Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
1. ONE-WAY SLABS
Probably the most commonly used type or reinforced concrete
construction consists of a solid slab supported by two parallel beams,
the beams framing into girders, and the girders in turn framing into
columns. The reinforcement slabs runs in one direction only, from
beam to beam, hence the slab is known as one-way slab. The number
of beams in a panel depends upon the column spacing and the live
load to be supported. The beams are spaced uniformly and generally
frame into the girders at the center, third or quarter points.
This type of framing is called the beam-and-girder floor. It is readily
constructed and the formwork is simple. The one-way slab is
economical for medium and heavy live loads for comparatively short
spans, 6 to 12 ft. For light live loads, 40 to 60 psf, the spans may be
increased, but long spans for one-way slabs results in comparatively
large dead loads.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
The main tensile reinforcement (running along the short direction) in fully
continuous slabs are alternately bent up, usually at an angle of 30 to
45 degrees, at the fifth points of the span and extend over the supports
to the quarter points of the adjoining span. The remaining bars are
straight, placed in the bottom of the slab. For single span slabs the
bars are bent up at the quarter points.
Another method of placing the reinforcement is to place straight bars at the
bottom of the slab and the other straight bars at the top of the slab
over the supports. If the bent bars are used, bent bars from the
adjoining bars are extended over the supports, thus providing the
same amount of reinforcement over the supports as at mid-span.
In addition to the tensile reinforcement, temperature bars are also provided
running along the long direction. These serve to provide against the
effect of shrinkage and changes in temperature and also to distribute
possible load concentrations over larger areas. The size and spacing
of temperature bars depends upon the slab thickness.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Clay tile fillers are generally 12 x 12 in plan with depths of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
and 15 in. The usual practice is to place the tiles 16 o.c., thus
making the web 4 wide. The layer of concrete placed on top of the
tile is generally 2 or 2-1/2 in. thick. Reinforcement for this type of
construction may consist of two bars placed in the lower part of the
web, one bent and one straight, or of straight bars placed in the top
and bottom parts of the web.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Metal tile fillers are frequently used for ribbed floors. This is commonly
known as tin-pan construction. The metal forms are usually 36 long,
with 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 in. depths. They are placed on centers in
such a manner as to make the web 4 to 7 in. wide at the lowest point.
Form widths are generally 20 or 30 in.; a common condition is a form
20 in. wide, placed 25 in. on centers, to make a web 5 wide at the
bottom.
The metal forms may be removed or left in place after supporting
formwork has been taken down. To provide a greater web area near
the supports, where the shearing stresses may exceed the allowable,
special metal cores with the sides tapered in plan are used. The
degree of tapering generally is such that the web is increased 4 in
width. As in the case of clay-tile fillers, a 2, 2-1/2, or 3 in. slab is
placed over the metal tile forms, the slab and web forming a Tsection.
Gypsum-tile fillers have the advantage of providing a relatively lightweight
ribbed with a flush ceiling. Although they are made in various sizes, a
common width is 19, placed 24 o.c., with webs 5 wide. When block
12 wide are used, they are placed 16 o.c., thus forming 4 wide
webs.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
3. TWO-WAY SLABS
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
When a floor panel is square or nearly so, having beams or walls on four
sides, it is generally economical to use two sets of reinforcing bars
placed at right angles to each other. These bars in two directions
transfer the loads to the four supporting beams or walls. Slabs thus
reinforced are known as two way slabs or slabs supported on four
sides.
For square panels, with supports of equal rigidity, the live and dead
loads are distributed equally in both directions and the
reinforcements are the same each way. When the panel is oblong or
rectangular, the greater part of the load is transmitted by the
transverse or short reinforcement. If the length of the slab exceeds
1.5 times its width, the entire load is usually assumed to be carried
by the short reinforcement, and the long reinforcement used for
shrinkage and temperature reinforcement only; hence the slab would
become a one-way slab.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
At the supports, however, the upper surface of the beam becomes concave
downward; that is there is a reversal of stresses. The upper portion of the
beam is now in tension ( or the bending moment is said to change from
positive to negative). The section of a beam at which the bending moment
changes from positive to negative is called the point of inflection. The
exact position of inflection points depends upon the position and
magnitudes of the loads as well as the end conditions of the beams. For
continuous beams having equal spans and uniformly distributed loads, the
inflection point is considered to be one-fifth the clear span between faces
of support.
At this point some of the reinforcing bars are bent up at an angle of from 30 to
45 degrees and extend over the supports into the adjacent spans. The bent
up bars serve to resist the tensile stresses over the supports. Thus for
continuous beams with uniformly distributed loads the bars would be bent
up at one-fifth the clear span from the face of the supports and extend to
the quarter points of the adjacent span. Not more than half of the bears
should be bent up; the rest of the reinforcement extends straight through
the center of the supports.
Another method is to use separate straight bars in both the bottoms and tops
of the beams in place of bent bars. The slight cost in excess weight in this
arrangement over the combination of straight and bent bars is probably
balanced by the ease of preparing design and shop drawings, bill of
materials, and fabrication and placing of reinforcement. Bars not fabricated
according to drawings, or those lost and mislaid, are more easily replaced if
no bending is involved.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
10
3 - #11
3 - #9
4 - #6
12
4- #11
4 - #9
5 - #6
6 - #7
6 - #4
7 - #4
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
1. Rectangular beams
2. T beams. When a reinforced
concrete floor slab and its supporting
beam (or girder) are built at the same
time and thoroughly tied together, a
part of the slab may be considered to
act with upper part of the beam in
compression. This form of a beam is
called a T- beam.
3. Beam with Compression
Reinforcement. These are beams with
reinforcement in the compression as
well as the tension side of the beam,
hence they are also called double
reinforced beams. In this type of beam
no bent up bars are required. Beams
with compression reinforcement are
used when the cross-sectional
dimensions of the beam are limited by
architectural or structural conditions so
that there is an insufficient concrete
area for the compressive stresses.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
3.4
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks 3.5
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks 3.5
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
5. Spandrel wall. The space between any arch and the beam
over the same; or an exterior non-bearing wall in skeleton
construction built between columns or piers and wholly
supported at each story.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
a. Stone masonry panels are natural or artificial stone slabs which are
anchored to the building structure by masonry anchors.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
b. Pre-cast masonry panel wall units are ordinary reinforced or prestressed concrete wall units which may span one floor or several floors.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
2.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
d. Panel type (or sheathed type). Supports not expressed. Nonlineal pattern. Joints vertical and horizontal usually without trim.
Individual panel size: max. width, 3 10; max. height, 8 0.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
b.
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural 3.6
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
In large cities it is customary to utilize the space under the sidewalks for
storage or other purposes. This necessitates a wall at the curb line to hold
back the earth and the street pressures and also the weight of the
sidewalk. These are called vault walls.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete 3.7
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete 3.7
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete 3.7
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
The reinforcing for pre-stressed concrete is usually wire, strand, bar or rope
made of heat-treated steel. Concrete must meet strengths usually greater
than AA-type concrete which has a strength of 3750 psi in 28 days.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete 3.7
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
4. Beams do not have to be cast at the side in one form, but may be cast in
small sections or blocks at the factory with reinforcing wires threaded
through them. When the wires are stressed, the small units are brought
together like one large beam.
5. It develops remarkable resistance to shear stresses.
Pre-stressed concrete is used where spans and loads cannot be
adequately designed in reinforced-concrete, and for deckings, beams,
girders and other prefabricated units where greater spans and loads with
thinner, stronger, and in some cases, lighter members are required.
The designing of pre-stressed concrete for structures is highly technical and
the architect should always work with a structural engineer, even when
using prefabricated pre-stressed concrete units.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
3.8
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
Precast concrete slabs, beams and structural tees are one-way spanning
units that may be supported by site cast concrete, precast concrete, or
masonry bearing walls, or by steel, sitecast concrete, or precast concrete
frames. The precast units are manufactured with normal-density or
structural lightweight concrete and prestressed for greater structural
efficiency, which results in less depth, reduced weight, and longer spans.
The units are cast and steam-cured in a plant off-site, transported to the
construction site, and set in place as rigid components with cranes. The
size and proportion of the units may be limited by the means of
transportation. Fabrication in a factory environment enables the unit to
have a consistent quality of strength, durability, and finish, and eliminates
the need for on-site formwork. The modular nature3 of the standard-sized
units may not be suitable for irregular building shapes.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
3. Single Tees
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
3.8
Floor Systems
Building Protection
Systems
4. Double Tees
5. Rectangular, LShaped and Inverted
Tee Beams
6. AASHTO Girders
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Powder Post A condition of wood which has decayed to powder, or has been eaten by worms which leave holes full of powder.
Rot Decomposition in wood by fungi and other microorganisms; reduces its strength, density and hardness.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Paint remover A liquid which is applied to a dry paint or varnish to cause it to soften or lose adhesion so that it may be removed
easily.
Stripper A liquid designed to remove coatings by chemical and/or solvent action.
Descaler A liquid designed to remove scale that forms on the inside of hot water heaters, boilers, etc.
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
3.9.2
WATERPROOFING
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
1. Application Locations:
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
GROUND BEAM
WATER PROOFING
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, PreStressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
Foundations Systems
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
2.
Roof Decks
Walls & Structural
Walls
Pre-Stress Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems
Building Protection
3.9
Systems
Batt Insulation A flexible blanket- type thermal insulation, commonly used as insulation between studs or joints in frame construction;
also used as an acoustical material or a component in sound-insulating construction. Usually made from rock, slag, or glass
fibers. Sometimes has a vapor barrier on one side or is entirely enclosed in paper with a vapor barrier on one side.