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3/17/2015

FourForcesBOUNDARIESOFSCIENCECRN52926201402
DanielCaraincica

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CourseContent ... WeekSix FourForces

FourForces
FUNDAMENTALFORCES

Therearefourfundamentalforceswithinallatoms,thatdictateinteractionsbetweenindividualparticles,andthelargescalebehaviorofallm
weaknuclearforcestheelectromagneticforceandgravitation.
GRAVITY

GravitationisaforceofattractionthatactsbetweeneachandeveryparticleintheUniverse.Itisalwaysattractive,neverrepulsive.Itpullsm
fallfromtrees,keepstheMooninitsorbitaroundtheEarth,theplanetsconfinedintheirorbitsaroundtheSun,andbindstogethergalaxiesin
THEELECTROMAGNETICFORCE

Theelectromagneticforcedeterminesthewaysinwhichelectricallychargedparticlesinteractwitheachotherandalsowithmagneticfields.
(twopositiveortwonegativecharges)repeleachotherunlikechargesattract.
Theelectromagneticforcebinds[negativelycharged]electronsintotheirorbitalshells,aroundthepositivelychargednucleusofanatom.Thi
Theelectromagneticforcecontrolsthebehaviorofchargedparticlesandplasmas(aplasmaisamixtureofequalnumbersofpositiveionsand
prominences,coronalloops,flares,andotherkindsofsolaractivity.
Theelectromagneticforcealsogovernstheemissionandabsorptionoflightandotherformsofelectromagneticradiation.Lightisemittedwh
anelectronpassesclosetoanion,orinteractswithamagneticfield)orwhenanelectrondropsdownfromahighertoalowerenergylevelof
atomicnucleus).
THESTRONGNUCLEARFORCE

Thestrongnuclearforcebindstogethertheprotonsandneutronsthatcompriseanatomicnucleusandpreventsthemutualrepulsionbetween
apart.Thestrongnuclearinteractionbetweenindividualprotonsandneutronsisbelievedtobearemnantofanunderlyingstrongforce(whic
groupsofthreetomakeprotonsandneutrons.
Becausethestrongforcebindsnuclearparticlessotightlytogether,hugeamountsofenergyarereleasedwhenlightweightnucleiarefusedto
(fissionreaction)..Thestrongnuclearforceinteractionistheunderlyingsourceofthevastquantitiesofenergythatareliberatedbythenuclea
THEWEAKNUCLEARFORCE

Theweaknuclearforcecausestheradioactivedecayofcertainparticularatomicnuclei.Inparticular,thisforcegovernstheprocesscalledbe
intoaproton,andelectronandanantineutrino.Ifaneutronwithinanatomicnucleusdecaysinthisway,thenucleusemitsanelectron(otherw
transformsintoaproton.Thisincreases(byone)thenumberofprotonsinthatnucleus,therebychangingitsatomicnumberandtransforming
Theweakforceisresponsibleforsynthesizingdifferentchemicalelementsinstarsandinsupernovaexplosions,throughprocessesinvolving
Whenconfinedwithinastable(nonradioactive)atomicnucleus,aneutronisastable,longlivedparticle.Onceremovedfromanatomicnucl
abouttwentyminutes.Thereverseprocessofbetadecayoccursinthecollapsingcoresofsupernovae,whereprotonsandneutronsarefusedt
populatetheendproductofthecollapseaneutronstar.

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