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Hello
my
dear
second year students!
We are already in the
21st century. The period
where
tremendous
development has been
observed brought about by modern technologies. It
results to the creation of borderless world. However,
man is still searching about himself. There are lots
of queries about his existence as well as other living
things wherein their appearance becomes the
primary concern. Are you interested to find
answers? Come onexplore this module. This is
intentionally prepared for a special person like you.
Your questions about your similarities to your
brothers or sisters, to your parents or even
grandparents will be explained in a very light and
interesting way. It is expected that you can
demonstrate understanding on the Mendelian
principles of heredity. This can be done by analyzing
the Mendels experiments on garden peas to
illustrate Mendelian principles of inheritance,
identify the traits and solve monohybrid and
dihybrid
crosses
given
the
genotypes
and
phenotypes of parents. I know you can do all the
activities for one week. Just believe in your
potentials that you inherited from your parents and
1
STATEMENT OF
PURPOSE
What you need to know
Youll find genetics as
branch of Biology as interesting,
easy to understand and play
essential roles not only for
human development but also
some changes among living
organisms. As you go through
this module you will determine
the reasons why is it entitled Winner by Default: A
Genetic Principle. It actually focuses on how traits
are passed on from parents to offspring.
In order to achieve the purpose of this module,
here are some pointers that you have to follow as
you go over to this module:
PREREQUISITE
SKILLS AND
KNOWLEDGE
3. Chromosomes
1. RNA
2. DNA
INSTRUCTIONAL
OBJECTIVES
What you should learn
After studying this module,
you should be able to
1. Trace the history of genetics
and give its significance;
2. Analyze
Mendels
experiments on garden peas
to
illustrate
Mendelian
principles of inheritance;
3. Identify the traits that follow
Mendelian
patterns
of
heredity ;
4.
Solve
given the
a. alleles
c. factors
b. chromosomes
d. strains
________8. Which of these is a combination of the
dominant and recessive genes present in the cells of
an organism?
a. genotype
c. neotype
b. lectotype
d. isotype
________9. Which of the following is NOT a
Mendelian law of inheritance?
a. In every organism, there is a pair of factors
that control the appearance of a particular
trait.
b. The first filial generation does resemble
either parent. Therefore no allele is dominant
over the other.
c. During gamete formation, the pair of factors
segregates or separates from each other.
d. During fertilization, the genes come together
again to form new combinations.
________10. When Mendel crossed the yellow peas
with the green peas, the hybrids appear to be yellow,
then this character is said to be
a. Dihybrid
c. Monohybrid
b. Dominant
d. Recessive
11- 13. are about this diagram of a punnet square
M R
r
ale
Female
R
II
III
IV
IMPLEMENTERS
What you need to prepare
Learning
Episode 2
Inventory survey
forms
Pen/ marker
Learning
Episode 1
Computer
Broadband/
Learning
Internet
Episode 3
Flash drives
2 paper bags
Ballpen
100 red beans
Paper
100 white
beans
Paper
9
Ballpen
Learning
Episode 4
Calculator
(Optional)
Paper
Ballpen
10
MODULAR
PROGRAMS
Welcome
Episodes
to
the
Learning
Learning Episode 1
Gregor Mendel and the Science of
Genetics
Activity 1.1 Research Work
You can go to
library
or
internet caf to
gather
information
about
Gregor
Mendel
and
the science of
genetics. Trace
the historical perspective of this branch of science
and answer the questions below.
1. How did genetics evolved as one of the major
branches of Biology?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
11
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2. Explain how genetics improved the life of
mankind.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. Are you inspired in the life of Gregor Mendel?
Elucidate your answer.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Things to Remember in Learning Episode No. 1
12
13
It was not until the early twentieth century that
the importance of Mendel's research and ideas was
realized. In 1900, his work was finally rediscovered
by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von
Tschermak.
Mendel's
results
were
quickly
replicated, and genetic linkage quickly worked out.
However, a period of tense argument ensued over its
significance between William
Bateson and Karl Pearson.
Ronald Fisher (R.A. Fisher) in
1918
used
Mendelian
genetics as the basis of the
start of the modern synthesis
in evolutionary biology.
Learning Episode 2
Mendels Experiment
Gregor Johann Mendel
used garden peas (Pisum sativum) in his
experiments. He chose peas because a) they grow
quickly; b) they reproduce by self-pollination which
indicates that pea flowers have both male and
female parts; c) possess characteristics that can
easily be recognized; d) pollination could be
controlled in this group of plants with minimum
work; and e) garden peas could also produce enough
offspring to conduct a study.
He started with pure tall plants and short plants
wherein he performed artificial pollination. The
pollen grains from the tall plants were used to
fertilize the ovules of dwarf plants. He then planted
the seeds that were produced. He was surprised
when he found that all the offsprings were tall. He
14
Activity 2.1
An Inventory of My Traits
You are going to work like
Gregor
Mendel.
You
will
examine first yourself then
15
Yes
1. I am left handed.
2. I have long eyelashes.
3. I have attached earlobes.
4. I have cleft chin.
5. I can roll my tongue.
6. I have straight little finger.
7. I have a dark hair.
8. I can see the colors red and green.
9. The hairline on my forehead is
straight.
10. I have rounded eyes.
Activity 2.2
Do I Belong?
16
No
Names
of Ratio
as
classmates
compared with
possessing the the
opposite
traits.
trait.
1. Left handed
2.
eyelashes
Long
3.
Attached
earlobes
4. Cleft chin
5.
Can
tongue
roll
17
6. Straight little
finger
7. Dark hair
9.
Straight
hairline
10.
eyes
Rounded
18
Father
19
Mother
You
b.
Attached
earlobes
2. Tongue
a. Tongue roller
b.
Non-tongue
roller
3. Hand
a. Right handed
b. Left handed
4. Hair
a.
Naturally
curly hair
b. Straight hair
5. Dimples
a.
Dimples
present
b. No-dimples
Answer the following questions:
1. What traits do you and your father have in
common?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2. In what way are you similar with your mother?
Father?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. What traits do you share with both of your
parents?
20
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4. Do you show traits not common to your parents?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
5. Suppose you get married and have a child
whose traits are totally different from yours and
your spouse. How will you explain this?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Things to Remember in Learning Episode No. 2
Gregor Mendel studied the
garden peas (Pisum sativum)
because
of
the
unique
characteristics essential in
conducting research.
There are seven traits of the
garden peas being studied
which can be a dominant or recessive. His
studies can also be applied not only in plants
but also among animals or even humans.
Learning Episode 3
Mendels Principles
From
the
study
conducted
by
Gregor
Mendel, he formulated the
following
hypotheses
or
21
Red/White
White/Whi
te
Total
Class Total/
Ratio
Analyze
1. Which combination occurred most often?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2. If red is dominant and white is recessive, how
many plants have heterozygous genes?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. How did your predicted/ expected results
compare with your observed/ actual results?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4. What was the ratio of red/red, red/white and
white/white?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
23
Things
to
Remember
in
Learning Episode No. 3
The Mendels principles include
the concept of unit character,
25
genotypes
and
2.
TG
Tg
m
27
tG
tg
Sperm
TG
Tg
tG
tg
a. How many are tall green? Short yellow? Tall
yellow? Short green?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
b. Give the phenotypic ratio.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Things to Remember in Learning Episode No. 4
Steps
in
Solving
(Monohybrid Cross)
28
One-Factor
Cross
30
RELATED
EXPERIENCES
Based
on
the
genetic
concepts in this module and with
your experiences as the best
teacher,
have
small
group
discussion or just have personal
reflection on the following:
What I know What I want to What I learned
about
know
more from
the
Genetics?
about
topic?
Genetics?
______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_-
SUMMARY
______________________________________________________
33
EVALUATIVE POSTTEST
35
37
ANSWER KEY
Pre-test
I.
1. c
11.
c
2. c
12. a
3. c
13. c
4. d
14. d
5. b
15. b
6. c
II.
1. Genotypes of all possible
offspring: All Yy
7. a
Phenotype of offspring: All yellow
8. a
2. Genotypes of all possible
offspring: LL, Ll, ll
9. b
Phenotype of all possible
offspring:
10. b
LL and Ll= long wings;Monohybri
d Cross
ll= short wings
Mendels
Activities 1-3.1
Principles
Answers vary. It depends upon the result of yourDihybrid
research or experiment conducted.
Cross
Concept of
Unit
Character
Principles of
38 Dominance
&
Recessivenes
s
Law of
Segregation
Activity 3.2
Activity 4
1. Genotypes: homozygous axial, heterozygous axial,
homozygous terminal
Phenotypes: axial and terminal
2. a. All offspring will be AaBB
b. AABB, AABb, AaBB, AaBb (25% of
each genotype)
c. AaBb, Aabb, aaBb, aabb (25% each
genotype)
d. 1/16 AABB (6.25%), 1/8 AaBB (12.5%), 1/16
aaBB (6.25%), 1/8 AABb (12.5%) 1/4 AaBb (25%),
1/8 aaBb (12.5%), 1/16 AAbb (6.25%), 1/8 Aabb
(12.5%), 1/16 aabb (6.25%)
3.
m
Ovu
Sperm
TG
TG
Tg
tG
tg
TTGG
TTGg
TtGG
TtGg
39
Tg
TTgG
TTgg
TtgG
Ttgg
tG
tTGG
tTGg
ttGG
ttGg
tg
tTgG
tTgg
ttgG
ttgg
Post-test
I.
1. c
II. 1. Gregor Mendel
2. c
2. hybrid
3. d
3. pod color
4. b
4. recessive
5. c
5. dihybrid cross
6. b
7. c
8. a
9. c
10. d
III. 1. Rr x Rr
RR, Rr, Rr, rr
3 red flowers and 1 white
1 homozygous red, 2 heterozygous red, 1
homozygous white
2. BB xbb
F1: BB, Bb, Bb, bb
40
Hybrid: Bb x bb
F2: BB, Bb, Bb, bb
Result: 2 heterozygous Bb, 1 homozygous BB,
1 homozygous bb
CongratulationsYoure really one of the
best. Just continue searching for truth and
be a winner by default
REFERENCES
A. Books
Abad, May C. et.al. Teaching Guide in Science
Biology. Batangas: United Eferza Academic
Publications, Co. pp. 160-171
Aquino, Jesunino R. et.al. (2005). Biology. Manila:
St. Augustine Publications, Inc. pp. 347-351
Bordador, Carmita V. (2002). Science and
Technology II- Biology. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. pp. 297- 301
Capco, Carmelita M. (2003).Biology .Quezon City : Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc. pp.403- 408
41
Olivares, Maria et.al. Science and Technology for the Modern World II.
Makati City: Diwa Scholastic Press Inc. pp. 200-202
Starr, Cecie. et. al. (2006). Biology Concepts and Applications with
Human Emphasis. (6th Ed.). Singapore: Thomson. pp. 152-158
________________. (2009). Biology. Mandaluyong City: Book Media
Press, Inc. pp. 166- 177
________________. Genetics: The Study of Inherited Traits. Pasig City:
Bureau of Secondary Education
B. Cyber Trip
www.amazon.com/Gregor-Mendel-Genetics-PortraitsScience/
www.scienceshorts.com/gmendel.htm
www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/mendelexperiments.html
www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Gregor_Mendel
EVALUATION SHEET ON THE MODULE
Name: __________________________________________ School: _______________________________
Position: _____________________________ Subject/s taught (if a teacher)_________________________
Date: _______________________________________ School Year: _______________________________
Age Range: ( ) 14-19
( ) 41- 45
Gender: ( ) Male
Civil Status: ( ) Single
( ) 20-25
( ) over 45
( ) 26-30
( ) 31-35 ( ) 36-40
( ) Female
( ) Married (no. of children) ________ ( ) Others ________
To the Students/ Teachers: Please take time to fill out this evaluation questionnaire. Your comments on the
module will help the writer in revising and improving.
PART. Instruction. Below are statements that refer to the module. Please circle your reaction to each
statement using the following code:
STRONGLY DISAGREE
(SD)
DISAGREE
(D)
AGREE
(A)
STRONGLY AGREE
(SA)
NOT APPLICABLE
(NA)
1. The language used is easily understood.
SD
D
A
SA
NA
2. Highly technical topics are well-explained.
SD
D
A
SA
NA
3. The objectives of the units/ modules are
SD
D
A
SA
NA
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2.
3.
SA
SA
NA
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NA
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NA
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NA
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43
Department of Education
Region I
Pangasinan II Division
BAUTISTA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Bautista, Pangasinan
Winner by Default:
A Genetic Principle
44
A MODULE IN SCIENCE II
( BIOLOGY )
Prepared by:
RITCHIE G. MACALANDA
SST- III
Consultants:
OLIVIA P. QUINTO
Head Teacher III-Science
EDUARDO B. CASTILLO
Principal
IV
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Page
1
Introduction
Statement of Purpose
Diagnostic Pre-test
45
Implementers
Modular Programs
Learning Episode
Learning Episode
Learning Episode
Learning Episode
10
10
12
19
23
1
2
3
4
Related Experiences
27
Summary
28
Evaluative Post-test
30
Answer Key
33
References
36
46