Double Integrals

Consider a function of two independent variables

( x, y )

each
space.
Let

in the

Let

plane,

be a region in the

over the region

i th

xy

z f ( x, y )

xy

, divide

sub-region has area

z f ( x, y )

. Geometrically, for

is defined, and represents a surface in the

plane. To define the double integral of

z f ( x, y )

into finite number of sub-regions, say .

Si

. Let

( xi , yi )

be a point on the

i th

sub-region. Let

zi f ( xi , yi )
Si 0

f ( x , y )S
. Consider

. As

such that maximum value of

, the above sum converges to a value called the double integral of

z f ( x, y )

over the region

f ( x, y )dS
R

Note that
Si

i 1

f ( x, y)dS
denoted by

lim

f ( x , y ) S

n
Max.Si 0 i 1

f ( xi , yi )Si

and height

is the volume of a cylindrical solid region with the base

f ( xi , yi )

Z=f(x,y)

Z=f(x,y)

R
(x,y)
x

f ( x, y)dS
Geometrically
R

in the

xy

is the volume of the cylindrical region with the base

plane and the top surface is cut off by the surface

f ( x, y)dS dS
R

lim

n
Si 0 i 1

f ( x, y ) 1
If

Area of the region R in the xy plane

, then
Z

Z=f(x,y)

volume

Evaluation of double integrals

z f ( x, y )

dS

Let the elementary area

be the area of a rectangle with sides
parallel to the co-ordinate axes.

dx

and

dy

dS dxdy

f ( x, y )dS f ( x, y )dxdy
R

A double integral can be considered as an iterated integral.

dx
f ( x, y)dxdy 1 4f4( x2, y4)dy
43
R

i.e.

integral
1 4 inner
42
443
outer integral

y
ds
dy
dx

The dependent variable among and is considered as the variable of the inner
integral and the independent variable is the variable of the outer integral. While
evaluating the inner integral, the variable of the outer integral is treated as a
constant (i.e. the inner integration is the partial integration w.r.t the
corresponding variable), then the outer integral is evaluated.
If the region

f ( x, y )dxdy

is bounded by the curves

x b y g 2 ( x )

x a y g1 ( x )

f ( x, y )dydx

y g1 ( x)

y g 2 ( x)

for

a xb

, then

y=g(x)

x=a

If

y=b

is bounded by the curves

x h1 ( y ) x h2 ( y )

y d x h2 ( y )

f ( x, y)dydx
R

f ( x, y )dxdy

y c x h1 ( y )

x=h(x,y)

C
X

Properties of the double integrals

for

c yd

, then

f ( x, y )

g ( x, y )

1) If
and
are functions of
are constants, then

and

defined over

R c1

and

R1

R2

c2

(c f ( x, y) c g ( x, y))dS c f ( x, y)dS c g ( x, y)dS

1

2) If the region
R R1 U R2

is the union of two non-overlapping regions

and

, then

f ( x, y)dS f ( x, y )dS f ( x, y)dS

R

3) If

R1

R2

f ( x, y ) g ( x).h( y )

function of

alone and if &

independent of
x b y d

where

g ( x)

f ( x, y )dS

x a y c

alone and

are independent of

g ( x)dx

h( y )dy

y c

plane and top surface is cut off by the surface

5)

Volume of the cylindrical region with base

dS
R

Area of

and & are

f ( x, y)dS
4)

is a

y d

x a

h( y )

, then

x b

is a function of

z f ( x, y )

in the

Double integral in the polar co-ordinates

If the region
r f 2 ( )

for

in the plane is bounded by the polar curves

c1 c2
c2 r f 2 ( )

f (r, )dS
R

Problems:

c1 r f1 ( )

, then
f ( r , ) drd

r f1 ( )

and

xy

i.e.


2 1

( y sin x)dydx

1. Evaluate

0 0

Solution:

2 1

0 0

x 0

( y sin x)dydx
x

y2
sin x dx
2
0

1
sin xdx
2
x0

cos x 2

2 0

2 1

1
2

( y sin x)dydx
0 0

or

y 1

sin xdx

x 0

y0

x
2

1
sin xdx
2
x 0

y2
cos x
2

2
0

1
2

ydy

2. Evaluate

( y 2 x )dydx

x 0 y x2

y=x
y=x

y=1

x=0

( y x) dydx
2

x0 y x2

x=1

x0

y3 x
3

dx
y x2

x 3
( x x 6 ) dx
3
x0

x 4 x 7
3 3 dx
x0

x5 x8
32 256 128

15 24 0 15 24
15

( xy y )dS
3

3. Evaluate

where
Y
y=x

y=1

x=0

x=1

R ( x, y ) / 0 x y 1

( xy y )dS ( xy y )dydx
3

x 0 y x

xy 2 y 4

dx
2
4 x
x 0
1

1
x

(1 x 2 ) (1 x 4 ) dx
2
4

x 0

x x3 1 x 4
2 2 4 4 dx
x 0
1 1 1 1 2 5 3

4 8 4 20
40
40
1

xydS
4. Evaluate

where

is bounded by
Y

y=1
x=v y

x=-y

y=x

y=-x

xydS

( xy) dxdy

y 0 x y

x 2 y

2
y 0
1

dy
y

y
y 2
y

dy
2
2
y 0

y 2 y3
1 1
5
y 0 2 4 dy 6 16 48

y x x

and

y 1

 ( x e

)ds

5. Evaluate

when

D ( x, y ) / y x

Y
y=-x

y=x

y=0

y
( x e )ds
D

( x e y )dxdy

y 0 x y

x2

xe y
2

y 0

dy
y

1 2
( y y 2 2 ye y )dy
2
y 0

ye y dy

y 0

2[ y( e y ) (1)(e y )]0
2[0 (0 1)] 2

rdrd
D

6. Evaluate
over the region
the first quadrant.

bounded by

x 2 y 2 2ax

and

yx

in

?=p/2
?=p/4

(a,a)

2 2 a cos

rdrd
R

r2
2

2 a cos

d
0

4a 2 cos 2
d
2

rdrd

r 0

(1 cos 2 )d

a2

sin 2
a
2

1

sin sin
2
4 2 2
1
a2
4 2
a2

a a

y2

7. Change the order of the integration and evaluate

ax

dydx
y 4 a 2 x 2

y=a
x=0

(a,a)
x=y
y=a
y=ax

y2
2

y 0 0

y2
y 4 a2 x2

dxdy

Changing the order of integration we get

a

y 0
a

y 0

ax
y
sin 1 2
a
y
2

y2 / 2

dy
0

y
sin 1 1 sin 1 0 dy
a

y2
y3
a2

dy

2 a
2a 3 0
6
y 0
a

2 3 y

x
0 y2 / 4

8. Evaluate

y 2 dxdy

by changing the order of integration.

(0,3)
y=4x
(1,2)
y=3-x
(3,0)
x=1
x+y=3

1 2 x

( x 2 y 2 )dydx

x 0 y 0

3 3 x

(x

y 2 )dydx

x 1 y 0

172 22 942 314

105 3 105 35
1 1 x 2

dydx
(1 e y )( 1 x 2 y 2 )

9. Evaluate

by changing the order of integration.

y=1
x=1-y

x=0
y=0

x=1

2
1 1 y

dydx

(1 e )( 1 x 2 y 2 )

1 e

1 e

x 0

1 y 2

x 0
1

.sin 1

1 y 2

dy
0

0 dy

e y
1 e y dy
x 0
1

log(1 e y )
2

1
0

log 2 log(1 e1 )

2 a 2 ax x 2

10. Evaluate

dydx

by reversing the order of integration.

y=a
x=a-(a-y)

x+y=2ax
x=a

2 a 2 ax x 2

dydx

a a2 y 2

dydx

y 0 x a a 2 y 2
a

a a 2 y 2 a a 2 y 2 dy
0

2
0

Jacobians

y
a y dy 2sin
a
2

Let u = u(x, y) and v = v(x, y) be continuous functions of x and y having

continuous partial derivatives. Then Jacobian of u, v w.r.t. x & y denoted by

J or

(u , v)
( x, y )

is defined as

(u , v)
( x, y )

J=

u
x
u
x

u
x
u
x

The definition can be extended to any number of variables.

ui ui ( x1 , x2 ,...xn )

If

is a function of

x1 , x2 ,...xn

derivatives , I = 1,2,n then Jacobian of

by

(u1 , u2 ,...un )
( x1 , x2 ,...xn )

J=

having continuous partial

u1 , u2 ,...un

w.r.t.

x1 , x2 ,... xn

denoted

is defined as

(u1 , u2 ,...un )
( x1 , x2 ,...xn )

u1
x1

u1
x2

u1
xn

u2
x1

u2
x2

u2
xn

un
x1

un
x2

un
xn

Properties of Jacobians:
J1

1.

(u , v)
( x, y )
J2
( x, y )
(u , v)

If

u u ( x, y )
Proof: Let

J1 J 2 1
then

v v ( x, y )
and

be one-to-one and onto functions of

x x(u , v)
inverses of these functions are defined and
Consider

. Then the

( x, y )
(u , v )

y y (u , v )
and

and

. Hence

is defined.

u
x
J1 J 2
v
x

u
y
v
y

x
u
.
y
u

x
v
y
v

u x u y
. .
x u y u

v x v y
. .
x u y u
u
u

v
u

u x u y
. .
x v y v
v x v y
. .
x v y v

u
v 1 0

1
v 0 1
v

Using the total differential formula.

J1 0
Note that if

J2
, then only

J1

2.

J2
is defined and

(u , v )
( z, w)
, J2
( z, w)
( x, y )

If

J3
and

J1 J 2

1
J1
.

(u , v )
( x, y )

J1 J 2 J 3
then

(u, v) ( z, w)
.
( z, w) ( x, y)

u
z

v
z

u z
w x
.
v w
w x

z
y
w
y

Proof: Consider

u z u w
.
.
z x w x

v z v w
.
.
z x w x
u
x

v
x

u z u w
.
.
z y w y
v z v w
.
.
z y w y

u
y (u , v )

J3
v ( x, y )
y

x x(u , v )

3.

If

y y (u, v )
and

( x, y )
0
(u , v )

u
are one-one and onto functions of

v
and

with Jacobian

f ( x, y)dxdy f ( x(u, v), y (u, v)) J dudv

S

, then

Examples:

u x2 y
1) Let

v 5 x sin y
and

u
(u , v) x
J

( x, y ) v
x

u
y 2 xy
x2

2 xy cos y 5 x 2
u
5 cos y
y

Then

( x, y )
2) Consider the transformation from the Cartesian co-ordinates

to polar co-ordinates

x r cos , 0 r
y r sin , 0 2

(r, )
, i.e

x
( x, y ) r
J

(r , ) y
r

x
cos

y
sin

r sin
r0
r cos

f ( x, y )dxdy f (r cos , r sin )rdrd

R

3) Consider the transformation from Cartesian co-ordinate system to cylindrical co-ordinate

x cos , 0
y sin , 0
z z, z
system,

c1

c2
z c3

c1

c1

, a constant represents a cylinder.

, a constant represents a half-plane.

xy
, a constant represents a plane parallel to

c2

and
and

z c3

represents a line.
represents a circle.

-plane.

 c2

z c3
and

represents a half line (ray).

( x, y , z ) y
J

( , , z )
z

x
z
cos
y
sin
z
0
z
z

sin 0
cos 0
0
1

4) Consider the transformation from Cartesian co-ordinate system to spherical co-ordinate

x r sin cos , 0 r
y r sin sin , 0
z r cos , 0
system, i.e

r c1

c2

c3
r c1

r c1

c1

c1
, a constant represents a sphere with centre at the origin and radius

represents a half plane.

represents a cone with axis as

c2

and
and
and

c3
c2

c3
-axis and semi-vertical angle

represents a semi-circle.
represents a circle.
represents a half line.

x
r
( x, y , z ) y
J

(r , , ) r
z
r

sin cos
y
sin sin

cos
z

r cos cos
r cos sin
r sin

r sin sin
r sin cos r 2 sin
0
.

Problems:

e
0 0

1) Evaluate the following by changing to polar co-ordinates :

( x2 y2 )

dxdy

x r cos

Solution: Changing over to polar co-ordinates

0 r , 0

x2 y 2 r 2

y r sin
,

for

2
, we get

( x2 y2 )

dxdy

0 0

/2

r2

rdrd

/2

0 0

/2

d
0

1
1
(0 1) d .
2
2 2

e r

x 2 y 2 dxdy

2) Evaluate

where

is

the

region

bounded

by

circles

x2 y 2 a2 , x2 y 2 b2 , a b
.

Solution: Changing over to polar co-ordinates

x r cos

y r sin
,

a r b , 0 2 ,
,

r3
x y dxdy r. rdrd
d
3 a
0 r a
0
2

b3 a 3

d
0

b a
.2
3
3

get
2

2 x x2

x
x2 y 2

dxdy

3) Evaluate

by changing to polar co-ordinates.

y 2 x x 2 x 2 y 2 2 x r 2 cos
Solution:

Changing over to polar co-ordinates

x r cos

y r sin 0 r 2 cos , 0 / 2,
,

we

2 x x2

x
x2 y 2

/2 2cos

dxdy

0 r 0

/2

r cos
r2
. rdrd
r
0 2

/2

2cos

cos d
0

/2

1
4 cos 2 .cos d 2 cos3 d
2 0
0
2
4
2. .1
3
3
1 1 x

y
x y

dydx

x y u , y uv

x 0 y 0

4) Evaluate

using the transformations

y uv

x u y u uv u (1 v )
Solution:

and

x
( x, y ) u
J

(u , v ) y
u

x
v 1 v u

u
y
v
u
v

x 0 u 0 or v 1
y 1 x x y 1, i.e u 1
y 0 u 0 or v 0
Now

0 u, v 1
Changing the variables, we get
1 1 x

e x y dydx

x 0 y 0

uv

e u udvdu

u 0 v 0
1

e udvdu
u

u 0 v0
1

u 0

v 1
0

(e 1)

a a

0 y

5) Evaluate

udu (e 1) udu
u 0

2 1

u
2

x2
x2 y2

(e 1)
2

dxdy
by changing over to polar co-ordinates.

x r cos , y r sin
Solution: Changing over to polar co-ordinates,

x a r cos a or r a sec

0 r a sec , 0

a q

0 y

x2
x2 y 2

dxdy

/4 a sec

0 r 0

r 2 cos 2
.rdrd
r

/4

r3

cos 2
3
0

a sec

d
0

/4

1
a 3 sec3 cos 2 d

3 0

a3
sec d
3 0

/4

a3
/4
log(sec tan ) 0
3
a3
log( 2 1)
3
Exercises:
a

a2 x2

y 2 x 2 y 2 dydx

1) Evaluate

by changing over to polar co-ordinates.

2

2) Evaluate where

x
y2

1
a2 b2
is bounded by

x ar cos , y ar sin 0 r 1, 0 2

(Hint: Use the transformation

( x y) dxdy

3) Evaluate

where

(1, 0), (3,1), (2, 2)

xy
is the parallelogram in the

-plane with vertices

u x y, u x 2 y

(0,1)
and

using the transformations

dxdy
1 x2 y 2

4) Evaluate

r 2 cos 2 ,

where

4
4
.

is the region bounded by one loop of

2 x2

x
x y2
2

dydx

5) Evaluate

by transforming into polar co-ordinates.

Area enclosed by plane curves

1

Cartesian co-ordinates

y f1 x
Consider the area enclosed by the curves

x x1

y f2 x
and

and the ordinates

x x2
and

as shown in figure 1. Divide this area into vertical strips of width

P x, y

Q x x, y y

If

and

be two neighboring points, then the area of the small

x y

PQ

rectangle

is

Figure 1:

Lt x y

KL

y 0

The area of the strip

Since for all rectangles in the strip,

y f1 x

y
same

and

varies

from

f2 x

f2 x

y 0 f1 x

f1 x

KL x Lt

dy x

the

dy

area

.Adding up all such strips from

ABCD
The area

of

x x1
f2 x

x 0 x1

f1 x

Lt x

is the

y f2 x ,
to

x2

x2

f2 x

x1

f1 x

dy dx

dy

x x2 y f 2 x

the

strip

x x2
to

dxdy

x x1 y f1 x

, we get

Similarly, dividing the area

ABC D

y
(figure 2) into horizontal strips of width
y2 f 2 y

get the

area

ABC D

dxdy

y1 f1 y

Figure 2:

Illustration:

a 2 x 2 y 3 2a y
1

By double integration, find the whole area of the curve

Solution:

A2

2a f y

y 0 x 0

dxdy 2

y
y 2 a y
2a a

y 0

2a

dxdy 2

x 0

The required area is

y 2a sin 2
Put

dy 2a.2sin cos d

.Then

2sin

A 2

2a sin 2 2a cos 2 .4a sin cos d

y
a
y 0

y 2a y dy

, we

 32a 2

sin

cos2 d

3 1 1
32a 2 . . . .
6 4 2 2

a 2 sq.units
y 2 2a x x 3
2

Find by double integration, the area included between the curve

and

its asymptote.
Solution: The required area is
f x

2a

A2

x 0

x x
2a x

d ydx

y 0

2a

x3
dx
2a x

2
0

2a sin
2

2a cos 2

4a sin cos d

by putting x 2a sin 2

16a

sin

3 1
16a 2 . . .
4 2 2
2
3 a sq.units

y 4 x x2
3

Find by double integration, the area included between the curve

yx
line
.
Solution: The required area is

3 4 x x2

x 0 y x

d ydx

and the

4 x x 2 x dx 4.5sq.units
0

Self-learning exercise:

Find using double integrals, the area of a plate in the form of a

quadrant of the ellipse

x2 y2

1
a2 b2

Using double integrals, find the area between the parabolas

y 2 4ax
and

x 2 4ay
Solutions:

1
2

ab
4
(16/3)a2

Polar Co-ordinates

P r ,
Consider an area A enclosed by a curve whose equation is in polar co-ordinates. Let

Q r r ,
be two neighbouring points. Mark circular areas of radii

and

r r

meeting OQ in R and OP (produced) in S. Since arc PR=

curvilinear rectangle PRQS is approximately=PR. PS=

and PS=

, area of the

r r
. .

If the whole area is divided into such curvilinear rectangles, the sum

r r

taken for all

Lt r r rd dr

r , 0

these rectangles gives in the limit the area A. Hence A=

the limits are to be so chosen as to cover the entire area.

where

Illustration:

r a 1 cos
1

Find the area of the cardioid

Solution:

a 1 cos

A2

rdrd

r 0

a 1 cos

Area
2

, by double integration.

3 a 2 / 2

Find by double integration, the area lying inside the circle

r a 1 cos
cardioid

sq.units
r a sin

and outside the

/2

a sin

rdrd

0 r a 1 cos

Solution: Area
3

Find the area common to the circles

/ 4 a cos

rdrd

0 r a sin

Solution: Area

a2 / 4

a2 4 / 4
=
r a sin

and

sq.units.
r a cos

by double integration.

sq.units.

Exercise:

r a sec cos
1

Calculate the area included between the curve

using double integration.
Find by double integration, the area lying inside the cardioid
ra
circle
Solutions:
5 a 2
4
1
a2
8
4
2

and its asymptote,

r a 1 cos
and the

Volumes of solids
1

Volumes as double integrals:

z f x, y
Consider a surface

. Let the orthogonal projection on XY-plane of its

x y
S
portion
be the area S. Divide S into elementary rectangles of area
by
drawing lines parallel to X and Y axes. With each of these rectangles as base, erect a
prism having its length parallel to OZ.
z f x, y x y

volume of this prism between S and the given surface

is
Hence the volume of the solid cylinder on S as base, bounded by the given surface

Lt z x y zdxdy f x, y dxdy

x , y 0

with generators parallel to Z-axis is =

where the integration is carried over the area S.
Note: While using polar co-ordinates, divide S into elements of area

r r
Therefore replacing
by
. , we get the required volume as
2 Volumes as solids of revolution
dxdy

zrd dr

P x, y

x y
Consider an elementary area

r r
. .

of a plane area A. As this

2 y x y
elementary area revolves about x-axis, we get a ring of volume =
. Hence the
total volume of the solid formed by the revolution of the area A about the x-axis =

at the point

2 ydxdy
.

In polar co-ordinates, the above formula for the volume becomes

2 r sin .rd dr
.

Similarly, the volume of the solid formed by the revolution of the area A about the y-axis

2 xdxdy

is

x2 y 2 4
1

Find the volume bounded by the cylinder

z0
using a double integral.

yz 4

and the planes

and

Solution
2

4 y 2

V 2

4 y 2

16

zdxdy

4 y dxdy

cubic units
2

4 y 2 4 y

dzdxdy
0

Using a triple integral, V

2

Using a double integral, find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the co-

ordinate planes and the plane

Solution:

x y z
1
a b c

b 1
a
a

V
0

zdydx

b 1
a
a

1
abc
6

x y

c 1 dydx
a b

cubic units
x
x y

b 1 c 1
a
a b
a

V
0

Using a triple integral, V

3

Using a double integral, find the volume

generated by the revolution of the

r a 1 cos
cardioid

about its axis.

Solution:

a 1 cos

V
0

2 r 2 sin drd

8
a3
3

cubic units

dzdydx