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Respiration :
(Latin: re, repeatedly + spirare, to
breathe )
a chemical oxidation controlled and
catalyzed by enzymes that in living
protoplasm break down carbohydrates
and fats, thus releasing energy to be
used by the organism in doing work
Respiration
Respiration:
C12H22O11 + 12O2 12 CO2 + 11H2O
generation of energy;
generation of carbon precursors for biosynthesis
and cellular functions.
CO2, H2O, and ATP, NADPH, NADH, FADH
Four main processes:
Glycolysis;
The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway;
The citric acid cycle;
Oxidative phosphorylation
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Overview of respiration
Glycolysis
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Gluconeogenesis
Irreversible
Reversible
Irreversible
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Figure 11.7 Malic enzyme and PEP carboxylase provide metabolic flexibility (C)
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ATP synthesis
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Alternative oxidase
Plants display a capacity of cyanide-resistant respiration
due to alternative oxidase
It plays a role to lower ATP production and generate heat
in certain tissues or stressed conditions
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Glyceroglycolipids: sugar
forms the head group
Glycerophospholipids:
head contains phosphate
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Lipid metabolism
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Lipid metabolism
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Figure 11.18 Conversion of fats into sugars; (A) Carbon flow during fatty acid
breakdown
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Germination
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