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Test procedures
1. The inner dimensions of the shear box and the inner area (A) was measured and calculated.
2. The top and the bottom halves of shear box was fixed together by locking pins.
3. 127g of sand was weight out to the nearest 0.1g
4. The soil was placed in three layers into the shear box so that the surface of the specimen
coincide with the level mark inside the box (the height of specimen, h=14.115mm). 25 times
tamping was applied on each layer using a wood tamper.
5. Any spilled or removed material was collected, the total of the unused soil was weight to the
nearest 0.1g, and the initial mass of the specimen (Mo) was determined.
6. The porous plate was placed on the specimen. The plate was gently bed down to form a level
surface.
7. The shear box was placed in the direct shear machine. The shear box was clamp in, and
advances the screw manually so that all moving part was seared snugly against one another.
8. A normal force (N) was applied by putting a 2kg load on the dead weight system.
9. Position and zero the deformation indicators (horizontal and vertical dial gauges)
10. The locking pins from the shear box was removed and turn the separating screws one-quarter
of a turn to separate the top and bottom halves of the shear box.
11. The shearing of the specimen was begun at a deformation rate
( H / t )
of
H=0.1mm . please
take note that 1 Div = 0.01 mm for dial gauge, while 1 Div = 0.0074 kN for force
measurement proving ring.
13. The test after the shear force (F) readings drops significantly was stopped or remains constant
for a continuous 3 readings.
14. The machine was reverse to release shear force. Take the normal load off.
15. The shear box was removed carefully from machine and empties the shear box.
16. The test by changing the normal load in step (8) to 4kg was repeated.
Results:
Height before fill in sand = 37.34mm
Height after fill in sand = 7.845mm
Thickness of porous plate = 6.83mm
Sample height, h= 22.665mm
mo=
Mass of soil,
129.8g
I) Calculation
a) Bulk density,p
=
mo
A h
3 2
A 0.05988 0.05982=3.58 10 m
129.8 103
( 3.58 103 ) 0.022665
3
=1.599 10 kg m
b) Normal stress,
n =k
( NA )
n =100 kN /m2
100=
N
3
3.58 10
N=3.58 10 kN /m
c) Shear stress, t
=
F
A
F=0. 320 kN ,
0.320
3.58 103
=89.39 kN / m
Test Data 1
Horizontal
Displacement, H
DIV
mm
0
0
Vertical
Displacement, V
DIV
mm
0
0
Shear
Force, F
kN
0
20
0.2
-1
-0.01
0.108
40
0.4
-2
-0.02
0.156
60
0.6
-2.2
-0.022
0.196
80
0.8
-1.9
-0.019
0.231
100
0.252
120
1.2
2.5
0.025
0.267
140
1.4
0.05
0.281
160
1.6
7.5
0.075
0.292
180
1.8
10
0.1
0.301
200
12.5
0.125
0.306
220
2.2
15
0.15
0.308
240
2.4
17.5
0.175
0.31
260
2.6
19.5
0.195
0.31
shear
stress
0
30.15057
196
43.55082
616
54.71770
466
64.48872
335
70.35133
456
74.53891
4
78.44732
148
81.51821
307
84.03076
073
85.42662
054
85.98496
447
86.54330
839
86.54330
839
280
2.8
21.5
0.215
0.309
300
23.5
0.235
0.309
320
3.2
26
0.26
0.31
86.26413
643
86.26413
643
86.54330
839
100
90
80
70
60
shear stress,t (kN/m
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
vertical displacement ,v (mm
0.1
0.05
0
-0.05
50
100
150
200
250
n' = nu ; givenu=0 , pore water pressure remains zero throughout the test.
'
n = n0
n' = n
=c+ n tan
'
c=c
'
For sand, c=c =0
86.543=0+100 tan
'
= =40.874
= '
Mass of soil,
137.4g
a) Bulk density,p
=
mo
A h
3 2
A 0.05988 0.05982=3.58 10 m
137.4 103
( 3.58 103 ) 0.02444
=1.569 10 3 kg m3
b) Normal stress,
n =k
( NA )
n =200 k N /m2
200=
N
3.58 103
N=7.16 10 kN /m
c) Shear stress, t
=
F
A
F=0.6396 kN ,
0. 6396
3.58 103
=178.66 kN /m
Horizontal
Displacement,H
DIV
mm
0
0
Vertical Displacement,
V
DIV
mm
0
0
Shear
Force, F
kN
0
20
0.2
-2.5
-0.025
0.198
40
0.4
-4.5
-0.045
0.312
60
0.6
-5
-0.05
0.386
80
100
0.8
1
-4.5
-3
-0.045
-0.03
0.442
0.481
120
1.2
-1.5
-0.015
0.532
140
1.4
0.539
160
1.6
2.5
0.025
0.556
180
1.8
4.5
0.045
0.566
200
0.07
0.573
220
2.2
8.5
0.085
0.577
240
260
2.4
2.6
11
13
0.11
0.13
0.581
0.582
shear stress
0
55.2760485
9
87.1016523
2
107.760377
5
123.394007
5
134.281714
148.519484
1
150.473687
8
155.219611
2
158.011330
8
159.965534
5
161.082222
4
162.198910
2
162.478082
280
2.8
14.5
0.145
0.579
300
16
0.16
0.578
320
3.2
17
0.17
0.578
180
160
140
120
100
shear stress,t (kN/m
80
60
40
20
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
2
161.640566
3
161.361394
4
161.361394
4
0.2
0.15
0.1
vertical displacement ,v (mm
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-0.05
-0.1
50
100
150
200
250
n' = nu ; givenu=0 , pore water pressure remains zero throughout the test.
n' = n0
For sand,
'
c=c =0
162.478=0+ 200tan
=' =39.09
'
n = n
=c+ n tan
c=c'
= '
Discussion :
In this experiment, two sets of data is obtained by using two different normal stress which
are 32.0 kPa and 64.0 kPa and value is calculated to be 40.87 and 39.09 respectively. The
typical value can be obtained using the graph below.
As both of the results obtained are around 40, we can categories the soil we use as sand.
In the graph of shear stress () vs normal stress (n), the larger value implies a denser soil. In
the experiment, as a higher force is applied, the particles of the soil will pack tightly, forcing air
out and increasing its shear strength. Since the particles are closer to each other, it means that the
soils is denser relating a higher density will yield a higher shear strength
From the shear stress () vs horizontal displacement (H) graphs plotted above showing
that the maximum of shear stresses of these samples are 85.946kN/m^2 and 161.974kN/m2
under different normal stresses of 32.0kPa and 64.0kPa respectively. Also, from the graph, it is
seen that when a higher normal stress acts upon the soil, the higher the maximum shear stress is
recorded. The drop in vertical displacement might be due to the soil forcing air out, condensing
it. As the horizontal displacement continue, the soil will be unable to condense anymore, pushing
' values for 2 different max shear stresses are 25.86 and 40.22 respectively calculated by
the formula stated above.