THESIS

...

THE

SIS

T R E E

STU

DIE

Michigan Agrj.cul tural

College.

1 9 0 1.

Hug

P.

B a k e r.

TH.l::SIS

TREESTUDIESo

'rhe purpose

for which this

taken was to make a thorough

of the time of the leafing
native

Michigan trees,

thesis

was under-

and careful

study

and flowering

four

as found on the College

campus, and to compare the resul t a .wi t h sir:lilar

studies
also,

made in previous

years.

LncLcten t.a Ll.y ,

to give a much needed familiarity

f'arrriLi es and genera

As far

th tile

'iri

of the trees.

as poes LbLe, average

Lndiv i duaI trees

were selected

for

tained

the season were ta~pn from the same

~lring

trees.
tree

obRervations,

Whlle the characteristics

are glven,

whole,

yet

the fact
rm.gh t

rather

that

it

than of the species

eliminates

be due to differences

the observations

all

"Calendar

covering

II

Dal"ley

l"ll Bulletin

EXIJeril'ent Station.
was t~:en
~J

1"11'.

Bal"ley
says'
'

to fix

an exact

one from
wnLcn

and exposure.

of Trees and Shrubs,"

the years

of 1885, 1886,

published

by

No. 31, of the Michi~an

<--'

wm.cn

In w r tt.Lng of t he nata

in regard

to the falling
"It

date

ts

ob-

as a

variations

of soil

alvl 1887 wer-e t aken 'ro2TI

tables

data

of the indlvj.dual

thiR method seems a valuable

In the attached

and all

, of r;onrse,

of leaves,
Lmpos s LbLe

upon whLch the leaves

of any

-2-

plant

begin

to fall.

at any time.
signates
Cll;'f;

An occasional

TIle f'j_rst falling

leaf

of the

leaves

t he day when the ti r-st conspicuous

to the rnat.ur-i ty of the leaf,

of tlleir

been fixed

leaves

appear

the last

from most trees

This
basis

tIle entire

Usually,

younger shoots.

for

are

of Trees

a comparatlve

:r'epresented

h oLd a por-

leaves

of

to dis-

last."

and Shrubs"
of plant

forms a

life,

as

on the Campus, but v,-tII

only be of much value

as these

compared "FIt
t.h

observations

tmilar

bareness

mature

study

among the trees

r-

In

t ho se on the hig~,or or

These shoots

"Calendar

fall,

d'JTing the wi nt er , no date has

to designate

tIle branches.

de-

took place.

tile Lnst ance of the oaks , v.h ic h usua lly

tion

may fall

observations

can be

t aken in other

places.
In the theSis
and shrubs

proper,

are arranged

descrtptions

dtstribution
Sargent

Trees

of' November, 1898.

botanical

of trees

accorcUng to "Sudworth I s

Check Lis t of' the Forest

Ifnue

the families

of the United

A large

and notes

part

of the

in regard

of' the sT,ecies were adapted

s "Flora

of North AJ rer-Lca, "

of Massachusetts."

to the

from

Also,

no t es were t aken from "Emerson I s Trees

states,"

marry

and Shrubs

-3-

Only trees
described

nat Lve to t h i s vicinity

at any length.

have been

Many very interesting

s.rruos

and foreign

trees

but it

would be LmpoeaLbl e to vrri te of' even a part

of them in a thesis
A Herbarium,
all

the trees

acco.,l)anies

are grol'Ting upon the campus ,

of this
eontaining

kind.
specimens

and shr-ubs on the College

this

thesis,

of' nearly
campus,

and ".-rill be found in the

Horticnl t ur-a l Depa::etInent.

-4-

Family PINACEAE.
Genus PINUS.
Pinus

Linn.

at r-obus , Linn.

White Ftne.
Leaves

in 5-leave~

3 or 4 inches

clusters,

in length.

slender,

glaucous,

Cone:--lfrOI714 to 6 Lncnes

long.
A t r ee

under

favorable

height

of 100 or 120 ft~et,

4 feet

in diameter;

250 feet,

c onrttt Lons gro~':ing to

ni th

exceptiolally

wi t.h a trunk

wes twa r-t to Valley

of wtnnepeg

mountains

central

lnlt more often

is

scat tared

leaved

to "'lo'lthern

of Laxe 11i~higan,

Tennesee

and Georgia.

it, forms nearly

found in groves,
thorugh

Alleghany

forests

pure

SOl.1e-

forests,

a faw acres

in

of clecidllouS-

trees.
ThG ~Oocl is

straight-grained,
takes

states

sout.hwar d it

Iowa a nd along

to Kentucky,

t Lmes on sandy drift

ex tent,

river;

a no ~i011thern shore

t.henc e t nr-ougn

of

f::c'omHewfoundland

t nrough the nortlwrn

Pennsylvania

to a height

6 t'ce t in diameter.

The Vrhit e PinG ranges

extends

t.runk from 3 to

<3

light,
very

a good polish.

rood is

0.3854,

Tt:.e lllYn~)eris

80ft,
resinous,

easily

The specific

a cubic
largely

not strong,

foot

uorkerl and

gravity

weighing

used for

close,

shingles,

of dry

24.02

pounds.

lath;

t'or

-5-

cone t ruc t t on and cabinet

A nuruoe r or fine
gror:ing

building.

s:.)eciDens of this

on t.h e Camf>us. T..e soil

seems well

to them, and wher-e they are allowed

ment are t.h e moa t beautiful.
in grot'ving thus

freely

tree

Pines

free

adapted

develop-

we have,

are of no value

are

though

as timber.

Genus PINUS, Linn.

Pinus resinosa,
(P.

rubra,

Red Pine.

gr,,:::en, 5 to 6 inches

clusters,

thickened,

This tree

occasionally
a t~lnk

Cones ovate-con-

long,

their

scales

grows 70 or 80 fe9t
trunk

attaining

5 foet

dark

unarmed.

usually

with a t8.11 straight

slender,

in length.

from 2 to 2 1/4 inches

sl~ghtly

less

Michx.)

Norway Pine.

Leav e in 2-leaved

ical,

Aiton.

2 or 3 feet

a height

th~ough and stout

lJendulous branches

high,

in diameter,

of 150 feet,

vith

spreading

more or

which in youth cLot.he the

stem to the ground.

The Norway Pine grows on light
or dry r ocky ridges,

usually

Dare t.han a t'ew hundred

forming groves,

acres

through

forests

of ot.ner- pines

trees.

Runges from Nova Scotia

L<..12:e
ot' the wcods

sandy loam

in extent,

rarely

scattered

or deciduous-leaved
to shores

commonin ncr-t.h er'n

NeVI

of the
England

-6-

and Ne'!,'
York.

FDom Ma8sachusetts

thro Pennsylvania,

Central

it extends

Michigan,

Wlsconsin

and

~HJ'nesota.
The ','"ood
is ligh
grained.

The Sl)ecj.ficgl'avity is 0.4854,

foot weighing
strnction

hard, arid rather close-

1:"

30.25 pounds.

of bridges

masts and Vpars.

a cubic

Largely used in con-

and. lJl1.ilcling~)
aEd for piles,

In cultivation

the Red Pine grows

Bl1t one good tree of this spec res a s found

on t.he Campus.
very ral)irUy.
the Austrian

This is young, hardy,

It compares

very well, here, w i th

Pine, I'or ornamental

Genus PINUS,
Pinus

(1.1var i

in length.

Linn.

Lam~rt).

Scrub Pine.

Leaves in clusters
divergent,

of 2, stout, falcate,

dark gray-green,

from 3/4 to 1 1/4 inches

C ones oblong-conical,

erect, incurved., from

scaleS furnished

purposes.

ca ta, Du Mont.

(P. Banksiana,
<-Tacl\.
Pine.

and is growing

It

oblique,

1lS1J8.11y

to 2 inches long, t,lleir

with minute

incurved

often decid-

uous prickles.
The Jack Pine frequently
~ith a straight

gr-ows 70 t eo t high,

t~lnk sometimes

free of branches

20 or 30 feet, and rarely exceeding

2 feet in

for

-7diaQeter,

and long spreading

flexible

branches

forming an 01)8n sYl!JlTIetrical

head.
This tree ranges from Nova Scotia to valley
of the Mackenzie

river, ~here it is the only pine

r-anges

tree; sonthward
southern
Indiana

thro Maihe, Ve rr.on t to

shores of Lak9 Michigan,

and Illinois

and through

to central Ialnesota.

Abundant

in central l'tchigan [md "'isconsin, cove rd ng great

ba~rBfi tracts of land.
The wood is light, soft, not strorg and closegrained.

o .476,

The speciftc

gravity

a cubic foot weighing

of dry wood is

29.67

pounds.

tknss used for railroad

ties and posts,

for lath ar.d for r'uel ,

In northern

consin and Minnesota

some-

largely

Michigan,

it forn!s a valuable

Wis-

nurse

tree for the Red Pine.

11.

number of" Jack Pines have been planted

tile grounds

ll1J.t

are still of small size.

on

The sandy

soil of this ne.i ghbo rhood seems to agree 'iii

t h them
we lI , and it is probable

that they y!ill attain a

large size.
Genus LARIX, Duham.
Larix 1aricina

(Du Roi.) Koch.

(L. Americana,

Michx.)

Tamarack.

Larch.

Cones small, subglobose,

t.he scales few,

longer than their bracts.

A tree, from 50 toGO

f'er-t

high, w i th a trunk

-818 or 20 inches

in diameter.

The Tamarahh
Labrador

to her-e

to Mackenzie

ranges from near the coast of

of Hudson

river.

s Bay andnorth1.<vestrrard
.

So'rthward it spreads

Canada

and t he northern

vania,

Illinois,

states

indiana

thro

to northorn

and central

Pennsyl-

Minnesota.

The wood is heavy, hard, very strong,

coarse-grained,

compact

tact v.'i
th the soil.
wood is 0.6236,

and very durable

in con-

The s1)eci1'icglrt1lrvi
ty of dry

a CUbic foot weighing

La r-g o Ly used t'or ,hip t i.mbera , f'er.oe

graph-poles

rather

and railrlad t f.os ,

38.86

posts,

Us uau Iy

pounds.
tele-

inhabits

land satura~ed

with water but the tree grows better

in rich upland

soils.

Some good specimens

of the Tamarack

Ar-bor etum , and a Tamarack

of the Campus.

BTra;[plies j st
1i

A tree; bearing

are in the
north

1711i
te cones in p Luc e

of co non red cones has b .en found in this swamp

by PrOf.

Wheeler.
Genus PICEA,
Picea mariana,
(P. nigra,
Black

cor-es

ovate,

Britton.

Link.)

Spruce.
incurved

their scales rounded,

at the base"

erose,

lets pubt'}scent. Leaves

ThiG spruce

Link.

or dentate.

persistent,
Branch-

short, blue-green.

is uaua l lv 20 or 30, and occasion-

-9-

inches an~ occasionally

3 feet in diameter.

Often

small and stunted.

The Blac}\.Spruce Lnha td t s spnagnum-c overea
bogs, arid swamps and their borders,
a l,o

1:7ell-drained bot +om-Lande

barren

stony hills.

country

to valley

<:'1.

t the north

and t he slopes of

It ranges thro Hudson Bay

of the: ackenzie

thro Newfoundland,

and

river. southward

eastern Canada and the northern

states to Pennsylvania
to central Minnesota,

and Virginia,
Wisconsin

and westward

and Michigan.

The TIood is light, Roft, and not strong.

Tbe specific

g~avity

fDOt weighing

32.86

purposes

of dry wood is 0.5272,

a cubic

pounda , Rarely used for other

t.han roanut'ac tur-e of pape r pulp.

One Black Spruce bas managed

to ex i et on the

campus tho quite a number are found in the swamp

north of the college.
adapted

The 90il here s~ems poorly

to it ann. it is not doing we Ll ,

Genns PIOl!lA,
Picea parryana

Link.
(Andre) Parry.

(P. pllngens, Engelm.)

Blue Spruce.
COllAS oblong-cyltndrical,
boidal,

elongated,

at t he ero se apex.

flexwose,

their scales rhomr-ounded

or t runoa te

Brany111ets glabrous.

rtgid, spines cent , blue -green,

Leaves

or Gil very 1[!hi

te.

A tree, usua t lv 80 to 100, but occa i ona Llv 150.

-10f'e-;thigh

Y;l

t.h a t runk rarely three feet in diame-

ter, and is occasionally

erect secondary

divided

into 3 or 4 stout,

stems.

This Sprllce grows along the banks of streams

and on fi!'st benches
broves.

Nowhere

above

them, singly or in sma.l l

very abundant,

ed ('tlongmountain

streams

Jencrally

of Colorado

scatter-

and eastern

Utah and i1fYOYJing.

The wood is very light, soft, weak, and Cl088grained,
gravity

with a satiny surface.

is 0.3740,a

cubic foot weighing

A feVJ introduced
on trie

Campus,

The specific
23.31 pounds.

trees are doing very

"Vie

11

tho they a re yet quite sma Il ,

Genus PICEA, Link.

Picea canadensis,
( P.

(Mill.) B.S.P.

Alb a, L inx ,

Whi t e spruce ,
Cones oblong-cylindrical,
scales rounded,
blue-green,

entire.

slender,

Branchlets

their

gl.abr-oue , Leaves

strong-smelling.

A tree with strong-smelling

foliage,

sometimes

150 feet high, with a trunk 3 or 4 fe~t in diameter,

but east of the Rocl<.ymountains
The leave~~ are. cr-owded
branches

on the uppe r side of the

by the twisting

side and point forward.

it is much smaller.

of those on the lower

-11-

The Whi te Spruce

streams

the banks

and lakes and the borders

rich, mOist,

alluvial

of

of swamps,

soil, ocean cliffs,

comnon Lv at the north,

It rangns from Labrador

nearly

inhabits

in

and less

the rocky slopes of' 10Yl hills.

thro the Hudson Bay country

to the shores of the Acctic

it extenrls thro Vaine, Vervont

York, HichigEl.TIa r d Hinnesota

Sea~ Southward

and northern

New

and t ne Black Hills

of Dako t.a.
The wood is light, soft, not strong,
straigl1t-grained

~ith a smooth surface.

i,~ravi
ty is 0.4051,
pounds.

and
Tl1e ~pecific

a cubic foot we i.ghtng 25.25

It is largely used for paper pulp, tho

it is pro bab ly the only sprllce cut in large quantities tor lumber

SOE1C~years ago a number

planted

of'White

east of the Agricultural

SIJruces were

Laboratory,

and

these a1'e doing fully as 1,7ellas any of the planted

IT orwav

Sl)rnces.
Genus TSUGA,
Tsuga canadensis,

Carro
(Linn.)

Carr.

Hemlock.
Cones ovate-oblong,
orbicular-oblong,

pe~lnculate,

their scales

nearly as wirl.eas long.

A tree, usually

60

or 70 and occasionally

100

feet high, with a trunk from 2 to 4 feet in dim,ieter,

gradually

and conspicuously

tapering

t.owar-d

t l.e apex.

-12-

The Hemlock ranges from Nova Scotia

west war-d thro Ontario

ta eastern Minnesota,

southward it ranges thro the northern states

to Delaware, southern Michigan and central
Wisconsin and along Appalachian mountains to
Alabama.
ar.d

Often an inhabitant of rocky ridges

is scattered t.hr-o upland forests of Vhite

Pine and deciduous-leaved trees

The Hood is light, soft, not strong,

brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult to
work , liable to w md=ahake

ani splinter, and not

durable when exposed tothe air.

The specific

gravi ty is 0.4239, a cubi.cr')Qtweighing 26.42

pouno.s, Tl"J.e
inner bark is largely used for tanning leather.

somewha t manufactured into coarse

Lumber f'or 011 tside finj_sh of buildings.

The Hemlock does not seem to thrive as well
here as it cloesfarther north.

Perhaps due to

poor exposure and poor sandy soil.

Genus ABIES, Duham.
Abies balsamea, Mill~r.
(A. A@ericana, Prov.)
Balsam Firo

Balm of Gilead Fir.

Bracts of the cone-scales oblong,emarginate

and short-pointed at the wide serrulate apex, shorter or slightly longer than their spales.

Leaves

dark green and lustrous above, pale b el.ow, Obtusely

-13-

shor t=pcd nt ed and occasionally

fertile

bv.anches acute
A tree,

usually

50 or 60 feet

80 feet

and on

or acuminate.
high,

from 12 to 18 inches

casionally

emarginate,

tall,

vIi

with. a trunk

in diameter,

but oc-

th a t runz 30 inches

in diameter.
This Fir

ranges

from Labrador

Hudrion I s Bay and. thro

Newfoundland,

Manitoba.

In the northern

ground,

and on vie 11 drained

Hemlocks, Pines,

gravity

is

a cubic

soft,

not strong,
The s pec Lf' Lc

foot

v!eighing 23.80

pounds.

Occastona11y

Lumber ,

From the bark is made the Canadian Balsam.

The Firs
slowly
Fir,

j. t

with S:oruces,

ard Birches.

am l_erishable.

0.3819,

Iowa.

gr-ows on low swampy

hillsides

The wood. is very light,

coarse-grained,

New

to sou tnwee t er-n Vir-

states

Beeches,

northern

to northeastern

Maine to Pennsylvania

ginia.

of

sout.nward t hr-o

New England am thro

York, Michigan and Minnesota

Alsothro

to shores

Ls manufactured

int

cheap

on the campus seem to be grol'Tirg very

and are rRtl1er unhealthy.

Abies pecttinata,

stands

grounds and is doing fully

A large

Silver

west of the parade

as vre Ll, as the native

-14Genus TAXODIUM,
Taxodium

Rich.

distichum, (Linn) Ri.ch.

Bald Cypress.

Anther-cells

usually

4 or 5. Leaves dimorphic.

A tree, with tall lobe~ gra~lally

trunk, rarely 12 and
diameter,

generally

tapering

4 or 5 feet in

above the abrupt ly en lar-ged ,

buttressed

8 trongly

and usually hollow base, and occasionaly-

ly 150 fGet high.

The Bald Cypress Lnhao i t s r tver=swamps , usually submerged

dur-i ng several

months of the year, low

saturated banks of streams and wet d.epressions of

sand barrens.
and westward
to Hissouri.
Kentucky,

It ranges from De~Jare

to Florida

to Texas, thro Louisiana,

Eastward

Illinois

to Mississippi

Arkansas
and Tannesee,

and Indiana.

The wood is light and soft, close, straightgrained, not strong, ea ""lilywo rkod , dur able in contact ~7ith the soil. The r:;peciftcgravity is 0.4543,
a cubic foot weighing

28.31 pounds. Used for rail-

road ties, posts and fences, and for doors,sashes

and rafters of glass houses.
Genus THUGA, Linn.
Thuga occidentalis,
Arborvitae.

Linn.

White Cedar.

Fruit small, with usually

4 fertile scales.

Wood light yollow brown.

This is a tree 50 or 60 feet high, ?ith a short

-15often lobed and buttressed

trunk, occas i onar.lv

6 alt housua l.'Iv not more than 2 or 3 feet in diameter,

cf t cn dividing

into 2 or 3 stout upright

secondary

stems.
The Arborvitae

ranges from Nova Scotia thro

Quebec and ontario

s outnwar-d

to mouth of saskatchewan

from New Hampshire

vania, central Michigan,

river.

thro Ne'N York, Pennsyl-

northern

Illinois

and cen-

tral Hin~1eosta and along Al1egl1eny mountains

soutl1ern Virginia.

to

Frequer:tly spreads over great

areas of springy swamp-land

or occupies

the rocky

banks of streams.
Tho Hood is light, eor't, brittle,
coarse-grained,
soil.

very durable

The specific

gravity

rreighing 19.72 pounds.

posts,

ties, shingles

Many Arborvitae

in contact Yiith the

is 0.3164, a cubic foot

Used largely for fence

and rails.

are grow.i.ng here and O1).rsoil

and climate seem well adapted

of horticultural
been planted

varieties

to them.

Genus

well.

CUPRESSUS~ Linn.

(Chamaecypa~is,

Bpach.)

thyoides,

(Chamaecyparis

A number

of' this species have

and are doing exceedingly

Cupressus

and r-a ther

Linn.

sphaeroidea,

s:oach.)

White Cedar.
Branchlets
dark blue-green,

slender,

compressed.

often conspicuously

Leaves
gLanouLar ,

-16A fragrant

tree, 70 or 80 feet in height, with

a tall trunk usually

about 2 but

3 or 4 feet in diameter

occasionally

add slender horizontal

wrn ch form a na+r-ow spire-like

branches

The \,Tr~i
t e Cedar inhabit

head.

the cold swamps of the

Atlantic

and Gulf coast plains wn i ch are usually

Lrmer-sed

dur Lr.g several months

of' the year.

Fre-

~lently dense pure forest at the north or at the

south mingling

with the Bald cypress.

from Maine to Florida

and westward

It ranges

to Mississippi.

The wood is lig~t, soft, not strong, close-grained, easily worked,

the soil.
warping

and very dlITable in contact with

It seasons raptdly

or checking.

a cubic foot weighing

and perfectly

The specific

gravit'

20.70 pounds.

in boat-builcling and cooperage

w i t hou t
is 0.3322,

Largely used

:findfor t.eLegr-aph

and fence posts and ties and shingles.

Our soil is too nry and sandy for the proper
growth of the White Cedar and the few trees growing
on the Oampus are not tllriving as they Vlould in
a more moist and fertile

soil.

Genus JUNIPERUS,
Juniperus

Linn.

Virginiana,

Linn.

Red Cedar, Savin.

Fruit small, subglobose;
Leaves opposite,
Branchlets

seeds 1 to 4.

acute or rarely obtuse, glandular.

slender.

-17-

This eedar

is a tree, occasionally

tall, l'li
th a long straight

trunk 3 or 4 feet in

wrn ch is often lobed and eccentric,

diameter

fre~lently

buttressed

much smaller,

averaging

of the American
distributed
It r-anges

40 or 50 fe!bt high.

Junipers

coniferous

and most valuable

and is the most widely

tr~e of North America.

from Nova Scotia cou thwar-d

westward

and

toward the baRe. Usually

The Red Cedar is the l~rgest

Kansas,

100 feet

to the Dakotas,

to Florida,

central Nebraska

and

the Inidan Terri tory and Texas. In Nebraska

and Kansas it grows usually

on dry sandstone

river

bluf'fs.
The wood is light, soft, coarse-grained,
brittle,and
extremely
specific

not strong.

It is easily worked and

dur ab Le in contact with t.he acd L, T1J.e

gravity

of dry wood is 0.4826,

foot vJeighing 30.70 pounds.

sills, railroad-ties,

a cubic

Largely used fer posts,

and for cabinet mak i.ng and

pencils.
The Banl<:.s
of the Red Cedar river ,in many places,
are covered with this tree, and it seems to be doing
we ll in other dry places on the Campus.

-18Family JUGLANDACF.AE.
Genus JUGLANS,Linn.
Juglans

cinerea,

Butternut.
Leaflets
oblong,
deeply

Oilnut.

11 to 17,

acute,

oblong-lanceolate.

racemose;

sculptured

Linn.

into

nut 4-ribbed
thin

Fruit

at the sutures,

ragged plates,

2-celled

at the base.
The Butternut
~'rit h a tall

is

straight

ard sometimes free

often
but more rli viding,
into

numer-ous

of streams

15 or 20 feet

and on low rocky hills.

It

rich

Ontario

Nebrasxa ,

to Delavrare,

coarse-grained,

to eastern

southward

l'IIissouri,

near banks
ranges

from

Dakotas and

t.rrro northern

and northeastern

Arkan-

Georgio. and Alabama.

light,
easily

soft,

0.4086,

a cub i c foot

wood is

largely

not strong,

worked and takes

The si')ecj_fic gravity

r:eighing

all!

rather
a good

dry wood is

25.46 pounds.

used r'or furniture

Many Butternuts
and along river

height

above the ground,

soil

The wood is

its

Laraba ,

prefers

sas and northern

high,

in diameter,

for half

moist

southeastern

polish.

100 feet

2 to 3 feet

of branches

Ne':!Brunswick thro

states

trunk

stout

Thj_8 tree

occasionally

The

and interior

are f'ound in the Colloge woods

flats

campus, as t.he <oi L is

l:1oist enough.

though few are gr owmg on the

too sandy and not rich

and

-19Genus ,JUGLANS, LInn.

Juglans

nj.era, Linn.

Black Walnut.
Leaf'lcts 15 to 23, ovate lanceolate.
us na ll.vglobose,

solitary

Fmuit

or in pairs; nut globose,

denply and longi t.ud.ir.at Iv ridged,

4-cel1,eciat the

base.
This tree frequently
occasionally

grows 100 feet high,

150 feet high, with a straight

often clear of branches

trunk

for 50 or 60 feet, and 4

to 6 feet in diameter.
TIle B1ack Walnut is distributed

from western

Massachuset ts t.hr ough sou t.hern Michigan

Minnesota

to central

eastern Kansas.
Mississippi

and

and nlDrthern NebrasIca a"'td

southward

and Texas.

thro Florida,

It inhabits

Alabama,

rich bottom

lands ann fertile hillsides.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong, rather coarsegrained,

easily wo rke d and very durable in contact

with tl1e soil.

The specific

gravity

is 0.6115, a cub i c :Coot weighing

It is used in cabinet making,

of dry wood

38.11 pounds.

for interior

and for coff'ins and gunst ock s ,

finish

Nuts are of:'com-

mcr-c i al value.

This vicinity

is well adapted

of the BlacI<-Walnut and;ome

are growing

to the growth

very fine large trees

along the river-bottoms,tho

a little

farther back t~e tree docs not attain a large size.

-20Genus HICORIA,
Ricoria

Raf.

minima(Marsh)Britton.

(CEtrya amara, Nuttall)

Bitternut.

Swamp Hickory.

Leaf1-ets 5 to 9, Lanc eoLa t e to oblong-Ianceolate.

Frui t 4-vlinged from the apex nearly to the mi<ldle;
mIt ovate or oblong,

often broader

nhelled; kernel bitter.

than long, thin

Vinter b108 bright yellow.

A tree, often 100 feet high, ~ith a tall straight

trunk 2 to 3 feet in diameter,

and stout spreading

limbs which form a broad handsome

rather stiff upright

head of slender

branches.

The Bi t.t e rrnrt ranges from sout ner-n Maine Vlestward thro Ontario,

central Michigan

to <ou't.heas t.er-n Nebraska,

Indian Territory.
It inlwhitG

alld Minnesota

eastern Kansas and the

Southward

to Florida

and Texas.

10YI wet woods near t.ne borders

of

streams and swamps or high rolling uplands.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough and
close-grained.

Tl:e

speo i fic gravity

is 0.7552, a cubic foot weighing

Largely used for hoops,
It crov!s mere rapidly

of dry wood

47.06 pounds.

ox-yokes,

and filel.

in cut t i va tion than any of

the other Hickories ,with the exception

Only a fey] good Bi tternuts

of the Pecan.

are grovri.ng on the

Campus, but just north of the college

of fine young trees ar e starting up.

a large number

-21Genus BICOHIA,
Bicoria

Haf.

ovata (Mill. )Britton.

(Carya alba Nat~all.)

Shag-bark
Leaflets

Hickory.

5 or 7, obovate

ciliate on the margins.

to oblong-lanceolate,

Fmuit globose,

depressed

at the apex; nut ovate, more or less flattened,

4-angled,

pale or nearly white.

A tree, often 70 to 90 feet high, occae t ona t lv

180

feet high YTith a tall straight

3 or 4 feet in diameter,
of branches

co Iumna r shaft

in the forest often free

for 50 or 60 feet from the ground.

Thjs tree r-angen from southern Maine to lZalley

of St.Lawrence
Lakes

River and along northern

shores of

Erie and Ontario, t.hr o central Michigan

Mim".8sota and southeastern

New York, Delaware

sout.hwa.rc

Nebraska.

to Florida,

Alabama

ippi to central Kansas and Texas.

and
thro

and Mississ-

Usually

found

groYTing on low hills or in the nlilffighborhood

of
swamps or streams.
The wood is heavy, very hard and strong,
tough, close-grained,

am flexible.

Tl1e specific

gravity of dry wood is 0.~372, a cubic foot

?!eighing 42.17 pounds.
of' corrrer-oe,

The nuts are hickory

nuts

Tl--.e
wood is largely used in the man-

uf'ac t.ur-eof agricultural

implements,

for fuel.
Few trees of northern
more sLow Ly ,

ax-fiand les and

forests gtow

-22Our soil is w::;lladap t ed to the Shagbark

and we have a large number of these fine
Hickories.

A few peculiar

varieties

have been

found.
Genus HICORIA,
Hicoria

Rafo

laciniosa,

(Michx. )Sargent.

(Carya sulcata,Nuttall).
King Nut.' Big S~ellbark.
Leaflets
puberulous
depressed
angled,

5 to 9, obovate

or oblong-lanceolate,

on t.he Lower: suf'f'ac e , Fltlui

t oblong,
at the apex; nut t.rn ck-wa Ll ed , ridged or

dull wh.i t.e,

The King Nut is dJstributed

ward thro Missouri,
Indian Territory;
Indiana,

Arkansas,
eastward

to central

from Iowa south-

eastern

thro southern

Tennesee,

~estern

New York and eastern Pennsylvania.

rich deep bottom-lands

Kansas,

and

Illinois,

and central

It inhabits

which are u sua L'ly inundated

dlITing several weeks of every year.

the swamp White Oak, Tupelo,

It grows with

Red Maple, Red Ash

and swamp cottonwood.

The wO'jd is heavy and very hard,
tough, close-grained

and very flexible.

gr-av i ty of dry wood is 0.8108,

ing 50.53 pounds.

strong and
The specific

a cubic foot weigh-

The 'wood Ls confounded

cially with the wood of Hicoria

The only specimens

corn ,er-

ovata.

of thiS tree that we have

-23tn

are found

the Arboretum,

wher-e they have not

frutted. as yet.
Genus HICORIA,
Htcorta

Raf.

glabra

(Mill. )Britton.

(car'ya porcina,
Pignut
Leaflets

Nuttall).

Hj_cl<.ory
0

5 to 7, oblong

or obovate-lanceolate,

globrous

or v t L'loue=pubes cerrt, Frutt pyriform

globose;

husk

globose,

thicb or thin shelled;

slightly

bitter.

usually

The Pigmlt

inhabits

a:r:dis distributed
ern Mtchigan
to Florida,
Mtssouri,

Alabama

Arkansas

from Maine

oval 0:0
sweet or

and hillsides,

tIlro Ontario
Nebraska

and Mississippi;
to eastern

and south-

and southward
westward

thro

Indian

Teri-

Kansas,

I t is extremely

common in all the

states.

The Vlood is heavy,

flexible

kernel

dry ridges

to southeastern

tory an} Texas.

northern

thin; nut oblong,

or

hard, very strong

and close-grained.

of dry wood

is 0.8217,

and tough,

The sDecific

gravity

cubic foot rreighing

comme rc t al Iv not distingu.ished

51.21 pounds.

from

\700d of she11barlc and is used for same pur-pos es ,

'I'he Pignut

the gronnds.
soil.
et mTI.

Hickory

Probably

is, also, rather

rare on

due to the poorness

80L:e good sj)ecimens are growing

of the

in the Arbor-

-24-

Fanily

SALICACEAE.
Gemls SALIX, Linn.
Salix

amygdaloides,

Anderss.

Peach Willow. Alnond VTilloVl.

Le~ves lanceolate
na te,

pale

or ovate-lanceolate,

aCl~i-

and. gla:bous on the lower snrface,

long-

s t.a Ikod ,

A tree,

sometimes 60 or 70 feet

a e i ngl e straight
rarely

or sligl1tly

more than

2 feet

in height

inclining

in diameter;

with

t runk

or usually

much smaller.
Tl....
e Peach WilloVl inhab!h.ts t he banks of streams
and ranges

from neighborhood

Yo.rk to Valley

of Upper saskatchewan,

Ohio and Missouri

and thro

and westward

the Rocky Mountains

and Washington.
Willovl along
eastward
central

It

and close-grained.
0.4509,

here,

v.n ich

of the continent.

light,

soft,

a cubic

foot

flow

ar.d in all

region

the

not st:ro ng,

The spefu fic

gravity

weighing

nothing

and not very abundant.

are grov:ing along

plains

i8 the common arborescent

The Peach VTillm'l is

tree

s out.nwar-d to

from Texas to Oregon

from the Rocky Mountains,

mountain

and New

over the great

t.he banks of t.he rivers

T:t.e wood is

weed is

of Montreal

swamp borders

of dry

28.10

pounds

more than a shrubby

Good specimens
north

olft the college.

-25Genus SALIX, Linn.

Salix Bebbiana,

sargent.

(s. rostrata,
Bebb1s
Leaves

oblong,

conspicuously

willow.

obovate

or oblong-elliptical,

reticulate-venulose,

the U1T;.---er
surface,
pubes cerrt

Rich.)

dull green on

gl!Jl1COUSor s i Lverv white

on the lower.

A bushy

tree, occasionally

25 feet in height,

\-.'i
th a sncr-t

trunk 6 or 8 inches

usually

Rl!Bller and often shrubby

much

Thts Willoy! inhabits

lakes and swamps,
forest margins,

t.lie

of the st. Lawrence

ranging

to t~J.eArctic

in all the north =r-n states,

scattered

and westward

common

sout.nwar-d

to

to kiID1esota, and is
regions

from

Nebraska.

in the Botanical

garden.

Genus SALIX, Linn.

Salix discolor,
GIEWoUS
Leaves

distributed

Circle.

Just a shr-ub in this locality;

are gro~ing

of streams,

from the valley

it ranges

thro the Rocky Mountain

Idaho to western

in nab It ,

moist rich soil.

and most generally

America,

or,

open Vloods, and

11sually selecting

in British

Pennsylvania

Ln diameter;

borders

dry hillsides,

One of the commoneat

Willows

and

oblong,

Muehl.

Willow.

oblong-obova te ,

good apec Lmena

-26or lanceolate,

gl~ous

or silvery-white

on the lower

surface.
A tree, rarely

exceeding

20 feet in height with

a trunk about a foot in diameter;

snrubbv , with numerous

Salix discolor
meadows,

southward

ta11 w'cragglj:ng st ems

is a co.nmon inhabitant

and the banks of' streams

is distributed

or, more often

from Nova Scotia

to Delaware,southern

of moas t

and Lakes , and

to Manitoba
Indiana,

and

Illinois

and Missouri.
The ~ood is light, soft, and close-grained.
The specific
weighing

gravity

is 0.4261,

a cliliicfoot

26.55 pounds.

A common 1[!ill01;7
YTj_ th us, grc1,"ipgalong
river banks and in marshy

places.

Genus SALIX, Linn.

Salix nigra, Marshall.
Black V,rillow.
Loaves narrowly
often falcate,

lance alate , long-pointed,

green on bothsurfaces,

glabrous

at maturity.
A tr ee,

occasionally

120 feet in height

a trunk 3 feet in diameter,

or, usually

VIith

30 or 40

feet high, Viith t.runk s which are often clustered.

Salix nigra Lnna bt ts the banks

of streams

and Lak es , over wh i.ch it often extends

and branches

and is dist~ibuted

its trunks

from NeVT Brunswick

-27along the northern

shores of Lakes Huron and

super tor , aovt nwar-d to Florida,

ern Dakotas,
Ter~itory

Nebraska,

Kansas,

westward

to east-

and the Indian

and thro Texas, New Mexico,

and Arizolm.

It is t ae largest and most conc p.i cuous na t ive wtllovr of eastern North America

am is most abundant

in the basin of the MisSissippi

River.

The <Hood Is light, soft, weak , and closG-grained, and checks badly tn drying.

The specific

tty is 0.4456, a cubic foot weightng

grav-

27.77 pounds.

BarIc is often USGd as a tonic in the treatment

of

fevers.
'1'111s
is the Lar-g es t WilloVI wh i ch is native
here.

I t confines

it "elf to low bot tom-lands

south of the college.

Genus SALIX, Linn.
Salix lucida, Muhl.
Shining Willovl.
Leaves lanceolate,
dark green and lustrous,

lonG-pointed,

their petioles

A bushy tree, occasionally

smaller and shrubby

glandular.

20 or 25 feet high,

vli th a short trunk 6 or 8 inches

usually

coriaceous,

in diameter;

or

in habit.

Salix lucida, which inhabits

the banks of

streams and swamps , and is very abundant

north, r ange s from Newfoundland

at the

to shores of'Hudson

Bay, thence to Valley of Mackenzie

ftive~.

It extends

-28southward

to Pennsylvania

and westward

to eastern

Nebraska.
The shining Willow

does not become

trde-

lj_ke here, but grovrs only as a snrub ,

Genus POPULUS,
Populus
AS1)en,

Linn.

t.remu loadee , Michx.

Qual::.ing
Asp

Leaves ovate, or semi-orbicular,

short-pointed,

slightly cordate or truncate

at the base, finely

serrate; petioles

compressed.

elongated,

A t i-ee , often 100 feet in height,

which occasionally

is almost 3 feet through near

the ground but in gen1ral

20 inches in diameter,
li ttle diminution

with a trunk

is not more than 18 or

and preserves

its size with

for 50 feet or more.

The ASDen, which is the most widely

ed tree of Uorth America,
northwesterly
in Alaska,

Hebraska
West.

r ang es from Labrador

to the Valley of the Yukon River

southward

Eennsylvania,

distribut-

thro northern

northeastern

Mi~souri

and thro allthe mountain

In the northern

and southern

regions

states it prefers

mo i srt sandy soil and gravelly

g rows best near borders

states to

hi11sides

of the
rather

and

of swamps and open forest

groves.
The

'llO(;d

is close-grained,

nei ther strong nor dur-ab Le ,

but soft, and

The specific

gravity

is 0.4032, a CUbic t'cot w e.i ghLng 25.13 pounds.

-29-

In the EJast it

is

la::egoly used in manufacture

pnper-pv.lp.

In t he Vest it

for floori~g

and fuel.

The great
of its

small

value
seeds,

and wafted far

of the Aspen lies

supported

fly their

used

in the power
long ha tns

and near by the wind to germinate

qut ck l.y in Goil whi ch fire

and t n the ability
rapidly

Ls occasionally

of

has rendered

of the seedling

infertile

plants

to grow

in exposed situations.

Numbers of t.I;e Aspen line

Cedar River,

the bank of the Red

and grow back up onto the sandy soil,

s omcwha t .

Genus POPULUS,Linn.
Populus grandidentata,
Poplar.
Leavps broadly
at first,
Petioles

L'Lk e

A tree,

Lar~e Tooth Aspen.

ovate,

t hebude ,

elongated,
often

Michx.

VIi

coarsely
th hoar-y

laterally

crenate,

coated

tomentum.

compressed.

60 or 70 f'ee t in he Lght , w i t.h

a trunk occasionally

2 feet

ly smal Ler- and usually

in diameter;

or,

general-

not more than 30 or 40 feet

tall.
The Poplar,
tho f'lref3t,

rrhi ch is a commoninhabitant

usually

near the borders

ward t hr-o nor t.nn-n

iL:d

rich

moist

of swamps and 8treams,

eel from Nova Scotia

I nrU ana

selecting

Illinois.

to northern
states
8.HC1

of

sandy soil
is distribut-

Hinnesota,

south-

to Del awar-e , southern

along

the Al J oghany

-30mounta

Eentucky

a nd we s twar-d

to North Carolina,

tns

to

and Tennesse.

The vood is light, soft, and coarse-grained,

out not strong.

The specific

gravity

a cubic foot wc i.gru.ng 28.87 pounds.

in the East for paper-pulp

is 0.4632,

J-lFl.rge
ly used

and is occasionally

used for wooden ware and turnery.

This Poplar

iR the mon t common

Genus in this vicinity.

in the Oak forests
the river-banks

tree of t he

Grows very pillentifully

north of the College

and along

sout.n,
Genus POPULUS,

Linn.

Po pu Iua balsamifera,
Balsam.

J-linn.

Balm of Gilead.

Leaves ovate,

lanceolate,

nate, dark green and lustrous

pa Le and oft en ferrugineous

acute or acumion the upper

on the Lowe r ,

A tree, often 100 feet in height,

~ith a tall

trunk 6 or 7 ID'eetin cliameter; or, smaller

the southern

surface,

limits of its r-ange

toward

and usually

not more than 60 or 70 feet tall.

The nalsam

is distri"buted from the Valley

of the Mackenzie

river and the Alaskan

war-d

NeVl

tc,

northern

England,

N81JJ

coast south-

Yo rk , Central

l'.fichigan
a; d }.r1innesota,the Black Hd LLa , northwest-

= rn Nebraska
and Hevada.

arid

northern

It inhabits

Montana,

Idfiho, Oregon

the loV! and often inun-

-31-

da ted bot t orn-Tano.s of' rivers

TIle Food is
close-grained.
0.

cubic

not strong,
gravity

Yieighing 22.65 pounds.

paper-pulp,

is manuract.ured

into

in the Arboretum,
The variety,

from t~,-e corrroon

of this

wher-e it

I t is

larGely

forming a broader

its

broader

we have is

This variety

found

size.

has been introduced

form in its

es,

tree

grows to a large

and well.

cordate

0.3635,

paI In an d smal ! pacx i ng=caee s ,

candicans,

grows very rapidly

is

and

and in nor-t.ner-n Michigan

The only speciuen

serrate,

soft,

The specific

foot

narte into

ligil t,

and swamp borders.

and
differs

more Sl):r'eading brancl1-

add. more olJen head and t.n

leaves

which are mer-e coarsely

with gland.-ti~ped

t2eth.

Genus POPULUS,Linn.
Populus

deltoidea,

(P. monilifera,

Marshf1.1l.
Aiton.)

cottonrrood.
Leaves deltoid

or broadly

ly acmTIinate, coarsely
compressed.
1it h a trunk

17

dididing
into

A "tree,

crenate,

aomet.irnes 100 feet

20 or 30 feet

massive

limbs

ranges

often

forms extensive

from Quebec thro

abrul')t-

laterally
in height,

in o La.net er ,

above the ground

~7~llc11spread

The cottonwood inhabits

wher-e it

usually

petioles

occas i ona.t tv 7 or 8 feet

often

several

ovate,

gradually.

the banl:s of streams,

open groves.

It

New England to PBnnsylvania

rc;o'1th01=' t2le Potomac river

-32-

to Florida,ani
mountains

wes twa rrt to the base of t he Rocky

from AlbGl'ta to nc r tn er-n New l-,{exico.

The cottonwood
most abundant
Appalachian

is
trees

along

and one of the

t.rie streams

betweenthe

and t~e Rocky mountains.

The Toad is
altho

the largest

light,

close-grained.

0.3889, a cubic

soft,

and not strong,

The specific

foot

weighing

gravity

is

24.24 pounds.

warping badly

in rlrying

to season,

is nov! uc;ed only in the manufacture

it

of paper-pulp,

for

In t '.e United
so generally
east

planted

and ext rerne tv difficult

cheap pacl::ing cases

St.a t es , no o t.hc r tree
on t ne plains

has been

and pr-a Lr i ea

of t he Rocley mountains.
Tll8 Cott om-roodgr ows very rapidly

her-e ,

and for r'ue l ,

A vury l;:-irge apec Lmert gr-ows just

Abbot nall.

and well
east

of

-33Family Betulaceae.
Genus BETULA,

Linn.

Betula papyrifera,
(B. papyracea,
Canoe Birch.
Strobiles
long-stalked.

Marsh.

Aiton).

Paper Birch.

cylinclrical, elongated,
Staminate

pendulous,

aments clustered

pairs. Leaves ovate, cuneate,

or rounded

or in
at the base,

dull dark green.

A tree, usually

60 or 70, or, on the lIDrthwest

coast, occasionally

120 feet tall, with

a trunk from

2 to 3 feet in diameter.
The Oanoe Birch is one of the most wirtely rtistributed trees of North America,
Labrador

ranging

from

to the shores of Hudson Ray a]~ to the val-

ley of the Yukon River in Alaska.

sout rrsar-d it

ranges thro all the forest region of the Dominion

of Canada, arr~ thro the northern
Island, Pennsylvania,
northern Nebraska,

central Michigan

and Washington.

rion 1.7oodyslopes and the borders

'Ti
thin the Arctic

small and crooked.

and Minnesota,

and the Black Hills of Dakotas,

and nor tnwar-d to Montana

and svramps ,

states to Long

It inahbits

of streams,

lakes

Circle it becomes

Grows ~ostly

sin~1y or in groups.

The wood is Lf.grt, strong, hard, tough, and

very cl08e-g~ained.
a cubtc f'oot weighing

The specific

gravity

37.11 pounds.

is 0.5955,

Largely u8ed

-34-

in making of spools,

shoe-lasts

manur'act.ur-e of I)aper-pulp,
This tree

is

8. number of trees

and pegs,

and r'o.r fuel

in the

not na t r ve itt the

College

but

have been planted

and they are

doing very melle

A fine

tree

C8.n be seen just

southwest

of tile

Chomical Laboratory.
Genus BETULA,Linn.
Betula

Hichx.)

Red Birch.

River

cylindrical,

r-homoi o-ovat.e , acute

u:')per surface,
A tree,

into

80

Birch

diverging

and picturesque

erect.

on the

on the lower.
1]'.ri
th a trunk

above the ground,

Lf.nbs

.and is

In old age it
crown.

Leaves

lustrous

in he i.gh t,

15 or 20 feet

in diameter.

some-

forms an

Often the Red

sends up from the ground a clump of sever~l

sT,;a11spreading
in...rmbits

stems forming

the banks of streams,

gr'owarg in deep rich

for

oblong,

at bothends,

or 90 fnet

divides,

times 5 fent

Birch.

pal e ar.d pubescent

2 or 3 slig}ltly

irregular

Linn.

(B. rubra,

strobiles

wh.ich often

nigra,

soil

thro

Long Island

It

ponds and swamps,

1,711ichis

sever-a l vTceks at a t tne ,

chusetts

a low bushy tree.

oft en inundated

Ranges tr om Massa-

and r:;outl1rrard to

I~lorj_cla an t.nr o Gul~ stat es to .Texas, and t.hro

Eississippi

valley

Kansas a:ndNebraska,

to Indian

Territory,

centr"ll

llinrefJota

eaflt(~rn
and sO;"lthern

-35-

Wisconsin

and Ohio.

damp semi tropical

At

i" G its largest

lovr-lands of Florida,

size in
Alabama

a d Texas.
The wood is lig~t,rather
close-grained.

The cpecific

cub i c r'oo t 'weighing 35.91

ufacture

hard, strong, and

of furniture,

gravity

is 0.5762, a

pounds. Much used in man-

nooden-ware,

and in turnery.

This is t~:e only aemf=aqua t to Birch.

TI'le

only trees of this species

on the Campus

wher-e tlley seem to be

are found in the Arboretum,

~oing fairly well.
Genus BETULA,
Betula

lutea, Michx.

(B. excelsa,

Pursh.)

Ye L'Lot. Birch.
Strobiles
ed.

Linn.

Gray Birch.

Oblong-ovoid,

sessile

Leaves ovate, Oblong-ovate,

ly heart-shaped

at the base.

or short-stalk-

cuneate,

or slight-

Darlc yo Ll ovr or silvery

gray, s Li.gh t Ly aromatic.

A tree, occasionally

100 feet in height,

with

a trunk 3 or 4 t'e et in d i ame t ar , or, near the coast

and its northnrn

and southern

limits, mlch smaller

and often not more than 20 or 30 feet tall.

The Ye Ll.ow Birch W11ir;h Ls one af the larsest
deciduous-leaved
North America

trees of the forest s of nor-tneent ern

is distributed

valley of Rainy river,

from Newfoundland

to

aout.hwar d t.hro nor t.hern states

-36to Delm7are:U1cl along Alleghany

mour.t.af.na

pe aks of North Carolina and Tennesee,

ern Minnesota.

Usually

to 11igh

and to north-

inhabitR moist uplands,

gro~ing in rich soil.

T:w t ree is one 0[ the most va Luab Le timbertrees of the north.

The wood is heovy, very strong,

hard, and cLo s e=g r-a Lned Viit.ha satiny surface.

TIle

SI!ecific gravity is 0.6553, a cub i c loot weigh-

ing 40.84 pounde , Lar ge Ly used in the r.anuract.ur-e

of furniture,

or t.utt on and tassel mou Lde , and

match boxes and for fuel.

This tree requires

10V! temperature

and abun-

dant moint1l.reto develop its beauty.

This Birch, also , is found only in the Arboretum, tho good. t.rees grow f'outh of' the College.
Genus OSTRYA, SCop.
Ostrya Virginiana,

(Mill.) Koch.

(C8.fOinus Ostrya, Linn)

I r-onwood , Hop Hornbeam.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate,

aCl~inate

or acute

at the apex ,
A tree, occasionally

50 or 60 feet in height,

VIith a short trunk 2 feet in (Hameter, but usually

not more than 20 or 30 feet tall, ~"ith a trunk from
12 to 18 inches thick.
The IrontlOod uaua L'l.y gr-ows on dry gravelly
810~es and ridges, often in the shade of Oaks,

-37-

Maples,

and other large trees ann is distributed

f~om Cape Brreto:nI e land ':.l~'''o

valley of st. Lawrence
river to northArn
Dakotas,

kinnesota,

eastern

the Black Hills of

ard northern

Nebraska

s out.hwar d to F Lo r-Lda and Texas.

w.i th compar-a

and Kansas,

The t r-ee .,rows

ttve raYJicii
t y , is V(jl~yha rrtv and in not

easily defaced by insects

or fungal diseases.

The 'T!oodin heavy, very a t ror g and hard, tough,

exceedingly

close-grained,

durable

the soil and takes a rare polish.

gravity
pounds.
handles

in contact Y!ith
The specific

is 0.8284, a cubic ~aot weighing

Used for fence ponts,

51.62

levers, mallets

and

of tools.

The Colle~e woods and the Oak ~oods north of

the college

are literally

vhich occasionally

fil~ed ~ith this tree,

grows to a large size.

good trees are standing

Many

on the campus.

Genus CA~~lMUS, Linn.

Carpinus

Caroliniana,

VTalter.

(C. Ane ricana, Michx.)

Blue Beech.
Involucres
ly toothed

Hornbeam.

of f~'uit uS1'.ally3-1obed,

on one margin.

Leaves

and coarse-

ovate-oblong,

sharply serrate.
A blF,l:ytre , rarely 40 feAt in height, with
a short flute(l trunk occasionally
arid

a wl.clegraceful

cUi/I.

a t t r.c north ;:renerally srirubbv

2 feet in dia:neter,

airy head; u sua L'ly much smaller

,;-ri

t.h numerous

-38-

s Lender spre adi.ng "terns.

Carr)inns Caroliniana

.i nhaba ts

the borders

of

tre.'~s and swamps, gro~-ing uaua L'l.y in dee:p moi at

r~ch soil.

It

ranges

from Quebec to Ghores of

Georgian Bay, south~ard

northern

Minnesota,

t~e Indian
size

to Florida,

eastern

Territory

on west slo:pe of Alleghany

close-grained.
a cubic
for

N~'raska

and Texas.

The wood is heavy,

foot

levers,

westward to

It

and Kansas,
grows to largest

mOlUltains.

very strong,

Tite epec Lf'Lc gravity

weighing

45.41 pounds.

hAndles of tools,

hard,

and

is O. 728G,
SOlllatir.!es used

add othcr

small

arti-

clA~-;

As 1;"ith the Ironwood so ~"ith the

a1 though :perhaps not quite

GO

13 lue

abundarrt and f'ewer

spec unens are found on the Campus. I t is

more than a shrub in this

Beech,

locality.

seldom

-39Family FAGAC}i;AE.
Genus FAGUS, LLi.:1.
Fagns Americana,
(F. fer~ginea,

Sweet.
Ait.)
sudt.n , )

(F.at:r'o}mnicea (Marsh.)
Beech.
Lobes of the calyx o~ tje
short and rounded.
dentate,serrate,

stRminate

Le::1"/e8
oblong-ovate,

~lo~ers
coarsely

deciduous.

A tree, llGFnlly 70 or 80 feet, but under

favorable
height

conditions

occasionally

120 feet in

With a trunk 3 or '1 feet in o.iame ter-.

When crowded

in the forest the Beech grows tall but

when the ',ranc:1eshav e room for free lateral

g rovrth , it if-;short, sturrted , art the short t runk
(Uv-.:i des into numerous

Ltnbs ,

Altho le s common than several

the Pe1ch is one of the most uidely
trees of eastern North America.
rich Goil of uplands

distributed

It inhabits

a'd mountain

the

slo~es, where it

o.rt.on forms nearly IjUre forests.

thro southern

of the Oaks,

Its range is

Canada to nor-tnern WiscOiIRin and

sout.nwar-dto Florida

and thro Illinois

"nd Missouri

to Texas.
The y:or,ci
is harrt, tough, very close-grained,
and takes a fine polish;

it is not rlurable in con-

tact with the soil and is inclined

in drying.

The specific

gravity

to check badly

of dry Tood is

-400.6883,

a cubic

I"OOtvleighing 42.89

pounus ,

Lar;'sely used in r anuf ac t.ur-e of cha l rs ,FL10e

1
1as t s,
hanCl.Ciesof tools

and for fuel.

The Beech is the t~ee of all

nieghborhood.

Some of the finest

are :Beeches.

In the College

badly

and in the future

viill

trees
trees

woods it

in this
on the Campus
is dying out

pro'bably be rep}_aced

by ot.ho r trees.
Genus CA':JTANEA,
Adams.
Castanea

~entata,

(c. vesca,

Bork.

~i'ld.)

(C. Americana,

Raf.)

Chestnut.
Leav es oblong-lanceolate,
and glabrous
in the

forest,

on both surfaces.

involucre,

A tree,

long-pointed,

green

Nuts two or three

flattened.

occasionally

V"ith a tall,

100 feet

straight

in height

colwnnar trunk

in the
3 or

4 rr-e t in clia!-neter, or or t en when unor owued by

n
t rees,
ot Her
exceptional
or 12 feet

d eve __
1op1Hg a snor-t
00_

indtviduals

attains

trunk
-

which in

a char;1eter of 10

ana 1'!hich usua i.i.v dj_vides r.o t far

the ground iY'to 3 or 4 stout

horizontal

a r oao Low round-toPl')ed head.

above

liDbR forming

-41C11estnut ranges

Tl:e

:f:tom Laine

pastern

Ontar i o and t'ic;higan,

Indiana

a:-.d along

and Missi8si~pi
Tennesee.
northern
size

ont hwar-d to Delaware,

mountains

and to central

states,

wh ere it

liable

light,

drift

age.
soft,

not strong,

gravity

is

0.4504,

ing 28.07 pounc.s , Largely

c;hea}) fnrniture
and rails.

coarse-

to check and wa rp in drying,

c{pli t and very dur-ab l e in contact

The sjJecific

of the

Grows r3.})iclly to a large

to a great

The 1I';00dis

to AlAbama

KAntuc~and

Very ccmr.on on glacial

and lives

grained,

Alleghany

fl

t:_ro ;-)outh-

ai.d

Tlle nuts

easily

v7ith the soil.

a cubic

t'oo t vleigh-

uaert in manut'act ur-e of

for railroad

ties,

fence

posts

are of much oonmerc i a I import-

ar ce ,
The only cnes tnuts
ty are in
eWIne

fine

t.h e

College

Arboretmn.

sl;eciuens

Lar-ge

1\11.t8. ver'y severe

Roil is well

now g r-owLng in thiS

A

years

1'8\7

ago

were groyJi ng on the campus,

';'-inter ld~L1ed them all.

adapted

locali-

to this

Our

tree.

Genus QUERCUS,Linn.
Quercus alba,

Linn.

'Nhite Oak.
Leaves obovate-oblong,
7-lobed,

or

A tree,

pinnatifid,

obliquely,
pale

grovring to average

usually

and glabrous
height

helon.

of frOTn

-4280.

to 100 fr::et, w i t.h a trunk

The principal
regularly

lim'O)sare stout,

and, spreading

from the stem at a broad angle

s Lfght ly zigzag
slender

3 or 4 f'e et in diar.'lel.er.

~igid

rianner-,

ir-

and in a

form an oIJen cr ovn or rather

branches.

Leaves are wedge-shaped

at tl1ebase.
The Fhi te Oak ranges
and Ontario;
southern
Kansas,

the lo~er

Minnesota

peninsula

to southeastern

of Dandy plains

of rich

tom-lands.

uplands,

Nebraska
and Texas.

intervales,

1.':it.h Hickories,

and
It

is

and gravelly
and moist

Sometimes forms pure f'orests

associated

Quebec

of Michigan and

and ~wuthward to Florida

an inhabitant
ridges,

from l.mine thro

bot-

but oi'ten

the Red Oak r.nd VIllite

Ash.
This

is

one of the rno s t valuable

Lmpor t arrt timber

t r-ee s of North America.

00.1<.

~ood is

strong,

grained

and durable

1e t 0
13-801 __

E,

cooperage.

fores t,
now left.

in contact

cub l c foot

used for

The

hard,

. ~ ~n dI~ying
Cllec;\....L
__ . ..L

is 0.7470,
Largely

ve~y heavy,

tough,

rdththe

rreighing

ship buil~ing,

uut

only

r, as
...,

The
0108e-

Roil,

altho

T~e sl_)e01ric gravity

46.35 pounds.
sonstruction

One of bes t woods for

CE1.!111)US

and

and

fLiel.

originnL!-y
-Oe1'"

C1. .L

.1

01:>

covered vrith e>ak

t1-'--'e Hold settlersH
are

Tl-lese are dyj_ng oirt badly

2_ t

the t 0:0,

.e f'ac t that the t'ore~t cover is

due, to t.1r
'~,.
1 es eacb year anrl, also,
removed froE1 unrler t.n e .r e

probably

J"

-43-

t.he soil

is much dryer

t nan Ln t"ne j)ast,

du~

to

GenUGQUERCUS,Linn.
QU8J'CH8inacrocarpa,
Bur-r- Oak.
Leaves obovate
OJ' deeply

and pubescent

or 170 feet,

l'i')ing

pinnatifid

usually

pale

a trunk

for

height

Oaks of eastern

'30metinc s to a 1-1et,~)1
t of 160

formtng

of limbs

Tl~e average

or ~ivided

one of the largest

North America,

80 feet

lobed

lyrate1y,

on th e lovrer surface.

This is

and clear

]\Iossy Cup Oak.

or oblong,

8imlately

}.Lchx ,

6 or 7 feet

70 or 80 feet

in dUm1eter

above tile ground..

of Burr Oak is not more than

and toward its

northern

liutt

is

refulced.

to a 10Vlsrrruo ,
The Purr
lands,

oak usua Ltv

or intervales,

west,

10Vl

the foot

r Lch bo t tom-

10VI,

It

r-anges from Ney! BrunsliIick

in Canada and f'r-om Maine Vle~;tVlarn.to

hills

vrestern

ts

or "oD''.ettr:es in the north-

dry hills.

to Manitoba

Lnhabi

of the Rockies

Nebraska

and central.

to Tennesee,

Indian

~erritory

'd
f.reque~loGan

genp.,rally

in Montana and to
Kansas and s out.hwee t
and Texas.

Most

dist:;" ibut ed Oak of Nebraska

and Kansas.
This Oak is
trees

of North America,

strength
(';8]'1'T
.., ~... '
.,

one of the
its

mo s t

valuable

wood being

superior

to the White Oak, w i t.h wh i.ch it

o oru'ounrted
l.
Ct,.
\/

11 .. l.

1+ Ls
w"

'1'18RV1T,'/,

timber

is

commer-

nt iong , hard,
--

in.

t.curn ,

-4~-

close-g~ained
soil.

and very \,
r.l'lra.ble l'n can t act ITith the

The specific

'i.reighing 46.40

~r8vity

""

, 0.7453,
lS

a cubic

root

po'mds.

For c ome reason

in this

region

this

tree

gr-ows but scantily

and few good spec:imens can be found.

Genus QUERClJS,Linn.
Quercus prinus,

Chestnut

Oak.

Leaves obovate
na te,

coarsely

acute

teeth.
A tree,

feet

usually

6 or 7 feet
15

60

toothed

or 70,

w i th a trunk

in diRmeter,

',':itil r-ounded or

OC'38.S

divided,

rich

rarely,

of the ground,
a broad

rather

head.

This Oak is
l1ilJ_stdes

100,

generally,

JJlrge lir:1bs whi.ch npr ead into

open irregular

omlly

3 or 4, or,

or 20 t'ee t a; .ove the surface

into

an Appalachian

tree,

and groTIs on

and the high rocky banks of' strem:ls

in

and deep or in ::;oTY1etiE1GS

sha Ll ovr and rather

s t.er-i j.e soil.

It

rculges t r om Maine to northern

Georgia ar.d Alabama.

3Q:lt11

West1:'!ardthro NeVIYorlc and

to Kentucky and Tenesee.

The ~ood is heavy,

close-gralne,
able
is

Rock Cl1e.t nut Oak.

or oblong to lanceolate-acurni-

cr-enaae.lv

in height,

Linn.

tough,
s t ro ng , r~,t.h~r
.~

cf'_-J,{':..Ju,lt
d , a_Ltno
di1_
to seasoD,
1
~

in contact

0.7499,

...:l
1laru,

with the coil.

a cubic

and e1,ur-

The s~ecilic

foot weig:~1ing 46.73

gravity

pounde .

-45-

TJa;rg01yused. for r'enc i ng

'-', railroad

ties,

f'or

ar.d

fuel.
This Oak is much more abundant
College
c.

than

the Bl'rr
Oalr I~l
4," t11e College

any young Chestnuts

Oaks are

w i t.h the maples and Ashes,

0' 1t

t 11 e

about

tIle
'.'foods

f-1tarting u.J.:' awl

- \,..- t.uey
-,

Y'illgradudlly

crowd

Beech.
GelUt8 QUERCUS,Linn.
Quercus rubra,

Linn.

Red Oale.
Leave,s oblong-oLJovate
lobed,

t~la lobos

bases,

an d

RCU

A tree,

t.e and usue.l Iy denta te at

usually

70 or 80 feet
wi

smooth and light

Quercus rubra

trees
rich
drift

of eas tern
uplands,

It

is

I t ge~erally

:iLn;labit s

s Lze on gLacLaL

nor-der s of streams

from Nova Scotia

and

to the divide

s out hwar'd to Tonesee and

Nebraska

on8 of tIle largost

the forest

trees

of the Oak-

and along m'~untains to Georgia

ward to eastorn
is

on young stems

t11e most boreal

gr-ovf.ng to a large

west of' Lake superior,

Virginia

in

gray.

America.

ranges

Dr occasionally

of the limbs of large

and the Ylell-clrain(:d

swamps.

t he ends.

th a t runk 3 or 4 foet

The bark of the trunk

a 11.0. on the upper part

is

p.Lnnat.Lf Ld-:

t ape r fng gr[v'Lnally from broad

150 f'e e t in height,

d i amet ez-,

to oblong,

and central

and west-

Kansas.

and most co~;on trees

of the northern

states.

It
in

-46-

'I'he wo od i8 heavy, har-o , s t.r or.g , coarse-grained, and liable to check b8~1'r,) in tL.J.'Ylng.
1Q
'
oi fic g rav i ty is 0.6621, a cuo
ic
~ <
_

.
IOO

The s:Je-

t we i.ghd ng

41.25 pounds.

Used largely in constrllction and

in manufacture

of chea.p furniture.

~o Oak of the northern

rapidly

or can

states grows more

be more easily transplanted.

The Red Oalt is 'very abundan t on the Campus

and in the woods cabout
u -,
..
~ ""-"
Ldle ('
uO 11
_ege.

In many places

it S8elTlSto be coming in and taking t he place of

the \Vhite Oak.
Genus QUERCUS,
Quercus

cocoinea,

Scarlet

Ltnn.
Muench.

Oak.

Leaves oblong or obovate,

light green and

de ep Ly lobed, 1I'1i
th broad rounded

lustrous,

the slender

s.i.nus es ,

lopes coarsely repanclly dentate

to~ard

the apex ,
This tree grows 70 or 80 feet in hetght,
with a trunk from 2 to 3 feet in diameter
paratively

sma L'lbr-anches

and

COn1-

which spread gradually

an ('I. f'o rm a rather narrow open head, or usually

much smaller.
Tl-:,.e
Scarlet
ns"al1y

Oak Lnhab i ts light, ctry and

sandy soil. It ranges from Uaine thro Cen-

tral Michigan

and Htnnesota

to southeastern

raska, and sont1wmrct to North carolina.

abundant

in coast regions

Neb-

Extremely

sou t.h of HassachRsetts

-47-

Bay.
dry,

Less abundant
gravolly

Pignut

l'

uplands

n t'nA interior,

on

rri+h
" BlLack Oak, Red Oak and

Hickory.

The woon. i8 heavy,

grained.

Tl:e

0,7095,

a cubic

har~_,
an~_
v
'-' s t rong but

s pe cLt Lo

root

grav i ty of' dry

neighing

vro

longnr

other

110

are more s~lend1'd

1>
or re t fun
' for

tiDe their

beauty.

Few Scarlet

Oaks grou in this

where t:-ne.ycio brow are confounded

and Black Oaks.
northeast

od is

42.20 pounds.

The Autumn co l ois of' the t'o Laag e of

American tree

coarse-

A fine

of Williams

and

c>
re~ion,

w Lth the Red

spec1Den stands

just

Hall.

Genus QUERCUS,Lmnn.
QueTcus velutina,
(Q. tinctoria,
( Q. nigra,
Black Oak.
Leaves ovate
lobed,
tate

nith
lobes,
A tree,

feet

broad

DuRoi. )

Yellow-l::lark Oak.

or obova t e , slightly
or narrovr nearly

often

or den-

or 4 feet

150

in diameter,

gradually

into

The Black Oak inlul.bi ts dry

1).plands and ridges.

to Florid:;.,

entire

on the Lower' surface.

lJranc11es rrhic h spread

I.iaine t hr o Ontario

or deeply

70 or 80 and occasionally

w Lt.h a trunk

a nar-r-ow open hAad.

gravAlly

~ichx.)

llSlU3.lly pubescent

in height,

am. slender

Lam.

to centritl

HangeD from coast

tdmjesota,

of

southward

Al8.b8.Yil~an(l
KanR8.S, Il1(lian Terri tory

and

-48Texas.
The wood is
not

heavy,

t ougn , coarse-grained,

drying.
foot

The 8~ecific

weighing

Larg el y in

43.90

g~avity
poun~s.

Lar-ge

the woods

:==;-"ocimon8are

Oak.
north

strong,

Ii_able
is

to

0.7045,

altho
check

This
of

n t anru.ng

the

is

a v e l Low n_ye.

more

loosely

used
In

imbricated

0.3k ae oms to

Colloge.

on t.lie

in

a miliic

The in. or bark

t.anm.ng and filrnir,h":ls

t.nan in t;~e Scarlet

into

a-d

ano

oak t.ne cup=s ca Le s are

this

ing

hard,

campus.

be com-

A fe~

-49Fat'1ily

ULMACEAE.
Genus ULMUS, Linn.

( U. ful va, 1:ichx )

Ulmus pubes cans
watt
SliJ!)ery
JOm.
Red F:lr.:l.
,

Flower~
Fruit

on short

nak ed on the

oblong,
lower

scabrous

hairs.

in

U ,'l)er,

Bl.J.d-8cales

GO to

fascicles.

Lcavo s ova t o-

pubescc:)},t on the

co at.ed 1.I!i
t.h rlFty

de s t i tute

70 feet

of corky
high,

can i ona l tv 2 t'e o t in diam.eter,

es wh i.ch usually

crowded

mar-gme , pubescent.

Branchlet8
A tree,

pedicels

on the

sur face.

br-own

'::ings.

'.'t th

a t r-unk oc-

and r:l)r0"8.cli g branch-

form a b ro ad open flat-topped

head.
Tlle Sli':)pe:r~y Elm is

r1.istributed

thro

Ontario

to

Horth

te tern

Dakota
Til lorida

and Texas.
EID.

and eastern

It

, central

hillsides,

banks

~~ere

The woo~ is

easy

to

r11lrc1.ble

of at r-ean-s

gro~s

heavy,
in

railroad

ties,

COf1Yl1on
t.r.an

hard,

contact

ferttle

ntrong,

A cubic

used

for

hubs

of rrheels

It

0108e-

s o i L, and
foot

fence

neighs

posts

and

and agricultural

ir:1.-

s,

1.
Y Ellm ~
,9~rO',7R
:plentifully
_ e S _l:per.
Th

region

soil.

very

w i t.h the

Largely

t:-:.e An'3rican

and l(y\~rrocky

in deep

splj t vrn t t e green.

43.35 pounds.

p l.emerrt

it

SO'l,tJ.w ard to

Alqbarfil arid Mississippi

}IJveryvll1el'e less
inhabits

grained,

Nebraska.

alo~g

rlr)()s'ot

the
sr-;em

river-bottoms

t0

1 ri

;:0.-,

a:d

t s ovrn

."

.,

in

"U;
L

in

1017

the

this
places.

'"'hi te

Elm cloes.

-50Genus ULMUS,Linn.
U'Irau s AmAricana, Linn.
Fhttc
Floriers

:E1m.I VTater Elm.

on long drooping

glah)rO'lS, ciliate
oblong

glabrous.

u9ually

FJ~uit

Lea"e~-' obovate-

smooth on the upper,

on t.ae 10VIer surface.

Branch1ets

A tree,
a tall

on t.hemar-g i ns .

to oval,

soft-pubescent

lJedicels.

destitu~e

Burt scales

of corky ~ings.

80Deti~eR 100 to 120 feet

trunk

to 11 feet

in rUul1eter,

enlf1l'.;cd at t:18 base into

The Villito Elm r-ange.
ward to no r-t.he.rn shores

hiJh,

great

~ith

frequently

buttresses.

fl'0i'1 Ne1!lfoundland \'lestof L8.~:c Slxl)erior and t he

eas t.ern base of the Rocky I'ountains

sont11ward to

Florida

and westward to Black Hills

of Dakota,

western

Nebraska,

and Texas.

It

Kansas,

p:ref01'8 bottom-lands,

a:1'l 101.7r i cn l1ills

Box-elder,

and the Indian

to split

foot

we i ghs 40.55

and rather

~ubs of wheels,
Cl'-~t~
l:.' u

t"!ll S t ree

in t ne region.
by large

of streams

1.7ith

Green Ash and the cottonwood.

cult

t)0

intorvalos

and gr-ows on barnes

Tile 1.';oDd
is rieavv , hard,

O ur

Territory

flooring

~'1,:)

ctlJi.'

l'

co)

is

largely

A c':bic
us ed for

and cooperage.

.al1d 80il
.i t

t cugh , dif-(i-

coarse-grained.

:pounds. It

,e ~-

strong,

seom particularly

adapted

one of tlH~ COLLlonef;ttrees

At -:;)resen_tt t is lJeing much hurt

nurriLiers of scale-insects

()

Ulnll8 r acemosa , Thor:las.

Rock
Flowers
sut e ,

E Im" ,

on long

Leav e-i obova

drooping

, s o t't pubeac

PUC_

e oa Les pube ru Lous .

The Rook Elm is

pedicels.

Branches

a tree,

a t.r unk o o can i.ona Ll.v

fOpreading

:J

Fruit

hir-

smoc t.h on

errt on t he Lowe r fnn~'ace.

upper

stout,

El m.

t e to oblong-oval,

the

w it.h

DoT'"
_ l\.

limbs

80 to
\l;1
fe*'t

L::S

en fllrnjJ'lJJ.erl

oft

100 fa thigh,

L_t, ter
Ln ri-'.Lcame

..L.

'

-::hich form a narrow

,10
~l

rt

r'ound-

tOP:Ded head.

r-ange

Tl1is tree

from Qnebed and Ontario

warrl t.n ro NeVIHampshire,

Vermont a.nd westv;arrl.. thro

N err York and DOl~thern l,11clligan to

r-aska , aon t.hc cn Lipsouri

~refers

dry gravelly

or rocky

slopes

close-grained
foot

~eighs

ties,
and

bridge

anrl.. takes

in manufacture

A few pIanted
on the

very

strong

a good polish.

It

i8 used

and sills

clay

soil

speci~ens

are

Gem..lE:-;
CELTIS,

railroad

buildings

j_lJpJf;wents.
gro~ing

Linn.

occidentalis,

and tough,

for

of large

of' agricultnral

Hackberry.

It

A cubic

campus .

celtis

?'Jeb-

cliffS.

45.20 pounds.
ti~)ers

tern

Tennessee.

or lou heavy

neavv , hard,

'J:11e','[ood is

northeas

and middle

uplands

and river

"o"th-

Linn.

Nettle-tree.

very

~ell

-52-

Lenves ovate to ovat'~-lanceolate,

coarqely

serrate.

Fruit large.

A tree, sometimes
slender

130 feot high, rrith a straight

trunk 2 to 3 feet in diameter.

free of br-anches
much snaller.
ly pendulous

Canada.

MasRaclmsetts

for 70 or 80 feet.

stout spreading,
branches,

The Hackberry
.i.n

~)~l~lrpl.y
and

Often
Usually

ridged or freq'..1ent-

'.,':lich
:form a handsome

is exceedi~gly

round-

rare and local

In t he Ur.I ted states it r81\:"e8from

to nor t.hweet er-n Nebraska,

n')rth

Dal{ota, sout ner-n Idaho, eas t.ern VTashtngton and

Oregon and the mountains

of Nevada and Ne~ kextOQ.

Son thward to Florida and to Mic'souri, eastern

sas, In~iCln Ter~itory
the eastern

and Texas.

states and abundant

Kan-

It is rare in
in the middle

states.

~he wood is heavy, rather soft, not ~~rong,

Clld coarse-grained.
pounds.

A cubic :foot 1:reiehs4[.41

It is largely used fIDr fencing

and for

lig11t furniture.

The tree groVls rapidly under

varied

of climate

conditions

and soil.

Just a tree here and t" ere are found in this

neighborhood,

and those seem to l-:.ide

themselves

avav on the 1'iver=bo t toms.

grow on these bottoms.

So,-18very Lar-ge trees

-53Family

MOHACJ:i~AE.
Genus

wnms,

Eorus

.runr-a , Linn.

L'irm ,

Tied Vulberry.
LeaveR ovate,
coated

'.7ith

pale

~mooth or scab-_a,te
"
pubescence

on t' 1-le ulJ)er,

on t h e Lowez- eur-f'ace ,

Frui t 01)10ng, clark :;)u:>'ple.

Tht s t s a tree,
Cl11

+t trunk

et er,

rarely

and stout

60 to
exceeding

ranges

tl1ro He':"!York , ont.az-f.o

RY1C1.

ea s t.orn 1'1 cbr-aska , Kansas

It

th

in

branches

o.Lam-

'::hi Cl1
head.

from Massachusetts
c en t rn I Lichigan

and. s out.nwar'd to

Lnnab i t.a t'le

rich

soils

to

sOllth-

Florida

of Ltervale

pr~ loa hills.

')lIle

rI000_

is

lig:1t,

t.oiign , coarse-gratnecl
tact

with

'FlOod

is

the
0.5898,

l!~uch used
Along
1'[00ds

.',-j.

3 or 4 feet

spr ead i r-g smooth

The Red Mulberry

Innds

h i gh ,

nr-cad r-ound=t opped shrrpely

:form a clmse

and Texas.

70 foet

are

for
the

soil.
8.

soft,

not

strong,

r<1t~lOr

and -"c'Jry n.ur8.ble when in

The svecific
cub.l c root

!Bencing,

I"reighing

of d~y

36.75

t' a e s an,-,_
-'I coonel'arre
b
J.

river-bot~oms

gJ'O':.'iEg quite

gravity

and in

-'

the

COl1-

pounde ,

College

a numbor of' healthy,

-G4Family MAG1ifOLIACEA~.
Genus MAGNOLIA,
Linn.

Flower-r)ud

enclosed

Flowers
sepals

perfect,

3; petals

solitary,

t err::!ll1a
. 1;

G to 12, in series

introrse;

p1stils

eloggated

receptacle.

'l)eT8j,stent,

in 8 e t.LpuLar- cadJ:l.COUS

inciefini te,

of 31s;

anthers

iI~brica ted on an

Carpels

ctrupaceons-baccate,

operu
" ng on tl re ..
naox
,-

8..

t rna t.ur-I ty

Seeds

drupaceous.
Tlle genus Magnolia
Amer-i.ca , southern
Asia.

Seventy

j.fj

cnnfined

to eastern

North

Hexico and eaa t er-n and aou t h er-n

species

are kriown , with six

in North

America.
Magnolia a oumi.na ta,
cucuinber=t.r-ee
t.eaves
glafirous.

deci0JJ,ouS, ovate
Young shoots

Lj_nn.

or Rub-cordate.

and wint~r

rmui t

buds densely

pubescent.
A taU

slender

b ranchee

d~ring

t~eir

from western
southern

60

tllrf)e or four

vri t.h a trunk

young

tree,

feet

third

season.

Ne~ York thro

,'r1.,'.)t

This tree
srnlthern

light

rtver

is

distributed

Ontario

to
Alabama

in Arkansas.

yelloW brown in color,

',')tl~.{)'Y,.',.,g
v

'rhe

tllrntnr.:; gray

sQuthYJarci to southern

and west of lLi~)sissippi

The wood is

in n eigh t,

in a.inmeter.

are brj,.;l1t red-brown,

Illinois,

.
sor t , sa tJlny,

to 90 fe;t

]y,t close-grained

and

,ur-

-55-

ar Le , tho not of much

t~lnks

inpo,.'t anc e ,

are sometimes U.8erl._

'
_ f'()r ':;a-:,er
pipes
B'lt on e [;oocl s'[loci,-'(;11 or

on the Campus, ann. t>at

Chemical Laboratory.
and gr-ows

s t.nnrs
l~j

l71h'

J.

a110

t.h
-; a
1.i s
,,-. t r-oe
v

just

)''''''()'"ll'
rvtr
~.L
,

,'"

,,_,)

ea s t

troughs.

of t he

t r-e e.' a s hard:1

wel L,
Genus LIRIODENDHOH,
Linn.

Flov!cr-bud
spathe.

C'l(l~COUS

nial;

enclosed

sepals

Flovlers 'perfect,

3; petals

extz-or-se , pistils
samaraeform,
receptacle

in a two-valved

solitary,

inclifini

indehi~3Cent,

te,

imbricated.

deciduous

calrpels

tr-orn the

at maturity.

in eastern

species,

round

North America and v!e~::;tern China.

Liriodandron

tulipifera,

Tulip-tree.

In favored

150 to 190 feet

Linn.

Whit e-wood,

\Vint 8:' IJuds are

dark red covered \7ith glaucous

localities

this

tree

ranges

from Rhode Island,

vermont to~ out.h phore of Lake }achigan,

to northern

grows from

high.'

The Tulip-tree

Florida

and Mississippi,

thro

southward

Rnd westward

No vi tally destruct 1ve

'
tree
1.-.j- l':i
easily
are known to prey on t De
.

in Hi;sollri
insects

term-

6; in two rows; anthers

This genus has only a single

bloom.

f',tj_l)ular

and Arkansas.

I)rol::a?grated from seed nreG. easily

transl)lanted.

-;:;6Und~r favorable

circuDstances

it gro~s rapidly

So~e o~ the largest trees in this vicinity

are Tulip trees.

A tree stands here and there, TIell

'1bove the o t.hr r- trees, and is very b eaut.Lf'u I -.:llen

inl)lo~:;som. The trees on t.he Campus gre'\lin t.ne
original
s8lves.

Oak forest and now,

seldom reproduce

t.riem-

-[;7Family LAURACEAE.
GenltS

SASSAFRAS,Hnes nn~ Eb8rm.

Sassafras
A tree,
a trunk

sassafras,

occa8ional~y

Karsten.

80 or 90 felt

c;om~ti;neb nearly

6 feet

short,

stout,

more or less

s pread

a tmos t at l~ight angles

in riiaLlcter,

contorted

setts

is

(Hstributecl

t.hr-o

vermorrt , Ontario,

southeastern

Iowa to eastern

and

branches
the

tr-om

formj_Y1,g
a nar-r-ow u sua l Ly fl3.t-top~)ed
The Sap,safras

high TIith

t runk ,

head.

from Hassachu-

central

liicllignn

ROll;

it

is

aromatic

color.

A cubic

largely

u s ed for

light

~'ly

It

oranGe broTIn in

I.'oot we.i.gns 31.42 pounds.

It

is

and r-a i.Ls , ancl f'or

boats.
~'hi8 tree

(..\...l.........-,o,,)

and dull

t'ence posts

t.ur o

Kansas and t.he Indian

Ter:::'itory.
s out.nwar-d to Florida and Texas.
r ound
i8 1lp.l.Jal1_yin rich sandy \'Tell-drained
loam.

the

wm ch

i13

+0 (~ I' }'YP
A.

I...

C)J

quite
size
--

common and gr(}1;7s, occa:=-;ioYlin thiS

Vicinity.

-58-

Fanily

HAMAMELIDACEAE.
oenus LIQUIDAMBAR,
Linn.
Lj-q1l.id.ambarstyraoiflua,
Leaves deeply

trunk

5 to 7-1obed,

4 or 5 f'e et in diameter.

Linn.

Lus t r-oue , a e t.r-ai.grit

FIO'.'Jers aPl)Oar f!'om

March to the end of May, TIh8n tho leaves

more than half

grown.

The L'iqua dambar- ranges

t r-orn

Missouri,

and :'.lOuthward to Florida,

Arkansas,

Lndi an Ter:~i tory

prefers

r t ch river

Red 1'laples,

Tupelo,

season

altho

and white

and warps easily.

thence

to
thro

Texas.

wheee it

It

gr-owa

1!lj_ th

Ash.

hard,

not st~ong.

connecticut

and eastern

bot tom-lands

The wood is ~eavy,

grained,

are

straight
It

is

and 0108e-

difficult

Used. principally

to
for

~ave-

merit and t'r-u i t boxes.

T11is is

an introdueed

tree

in this

region,

and only one small

s-)ecimen gro'.78 on t.no Campus.

Thjs

and strong.

seems thrifty

-59-

Fa~ily

PLATANACEAE.
Genu' PLATANUS,Linn.
Platanus

occidentalis,

Sycamore.
Leaves broadly
t'l.e lobes
rarely

usually

Linn.

B,ltton7~Tood.

ovate,

obscurely

serrulate-tootheo.,

to 5-1obed,

truncate

02:'

Yledge-s:laped at tile bace , :{ead of frui t

uaua LIv solitary.

tree,

occasionally

140 to 1~0 feet

a t ru nk so~,,tiYle8 10 or 11 feet
its

abruptly

g round

large

emlarged

in to several
t runcs

~ith

in diD.Y:1etcr, ',bove

o.r t on eli v Ld.ed Lear t r.e

base.

large

high,

secondary

trunks.

The

a+e u s'ual Ly ho Ll ow to a considerable

h e i gh t abov e tile ground.

The svcamor-e

inhabits

and 18.1::.esand rich

NeV!

no t t orn-Landa ,

E::.rnpHhire wes tnar-d

Kansas,

to eastern

sout:r117arclto Florida,

The specific

gravity

o .5678,

a cubic

is used

t'or t obaoco boxes,

and

the 1)order8 of s t.r-eams

Many large
pus,

tho they

SOL10

very

t'Lne

ranges

Nebraska

central

f::,:,om
and

Al~bama 2.nd

of the dry wood is

t'o ot weighing

8oriietil!lc~Sfor

It

35.39

pounds.

ox-yo}(8sand

intfrior

f'ur rti ture,

t'inish.

syoa.nore trees

s t.anrt about

seem to be gradllally
specj_:Ilens can

It

the Cam-

disa.LJpearing.

be se8n along

rl . ver- b 0 t tcorns am' back

....
\. a fo,:! ~llu1drect rods.

the

-60-

Family ROSACEAE.
Genus PRUNUS,1in_1..
Prun'!.lS serotina,

~hrh.

Dil~ Dlack Cherry.

Calyx-lobes
Leaves
ually

oblong

ne rs i et.ent .
_

Ov

RlliDCherTY.
0bl

0~one
("<'

to lanceolate-ob.'_.ong,

ong-obovate.
grad-

'1 ~.::;u.a11;\T

acuminate.
A tree,

s omet u.r-s

stout

viJ.th bitter

a t t.at mnc~

s tratznt
~

a hc i gh t

trunk

The ~loITers appear

ar-oma

tic

bark

leaves.

and

of 100 f'e,,' e t

lt h

1,,' l

.J_

or 5 f'co
-'l'
t er.
'" t li n ~tl8.1ne

nhon the leaves

are

about

half

grown.
The

RV1l1

s out.hv.az-d

Cherry

is

dittri'uuted

t.hr o t.he eastern

t'r-om Nova scotia

states

to Florida

and wes twar-d to t he valley

of' the I.:if;si sippi

the Dakotas

Nebraska,

and to eastern

Indian

Territory

and Texas.

ran;08

in New Mexico nnd Arizona

South Arcer.ica .
r:ith

I t is

Light

a close

Alon~ t~e mountain

to central

grorrs in rich

one of tlle most valuable

lig~t,

straight

-,":'"('o,:'n
or red,

A cubic
Itt:J

the

and

moist

ao i L

t.Lmoe'r

of the American forest.

The ~ood is

~ith

u";nally

Kansas,

the vr.nite Oak, Blue Ash, suga r' 1'[aple anrt the

Hickories.
trees

It

in

foot

grain
r;tth

thin

and rather

and a satiny
yellow

-:'ood in AL1erica for

finish.

hard,
Bufface.

sap-wood.

of the dry wood wei ghs 36.28

the beht

and interior

strong

cabinet

i)Ounds.
l'1al<.ing

-61-

Only a f8W ~ood BlackC~er~ios

t.h e

:;:roriil1t;;on

CarJpus but many can be t'ounn in t ':e Oak 'Hoods

north

and east.

the great

As th e 0 tl ier trees

taJ.l

cher-r i es p,eem to

e and clisa-,pear.

..:3",1'
"~.

_"

are cut out

1

FRl'lily LEGUHINOSEE.
Genus CEHCIS, Linn.
Flov;eTs fasciclGi
ous,

shortly

teeth

'")1'

turbinate,

imbrico.ted

:iJacemose; calyx
5-toothed,

in aestivation;

cliscifer-

the short,
corolla,

sub-

papilionaceous,

t.l;e uppe r l')et::"tl the smallest,

ins~rted

the ot~ers;

within

Legume cOrJl)ressed,
ventral

suture.

broad

ovary many-ovuled.

narro,:r-\finged

on t ne

Leaves simple.

Cercis

canadensis,

Linn.

Red Bud. Judas Tree.

Flowers
acute,

in seqsile

cordate,
11.

small

12 feet

or truncatr-J:tt

tree,

w i t.h a ~;traight

cluster~.

from the ground,

whi ch form an ul)right

into

or often

The Judas Tree is widely

New Jersey
and Missi
Luuisiana,
on ~order8

the base.

ometiroes 40

tI'unk usually

Leaves ovate,

or 50

tect

separating,

high,
10 or

Rtont branches
a vlide flat
distributed

head.
from

.d
1".'J"estv,"ard
to 110rt:i.ern AlAbama
to F101'1 a,
fdPpi,

and not:thwes t1.7ard to Missouri,

It grorrs
111(U8nTerritorY,
end Texas.
bottom-landS.
of swamps and on rich

-62T~"lenood is

he avy
, ha
v
1[, rd . ,
a 1 t'1 io nc .C ve: Y a t r or.g ,

and rather

cOArse-gral'ned.

absolutely

dry .
moel is

we i ghs

0 .6~G3
v

,ann.. ' a cubic

of

root

t lie "Tood i8 'not of

pounds , VThilt~

39.65

much Lmpor t.arioe

used

TIle
' ~,
~
~.;J)eClllC
;~""avity

cornuercially

the

1'or or-nament aj

purposes.

The Hed Bud is

on l.v

tree

tqll

8.

is

much

and anly

8:1rub here

a few s~)emir1(mf'~a r e t'ound on t he Campus.

A few

in

Garden

the

Arboretum

make np

the

and ono in

the

Botanical

number.
Genlls GLEDITSIA, Linn.

Flowers
calyx

reg;ular,

campanulate,
3 or 5,

petals

polygamous

disci1'erous,

t mbr-t.cat.cd

3 to

in

2-valved.

Leaves

5 lobed;

aestivation,

subae s e t Le , 2 or ;18.nyovul.ed .
or tll1rdily

by abortion;

ovary

Le gume inclehiscent
abruptly

pinnate

or b i.p l nna.t e ,
Gleditsia

triacanthos,

Linn.

Honey Locust.
Legl.D:le linear-oblong,
'~Ehiscent
JU Ip y, lnll~
.

A tree,
1'1'0111
75 to
spines,

IJeaflots

growing
140 f',et

under
htgl1.

3 or 4 inches
t.r
1ne noney

m ;

Alleghany
Ontario

8;1(1

central

r::runk is

oonditions
c:overerl pith

Hir.1ple or 3-forlced.

'Y>..Lf1l'1o:'Ofl

,.

f'l'oEl rresT,\'j'n rIo'ie

in pe~nyslvnnia
chigan

Hebras:::'a and sO'lt:.:rra1'd to

uany-seeded,

lanceolate-oblong.

favorable

long,

t.ocust
; ..)

mountains

elongated,

to

tl:ro

of

sontl1ern

eaf:~t8rn Kansas

nor t.l11e1'n Al~bara

'-" '.1

Jr'

c 1

,I.

and
~hBS-

-63-

If':SllJl>l

c,j!ct Texas.

streams

and tntcrvale

vValnut,

Sl1ellbark

Boxelder

I~ in:18.bits
lands,

Riot.ory,

VA~y ~)rable
used
It

Red EIL1,

posts,

with

can be propa1ated

and t.ha t just

A few trees

of' this

Ash,

COIT.

only

of VIheems.

:1l1tJS

and is

free

from

insects.

Only one Honey Locust

College,

.....,
lue

soil.

and

from seed

ar.d a r.t.ack s of

1.7ith Black

o Loeo=g r-n Lned , ',nd

the

railf3

of

Tree.

strong,

tn contact

t'o r fence

diseases

half

grr"::ing

and Kent.ucky Coff'ee

'1']le nood if~ hard,

+:le borders

gJ'o.-rir.g no.u- the

is

north

or the

s'oecies

are

Arboretum.

grov:ing

about

way to Lan~ing.
Genus GYHNOCLfCUS,Lam,
1 f',!.'.:118 turgid

r.oave

or oompr-e s sed,

une qua Ll.y bipinr!.8. t e ,

GYinnocladus dioicus

(1.)

( G. ca:nadensis,
Kentucky

t a e 10VJ8st pinnae
to

.I .."

1eaveo)
-- 14-15

to

pi}1nate,

e irnp.Le leaflets,

into

from 75 to

110 fe..;t

10 or 15 foet

3 or 4 principal

The coffee
J:.1eVl

reduced

gr,(),,'i
ng
w. -'-""
~

u sna L'Ly separating

~round

Tree.

the

7 +0
13-folio1ate.
v

A tree

Coffee

Koch.

Lam.)

. 1.
t crma.na

Inflorescence

o t'ne~s
" ~,

'."oody, 2-val v ed ,

Tree

is

and

f:.pom the

divisions.

distributed

Yorlc t.h ro Pe" sylvania

high

from western

and southern

'iic11i.:;an to

-64-

ea s t er-n Nebraska and Kansas a ....',l

rl s out.hwes
..
t er-n Arl\:,

arsas

,Cl,

and 'wut:lward t 0 Te11ne!O!ee.

'
~
I T,

0!18

if]

of

-v

the raeBt

of tho forett

trees

of eastern

~orth

lands.
The ~ood is heavy, not ve~y h rd,
coarse-grained,

l~ahle

durab Le in contact
in cabinet

the river-bottoms
good trees

to c~eck in ~~ying and very

wi t.h t ne c;oil.

making and for

Tlle Ker.t.ucky

tro~g,

U8e~ largely

f811Ce PO') ts and rails.

Coffee Tree is

quite

abundan t along

Routh of the ~ollege

are grorying in sheltered

on the Carrlpus. The trees

and a few

positions

a:n seom to

1-"8

Y' ..ung

ant .rea l t:l y

Genu.s CL1l.DRAST IS,
Flo7ren3 in a.apLe tormnial
5-toothed,
corolla

the teeth

Eaf.

am c i ee : calyx

iE11F'icated in aestivntion;

l)al)ilio$l,.'1CeOllS;~)t ameris

stipitnte,
' .1
t ar(tl_y
destitnte

mary-ovuled.
rle1 l' scent
\,l,"1_,"

d.istinct,

ovary

Legur18 linear-COl~'-~)ressed,

LecRvesunen~~
u2.11y. pimla te,

of stipules.
Cladrastis

lutea,

Koch.

(C. tinctoria,

Raf.)

Yello~ pood.

Virgilia.

A cree,

trunk

'ro1,11 to 2 feet

vided 6 or 7 fe jt fl~orn

u'mally r'li.,
ground Ln t o .. , or 3 Gtems.

in diaLleter,
t~18

ith

pubeflcence

',""1'1

'11

r.nevOf appear

-65but

b cco.ae gJabroHs.

SO'Jn

yellow

rather

late

in

7"'1:(1.,
_.

1eav os t,'lrn

"

'U

a l')1'lg ht

\Ok)

t'_~_eAu t umn, <:oli;etilrl~ before

faIling.
The Ye Ll ow Hood is
of tho trees

looal
is

found

North

only

j.~"

Fhite

hardy

!~lere

Ash,
far

8.S

with

the

Neri England

RS

very

dry wood is
pounds.

It

an ....
rl ,:?f:trts

grows ~ith

of

Black
Tree.

It

and Ontario.

har-t , strong,

a smooth surface.

wo i gh Lng 39.12

for

}lo~.t_n
.
~ . Ar
..lerloa.

White Oak and Tulip

heavy,

co

.;tv of aosolutely

ally

it

north

The w ood i
grained,

of eastern

an-t most

rarest

in Ken t.uokv ,Tonnesee

CaIDolina,

We,lnut,

one of the

The specific
0.6278,

Used i'or

gravt'o o t

cubic

fuel

c.Loac--

2.'lrl

and occasion-

gun-ntoclcs.

onov erv fine

t1F3 Cai;1PUS

;'l!)8cil.18n of this

jlJ.c:t no r tn

ing.

Th:Ls Hsually

thro;

years,

of the

fRv\jrab1e

gr-ows

Union Li tArary

b 1.O:)~-)O.1S only

but in

tree

about

years,

Build-

o~

once

on

eVAry
in t1!70

years.
Genus ROBPTIA, Linn.
Flowers
the

in drooping

11"Operlobes

barely

1ongAr

J d
r;lany ovu.e

axi1J.ary

sUb-connate;

t.l
.Dan t.he
"

wl'
.1

nas

LAgu;:18linear,

0"

racemes,

calyx

5-1obed,

s t.andarvt

1art;;A :reflexed,

or keel,'

ovary

2-va1ved.

stipulate,

Leaves

uneQ'.~al.ly

pinnate.
The genus
in

the

. N,()rth AhlAricani
lD -

r,'"
dnl' t el.L..;)
,:

r,
t.>C\J

4 s~ec~es

o l' Y1 uex i co
+ es Rno
(' _. ." .
.
.'

..'

are

found

Pany insects

t'e ed

-6Gupon Robinia,

wn i ch iR al

Robinia

ef' r'ec t.ed by t'unga l diseases

(0

pseulacacia,

Locust.

Linn.

I~12.ck Lccus t .

FloV7ern wh i t e, in Blender
smooth.
A

Branc::es

of

and

ranges

118,,;

the ter:ri tory

tree

is

from Penriay Lvarrl a to northern

naturalized

of t.he Unit eel states

I t occurs

gro',-,'ing r," t.h Hickory,

of

in h o Lgh t , w i t.h a trunk

beCO!TBwidely

Hocl>:ymount af.ns ,

This

Walnut,

cont ac t ',':ith the Roil.

ThiR Locust
and.

It

east

0"

the

in granDs in t.nc :~'o:re8

t ,
Ash, and 'Vhite oak

TIle wood

hard and r~t1'Ollg, close-grained,

and for

in most

one of the most v a LuabLe timber

the Araer Lcan t'or ee t .

building

Leg1.1.ne

in ~ia~eter.

Tl1e Locust
Georgia,

racemes.

naked.

t.r-ee , 70 to 80 f-)et

~ or 4 feet

loose

all
is

I t is
kin~s

@lite

is heavy,

a nd very
largely

exceedingly

rturab i e in

used. in ~111ip-

of posts.
plentiful

in this

me ny good s pec i.nena are grm7ing about

seldom grows to a Iar~e

trees

size

here.

region
the Campus.

-67-

Family ACERACEAE.
Genus ACER, Linn.
F'10~7er8regular,
polygamous,
5-parted,

rarely

dioe:oiously

perfect,

the lobes

aaccnrtt ng .

or rl.ioecj.ons;

i~)ricated

u suat tv 5; ovary ?-ct~lled;

or monoeciously
calyx

in aestivation;

ovules

2 in

petals

each cell,

Frl.li t a r1.oulJle samara.

The genus is made up of 60 or 70 species,

half

gcmer3.l1y

of ','1111ch
belong

occur in H orth

to China and Japan.

America,

and 2 to the Pacific

Hine Sl)ecies

5 of wh i ch belong

to t he Atlantic

region.

Acer snccharum,
( A.

nearly

ba rba

Marsh.

tum, 1,;j.chx.)

Sugar Lap.le . Hard Ma:ole.

FlovJerc; in nearly
apetalous.

sessile

Leaves 3 to 5-lobed.

The SlIgar Maple is a tree

height,
is

1 '0 to 120 feet

in

w i t.h a t runk 3 or 4 t'ee t in diameter.

one ot' the mort

trees

umbe.t-u nce ccr-ymbs ,

of eas tern

\I!t

dely and ger.erally

North A,lCricft.

is Nev.rfoundland; it

states

and wes~ern Florida.

~estward

Pinnesota

Nebraska,

ann eas tern

gro~s on rlch

uplands

Oaks, Black Birch

cU[:;tributed

'1'he n or-t ho rn limi t

ext ends nout nwar-d

Canada and t he n')rtInrl1

It

t rrro

to northern

Georgia

to Great Lakes,
Kansas and Texas.

with Ashes,

Hickories,

~nlite

and Hemlock.

The wood is heavy,

strong,

close-grained,

and

It

-:38light

")1'0::.'11

tinb"-ed '.'!it h re.,d

value,

and is

~l8ed :l1UChin

finish

and for

~lrnl'tllIp. ~

numez-ou

T'ne t rees

Maple is

ly

in

Campus.

of the

tree

I n the

gOOIL-'" Slze

1,'!0 -:-:.-l.,Q
_
'~Ct ,.,

Oo1h~ge woods , it

tl:f;

place

is

',i'011.I-,
+.": e t' a I Le b,
ze
',,,."

Oaks.

The BLack Sngar

liapJ.e is

a variety

much IH:e

WIF:elAr dis t Lngu t s.he s it

the

Lcav os droop

the

sane

as the

at

the

Sugar

'J

,)

graclualJ.y

and ~hite

rrh.ich 100kG very

common

on t'n8 sanc'l.y soil

Beeches

P}'of.

a t~l,acl:edl1Y

are

orie of our most

er.a ana grows

to a v e~r y
_

of the

j.nterior

insec ts.

TIle Sugar
tr

ship-butlding,

taking

the

of this

t he Sugar

Maple.

by t.he way in which

e(lges.

For all

pur-poaes

it

is

Maple.

Genus ACER, Linn.

AceI' saccharinum,

Linn.

(A. dasycarpum,
Silver
Flowers
ovary

sessile

in

90 to

Soft

in

and young fruit

A tree

feet

Naple.

and t.l.o valley

~c~andybanks

of clear

The ','!()oclis
l ~~
hi so:: 'til:'(~ s

hard,
11 sea

Blue

r!i th

a trunk

United

eastern

Hi ver

B +r-eams ,

aeeply

Maple ranges
the

Wesi11lmrclto
of the

Leaves

high,

The Silver

Florida.

fascicles;

tomcntose.

Nev! Brunr\~Ticlc SO'ltl1ward thro

western

Maple.

axillary

1:;0 feet

aiamster.

Ehr.)

5-10bed.
3 or 4

from

states

to

Dakota,

in Kansas.

Nebraska
It

gr ows on

th WilloYIS and Red Birch.

1;1~L

close-grained
t'o r floori~l.g

(Jut brittle.
and cheap

furniture

-69-

The tree grows rupidly

elevated

even on dry soil but on d~y and

ground branches

beco~e brittle

and habit is loose

and unat~ractive.
This tree is
iC::OH

very abundant

along the river-bottoms

tn of' t.he i:ollege and, alao , on the Campus.

'wil encourages

Our Lf.gh t

its growt.h,

Genus ACER, Linn.

Acer rubrum, Linn.
Red rJaple.
Flowers

pedicellate

and young fruit glabrous.

in axillary
Leaves

TLo Reel Maple ts a Glender

feet high, '.':i
thllpright branches

fascicles,

ovary

3 to 5-10bed.
tree, 80 to 120
':711ic11
usually

form

tree ranging

from

a rather narro~ head.

A very cQ('only

distributed

NeVi Brunsv:icl<.souahwar-t
da; westward
Territury
of streams

t.hro the Lfnited s t at.ee to Plori-

to eastern Dakota,

and Texas.

Nebraska,

Indian

It occurs p:t:incipally aloIlg '(lorders

or in low wet swamps.

The wood is very hard, close-grained,

a~d not ve~y strong.
l'[~.th
red,rritb
in the

8.

Light bro~n

easily worked,

in color, often tinged

r-raoo t.h satiny sur-t'ace .

It is used

-anur'ao tur e of cheap fnrni t.ure and for gun-stockS.

The Red Haple is less plent .i t'uI t nan the other

l'lapleson t.he Campus,
about.

tho more abundant

in the wcod.s

-70-

Genus AC]~E,Linn.
Acer ne~lndo,

Linn.

(Ne~lndo aceroides,

Moench.)

r~oxelder.
Flowers
pinnately

dioecious,

or ternately

A tree,

rrllEm

divided.

wide-ppreading

t hey first

pi th a t runk

branches.

TIle

n.PIJear, are pale

is

green

one or tLe most t7idely

and in c~ome par t.s of' t he country

and

mont to Florida;
eaa t.ern base

north~estward

of t hc Rockies,

and lakes

It

range-

from Ver-

~a Winnepeg and the

sm--,-tl~7.'ar(l
thr-o Utah to

New Mexico and Arizona.

of streams

di['ltri1mted

one of the commonest

of the North Ainer-Lc an forosts.

Texas,

high,

or :-~li,:;~~tlypube s c errt ,

The Boxelder

trees

Leaves

in d i ar.o t e'r , ~'Li

vi.d i ng r.oa r tile ground into

a number of stout

glabrous

of ~otals.

somet t.mee 50 to 70 foet

2 to 4 fFet

br-ancnes ,

destitute

It

an~ the larders

ocmlrs

on the banks

of swamps, mingled

with WillOW, Elm and Hackberry.

TIle rrc od is
Lot

V8l'Y

fnrniture

s+,rong.
and for

This tree
loam of this
(\1'

light,
It

but

i;:c,occasiona 11y us eo. for

:oaper pulp.

Also a nurse

cheap

tree.

makes a rank growth on the light

sandy

vicini tYl,J.but seldom gr-ows to a Lar-go size

fc ::,','osa well-she,ped

diseases

s ot t , close-grained,

and insects.

tree.

I t is much injured

by fnng~LJ.S

-'71Fawily TILIACEAE.
GenLlSTILIA, Linn.
Flm7ers in axillary
perfect;

sepals

or t e.rm
..nial

5, distinct,

valvate

hvpogvnous , decic ..1W1.J..S;

~)etals
aestivation,

cymes, regular,
in aestivation,

5, imbricated

in

hypogvnous : s t.amcnn numerous , polyadclph-

ous or free.

Fruit

gLoboee , indehiscent,

The zenus Tilia

is widely

distributed

perate

regions

sented

in North America by 4 species.

Tilias
flourishing

of the northern

grow rapidly

soil;

Tilia

l-::ropa...
;rned by

Americana,

Linn.
'i11.rfaces, pubescent

in the ax i Le of the IJ:':'incipal veins.

11.snally t8.I~ering at the base.

New ETIlnSwick. It

T::8Y are

of many insects.

Le;c,ves E:;l'opnon both

The uor tncrn

i8 repre-

in cultivation,

graft ing or Laver-s 8.S '7e11 as by seed.

41fuject to attack

in the tem-

hemisphere.It

and freely

in s t r ong rich

1 to 2 seed.edo

Pertunou Lat.e bract

Fruit

ovoid.

liII'li t s of t he Basswood are

extends

thence

only

westward

in nor-t.her-n

to shores

of

La~ce 811.}.;cr10rand Lake Winnepeg, s out hwar'd t.nr o t.he

Atlantic

!=1tates to Virginia

and along

mount.ai ne to Alabama and Georgia

Dakota,

Vebraska

Texas.

It

nortbt~rn

is

and Kansas,

the Alleghany

am west.warrt to eastern

the Indian

Ter~itory

one of t:18 most c omnon trees

forests,

Dhe~e it

grows withthe

Phi te }nm, White Oaks an cl Eickorj,es.

and

in our
Sugar Maple,

-72The wood is
red.

l:i.g:ht -oror.'n,f8.intly

A cub i c foot

pounds.

Largely

of t he
'ry'
. n.

used for

in the manufacture
parts

CO~fl

paper

tinged

'Ji th

~e l' gh s 2(")20
o.~

..::J

pulp.

Also used

of woorten war-e, cheap fnrni t ur-e , and

of carriages.
A numbor- of fine

campus.

Bas swoode

Uj'8

on the

Many grow Along the river-bot.t.oms,

but seldom grow to a large

RI1ecimon stand

nor-t

size

there.

A fine

nwes t of' t '.e Phy s LcaL Laboratory.

CORNACEAE.

Fanily

Genus NYSSA.
Nyssa sylvatica,
TUDelo.
Frui t
ridged.

:3:,";1'11J.,

feet

Pep~eridge.

t'1e ::;tone more or less

Le8.ves linear-oblong

A s lewler
tough,

flexible
high

tree

Michigan

branches.

in wet,

freqnents

irlliJor,:'ectly

White Oak, Red l:aple,

'}'l:e

ficult
It

to oV8.1 or obovate.

'l'l1etrunlc is

and _,enclulous

of"ten 100

and 5 fp,et in d.ia.(leter.

to l,:isRouri,

It

eli Rtinctly

rltllh crovJded spr-eadd.ng

The Tupelo ranges

Texas.

Marshall.

'ITOOQ

from Haine t nr o central

<outhwar-d to FloTirl.a and

the borders
drained

soil

VIi

r.h the Eln,

Swamp

and IronvJOoa.

L, heavv , s of t , at.r ong , vcrv

to wo~k and not rhlrable

::ts used for

of swarnps , gTovving

in contact

ox-yokea , \'.rharf'-piles

tough and difwith

the soil.

anr1 hubs of whoeLs ,

-73-

Sane very fine

Pepperidges

are gro~ing

about bor-

de r s of s::-,)3.11
ponds in t.he Co 11e:.;0 rrool1s and

a t ew

on t.he b ot((jom-lands aont.h of t;J.G College.

Family OLEACEAE.
FHAXINUS,Linn.

Genus

Glabro11.8 or ymbescent
-posi te,

pe t t oLat e . The

tr

ees or arrrubs . Leaves op-

genus is YJiclely (ij,~)t,J~il)uted

in t ho t.ompor-a te regtol1s

of

found in FOT'th Ancrica.

The largest

s_,ecies

occur

are easily

numb-rr of

in t.he ea at er n par t or t r;e continent.

AlfiO, attacked
be easily

t.ne l\Iortl1ern Hemisphere.

by many nmc;o.l cUs(:;8.ses.

'Dropa:;ated from seeds

and safely
FI'axinus

'J'he

awl grafting

1\.3J:128

can

and they

transplanted.

quadr-angu l a ta,

Hicl1x.

nlue Ash.
FlcnICH'Sperfect.
ova te-mblong
Branchlets

Leaflets

altho
tall.

unua I l y 7,

to li'J;.ceola t e , acut e, coarsely

ser ra t e ,

Quadrangular.

TIle Plue Ash is a slenrier

["'Jet high,

5 to 9,

t-ree,

YIith a t.runk 2 or 3 feet

gen rally

smaller

The branchlets

and more or less

The rlue

jon dj_ameter,

and not more than 60 or 70 feet

are

ltout,

4-winged between

Ash is

::wmetimes 120

four-angled,
the nodes.

.b t e d 11'01
~ III POll_t~'_
,'I'n l.~tc:li,.rran
dis t rl~U
oJ

ani

t.rir-o I01'Ja to nor-trieaat

~--

er....
n

"""-~'1S"'S
Cl

A
lLLJ\..ttl

Itt

nowher-e

vc~ry comnon,
T~le '.'!arYl if) h eavy , hard,
rather
.i s

brittle.

A cubic

not often

the other

foot

rlistinsnL,hed

Ashes.

It

clo,;e-~;rained

and

weighs 44.77 pounds.

It

com ar-c i a Ll.y f'r om

is vary free

from disease

and attack

of f.nsect s.
A large

number- of sJi!all B=,ue Asries are

up in the College
These,

w.i t.h

t~18

\"oods tho few are

young Llaples,

found on the campus.

make up a large

of t~e second growth in the eastern

College

woods .

t.he shading

:wre

springtng

part

.rou Ld gron if

part

of the

i t were not for

1':'11icht~l.e :Reeches give

them.

Genus FRAXIHUS,Linn.
Fraxinus

nigra,

Marsh.

( F. sambue i t'o r i a , Linn.)

Black Ash.
Flowe~s polygamous,

~ithout

7 to 12, obJollE.;-Jal1ceolate,
lateral

Leaflets

gr-artua Lfy acunri na t e , t.".e

sessile.
A tree,

trunk

calyx.

rarely

occasional~y
exceeding

TIlts tree

80 to 90 feet

20 i:\C~"18S
in

t nnab t t s deep cold

ban.cs of streams

and lakes

and.

to Delaware,

sonthern

~iexico and Arizona.

Illinois,

~ith

a tall

diameter.

swanrcs

ranges

to Ln'.::.eyri:1:--:e:oegand soutl1'.'!arft thro

high,

and the

10'N

f'rom Newfolmdland
the northern

cGntral

Missouri

at at e s
and Hew

-75-

TLe ~os~ is ~eavy,

tough,

coar"le+-grained,

soil,
foot
for

, rat~or

Clnr1 easily
weighs

not

strong,

r1'l.ra1Jle in contact

separable

int a thin

ounns . Lumbor Ls

39.37

cabinet

soft,

making ani

t~e int~rior

with

layers.

the
A cubic

a"'"
1 u s e d..
.1. g e,_y

1. c

finish

~f

hOllses.
The Black Ash is
Col2.ege,

llsuRlly

qui te COLlE10n
about

on the

P18

10rT-lnnd.s and abou t t he

Genus FRAXDTUS,Lin?1.
Fraxinns

Ar-er-I cana , Linn.

White Ash.
Leaf'Le t e 5 to 9, uriun l Lv 7, ova t.e to oblong-lanceolate,

1110Stly acute,

pale

on L1cir

10'l1Or sur-t'ace ,

The V!llit e Ash so .iet.rnes groVls to he i gh t of

120 feet,

Vij_

t.h a t a l I massive

d i ame't e'r , altho

'rhis

is

rich,

It

ranges

southward

r n-u an
rather

in

1J8URll.y much ema.l.Ler ,

fro~

to Florida,

and Texas.

soil

central
Nebraska,

Grm'ls best

on lo~ hills

of

to northern

YTest1;7Ct:L'd to eastern

Territory

moist

Nova scotia

.i t extends

Alaba:Ja and IUsfiic;sippi

l:ansas,

5 or 6 feet

one of t rie most va LuabLe t tmbe r trees

!Torth America.
Iiinnesota.

trunk

in

or in neighborhood

of [3treams.
The wood is heavy,
'
ark,r:l t,OU,r;n,

a l. t.no
ci
,1

'YY'j
l_...

1)011no.s. Used largely

hard,

ttle
J

strong,

A cubic

font

close-grained
wei.gris 40.77

in the manut'ac t.ur-e of 8.6ricul t ur-a L

-76implr-:;ient.e an-t n-_l'IlJ-_,,/.ture.

I'

The ~l~te

are

of Filliams

springing

t Fl_
- -1 -_
1 nO!J
-'-

Ash is very abundant

an d _
;:~r01i7S
to a 1arge
south

T
.J.

.
'1lZe,

Hall.

t an 0_ dro1'.ght

in ~his vicinity

S orne fine

trees

s t and just

Llany young White Ashes

up in the ~oods about

the

College.

Genus FRAXINUS,Linn.
Fraxinus

Pennev Lvarn.ca , Marsh.

pubescens ,Lam. )

(F.

Red Ash.
Leaf~et8
mostly
like

7 to 9, oblong-lanceolate

coarsely

serrate,

th(~ young shoots

A tree,

exceeding
stout,

40

clothed
VIi

irre~llarly

"mel '\'!ith

shaped head.

to eastern

Srmthvrard it
lC )'1;7

r:i th a t r-nnk rarely

tr.riggy branci18s '[,'hieh ,'orm a compact

The Red Ash r-anges

_.

lower surface

pubescence.

18 to 20 in(;11OSin diameter,

upright,

ontario

on thp,ir

th velvety

to 50 f-:;cthigh,

to ovate,

Nebraska

extends

rl 'ch jn.Ol'(.)'tsoil

from Huw BrUnS1J'li

ck t.r.r o souther

and t~e Bla~k Hills

to Florida
near

and Alabama.

the banks

of streafus

of Dakota.
It

inhabits

and

Lak ea ,

The wOGdis heavy,

bri t t Le a11(1.coarse-grained.
38

.'

ss
OJ

poundso.
,

It

hard,

rather
A cubic

strong,
foot

wei gha

is not cB:j.stinb0-uished commer-caa LIy

from TIood nf White Ash.

This

is

net a comuon tree

about

t r:e oampus, ana

-77good slJ(~ci:;~onsare rare.

Ge:mLSFRAXINUS,Linn.
Fraxinus
Var.

Penrsylvanic8,
lanceolata,

(Frnxinus

sargent.

v i r-Ldi e , Hichx.)

Green Ash.
This Ash ir-'l r1.istrilmted
the A!palachian
Texas.

region

Nor-t.hweatwar-d

from Vermont t,:1ro

to Florida

and westward

to tile eastern

Rocky

to

mount

aLns

in Utah and Arizona.

It

may be difJtinguisl:cd

glabrous

leaves

~:rom tile Red Ash by its

and b:rancl1lets

more sharply

serrate

1eafl@lts,

bright

on both

sn:rf'aces.

GO

green

feet

bas i.n,

In1'erior
for Fhite

high,

and

at' t::.e

in cua l i t.v , it

The tree

is ralr8ly

in t he HissiS'3ippi

1,7000.

-:"oighs 44.35

pounds ,

aome t Lnea us e.t as a subc t.t tute

Ash.
i:~ usuallyoonf'ounded

Quite a number o:f ;ood

plentiful

is

'y t~18 usually

-"i":lj.ch8.1'0 Lue t.r-ous and

r.10Bt nbundant

A cub i c foot

ThifJ tree

one just

ar.d

slJeciL1Gl1sgroY! on the Campus,

west of' the Botanical

in

.110.

vrith the YLit e Ash.

'Jolle,:;o voode ,

Laboratory.

Also,

:fairly

-78Family

BIG~ONIAC~AE.
Genus CATALPA, SCOr).
Catalpa

catalpa,

Karsten.

Flo'tleTn in ~:1any-flo"7!ered C1'01[10..8(1

panicles;
thiG,,:ly

s po t t ed on t.h e inner

Le8.\T;-38
slightly
A tree,

rarely

60 feet

which

In rli;::;tri )11tion
'

tho

in

its

Fruit

slender.

acumi.nat e ,

b r.i t t Le br-ancr.ea

districts

cur race ,

C01'O1la

':,'ith

-rt ou t elongated

form a bro''cd head.

's1'pposed

Georgia,

ha rcti neas

high,

to be conf'ined

FLo'r i da , Alabama,

indicates

an origin

to

s.ua.l I

and ;,liGsissi
in

1)1')i,

colder

80:'}!:j

region.
Tll.e

':70()0

v pry (:l'.rable

if]

S o tt

in

contact

wel ghs 27.88 pounds.

, nd>d:lst rO}J,G, coarse-z;rained

rri t.h t.he soil.

Lar-goLy used. for

and

A cubic

foot

fe':ce

posts

ago (lui t e a number' of these

trees

and

rails.
A fcm years
were
the
nuts.
just

gr-owi.ng in
cold

~inter

of 1898 killed

No'.".',nut
right

ahe l tereB. places

about
them,

one n:e two a r e f'ound ,

t.he campus , but

as it

did

the

'J'lle ~'oil

is

Chestnot

fo"C' t.h i s catalpa.

Genus CATALPA,Seop.
Catalpa

speciosa,

(C. bignonioides,
Hardy
Flouers

in feu-flowered

Lnc onsIJi cuously

spotted.

Engl.
Les.)

Catalpa.
open panicles;
Fruit

stout.

corolla.

Leaves

condate-

-79aourm.na te

In the forest
high;

rarely

a tall

tree

more t han

is occasi~nally

.feet high in the open, ',T:Lth

50

or in threes.

Tl1i~j catalpa
and fertile

Lnnab i t

Indiana,

an~ westwar~ thro

V8J7

It
wes

Missouri

Tlw woort Ls Itgll

grained,

e t.h e borders

bottom-lands.

o r;outllern

11Redfor railroad

The Eardy catalpa

~13.li"

the Campus.
way to Lanning,

are growing.

~rom Illinois

ano. northeastern

Arkansas.

not et r-ong, coar-s e-

in oorit act VIith the ;-;oil.

ties,

awl many -;noo_trees

of s t.r-ears , ponds,

t.er-n Ke nt.ucky aJ.10. Tennesee

t , R01't"

(lurable

ranges

cub i c r'o ot weighs 25.96 pounds.

about

120 feet

s t r-ai ght t runk 4 to 5 fec~t in dj_R~1pter. Tl:e leaves

are opposite

t.nr

this

fence-posts
stands

largely

and rails.

our clirr:ate

are gronLlg
Just

I t is

very easily,

in rltfferent

HOllt.h 01' the street

t vo L'ine rowr. of these

!3laces
car c~~7i
t cn ,
catalpas

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