)12.

74 At a point in a stressed body, the principal

stresses are

iented as shown inFrg.Pl2.74. Use Mohr's circle to determine:

.l the stresses onplane a-a.
the point.
-- ) the stresses on the horizontal and vertical planes at
,

>:

r the absolute maximum shear stress at the point.

er: I tu"-'(i)
FIGURE P12,74

12.10 crunAL

srATE oF srREss ATA PoINT

general three-dimensional state of stress at a point was previously introduced in

::ction I2.2. This state of stress has three normal stress components and six shear
.:ress components, as illustrated in Fig. 12.11 .The shear stress components shown on
.s. 12.11 are not all independent, however, since moment equilibrium requires that

1e

Iyr:fxy

Ty7:Tzy

T*z:Tu

-he stresses shown in Fig. 12.11 are all positive according to the normal and shear stress
.-sn conventions outlined in Section 12.2.

NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESSES

FIGURE 12.17

:rpressions for the stresses on any oblique plane through the point, in terms of stresses on
.re reference x, y, and z planes, can be developed with the aid of the free-body diagram
::rowfl i1 Fig. l2.I8a. The n axis is normal to the oblique (shaded) face. The orientation

J:I
I

I
(a) Tetrahedron free-body diagram
:TGURE

12.18

n axis

() Orientation of n axis defined

Tetrahedron for deriving principal stresses on an oblique plane

2oo MPa

488

of

sTRESs TRANSFORMATIONS

of the oblique face of the tetrahedral erement is

defined to be dA.

the n axis can be def,ned by. three angres

a,

and

y, as shown inFig. r2.rgb. The

Area"s

are

tt. and

of the y, and :

faces are thus dA cosa, dAcos p, and dAcosy,

respectivery: rrr"'r*rint force F on ;
oblique face is s d4, where s is the resultant
stress on the area. The resultant stress s::
related to the normal and shear stress components
on the oblique face by the expression;

(r2.2:
The forces on the y, and z faces are shown
as three components, the magnitude of eac:
being the product of the area by the appropriate
stress. If we use r, m, and to represen:
cosa, cosB, and cos7, respectively, the firce
equilibrium equations in the y, and :
directions are
The terms:

/:

Expans
pal stre

rvhere

Fr: & dA: ordA.l + ty*dA.m* rudA.n

Fr : Sy dA : on dA. m -t t, dA. n * r, dA. I
F, : S, dA : o, dA . n * r* dA . t + .cu, dA . m

cosa
cosB

m=
,?: cosy

are called direction cosines.

from which the three orthogonal components

of the resurtant stress are

The con
lvere dis
plane sr

&:ar.l*.cyx.rfl*tzr.n
Sy=?ra.l*on.m*,cr.n
Sr:rrr.l*qr.m*or.n
The normal component on of the resultant
stress ,S equals S, ./ + ,S) .m I Sr.a; therefore
from Eq. (a), the following equation of the normal
stress on any oblique plane through thc
point is obtained:

are the p
of nume;

Fo
STTCSSCS

the relar

(12:5
t

The shear stress ?,r on the oblique plane can

be obtained from the relation
For a given problem, the values of ,s and onwilbe

iI

obtained

I
i

:(

r."*

nqr.

trr

o] +

sir,es thr

t:

and (12.25).

A principal plane was previously defined as a plane

on which the shear stress r,, is zero. T::
normal stress o, on such a plane was defined
as a principal stress d.p. Irthe oblique plane :;
Fig. 12.18 is a principal pla.ne, then S : o, and :
S. o)1, Sn : oo, S, : oon. When theo

components are substituted into Eq. (a), the equations

u"i"*rl'tt"n to produce the follo;
ing homogeneous linear equations in terms of the
"u, cosines
direction
t, m, ind n:

- or)l ! y*m * run: O

(or-or)m*ron*rrl:0
(o, - or)n * rrrl * rrrm: 0
(o,

rhese elationships can be established by considering

the volume of the tetrahedron in Fig. 12.1ga. The
lume Vof thetetrahedroncan.be,expressed^a1

v: iarae:

+i;;,:-!";;dAr"=

C.

for the

Eqr-

MAGNITUDE AND ORIENTATION OF PRINCIPAL

STRESSES

This set of equations has a nontrivial solution

only if the determinant of the coefflcients

;edin_e

, r.

!aza,t,.Ho*:
the distance dn from the origin to.the center ofthe
obli{ue face can also be expressed as dn : dx cos
u = d., :,
0 = dzcos 1. Thus, the areas ofthe tetrahedron fu."s
be expressed as dA,: d.l cos a', alf,J;
;; ;.
dAr: dAcosy.
"un

andn is equal to zero. Thus,

l(o-

|
|

489

- or
,,
,*,

loy

ry*
- op)
ry,

GENERAL STATE OF STRESS

ATA POINT

rzx
rzy

(o,

op)

-0

(r2.26)

=.rpansion of the determinant yields the following cubic equation for determining the princi-

ral stresses:

4-rr4*I2oo-\:o
It:o**orlo,
12: oro, * oro, *

oro,

(12.21)

- ti - ,j, - ,',

13: 0*o16r*2rrryxrzx-

b*r3r* ort2u+

(t2.28)
ozTz-y)

The constants 11, 12, and 13 are stress invariants. Recall that stress invariants for plane stress The roots ofBq. (12.27) canbe
;i ere discussed in Section 12.6 and that the invariants 11 and 12 were given in Eq. (12.9)
readily estimated by plotting a

:lanestresswhereo.:

for

tyr: ru:0.

Equation (12.27) alwayshasthreerealroots,which graphoftheleft-handsideof the

rre the principal stresses at a given point. The roots of Eq. (12.21) can be found by a number equation as a function of o.
-rf

numerical methods.

For given values of

ox,6y,...,rz,Eq.

(12.27) gives three values of the principal

itresses op1, op\> and ooz. Substituting these values for or, in turn, into Eq. (b) and using

e relation

12+m2*n2:1

(")

-ives three sets of direction cosines for the normals to the three principal planes. The pre-

.'eding discussion verifies the existence of three mutually perpendicular principal planes
:or the most general state of stress.
Equation (b) can also be rewritten in matrix form as

l'".i:'

oi!,,s

,,:i,)

]{r}: {[]

trivial solution (l : m : n: 0) is not possible for this equation

since the direction cosines must satisfy Eq. (c). This equation can be solved as a
standard eigenvalue problem. The three eigenvalues correspond to the three principal
stresses art opz, and opz. The eigenvector that corresponds to each eigenvalue consists of the direction cosines {1, m, n} of the normal to the principal plane. In developing equations for maximum and minimum normal stresses, the special case will be
considered in which x,r: 'tyz: Tzr:0. No loss in generality is introduced by
considering this special case, since it involves only a reorientation of the reference
_1, z axes to coincide with the principal directions. Given that the x, y, and z planes
are now principal planes, the stresses ox, oy, o. become opr 6p2, and ooz.Solving
Eq. (a) for the direction cosines yields
Observe that the

,s,
opl

m:

s)

s.

O^)

6"1

492
STR ESS

P12.77 At

fabs max

:- =

TRANSFORMATIONS

a:

60MPa -

-120MPa.:
tr

-_.

l the norma

normal is o:
.y,

and

; ar;.

: r the principa
at the poin:

P12.78 Ar a ;,

::0,o.:[.

- S ksi. Deterru.Assume ort

oo2>

06 > 0

Stress combination on arbitrary plane

(a) Principal stress element

- :e

() Mohr's circle

:i

FIGURE 12-20

The largest magnitude from these three possible results is ?u6.

-u^; hence, the ab::.r.ii*
maximum shear stress can be expressed as

:_
j'o'":
---"*-o*,
_ 2_.-

;-

--

APPLICATION OF MOHR'S CRCLE TO THREE.DIMENSIONAL

STRESS ANALYSIS
In Fig. 12.20a, the principal stresses opt, opz, and o at a point are shown on a stres: rtr
ment. we will assume that the principal stresses have been ordered so that oot ) -topz and that all three are greater than zero. Furthermore, observe that the prinipal
;.ii:m*
represented by the stress element are rotated with respect to the -r-)- axes. Usl:. mru
three principal stresses, Mohr's circle can be plotted to visually represent the r":
stress combinations possible at the point (Fig. l2.2ob). Stress combinations for alj -",,,i,,
ble planes plot either on one of the circles or in the shaded area. From Mohr's circ-: mr
absolute maximum shear stress magnitude given by Eq. (12.30) is evident.
r,uuri,

PROBLEMS
;, :

4OMPa(T), or,

stressed body, the

20MPa(C),

known stresses

are

o,:2QMPa(T), r,, :

+0 MPa, r): : 0, and r u : + 30 MPa. Determine:

r the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose outward
normal is oriented at angles of 40",75', and 54. with the y,
and axes, respectively.
r r the principal stresses and the absolute maximum shear stress
at the point.

P'12,76 At a point in a stressed body, the known stres;:.

o,:

or: l2ksi(T), o.:

-4 ksi. and t* : 0. Determine:
l4ksi(T),

10ksi(T),

Nrr

r,,: *4k:-

(a) the normal and shear sffesses on a plane whose c-:.n,uu@:

normal is oriented at angles of 40.,60", and,66.2 uir_ -ru
,,,,

y,

and z axes, respectively.

(b) the principal

at the point.

stresses and the absolute

maximum she:

princi:.'

rhe

poiil:

,i2.79 -\r . " = -l\fPa._ T.

lr
-

. *13 nLr=l: :

_
--*
. ,._t i _
l-,-r-::

-:=
_-_

^;--.--

fL.r.!._a

": ihe p...-::

which confirms Eq' (12.18) regarding the absolute maximum shear stress magnitude Thru
maximum shear stress acts on the plane bisecting the angle between the maximur 1uu
minimum principal stresses.

P12.75 At a point in a

Ihe norml
lormal n:,:

.ryrsr.

3"2.80 .{: :,- = i, \l|. " I

-* l.fP:.. - = -

492

Tabs max

STRESS TRANSFORMATIONS

Assume op1

>opz>orl>0

(a) Principal stress element

Stress combination on arbitrary plane

1)

Mohr's circle

FIGURE 12.20

The largest magnitude from these three possible results is ro6. -u*; hence, the
maximum shear stress can be expressed as

:'"

which confirms Eq. (12.18) regarding the absolute maximum shear stress magnii-::
maximum shear stress acts on the plane bisecting the angle between the maxi;-----r
minimum principal stresses.

ruru'

-iiltff
,lrmttttt

APPLICATION OF MOHR"S CIRCLE TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL

STRESS ANALYSIS

--l

j'
J]

In Fig. 12.20a, the principal stresses 6ot, 6pz, and opz at a point are shown on a s-::.
ment. We will assume that the principal stresses have been ordered so that 6pt ) '
06 and that all three are great than zero. Furthermore, observe that the princip- : -rue
represented by the stress element are rotated with respect to the x-y- &XeS. L:,: lllllfir
three principal stresses, Mohr's circle can be plotted to visually represent the ir iluri
stress combinations possible at the point (Fig. 12.20b). Stress combinations for -- : 'r,rn,
ble planes plot either on one of the circles or in the shaded area. From Mohr's c.:: : fllttr.
absolute maximum shear stress magnitude given by Eq. (12.30) is evident.

t"

::rlrLrr,

PROBLEMS
P12,75 At a point in a stressed body, the known

stresses are

o*:40MPa(T), oy : 2OMPa(C), oz:21MPa(T), r,r, :

+40 MPa, ryz : 0, and r : +30 MPa. Determine:
-

(a) the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose outward

normal is oriented at angles of 40', 75', and 54o with the ),
and z axes, respectively.
stresses and the absolute maximum shear stress

(b) the principal

at the point.

P12.76 At a point in a stressed body, the known sr..,

o, : 14 ksi (T), or : 12 ksi (T), o. : 10 ksi (T), t,, : -1- j r ,
-4 ksi. and r- : 0. Determine:
(a) the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose - -. ,

iumi

lltffll

normal is oriented at angles of 40", 60", and 66.2' \,,. -: r'l

y, and z axes, respectively.
(b) the principal stresses and the absolute maximum sh;.: -"rw
at the point.