Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. INTRODUCTION
Installing large wired communication system for monitoring
the power grid costs time and money. Because it is required to
set up additional equipments and cables in already cluttered
power grid facilities. Moreover, whenever any fault occurs in
the system, communication becomes difficult, sometimes even
impossible. Only wireless sensor network can ease this
problem for the grid. Low cost wireless sensor has paved the
way for grid automation, real time monitoring and remote
control of system elements such as primary and secondary sub
stations, power lines, capacitor banks, feeder switches, fault
indications and other physical facilities. Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) with its affordable low cost and numerous
features enable utilities to monitor its remote facilities any
time with applications such as SCADA.
According to the recent Annual Energy Outlook report of
the U.S. Energy Information Administration, residential
electricity demand is forecasted to increase by 24% within the
following several decades [1], while the global electricity
consumption trend is also reported to be increasing
continuously [2]. The negative impacts of rising consumption
are becoming more evident with the diminishing fossil fuels
and accumulating greenhouse gases. Moreover, the mismatch
between demand and supply and lack of automation and
monitoring tools have already caused major blackouts
2-15 sec
Distribution Energy
Resources and
Storage
Electric
Transportation
9.6-56 kbps
20 ms-15 sec
2 sec-5 min
Distribution Grid
Management
9.6-100 kbps
AMI
Demand Response
Wide Area Situational
Awareness
500 ms - several
minutes
20 ms-200 ms
Layered structure of NS2 is presented here in the Figure 1. The event schedulers, traffic pattern, network components
are implemented in C++ and can be merged to Tcl script. Core
structure of network is built on C++ code and Tcl is on the top
of it to make the simulation handling much easier to carry out.
The overview of the network can be seen then upon the Tcl
level. AWK script is then used to measure the performance
evaluation of the simulated network from the trace files. These
are the things which are combined in NS2 software.
500*500
Vary according to experiment
Two Ray Ground
Drop tail
802.15.4
Omni Directional
cbr
Throughput
Total data traffic in bits/sec successfully received and
forwarded to the higher layer. Throughput shows protocols
successful deliveries for a time; this means that the higher
throughput, the better will be the protocol performance. It
measures the amount of data received by the destination node
within certain period of time. In multi-hop environment, the
throughput is computed at the final destination as the
intermediate nodes are responsible of relaying the packets.
The proposed wireless architecture consisting 25, 16, 9
nodes with 90 meters spacing are arranged in grid pattern. A
Figure -3.2: Packet interval vs. Packet delivery ratio for 25 grid connected
nodes
Figure- 4.1: Packet interval vs. latency for 16 grid connected nodes
Figure-3.1: Packet interval vs. latency for 25 grid connected nodes
Figure- 4.2: Packet interval vs. packet delivery ratio for 16 grid connected
nodes
Figure- 5.1: Packet interval vs. latency for 9 grid connected nodes
Figure- 5.2: Packet interval vs. packet delivery ratio for 9 grid connected
nodes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
Smart Grid
Oct. 2010