IN2 U3 Contenido

Unit 3: New destiny: India
Unit 3. New destiny: India
Objetivos
Estos son los objetivos y contenidos de esta unidad
OBJETIVOS
1. Expresar obligacin,
posibilidad y consejo
necesidad,
prohibicin,
habilidad,
2. Emplear el estilo indirecto para repetir lo que otra persona

ha dicho, ordenado o preguntado
3. Distinguir el uso de los verbos con partcula
4. Emplear correctamente los verbos con partcula
5. Identificar los sonidos: /e/, // and /:/
6. Escribir una resea
CONTENIDOS
Gramtica
Vocabulario
Fontica
1. Verbos modales
1. Verbos con
partcula
1. Sonidos: /e/,
// and /:/
2. Estilo indirecto
Composicin
Resea
2. Verbos en estilo
indirecto
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3 A: Introduction
Reading activity
New destiny: India
After a couple of weeks in Africa, Paco has already decided which his next
destiny is: India. At this moment, he is waiting to check in at the airport
and he is keeping himself entertained reading some information about this
great country in a guide book he has bought for the occasion. Let's learn
with him!
India is a country in the south of Asia which used to be part of the British
Empire. It became independent and a member of the Commonwealth in
1947. It is now the world's largest democracy and the second
most-populous country, with a population of approximately 900 million. The
official languages are Hindi and English, though over 200 other languages
are spoken in different parts of the country. Officially, India is a republic
made up of 28 States and 7 Union Territories. The capital city is New Delhi.
Britain became involved in India in
the 17th century with the East
India
Company.
The
British
government took control of India
Indian
Mutiny,
after
the
appointing a Viceroy as its ruler. A
movement for independence began
at this time, when the Indian
National Congress Party (later
the Congress Party) was formed in
1885. In the early 20th century, the
leading figure in the movement for
independence
was
Mahatma
Gandhi, who led a campaign of
By unknown. Public domain
peaceful protest against British rule
(known as the "British Raj"). This led to India becoming independent in
1947, when it divided into two countries, India and Pakistan. Since then,
many Indian and Pakistani people have emigrated to Britain.
India's economy depended heavily on agriculture, though since 1947 it has
built up a considerable industrial base, including textile and jute industries.
Moreover, economic reforms since 1991 have transformed the country into
one of the fastest growing economies. However, it still suffers from high
levels of poverty, illiteracy, disease, and malnutrition.
A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to a
diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
Read and listen to the passage carefully to learn more about the
country Paco is visiting next. If you want to learn more about the
Commonwealth, click below!
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According to the text...
1. India is the country with the largest number of inhabitants in the world.
Verdadero
Falso
2. Pakistan was a country on its own by 1947.

Verdadero
Falso
3. There are a lot of poor people in India.

Verdadero
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Grammar
Introduction to modal verbs

Watch the following video to gain a general idea of how to deal with modal
verbs in English.
Then, answer the question below:

1) How many modal verbs appear in the video?
Say if the following statements are true or false:
2) Modal verbs go before a verb in the simple form.
3) You can't use 'to' after any modal verb.
4) 'Would' isn't the past tense of will.
Modal Verbs I
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from other
verbs. Learn here the most important characteristics:
They don't take -s in the third person: She can play the piano
"Not" is used to make modal verbs negative: She should not
smoke
Most modal verbs don't have past or future tenses: They will
can change the tickets
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Common Modal Verbs

Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Ought to
Shall
Should
Will
Would
The verbs "have to" and "need/needn't" are closely related to modals in
meaning.
Have a look at this website in order to learn the affirmative, negative and
interrogative forms of modal verbs.
ABILITY / PERMISSION & REQUEST

A modal verb can express different meanings and different modal
verbs can convey the same meaning: CAN , COULD and MAY are used
to express ability, request and permission. Let's have a look at the
table below
VERB
MODAL VALUE
USE
EXAMPLE
ability in the present
+?
She can speak Chinese

Can you drive?
ability in the past
+?
Could you swim when you

were three?
I could play the piano when I
was a kid
ability in the future
+?
I will be able to speak Chinese

by the time I finish my course
Can
request/permission
in the present or near
future
+?
I
Can I go to the cinema this

evening?
Yes, you can / No, you can't
Can you lend me your
computer?
May
permission in the
present or
near future
+?
F
May I leave the table now?

You may not leave the table
until you have finished
polite request, present

or near
future
?F
Could I have
drink?
Can
Could
Will be
able to
Could
something to
+ = used in affirmative sentences

- = used in negative sentences
? = used in questions
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F = formal use
I = informal use
Modal verbs expressing obligation are: must and have to; advice:
should and ought to; prohibition: mustn't and lack of obligation:
don't have to and needn't
VERB
must
MODAL VALUE
* 1obligation,
and future
* 2obligation,
have to
*3
should
mustn't
present
USE
EXAMPLES
I really must stop smoking

You must be here by 8
o'clock at the latest
present,
past
and future
advice or
recommendation
in present and future
prohibition, present
and
future
lack of obligation,
don't have to present,
past and future
lack of obligation,
need/needn't present
and future
+?
She has to work today

Did she have to work
yesterday?
+?
John should get a haircut.

He shouldn't smoke.
You mustn't smoke in the

classroom.
You don't have to eat that.

She won't have to take
another course.
-?
Need we go shopping
tomorrow?
We needn't go shopping
tomorrow
+ = used in affirmative sentences

- = used in negative sentences
? = used in questions
*1 When we use 'must', this usually means that some personal

circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost
certainly agrees with the obligation.)
I must go to bed earlier.
They must do something about it.
*2 When we use 'have to', this usually means that some external
circumstance makes the obligation necessary. Remember that "have to" is
not even a modal verb.
I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.
We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the
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contract.
*3 "ought to" has the same uses as "should": advice and

recommendation. The only difference between both verbs is the use of "TO"
before the infinitive.
Complete these sentences with the right modal verb:
1. I like Sundays because you

2. You
get up early
lock the car before leaving
3. If you want to be successful it, you

4. You
work hard
talk while you are doing an exam

speak several
5. Sheila has travelled around the world. She

languages
6. Will she
finish her job today?
7. When John was 13, he was a fast swimmer. He

metres in 48 seconds
8. I'm afraid I can't come tomorrow. I
9. You
10. I used to
swim 100
work late
feed animals in the zoo

run 100 metres in 14 seconds
Comprobar
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Modal verbs II
Possibility and certainty

Modal verbs of possibility are used to express an opinion of the
speaker based on information that the speaker has.
Example: She must be at work, it's 10 o'clock. In this case, the speaker is
100 % sure that the person is at work based on the speaker's knowledge.
Modal verbs expressing possibility, impossibility, or certainty are: can,
could, may, might and must
VERB
MODAL VALUE
USE
EXAMPLES
can
possibility/impossibility(-)
in present or future
+-
Learning Chinese can be a

real challenge
She can't be on drugs! I don't
believe it
could
possibility/impossibility(-)
in present or future
+-
They could be on the train

Ian couldn't possibly go to jail
for the crime.
possibility in present or
future
+-
China may become a major

economic power
He may not arrive on time
possibility in present or
might
future
+
-?
Your purse might be in the

living room
She might not come this
afternoon
certainty or high
possibility
He must be on drugs! Look at

him!
may
must
Choose the right modal verb to complete the sentences

1. She hasn't come today. She ... be out
a. can't
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b. must
2. He ... be away this month but I am not sure
a. may
b. can't
3. I ... still have your dictionary, but I am not sure
a. might
b. must
4. This ... be the right answer. The others are wrong
a. can't
b. must
5. That ... be Susan. She's got red hair, not dark
a. must
b. can't
6. I am not certain, but the picture ... be original
a. could
b. can't
7. He's been driving all night. He ... be exhausted
a. must
b. may
8. They haven't said anything yet, but they ... come to the party
a. must
b. may
9. They ... win the final. You never know
a. must
b. could
10. The phone ... be out of order. It has just rung
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a. can't
b. must
Rephrase
Rewrite each sentence using a modal verb:
1. Steve knows how to play the guitar well
Steve
2. Perhaps they won't send the letter
They
3. If I were you, I would talk to her
You
4. It is obligatory for the builders to wear hart hats
The builders
5. It is forbidden to drink on the streets
People
6. It isn't necessary for me to wake up early tomorrow
I
7. It is possible that we fly to New York next week
We
8. It is impossible that she is in bed; it is too early
She
9. The students don't have permission to eat in the classroom
The students
10. I am not sure yet about going to the beach next summer
I
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Modal verbs III
Modal verbs in the past

Most modal verbs can be used with perfect infinitives to talk about the
past.
The structure is: Subject + modal verb + have + past participle
He is not here. He must have
gone
Modal verbs with perfect infinitives are used to talk about how
things in the past could have different. Different modal verbs have
different meanings:
MODAL PERFECT
USES
EXAMPLES
must have + past

participle
past certainty or
deductions
He's late. He must

have missed the bus
can't have + past

participle
past impossibility
She can't have gone.

It is too early
may/might/could
have + past participle
past possibility or
uncertainty
He isn't here. He may

have gone home
should have + past

participle
shouldn't have + past
participle
past mistakes or
unfulfilled actions
You should have

checked the brakes
past lack of
necessity
You needn't have run.

It isn't late
needn't have + past

participle
Choose the best modal verb to complete the sentences

1. Look the roads are all wet: it ... rained during the night
a. must have
b. might have
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c. can't have
2. Richard Forest ... been a very good poet because nobody has ever
heard of him
a. shouldn't have
b. can't have
c. must have
3. Nobody knows who killed Sir Henry: the butler ... done it, but there are
lots of suspects too.
a. can't have
b. must have
c. might have
4. The kids ... had a good time at the funfair because they want to go
again tomorrow
a. must have
b. should have
c. can't have
5. A: Who left the computer on?
B: It ... been me, because I haven't used the computer today.
a. mustn't have
b. could have
c. can't have
6. Why hasn't Philip phoned? Do you think he ... had an accident?
a. might have
b. must have
b. should have
7. Anna ... be Helen's sister because Helen is an only child
a. can't have
b. can't
c. shouldn't
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Vocabulary
Phrasal Verbs
What are phrasal verbs?
A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb (verb +

adverb or verb + preposition) which creates a meaning different
from the original verb.
"Get" is a verb. "Get up", is also a verb, a different verb. "Get" and "get
up" are two different verbs. They do not have the same meaning. So you
should treat each phrasal verb as a separate verb, and learn it like any
other verb.
Example:
I ran into an old friend last night = run + into meet
You can look up my number in the telephone directory = look + up
search for and find information in a reference book
Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one
meaning:
Example: GO OFF EXPLODE = The bomb could go off at any moment
BEGIN = The alarm clock went off at
6:00 AM.
As well as learning their meanings, you need to learn how to use
phrasal verbs properly.
Essential phrasal verbs

Here you have a list of some essential phrasal verbs
Types of phrasal verbs

As well as learning their meanings, you need to learn how to use them
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properly.
There are four types of phrasal verbs: have a look at the table below
TYPES OF PHRASAL VERBS
1 intransitive
it cannot be followed by an object
2 transitive
it can be followed by an object
transitive
separable
the object is placed between the verb and the

preposition
transitive
inseparable
the object is placed after the preposition
Intransitive phrasal verbs they cannot take an object

The thieves got away ("get
away" -escapar- cannot be
followed by an object)
Transitive phrasal verbs they are followed by an object
She took off her jacket (her
jacket is the object of "take
off" -quitarse-)
Transitive separable phrasal verbs the object can be placed
between the verb and the preposition
I picked Tom up at the station
OR I picked up Tom at the
station ("pick up" can be
separated)
Transitive inseparable phrasal verbs the object is placed after
the preposition
I was looking for my keys
when he arrived ("look for"
cannot be separated)
BE CAREFUL! Although many transitive separable verbs can take an object
in both places, you must put the object between the verb and the
preposition if the object is a pronoun.
Example: Don't believe anything she says. She always makes things up /
she always makes up things ("make up" = invent)
BUT She always makes them up (CORRECT)
She always makes up them (INCORRECT)
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Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal verb. Choose from:
GIVE UP - LOOK OUT - TAKE AFTER - COME ACROSS - BE OVER - RUN
OUT OF - BRING UP - GO DOWN - PUT ON - GET OFF
! The baby is going to fall down
1.
2. We
some
3. She
4. I had to
5. I
Madrid
6. Work
7. We need to
sugar, so we had to go to the supermarket to get
her mother. They are both tall and slim

skiing because of a problem with my left knee
that famous tennis player at a restaurant in
. Shall we go out for a drink?

the bus at the next stop
8. Andy was
in Holland
9. The cost of flight tickets is

10. You should
a sweater before you go out
Comprobar
Choose the correct preposition to form a correct phrasal verb

1. I have to look ... Mozart's biography in an encyclopaedia for my school
project
a. up
b. for
c. after
2. Turn ... the television: my favourite series starts in a minute
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a. down
b. up
c. on
3. I am going to the station: my daughter is coming ... from Ireland this
afternoon
a. across
b. back
c. on
4. I am not going to invite Philip to my party: I don't get ... with him really
a. on
b. up
c. in
5. I had to tell Helen ... : her school marks are getting worse and worse
a. over
b. up
c. off
6. The boxer was knocked ...
a. out
b. down
c. over
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Reading
Reading activity
Paco is travelling to the next continent he wants to visit, Asia. Concretely,
he is once again flying to New Delhi, the capital of India. On the plane, sad
memories of Africa crowd in on him. He had decided to visit the diamond
mines in Sierra Leone. However, he had gone through a bitter experience.
Before visiting the mines, he had been waiting for a guide for two hours.
He remembers now how children of a short age walked to the mines every
day. After that bitter experience he decided to go on safari in Kenya. He
had read a lot about wildlife in Africa and seen lots of documentaries on TV.
In fact, the night before flying to Kenya he had been watching TV for more
than four hours! It is fantastic to see wild animals run free in the African
savanna, Paco thinks and smiles. And he smiles mainly due to two
reasons. On the one hand, because he has enjoyed himself very much in
Kenya. On the other, because now he is not afraid of planes any longer. So,
he is enjoying the flight and relaxing! He has decided to forget about bad
experiences and remember just the good ones! He closes his eyes and tries
to have a nap before landing in New Delhi. He is looking forward to arriving
in India and learning more about its people, culture, and traditions.
Answer
these
questions
By Swamibu. C. Commons
about the text:

1. How long had he been
waiting for the guide?
2. Did he feel happy in
Sierra Leona? How do you
know?
3. Was he familiar with
Africa? How do you know?
By Vandelizer. C. Commons
4. Why is he smiling?
5. What is he determined to do from now on?

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Opposites
Read the text again and find the opposites of the following words:
1. sweet
2. forgets
3. few
4. less
5. dreadful
6. got bored
7. departing
Reading activity
After having a shower in the hotel in New Delhi, Paco went downstairs and
met a woman at the reception desk dressed in typical Indian costumes.
Paco wants to visit the Taj Mahal, one of the Seven Wonders of the World,
so he asked her if it was very far. The receptionist told him that Agra,
where the mausoleum is located, is approximately 200 km. away from New
Delhi. And she added that the best way to go there was by car. He wanted
to know where he could rent a car in the city. The kind receptionist
answered that there was a car-hire business near the hotel. He only had to
go down the street and turn the second left. She said it was fifty metres
from the corner of the street. Paco thanked her for the information and
went out of the hotel. Then the receptionist asked him to wait a moment.
Paco turned round and the receptionist asked him if he would like to have a
postcard of the Taj Mahal. Paco said he would love to. This is the postcard
she gave him.
The Taj Mahal
Located in Agra, India, this mausoleu

was built by Emperor Shah Jahan
memory of his favourite wife Mumt
Mahal.
It combines elements from Persia

Indian and Islamic architectural style
It was cited as "the jewel of Muslim a
in India and one of the universa
admired masterpieces of the world
heritage.
By betta design. C. Commons
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Paco thanked her for the postcard and left the hotel.
Say if the sentences are True or False. Support your evidence
1. The Taj Mahal is considered to be a superb building

Verdadero
Falso
2. The Taj Mahal is a funerary monument

Verdadero
Falso
3. Paco decides to walk to the Taj Mahal

Verdadero
Falso
4. The Taj Mahal is a mixture of different architectural styles

Verdadero
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Listening
Listening activity
Paco should have taken a taxi to go back to the hotel
Listen to the text and do the activities below
By Sabamonin C. Commons.
guy_incognito. C. Commons.
By vm2827 C. Commons
Answer these questions:

1. What is the best way to know a city according to Paco?
2. What does he decide to do the following day?
Say if the statements are true or false
1. At the end of the day Paco was very tired

Verdadero
Falso
2. The next day he decides to take a taxi

Verdadero
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3. Finally it is by taxi that he goes sightseeing

Verdadero
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3 B: Introduction
Reading activity
After
his
visit
to
Kolcata
(formerly, as you already know,
Calcutta), Paco has decided to
travel to the north of India, to the
Himalayas. His parents came to
India twenty years ago and they
asked him to visit both the Taj
Mahal and the Himalayas. And
this is what he is doing, he is
visiting some of the places his
parents told him to visit.
By Jochen Westermann. C. Commons
The Himalayas1
The Himalaya Range or Himalayas for short, meaning "abode of snow",
is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the
Tibetan Plateau. By extension, it is also the name of a massive mountain
system that includes the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush, and other, lesser,
ranges that extend out from the Pamir Knot.
The
Himalayan
mountain
system is the planet's highest
and home to the world's
highest peaks, the Eightthousanders, which include
Mount Everest and K2. To
comprehend the enormous
scale of this mountain range
consider that Aconcagua, in
the Andes, at 6,962 m
(22,841 ft), is the highest
peak outside Asia, whereas
the
Himalayan
system
includes over 100 mountains
exceeding
7,200
metres
(23,622 ft).
The Himalayan system stretches across six countries: India, Bhutan,
China, Afghanistan, Nepal, and Pakistan. Some of the world's major rivers,
the Brahmaputra, the Ganga, the Indus, Yamuna and the Yangtze, rise in
the Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home to
approximately 1.3 billion people. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped
the cultures of South Asia; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in both
Hinduism and Buddhism.
This is the place Paco wants to visit. In fact, he is on his way. Will he have a
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good time there? Go on reading and listening and guess. Not only will you
learn many things about the area, but also about some legends related to
this mountain range.
1
Taken from Wikipedia.org
Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

1. What does Eight-thousanders refer to?
2. According to the text, why are some of the highest mountains in the
Himalayas important for Buddhist and Hindu people?
Decide whether the following sentences report, in the present, a

statement or a command said in the past.
1. Sonia told Paco to study English
harder.
a. Statement.
b. Command.
2. Andrs told Paco not to believe
everything he was told!
By afagen. C. Commons
a. Statement.
b. Command.
3. Paco said that he had heard about the
yeti legend a long time before.
a. Statement.
b. Command.
4. The scientist assured
proved that the yeti existed.
it
wasn't
By Sam the sham and the photos. C.
Commons
a. Statement.
b. Command.
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Grammar
Reported Speech
How we report another person's words We can do that in two
different ways:
- by repeating the exact words spoken (direct speech)
- by reporting the words spoken (reported speech)
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When
we use direct speech in writing, we use quotation marks.
Example: Rose said: "I have to finish this report."
Reported speech doesn't repeat the exact words spoken and we
don't use quotation marks. It's mostly used to talk about the past, so
we normally change the tense of the words spoken.
Example: Rose said that she had to finish that report.
The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to
report a statement, question or request.
Reported Statements
When reporting statements, you have to take into account:
If the reporting verb (say, tell, admit, reply, etc) is in the present,
the tense of the verb in the reported statement does not usually change.
Example: Sonia: "I get up very early." Sonia says that she gets up very
early.
If the reporting verb is in the past, the tense of the verb in the
reported statement usually changes, going one tense back.
Example: Sonia: "I get up very early." Sonia said that she got up very
early.
We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', and we may use the
word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not
used.
Thomas said, "I met him yesterday." Thomas said that he had met him
the day before
'That' may be omitted: Thomas said that he had met him the day
before
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'Say' and 'tell':

-Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
Carol said that she had bought some bread.
-Use 'tell' when there is an indirect object:
Carol told me that she had bought some bread.
Tense Changes
The tense in reported speech is usually one tense back in time from the
tense in direct speech:
My mother said, "I am tired." My mother said that she was tired.
The changes are shown below:
Simple present
Simple past
"I like coffee", she said
She said that she liked coffee.
Present continuous
Past continuous
"I am watching a film", he said. He said that he was watching a film

Simple past
Past perfect
"Eric came back on Saturday",

he said.
He said that Eric had come back on

Saturday
Present perfect
Past perfect
"I have changed the tickets",

she told me.
She told me that she had changed

the tickets
Past perfect
Past perfect
I had opened the parcel," he

explained.
He explained that he had opened

the parcel.
Present perfect continuous
Past perfect continuous
They told her, "We have been

waiting for hours"
They told her that they had been

waiting for hours
Past continuous
Past perfect continuous
"We were listening to the

news", they told me.
They told me that they had been

listening to the news
Future
Present conditional
"I will see Tom tomorrow", she

said
She said that she would see Tom

tomorrow
Modals in reported speech: CAN COULD / MAY MIGHT /

SHALL SHOULD / MUST HAD TO
These modal verbs don't change in reported speech: might, could,
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would, should, ought to.
Practice
Before you try on your own, let's do some exercises transforming sentences
from direct speech into indirect or reported speech and the other way
round. In order to do so, complete the exercises below.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech
Exercise 1
Exercise 1 (key to exercise 1)
Exercise 2
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Let's have a look at the narrator's introduction to Paco's wish to go to the

Himalayas:
"After his visit to Kolcata (formerly, as you already know, Calcutta), Paco
has decided to travel to the north of India, to the Himalayas. His parents
came to India twenty years ago and they asked him to visit both the Taj
Mahal and the Himalayas. And this is what he is doing, he is visiting some
of the places his parents told him to visit."
By fileacn. C. Commons
What do you have to do if you want to restate in the present those words,
which were said in the past?
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Transform the following statements into the reported speech.

1. "I have never been to this fantastic place," Paco said.
- Paco assured (that)
.
2. "My sister helped me study English three months ago," he said.
study
- He told them (that)

English three
3. "I am travelling around the world now", he said.

- Paco said (that)
.
4. "We will leave at 8 a.m. tomorrow", Devaj announced.
at 8 a.m.
- Devaj announced
day.
5. "When trekking, you can't take any pets with you", he said.
He said (that) when
.
Comprobar
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Reported speech II
Time and place references

Time and place references are also changed in reported speech
Example: "I have to see you here tomorrow", The teacher told us.
The teacher told us that he had to see us there the next day.
The most common of these changes are shown below:
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Next week/month/year
Last week/month/year
ago
this (for time)
this/that (adjectives)
here
that day
the day before
the next/following day
the following week/month/year
the previous/week/month/year
before
that
the
there
Other changes:
Personal pronouns usually change to third person, except when the speaker
reports his own words:
I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours him/his/her/hers
we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours they/their/theirs:
Jane told me: "I want to go to the party with you." Jane told me that she
wanted to go to the party with me.
Reported questions
If you put a question into reported speech there are some steps which
are the same as in statements: changing of the person, backshift of tenses,
and changing of expressions of time.
But there are other aspects you have to take into account:
In reported questions, normal word order is used: subject verb, because the sentence becomes a statement, and there is no
auxiliary DO, DOES, or DID.
She asked, "Where is he from?" She asked where he was from. (notice
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word order)
He asked, "Do you speak English?" He asked if I spoke English. (notice:

no DO in the reported question)
Yes/No questions. For this type of questions we have to use: 'ask'
+ 'if / whether + clause:
"Did you see your mother?" He asked me if I had seen my mother.
"Have you got an English dictionary?" He wanted to know whether I had
an English dictionary.
"Can you drive?" She asked if I could drive.
Wh-questions. For these questions we need: 'ask' (or similar) +
question word + clause: the clause contains the question, in
normal word order and with the necessary tense change.
"How far is your house?", she asked me. She asked me how far my
house was.
"What time does the film begin?" she asked. She asked what time the
film began.
Example exercise
1) Alex: "Do you want to dance with me?"
Alex asked me
2) Sonia: "When did you come from London?"
Sonia wanted to know
3) The waiter: "Can I help you?"
The waiter asked me
4) My father: "What are you doing now?"
My father asked me
5) Andrs: "Did you see Al Pacino's latest movie?"
Andrs asked me
Finish the sentences using reported speech.
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Reported speech III
Reported Commands
When we want to report an order or request, we use a verb like 'tell'
with a to-clause.
Example: He told the children to stop
The structure is verb + indirect object + to-clause.
(The indirect object is the person spoken to.) Example: " Sit down, Mr
Wilson." he said He told Mr Wilson to sit down
Tenses are not relevant for requests but you have to check: pronouns and
time and place expressions
Example: "Do the exercise now, please.", the teacher told them. The
teacher told them to do the exercise then
Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are:
command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.
"Dont go near the river, children." the children's mother warned. The
children's mother warned not to go near the river
"Get out of the car!" said the policeman. The policeman ordered him to
get out of the car.
"Dont spend too much money on your holiday." my father said My
father advised me not to spend too much money on my holiday
Exercise on reported commands

One of the things Paco wants to do in Ladakh is going trekking to the
Himalayas. Of course he is not going to climb either the Everest or K2, but
he has always wanted to see this range of mountains much closer. So, he
decides to join a group of other tourists who will spend three days trekking
and visiting the most wonderful landscapes in the area. Devaj, the guide in
charge of the expedition, gives the group some advice in order to avoid
having problems. Paco is really concentrated on what Devaj is saying.
"There are several things you must bear in mind when trekking
at these altitudes. In order to avoid altitude sickness, you must
follow my advice:
Go slow. If you try to keep up you may get tired
soon. Don't trust you feel invincible and go at your
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own pace.
Drink lots
of water.
You
should
drink
at
least four
litres
of
water in
the
morning
and four
in
the
afternoon. Don't use a plastic bottle, use a water
bottle instead.
Put on warm clothes, but not too many. It is difficult
to walk if you wear lots of garments on.
Consider already-used hiking shoes for the
approach. Don't use new hiking boots. Remember
that "a pound on your feet is like five on your back".
So, stow your hiking boots until you really need
them in snow.
Finally, drink more water. The water bottles will be
filled up when necessary on the way. Get ready to
leave at 6.00 a.m."
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Rewrite what Devaj is saying into reported speech:

a. Go slow. If you try to keep up you may get tired soon
Devaj
told
because
them
b. Put on warm clothes, but not too many. It is difficult to walk if you wear
lots of garments on
as it
He also advised them
c. Don't use new hiking boots. Remember that a pound on your feet is like
five on your back
He recommended them
and
d. Drink more water. The water bottles will be filled up when necessary on
the way
Finally, he advised them
and
he
also
explained
Change this dialogue into indirect speech

Would you like to know the conversation that the receptionist and Paco
maintained in the hall of the hotel?
Paco: Is the Taj Mahal very far?
Receptionist: Agra, where the mausoleum
is located, is approximately 200 km. away
from New Delhi. The best way to go there
is by car.
Paco: Where can I rent a car in the city?
Receptionist: There is a car-hire business
near the hotel. You only have to go down
the street and turn the second left. It is
fifty metres from the corner of the street.
By Blackwych. C. Commons
Paco: Thank
information.
you
very
much
for
the
Receptionist: Wait a moment, please. Would you like to have a postcard

of the Taj Mahal.
Paco: I would love to.
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Statements (affirmative and negative)

The receptionist told him that Agra, where the mausoleum is located, is
approximately 200 km. away from New Delhi.
...she added that the best way to go there was by car.
The kind receptionist answered that there was a car-hire business near
the hotel.
He only had to go down the street and turn the second left.
She said it was fifty metres from the corner of the street.
Paco thanked her for the information.
Paco said he would love to.
Questions
...he asked her if it was very far.
He wanted to know where he could rent a car in the city.
...the receptionist asked him if he would like to have a
postcard of the Taj Mahal
Commands
...the receptionist asked him to wait a moment
As you can see...
1. ...statements in reported speech are introduced by verbs such as tell, say, add, answer,
or advise, suggest, etc.
2. ...questions in direct speech are introduced by ask, want to know, or inquire , wonder,
etc.
3. ...commands in direct speech are introduced by ask (when meaning "pedir"), or request,
order, command, etc.
Rewrite these statements into reported speech

1. "I'm going out, but I'll be in by nine", he said
He said
2. "If I want to earn more money, I'll have to offer to do overtime" Paul said
Paul said
3. "My younger sister wants to be a vet," said Linda. "I can't think why.
None of my family has ever been a vet."
Linda said
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4. "Go to the doctor, Luc, before your earache gets any worse," His mother
said.
Luc's mother advised him
5. "How many pills have you taken, Bill?" asked the doctor.
"I have no idea," said Bill.
The doctor asked Bill
6. "Would you please wait until your flight is called?" the hostess said.
The hostess asked
7. "Don't tell Henry anything about it," I told Mark. "He will tell all his
friends."
I told Mark
8. "I'm sorry to be late, but I missed the bus" she said.
She apologised for
9. "Do you mind closing the window, please? It's getting cold" she told her
husband.
She asked her husband
10. "Why didn't Hanna go to New York last summer?" asked Paul.
Paul asked
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Vocabulary
Reporting verbs
Here is a list of some of the most frequent reporting verbs
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate reporting verb from the box in
the Past Simple tense.
apologise - accuse - admit - suggest - advise
1. "It was you who broke the window, Paco, wasn't it?"
- He
Paco of breaking the window.
2. "OK, dad, it was me. I broke the

window."
breaking
- Paco
(/that he had broken) the window.
3. "If I were you, I would begin
saving to pay for a new one".
- Paco's father
save for a new one.
him to
By ingirogiro. C. Commons
4. "I'm sorry I could not stop the ball".

- Paco
for not being able to stop the ball.
5. "You'd better play in the park next time".

- Paco's father
park next time.
playing (/that he [should] play) in the
Comprobar
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Solved exercise
1. 'I'll carry the suitcase for you.'
2. 'Would you like to have lunch with me?'
3. 'I won't wear my new dress to the party!'
4. 'Please, let me watch TV till midnight.'
5. 'Your father shouldn't drink so much alcohol.'
6. 'Don't forget to send him an e-mail.'
reminded / offered / advised / invited / refused /

begged
Match the sentences with the appropriate reporting verbs.
Complete the sentences in reported speech using these verbs:

reminded / offered / advised / invited / refused
1) He
2) He
me to start saving for my retirement.

to do the washing-up because he was very
tired.
3) She
4) She
to carry the bags for him.

me to go to the butcher's. I'm really
forgetful.
5) My wife
our friends for dinner.
Comprobar
Important
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Reporting verbs (Questions)

As we said above 'asked' is often used. Nevertheless some other reporting
verbs can substitute the verb 'ask' adding a certain and more concrete
meaning and information.
Some of these verbs are:
plead: My brother pleaded for help. ('I really need your help. Can you help
me?')
inquire: I inquired about his address. ('Whats his address?')
beg: She begged me to give her some money. ('Please, please. Can you
give me some money?')
invite: He invited us for lunch. ('Will you come for lunch, please?')
require: The students were required to shut up.// He required the students
to shut up. ('Will you shut up, please?')
interrogate: His father interrogated him about the time he had come back
home that night. ('What time did you come back home last night?')
Reporting verbs: Imperatives
Thus, whenever we want to use reported or indirect speech, that is, whenever we want to
restate what someone else said in the past, we must take into account what the speaker used
the imperative for, since depending on his/her intention or the nature of his/her words, we
should use a reporting verb or another. Have a look at the following chart to learn some of the
most common reporting verbs to report imperatives.
Orders, commands
tell, say, ask, command, order, demand, wish
Warnings, advice
tell, say, warn, remind, advise
Instructions, directions tell, say, advise, caution, instruct, recommend

Requests
tell, ask, urge, plead
Invitations
tell, ask, invite
As you can see, most times we can use tell, say, or ask (pedir). However, English sounds
more natural if you use a verb which includes the nature of the speaker's words.
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Reading
Reading activity
The group of people who are going trekking in some days are having a
good time talking to Devaj and some others who have joined them. They
are speaking about the tourists who come to the Himalayas on holiday and
how wonderful landscapes are. Of course, the language they use is English,
so Paco does not have any difficulty in understanding everything said. A
man from Finland says he has heard there are only two routes to climb
Mount Everest and he asks if that's true. Devaj explains:
Mt. Everest has two main
climbing routes, the southeast
ridge from Nepal and the
northeast ridge from Tibet, as
well as many other less
frequently climbed routes. Of
the two main routes, the
southeast ridge is technically
easier
and
is
the
more
frequently-used route. It was
the route used by Edmund
Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in
1953 and the first recognized of
fifteen routes to the top by
1996. This was, however, a
route decision dictated more by
politics than by design as the
By NASA. Public Domain
Chinese border was closed to
the western world in the 1950s
after the People's Republic of China took over Tibet.
Most attempts are made during May before the summer monsoon season.
As the monsoon season approaches, a change in the jet stream at this
time pushes it northward, thereby reducing the average wind speeds high
on the mountain. While attempts are sometimes made after the monsoons
in September and October, when the jet stream is again temporarily
pushed northward, the additional snow deposited by the monsoons and the
less stable weather patterns (tail end of the monsoon) makes climbing
extremely difficult.1
1
Taken from Wikipedia.org
Read and listen to the passage carefully and answer the following
questions.
1. According to the text, how many routes to climb Mount Everest are
known?
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2. According to the text, why is it difficult to climb Mount Everest in

autumn?
Vocabulary search
Find a word in the text which means the same as the following
words and phrases:
a. long journey usually made on foot

b. scenery, views
c. together with, along with
d. assume control
e. tries, ventures
f. as a result of that
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Listening
Listening activity
Listen to the conversation between Paco and his sister and do the
activities below
Answer
questions:
the
following
1. According to the text, did Paco

spill what he was drinking?
By ganuullu. C. Commons
2. Sonia asks Paco how often he

eats. Does he answer Sonia's
question?
3. Does Paco tell Sonia he is
getting ready to leave India?
Listen again to the conversation and choose the correct alternative
1. In terms of population, Mumbai is the ... largest city in the world
a. first
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b. second
c. third
2. Almost ... people live in this magnificent city
a. 14 million
b. 15 million
c. 40 million
3. Sonia asks Paco ...
a. when he is coming back
b. when he is going to Vietnam
c. how he is
4. Paco says he won't be back until ...
a. the end of July
b. the end of May
c. the end of June
5. Sonia thinks he has been abroad ...
a. not for too long
b. not enough time
c. long enough
6. Finally, Sonia asks him ...
a. to buy her a lot of presents
b. to be careful
c. to have fun
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Writing
Writing
Write a review
A review is a brief summary of a
book or a film, in which you give
your opinion at the end
When you write a review you
don't have to use too many verb
tenses.
It doesn't have to be very long
Draft of a review
Paragraph 1 General information
about the book or film
(title, author, director,
main actors, etc)
Paragraph
2
More
detailed
information including plot or story
By Olivander. C. Commons
Paragraph 3 Your opinion about

it. Would you recommend it? Why? Why not?
Write a review about a film or a book
Writing tips
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Critical reviews
The review needn't be about a film or a book you have liked. It is
sometimes easier to write about one you have disliked
The review should contain both description and opinion
Explain briefly what it is about
Make a recommendation to finish your reveiw
A book review
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is an international best seller and is set in
Sweden. Written by Stieg Larsson, who died in 2004, and probably one of
the best Swedish crime writers of the decade. This is the first volume in the
Millenium trilogy
The book is a thriller on many levels: The story about the Vanger family
itself, the journalist's crusade to redeem his reputation, Lisabeth's vendettas
and development, and of course, the truth about what actually happened to
the missing Vanger heiresss.
Full of social conscience and compassion, with great insight into the nature
of moral corruption
The plot is split between the shady secrets of a wealthy family and the
murky dealings of a famous businessman. Mikael Blomkvist, a recently
convicted journalist, is hired by Henrik Vanger to investigate the
disappearance of his niece almost 40 years ago. Vanger promises Blomkvist
the means to clear his good name as part of the payment and Blomkvist
accepts. He is eventually, inevitably, joined by Lisbeth Salander, an
'investigator' with severe social dysfunction (apart from when conning
international businessmen and financiers).
The two discover that Harriet's brother Martin, now CEO of Vanger
Industries, is the serial killer who has been raping and murdering hundreds
of women for years, having been "initiated" into serial murder by his late
father, Gottfried.
I found the book most entertaining, evoking many differing emotions suspense, disgust, intrigue, and some laughs also. The location being in
Sweden was interesting. The two main characters were likeable and I grew
fond of them and found myself caring about them. The author certainly can
reach the reader and at the end, my main emotion was one of satisfaction.
The author manages to maintain an excellent pace throughout, but still
delivers a strong social lesson while providing the thrills. It is an intelligent
thriller with a conscience. Probably one of the best of its kind in recent
years.
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Phonetics
Important
General Indian English
Most Indians who learn English learn their
own Indian Language before they learn
English. In other words, they have in them
very strongly formal linguistic habits and
these linguistic habits are bound to interfere
with their learning of English.
Many Indians use
voiced labio-dental
approximant [v] in place of /v/ and /w/ which
occur in English. Apart from these features,
there are strong regional features in the
English spoken by Indians and these are a
By R. Banerji. C. Commons.
direct influence. A Tamilian often pronounces
egg as /jeg/ instead of /eg/, a Bihari
pronounces school as /isku;l/ and stamp as /istemp/. The result is that
these and other such gross regional features render the English speech of
Indians unintelligible even to fellow Indian. There are indeed, many
varieties of English spoken in India. Such as Tamil English, Telugu English,
Kannada English, Urdu English, Punjabi English etc.
Are you interested? Would you like to
read more about this? Then get to
phonetics english. and go to the
bottom of the page.
By S. Banshali. C. Commons.
Features of /e/, // and /:/

/e/
1) Its vowel height is close-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a
close vowel and an open-mid vowel.
2) Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as
possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
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3)
Its
vowel
roundedness
is
unrounded, which means that the lips
are not rounded.
get, said, bed, head, bet, pencil,
men, negative, friend
//
1) Its vowel height is close-mid,
which means the tongue is positioned
halfway between a close vowel and
an open-mid vowel.
2) Its vowel backness is central,
which means the tongue is positioned
halfway between a front vowel and a
back vowel.
3)
Its
vowel
roundedness
is
unrounded, which means that the lips
are not rounded.
Imagen creada a partir de wikipedia. Creative Commons
sister, another, today, teenager,
again, mother, succeed, parent
/:/
1) Its vowel height is open-mid,
which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel and mid vowel.
2) Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a
front vowel and a back vowel.
3) Its vowel roundedness is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
furniture, worm, surname, third, journey, perfect, church, dirty, firm
To learn more about this go to wikipedia.
The following words have been taken from the text about the
General Indian English. Choose the appropriate vowel sound for
each group of words.
1) other, render, formal, apart, regional.
a) Close-mid, front, unrounded sound /e/
b) Close-mid, central, unrounded sound //
c) Open-mid, central, unrounded sound /:/
2) them, when, attempt, dental, many.
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3) learn, words, emerge, occur, certain.

Transcriptions
With phonetic transcriptions, dictionaries tell us about the pronunciation of
words. Phonetic transcription is necessary, because the spelling of a word
does not tell us how we should pronounce it.
Phonetic transcriptions are usually written in the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA), in which each English sound has a special symbol.
Phonetic transcription is usually given between slashes: "/".
Have a look at this video to refresh the pronunciation of vowel sounds,
especially /e/, // and /:/.
Further knowledge
Here you can see lots of examples where the sound /e/ may appear.
Lots of examples including the sound // (schwa).
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Click here to have a look at words containing the sound /:/.

If you want to learn more about the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet),
then click here.
This web page is for people interested in learning the International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols. This is a useful skill for learners of
English who may want to check the pronunciation of a word in a dictionary.
Use the phonetic chart to learn the sounds of English.
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Extra Practice
Decide whether the following statements express possibility,

ability or give some advice.
1. Paco can't understand it, either.
a. Possibility
b. Ability
c. Advice
2. Andrs told Paco he should visit the Taj Mahal.
a. Possibility
b. Ability
c. Advice
3. Paco can speak English quite
fluently now.
a. Possibility
b. Ability
c. Advice
4. Paco could visit the diamond
mines in Koidu.
By A. www.viajar24h.com. C. Commons
a. Possibility
b. Ability
c. Advice
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What do the following sentences express? Choose the most

appropriate answer.
1) Paco can drive really well.
a) Request.
b) Ability.
c) Suggestion.
2) Could I close the door, please?
a) Permission.
b) Possibility.
c) Suggestion.
3) Can you help me with my homework, please?
a) Impossibility.
b) Suggestion.
c) Request.
4) It's sunny. We could play tennis this evening.
a) Permission.
b) Suggestion.
c) Request.
5) My wife thinks we could have another baby next year.
a) Ability in the past.
b) Suggestion.
c) Future possibility.
Choose the most appropriate advice or recommending action for

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each sentence.
1) I'm putting on much weight.
a) You shouldn't eat so much fat.
b) You mustn't eat so much fat.
2) I have a cold and fever.
a) You could stay at home.
b) You should stay at home.
3) I can't find my wallet.
By xeeliz C. Commons.
a) You should look for it again.

b) You can look for it again.
Must
1) The meal must be cooked by eight o'clock.
2) Students must not ride your motorbike without a
helmet.
3) It must have been really difficult for you after the
accident.
4) You must be at home before midnight.
Say which sentence with the modal verb must expresses obligation,
prohibition, conclusion or necessity.
Use modal verbs

Rewrite the following
changing the meaning
sentences
using
modal
verbs
without
1. It isn't necessary to book a flight

You
2. Chewing gum is forbidden in the classroom
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You
3. Perhaps your sister is at home
Your sister
4. It is possible that he forgot your birthday
He
5. Maybe I have seen this film, but I can't remember
I
6. Surely he sent you the email
He
7. I give you permission to go to that concert
You
8. I suggest that you stop smoking
You
9. It is impossible that she is at home. The lights are off
She
10. It was a mistake not to accept his offer
I
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Reported speech - Revision
Reading activity
Once again, Paco has taken out the guide book he got at the airport and is
leafing through it. Suddenly, he finds out a page with a big ANECDOTES
heading it and starts reading...
Rudyard Kipling
A newspaper to which Kipling
subscribed mistakenly published
an announcement of his death.
Kipling wrote at once to the editor
and told him he had just read he
was dead. He asked the editor not
to forget to delete him from his list
of subscribers.
For a brief period early in his
career as a writer, Kipling worked
as a reporter for an American daily
newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, until he was fired. The editor
who dismissed him told him that wasn't a kindergarten for amateur
writers. He apologised to him and said he just didn't know how to use
the English language.
E.M. (Edward Morgan) Forster
In June 1924, Forster published his masterpiece A Passage to India.
As he feared, it proved to be his fifth and final novel, and he retired
from fiction writing, announcing that he had nothing more to say.
Read the anecdotes very carefully and underline the sentences in

the reported or indirect speech, that is, the sentences that tell what
a person said in the past.
Complete the sentences to report what was said in the past. Use one
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of the following reporting verbs in the past simple: ask, warn, advise,
or command.
1. "Study as hard as Sonia if you want to learn English," the teacher said.
Paco
- The teacher
wanted to learn English.
as hard as Sonia if he
2. "Stay there! A car is coming," he told them.

them
- He
because a car was coming.
there
3. "Don't open the presents until I arrive!," she

told her son.
her son
- She
the presents until she arrived.

4. "Don't fill up the water bottle with coffee or
tea, please," Devaj said.
- Devaj
them
By wendizzle. C. Commons
the water bottle with coffee or tea.

5. "Tidy up your room immediately," her mum told Sarah.
Sarah's mother
immediately.
her
her room
Comprobar
Complete the sentences with the appropriate tense in reported

speech.
Take into account if the question is a Yes / No question or a
Wh-question.
1. My friend asked me, "Why do you have to leave your country so quickly?"
My friend asked me
my country so quickly.
2. My teacher asked me, "Do you understand me when I speak English?"

My teacher asked me
English.
when he spoke
3. Your husband asked you, "Where did you put my glasses?"

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Your husband asked you
his glasses.
4. My father asked us, "Have you finished your homework?"

our homework.
My father asked us
Comprobar
Complete the blanks to turn the following sentences into reported

speech.
1. "Study as hard as you can," Sonia told

Paco.
Sonia
asked
Paco
as he could.
2. "If I were you I wouldn't have fizzy drinks,"
the doctor told Paco.
The doctor advised Paco
drinks.
3. "Please don't eat much fatty meat," Sonia
told Paco.
By bunchofpants. C. Commons
Sonia asked Paco

meat.
4."You should stop eating so many sweets," he added.

so many sweets.
He advised Paco
5. "Don't spend so long in front of the television and do some sports," he

told him.
so long in front of the television
He requested Paco
and
sports.
Comprobar
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Reporting Verbs
Write complete sentences in reported speech using the words
below. Change and add any words that you think are necessary.
Example: She reminded me - I promise to take her. She reminded me that
I had promised to take her.
a She apologized - break the glass.
b
She
She
She
She
persuaded
agreed
me
meet
recommended
warned
me
go
me
after
travel
the
to
by
road
be
the
cinema.
school.
public
very
transport.
dangerous.
f She insisted - carry the bag for me.

g She encouraged me - do my best.
h
She
invited
me
go
on
holiday
with
her.
Further knowledge
Click here to watch an excellent video on the subject before doing the
exercises below.
Now, it's time for you to practise. In order to do so, do the following
exercises.
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Further knowledge
Now we know how important it is to
know verbs that can be used in reported
speech so that we are able to perfectly
restate other people's words. But not
only is the meaning of reporting verbs
important, the structure that follows
them is really important as well.
Click here to have a look at some of
the most frequently used reporting
verbs. If you feel like getting and
learning a more complete list, click on
the picture on the left.
For further practice, do the exercises
below in order.
Creacin propia
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Decide which the exact words pronounced by Kim and the staff of
the surgery centre were from Kim's retelling of her experience.
1. A nurse
information.
asked
me
to
verify
all
the
a. "Verify all the information right now."

b. Can you verify all the information,
please?
2. She asked me if she was sick. We said that
no, she was not.
a. "Is she sick? -No, she isn't."
By PoramapornN. C. Commons
b. "Was she sick? -No, she was not."

3. The anesthesiologist came in and he also asked us if she was feeling
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fine.
a. "Are you feeling fine?"
b. "Do you feel fine?"
4. The surgeon looked at her foot. He told us she'd probably need another
surgery after that one.
a. "She'd probably need another surgery after this one."
b. "She'll probably need another surgery after this one."
Further knowledge
Click here for some theory and examples about questions in reported
speech.
Exercises on reported speech: questions.
Exercise 1
Ingls II
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Pgina 59 de 69
Reading
Reading activity
Paco has just arrived at the International Airport in Mumbai. Normally, you
have to be two hours before boarding to check in. However, Paco does not
know what time his flight leaves. In fact, he does not know when he will fly
since he has not bought the ticket yet. He hopes he can fly to Saigon.
The airport is so big that he
has spent half an hour
searching for the correct
desk to get the ticket to
Sangai. He has heard this
is the busiest airport in
India. He can see lots of
people rushing up and
down the busy corridors
looking for their respective
boarding gates. Suddenly,
a woman runs into him and
he falls down onto the floor.
The woman apologises to
him for not having seen
him and continues running.
He wants to escape from
that place as soon as he can.
By fredericknoronha. C. Commons
Once at the desk he politely asks a clerk for a ticket for the next flight to
Sangai. The clerk tells him that, unfortunately, there are so many people
who want to fly there that there are no tickets until next Friday. The woman
has such a sweet voice and has told him that so politely that he does not
care. He will buy the ticket now and leave for Sangai on Friday. After
paying some hundreds dollars for the ticket Paco turns over and is about
to leave when he hears the same beautiful voice: Sir, I forgot to tell you.
Im afraid it is not a direct flight. You will have to make a stopover in
Karachi, Pakistan. Paco smiles at her and thinks: Your voice is so
beautiful and you are so kind that I could never complain to you about
that. However, the only words that come out of his mouth are: Thank you
very much for the notice, miss, Im not in a hurry, and he leaves.
Answer the following questions:
1. According to the text, does Paco feel comfortable at the airport?
2. According to the text, will Paco fly straight away to Sangai?
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Read the text again and decide if these statements are TRUE or
FALSE. Quote the evidence that supports your answer
1. Paco is already at the airport because he is flying to Sangai in two hours

Verdadero
Falso
2. He has been looking for the correct place to buy his ticket
Verdadero
Falso
3. The airport is rather chaotic and confusing

Verdadero
Falso
4. Luckily he finds a ticket to fly to Sangai the very same day

Verdadero
Falso
5. Paco is worried about not being able to flight directly to Sangai

Verdadero
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Curiosities
The Commonwealth Games

The Commonwealth
Games
is
a
multi-sport
event
held
every
four
years involving the
elite athletes of the
Commonwealth
of
Nations. Normally,
5,000
athletes
attend
these
games, which are
directed
and
controlled by the
Commonwealth
Games Federation.
A
sporting
competition
bringing together the members of the British Empire was first proposed by
the Reverend Astley Cooper in 1891 when he wrote an article in The Times
suggesting a "Pan-Britannic-Pan-Anglican Contest and Festival every four
years as a means of increasing the goodwill and good understanding of the
British Empire".
By foxypar4. C. Commons
In 1911, the Festival of the Empire was held in London to celebrate the
coronation of King George V. As part of the festival an Inter-Empire
Championships was held in which teams from Australia, Canada, South
Africa and the United Kingdom competed in events such as boxing,
wrestling, swimming and athletics.
In 1928, Melville Marks Robinson of Canada was asked to organise the first
ever British Empire Games. These were held in Hamilton, Ontario two
years later. The name changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games
in 1954, to British Commonwealth Games in 1970 and assumed the current
name of the Commonwealth Games in 1978.
The last Games were held in Melbourne, Australia, in 2006. The following
ones will be held in 2010, in Delhi, India! And Glasgow, Scotland, in 2014!
The History of the Taj Mahal

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This immense mausoleum was built on the orders of Shah Jahan, the fifth
Muslim Mogul emperor, to honour the memory of his beloved late wife. It
was built out of white marble and is regarded as the most perfect jewel of
Muslim art in India.
The Emperor's third wife died during the birth of their fourteenth child in
1631, and he was so grief-stricken that he ordered to build up a
mausoleum in his memory. The main designer is said to have been Ustad
Ahmad Lahauri. The construction began in 1632 and was completed in
1645. The surrounding buildings and the fantastic garden were finished five
years later. It was constructed using so many materials from all over India
and Asia that more than 1,000 elephants were used to transport them.
It is such a famous and beautiful monument that thousands of photographs
have been taken of it everyday after the one by Samuel Bourne in 1860.
Visitors agree that the Taj Mahal appears pink in the morning, white in the
day and changes its colour to golden in the moon light.
By Stuck in Customs. C. Commons
To get further information about this splendid wonder, click on the picture
above and watch the video. Enjoy the song (a translation of it into English
can be seen on the right), but do not forget to read the information
provided in the video.
The city of Kolkata

Kolkata, formerly Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West
Bengal. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly.
When referred to as Calcutta, it usually includes the suburbs, and thus its
population exceeds 15 million, making it India's third-largest metropolitan
area and urban agglomeration as well as the world's 8th largest
agglomeration.
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By Indianhilbilly. C. Commons.
By Indianhilbilly. C. Commons
By T. Maximov. C. Commons
Kolkata served as the capital of India during the British Raj until 1911. Once
the centre of modern education, industry, science, culture and politics in
India, Kolkata has witnessed intense political violence, clashes and
economic stagnation since 1954. Since the year 2000, economic
rejuvenation has spurred on the city's growth. Like other metropolitan
cities in India, Kolkata continues to struggle with the problems of
urbanisation: poverty, pollution and traffic congestion.
Source: wikipedia.
Indian national sport

India's official national sport is field hockey, administered by the Indian
Hockey Federation. The Indian field hockey team won the 1975 Men's
Hockey World Cup and 8 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals at the Olympic
games.
However, cricket is the most popular sport. The India national cricket team
won the 1983 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and
shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. Cricket in India is
administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, and domestic
competitions include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar
Trophy, the Irani Trophy and the Challenger Series. In addition Indian cricket
league and Indian premier league organise Twenty20 competitions.
By Pablisher007. Public domain.
Ingls II
By Chandrachoodan. GNU license.
Pgina 64 de 69
Tennis has become increasingly popular, owing to the victories of the India
Davis Cup team.
Association football is also a popular sport in northeast India, West Bengal,
Goa and Kerala. The Indian national football team has won the South Asian
Football Federation Cup several times.
Chess, commonly held to have been originated in India, is also gaining
popularity with the rise in the number of Indian Grandmasters.
Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which are
played nationwide. India is also home to the ancient martial arts,
Kalarippayattu and Varma Kalai.
The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are India's highest
awards for achievements in sports, while the Dronacharya Award is awarded
for excellence in coaching.
India hosted or co-hosted the 1951 and the 1982 Asian Games, the 1987
and 1996 Cricket World Cup. It is also scheduled to host the 2010
Commonwealth Games and the 2011 Cricket World Cup.
Adapted from Wikipedia.
Other Wonders of the World

The Seven
Wonders of the
World
Do
you
know
which the other
Six Wonders of
the World are?
They
are
so
wonderful that all
of
them
are
visited
by
millions
of
tourists
every
year. Watch the video on the right to guess. If you want to know and learn
more about them, click here!
Listening activity
This is one of Kipling's best known poems, "If".
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Enjoy it paying attention to pronunciation, intonation and rhythm.
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Rephrasing III
Rephrasing modal verbs

OBLIGATION - PROHIBITION - ADVICE - LACK OF OBLIGATION
a. Must - have to / obligation
It will be obligatory for them to get up early when they do the military
service.
They will have to get up early when they do ...
b. Mustn't / not allowed - be forbidden
I don't want anyone to know. You are forbidden to tell anyone what I said.
You mustn't tell anyone what I said
c. Should / had better (advice)
"You'd better have a rest and go on holiday", the doctor advised him.
You should have a rest and go on holiday ...
It was a mistake to drink so much alcohol.
You shouldn't have drunk so much alcohol
d. Needn't- Don't have to / not necessary
We have enough food at home. It is not necessary that we go shopping.
We needn't / don't have to go shopping
It was not necessary for them to attend the lecture yesterday (and they
didn't)
They didn't have to attend the lecture yesterday
It is a lovely day and you have brought your coat. It wasn't necessary. (but
they did)
You needn't have brought your coat.
POSSIBILITY - DEDUCTION - IMPOSSIBILITY

e. May - Might / Perhaps, maybe, it's just possible
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Perhaps I will go to the cinema.

I may go to the cinema
Perhaps John knew about the trip, but I'm not sure.
John might have known about the trip.
f. Could / There is a possibility
It's quite possible that they went away last weekend.
They could have gone away last weekend.
g. Must / I am sure (affirmative)
I'm sure Helen knows about the accident. She looks very unhappy.
Helen must know about the accident. She looks very unhappy.
I think Mary was probably at home because the windows were open.
Mary must have been at home because the windows were open.
h. Can't / It is impossible, I am sure (negative)
I'm sure he didn't lock the door. He never does.
He can't have locked the door.
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Rephrasing reported speech
a. orders
'Don't worry about anything, Mr Hill,' said the doctor.
The doctor asked Mr Hill not to worry about anything.
"Open your suitcases, please" said the Customs Officer.
The Customs Officer ordered us to open our suitcases.
b. statements
"I have a Biology lesson this afternoon and I haven't done my homework
yet," said Sally
Sally said she had a Biology lesson that afternoon but she hadn't
done her homework yet.
"We have moved into our new flat.
one," my sister said.
We don't like it so much as our last
My sister said they had moved into their new flat but they didn't
like it so much as their last one
c. questions
"Have you had your vaccinations?" the nurse asked me.
The nurse wanted to know if I had had my vaccinations.
"What are we going to have for lunch?" he asked his mother.
He asked his mother what they were going to have for lunch.
d. mixed types
"Can you speak more slowly? I can't understand you." He asked me.
He asked me if I could speak more slowly because he couldn't
understand me
"Don't drive through fog with only a fog light on," he said, "or other drivers
may take you for a motorbike."
He told me not to drive ... or other drivers might take me ...
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Pgina 69 de 69

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Unit 3: New destiny: India

Unit 3. New destiny: India

2. Emplear el estilo indirecto para repetir lo que otra persona

Unit 3: New destiny: India

Unit 3: New destiny: India

According to the text...

2. Pakistan was a country on its own by 1947.

3. There are a lot of poor people in India.

Unit 3: New destiny: India

Introduction to modal verbs

Then, answer the question below:

Unit 3: New destiny: India

Common Modal Verbs

ABILITY / PERMISSION & REQUEST

ability in the present

She can speak Chinese

ability in the past

Could you swim when you

ability in the future

I will be able to speak Chinese

Can I go to the cinema this

May I leave the table now?

polite request, present

+ = used in affirmative sentences

Unit 3: New destiny: India

I really must stop smoking

She has to work today

John should get a haircut.

You mustn't smoke in the

You don't have to eat that.

+ = used in affirmative sentences

*1 When we use 'must', this usually means that some personal

Unit 3: New destiny: India

*3 "ought to" has the same uses as "should": advice and

Complete these sentences with the right modal verb:

1. I like Sundays because you

lock the car before leaving

3. If you want to be successful it, you

talk while you are doing an exam

5. Sheila has travelled around the world. She

finish her job today?

7. When John was 13, he was a fast swimmer. He

feed animals in the zoo

Unit 3: New destiny: India

Possibility and certainty

Learning Chinese can be a

They could be on the train

China may become a major

Your purse might be in the

He must be on drugs! Look at

Choose the right modal verb to complete the sentences

Unit 3: New destiny: India

Unit 3: New destiny: India

Unit 3: New destiny: India

Modal verbs III

Modal verbs in the past

must have + past

He's late. He must

can't have + past

She can't have gone.

He isn't here. He may

should have + past

You should have