Model For Three-Phase Contactless Power Transfer System

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication.
Model for Three-Phase Contactless Power Transfer System

Hirokazu Matsumoto1*, Member, IEEE, Yasuhiko Neba1, Member, IEEE, Kouichi Ishizaka1 and Ryozo Itoh1
1:Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma 8-19-1, Jonan-ku,
Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
*Corresponding Author: Hirokazu Matsumoto, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka
University, Nanakuma 8-19-1, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
Telephone number: +81-92-871-6631

E-mail: matsumoto@fukuoka-u.ac.jp
The paper has not been presented at a conference and has not been submitted to any journal.
Abstract This paper studies the model for the three-phase contactless power transfer system. A phase winding in
the three-phase contactless power transformer has the magnetic couplings with all of the other phase windings.
Moreover, the magnetic couplings depend on the displacement of the secondary armature with respect to the primary
armature. The equivalent model of the three-phase system with the complicated mutual inductances due to such
magnetic couplings is presented. The model is transformed into the single-phase model that is similar to the model for
the conventional system. The simplified model allows the easy consideration of the operation of the three-phase system.
By using the model, the resonant capacitances for the three-phase system are available. The model is confirmed to
successfully simulate the performance of the actual system. In addition, the experimental and theoretical results confirm
that the three-phase system has the stable performance of the power transfer independently of the displacement of the
secondary.
Index Terms Contactless power transfer, equivalent model, mutual inductance, resonant circuit, three-phase
system.
1
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication.
I. INTRODUCTION
Contactless power transfer systems are interesting charging systems because the systems can transfer the electric
power to the movers through air gap via magnetic coupling. Therefore, the systems [1]-[6] enable the mobile electronic
products such as cell phones and laptop personal computers to receive the power easily, that is, by only putting them on
the charging platform of the systems. Moreover, the systems [7]-[12] can transfer the power to even moving movers
such as electric vehicles and trains, which may contribute to the reduction in the capacity of batteries installed in the
movers. The systems have been studied under such various applications. However, the most of the systems [1]-[4],
[6]-[8], [13]-[20] are composed in single-phase. The single-phase systems have the contactless power transformer
consisting of a single-phase primary armature as a charging platform and one or multiple single-phase secondary
armatures as mobile products or movers.
Several systems are reported as three-phase systems in [5], [9]-[12], [21]. However, in the systems, the single-phase
armature is just replaced with the three-phase armature, in the primary. The secondary of the systems remains
single-phase armature. In addition, the mutual inductances between the phase windings are not considered sufficiently.
In [21], to improve the efficiency, a system with the three-phase primary armature is reported. However, since the
secondary armatures of the systems remain single-phase, the improvement of the efficiency is limited to the primary
armature. Additionally, in the model of the system, the mutual inductances between the primary phase windings are
ignored by assuming that the phase windings are located sufficiently apart from each other. However, in the compact
systems, the mutual inductances need to be considered between all of the phase windings. The researches [9]-[12]
experimentally reveal the capabilities of the stable power transfer independent of the displacement of the secondary
with respect to the primary with the three-phase armature. Additionally, the research [11] shows the derivation of the
mutual inductances between the primary windings.
The authors proposed the three-phase contactless power transfer system with the three-phase primary and the
three-phase secondary [22], [23]. The three-phase system has the capabilities reported in [9], [21] such as efficient
power transfer and stable performance of the power transfer. Moreover, the three-phase secondary armature enables ac
output voltages to be easily rectified to dc because the output voltages are the balanced three-phase voltages. This
contributes to the reduction in the smoothing capacitance. This paper studies the model for the three-phase system. In
the system, the phase windings have the non-negligible magnetic couplings with all of the other phase windings. The
mutual inductances due to the magnetic couplings vary dependently on the position of the secondary with respect to the
primary. The model for the three-phase system with the mutual inductances is presented. Then, the model can be
transformed into the equivalent single-phase model. This transformed model enables the three-phase system to be
2
Fig. 1 Constitution of three-phase contactless power transfer system
Fig. 2 Arrangement of phase windings
Fig. 3 Phase winding connection and magnetic couplings
handled similarly to the conventional single-phase systems. On the basis of the transformed model, the resonant
capacitances for the three-phase systems are derived in accordance with the same approaches as the conventional
single-phase systems. The model reveals that the three-phase system has the stable performance of the power transfer
independently of the displacement of the secondary armature. The performance is experimentally proved as well. The
model is confirmed to be able to simulate the performance of the actual systems by comparing with the experimental
results in the contactless planar charging system applying three-phase topology.
II. THREE-PHASE CONTACTLESS POWER TRANSFORMER
A. Three-Phase Contactless Power Transformer
Fig. 1 shows the constitution of the proposed three-phase contactless power transfer system. The system consists of
the three-leg inverter fed by DC supply, two groups of the resonant capacitances and the three-phase contactless power
transformer. The three-leg inverter generates the three-phase ac voltages, which are applied to the primary armature of
the transformer through the resonant capacitances. The secondary armature of the transformer is connected through
another set of the resonant capacitances with the load. The resonant capacitances and the self-inductances in the
transformer constitute the resonant circuits. The resonant circuits work to improve the power factor. Fig. 2 shows an
arrangement of the phase windings in the three-phase contactless power transformer. In the primary, multiple sets of the
three-phase windings are arranged in order of U1-V1-W1 every interval in x-direction. The interval length is defined as
2, where is the pole pitch. The secondary locates above the primary armature. The secondary armature has a set of
the three-phase windings. The phase windings in each armature are electrically interconnected in wye-connection as
shown in Fig. 3. On the other hand, a phase winding is magnetically coupled with all of the windings in the primary and
secondary armatures.
3
Fig. 4 Prototype of contactless planar charging transformer

applying three-phase topology (removing ferrite yoke)
Fig. 5 Structure of the prototype

B. Contactless Planar Charging System
To derive and evaluate the models, the experiments were carried out with the contactless planar charging system
applying the three-phase topology. The contactless planar charging systems [1]-[5] are interesting systems. The systems
can be realized in thin shape and can be made easily by a printed circuit board. However, the systems work in low
efficiency owing to considerable resistance of the circuit track. Fig. 4 shows the prototype of the contactless planar
charging transformer applying three-phase topology. The prototype has the armatures narrow in y-direction to improve
the efficiency by reducing the resistance of the windings. Fig. 5 describes the structure of the prototype in a cross
section. This prototype has the two layers in each armature. In the primary, each layer has three sets of U, V and W
windings. The array of the windings U1, V1 and W1 is shifted by with respect to that of the windings U , V and W .
Moreover, the windings U , V and W are winded opposite to the windings U1, V1 and W1. The U-phase winding is
composed of series interconnection of U1 and U
and the V-phase and W-phase windings have the same
interconnections. These phase windings are interconnected in wye-connection. The secondary also has the same
structure with a set of three-phase windings in a layer and the same connection of the windings. These structures lead
for the armatures to generate the magnetic field distribution of the sinusoidal wave. On the back of the armatures, the
ferrite boards are installed. The ferrite board works as a yoke to pass the magnetic field and as a shield to block leakage
magnetic field. The displacement x2 in the x-direction and the vertical position z2 of the secondary armature are defined
4
1.2
Mutual inductances [H]
Self-inductances [H]
10
Primary inductances
U-phase
V-phase
W-phase
6
4
Secondary inductances
2
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Displacement, x2 [mm]
0.8
0.4
0.2
U1-U2
U1-U2
U1-V2
U1-V2
U1-W2
U1-W2
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
Measured
Modeled
V1-V2
V1-V2
V1-W2
V1-W2
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
0.0
2.0
V1-U2
V1-U2
1.0
(a) From U1 to secondary phase windings

1.5
1.0
1.5
Measured
Modeled
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Fig. 7 Mutual inductances in an armature
1.0
-1.5
0.0
Secondary inductances
0.0
0.0
2.0
Measured
Modeled
U-V
V-W
W-U
0.6
Fig. 6 Self-inductances
1.5
Primary inductances
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
(b) From V1 to secondary phase windings

W1-U2
W1-U2
W1-V2
W1-V2
W1-W2
W1-W2
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
(c) From W1 to secondary phase windings

Fig. 8 Mutual inductances from primary to secondary phase windings
as shown in Fig. 5. In this paper, the position z2 is set at 3 mm and the secondary is set with the alignment in y-direction
and the angular aliment with the primary.
C. Modeling of Three-Phase Contactless Power Transformer
Figs. 6 and 7 show the measured self-inductances and mutual inductances on the experimental prototype, with
different x2. These figures give that the inductances have constant values independent of x2 and that the differences
between the inductances of the phase windings are little. Therefore, each inductance can be represented by a constant
value as the primary self-inductance L1, the secondary self-inductance L2, the primary mutual inductance M1 or the
secondary mutual inductance M2. In contrast, the mutual inductances between the different armatures depend on x2 as
shown in Fig. 8. Considering that the waveforms are nearly sinusoidal wave, for simplification of the model, these
waveforms are approximated by the following function M():
cos
(1)
5
Table I Parameters of equivalent model

R1
1.31 []
R2
0.50 []
L1
9.35 [H]
L2
3.15 [H]
M12
1.05 [H]
M1
1.01 [H]
M2
0.33 [H]
Fig. 9 Equivalent circuit configuration for three-phase

system
This function depends on the displacement angle , which is transformed from the displacement distance x2 by the
equation = x2/. The inductance M12 is given by the average value of the fundamental amplitude of all of the
measured results. The angle is approximated to the constant value 0, 2/3 or -2/3 on the basis of the fundamental
phase of the measured results, dependently on the couple of the phase windings. The waveforms approximated by (1)
are also shown in Fig. 8.
On the basis of the measured results and the fore-mentioned approximation, the equivalent circuit equation for the
three-phase transformer is given by
E
0
0
E
(2)
where
cos
cos
(2-b)
(2-c)
cos
cos
(2-a)
cos
cos
cos
cos
(2-d)
cos
The constants R1 and R2 are the resistances of the phase windings in the primary and secondary armatures, respectively.
The matrices [E33] and [033] are the 3 3 identity and the 3 3 zero matrices, respectively. The superscript T of matrices
denotes that the matrices are transposed matrices. The variables vu1, vv1 and vw1 and vu2, vv2 and vw2 are the phase
voltages in the primary and the secondary, respectively. The variables iu1, iv1 and iw1 and iu2, iv2 and iw2 are the currents
6
in the primary and the secondary, respectively. According to (2), the equivalent circuit configuration can be illustrated
in Fig. 9. Table I gives the parameters of the model for the experimental prototype.
III. SIMPLIFIED MODEL
The obtained equivalent equations can be simplified by the several transformations under the assumption that the
displacement of the secondary is invariant. When the primary voltages and currents and the secondary voltages and
currents are balanced, by the transformation matrix,
1
(3)
equation (2) can be transformed from the three-phase model into the two-phase model.
C
E
0
0
E
C
0
, (4)
where the matrices [023] and [032] are the 2 3 and 3 2 zero matrices, respectively. Equation (4) can be rewritten by
C
E22
022
022
E22
12
C
C
12
C
C
C
C
. (5)
where the matrices [E22] and [022] are the 2 2 identity and 2 2 zero matrices, respectively.
When the currents i1, i1, i2 and i2 and the phase voltages v1, v1, v2 and v2 are defined by the following equations:
C
C
,
(6)
C
then, the equivalent equation in the two-phase model is expressed as
E
0
0
E
E
E
(7)
where,
cos
sin
(7-a)
sin
.
cos
(7-b)
Fig. 10 Equivalent circuit configuration in single-phase model
7
(a) PP
(b) PS
(c) SP
(d) SS
Fig. 11 Resonant topologies
In steady state, equation (7) can be expressed in phasor by using the following equations:
(8)
Consequently, the equivalent circuit equation for the three-phase contactless power transformer can be expressed in the
following single-phase model:
0
0
(9)
The equivalent circuit configuration in the single-phase model is shown in Fig. 10. This model is similar to the
conventional single-phase contactless transformer, except for the addition of the terms
and
. The terms mean
the phase-shift of the excitation voltages induced by the corresponding currents and that the phase-shift is caused by the
displacement of the secondary.
IV. MODEL COMPRISING RESONANT CIRCUITS
The contactless power transformer has considerable leakage inductance. Therefore, the resonant capacitances to
cancel the leakage inductance are necessary to improve the power factor of the systems. The four resonant topologies
classified according to the connections of the capacitances can be considered in the three-phase system as well as in the
conventional single-phase systems [13], [14]. Fig. 11 shows the circuit configurations with the resonant topologies
labeled as (a) PP, (b) PS, (c) SP and (d) SS, where the first character S or P represents the series or parallel resonance in
8
(a) Three-phase model

(b) Single-phase model
Fig.12 Series resonant circuit transformation
(a) Three-phase model

(b) Single-phase model
Fig.13 Parallel resonant circuit transformation
(a) PP
(b) PS
(c) SP
(d) SS
Fig.14 Single-phase model
the primary, respectively, and the second character S or P represents the series or parallel resonance in the secondary,
respectively. In the figure, the resistances of the phase windings are ignored to facilitate the following transformation of
the models for the system comprising the resonant capacitances. The process of the transformation to the single-phase
model shows that the primary and secondary can be transformed independently. Therefore, only the primary of the
equivalent model is transformed. The transformation uses the following variables:
,
C
(10)
C
(11)
(12)
where iuin, ivin and iwin and vuin, vvin and vwin are the input currents and voltages, respectively. Fig. 12(a) shows the
equivalent primary circuit comprising the series resonant capacitances. The input voltages are given as
.
(13)
The transformation from the three-phase model to the two-phase model results in
.
(14)
By using (8), this equation is expressed in phasor as
9
(15)
As a result, the equivalent circuit of the system can be shown in Fig. 12(b).
Fig. 13(a) shows the primary circuit comprising the parallel resonant capacitances. The input voltages are given by
the following equation:
.
(16)
This equation can be transformed to

.
(17)
When expressed in phasor, equation (17) is rewritten by

.
(18)
This equation derives the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 13(b).

The secondary circuit with the resonant capacitances can be also transformed similarly. Consequently, the equivalent
circuits of the three-phase system comprising the resonant capacitances are simplified to the single-phase models shown
in Fig. 14, which are similar to the conventional single-phase systems.
V. DETERMINATION OF RESONANT CAPACITANCE
According to [13], the values of the primary and secondary resonant capacitances for the conventional single-phase
system can be determined as follows: The value of the secondary resonant capacitances is determined as the resonant
frequency f0 due to the self-inductances and the resonant capacitances, corresponds with the operating frequency of the
inverter. The value of the primary resonant capacitances is determined as the primary reactance, which is calculated
from the primary self-inductance and the secondary impedance reflected in the primary, is canceled by the primary
capacitances at f0.
In a similar approach, the values of the resonant capacitances for the three-phase system can be determined. For all of
the resonant topologies, the value C2 of the secondary capacitances is calculated from
,
(19)
where 0 is the operating angular frequency of the inverter and is expressed as
Table II
Table III Primary capacitances
Reflected resistance and reactance

Resistance
Series Secondary
2 .
PP
Reactance
0
/
/
/
1
SP
Parallel Secondary
PS
SS
/
/
1
10
By using the secondary impedance Zs, the secondary impedance Zr reflected in the primary is given by
.
(20)
This equation describes that the reflected impedance does not depend on the displacement of the secondary and thereby
the impedance is available in a similar manner to the conventional single-phase systems [13]-[16]. Table II gives the
secondary resistance and reactance reflected in the primary in the three-phase system at f0, when the load is the
wye-connected resistors RL and the capacitance C2 has the value calculated by (19). On the basis of the reflected
impedance, the value of the primary resonant capacitances can be given by Table III. The capacitances are confirmed to
be able to be determined independently of . The given resonant capacitances enable the systems to operate in unity
power factor and therefore to work efficiently.
VI. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Fig. 15 shows the experimental circuit configuration. This system employs the SP resonant topology, which is
relatively popular. Fig. 16 shows the switching patterns of the switches Qup, Qvp, Qwp, Qun, Qvn and Qwn in the inverter.
The switching period Ts represents 2/0. The switches are turned on in a duty cycle of 50%. The on-timing of the
switches in each leg are shifted by Ts/3. Thereby, the ac three-phase voltages with the square-wave are applied to the
primary of the systems. On the other hand, the output terminals of the systems are connected with the wye-connected
resistors RL. Table IV gives the experimental conditions. The values of the capacitances C1 and C2 are determined from
Table III and (19).
Figs. 17 and 18 show the experimental and the simulated results, respectively, at x2=0. The simulation bases on the
three-phase equivalent model shown in (2). Although the primary line voltages vuv1, vvw1 and vwu1 are square wave, the
Fig. 15 Experimental circuit configuration
Fig. 16 Switching patterns for inverter
Table IV Experimental conditions

Secondary vertical position, z2
3.0 [mm]
Resonant frequency, f0
100 [kHz]
Primary resonant capacitance, C1
0.26 [F]
Secondary resonant capacitance, C2
0.73 [F]
Load resistance, RL
5.1 []
11
Fig. 17 Experimental result
Fig. 18 Simulated result
primary phase currents become the sinusoidal waveforms owing to the resonant capacitances. Thereby, the secondary
voltages become the balanced three-phase sinusoidal wave. Figs. 19 and 20 show the secondary voltages with different
x2. As the displacement of the secondary increases, the secondary voltages lag iu1 and eventually the voltages at x2=2
become in phase with those at x2=0. Moreover, the amplitude of the voltages has constant value independent of x2. The
simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Fig. 21 shows the equivalent circuit of Fig. 15 in the single-phase model. On the basis of this figure, the input
impedance Zi of the system at the angular frequency is expressed by
(21)
where
1
L
L
L
(21-a)
,
(21-b)
(21-c)
When the resistances R1 and R2 are negligible, the impedance is rewritten by

(22)
where
12
Fig. 19 Experimental result with different x2
Fig. 20 Simulated result with different x2
Fig. 21 Equivalent circuit in single-phase model
1
L
L,
(22-a)
(22-b)
(22-c)
Fig. 22 shows the magnitude and phase of the input impedance. The result calculated from (21) corresponds well
with the experimental result in both the magnitude and phase. The experimental result has a minimum magnitude at a
little lower frequency than f0, which is simulated by (21) as well. On the other hand, the result calculated from (22) has
a minimum magnitude at f0. This is because the resonant capacitances in Table III are given by ignoring the resistance
of the system. In Fig. 22, the experimental results under the different x2 are shown. The results at the same frequency
have the same values. Therefore, the input impedance is confirmed to be independent of the displacement of the
secondary. The independence can be verified from (21) and (22) as well.
From Fig. 21, the power P2 transferred to the secondary at =0 is give by
| |
(23)
13
30
Phase of input impedance [deg.]
Magnitude of input impedance []
Experimental
x2=0
x2=2/15
x2=4/15
x2=6/15
x2=8/15
x2=10/15
25
20
15
10
Eq.(21)
5
0
20
Eq.(22)
100
200
Frequency [kHz]
50
500
90
60
30
0
-30
Eq.(21)
-60
-90
20
50
(a) Magnitude
Experimental
x2=0
x2=2/15
x2=4/15
x2=6/15
x2=8/15
x2=10/15
Eq.(22)
100
200
Frequency [kHz]
500
(b) Phase
Fig. 22 Input impedance
2.0
Output power, Pout [W]
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-2
RL=10.0[]
RL=20.0[]
RL=30.0[]
RL=15.0[]
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
4 42
3
0
2
1.5
RL=5.1[]
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fig. 24 output power with different loads
Fig. 23 x2-dependence of output power
2.0
Experimental
Calculated
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
Load resistance, RL []
50
Fig. 25 output power versus RL

The power P2 is divided into the loss in R2 and the output power (the loss in RL). Therefore, the output power Pout is
expressed as
L
L
(24)
This equation implies that the output power is independent of the displacement angle , that is, the output power can be
stably supplied independently of the position of the secondary. Fig.23 shows the x2-dependence of the output power. In
the range of the displacement, x2<-2/3 or x2>3 , the output power varies significantly with the variation of x2, because
a part of the secondary armature locates beyond the primary armature. In this range of the displacement, the derived
models are invalid. Similarly, the y-directed misalignment or the angular misalignment of the secondary is confirmed to
cause such undesired results. On the other hand, in x2 between -2/3 and 3 , in which the whole of the secondary
armature locates above the primary armature, the models can be satisfied and therefore the output power have constant
value regardless of x2. Therefore, the valid condition of the derived models and the constant power transfer is limited to
14
this range of x2 with angular and y-directed alignments.

Under the different loads, the secondary outputs the constant power as shown in Fig. 24. Assuming that the
three-phase primary currents are given as follows:
2 sin
2 sin
2 sin
(25)
the relationship between the r.m.s. It of the three-phase currents and |I1| is given as
| |
(26)
From (23), (24) and (26), the output power can be calculated. Fig. 25 shows the output power versus RL at It = 1.00 A.
The calculated output power has a maximum value near RL =10.0 . The experiment at RL =10.0 shows a output
power of 1.38 W and the resulting efficiency is 19.0%. The calculated results almost correspond with the experimental
results. It seems that a little difference between the calculated and experimental results is caused by the ignored factors
such as iron loss in the model, the approximation for the modeling and the modeling errors.
VII. CONCLUSION
The equivalent model for the three-phase contactless power transfer system has been studied. The model is created
on the basis of the experimental results. The model is extended to the single-phase model to be easily handled in the
same manner to the conventional single-phase system. The simplified model gives the values of the resonant
capacitances for the three-phase system. The presented model is confirmed to successfully simulate the performance of
the system. In addition, the three-phase system is experimentally and theoretically confirmed to have the stable
performance of the power transfer independently of the displacement of the secondary with respect to the primary.
The future work shall study the following capabilities: The three-phase transformer with the armatures extended in
the y-direction and designed efficiently shall be implemented. The extended armature increases the degree of freedom
of the location of the secondary and thereby will be able to improve the practicality of the three-phase system. The
three-phase system yet has a problem of the angular misalignment, that is, the angle of the winding array of the
secondary must correspond with that of the primary. However, the problem of angular misalignment may be accepted
due to the advantages of the efficient power transfer and the rectified law-ripple dc output against single-phase systems.
The advantages become more effective when the three-phase system is applied to the large power transfer applications
used for the charge of the electric cars, electric trains and so on. When x-direction of the system is the moving direction
of the movers in these applications, the moving movers may receive constant power from the primary extended in
x-direction. Additionally, it is relatively easy that movers adjust their direction correspondingly to the angle of the
primary array. The presented models shall be confirmed to be able to apply to these applications.
15
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16
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17

Model For Three-Phase Contactless Power Transfer System

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Model For Three-Phase Contactless Power Transfer System

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Model for Three-Phase Contactless Power Transfer System

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Fig. 1 Constitution of three-phase contactless power transfer system

Fig. 2 Arrangement of phase windings

Fig. 3 Phase winding connection and magnetic couplings

Fig. 4 Prototype of contactless planar charging transformer

Fig. 5 Structure of the prototype

and the V-phase and W-phase windings have the same

Mutual inductances [H]

(a) From U1 to secondary phase windings

Fig. 7 Mutual inductances in an armature

Mutual inductances [H]

Mutual inductances [H]

(b) From V1 to secondary phase windings

(c) From W1 to secondary phase windings

Table I Parameters of equivalent model

Fig. 9 Equivalent circuit configuration for three-phase

Fig. 10 Equivalent circuit configuration in single-phase model

. The terms mean

(a) Three-phase model

(a) Three-phase model

By using (8), this equation is expressed in phasor as

This equation can be transformed to

When expressed in phasor, equation (17) is rewritten by

This equation derives the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 13(b).

where 0 is the operating angular frequency of the inverter and is expressed as

Table III Primary capacitances

Reflected resistance and reactance

Fig. 15 Experimental circuit configuration

Fig. 16 Switching patterns for inverter

Table IV Experimental conditions

Primary resonant capacitance, C1

Secondary resonant capacitance, C2

Fig. 17 Experimental result

Fig. 18 Simulated result

When the resistances R1 and R2 are negligible, the impedance is rewritten by

Fig. 19 Experimental result with different x2

Fig. 20 Simulated result with different x2

Fig. 21 Equivalent circuit in single-phase model

Phase of input impedance [deg.]

Magnitude of input impedance []

Output power, Pout [W]

Fig. 24 output power with different loads

Fig. 23 x2-dependence of output power

Output power, Pout [W]

Fig. 25 output power versus RL

this range of x2 with angular and y-directed alignments.

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