic in Rom
6. A palatine torus is present in Rom 4. Finally we observe that the lower edges of the
preserved zygomatic bones are flat (Figure 4).
In the r.s. the axes of the mandibular fossae converge in front of the basion in most
specimens, except for Arne Candide 4 and 5, where they are behind it. The dental arches
are nearly always upsiloid and only Arne Candide 1 and 4 have paraboloid arches. The
palatine torus is present in 8 of the 1 1 palates analysed. Finally, the lower edge of the
malar bone is flat in 8 cases out 12.
Norma anterior. The facial breadth (M45) is not particulary developed in the
specimens from Romito where this measurement is possible, also in view of the fact that
Rom 4, although a female, is usually among the biggest specimens of the r.s., but a great
dispersion of data about this measurement is observed. This feature is not observed in the
length and breadth facial diameters which are more homogeneous, except for the orbital
breadth (M52): the specimens from Romito, expecially those from the shelter, always
have lower values that the mean of the r.s.
Rom 4's and Rom 6's values for the facial indices (M47/M45, M48/M45) approach
the inferior limit of mesoprosopy and meseny, whereas 80% of the values in the r.s. are
within the class of europrosopy and euryeny (Table I); therefore a tendency to a less
marked shortening of the face is observed in the specimens from Romito (Figure 5). The
values of the orbital index (M52/M51) are within the chamaeconchic both in all the
individuals from Romito, and in the r.s. This greater development of the breadth diameters
compared to the length diameters, which was observed in the three indices analysed is not
present in the case of the nasal index: among the individuals from Romito we observe two
cases of platyrhiny (Rom 5 and 6), one of mesorhiny (Rom 3), and one of leptorhiny
(Rom 4). The great variability of this index is also observed in the r.s.
From the morphological point of view, we observe a remarkable homogeneity of traits
among the individuals under study. These traits include: more or less prominent (but
never hollow) glabella; reniform superciliary arches (arcus supraciliares), which are more
or less strong according to the sex of the individual; sulcus always present at ophryon;
deep set nasion; pinched and high bridged nasal bones; sub-rectangular orbits; presence
of prenasal fossa; broad and deep canine fossa; straight sub-zygomatic inflexion which
tends to bend near the maxillo-zygomatic suture; a feature evidenced is the a presence of
a remarkable tubercle at the antero-inferior angle of the zygomatic; constant presence of
HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC IN ROMITO CAVE (PAPASIDERO, COSENZA, ITALY)
Figure 5. Skulls: norma anterior, Romito 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. (Scale 1:3.5).
111
112
an evident border on the lower margin of the orbit, mainly formed by the projection of the
zygomatic bone on the zygomatic process of the maxilla. Finally we observe the presence
of the metopic fissure in Rom 4.
The same traits are also nearly constant, and more or less marked according to the sex
of each individual, in the r.s.
The morphology of the lower orbital margin is quite interesting and always present in
the r.s., as already observed in a previous study (Fabbri et al., 1989). This morphology
was not described by Le Double (1906) and, as far as we know, it was not regarded as
significant in the studies about individuals of the Italian Upper Palaeolithic. We think that
this trait might be one of the reactions of the facial skeleton against the strong pressure
exerted on the anterior teeth, which must have been quite strong in Upper Palaeolithic
humans.
In these populations dental wear is usually strong especially on the anterior upper
teeth (Fabbri, 1987; Fabbri and Mallegni, 1988), suggesting the possible non-alimentary
use of the dentition. The flat lower faces of the zygomatic bones and the presence of a
tubercle at their antero-inferior angles enlarge the muscular attachments of the masseters
(m. masseter). The high frequency of phenozygy (i.e. the enlargement of the space between
the zygomatic arch and the cranial wall) allows the passage of a temporal muscle
(m. temporalis) with a wider section. All these observations lead us to think that the
individuals from Romito, and more generally Upper Palaeolithic men, made an active use
of their dentition either for chewing tough and abrasive food or for extra-alimentary
activities performed mostly with the anterior upper teeth. Moreover we can suppose that
their masticatory muscles were very strong. This is also supported by the high frequency
of extroverted gonions and strong insertions of the medial pterygoid muscles in the r.s.,
even if these two features are not well marked in the Romito sample. Finally we should
mention the maxillary and mandibular tori. The former is often present both in Romito
and in the r.s. sample; the latter is absent in Romito but is frequent in the r.s. The tori are
considered as reinforcements of the jaws, which appear as a reaction to strong pressures
exerted on the dentition of individuals characterized by a genetic disposition towards this
trait (Schreiner, 1935; Roeder, 1953; Scott, 1957).
The active use of the dentition and the high pressure exerted on the anterior upper
teeth favour a facial architecture which can support such pressure and allow it to be
discharged.
In conclusion we observe the presence of certain cranial characteristics. Some of them
are acquired during lifetime (dental wear); some are the result of an interaction between
genetic and mechanical factors (maxillary and mandibular tori). All these features are
probably never present on one single individual, but we think that their high frequency in
Upper Palaeolithic populations may be interpreted as an adaptation to heavy and extraalimentary use of dentition, which must have characterized these populations for quite a
long time.
In the facial skeleton the forces exerted on the teeth are discharged on the calvarium
following fixed routes along the facial bones. Such routes are bone pilasters, outside of
which the force exerted is much lower. The facial skeleton can therefore be considered as
a rigid frame structure (Endo, 1970); these areas outside the frame structure are, in fact,
the hollow and therefore more fragile regions of the facial skeleton (nasal opening, orbits,
113
maxillary sinuses). As a matter of fact, most of the individuals under study show very
deep canine fossae, due to the thickening of their medial and lateral borders, traversed by
the above mentioned force lines which extend along the lower border of the orbit with the
particular morphology in question. The glabellar region is the main arrival point of this
system of strength lines, from which the pressure is then spread over the calvarium. In the
individuals from Romito (as in the r.s.) we observe a strong development of the superciliary
ridges and a prominent glabella, forming an osseous superstructure which constitute a
stiffening rib for the area where the forces from the anterior teeth primarily discharge.
Moreover, the scarce pneumatization of the frontal bone, which was often observed in the
r.s. (Fabbri, personal observation) might also be interpreted as a reaction to these forces.
This feature (aplasia of frontal sinuses) is under strict genetic control (Szilvassy, 1982;
1986). We observe that the strong pneumatization of the median region of the Neandertal's
frontal bones was justified by their peculiar facial structure, which allowed the unloading
of stresses to take place laterally, along the frontal process of the zygomatic bones, instead
of along the anterior pilasters, as in modern humans (Rak, 1986).
Mandibles. The metrics from Romito provide the same indications emerged from
the study of the calvaria. Independently from the sex of the individual, the specimens
from the cave (Rom 3 and 4) are bigger than those from the rock shelter (Rom 1 , 5 and 6).
The measurements taken on Rom 3 and 4 are near the mean values of the r.s., whereas
Rom 1, 5 and 6 are very often below those values. The dimensions of the mandible of
Rom 1 are particulary small: two of five measurements are below the lower limit of the
range of the r.s.
The dental arch is paraboloid in Rom 1, 3, 4 and 5, while it is hyperboloid in Rom 6.
The extramolar sulci, not preserved in Rom 3, are not very deep and their width decreases
in the following order: Rom 6, 5, 4, 1.
The course of the inferior margin of the mandibular body is rather variable: in Rom 6
it does not touch the horizontal plane at gonion and anteriorly to P3; it is sinuous in Rom
1, 4 and 6 as it touches the horizontal plane at the level of M2 in Rom 5. The anterior and
posterior margins of the ramus are concave in Rom 1, 4 and 6; in Rom 5 only the former
is concave. The coronoid process is higher than the condyloid process in Rom 1, 4 and 5;
but in Rom 6 the opposite configuration can be observed. In lateral view the M3s are
completely visible in Rom 5 and 6, and partially in Rom 1 and 4. The mental foramen
generally opens below P4 (Rom 1, 5, 6, and left side of Rom 3) or below P3 in Rom 4 and
on the right side of Rom 3. The foramen is equidistant from the upper and lower margins
of the mandibular body in Rom 1 and 4, while it is nearer the lower one in Rom 3, 5 and
6. The form and development of the spina mentalis are quite variable according to the
single individual. The fossae sublingualis are large and well marked in Rom 1 and 3 and
they are visible in Rom 5 and 6. In the molar region we observe little difference between
the thickness of the alveolar portion and that of the basal portion. The mylohyoid sulcus
is crossed by a single bony bridge in Rom 6 and by two bridges in Rom 1.
The right gonion (the left one is missing) is strongly extroverted in Rom 3 while the
gonions are flat in Rom 4 and 6. In Rom 1 and 5 we observe a different morphology on
the two sides: in the former a light extroversion is observed in the right gonion, in the
latter the same is present on the left gonion. The form and development of the mental
prominence (protuberantia mentalis) vary according to the sex of the individuals following
the classical anthropological characters.
114
The mandibles from Romito are quite heterogeneous. Apart from the larger dimensions
of individuals from the cave compared to individuals from the shelter, the morphological
features do not allow any grouping of the specimens under study except on the basis of
sex. The noteworthy heterogeneity observed in the r.s. and the well known variability of
the mandible lead us not to dwell upon the comparison of the different morphologies.
V. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Clavicle (Table ).
Measurement
Mid. vert. diam.
Mid hor. diam.
Mid. penm.
Martin
4
5
6
(8)
(9)
(27)
(8)
(9)
(26)
(6.5)
(8.5)
(24)
(6.5)
(8)
(22)
(8)
(9)
(28)
(9)
(9)
(30)
(11)
(10)
(32)
1
(11)
(10)
(32)
Table II. Clavicle: Romito.

Humrus (Table III). The head is ovoidal in Rom 1 and 3, and on Rom 4's left
humrus, but it is roundish on the right humrus of the latter. The diaphysis is always
straight when observed anteriorly, while we note a sharp anterior concavity on the distal
third in lateral view. The deltoid tuberosity is marked in all the individuals, and it is
particulary evident when the diaphysis is observed anteriorly. The surface of this tuberosity
is smooth in Rom 3 and 6, while in Rom 4 and 5 it shows quite developed crests. Moreover,
on Rom 5, the insertion of the great pectoral muscle (m. pectoralis major) is very strong.
Measurement
Martin
Max. length
1 260 (255)
168 318 315 297
313 313 293

Tot. length
2 (258)
(36)
Up. epiph bread.

3
43
50
47
Lo epiph. bread.
4
49
59
60
60
Max. midshaft dia. 5

17
13
25
23
(15) (13.5)
Mm midshaft dia.
6 13.5 (12.5)
11 10.5
18
(15) 16.5
Min. shaft penm.

7
48 43.5
35
64
56
62
(44) 43
Transy head diam. 9
37
43
(35)
Sagit. head diam.
10
39
50
49
47
Indices (x 100):
20 8 20.1 17.8 20.9
7/1 18.5 17.0
robusticity
71.7
diaphyseal
6/5 79.4 (83.3) (81.5) 80 8
72
Table III. Humeras: Romito.
289
288 (268)
44
59
20 (19)
15
(15)
56
53
41
45
(18)
(13)
49
53
52
20 (19.5)
(14) (12.5)
54
52
19.4
75 (78.9) (72.2)
(70) (64.1)
-2sd
Humeras
7/1
--
6/5
Radius
3/2
Ulna
3/2
--
13/14
Femur
6+7/2
--
6/7
--
10/9
Tibia
lOb/l
--
9a/8
Fibula
4a/ 1
-lsd
+lsd
1 15
+2sd
;
%
*,
\
>
.......
- - - - Rom
lf>m 4651
Graph 2. Romito long bone indices compared to Italian Upper Palaeolithic mean 2 s.d.
On the lower epiphysis we observe a perforated olecranon fossa on Rom 6's left
humrus, whereas on the right side, the bottom of the olecranon fossa is like a transparent
lamina. In the same individual, the medial margin of the lower epiphysis is slightly curling
on the two bones. On Rom 3's left humrus, the insertion of the first external radial
(m. extensor carpi radialis longus) has the shape of a folded border.
From the morphometrical point of view (M7/M1, M6/M5) the Romito's values as a
whole (Graph 2) are nearly constantly within the lower range of the r.s., which indicates
less robusticity and a greater flattening of the diaphysis. Only in the case of the M6/M5
index, Rom 1 approaches the m +1 sd of the r.s. We also note that the highest robusticity
index is observed in the female individual Rom 4.
Radius (Table IV). The bicipital tuberosity has medio-palmar orientation in all the
individuals. The interosseus crest is moderately developed and always shows greater
prominence along a short segment near the middle of the diaphysis.
The diaphysis axis is straight in lateral view in Rom 3 and 4, whereas in the specimens
1, 5 and 6, it bends slightly, due to an anterior deviation of the distal epiphysis.
116
Measurement
Martin r
Max. length
Physiol length
Mm shaft penm.
Trans shaft diam.
Sagit. shaft diam.
Indices (x 100):
robusticity
diaphyseal
1
2
3
4
5
186
29
11.5
(195)
183
28.5
11.5
9
23
9
8
37
15
12
(217) 225
(209) 215
33
33
14
14
10
10
200
192
32
13
9.5
31
13
9
3/2
5/4
15.6
15.6
78.3
88 9
(17.8) 16.4 (15.8) 15.3

80 68 7 73.3 71.4 71.4
16.7
73 1
69.2
(237)
(225) 226
40
37
16
15
11
11
Table IV. Radius: Romito.
Measurement
Martin N'' r
Max length
1
Physiol length
2
Mm penm.
3
Olecranon breadth
6
Trans, sup. diam.
13
Sagit. sup. diam.
14
Low. epi. tra. diam.
Low. epi sag. diam.
Indices (x 100):
robusticity
3/2
olenic
13/14
216
188
28
18 5
15.5
20
12
17
28
78
27
(111)
78
28
15.5
19
(12)
12
25
23
25
14.9
77 5
81.6
34.6
35.9
92
(32)
23
20
25
227
34
25
21
23
16
18
258
228
31
24
20
21
15
18
240
214 216
28
28
25
16
15
17
18
13
(16) 16
222 225
196 198.5
32
31
22
20
18 17.5
21
22
14
12
15
16
80
15.0
91.3
13.6
95.2
13.1
94.1
16 3
85.7
13 0
83 3
15.6
79 5
Table V. Ulna: Romito.
Measurement
Martin r
Height
1
Iliac wing bread.
12
Ischium length (1)
Pubis length (1)
Ischium length (2)
Pubis length l2>
Gr scia, notch ht. (3>
Cotylo-scia. breadth (3)
Indices (x 100):
ischio-pubic (1)
cotylo-sciatic (2>
173
(128)
90
(100)
77
30
107
166
208
148
107
84
_
_
_
44
_
_
40
36
111 1 108.1
204
147
104
(194)
140
94
186
142
(90)
187
40
37
34
34
1
91
(56)
(61.5)
Table VI. Pelvis: Romito.(1) Novotn (1975); <2> Schultz (1930); <3) Sauter et al. (1955).
117
The values of the robusticity index (M3/M2), in the four individuals where this trait is
detectable (Graph 2), are within the lower range of the r.s., and the highest is observed in
Rom 4, as in the case of the humrus.
Ulna (Table V). In Rom 1 and 5, the surface of the trochlear notch is smooth,
whereas Rom 3, 4 and 6 show a projecting edge between the olecranic and coronoid part
of the notch. This border is continuous and more evident in Rom 3, and limited to the
medial part in Rom 4 and 6.
In frontal view the diaphysis is straight through its distal 2/3, and is medially diverted
in its proximal 1/3, in Rom 3 and 4. Rom 5 and 6 are characterized by a lateral, angle
shaped bending of the distal 1/3 of diaphysis, while they show the same morphology as
Rom 3 and 4 in the proximal 1/3. Rom l's proximal 2/3 of the diaphysis are straight, and
the distal 1/3 is slightly diverted on the lateral side. When observed laterally, the diaphyses
of Rom 3, 5 and 6 are straight through their distal 2/3, and they are anteriorly concave in
the proximal 1/3, whereas, in Rom 1 and 4, the diaphyses are anteriorly concave throughout
their length, but the curvature is stronger in the proximal 1/3.
As for the muscle insertions, we observe a general robusticity in Rom 3's, especially
the right long flexor of the thumb (m. flexor pollicis longus, the superficial) the round
pronator (m. pronator teres), and the short supinator (m. supinator). On the left, only the
extensor muscle of the forefingers (m. extensor indicis) is more marked than on the right.
Rom 4's muscle insertions are not usually very evident. In Rom 1 , 5 and 6 near the deviation
of the distal 1/3 of the diaphysis, we observe the strong insertion of quadrate pronator
(m. pronator quadratus), stronger on the right side in Rom 1 and 5. The insertion of the
anterior brachial muscle (m. brachialis) of Rom 6, and that of the short supinator
(m. supinator) of Rom 1, especially on the right, are very strong.
With regard to the robusticity index (M3/M2), the values of Rom 1, 4, 5 and 6 are
within the range of variation of the r.s. (Graph 2); although Rom 4 and 5 are less robust
(especially Rom 5), Rom 6 is conspicuous for greater robusticity.
The values of the olenic index (M13/M14) are near the mean of the r.s. in Rom 1, 3, 5
and 6, whereas Rom 4's section of the diaphysis is more roundish, and its index values
coincides with m + 1 sd of the r.s.
But we must point out that the high value of the s.d. of the r.s. influence the distribution
of Romito's values in the graph, so that such a homogeneity might be more apparent than
real, and therefore it would not be in contrast with the morphological variability of the
ulna and the morphometrical variability of the humrus and radius.
Femur (Table VII). The upper epiphysis is characterized by the modest height of
the great trochanter in the four individuals where it is preserved (Rom 3, 4, 5 and 6); in
Rom 3 and 4, it is also characterized by the presence of the plaque between the head and
the neck.
The lateral margin of the proximal 1/3 of the diaphysis shows a marked lateral protrusion
which is the point of measurements of M9. At the same level on the postero-lateral face,
we observe that the hypotrocantheric fossa is always present, and is usually longish and
not very deep. On the posterior face, the lateral and medial branches of the trifurcated
linea aspera are more or less marked, according to the sex of the individual whereas the
central branch is only visible in the male Rom 3.
118
Measurement
Martin r
Max length
1
(221)
Total length
2
295
176
Shaft length
5
Midshaft sag leng. 6
23
(22)
(20) 19.5
Midshaft tra leng.
7
16
(21) 21 (16 5)
Subtroc, tra. diam.
9
25
25
22
23
Subtroc sag dia.
16 16.5
10
19
19
Vert head diam.

18
Honz head diam. 19
Bi-epicon. breadth 21
Indices (xlOO)
(161)
robusttcity 6+7/2
pilastnc
6/7 (104 8) 109.5 (121 2) 121.9
platymenc
10/9
76
76 72.7 71.7
461
458
365
31.5
28
33.5
26
49
49
84
461
458
369
31.5
28
34
26
87
425
421
335
31.
25
29
24
46
46
77
13.0 13.0
112.5 112 5
77 6 76 5
<
1
425
420
335
31
26
29
24
46
46
77
(310)
(27) (27.5) 27
(26) (24) 24
30
31
28
21 21.5
21
(40 5)
(40)
13.3 13.6
124 1192 (103 8K114.6) 112.5
82.8 82 8
70 69.3
75
Table VII. Femur: Romito.
Measurement
Martin N 0 r
Tot. length
1
Max length
la
Physiol length
2
Up. epiph breadth

3
Lo epiph. breadth
6
Shaft sag dia
8a 27
Shaft tra dia.
9a 16
Mm. penm.
10b
Indices (x 100):
robusticity
10b/l
cnemic
9a/8a 59.3
391
403
370
82
52
(45)
(21)
81
388
(209) 402
194 (193) 371
38
51
28
22
21 44.5
16
19
18
21
80
(57) (49) 48
57.1
86.4
i\
35
20
72
32
21
60
313
304
(65)
32
20
67
21.9
62.5 (58 2) (57.1) 65.6
214
62 5
362 356 5
367 362
346 340
(72) 73
46
46
36
36 (33.5)
23 22.5 19.5
77
78
72
20.6 20 7 21.3
85 7 47 2 (46 7) 63.9
Table VIII. Tibia: Romito.
Measurement
Martin
Max. length
Midshaft max dia
Midshaft mm. dia
Mm. penm
Up epiph brea.
Lo. epiph. brea.
Indices (xlOO)
Shaft
robusticity
section
1
2 (13.5) (13.5)
3 (9.5)
(9)
4a 28
(27)
4-1
4-2
r
11
8
(24)
4a/l
3/2 (70 4) (66.7) 72 7
11
8
25
382
19
14
38
26.5
23
350
16.5
385
20
14
37
25
23
72 7
9.6
70
9.9
57 9
33
24 5
20
9.4
Table IX. Fibula: Romito.
350
15.5
(15)
13 (12.5)
35
32
22 5
22.5
(15) (16) (16 5)

(11) (10 5) (11)
32
34
34
23
10
83 9 (83.3) (73.3) (65.6) (66 7)
HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC IN ROMITO CAVE(PAPASIDERO, COSENZA, ITALY)
119
When observed in lateral view, the axis of the diaphysis is straight in the distal twothirds and is curved posteriorly in the proximal 1/3. The linea aspera forms a pilaster in all
individuals and is more developed in Rom 3, 4 and 6. It shows two margins in the males
Rom 3 and 6, while it is roundish in the three females.
The popliteal plane is usually concave, and is only flat in Rom 3. In Rom 1, 3 and 4
the lower-medial angle of this plane shows a clearly visible cribrose depression, which is
more marked in Rom 3 and 4, at the medial insertion strand of the gastrocnemius muscle
(caput mediale m. gastricnemii).
In Rom 3 and 4, the integral distal epiphyses are medio-laterally quite developed, the
trochlear margin is marked anteriorly in relief in both individuals.
The muscular insertions are stronger in Rom 3, especially those of the psoas-iliac
(m. iliopsoas) of the third adductor (m. aductor brevis). The right and left bones do not
differ for the same individual, except for some very slight variations as far as the muscular
insertions are concerned. Only in Rom 1 the nutrient foramen opens on the medial face of
the left femur and on the lateral face of the right femur.
As far as the indices are concerned (M6+M7/2, M6/M7, M10/M9) we observe that
nearly all Romito's values are within one s.d. of the r.s. (Graph 2). Only Rom 5 is platymeric
index (M10/M9) has lower value. We should also point out that Rom 4 (female) has a
stronger robusticity index than Rom 3 (male).
Tibia (Table VIII). The proximal epiphysis of Rom 3 is medio-laterally developed
and protruding posteriorly. The same characteristics are observed in Rom 4, though with
less medial-lateral development. In Rom 6 the articular surface of the lateral condyle
does not show the concavity observed in the other individuals. The prominence of the
tibial tuberosity is strong in Rom 3, less in Rom 4, and becomes small and not very
marked in Rom 1 . In Rom 1 and 3 the diaphyses show a very strong medio-lateral flattening
in their proximal thirds. The posterior face of the diaphysis is transformed in a sort of
rough pilaster for the insertion of the long flexor of the fingers (m. flexor digitorum longus
pedis) and of the popliteal muscle (m. popliteus). These features are not observed in Rom
5's tibiae, even though the strong diaphyseal flattening greatly reduces the extension of
the posterior face of the bone. Rom 4's and 6's traits are between those of Rom 1 and 3
and Rom 5's. Finally the insertion of the common extensor of the fingers (m. extensor
digitorum) is rather strong in Rom 3. The interosseus crest is somewhat marked in Rom 3
an 4, while it is little developed in Rom 5 and 6, and very weak in Rom 1.
In frontal view the diaphyses of Rom 1 , 3 and 4 are straight, and those of the two latter
specimens show very sinuous anterior borders. In Rom 5 and 6 the proximal 1/3 of the
diaphysis tends to bend on the lateral side.
The distal epiphysis is preserved in Rom 3 and 4, and, in the former, it shows a very
developed malleolus, especially in the posterior half. In both individuals it is worth noting
the presence of a lateral supernumerary articular facet, on the anterior border of the trochlea.
Between the tibiae of the two sides of each individual, we observe some difference
concerning the intensity of the reliefs: the oblique line (linea m. solei) is stronger on the
right side of Rom 4, and on the left side of Rom 3 and 6; the interosseus crest is more
marked on the right in Rom 3 and 4, and on the left in Rom 1 ; in Rom 4, the nutrient
foramen opens on the postero-lateral face of the diaphysis of the right tibia, and on the
posterior-medial face of the left tibia.
120
The robusticity index (101) can be calculated in the case of Rom 3, 4 and 6.
Rom 4 and 6 are within the one s.d. of the r.s., Rom 3 is very near by the m - 2 s.d. of the
r.s. As for the cnemic index (M9a/M8a), we observe that Rom 3 shows again the lowest
value (near m - 2 sd of the r.s.), while the other four individuals are near the mean value of
the r.s. In the case of this index, as in the case of the olenic index of the ulna, the high
variability of the r.s. may have influenced the visual distribution of the Romito sample
(Graph 2).
Fibula (Table IX). The fibulae are quite grooved in Rom 3 and 4, even though the
latter does not show such sharp borders as the former; the fibulae of the other individuals
are normally grooved.
The robusticity index (M4a/Ml) is known from Rom 4, and is within one lower s.d.
interval of the r.s. (Graph 2).
In conclusion the humeri and radii of Romito sample, show a series of morphologies
which are present in nearly all the individuals. In the humrus they are: ovoidal head;
marked and protruding deltoid tuberosity, subrectangular section of the middle of the
diaphysis, rectilineal diaphysial axis with anterior concavity of the distal 1/3, if observed
laterally. Only Rom 1 shows slight variations as far as regards the above mentioned traits.
The radii of all individuals analyzed show a medio-palmar orientation of the bicipital
tuberosity and straight diaphy ses in lateral view. A slight anterior concavity near the distal
epiphysis is displaid by the specimens from the shelter (Rom 1, 5 and 6).
A certain variability affects the ulnar morphology, especially at the level of the humeral
articular surface and the development of the interosseus crest.
From the morphometrical point of view the Romito sample show slightly weaker
upper limbs than the r.s., with flatter humeral diaphyses, and an average higher olenic
index. The highest values of the humeral and radial robusticity index can be noticed on
Rom 4, considered as a female. The muscular insertions are less marked on the humrus
and the radius than on the ulna, especially on the right side. They involve mostly the
pronation and supination muscles of the forearm and, in Rom 3, they involve the muscles
used in the movement of hand bones.
The femurs from Romito have a uniform morphology, and we observe in particular: a
great trochanter characterized by low height development; a medially-laterally expanded
sub-trochanteric region; the presence of a longish hypotrochantheric fossa; evident linea
aspera, characterized by a double lip in the males and roundish in the female; diaphysis
usually curved posteriorly in the proximal 1/3 and popliteal plane usually concave; lower
epiphysis medio-laterally expanded.
In the tibiae, a remarkable variability is present which, as far as the epiphyses and the
tibial tuberosity are concerned, can be due to sexual dimorphism. In the case of other
traits like platycnemia, inclination of the diaphy seal axis and development of the interosseus
crest, we can assume an individual variability which might also have been caused by
different activities.
Platycnemic tibias would be more rsistent to torsional and antero-posterior strains
than eurycnemic tibias and they are particulary adapted for active locomotion on uneven
surface (Lovejoy et ai, 1976). This hypothesis seems to fit well to a population who lived
in the harsh Calabrian environment. The long bones of the lower limbs in the Romito
specimens show greater homogeneity than the upper ones. The Romito individuals show
121
greater gracility than in the r.s., less marked femoral pilasters, and more platicnemic tibias;
finally, we must observe that the female individual Rom 4 always shows the highest
robusticity indices.
VI. STATURE AND LIMBS PROPORTIONS

Determination of stature is inevitably approximate since it lacks all the articular
cartilages and soft parts which are characterized by strong individual variability. In addition
to this, when dealing with very ancient human remains we must consider the absence or
the very fragmentary nature of elements of the rachis, which prevent any calculation of
the length of the trunk. Apart from the accuracy of the method applied, most of the stature
approximation is inherent to the nature of the remains and, in our opinion, it is a factor
which cannot be eliminated at the present state of research.
In the Romito sample the stature was determined by means of Trotter and Gleser's
formulae (1958, 1952) for the males and for the females (Table X), using those which
refer to whites and blacks. For all specimens the stature was calculed from the
measurements of the preserved long bones, and then we used the mean among the values
of humrus, radius, femur and tibia (when radius and tibia were absent, they were
substituted by ulna and fibula respectively), always distinguishing those of the right and
the left sides. This procedure was applied both to the Romito sample and to the r.s. In the
specimens which preserve all their long bones we have statures where the dimensions of
the distal and proximal segments of the limbs are both represented; otherwise a
predominance of either the proximal or the distal segment is present. This specification is
opportune because we observed that, among the Italian Upper Palaeolithic individuals
taken into account, the stature calculated according to the distal segments of a limb are
often higher than that from the "proximal" segments, when the formulae referring to the
whites were used. On the other hand, the stature obtained from the proximal and distal
segments by means of the formulae referring to the blacks tend to be equivalent.
Moreover the stature estimated by means of the formulae referring to the whites are
always higher than those which were calculated whith the use of the formulae for blacks,
both in Romito sample and in the r.s. (Table X).
Males (1>
Whites
Blacks
172.8
155.2
168.8
151.8
Italian Upper Paleolithic:

mean
175.7
s.d.
7.0
n
10
171.0
6.6
10
Rom3
Rom 6
Females (2)
Whites
Blacks
Rom 1
Rom 4
Rom 5
145.9
162 1
159.0
143.7
157.7
153.9
160.4
10.5
4
156.9
8.9
4
Table X. Stature: Romito ((1) Trotter et al., 1958; (2) Trotter et al, 1952).
1 22
Males.
Rom 3
Rad Ml/ Hum Ml<
Tib Ml/Fem M2<
85.0
Uln Ml/ Hum Ml(2)

Tib M2/Fem M2(2
Males+Females:
Rom. 2
66.1
87.3
Italian Upper Palaeolithic

mean
n
s.d
84.1
10
1.9
Rom. 1
76.5
Females
Rom. 4
(79.8)
85 4
Italian Upper Palaeolithic

mean
n
s.d
83.7
9
3.7
79.5
15
21
Table XI. Limb proportions: Romito; Italian Upper Palaeolithic ((l) left+right/2; (2) left).
Among the males, Rom 3 has a stature which is very near the mean of the r.s., whereas
Rom 6 shows the lowest value in the Italian Upper Palaeolithic, nearly three s.d. below
the mean of the r.s. We must point out that Rom 6's stature is exclusively determined by
means of distal segments and that if complete humeras and femurs were at our disposal
this individual would probably be even more isolated, at least among the white's statures.
Among the females, a certain variability in the very exiguous r.s. is observed. The
Romito sample shows the same phenomenon: Rom 4 and 5 have similar statures which
are within the range of the r.s.; on the other hand, Rom 1 's stature is particulary short, and
is outside the above mentioned range.
The short statures of two Romito individuals (1 and 6), might have been determined
by a high level of endogamy at least within the group represented by the four individuals
found below the shelter (1, 2, 5 and 6). Schreider (1967, 1969) demonstrated that the
coefficient of inbreeding and average height are inversely correlated in the French
Departments and other studies confirm a decreasing stature within a population where the
level of endogamy increases (Little and Malina, 1986).
The only limb proportion index (Table XI) which allows a comparison with the r.s. is
the male crural index (tib Ml/fem M2). Rom 3's index is very near the mean of the r.s.,
and is within the class characterized by long tibia. Rom 4's crural index is higher than
Rom 3's and is more decidedly included in the class of long tibias. The brachial indices of
Rom 1 and 4 (rad Ml/hum Ml) are both within the class of medium radius.
If Romito values are compared to those of modern populations reported by Trinkaus
(1981) we note that the brachial indices have values which exceed the mean values of
European populations, and are near the mean values of African, Melanesian and Amerindian
populations.
The crural index shows analogous behaviour: Rom 3, male, and Rom 4, female, have
higher index values than all the mean values of modern human groups, thus differing
from modern Europeans who show the lowest values.
The limb proportions of Romito individuals show that they are near the r.s. The
individuals studied differ from modern Europeans and are more similar to the equatorial
populations, as already observed for the Upper Palaeolithic as a whole (Verneau, 1906).
This allows us to explain the difference between statures determined by means of the
HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC IN ROMITO CAVE(PAPASIDERO, COSENZA, ITALY)
1 23
proximal and distal segments of the limbs for the same individual, when whites formulae
are applied; a difference which is nearly absent when we apply the formulae for blacks.
But the small or inexistent difference observed between "proximal" and "distal" statures
applying the formulae for blacks, a datum which results from the high brachial and crural
indices of the Romito specimens and Afro-american individuals, should not lead us to
regard these formulae as more plausible than the formulae for whites, as far as the
determination of the stature for the Romito individuals is concerned. Such a conclusion
suggested by Formicola (1983), starting from a work by Parenti (1971) for Italian Upper
Palaeolithic hominids, does not take into account other components which determine the
height of an individual (thickness of the fleshy parts and of the articular cartilages, height
of the skull, of the vertebrae, of the pelvis and of the tarsus), in addition to the length of
the long bones. These components are unknown or very little studied, and nothing allows
us to assert that Italian Upper Palaeolithic men should be similar to modern Africans also
for these traits.
VII. PALAEOPATHOLOGY
1. Romito 2
This individual differs from the others by his or her short stature and for the atypical
morphology of the majority of the bones still preserved. These differences were evident
immediately at the discovery of this find. The sex diagnosis and the age at death will be
defined after the pathological analysis of this individual. We can only point out that Rom 2,
according to its skeleton maturity and tooth eruption, was approaching adult age.
1.1. The skull
Norma superior. The abnormal development of the frontal and temporal eminences
is the most remarkable morphological feature of the neurocranium; it determines a clearly
pentagonoid cranial contour.
Norma lateralis. From the development of the frontal eminences the frontal squama
protrudes forwards along its lower third. This phenomenon gives an apparent hollow
aspect to the nasal root. The glabella is almost unnoticeable. The cranial profile behind
the frontal eminences is uniformly curved up to bregma, which coincides with the vertex.
On the two sides a very pronounced swelling can be seen at the level of the squamosal
suture, which remains more developed antero-posteriorly, and involves the lower part of
the parietal bones, and, to a greater extent, the upper halves of the temporal squama.
Norma posterior. The contour is bulging to the parietal protuberances, which are
followed by two planes, strongly slanting downwards and inwards and ending on the
mastoid apices. The left parietal-mastoid suture is slightly concave. In the middle of the
right lambdoid suture, a large wormian bone (about 30 x 15 mm) is present.
124
Figure 6. Romito 2: skeleton. (Scale 1:6,5).
1 25
Figure 7. Romito 1, 2: upper limbs . Romito 1: A, C, E, G. Romito 2: B, D, F, H.

(Scale 1:4).
Norma inferior. A general reduction of the skull basis can be noticed. The foramen
magnum is compressed medio-laterally along its anterior half, taking a heart shape; the
lacerum foramina are extremely reduced. The bulging mastoid processes are set very
close to the temporal squama, due to the very slight development of the mastoid notch,
which have the aspect of a hardly visible superficial sulcus. A bilateral, anomalous hole
opens at the bottom of the petrotympanic notch. The lateral portions of the nucal plane are
decidedly bulging, while the medial sagittal portion is hollow. The palate shows a palatine
torus which is stronger at the back. Finally, crowded teeth are present with both canines
displaced in the buccal direction and a tricuspidate right P3.
Norma anterior. The forehead is narrow in its lower part, and wide in its upper
part. The canine fossae are extremely deep and, in their upper parts, they end in large
zygomatic foramina.
1.2. The axial skeleton
The skeletal elements available are in bad condition. In lateral view the C3, T9 and T
10 vertebrae are wedgeshaped (the anterior height of the body which is sharply smaller
than the posterior height). The same morphology may also be present in Tl and T3, but
their bad condition does not allow a precise diagnosis.
126
1.3. The upper limb remains

Clavicle. The pathology does not seem to involve the clavicles. Their morphology
is normal and their dimensions are nearly the same as Rom 1, contrasting the marked
dimorphism and shortening of the long bones (Figure 7). The sternal extremity is still not
fused.
Humrus. The epiphyses of the humeri are very voluminous in comparison with
the diaphyses. In frontal view the latter are curved on the medial side in their upper thirds;
in lateral view they are slightly curved posteriorly along their upper thirds and anteriorly
along their lower thirds. This determines a marked diaphyseal torsion, which is not
measurable due to the bad state of preservation of the epiphyses. The proximal epiphysis
shows a flat head in a medio-lateral direction, and a little marked neck. The muscular
attachments are very strong, especially these of the great pectoral and the subscapula. The
deltoid tuberosity is also very voluminous and prominent. The dimensions of the lower
epiphyses are in relation with the smallness of the distal third of the diaphysis.
Radius. The epiphyses are very voluminous in comparison with the diaphyses,
which, in frontal view, are very inclined on the medial side along their proximal halves.
The radial tuberosity is quite big and the muscular attachments are well marked, especially
the one of the right short supinator. On the lateral side of the interosseous crest, parallely
to it, a rather pronounced sulcus is observed. On the right distal epiphysis we note the
considerable development of the styloid process and the dorsal tubercle, which separate
the sulci of the extensor tendons.
Ulna. A considerable development of the epiphyses in comparison with the diaphyses
can be observed in lateral view, a strong palmar curvature of the diaphysis along its proximal
two-thirds is clear. The muscular attachments are marked, especially the m. pronator
quadratus.
The styloid apophysis is particulary voluminous. Moreover the humerus-ulna
articulation, at least on the left side, was not completely extensible (not more than 135),
mainly due to the considerable dimensions of the olecranon.
Hand bones. We should firstly note the very small dimensions of all the preserved
hand bones (Table XII). The carpals have a more or less normal aspect, whereas the
metacarpals are strongly dysmorphic, with very big bases and heads compared to the
bodies which show marked insertions of the interosseous dorsal muscles on their dorsal
faces. On the phalanges the size reduction seems to have concerned only their length;
their breadth and height diameters are more or less normal.
1.4. The lower limbs remains
Pelvis. The iliac blade is very small (Table VI) but not dismorphic. The iliac crest
is not fused and its course is not very sinuous.
Femur. The femora have voluminous epiphyses and short diaphyses, even though
in this case they are less dysmorphic than in the long bones of upper limbs. The small
trochanter is quite voluminous and, from here, the insertion of the m. iliopsoas is represented
by a marked crest, which is parallel to the femoral neck.
Tibia. In the tibiae we can observe again epiphyses more voluminous than the
diaphyses. The proximal epiphyses are inclined on the lateral side (more on the left tibia
than on the right one); the tibial tuberosity is strongly developed and especially prominent
Measurement
Length
Base breadth
Base height
Head breadth
Head height
Indices (x 100):
Base breadth/2
Base height/2
Head breadth/2
1 27
Martin
25
11
13
13
64
18
15
16
60
15
16
14
13
59
16
16
13
13
55
15
14
13.5
12
44
52
52
28.1
23 4
25.0
25.0
26 7
23.3
27.1
27.1
22.0
27.3
25.4
24.5
Table XII. Second left metacarpus: Romito. (Left side except Rom 6 right side).
in lateral view. The interosseous line is tenuous along its proximal two-thirds, but is very
strong along its distal part, at the location of m. extensor hallucis longus attachment. The
malleolus is very big.
Fibula. The fibulae show the same characteristics as the other long bones, i.e. big
epiphyses and short diaphyses.
Foot bones. The preserved tarsals are rather small, but their morphology is normal,
except for the great development of the tuberosity (tuberositas o. cuboidei) and the
pyramidal apophysis (processus calcaneus) of the cuboid. The metatarsals are particularly
small, with large extremities and very marked attachments of the dorsal interosseous
muscle which form a sharp crest along their dorsal faces.
7.5. Comparison of measurements and indices of Rom 2 with other individuals
We will compare Rom 2 with the other individuals from the same site, and with those
of the Italian Upper Palaeolithic.
Cranium. Rom 2 is characterized by cranial diameters which are mostly within
either the highest or the lowest values in the series in study, according to the measurements
taken into account: in the case of M8, M9, M 10, M20 and M24, Rom 2's values are the
highest (or among the highest) in the group, whereas in the case of Ml, M5, M 17, M23,
M45, M47 and M48 it shows the lowest values (Table I). This is obviously due to the
above described pathological morphology. As a matter of fact, the lowest measures are
usually those which concern the skull basis or somehow correlate to it, while the highest
values refer to the calvarium. The dichotomy between height at basion (Ml 7) and height
at porion (M20) is very significant.
The same phenomenon concerns the indices, among which it is worthnoting that the
horizontal cranial index (M8/M1: 81.1) is within the class of brachycephaly, and is the
highest value observed in all the European Upper Palaeolithic.
From the comparison between the measurements of Rom 2's long bones and those of
other individuals from the same site, Rom 2 always shows by far the lowest values
(Table VII). These values are decidedly below the mean of the r.s. from the Italian Upper
Palaeolithic, including the other specimens from Romito. These values go from the length
of the humrus (Ml), at 4.70 s.d. below the mean of the r.s., to the length of the femur
(M2), at 6.9 s.d. below the mean of the r.s.
128
From the analyses of the ulna/humerus and tibia/femur indices, we deduced that in
Rom 2, beside the general shortening of the long bones, a variation of the limb proportions
is also present (Table XI). The ulna/humerus ratio has a very low value (4.8 s.d. below the
mean of the r.s.) which is indicative that the pathology particulary affected the forearm
bones. On the other hand, the value of the tibia/femur ratio is high (3.7 s.d. above the
mean of the r.s.) and therefore, the proximal segment was also the most affected by the
pathology. The enormous development of the extremities of the metacarpals is underlined
by the comparison of the proportions of Rom 2's second metacarpal whith those of the
other individuals from the same site (Table XII). The comparisons of the other metacarpals
are omitted because their results are exactly the same. The breadth of the basis and of the
head are respectively 44% and 52% of the length (M2) in Rom 2, while in the other
specimens they are 28.1% and 25%.
1.6. Pathological observations
On the basis of the morphological, metrical and morphometrical analysis, Rom 2
appears as a very short individual, although of nearly adult age. The skull is brachycephalic
and characterized by large dimensions of the calvarium and small dimensions of the basis.
An enormous protrusion of the frontal and parietal protuberances is observed. The face,
on the whole, is normal. Some vertebrae show a reduction of the anterior height of their
bodies. The long bones are generally poorly developed in length with quite voluminous
epiphyses in comparison with the diaphyses, and they sometimes show exaggerated and
pronounced muscular attachments. But the epiphyses do not show sharp dysmorphy and
are often practically normal. Only the clavicles, which even though not measurable, are
nearly as long as those of Rom 1. The elbow articulation was not completely extensible,
and the radio/ulnar articulation was probably difficult. In the lower limb the femora seem
to be more seriously affected than the tibiae. AH the metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges
preserved are very short, and this is especially true for the metacarpals, which are decidedly
dysmorphic.
We are then dealing with an individual who was affected by dysplasia of the
endochondral ossification of mesomelic type, which led to a serious form of nanism, to a
limitated functionality of the elbow and radio-ulnar articulations, and to serious deformity
of the hand and foot bones.
In a first note on this specimen, Messeri (1966) diagnosed a type of achondroplasia,
Hurler's syndrome (gargoylism). But many traits observed in Rom 2 are in contradiction
with this hypothesis. If we consider the definitions reported by Bergsma (1973), and
Ortner and Putschar (1981), Rom 2 lacks the hollow nasal root, the widening of the sella,
the thickened nasal bones, the small thin teeth, the diaphysial widening of the long bones,
the enlarged metacarpals near the growth cartilages, etc. Achondroplasia can also be
excluded as strong dysmorphy in the long bones is missing, shortening of the forearms,
hand and foot bones are observed.
The pathological picture displayed by Rom 2 is more similar to acromesomelic nanism
(Maroteaux et ai, 1971). Rom 2 and the individuals affected by this disease share all the
characteristics reported by Langer and Garret (1980), who analyzed all the acromesomelic
individuals known. In these studies the vertebral bodies were claimed to have higher
anterior heights in the thoracic region (according to Langer and Garret, this trait is always
1 29
present in individuals from the age of 2 onwards), whereas Rom 2's C3, T9 and T10 show
the opposite morphology (anterior height lower than the posterior). The latter morphology
is sometimes present in the vertebrae of achondroplasic individuals. According to
Maroteaux (personal communication) the wedge-shaped deformation observed in Rom
2's vertebrae was probably due to mechanical causes and is not sufficient to exclude the
diagnosis of acromesomelia.
1.7. Age at death and sex estimation; stature determination
The estimation of Rom 2's age at death is difficult because we do not have a sufficient
knowledge of the influence of the pathology on the bone and teeth maturation. According
to Langer and Garret (1980), the ossification of carpal and tarsal bones takes place at the
normal age. Raes et al. (1985) published a case in which the premature fusion of the
epiphyses and the diaphyses was observed. Stichelbout et al. (1984) pointed out another
case in which the ossification points correspond with the individual's age. We shall therefore
try first to determine whether the degree of dental maturation correspond with that of
skeletal maturation.
The upper and lower M3 has not erupted yet, but they had already pierced the alveoli.
The roots of the upper M3s were formed for about 1/3, while those of the lower M3s had
grown for about 2/3. The roots of the other molars seem to be completely formed, but the
radiographie image is not clear, due to accumulations near the roots. As a whole, the
degree of dental growth is slightly more advanced than an age of about 15 years 36
months (Ubelaker, 1978).
The ossification of the occipito-sphenoidal suture is almost complete. On T5, T8, T9
and T10 vertebrae, a trace of the fusion between the lower epiphyseal plate and the body
is still present. The sternal extremity of the right clavicle is not fused. The long bones
epiphyses are already fused to the diaphyses, but traces of fusion are still observed on the
anterior face of the left upper ulnar epiphysis. The left iliac crest is not fused, while ilium,
ischium and pubis are already fused. A trace of the ischiatic tuberosity fusion is still
visible.
As a whole the degree of bone maturation would indicate an age of about 20 years in
a non-pathological individual and only the complete fusion of the ischiatic tuberosity
might denote a slightly older age.
In conclusion we observe a certain discordance between dental age and skeletal age,
although the dental age was mainly based upon the development of the M3s. For this
reason the skeletal age is therefore more reliable.The age at death of Rom 2 would thus be
about 20 years, if the chronology of skeletal maturation in the Upper Palaeolithic was the
same as in present times, and if the pathology affecting this individual does not influence
the ontogenesis.
According to Langer et al. (1980) the pelvis of the acromesomelics is normal, and the
traits taken into account for the determination of sex should be the same as in normal
individuals. Rom 2's pelvis is unfortunately partially preserved. The greater sciatic notch,
though fragmentary, looks quite high and is characterized by a rather female shape. One
trait is not sufficient for a precise estimation, but we think that the female sex is more
probable.
1 30
The estimation of Rom 2's stature, besides the usual problems of skeletal remains,
shows specific difficulties due to the pathology which affected this individual. As a matter
of fact, all methods are based upon the correlation between the dimensions of the long
bones and the height of normal adult individuals, whereas in Rom 2, the limb proportions
and those of the trunk in comparison with the limbs themselves are different from normal
standards. Therefore the determination of Rom 2's stature will be inevitably more
approximate than usual in palaeoanthropology. We think that a stature between 110 and
130 cm is the most plausible.
2. Stress indicators of the Romito's individuals
2.1. Dental enamel hypoplasia
This stress indicator has been dealt with in a previous article (Fabbri and Mallegni,
1988). We pointed out that enamel hypoplasia was observed only on Rom 4.
2.2. Harris' lines
They are present in all the individuals from Romito. In Rom 1 they can be observed
only in the proximal half of the diaphyses, since ancient post-mortem fractures caused the
destruction of the cancellous tissue of the medullary canal along the whole distal portion.
In each individual Harris' lines vary in intensity and size. They can be roughly
subdivided into: (a) lines which are barely visible; (b) lines of average intensity; (c) marked
lines (Table XIII).
The Harris' lines are always more frequent on the left side. Therefore, considering this
side as more representative, we observe that 55.6% of the lines are of type (a), type (b)
lines account for 33.3% and type (c) lines are 1 1 .1 %. The lowest number of lines are seen
in Rom 5, followed by Rom 1, Rom 3, Rom 2, Rom 6 and Rom 4. A difference seems to
be present between the individuals from the rock shelter and those from the cave, the
latter lacking the type (c) lines, which is the most radiologically evident.
At present the formation of Harris' lines is thought to be connected with stresses such
as disease and malnutrition (Dickel et al. , 1984; Rathbun, 1 987). It is interesting to analyse
the age appearance in Rom 3, 4 and 6 individuals according to Maat's method (1984).
This method leaves out both Rom 1 's tibiae, Rom 5's left and Rom 6's right tibiae, due to
their poor state of preservation. Rom 2's tibiae cannot be taken into account, according to
his acromesomelic nanism which causes serious problems during growth.
a
b
4
4
1
5
6
2
4
1
14
16
Table XIII. Harris's lines: tibia, Romito (see text).
1
1
1
3
2
3
1
4
7
3
13 1
In Rom 3, stress episodes are recorded annually (and sometimes twice a year) from
the age of 8 up to about 1 3.5 yrs. It seems that only during the ninth year the formation of
the lines did not occur, and there was therefore no consequent growth arrest. Most of the
lines are faint.
In Rom 4 the phenomenon began at the age of about 3.5 yrs, seemed to take place up
to twice a year, and ended at the age of 13 yrs.
In Rom 6 the first lines were probably formed when the individual was 1 .5 years old
and this phenomenon continued with some interruptions (lines are not observed at the
ages of 2, 4 and 8) up to the age of 14. Only at the ages of 9 and 11, two lines seemed to
have formed.
Unlike Rom 3 and 4, Rom 6 has very marked (type c) or average (type b) Harris' lines,
at the ages of 1.5, 7, 13 and 3-3.5, 5.5, 6, 7.5-8 respectively.
We cannot be preciseabout the possible differences in ages for Harris' lines formation
between the rock shelter individuals and those from the cave. In Rom 6 the Harris' lines
distribution is more or less equal to Rom 3 and 4. On the other hand, the tibiae of the
shelter individuals exhibit evident lines (two in Rom 2 and two in Rom 6),while no traces
are present on the individuals from the cave. It is worth noting that when we are able to
estimate the age of the first occurence of lines, these lines seem to end at the 13-14 years
of age, when puberty was probably coming to end.
Regarding the archaeological studies carried out so far, our comments are only
introductory (Graziosi, 1965, 1966, 1967; Fabbri and Mallegni, 1988). It is therefore
extremely difficult to make any hypothesis about the nature of stresses which caused the
formation of Harris' lines in the six individuals. Only a systematic analysis of all aspects
(cultural, sedimentological, palynological, climatic etc.) will permit more precise
deductions. We only emphasize here the lack of correlation between dental hypoplasia
and Harris' lines (McHenry and Schultz, 1976).
VIII. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

The crania of the individuals found in the Grotta del Romito are perfectly within the
range of variation of the Italian Upper Palaeolithic reference sample. Like in all hominids,
the skull is ovoidal shaped (where the pentagonoid shape is frequent it might be regarded
as a pedomorph which preludes the ovoidal shape, or as a variation of the latter); the
phenozygy is constant; the facial profile is tendentially orthognatic, with the exception of
a few cases where a modest alveolar prognathism is present; the glabella is prominent. A
sulcus at the ophryon and upright foreheads are present. A list of constant features can be
added: uniformly curved vault shape and occiputs which tend to the roundish shape in
norma lateralis; house-shaped skulls in norma posterior, wormian bones on the lambdoid
suture; glenoid fossae with axes usually convergent in front of basion; generally upsiloid
alveolar arches and quite frequent palatal tori; flattening of the inferior zygomatic edges;
strong facial breadths; subrectangular and usually low orbits; prenasal fossae often present;
reniform supercilliary arches; broad and deep canine fossae; thickening of the lower border
1 32
of the orbits; presence of a tubercle at the lower angle of the zygomatic bone. An extraalimentary mastication is evidenced by the serious tooth wear, especially of the anterior
ones (Fabbri and Mallegni, 1988).
Morphological homogeneity is also observed at the level of the upper and lower limb
skeleton both among the individuals of the Romito sample and between this group and
the r.s. This homogeneity is especially obvious by the repetitiveness of the shapes, mainly
those which are less influenced by dimensional variations: on the humrus these include
the ovoidal head, marked deltoid tuberosities, sub-roundish diaphyseal section, rectilinear
diaphyseal axis with anterior concavity of the distal part in lateral view. On the radius the
medio-palmar orientation of the bicipital tuberosities. On the femur, the modest height of
the greater trochanthers, the longish hypo-trochantheric fossae; the noteworthy linea aspera
characterized by a double margin in the males and roundish in the females; posteriorly
curved diaphyses along their upper thirds; the concave popliteal planes. Only ulnae and
tibiae display great variability, among individuals {e.g. sex variation) and because of
environmental influence (different activities may be postulated). When the ulnae of males
are concerned, a more marked development of the muscles used in the movements of
hands is present (especially on the right side), while the tibiae show a noteworthy
development of the muscles which were more stimulated during deambulation under stress.
A lesser homogeneity is observed in the distribution of the metrical and morphometrical
values of the upper limb bones. The individuals from the shelter (Rom 1, 5 and 6) are
usually more gracile than those from the cave (Rom 3 and 4) and those of the r.s. But Rom
4, a female, is even more robust than the male individual Rom 3 and is among the most
robust specimens of the r.s.
The general flattening of the upper thirds of the diaphyses of the tibiae (decidedly low
values of the cnemic indices), might be regarded as an adaptative feature caused by
deambulation under stress, in particulary uneven environments (Lovejoy etal., 1976).
The stature is near the mean of the r.s. in the case of the two individuals from the cave,
whereas among those from the shelter, only Rom 5 is characterized by a noteworthy
stature. As far as the limbs proportions are concerned, the Romito sample shows the same
canons which characterize the r.s., in that the distal segment is long if compared to the
proximal segment, unlike what is commonly observed in modern European populations.
All these recurrent traits lead us to suppose a noteworthy basic morphological
homogeneity among the human groups who inhabited the territories of the Italian peninsula
and, more generally, those of Europe during the Upper Palaeolithic (Henke, 1989). Such
a homogeneity can be explained by an unitary origin of the populations which replaced
the Neandertalians in Europe at the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic. These populations,
which can be defined as cromagnoids, probably descend from Middle Eastern protocromagnon groups such as those from Qafzeh and Skhul (Vandermeersch, 1981). The
homogeneity was subsequently maintained almost certainly by periodic genetic exchange
among the various human groups. However among the groups who left the most sustantial
remains, a slight variability is observed, which can be the result of partial drifts. This is
not surprising if we take into consideration the fact that the cromagnoids have inhabitated
for at least 25,000 years a very vast territory, sometimes characterized by geographical
barriers, difficult to cross, like Italy with its mountain chains (Alps and Appenines). These
differences have even led to assume that the European Upper Palaeolithic populations,
1 33
and the Italian group in particular, were divisible into at least two groups which are
identifiable as Cromagnon and Combe Capelle types (Paoli et al, 1980; Bianchi et al,
1982; Ferembach, 1974), although the antiquity of the later specimen has often been
doubted (Asmus, 1964; Thoma,1972; Gambier, 1989).
Slight differences have been observed several times, even within the Romito sample
(especially metrical), within the cave individuals, usually bigger and physically more
endowed, and those from the rock shelter, smaller and more gracile. The study of the
dentition also evidenced the same phenomenon (Fabbri and Mallegni, 1988). These
differences, together with the presence of one individual affected by a serious genetic
disease (Rom 2) among the hominids from the shelter, are explainable with a somewhat
high endogamy within the group represented by at least Rom 1, 2, 5 and 6. The gracility
and short stature of some individuals from Romito might also be explained with the general
process of gracilisation which concerned the populations of the European Upper
Palaeolithic (Frayer, 1978). But we intent to point out that the Italian Upper Palaeolithic
r.s. mostly contains remains dated back to the last period of the Upper Paleolithic, that is,
when the process of gracilisation must have already reached an advanced stage.
As regards to the stature determination we think that the high values of the limb
proportions indices observed in Italian Upper Palaeolithic populations do not mean that
they are similar in body proportions to Africans, whose canons are the response to an
environment of equatorial type. It seems unlikely that the humans of the European Upper
Palaeolithic, who had lived in a cold environment, during which the acme of the Wtirm
glaciation occured, could be characterized by body proportions which were thoroughly
analogous to those of equatorial populations. In fact, we must underline that the specimens
under study, as most of the r.s., belong to the final stage of the Upper Palaeolithic.
Acknowledgments
We wish to recall the memory of the late Professor P. Graziosi who entrusted us with the study
of the material. We wish to thank Mrs. E. Lattanzi, Superintendent at the Soprintendenza Archeologica
della Calabria, and Mrs. M. Guerri, Director of the Museo Fiorentino di Preistoria, for their help
and assistance during the study of the material. A special thank is also due to Professor P. Maroteaux
for his advice concerning the pathology of Romito 2.
We would also thank Doctor G. Tartarelli, Mr. R. Galluzzi and Mr. F. Gabrielli for the photographs.
1 34
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Reu le 09 Aot 1993, accept le 9 Avril 1996.

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Francesco Mallegni

Pier Francesco Fabbri

The human skeletal remains from the upper palaeolithic burials

Citer ce document / Cite this document :

Bull, et Mm. de la Socit d'Anthropologie de Paris, n.s. t. 7, 1995, 3-4, p 99-137.

THE HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UPPER

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

. STATE OF PRESERVATIONOF THE MATERIAL

. ESTIMATION OF SEX AND AGE AT DEATH

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRl

IV. THE SKULLS

Graph la. Romito cranial measurements compared to Italian Upper Palaeolithic

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

" - - " Rom

" -1 "-1 '

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

Figure 1. Skulls: norma superior, Romito 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. (Scale 1:3.5).

Figure 2. Skulls: norma lateralis; Romito 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. (Scale 1:5).

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

Figure 3. Skulls: norma posterior, Romito 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. (Scale 1:3.5).

Figure 4. Skulls: norma inferior, Romito 2, 4, 5, 6. (Scale 1:3.5).

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

Figure 5. Skulls: norma anterior, Romito 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. (Scale 1:3.5).

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

Table II. Clavicle: Romito.

313 313 293

Up. epiph bread.

Max. midshaft dia. 5

Min. shaft penm.

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

(17.8) 16.4 (15.8) 15.3

Table IV. Radius: Romito.

Table V. Ulna: Romito.

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

Vert head diam.

Honz head diam. 19

Table VII. Femur: Romito.

Up. epiph breadth

Table VIII. Tibia: Romito.

Table IX. Fibula: Romito.

(15) (16) (16 5)

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

VI. STATURE AND LIMBS PROPORTIONS

Italian Upper Paleolithic:

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

Uln Ml/ Hum Ml(2)

Italian Upper Palaeolithic

Italian Upper Palaeolithic

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

Figure 6. Romito 2: skeleton. (Scale 1:6,5).

Figure 7. Romito 1, 2: upper limbs . Romito 1: A, C, E, G. Romito 2: B, D, F, H.

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

1.3. The upper limb remains

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

Table XIII. Harris's lines: tibia, Romito (see text).

VIII. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

FRANCESCO MALLEGNI, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI

Reu le 09 Aot 1993, accept le 9 Avril 1996.

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