Societal Analysis and Development Action (SADA)

Session 8
Module 5: Development: Models/Approaches
1

Power of Ideology
Charity/Welfare approach
Capitalistic approach
Socialistic approach
Modernisation approach
Violence and non-violence as an
approach/action for development
New thinking: Freedom, Entitlement,
Endowment and Transformation
Sustainable Development (Next session)

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

Power of Ideology
2

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

Power of Ideology
3

What people think and believe about society, power, rights,

etc., determines their actions
Everything has to pass through the mind of the individual
before he or she acts
How do the ideas and beliefs appear in our minds?
Critical examination of reality thinking for oneself
Influence of others opinions family, education, mass
media, etc.
Some forms of teaching imprison the mind
Others liberate the mind, enabling it to think critically
Subjugation by force is the crudest form of social control
Mind control is a much more effective method
But is it really effective?
Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

Political Ideology /spectrum: 2 dimension

Market

Welfare state
liberalism

Neoliberalism
Market
authoritarianism

Social
democracy

Right

Left Market socialism

Traditional
conservatism
State socialism
Fascism

(Communism)
4

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

State

SADA-Session 8

You may use 3 or more

dimensions

Market
Inequality

Democrac
y

Authoritarianis
m

Equality

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

State

SADA-Session 8

Three major factors which produce, shape

and reshape ideologies:

1.

TIME,
2. CLASS, AND
3. CRISIS

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

TIME
7

The flow of time

The course of history
Social evolution and development
The 5 centuries of modernization
The issue of change social, technological, cultural, economic
Also: age (individuals, countries, systems) and
readiness to embrace change
The influence of liberalism today is partly explained by
the fact that liberalism was created as the ideology
of change.
Conservatisms
main problem: how to SADA-Session
keep order
in a
Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB
8
changing world

CLASS
8

Each major ideology has its main roots in the interests

of a certain class, or a section of a class, or several
aligned classes
For instance, in 19th century Europe:
Conservative ideologies were rooted in the interests of
landed aristocracy and clergy classes losing power
as a result of modernization
Liberalism was rooted in the interests of the rising
bourgeoisie
Socialism was rooted in the interests of the working
classes
Prof.S.
Peppin, PhD
XIMB
8
The
special
role
of the intellectuals in SADA-Session
the production

CRISIS
9

A catastrophe (major war, economic collapse,

ecological disaster, famine)
Major deterioration of social conditions
Breakdown of a state
A revolution or a counterrevolution
Crises create powerful demand for new ideas
And people commit themselves to ideas much more
strongly (become more ideological) than in normal
times

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

10

Liberalism,
conservatism,
socialism,
and fascism
have offered comprehensive political
worldviews
Other important ideologies which have not
developed into comprehensive systems of
thought but have had major influence on national and
Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB
SADA-Session 8
global politics:

11

Nationalism: creating independent states,

fostering national unity
Anarchism: rejection of the state as a social
mechanism
Feminism: struggle for gender equality
Environmentalism: saving the planet
What about religious fundamentalisms?

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

Charity/Welfare approach
12

Features

Actors

It is based on the ethos of religion that

helping the ones in need is a ticket to
heaven.
The ideology behind the relief approach
derives from the way the agency
understands poverty.
The inequalities in societies are seen as
the working of fate. It is gods will that
some are rich and others poor, that
some are victims of catastrophes, both
natural and man-made.
These tragic situations are to be seen
as part of the normal run of human
existence.
Charity/welfare approach: Believes in
meeting the basic needs and providing
immediate relief to the suffering

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

State-Government
Sisters of Charity
Doctors without Borders (MSF)
CARE, CRS (not exclusively)
UN Agencies (Not exclusively)
????

SADA-Session 8

Charity/Welfare Approach

13

If often creates passivity and

dependence. The real poor of
India are not beggars.

Relief work does not attack

and still less solve, the root
causes of the problems.

In fact, if often prevents

people from becoming aware
of the real problems and
finding lasting solutions.

It silences the poor by

temporarily satisfying them.

The rich and powerful often

take advantage of natural
calamities and individual
difficulties to exploit the poor
and control their lives. One
Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB
should not distribute food,

It should respect the dignity of

people and encourage their
contribution (e.g. food for
work) Charity should also be
done in a well organized and
efficient manner.
Charity calms the consciences
of the rich. A few people in
society are sacrificed as
dedicated persons and
receive the admiration of all as
compensation. They are guiltrelievers in society.
When I give food they
consider me a saint. When I
stand for proper wages,
they call me communist
SADA-Session 8
(Helder Camara)

Capitalistic Approach
14

Features
Capitalist approach rests on a certain understanding of
poverty and under development.

Growth

is the answer: Heavy stress on increased

production and economic growth rather than on
removal of poverty and equal distribution of wealth
(the cake has to be bigger before it can be shared.)
Relies on industrialization and rather
sophisticated and capital intensive technology.
On cultural level, capitalist approach leads to
acceptance of ideas of West and adoption of its
attitudes and values.
Hence traditional societies have to be modernized and
have to adopt more rational attitudes and values,
hard work, discipline, desire for material progress,
sense of saving foresight, team spirit & collaboration,
creativity, spirit of responsibility, initiative,
entrepreneurship, boldness etc.
Hence to a great extent it means westernization
or reinterpretation of tradition, cultures and religions
according to modern criteria and values.
It has also been called the diffusion theory for
it takes for granted that the beneficial effects of
Prof.S.
Peppin, PhD
XIMB
development
will more
or less automatically spread to
the lower sections of society from the rich or elite.

Actors

State/Governm
ent
World Bank
ITC, HLL etc
(CSR)
Foundations
What about
MFIs?
Who else?

SADA-Session 8

Capitalistic Approach
Critique
15

Produced unparalleled
progress in the levels of
freedom and the
standard of living of the
majority of the people of
those countries.

This is a genuine
liberation from hunger,
sickness, illiteracy etc.
offering to the masses of
the people great
opportunities for
development and
creativity.

From a purely economic

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB
point of view, this

First of all capitalism has failed to

solve its own poverty and inequality
problems.
And secondly the gap between the
rich and poor in these countries tend
to keep growing rather than
narrowing.
Extreme poverty drives people to
borrow. Moneylenders prosper.
Then there are all the problem of
consumerism and ecological
devastation.
Abundance of luxury articles and
scarcity of basic goods, sophisticated
technology and unemployment, low
wages, debts and bonded labour.
Then there are the crises in the
cultural moral and spiritual fields.

SADA-Session 8

Socialistic Approach
16

Features

Socialism advocates an economic system distinct from that of capitalism. The main
characteristics of the socialist approach are :

Socialism proposes a distinct economic,

political and ideological social order and
structure in society.
Socialism perceives that there is an
intrinsic, casual relationship between the
wealth and development of a few, and the
poverty of the many. And this is at the
national as well as the international level.
Perceives the close interdependence of
economic and political power.
Reforms are not enough, however, radical
they be, what is needed is a new economic
order
It is the capitalist development which
creates the underdevelopment
Development means LIBERATION !
Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

Actors

State/Government
Action Aid, OXFARM
(not exclusively)
Agragamee
Were Mahatma Gandhi
and JP. Narayan
socialists?

SADA-Session 8

Socialistic Approach
Critique
17

Not all socialists are Marxists. Not all

socialists advocate capture of power
through revolution, but compared to the
capitalist approach all socialist approaches
are revolutionary.
Experience all over the world has shown
many weaknesses in this approach:
Benefits

of development were enjoyed by the

ruling elite.
No place for peoples voice/ democracy.
Dictatorship became the dictum.
Projected a disguised growth and the call for
Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB
SADA-Session 8
transparency was dealt severely.

Modernisation Approach
18

Features

Actors

Basically an extension of capitalism in the

Third World.
A time lag is presumed between the
developed and developing countries.
Backward countries have to steadily
increase their production and standard of
living and thus catch up with the
advanced countries.
There is a heavy stress on economic growth
and increased production, rather than on the
removal of poverty and on equal distribution
of wealth.
Relies on industrialization and capital
intensive technology and family planning is
important.
Another feature of this modernization theory
is that it implies a harmonious and peaceful
paradigm of development.
Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

State/Government
Private Corporations
Bi-lateral agencies

?????

SADA-Session 8

Modernisation Approach
Critique
19

Results so far have been not up to expectation

Very uneven development between nations and within nations.
Social justice is forgotten
Urban biased development
Slum developments
Ecological problems
Ambiguous comparisons with the West. There are fundamental differences
between the conditions which prevailed in todays rich nations, at the
beginning of their development process, and those which are found in the
Third World today, For example

Differences in the density of population and population growth levels
People are more socially conscious, and so less tolerant of stark poverty
and great inequalities
The picture of harmonious development in the west is false. The
modern Western society is the product of great conflicts and struggles
by the poor.
Ignores the existence of power groups with vested interests.
Peppin,
PhD XIMB
SADA-Session 8
Prof.S.
Neglect
of human
and structural dimensions of poverty

Violence
20

There are three types of violence

(1) White violence :Structural systemic instituionalised violence operative
in the structures and institutions of society.
This White violence leads to untold suffering and deaths (e.g. every year in India,
3 to 6 mn children die of poverty before becoming 5 years old). Mark Twain asked
what kind of death is more painful : by hunger or bullet?
(2) Revolutionary violence : by those who want to transform
society, often caused by frustration and despair who is responsible for this
violence? (a) the opponents of change and (b) the passive and silent. The more
the rich / powerful (and high castes) oppose change and the more the middle
classes are passive the more revolutionary violence there will be.
(3) Repressive violence: by the Government and its army / police
(sometimes called counter violence) and also by the rich and their goondas who
oppose changes and threaten its agents. In some countries, there is a spiral of
violence in society In India these three types of violence are very widespread
and on the increase.

Actors:

State/Government, Naxal Movements, PLA, LTTE, etc

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB
SADA-Session 8

Violence
Critique
21

Outcome of violence:
(1) Destruction of public property: To judge such actions, one
must ask whether the government is responsive enough to non-violent demands.
(2) Terrorism whether leftist or rightist (a) indiscriminate killing never morally
justifiable (b) Selective killing of corrupt politicians / officials and unjust or oppressive
people.
(3) Guerrilla movements: Small armies with hit and run tactics .. very
widespread in todays world. A few victories (e.g. Cuba, Vietnam, Zimbabwe,
Nicaragua tribal groups in India). Difficult for guerrillas to overthrow powerful armies
On the other hand, difficult for government to defeat guerrillas, especially if they have
much public support, often protected and inconclusive struggles. (4) Full-scale wars
with regular armies.

Can we justify violence?

Who perpetuates violence? (State and party funding)
Violence always breeds violence

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

Non-Violence
22

People often confuse non-violence with inaction / passivity.

A radical distribution of wealth and power has never been brought about
by this method.
Non-violence struggles, as practiced by Gandhi, J.P. Narayan, Martin
Luther King and others, go much farther than preaching.
Non-violence can be radical in its approach.
Non-violent methods.
1. Petitions to government or government / bank officials.
2. Involving the masses in support of certain demands (e.g. through
mass demonstrations, signature campaigns, strikes and fasts).
3. Exercising strong pressures on the government or certain persons /
groups / institutions. strikes (local / regional / regional / national in or
many sectors) (and picketing) fast to death, boycotts (of certain goods,
shops or services) (and picketing and gheraos)
4. Civil disobedience : No tax campaign, refusal to supply good grains
or meant to the cities courts, etc.
Actors: PUCL, Anna Hazare etc

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

Non-Violence
Critique
23

Conflict is common where there are competing interests. Conflicts is not

necessarily violence.

Secondly conflict is often a necessary means to attain the dialogue with people
in authority.

The poor do not achieve this until they have shown they are no longer servile
and afraid.

How can the poor resist, for example at the local level, the oppressive violence
often exercised against them?

Is violence possible and relevant in such cases? Or should the poor stick to nonviolence?

How will you, as Rural Managers react, when you witness violence in your
project operation area?

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

Rights Based Approach

Freedom, Entitlement, and
Endowment

24

Freedom: To raise ones voice, take decisions on matters

affecting ones life and freedom to dissent and disagree.

Entitlement: The relationships, established by trade, direct

production or sale of labour power, through which an individual or
household gains access to food.

Direct entitlement is access to food gained through own production

and consumption.
Exchange entitlement is that command over food which is achieved by
selling labour power in order to buy food.
Trade entitlement is the sale of produce to buy food.

Endowment: The owned assets and personal capacities which

an individual or household can use to establish entitlement to food.

Actors: State/Government, Action Aid, OXFARM etc, UN Agencies,

PUCL, RTI/RTE/RTF/RTE etc
Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

Friedmans Model of Empowerment/Development

25

Propounded in 1992 this model is more

holistic and addresses several issues
related to poverty. Friedman says that
poverty arises because of a low social
power base. Hence if the poor can be
given a good power base poverty can be
automatically erased.

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8

Friedmans Model of
Empowerment/Development
26

Organisation : Collectively / solidarity is essential for the poor to improve their

bargaining power and articulation.
Networks : It is not sufficient for the poor to be organized, but need
networking between their organizations.
Social Power Base: Community based institutions, norms, rules and
organisation of people (SHGs)-Social capital
Defensible Life Space : A house or shelter to live in and to secure ones
belongings. The belongings that one wants to secure may be cheap but
valuable in other ways.
Information : Information in power. Information that a poor person needs
would be of wages, benefits and employment.
Surplus Time : This time is required to take care of oneself, the children, the
sick and the aged in the family. This is important for human capital formation.
Instruments of work and livelihoods : Any asset that is productive and helps
one to earn a living.
Financial Resources : Credit for any new enterprise or to upgrade an existing
livelihood.
Knowledge and Skills : Knowledge to make better use of the resources
Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB
SADA-Session 8
available to oneself

Group Exercise
27

Different Programmes

ITCHLL
NRHM
MGNREGA
????

Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

XIMB

SADA-Session 8