ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY
ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
BY THE REV.

WALTER W. SKEAT
Litt.D., L L. D. , D .C .L., P h.D.
EL.RINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGl..O-SAXON IN
THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

"Were man to live co-eva I with the sun,

The patriarch-pupil would be leaming still."
YOUNG, Nillh, Thoullh,s, vii. 86

CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

A CONCISE

ETYMOLOGICAL
DICTIONARY
OF THE

English Language
BY THE REV .

II
(

WALTER W. SKEAT
LITr.D., LL.D., D.C.L., PH .D.

A PERIGEE BOOK

Perigee Books
are published by
G.P. Putnam's Sons
200 Madison Avenue
New York, New York, 10016
First Perigee Printing, 1980
SBN: 399-50049-9

Ninth Impression
Manufactured in the "lnited States of America

CONTENTS
PAGE

INTRODUCTIO

VlI

KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF THE DICTIONARY

Xl

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Xli

CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
APPENDIX :

1.

LIST OF PREFIXES

624

II.

SUFFIXES

630

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS

II

/632
I

644

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF ,,yORDS ACCORDING TO TH E

LANGUAGES FROM WHICH THEY ARE DERIVED

647

INTRODUCTION
THE first edition of my 'Concise Etymological Dictionary of the
English Language' was published in 1882, and it has since passed
through several editions.
Each successive edition contained several corrections and additions,
in order that the work might be, to some extent, brought up to
date.
Meanwhile, numerous and important contributions have been
made, by many writers, to the study of Indo - germanic philology;
more exact methods of analysing phonetic changes have been
adopted, and important advances have been made at many points.
Such works as Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of German, Franck's
Etymological Dictionary of Dutch, Godefroy's Dictionary of Old
French, the Modern French Dictionary by Hatzfeld and Darmesteter,
in addition to other highly important books such as the Comparative
Grammar of the Indo-germanic languages by Brugmann, have all
contributed to a much clearer and more exact view of the science of
comparative philology. Hence the time has come when partial
emendations of my Concise Dictionary, however diligently made,
have (as I fear) failed to keep pace with the requirements of
the present day; and I have accordingly rewritten the book from
beginning to end, making improvements in nearly every article,
whilst at the same time introducing into the body of the work
words which have hitherto necessarily been relegated to a continually increasing Supplement. The result is less a new edition
than a new book.
Since the year 1882 above-mentioned, a great advance has been
made in English lexicography. An entirely new edition of Webster
appeared in 1890, and The Century Dictionary, of which the publication

viii

INTRODUCTION

was begun in 1889, was completed in 1891. In both of these works my

name appears in the 'List of Authorities cited'; though it is seldom
expressly mentioned except in cases of considerable difficulty, where
the writer preferred not to risk an opinion of his own. But the chief
event during this period has been the publication of The New
English Dictionary on Historical Principles, the unique value of
which is even now too little understood and respected by /the
general public. The first part of this great national work appeared
in 1884 .
The chief difference between the second and later editions of my
Concise Etymological Dictionary and the present one can now be
readily explained. The former editions were mainly reproduced from
the first edition, at a time when, from the nature of the case, little
help could be had from the works above-mentioned, owing to the
fact that they either did not exist or could not be much utilised.
But in the present work, I have endeavoured to glean from them all
their most important results. The work has been collated with the
Century Dictionary throughout, and with the New English Dictionary
from A to H (excepting a small portion of G). I have endeavoured
to make good use of Kluge, Franck, Brugmann, and other authorities; and have gladly adopted a large number of corrections. In
particular, I have now marked the quantities of all the vowels
in Latin words, as this often throws much light upon Romance
phonology. And in many cases where the result is tolerably certain
I have given the primitive types of Teutonic and even of Indo-germanic
words.
In all former editions, I endeavoured, by help of cross-references,
to arrange derivative words under a more primitive form. Thus
ex-cile, in-cile, re-cile and rems-cil-ale were all given under Cile.
But experience has shewn that this endeavour was more ambitious
than practical, often causing needless delay and trouble. Hence the
only truly practical order, viz. an alphabetical one, has been here
adopted, so that the required word can now be found at once. But
in order to retain the chief advantages of the old plan, I have prepared two lists, one of Latin and one of Greek words, which account
for a large number of derivatives. These will be found in the
Appendix, III, at pp. 632 and 644.
I have much pleasure in mentioning two more circumstances by
which I have been greatly assisted and encouraged. Some few years

INTRODUCTION

ix

ago, my friend the Rev. A. L. Mayhew was so good as to go patiently

through every word of the Concise Etymological Dictionary, making
hundreds of suggestions for improvement; and finally sent me the
copy in which all these suggestions were entered. They have all
been carefully considered, and in a very large number of instances
have been fully adopted. Again, while the revises were passing
through the press, they were read over by Mr. H. M. Chadwick, M.A.,
FeUow of Clare CoIlege, Cambridge, author of 'S!::Jies in Old
English' published by the Cambridge Philological Society in 1899;
and his exact knowledge of Indo -germanic phonology has been
suggestive of many improvements. I have only to add, in justice to
these scholars, that they are not responsible for all the results here
given. In some few cases I have held to my own preconceived
opinion; perhaps not always wisely. Still it was best that the final
form of each article should be left to the author's decision; for the
reader is then sure as to where he must lay any blame.
Many articles which, in former editions, appeared only in the
Supplement have now been incorporated with the rest, so that the
number of words now explained (in alphabetical order) amounts to
more than 12,750.
Considerable pains have been taken to ensure accuracy in the
printing of the forms cited; and I have received much help from the
care exercised by the press-reader. At the same time, I shall be
thankful to any reader who will kindly send me a note of any error
which he may detect. I have myself discovered, for example, that
under the word Cemtlery the 'Skt. fi' is an error for the 'Skt. fi:
A few belated corrections appear at pp. 662-3.

As I frequently allude to the ordinary vowel-changes in the course

of the work, I may note here those which are the most elementary
and common. They deserve to be learnt by heart at once.
ANGLO-SAXON. The most usual vowel-change is that produced
by the occurrence of an i or j (which often disappears by a subsequent
contraction of the word) in the following syllable. Owing to this, we

INTRODUCTION

frequently find that the vowels, as arranged in row (I ) below, are

changed into the corresponding vowels in row (2) .

(I) a, u (0) , ea,

eo, ii, 0, U,
ea,
eo.
(2) e, y , le(y), ie(y ), ii, e, y, ie( ji, O . Merc. i), ie(ji).
Example :-fyllan, to fill , for *.fulljan; from/ull, full.
Moreover, substantives and secondary verbs are often formed from
bases seen in the past tense singular, past tense plural , or past participle
of a strong verb, rather than from the infinitive mood. Thus band and
bend are from the base seen in the A. S. band, pt. t. of bindan, to bind;
whilst bundle is derived from that which appears in the pp. bund-tn.
By way of distinction, I refer to bind- as the' prime grade,' to bandas the ' second grade: and to bund- as the ' weak grade.'
Lastly, our modern words of native origin belong rather to the
Midland (or Old Mercian) dialect than to the Anglo-Saxon' or
Wessex; and Old Mercian employs a (mutated to e) where the A. S.
has ea, and sometimes e for A. S. eo.
ICELANDIC. This language abounds in somewhat similar vowelchanges, hut very few of these appear in English. But we must not
pass over the frequent formation of derivatives from the past tenses
(singular or plural) and the past participles of strong verbs. Thus
bail, Icel. bez"la, lit. 'to cause to bite,' is the causal of bila, to bite ; its
form may be explained by the fact that the pt. t. of bila is beli.
Again, as regards the Romance languages, especially French, it
'" must be borne in mind that they are also subject to phonetic laws.
These laws are sufficiently illustrated in Mr. Paget Toynbee's translation of Brachet's Historical French Grammar. In (!!lrticular, I may
note that most French substantives are derived from L r.dn accusatives ;
and that to derive bounty from bonziiis (nom.), or honour from Lat.
honor (nom.), is simply impossible.
For fuller information, the reader is referred to my Principles of
English Etymology, First and Second Series; the former deals chiefly
with the native, and the latter with the foreign elements of the
language. My Primer of English Etymology contains some of the
more important facts.
I subjoin a key to the plan of the work, and a list of abbreviations.

INTRODUCTION

xi

KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF

THE DICTIONARY.
I. Order of Words. Words are given in their alphabetical
order; but a few secondary derivatives are explained under some
more important form . Thus campaign is given under Camp, and
cannon under Cane.
2. The Words selected The word-list contains nearly all
primary words of most frequent occurrence, with a few others that are
remarkably prominent in literature, such as unaneled. Homonymous
forms, such as bqy (used in five senses), are numbered.
3. Deft.nitions. Definitions are omitted in the case of common
words; but explanations of original fonns are added wherever they
seemed to me to be necessary.
+. La.nguage. The languagt: to which each word belongs is
distinctly marked, in every case, by means of letters within marks of
parenthesis. Here the symbol - or - is to be read as 'derived
from.' Thus Abbey is (F.-L.-Gk. -Syriac); i.e. a French word
derived from Latin; the Latin word being, in its turn, from Greek,
whilst the Greek word is of Syriac origin.

The order of derivation is always upward or backward, from late

to early, and from early to earlier fonns.
The symbol + l's employed to distinguish fonns which are merely
cognale, and are adduced merely by way of illustrating and confirming
the etymology. Thus, bz'le is a purely Englz'sh word, derived from the
Anglo-Saxon bilatz. The other Teutonic forms, viz. the Du. bi/len,
Icel. bila, Swed. bila, Dan. bide, G. beissen, and the other Indogermanic forms, viz. Lat. findere (base fid-) and Skt. MZd, to cleave,
are merely cognate and illustrative. On this point, there commonly
exists the most singular confusion of ideas; and there are many
Englishmen who are accustomed to derive English, of all things, from
Modern High German I I therefore introduce this symbol + by way
of warning. It has its usual algebraical value of plus or addz'lional;
and indicates 'additional information to be obtained from the comparison of cognate forms.'

xii

INTRODUCTION

The symbol > means' older than,' or 'more pnmluve than'; the
symhol < means' younger than,' or ' derived from.'

5. Symbols of La.nguages. The symbols, such as F.=French,

are not used in their usual vague sense, so as to baffle the enquirer
who wishes to find the words referred to. Every symbol has a spedal
sense, and has refe'rence to certain books, in one at least of which the
word cited may be found, as I have ascertained for myself by looking
them all out. I have purposely used, as far as was practicable, the
most easily accessible authorities. The exact sense of each symbol is
given in the list below.
6. Roots. In some cases, a word is traced back to its original
Indo-germanic root. The root is denoted by the symbol ../, to be
read as 'root.' Thus bear, to carry, is from ../BHER. Some of
these roo ts are illustrated by the lists in III of the Appendix.

7. Deriva.tives. The symbol Der., i. e. Derivatives, is used to

introduce form s related to the primary word. Thus, under AeI, I
note such derivatives as ael-ton, ael-t've, &c., which cause no difficulty.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Arab.-Arabic; as in Richa rd ~ on's Persian and Arabic Diet., ed. F. J ohnson; 1829. See also Devic's Supplement to Littni's F. Dict.
A. S .-Anglo-Saxon; as in the dictionaries by Bosworth and Toller, Ettmiiller, and Grein; in the Vocabularies edited by T. Wright and Prof.
" /iilker; and in Sweet's Oldest
English Texts.
Bavar. - Bavarian ; as in Schmeller's
Bayetisches \\' orterhuch; 18271837.
Bret.-Breton; as in Legonidec's Bret.
D ic!., ed. 182 1.
Brugm .- 13rugmann, Grundriss del' vergleichenden Grammatik, &c. ; vol. i.
(2nd ed.), 1897; vol. ii. 1889- 90.
C.-Celtic; used as a general term for
Irish,Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish,
&c.

Com.- Cornish; as in Williams' Dict.;

186 5.
Dan.-Danish; as in Ferrall and Repp;
1861.
Dan. dial.-Danish dialects; as in
Molbech,I8.p.
Du.-Dutch; as in Calisch and in the
Tauchnitz Dutch Dict.
Middle
Dutch words are from Oudemans,
Hexham ( 1658), or Sewel (li54) .
E.-Modern English; as in N . E. D.
(New English Dictionary) ; and in
the Century Dictionary.
M.E.-Midd le English l English from
the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries inclusive) ; as in Stratmann's
Old English D ict., ncw edition,
1891.
F.-French. Most of the forms cited
are not prec isely //lodern French , but
from Cot. = Cotgrave's Dictionary,

I NTRODUCTION

xiii

ed. 1660. T his accounts for citation I Malay.-As in Marsden's Dict., 1812;
of forms, such as F . "ccreatiolZ ,
d. Notes by C. P. G. Scott.
without accents; the F. accents Mex. - Mexican; as in the D iet. by
being mostly modern. Such words
Simeon, Paris, 18~5 .
are usually marked M. F . (Middle M. E.- Midd le English ; see under E.
French). See also the dictionaries
above.
by Hatzfeld and Littre.
M. H . G.-M iddle High German ; see
O. F .-Old French ; as in the dit:under G. above.
tionaries by Godefroy, Burguy, or Norw.-Norwegian ; as in Aasen's Norsk
Roquefort.
Ordbog, 1873 .
F rie,.- F riesic ; as in Richthofen, 1840. O. F.-Old French; see under F. above.
Gael. - Gaelic; as in Macleod and O. H. G.-Old High German; see under
G . above.
Dewar, 1839; or Macbain, 1896.
G. - German; as iu Fliigel, 1883.
O. Sax.-Old Saxon; as in the Heliand,
Low G.-Low German; as in the
&c., ed. H eyne.
Bremen Worterbuch, 1767.
O. Slav - Old Slavonic ; as in Mik
M. H. G.-Middle High German; as
losich, Etym. Diet ., Vienna, 1886.
in Schade, Altdeutsches Worter- Pers.-Penian ; as in Richardson's Arab.
buch , 1882.
and Pers. Dict.; or in Palmer's PeTS.
O. H . G .- Old High German ; as in
Diet. , 1876; cf. Horn, Neupersische
the same volume.
Etymologie, 1893.
Gk.- Greek ; as in Liddell and Scott's Peruv.-Peruvian ; as in the Dict. by
Gon9ales, Lima, 1608.
Lexicon.
Goth. - Meeso - Gothic; as in Balg's Port.-Portuguese; as in Vieyra, 1857,
Glossary, 1887- 9'
Prov.-Proveu9al ; as in Raynouard's
Heb.-Hebrew; as in Gesenius' Diet"
Lexique Roman, and Bartsch's
1893.
Chrestomathie Provens:ale.
Hind.-H industani; as in Forbes, Bate , Russ.-Russian; as in Reiff's Dict. ,
or Wilson's Glossary of Indian
1876.
Scand.-Scandinavian; used as a general
T erms .
Teel.-Icelandic; as in Cleasby and Vigterm for Icelandic, Swedish , Danish,
fusson, 1874.
and Norwegian.
Idg. - Indo-germanic; the family of Skt.-Sallskrit ; as in !knfey's Diet.,
languages which inclndes Sanskrit,
1866.
Span.-Spanish; as in Neumann, ed.
Greek , Latin , English, &c.
lrish.-lrish; as in O'Reilly, 1864'
Seaone, 186l; Pineda, 1740; or
Ital.-Italian ; as in Meadows, 1857;
Minsheu, 16l3
Torriano, 1688 ; and Florio, 1598. Swed.-Swedish; as in the Tauchnitz
Dict. , or in Widegren, or in Oman.
L.-Latin; as in Lewis and Short, 1880.
Late L .-Late Latin; as in the latest Swed. dial. - Swedish dialects; as in
Rietz (1867).
edition of Ducange; by L. Favre,
1884-7. (Low L. - Late L . words Teut. - Teutonic; a general term for
of non-Latin origin.)
English, Dutch, German, Gotbic,
Lith.-Lithuanian; as in Nesselmann's
and Scandinavian.
Dict., 18!,I.
Turk.-Turkish; as in Zenker's Dict.,
1866-1876.
Low G.-Low German; see under G.
W.-Welsh; ali in Spurrell, 1861.
above.

xiv

INTRODUCTION

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.
acc.-accusative case.
adj .- adjective.
adv.-adverb.
A.V.-Authorised Version of the
Bible, 161J.
cf.-confer, i. e. compare.
Ch.-Chaucer.
comp.-comparative.
conj.-conjun ction.
dat.-datil'c case.
decl,..-declensional.
Der. - Derivative.
dimin.-diminutive.
f. or fem .-feminine.
frequent.-frequentative.
gen.-genitive case.
i. e.-id est, that is.
inf.-infinitive mood.
interj.-interjection.
lit.-literally.
m. or masc.-mascnline.
n. or neut. - nenter.

nom.-nominative case.
obs.-obsolete.
orig.-original or originally.
pl.-plural.
pp.-past participle.
prep.-preposition.
pres. part.-present participle.
pres. t.-present tense.
prob.-proba bly.
pron.-pronoun.
prov.-provincial.
pt. t.-past tense.
q. v.-quod vide = which see.
s. v.-sub verbo = under the word.
sb.-substantive.
Shak.-Shakespeare.
sing.-singnlar.
str. vb.-strong verb.
superl.-superlative.
tr.-translated, or translation.
trans.-transitive.
vb.-verb.

Some of the longer articles are marked off into sections by the use
of the Greek letters 11, y. This is merely intended to make matters
clearer, by separating the various statements from each other.
Notes at the end of an article are marked off by beginning with
the symbol~. XIV, XV, XVI, mean that the word was introduced
in the 14th, 15th, or 16th century, respectively. Hyphens are freely
introduced to shew the etymological division of a word. Thus the
word concede is derived from Lat. con-cldere; meaning that concidere
can be resolved into con- and cedere. This etymological division is
often very different from that usually adopted in printed books when
worcis have to be divided; thus capacious can only be divided, etymologically, as cap-ac-l~ouS, because cap- is the root-syllable; whereas,
when divided according to the pronunciation, it becomes ca-pa-ct~ous.
Theoretical forms are marked by an asterisk preceding them. Thus,
under Barrow (I), the Teutonic type *bergoz, a hill, is the primitive
Teutonic form whence the A. S. beorg and the G. berg are alike descended; and under Beetle (2), the A. S. form byte! must have been
*bilel in Old Mercian.

INTRODUCTION

xv

The symbols t5 and p are both written for Ih. In Icelandic, p has
the sound of Ih in Ihz"n, and t5 that of th in Ihal; but the M. E. and A. S.
symbols are confused. The M.E. symbol 3 commonly representsy at
the beginning of a word, and g h in the middle. A. S. short and long
vowels, such as a and ii, are as distinct from each other as and 1'/,
or 0 and c.> in Greek.
The distinction between the two values of A. S. long (]J (as
made by Dr. Sweet in his A. S. Diet.) has been carefully observed.
Thus the A. S. ii invariably represents the mutation of A. S. ii (as
usual), and corresponds to Goth. az'; but A. S. li represents the
Wessex sound corresponding to the Anglian and Kentish i, and to
Goth. i. For example, heal is from A. S. heNan, cognate with Goth .
hailjan, G. hez'len ; but deed is from O. Mere. did (Wessex dlid),
cognate with Goth. deds , G. lhal.

CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
A

ABBEY

At indef. art (E.) See An.

lies to the aft. Cf. M. E. "ia/ten. Gen.
A- (I), as in a-down=A.S. oft/unt. and Exod. 3377; A. S. btaftan. See A-

Here a- - A. S. of; see Of, Off.

as in afoot. (E.) For on
foot; see On. .. This is the commonest
value of the prefix a-.
A- (3), as in a-long. (E .) Here a- =
A. S. and-; See Along.
A- (4). as in a-rise. (E.) Here a-=
A. S. a-; see Arise.
A- (S). as ill a-cltieve. a-stringent. (F.
-L.; or L.) Here a= F. prefix a = L.
ad, to; see Ad-.
A- \6), as in a-vert_ (L.) Here a- =
L. Q; see Ab- (I).
A- (7). as in a-mmd. (L.) Here a-mend
is for e-mend; and e- = L . i or ex; see Ex-.
A- (8), as in a-las. (F.) See Alas.
A- (9), as in a-byss. (Gk.) H ere a- =
Gk. d- or dv-; see Uno. AbY88.
A- (1 0). as in a-do. (E.) For at do;
see At, Ado.
A- ( II ), as in aware. (E.) Here a- is
for M. E. yo, i-. A. S. ge-; see Aware.
A- (13), as in a-vast. (Du.) For Du.
Itoud vast; see A vast.
Ab- ( I), prefix. (L.) L. ab, from;
cognate with E. 0/; see Of. In F ., it
becomes a- or av-; see Advantage.
Ab- ( a), prefix. (L.) For L. ad, to,
by assimilation; see Abbreviate .
Aback. (E.) For on back. A. S.
onkc; see A- (a) and Back.
Abaft. (E.) From the prefix a- (2),
and b-aft, short for !>i-aft, by aft. Thus
a-b-aft= on by aft, i.e. at the part which

(E.)

A-

( :I) ,

(2) , By, and Aft.

Abandon. (F.-Low L.-O.H.G.)
M. E. abandounen. vb._ F. abandonner.F. Ii baudOt" at liberty; orig. in tbe power
(of). - L. ad, at ; Low L. band"m, bannum,
an order, decree; from O. H . G. ban,
summons, ban; see Ban.
Aba.se. (F.- L.) M. E. abasen, from
A- (5) and Base; imitating O.F. aiJaissier,
to lower.
Abas,h. (F.) M . E. abaschen. abaischen, abasen. - O . F . esbaj'ss-, stem of pres.
part. of esbai'r (F. ebahir), 10 astonish.O. F. ts- ( =L. ex, out, very much); and
hair, bahir. to cause astonishment, a
word of imitative origin from the interj.
bah! of astonishment. .. Sometimes confused with abase in M. E. See Bashful.
Abate. (F.-L.)
M. E. abalen.O. F. abalre. - Late L. "abbattere, to beat
down (as in ltal.) . -L. ad, to; and balere,
for baluere. to beat. See Batter. .. Hence
bate, for a-bale. Cf. Ab- (2).
Abbot. IL.-Gk.-Syriac.) M. E.
abbot, abbod, A. S. aMad. - L. abbat- (nom.
abbas), an abbot, lit. a father -Gk. d,8l:1a~.
- Syriac abba, a father; Rom. viii. IS.
abbess. (F. - L. - Gk. - Syriac.)
M. E. abbesse. - O. F. abuse, ab,:esse. Late L. abbat-issa. - L . abbat- (as above);
and -issa= Gk. -'<1<10, fern . suffix.
abbey. ( F. - L. - Gk. - Syriac.)
M. E. aobeye. - O. F. abeie. - Late L.
abbat-ia. - L abMt (auove).
B

ABBREVIATE

Abbreviate.

(L.) From pp. of L.

abwmiiire, to shorten. -L. abo, for ad,
to, b y assimilation; and breltis, short.
See Ab- (l) and Brief.
Abdicate. (L.) From pp. of L. abduan, to renounce. - L . ab, from; dicare,
to proclaim. Allied to Dictiou.
Abdomen. (L.) L. abdomen (stem
a6domin-). lower part of the belly.
Abduction. eL.) L. abductionem ,
acc. of a6ductio, a leading away.-L. abdiicer/!, to lead away. -L. ab, from; diicere,
to lead. Cf. Duke.
Abed. (E.) For on bed; see A- (2)
and Bed.
Aberration. (L.) From aec. of L.
aberriitio, a wandering from; from pp. of
L . ab-eYrare. - Lab, from; erriire, to
wander, err. See Err.
Abet, to incite. (F . -Seand.) O. F _
abeler, to excite, set on (Godefroy) . - F.
a- (Lat. ad ) ; and O. F. beter, to bait (a
bear), to set on, from Ice!. beita, to make
to bite. causal of bita, to bite. See Bait,
Bite. Der. bet, shott for abet, sb.
Abeyance, expectation, suspension.
( F . - L. ) A. F. abeiance, suspension,
waiting ( Roq .) .-F. a; andbean/, pres. pt.
of O. F. beer (F. bayer), to gape, expect
anxiously. - L. ad, at: and badiin, to gape.
Abhor. (L .) L. abhorren, to shrink
from in terror. - L. ab, from; horrere, to
dread. Cf. Horrid.
Abide (I), to wait for. (E.) A. S.
ii-bidan; from ii-, prefix, and bidan, to
bide. See A- (4) and Bide.
Abide (2 ), to suffer for, pay for. \E .)
In Sh.; corrupted from M. E. abyen, to
pay for, lit. to buy up, redeem. -A. S.
iibyegan, to pay for. See A- (4) and Buy.
Abject, mean , lit. cast away. (L.)
L. ab-iectlts, cast away, pp. of ab-icere, to
cast away. -L. ab, away; ineere, to cast.
Cf. Jet (I).
Abjure. (L.) L. ab-iiiriire, to deny;
lit. to swear away from. - L. ab, from;
iiirii1'e, to swear. -L. iiir-, from nom . i.ls,
law, right. Cf. Jury.
Ablative. (L.) L. abltititttlS, lit.
taking away. - L. ab, from; and liiltlm
(= tlnlum ), to bear, take; allied to tollere,
to take. See Tolerate.
Ablaze. (E. ) For on blaze; see A(2) and Blaze.
Able, powerful, skilful. ( F. - L.)
M. E. able, hable. - O. F . llabile, able, able.
- I_ habi/is, casy to handle, active. - L.

ABRIDGE
habere, to have. Cf. Habit. Der. abilily
from L. aec. llabilitalem.
Ablution. (F.-L.) F.; from L.
ace. ab-lulio1ll!1Il, a washing away. - L.
abMlus, pp. of abluere, to wash away.L . ab, from ; bure, to wash.
Abnegate . (L .) From pp. of L. abnegiire, to deny .-L. ab, from: 1/egnn, to
say no. Cf. Negation.
Aboard. (E.) For on board; see A( 2) and Board.
Abode, sb. (E .) M. E. abood, delay,
abiding. Formed a~ if from A . S. iibiid,
2nd stem of nbidan, to abide. See Abide.
Abolish. (F. - L. ) F. aboliss-, stem
of pres. pt. of abolir. - L. abolere, to
abolish.
Abominate. (L) From pp. of L
ab'o1llinari, to tum away from that which
is of ill omen. - L. ab, away; olllin., for
omen, an omen.
Aborigine., original inhabitants.
(L.) L. aborigines, the nations which,
previous to historical record, drove out
the Siculi (Lewis and Short). Formed
from L. ab origi1ll!, from th e beginning ;
where origim is the abl. of origo (Vergil ,
lEn. i. 642).
Abortion. (L.) From acc. of L.
aborlio. an untimely birth. - L. aborltts,
pp. of ab-ori1'i, to fail. - L. ab, away;
oriri, to arise, begin. Cf. Orient.
Abound. (F. - L. ) A. F. abtmder,
O. F . ab(lJlder. - L. ab-undare, to overflow.
-L. ab, awa), ; tmda, l\ wave.
About. (E.) M. E. abutm, abottlen.
A. S. iibtita", onbl7tan; short for onbe'Itatl; where be answers to E. /Jy, and iita",
outward, is related to ut, out. See A- (2 :.
By and Out.
Above. (E.) M. E. aboven, abuftn.
A. S. abll/an, for on-be-u/an ; where be
answers to E. by, and tifan, upward, is
extended from Goth. 'if, up. See A- (l ),
By, Up. (A. S. 'ifa" = G. obm. A. S.
Ile-u/a" = Du. bovm. )
Abrade, to scrape off. (L.) L . abrnde"e, to scrape off. - L. ab, off; radere,
to scrape. Der. abrasi011 (from L. pp.
a/Jraslls ).
Abreast. (E.) Put for 011 breasl;
~ee A- ( 2) and Breaat.
Abridge. (F. - L.) M. E. a/Jreggen.
A. F. abreggcr , O. F. abnger, abregier, to
shorten. - L. abb1-e14iiire, to shorten. - L.
abo, put for ado, to; and breuis, short.
Cf. Brief. Doublet, abbreviate.

ABROACH

Abroach, to set. (E. and F .)

ACCLIVITY

Put cult, concealed; pp. of abs.ll'lidere, to

broadz; see A. (2) and thrust away.-L. abs, away; l1'1idere, to
thrust. See Intrude.
Abroad. (E. ) M.E.abrood;putforoll Absurd. (L. ) L. absllrdus, inharbrood; lit. on broad; see A. (2) and Broad.. monious, foolish.- L. ab, from; surdus,
Abrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab- deaf, inaudible, harsh. Cf. Surd.
rogare, to repeal a law. - L . ab, away; Abundance. (F. - L.) F. abondmlCe.
- L. abundantia. See Abound.
rogare, to ask, propose a law.
Abrupt. (L.) L. ab",~pIlIs, pp. of Abuse, vb. (F.-L.) F. abuser, to
ab-rumpere, to break off. - L. ab, off; use amiss. - L. abiisus, pp. of ab-lili, to
yumpere, to break .
use amiss. - L. ab, away (amiss) ; uti,
Abscess. (L.) A gathering of humours to use.
into one place; lit. a going away.-L Abut, to project towards. (F.-L. and
abscesslls, a going away; abscess (Celsus). G.) O. F. abouter, to thrust towards.- L. abscessus, pp. of abs-cMert, to go L. ad, to; O. F . bouter, boler, to thrust.
away.-L. abs, away; cMere, to go, cede. See A (5) and Butt ( I ).
Abscind. (L.) From L. ab-scitldere, Abyss, a bottomless gulf. (L. -Gk.)
to cut off. - L. ab, off; scindere, to cut. Milton. L. abyssus. - Gk. at/vO'O'or, bottom
Der. abscissa , from fern. of L. abscissus, less. - Gk. d-, short for dv-, neg. prefix;
and t/vrur6r, depth. See A (9 ), Un. ( I).
pp. of abscindere.
Abscond, to go into hiding. (L.) L. Acacia, a tree. (L.-Gk.) L. acacia.
abscondere, to hide. - L. abs, away; condere, - Gk. ciKaK,a, the thorny Egyptian acacia.
to hide. Condere is from COtl- (cum), to- - Gk. dKjr, a point, thorn. (.v AK.) See
gether, and -dere , to _put, allied to Skt. Brugm. ii. 52 (4) '
dho, to put. (.vDHE, to place; Rrngm. Academy.
(F. - L. - Gk.)
F.
i. 589.) See Do.
acadbnie. -L. acadlmia.-Gk. dKa~Jlfla,
Absent, adj. (F. -L.) XIV cent. a grove where Plato taught, named from
O. F. absent, adj.-L. absml-, stem of ab- the hero Akademus.
sens, being away.-L. abo , away; -sens, Accede. (L.) L. ac-cldere, to come
being, occurring also in prlZ-sem. Cf. Skt. towards, assent to. - L. ac- (for ad), to;
sant, pres. pt. of as, to be; from .vES, to cMere, to come, cede.
be. Cf. Present, Sooth. Der. absence, Accelerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
aue/era,-e, to quicken. - L. ac (for ad),
F. absence, L. absentia.
Absolute, unrestrained , complete. to; celer, quick. Cf. Celerity.
(L.) L. absoliilus, pp. of ab-so/llere. to Accent. (F.-L.) F. accent, sb.-L.
set free. - L. ab, from; so/tlere , to loosen. acc. aceenlum, a tone. - L. ac- tfor ad);
absolve. (L.) L. ab-soluere, to set cat/tus, a singing, from canere, to sing.
free (above). Der. absolut-ion, from the Accept. (F.-L.) F. Qccepter. -L.
pp. above.
acceptore, frequentative of ac-cipel'e, to reo
Absorb. (L.) L. absorblre, to swal- ceive. -L. ac- (for ad), to; capere, to take.
low. - L. ab, away; sorb11'e, to sup up.+
Access. (L.) L. accessus, a coming
Gk. PO</>EflV, to sup up. (Brugm. ii. unto.-L. acClssuS, pp. of ac-cMere, to
801.) Der. absorpt-qn, from pp. ab- accede. -L. ac- (for ad), to; cidert, to
surptus.
come, cede.
Abstain. (F.-L.) F. abstenir (O.F. Accident. (F . -L.) F. accident, a
astemr). - L. abs-tinlre, to refrain from. - chance event (Cot.). - L. accident-, base of
L. abs, from; tmire, to hold. Der. abs- pres. pt. of ac- eidere, to happen. - L. aclinence, F. abstinence, from L. absline1l/ia, (for ad ), to; cadere, to fall. Der. aesb.: abs/eTlt ion , from the pp.
ddenee, F . accidence, L. accidentia.
Abstemious. ( L.) L. abstrolius, Acclaim. (L.) Formed from L. acrefraining fromstrongdrink.-L. abs, from; dtinuire, to cry out at.-L. ac- (for ad),
timilum, strong drink, whence timu-Ientus, at; damon, to cry out. For the spelling,
drunken.
cf. Claim.
Abstract. (L.) L. abstraetus, pp. Acclivity. (L.) XVII cent. From
of abs-Irallere, to draw away. - L. abs, L. acdiuiltitem, ace. of accuuilas. - L. ac
away; Iraltere, to draw.
(for ad); and c1ifJ-us, sloping, a slope; see
Abstruse. (L.) L. ilhstriisus, difli Leu (I). (.vKLEI; Brugm. i. +63-)
3
for 10 set
Broach.

011

ACCOLADE

ACME

Accola.de, the dubbing of a knigbt.

(F. -Ital. - L.) F . accol/ade, in Cotgrave,
ed. 1660 ; lit. an embrace round the neck,
then a salutation , light tap with a sword
in dubbing a knight. - Ital. accol/a/a, fern.
of pp. of accollare, to embrace about the
neck (Florio). - L. ac- (for ad), to, about;
ct>llllm , the neck.
Accommoda.te. (L. ) From pp. of
L. accomfllodare, to fit, adapt. - L. ac- (fo r
ad) , to; and commodus, fit. - L. com- ( =
cllm) , with; and modw, measure, mode.
Accompa.ny. (F.-L.) F. flecompagncr, to accompany. - F. a (L. ad), to ;
and O. F. compaing, companion ; see
Company.
Accomplice. (F. -L.) Pdt for a
(ompfire; a is the indef. art. - F. complice,
' a complice, confederate;' Cot. - L. acc.
(ompliam, from (omplex, confederate, lit.
, interwoven.' - L. com- I (urn ), together;
and stem plic-, allied to plicare, to weave.
Cf. Ply.
Accomplish. (F. -L.) M. E. acomplisen. - O. F. acomplis-, stem of pres.
part. of acomplir, to complete. - L. ad, to ;
complere, to fulfil.- L. com (cum), together ; piere, to fill.
Accord. (F. -L.) A. F. acorder, to
agree. - Late L. accordare. - L. ac- (for ad),
to; and cord-, stem of cor, heart. Cf.
Concord.
Accordion, a musical instrument.
(Ita!. - L.) From Ital. accord-are, to
accord, to tune an instrument; with suffix
-ion (as in clar-ion ). - Late L. accordare,
to agree. See above.
Accost. to address. (F . - L. ) F.
actoster, lit. 'to go to the side of.' - Late
L. accos/are (same). -L. ac- (for ad), to;
cos/a, rib, side. See Coast.
Account. vb. (F. - L ) A. F. acounter,
aeunter. - O. F. a, to; conter, compter, to
count. - L. ad; and com-puiare, to compute, from com- (cum ), and puiare, to
think.
Accoutre. (F_ - L.l) F. accoutrer,
formerly also accous/rer, to dress, array.
Etym. quite uncertain ; perhaps from O. F.
coustre, cou/re, a sacristan who had charge
of sacred vestments, from Late L. custor
= L. custos, a custodian, keeper.
Accretion, increase. eL) From acc.
of L. accri/io, increase. -I.. accri/us, pp.
of ac-crescere, to increase. -L ac- (for ad) ;
crescere, to grow, inchoative form from
ere-are, to make. Cf. Creat..
4

Accrue, to come to by way of increase.

(F. - L.) From A. F. acru, O. F. acreu,
pp. of acrois/re (F. accroftre), to increase.
- L. accrescere; see above.
Accumulate. (L.) F rom pp. of L.
ac-cumuliire, to amass. - L. ac- (ad), to;
cumltlare, to heap up, from cumulus, a
heap.
Accurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
aeciirtfre, to take pains with. - L. ac- (ad),
to; curare, to care for, from (ura, care.
See Cure .
Accursed, cursed. (E. ) Pp. of M. E .
aeursien. A. S. a-, prefi x; and cursian,
to cu rse; see A- (4) and Curse.
Accuse. (F. -L.) A. F. acuser. - L.
acciisare, to lay to one's charge. - L. ac(ad) , to; and cal/sa, caussa, a suit at law,
a cause.
Accustom. (F.-L. ) A . F.aeus/umer
( F. accoutumer), to make usua1.-F_ a
(from L . ad, to) ; and A. F . CUS/Uflle,
custom. See Custom.
Ace, the' one ' on dice. (F. -L.-Gk. 1)
M. E.as. -O. F.as. -L. as. [Said to be the
Tarentine ar, for Gk . rr, one.]
Acephalous, headless. (Gk.) Gk.
aIC'",a>-'-Or, headless ; with suffix -ous. - Gk.
0.- , un -; and ICf<f>a>-.r" head. See A- (9) .
Acerbity. (F. -L.) XVI cent. F.
acerbiN. - L . acc. acerbifiitem (nom. acerbitas ), bitteruess.- L. acer-b-us, bitter;
cf. tic'er, sharp, lit. piercing. - L. acire, to
be sou r.
Ache. verb. (E.) M. E. aken, vb.;
pI. t. ook. A. S. aean. (V AG, to drive.)
-U Spelt adze by confusion with M. E.
ache, sb., from A. S. ace, a pain. The verb
survives, spelt as the obs. sb.
Achieve. (F. -L.) M. E. acheven. A. F. achever, to achieve; lit. to come to
a head.-O. F. a chif, to a head. -L. ad,
to; caput, a head. Cf. Chief.
Achromatic, colourless. (Gk.) See
A - (9) and Chromatio.
Acid. sour, sharp. (F . -L.; or L.)
F. acide. - L. ac-idus, lit. piercing. . V AK,
to pierce.) Der. acid-i-/y; acid-ul-a/ed
(from L. acid-til-us, dimin. of acid-us ).
Acknowledge. (E. ) XVI cent.
M. E. knowlechen ; fro m the sb. knowlcche,
mod. E. kno'wledge; see Knowledge. The
prefix is due to M. E. a/mowen (= A . S.
oncnawan), with the same sense; hence
the prefix is A- \ 2) .
Acme, top. (Gk.) Gk. a.,.'J'.J, top,
!Oharp edie.
AK, to pierce.)

(v

ACOLYTE

ADDRESS

Acolyte, a servitor. (F.-Low Ih- 'npper city.' -Gk.

Gk.) F. acolyt~, Cot. -Late L. acolythus.

- Gk. &xO'\01l90f, a follower. _ Gk. do,
with (akin to Skt. sao, with); ttf'\fv9o., a
path ; so that dtto'\o1l90. = a travelling-companion.
Aconite, monk's-hood. (F. -L.Gk. ) F . aconit. - 1.. aconitum. - Gk.
dl<6viTov, a plant ; perhaps so called from
growing .. dttovat., on steep sharp rocks.
- Gk. att-ov'1, a whetstone , sharp stone.
Acorn. (E. ) M. E. acorn. A. S . lZcenr,
fruit ; properly' fruit of the fiel d,' from
A. S. tEcer, a field ; see Acre.+lcel. akar" ,
D an. agern Goth. akran , fruit ; from Icel.
ak r , Dan. ag~r, Goth. akrs, a field. ~ N ot
from oak.
Acoustic. (Gk.) Gk. dttOllO'TtttOS,
relating to hearing (or sound ).-Gk.
aKOVftV, to hear.
Acquaint. (F. - L.) M. E. arqueynt~1t ,
earlier acointul . - O. F. acoin ter ,
acointier, to acquaint with. - Late L.
adcogn itare, to make known (Brachet). L . ad, to ; and *cognitare, formed from
cop litus, pp. of cog'losure, to know. See
Quaint.
Acquiesce. (L. ) L. acquiescere, to
rest in. - L. nc- (for ad), to; qu iesctre, to
rest. See Quiet.
Acquire. (L. ) L. acqui1'ere, to get,
obtain. - L . ac- (for ad), to; quO!rere, to
seek. Der. acquisit-ion; from pp. acquisifus.
Acquit. (F. -L.) M . E. aquilen .O. F. aquit~r. to settle a claim; Late L.
acqllietiirt. - L. ac- (for ad), to; quietare.
vb., formed from qllietlls , discharged, free,
orig. at rest . See Quiet.
Acre. (E.) M. E. aker. A. S. l1'cer. +
Dn. akker, Ice!. akr, Swed. riker, Dan . ag~r,
Goth. akrs, G. acker ; L. ager , Gk. a"pos,
Skt. ajra. T eut. type *ak,o7.; Idg. type,
*agros. T he orig. sense was 'pasture .'
(.,tAG. ) Der. acor-n, q. v.
Acrid, tart . ( L. ) Coined by adding
-d to L. acti-, stem of acer, sharp; on
t he anal ogy of acid.
Acrimony. (F.-L.) F . actimoille.
- L. iieti- 11Iiill-ia. - L. acri-. stem of iicer
(above).
Acrobat, a tumbler. (F . -Gk.) F .
acrobat~. _ Gk. dttpO{JaTos, lit. walking on
t iptoe. - Gk. a/Cpo -v, a point. neut . of
o.I<-pOS, pointed; and {JaTO. , verbal adj. of
{Jatv .. v, to walk; see Come.
Acropolis, a citadel. (Gk.) Lit.

:.

dttpo -s, pointed , upper;

and ".0'\, a city.
Across. (E. and Seand.) F or on O 'OSS;
see A - (2 ) and Cross.
Acrostic, a short poem in which the
initial letters spell a word . (Gk. ) Gk .
dttPOO'T<:x ls. - Gk. o.IfPO- S, pointed , also
first ; and O'TLXOS, a row, line, from weak
grad e of O'TftX"" , to go. (.,t ST EIGH .)
Act, sb. (F. -L.) F . aclt. - L. artlls,
m., and actum , n. - L. aetlls done ; pp. of
agere, to do, drive. See Agent. D er. action ; act-ive (F . act~f); act-or ; act-u-al ( L.
artualis) ; act-ua,., (L. actuiirius ; acl-uat~ (from pp. of Late L. acluiirt , to perform, put in action).
Acumen. (L .) L. aC-tl-men , sharpness, acuteness. Cf. acutre. to sharpen.
Acute. (L.) L. aditlls, sharp; pp. of
aC-Il-ere , to sharpen. (.,t AK, to pierce.)
Ad-, prtjix. (L.) L. ad, to , cognate
with E . At. ~ L. ad becomes_ac- before
C; af bef.f; ag- be. g ; al- bef. l ; anbef. 1l ; al- be. I; ar- bef. r; as- bef. S;
at- bef. t.
Adage, a saying. (F . -L.) F . adage.
- L. adagillm. _ L. ad; :md agium, a saying ; cf. aio, I say.
Adamant. (F. - L. - Gk .) M. E.
adam aun t, a diarr. ~nd, a m3l:Det. -O. F.
adamant. - L. adamanta, ace. of adamas.
- Gk. dMfta s, a very hard metal or stone;
lit . 'unconquerable.' - Gk. a- ( = E . 1m- ) ;
and taft""', I conquer, tam e. See Tame.
Adapt. (F.- L.) Earl y XVII cent.F . adalter. - L . adaltare , to fit to. - L.
ad, to; altnre, to fi t , from apt lls, fi t , a pt .
Add. (L. ) M . E. addm. -L. addere,
lit. to put to. - L. ad ; and -dere, to put.
See Abscond.
Adder, a viper. (E.) M. E. addere ;
a. lso 1laddere, " eddere. [A" adder resulted
from a nadder , by mistake. J A. S. " cfd"e,
" tld"re, a snake. + G. ' 1atter , a snake ; also
cf. Ice1. na~ r, Goth . 11adrs (with short a ).
Addict. (L.) !'rom 1.. addicttiS , PI'.
of ad dicere, to adjudge, assign. - L. ad,
to; dicere, to say, appoin t. Cf. Diction .
Addled, corru pt , un productive. (K )
Due to an attribu tive nse of the M . E. sb.
adel, fi lth, used in the compound add -ey,
lit. 'filthegg' = Late L . Ovum iin"l(1!,
urine egg ; mistaken form of L. ottum
iirrmml, windegg, due to Gk. oilptoV &JOY,
wind-egg. Orig. ' mud ,' from A . S. adela,
mu d (Grein). Cf. Low G. adel , a puddle.
Adelress, vb. (F.-L.) F . adress~r.

ADDUCE

ADROIT

- F. a, to ; dresser, to direct, dress; see standing the sense of O. I' . ajosler, to

DreslI.
put side by side, arrange. - L. ad, to; and
Adduce. (L.) L. addiirtl"c, to lead it/xlii, near; see Joust.
to, bring forward . - L. ad, to; diicere, to Adjutant, lit. assistant. (L.) From
lead . bring.
L. aaiiilanl-em, acc. of pres. part. of
Adept, a proficient. (L.) L. adepills, adiiiltire, to assist, frequent. of ad-iuuiire,
one who has obtained proficiency; pp. of to aid. -L. ad, to ; juuare, to help. Cf.
adiJisci, to obtain_-L. ad, to; aJisci, to Aid.
obtain, perhaps related to apl us, fit. Administer. (1'. - L. ) M. Eo am hzCf. Apt.
isb-en ._ O. F. ami1,islrer. - L. ad-minisAdequate. (L. l L. ad,eqt/alus, pp. Irare, to minister (to). - L . ad, to; minisof ad~qulla, to make equal to. - L. ad, Irare, to serve, from minisler, a servant.
to; leqllan, to make equal, from tZqUtlS, See Minister.
equal.
Admiral. (F.-Arab.) M . E. adAdhere. (L. ) L. ad-lztZrere, to stick miral, more often amiral.-O. F. amiral,
to. - L. ad, to; htZrere, to stick.
amirail, also antire; cf. Low L. admiAdieu, farewell. (F.) M. E. a dieu' raldus, a prince, chief. - Arab. amiI', a
- F. a dim , (1 commit YOII) to God. -L. prince; see Emir. The suffix is due to
ad Deum, to God. See Deity.
' Arab. al in amir-al-bahr, prince of the sea.
Adipose, fatty. (L.) Late L. adi- I Admire. (F. -L.) F. admirer (0. F.
POSItS, latty.-L. adzp, stem of adeps, sb., amirer).-L. admiran", to wonder at.fat. Connection with Gk. QAfIlpa, fat, is L . ad, at; miran", to wonder.
doubtful.
Admit. (L.) L. ad-millcre, to let
Adit, access to a mine. (L.) L. adil-tls , to, send to. - L. ad, to; mittere, to send.
app.... oach, entrance. - L adil-~m, supine of Der. admi~s-ion; f~om pp. admiss-ttS.
ad-tre, to go to. - L. ad, to ; Ire, to go. . AdmOnish. ( F .-L.) M. E. amonAdjacent, near to. (L.) From base II eslm; so that admollislz has taken thc
of pres. pt. of L. ad-iacere, to lie near. - place of amonesl, with changed suffix due
to verbs in -islz. ' I amollesle or warne' ;
L. ad, near; iacel'e, to lie.
Adjective. (F.-L.) F. adjeclij ( fem. 1 Wyclif, I Cor. iv. 14.-0. F. a",onesler. .ive). - L. ad-iecliuus, lit. put near to. - / Late L. admonesliire, new formation from
L . ad-iccltls, pp. of ad-iure, to put near. - L. admonere, to advise. - L. ad, to; 1/l0nere,
L. ad, to; iaure, to cast, throw~
to advise. Cf. Monition.
Acljoin, to lie next to. (F.-L.) O. F . I A-do, to-do, trouble. (Eo) M. E. at
adjomdre. - L. ad-izmgere (pp. adizmcfus), I do, to do; a Northern idiom, whereby at
to join to. - L. ad, to; iungere, to join .
was used as the sign of the infin. mood, as
Adjourn, to put off till another day. in IceI., Swedish , &c. See Do (I ).
(F.-L.) O. F. njomer, properly to draw Adolescent, growing up. tL) L.
near to day, to dawn ; also, to appoint a adolescent-clll,acc. of pres. pt. of ad-olescere,
day for one. - Late L. adjurna1-e, 'diem to grow up. See Adult.
dicere alicui;' Ducange.-L. ad, to; and Adopt. (L. ) L. ad-opliire, to adopt,
Late L.jurnus (Ital. gionzo ), a day, from choose. -L ad, to; oPlare, to wish.
L. adj. diu1'1tus, daily.-L. dies , a day.
Adore. (L.) L. ad-ortire, to pray to.
Adj udge. (F. - L .) M. E. adillgm ; - L. ad, to; oriire, to pray, from os (gen.
also aiugat ( = ajllgeJt ).-O. F. ajuger, to Or-is" the mouth. Cf. Oral.
decide . - L. adiiidiciire, to award . - L. ad, Adorn. (L.)
L. ad-orniire, to deck.
to ; iiidit-are, to judge, from i,ldic-, base - L. ad, to; orniire, to adorn.
of ittdex, a judge. See Judge.
AdoW11, downwards. (E.)
M. E.
Adjudicate. (L.) From pp. of L. adllne. A. S. of-dune, lit. from a down or
adizldiciire (above).
hill. - A. S. of, off, from; and dune, dat.
Adjure. (L. ) L. ad-i,lrii,-c, to swear of dun, a hill; see A- (I ) and Down (2) .
to; in late L., to put to an oath. - L. ad, Adrift. (E.) For on dn"!t; see Ato; iurare, to swear. See Jury.
( 2) and Drift.
.A.diust, to fit exactly. (F.- L .) From Adroit. (F.-L.) F.ad1l1il, dexterous.
F. aajuster , ' to adjust , place justly; 'Cot. - F. a droit, rightfully. -~. a (L. ad), to;
L. ad, to; iustus, just, exact; see Just. Late L. direclum, right, Justice, neut. of
~ :\ lIew F. formation, due to misunder- L . directus, pp. of di-ri~re , to direct,
G
J

Ii

ADULATION

AFFECT

from L. tli- (for dis-), apart, and regen, to warn. - Late L. aduer!ln, put for L. aduerrule.
tere, to turn to, heed; see above.
Adulation, tlattery. (F.-L.) :F. Advice. (F.-L.) M.E. auis (avis),
adulalion. - L. acc. adulatiollem, from without d. _ O. F. avis, an opinion; orig.
adultilio, tlattery. - L. adultitus, pp. of a compound word, put for a vis, i. e. acadular" to Aatter.
cord ing to my opinion. -L. ad, according
Adult. ', L. ) L. adultus, grown up ; to; ttisum, that which has seemed good
pp. of ad-olescCI'e, to grow up. - L. ad, to; to one, orig. neut. of u,sus, pp. of tlidi n,
olescere, incept ive form related to alere, to to sec.
nouri sh; see Aliment.
Advise. (F . -L. ) M. E. adllism, also
Adulterate, to corrupt. (L. ) XVI auism (avism ), without d. - O. F. aviser,
cent. - L. adulleralus, pp. of adullerare, to to be of opinion . - O. F. avis (above) .
corrupt. - L. adulter, an adulterer, a de- Advocate, sb. (F. -L.) M. F . advocal,
baser of money.
'an advocate;' Cot. - L. aduocalus, an
Adultery. (F.-L.) M.E. avoulrie; advocate, one ' called upon' to plead.but a later form wr.s adulterie , in imita- L. aduocalus, pp. of ad tlocdre, t o call to,
tion of Latin. Cf. O.F. avoutn'e, avollla'ie, call upon. - L. ad, to; uociire, to call.
adultery ; from avolllre, an adulterer, Advowson. (F.- L.) A. F. avoeson,
which represented L. adulter (see above) ; also advowoll, patronage; hence the right
so that avollirie was equivalent ill sense to of presentation to a benefice (Roquefort).L. adltllin'lIl1l, adultery.
Late L. aduol"aliollem, acc. of aduociilio,
Adumbrate. (L.) From pp. of L . patronage. - Late L. adlloca/lIs, a patron;
adumbrare, to shadow forth. - L. ad, to; the same as L. aduoClilul, an advocate.
umbra , a shadow.
Adze, a cooper's axe. (E.) M. E . adse,
Advance, to go forward. (F . - L.) adere. A . S. tUiesa, an adze.
XVI cent. A mistaken form; for M. E. Aerial. (L. - Gk.) Formed with suffix
auanci!1', avancell. - F. aVa1ICer, to go for- al from L. ailritls, dwelling in the air. ward or before. - F. avant, before. - L. ab, L. aer, air. - Gk. d~p , air ; see Air.
from; all/e, before. See Ante-, Van.
Aerolite, a meteoric stone. (Gk.)
Advantage, profit. (F. -L.) A mis- Also aerolilh, which is a better form.taken form for M. E. avalliage. - F. avant- Gk. a..po-, from a~p, air; ),.tll-os, a stone.
age; formed with suffix -age from avalll, AeroDaut, a balloonist. (F. -Gk.)
before; see above.
F . aeronau/e. - Gk. a.po-, from a~p, air;
Advent, approach. (L.) L. adltmills, vaVT-'7S, a sailor, from Ifails, a ship.
approach. -L. adr/etltltS, pp. of ad-umire, Aery, an eagle's nest, brood of eagles or
to approach. - L. ad, to; tWlire, to come. hawks. (F. -Late L .) - F. aire, 'an airie
Cf. Venture.
or nest of hawkes; ' Cot. - Late L. area, a
Adventure. (F .-L.) M.E.avenlltle; nest ofa bird of prey ; ofunceitain origin.
with F. a- replaced by L. ado. _ F. ~ Sometimes misspelt eyry, by confusion
avenlure, a chance, occurrence. -L. ad- with M.E. ey, an egg; see Egg.
1I1!1l/iira, fem. of aduen/iirus, about to .Esthetic, refined. (Gk.) Gk. alall,],
happen, fut. part. of adue1tire, to approach; TIIc6s, perceptive. - Gk. alallfalla., to perceive. (...; A W; see Brugm. ii. 8,4' .)
see above.
Adverb. (F . - L.) Used to qualify a
anesthetic, relieving pain, dulling
verb. F. adverbe. - L. adt/erbiul1l. - L. ad, sensation. - Gk. ti,,-, not; and alalhrr.,,6s.
to; uerbu1ll, a word, a verb.
Afar. (E. ) For 011 far.
Adverse. (F.-L.) M .F.advers(O.F. A1fable. (F.-L.) F.aifablt.-L.aifti.
avers). -L. aduersus, turned towards, also bilis, easy to be spoken to. -L. af- =ad,
opposed to; pp. of L. aduerlere, to tum to; far" to speak .
t o (see below). Der. adversary,adversily. A1fair. ( F. -L.) M.E. aifere.-O.F.
Advert. (L.) L. at/-mrlere, to turn afeire, a/('[ire, a business ; orig. a fain ,
to, regard, heed. - L . ad, to ; tter/ere, to i. e. (something) to do. - L. ad, to; faure,
tum; see Verse. Der. in-adver/-enl, not to do .
.&ft'ect. (L.) L. aifectiire, to apply
regarding.
Advertise. (F. - L.) M. E. aver/ism , oneself to (hence, to act upon) ; frequent. of
later advertise. From the Imsc of aVlfr- alficere, to aim at, treat. - L. a.l- = ad, to;
/iss-alll, pres. pt. of avertir, to inform, .facen, to do, act. Der. dis-affect.
i

AFFEER
Atraer, to assess, confirm.

AGATE

(F.-L) af-, for L. o.i-, prefix; and F. fret, the

O. F . afturer, to fix the price of a thing f r 5
ht of
' a ship. See Fraught, Freight.
(officially). - Late L ajforare, to fix a
ht, to frighten. (E.) The
price. -L af- (for ad); andforum, market, double is late. From M . E . afrighl, used
as a pp., affrighted. - A. S. tifyrhl, afyr"ted,
price.
AfIl&uce. (F.-L.) O.F.tijiance, trust; pp. affrighted; from infin. iifyrlltan (not
cf. afJier, ajier,to trust (whence E. ajfy). - used). - A. S. a-, intensive; aud hrMan,
0.1. a (L. ad), to; and.luianl-, stem of to terrify, from fyrhto , fright; see Fright.
pres .. pt. of Late L. fititire, to trust. from AiI'ront. (F: - L.) M. E. afronten.L. fider,e to trust. Cf. Late L .fidmlia, O. F. afron/er, to confront, oppose face to
a A~ge.
face.- Late L . affronliin - L. af- (for ad),
d&vit, an oath. (L.) Late L. affi to; front-em, acc. of frons, forehead,
diiuil, 3 p. s. pt. t. of afficliire, to pledge.- brow.
L.af-=ad,to; Late L .fititire, for L.fidere, AflO&t. (E.) For onjloat.
to trust.
Afoot. (E.) For onfool.
Aftl1i&tion. (F.-L.) F . ajJiliati01t, Afore. (E.) For on fore; A.S. on
an adoption as a son. - Late L. ace. affilia. foratz, afore.
l;onem. - L. af- = ad, to; filius, a son.
Afraid. (F. - Land Teut.) Orig.
Aftluity. (F. - L) F. affinill. - L. affrayed, i. e. 'frightened.' Pp. of Aft'ray,
a./finittitem, acc. of affinitas, nearness. - L. q. v.
a./finis, near, boroering on. - L. af- (for ad,', Afresh. (E.) For on fresh or offresh;
to, near; finis , boundary, enn .
see Anew.
AfIlrm. (F. - L) M. E. affirmm. Aft, After. (E.) A. S. tpftan, beO. F. afermer, to fix. - L. affirmare. - L . hind; tZfttr, after, both prep. and adv.+
af- (for ad ), to; jinniire, to make firm, Icel. aplan, behind, aplr, aflr, backwards;
Dan. and Swed. ejler, Du. acnler, 0 ; H . G.
from jirm1ts, strong; see Firm.
AftI:l:. (L.) Late L. affixare (Ducange), aftar, prep. and adv. behind. IJ. Aftan
frequent. of L. a./figere (pp. affix us), to is extended from GOlh. of, off; see Of.
fasten to.- L .af- (for ad) , to;.figere, to fix. Af-ter is a compo form, IikeGk. o.YrOJ-Tfp,OJ,
Aftlict, to harass. (L) XVI cent. -L. further off; it means more off, further off,
ajJlit'llts, pp. of ajJl~re, to strike to the hence behind. Der. ahaft, q v.; afterground.- L af- (forad) ,to; andjligere, to ward (see Toward'.
dash . So also eonjlict, from pp. con jlielus; Afterm&th, a second crop of mown
and cf. projlig.att.
grass. (E.) Here afler is an adj.; and math
uenC8. (F. - L.) F. ajJlutnct. _ means' a mowing,' unaccented form of
L ajJlutnlia, abundance. - L. ajJluenl-em A. S. map. Allied to Mead, Mow. Cf.
(acc.), flowing towards, pres. part. of G. manti, a mowing; nnchmahd, aftermath.
ajJluere, to"flow to, abonnd.-L. af- (for A.ftermost, hindmost. (E.) A. S.
ad), to; jlutr~, to flow.
tZftellltsl, Goth. aflumists; but affected
Atrorc1. (E.) Altered from aforth, by after and most. The Goth. aj-fu'1IlM.E. afor/hen, to provide, P. PI. B. vi. isis is a treble snperI. form . See Aft.
301. - A. S. gtjor/Jian, fortJian, to further,
.A.sr&, A:frha, a ehief officer. (Turk.)
promote, provide. - A. S. g~-, prefix; and Turk. agha, master.
f~, forth, forward; see Forth.
.Aain. (North E.) Cf. M. E. ayein,
AJfr&'1', to frighten. (F. - L. and Tent.) A. s:- ongegn (onglan. - A. S. on; and
XIV cent. M. E. affi'ayen. -0. F. tjJraier, gegn, of which the primary meaning seems
esjreer, to frighten. - Low L exfridti!'e, to to havc been 'direct,' or 'straight.'
break the king's pe:lCC, cause an affray or (N. E. D .) + Dan. igien, Swed. igm, again.
against. (North E.) The I is added.
fray; hence, to disturb, frighten. - L. ex;
and O. H. G.fridu (G.fri~de) , peace. (See Cf."Kt E. ayeines, against; extended from
Rom:mia, 1878, vii. 1 n .) Der. affray, sb., M. E. ayein, against, with adv. suffix es.
also sp~ltfray; and afraid, q. v.
- A. S. ongeOlt, against; the same as A. S.
,&jfreightment, the hiring of a vessel ongean, ongegn , again; see above. + lcel.
to convey cargo. (F.-L. and G .) An i gepz, G. mtgegen, against.
E. spelling of F. affrtltment. now written A.ga.te. (F. -It. - L.-Gk.) O.F. agate,
aifrttement. the hiring of a sbip.- F. agal/u. - ltal. agata, agatha, an agate
affrtler (now offrtter), to hire a ship. - F. (Florio).-L. aehalem, ace. of aclltites.8

itt#:;

AGE

AGREE

Gk. ciX4T'1f, an agate ; so named from being I Agitate. (L.) I . agi/a/w, pp. of
found near the river Aehales (Sicily).
agi/tire, to keep driving about, frequent. of
Age. (F.-L.) O. F .illlgtl, edage.-Late ! agere, to drive; see Agent. ( oV'~G. )
L. a/ii/icum. - L. altiti-, stem of atas (from Aglet a' tag of a lace. (1" . - L .) ~)so
*,zui-tas), age.- L. atm"" life, period.+ aygulet, Spenser, F. Q. ii. 3.16. - F. aigtt;lGk. alaw; Goth. aiws; Skt. iiyus, life. leite, dimin. of oiguil/(, a needle. - Late L.
Hmgm. ii. I l l .
adieula, dimin. of ac-us, a needle, pointed
Agent. (L.) XVI cent. L. ogmt-, thing. Cf. Acme. CoV' AK.)
stem of pres. pt. of agere (pp. actus), todo, .Agnail, (1) a com on the foot, (2 } . n
drive, conduct.+Gk. a")'E'v; Ice!. aka; Skt. sore beside the nail. (E .) The sense has
aj, to drive. ( AG.)
been confused or perverted. }<'rom A. S.
Agglomerate, to mass together. (L.) allgmzg/, a com on the foot (see A. S.
From pp. of L. agglomertire, to form into Leechdoms, ii. 81, 34); with which cf.
n mass. - L. ag- (= ad) ; and glomer-, stem ' O. Friesic oglteil, ougneil, apparently used
of glomus, a mass, ball, clue of thread, in a similar sense. From a prefix allg,
allied to globus, a globe; see Globe.
signifying afflicting, paining, and A. S.
Aarglutiaate. (L.) From pp. of nagl, a nail (as of iron), hence a hard
agg/illiniire, to glue together. -L. ag' round headed excrescence or wart fixed in
{ = ad), to; .~liilin-, for gltitm, glue.
the flesh; see Anger and Nail. /3 Soon
Aggrandise. (F. -L.) M. F. oxgrall- misunderstood as referring to the nails of
dis-, stem of pres. pt. of aggrand;r, to the toes or fingers, and so made -te--Il(ean
enlarge. Also agralldir (with one g) . - F. 'a sore beside the nail'; prob. by coma (for L. ad) ; and grandir, to increase, paring ( wrongly) the Gk. l1apo>"X1a, a
from L. grandire, to enlarge, which is whitlow (lit. beside the nail ), or by confrom L. .f'alldis, great.
fusion with F. angonaille, a sore (Cot.).
Aggravate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag- See N. E. D.
grattiire, toaddtoaload. -L.ag- (= ad) , Agnate, allied. (L.)
L. aglllitus,
to; gralliit'c, to load, from grauis, heavy. allied; pp. of agllosci=(UI-gllasd. -L. ad,
Aggregate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag- to; nasci, earlier form g1lasd, to be born.
gngtire, to collect into a flock. - L. ag- (for Ago, Agone, gone away, past. (E.)
ad ), to ; greg-, stem of grex, a flock.
M. E. ago, agon, agooll, pp. of the verb
Aggre88, to attack. (F.- L.) M.l". ag- agon, to pnss by, pass away. A. S. tigan,
gresser. - L. aggresslls, pp. of aggredi, to pp. of ligtill, to pass away. See A- (4)
assail.-L. ag- (for ad), to; grot/i, to ad- and Go.
vance.
Agog, in eagerness. , F.) For a-gog,
~grieve. (l".-L. ) M. E. a.f'evm.- in activity, in eagerness, where a- is
O. }<. agrever, to overwhelm. -0. F . a, to; the prefix A- (2). Adapted from O. l".
grever, to bunlen.-L. ad, tOj grarttire, to en gogues (Littn!), or a gogue (Godefroy),
weigh down, from grauis, heavy, grave. in mirth. Cot. has ulre en ses gogtles, 'to
See Grave (l).
.
be frolicke, ... in a veine of mirth.' The
Aghast, horror-struck. (E. ) Misspelt origin of O. F. gogue, fun, diversion, is
for agast, which is short for agas/ed, pp. of unknown.
M. E. agas/en, to terrify; Ch. C. T. 1341; Asrony. (F.-L.- Gk.) M. E. agonie.
Leg. of Good Women, Dido, 248. -A. S. -F":agoll;e.-L. ago1Iia. - Gk. ci"'(QWla, orig.
ii-, prefix; and gas/all, to terrify, tonnent. a contest. - Gk. ti")'':'''', coutest. - Gk. d.-yuv,
p. A. S. gastan is from the base gas- = to drive. ( AG.)
Goth. gais- in us-gais-jan, to terrify. ( Aarouti, a rodent animal, of the guiueaGHwAIS.) Hrugm. ii. 802.
pig 7amily. (F.-Sp. -Brazil.) F. agouli.
Agile. (F. - L. ) XVI cent. F. agile. - Sp. aguli. - Brazil. o.f'I/i, aadi.
-L. agiUs, nimble; lit. easily driven Agraft'e, a kind of clasp. (F. -O.H.G.)
about. - L . nge,-e, to drive.
F. agrafe; also agraphe (in Cotgrave) ,
Agistment, the pasturage of cattle a hook, clasp; a.l,,..,.aftr, to clasp. The
by agreement. ( F.- L.) From theF. vb. verb is from F. a ( =L. ad), tOj and
agister, to assign a resting-place.-F. " M. H. G. krapfe, O. H . G. crapo, ekrapfo,
( = L.ad),to; and O.F.giste, a couch,IP<lg- . a hook, which is allied to 1::. cramp.
ing, verbal sb. from O. F. gesir (F. gesir), Agree, to accord. , }<'. -L.) O. F.
to lie, from L. iaeC're, to lie.
agre(r, to receive favourably. -0. F. "gre,

I
I

'J

AGRICULTURE

ALBUM

f:lvourably.- O. F. a ( = L. ad), according

to ; gre, grlf, pleasure, from L. gnitttm,
neut. of griiltlS, dear, pleasing. Cf. Grace.
D er . dis-agru .
Agriculture. (L.) L. agri CltINira,
culture of a field. - L. agri, gen. of ager,
a fi eld ; and Cllltii,'a. See Acre and Cultura.
Agrimony, a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M . Eo agremoi'le, I'gremoine. -M . F. aigrifIl"Qine . - L. argemonia, argemone. - Gk.
ap-y;.uiJv'1 . (Lewis and Short, L. Diet. )
~ound. (E. ) For Ole ground.
Ague, a fever-fit. (F.;. L.)
Lit.
acute ' a\.tack_ - O . F. ague, fern of a"O't/
(F . aigu), acute. - L. ad/la (f ebris) , acute
(fever) ; fern. of aCt7tus; see Aoute.
Ah! (F.-L.) M.E. a !-O.F. a !L. all!
Ahead. (E.) For on hl!ad, i.e. in a
forward direction. See A- ( l ).
Ai, a sloth. (Brnzil.) From Brazil. ai.
Aid. (F.-L.) M. E. aiden . - O. F.
aider. - L. adi,Unrt, frequent. of adiuuiire,
to assist. - L. ad; and iuuiirl, to help, pp.
iiitus. Cf. Brugm. ii. fj83 .
Ail, v. (E. ) M.E. dim . A . S. egla)l,
to pain; cognate with Goth. agljcl1l.A . S. egle, troublesome (allied to Goth.
agius, hard ). Cf. A. S. ege, terror, orig.
pain; see Awe.
Aim,toendeavourafter. (F . -L.) M . E.
eimen. From confusion of ( I) A . F.
esmer, from L . tZstimiirl, tl) estimate, aim
at, intend; and (3 ) O . F. aesmer, from L.
ad-tZstimiire, camp. with prefix ado, to.
See Esteem.
Air ~I). ( F._-L. -Gk;~ ~. E. air, eir.
- F . all'. - L. aero- Gk. a'lP, aIr.
ail' ( l ), mien, affected manner; tune.
(F.-It.-L.-Gk.) F . air, look, tune. Ita!. ada, ( a looke, . . a tune;' Flori!). Joolk-L. neut. pI. ai!ra, treated as a fern.
sing. (Diez). - L . at r . - Gk. d.~p (above).
Airt, a point of the compass. (Gael.)
Gael. aird, a quarter or point of the
compass. Cf. O . Irish aird, a point, limit.
Aisle, the wing of a church. (Y. -L.)
Better spelt aile - F . aile. - L. ala, a wing.
Prob. for *axla, dimin. of Axis.
Ait. ( E.) Sec Eyot.
Aitch-bone, the rump-bone. (Hyb. ;
F . - L. and E .) Orig. spelt "ache bone. O. F. "ache, sing. of nachl!S, the buttocks;
and E. bOIU. NaclJes 0= ute L . natieas, acc.
of ~tica:, dimin. of L. natis, the bot
tock .

AJar. (E.) From a char, 01t char, ou

th e t urn (G. D ouglas, tl". of Virgil, b. vii,
prol.). - A.S. 01t citr,-e, on the turn ; cf. A.S.
c)lrt-an, tierran, to turn. See Cha.r (2) .
.Akimbo, in a bent position. (Scand .)
M. E. itt ktnebowe, Beryu, 1838. Perhaps
from I cel . i keng, into a crook; with
E. !>ow, i. e. bend, superfl uously added.
Here ke1lg is the acc. of kengr, a crook,
twi st, kink. Cf. also Icel. kmgboginn ,
bent into a crook, from kellgr, a crook.
twist, kink, and bogi1tn, bowed, pp. of
lost verb bjl/ga, to bow. See Kink and
Bow ( I ). (Very doubtful; a guess.)
Akin, of kin. (E.) For of ki.l .
Alabaster. (F. -L. - Gk. ) M.E. ala
baslre. _ O. F. alabaslre (F. aIMlre). - L.
alabaster, alabastrum. - G k. tiAa{3auT pov,
tiAa{3auTor. Said to be derived from Alabasftwl , a town in Egypt. (Pliny.)
A.la.ck. (E.) Prob. a corruption of M.E.
a! lack! alas! a shame' lit. (lack.' (It
cannot be the s,'!.me as alas.)

A.la.crity. (L. ) Formed by analogy

with celerity, from L. alacritifte11l, acc. of
alacdtifs, briskness. - L altlcer, brisk.
Alarm, a call to arms. ( F. - Ital. - L )
M. E. alarme. - F.alarme.- Ital. all'arme,
to arms ! for aile ar11le. - Late L. ad
illas armas, for L. ad ilia a,.,na, to
those arms! to your arms!
aJa.rum. (F. - Ital. - L.) The same
word, with an old pronunciation, in which
the I' was strongly trilled.
Alas! (F. -L.) M.E . alas .-O. F.alas
(cf. F. hllas). - O. F. a, ah ! and las,
wretched that I am ! - L. ah ! and lasSlls,
tired, wretched. (Allied to La.te.)
Alb, a white vestment. (F.-L.) M. E.
albe -0. F. albe .-Late L alba, sb. ; orig.
fern . of L. albus, white.
Albacore, a kind of tunny . (P ort. Arab.) Port. albacor, albaeora . Said to
be of Arab. origin.
Albatross, a large sea bird. (Port. Span. - Arab. - Gk.) Formerly also alga tross . - Port. alcatraz, a cormorant, albatross ; Span. alcatraz, a pelican - Port.
alcatruz, a bucket, Span . arcaduz, M. Span.
alcaduz (Minsheu), a bucket on a waterwheel. -Arab al-qiidus, the same (Dozy).
Similarly Arah. saqqa, a water-carrier, a
pelican, because it carries water in its
pouch. (Devic; BUpp. to Littre.)
Album, lit. that which is white. (L)
L album, a tablet, orig. neut. of albus,
white.

Ie:!

ALBUMEN

ALIVE
alb1llllen, white of egg. (L.) L . albU- algebra, computation. - Arab. ai, the j nnd
(also album OUI), white of egg.L. albus, white.
Alcayde, a judge; see Cadi.
Alchemy. (F.-Arab -Gk.) O. F.
a!ckemie.- Arab. ai, the; and klmla,
alchemy.- Late Gk. X'7J.'Ela, cbemistry;
probably coufused with xiiJ.'fla, a mingling, from Gk. Xl ..", to pour out, mix.
Alcohol. (Med. L .-Arab.) Med. L.
alcohol, applied to pure spirit, thongh the
orig. sense was a fine impalpable powder.
- Arab. ai, the; and ko",1 or kulJ,/, a
collyrium, very fine powder of antimony,
used to paint the eyelids with_
Alcoran i see Koran.
Alcove, a vaulted recess. (F. - Span. Arab.) 1'. alcke. - Span. alcobo. a recess
in a room.-Arab. ai, the; and qohl>a", a
vault, dome, cupola; hence a vaulted space.
Alder, a tree. (E.) M . E. aid", aller
(d being excrescent). - A. S. alor (aler,
alr).+Du. els; Icel. olr (for plr) ; Swed.
aI; Dan. die, el; G. erie; O.R.G. erila,
earlier elira; Span. aliso (from Gothic).
Tcut. stems alllz-, aliz-, alis-. Allied
to Lith. alksnis, L. alntlS (for alsnos) ;
Russ. ollklza j and perhaps to Elm.
Alder-, prefix, of all. In alder-liefest
(Sh.) j here aId" is for aller, O. Merc.
alra,. A. S. eaira, gen. pI. of ai, eal, all .
See AlL
Alderman. (E.) Mere. aldo""an,
A. S. ealdDnlwn. - Merc. aldor (ealdor), a
chief j and 1IIan, man. Allied to O. Fries.
alder, a parent j G. ellern, pI. parents j
and to 1.. ai-lor, a bringer up, from alere,
to nouriah. Cf. Old.
Ale. (E.) M. E. ale. - A. S ealu, gen.
alop (stem allll).+Icel., Swed., and Dan.
O!; Lithuan. alus j Russ. olovina.
Alembic, a vessel for distilling. (F.Span. -Arab. -Gk.) M. E. alembyk. - F.
alambiqut (Cot.). - Span . alambi'!ue. Arab. ai, the j and anbiq (pronounced a11lbiq), a still. - Gk. a..ufJ/(, a cup, goblet j
capof a still. Cf. Limbeck.
Alert. (F.-Ital. -L.) F. alerle; formerly allerle, and (in Rabelais) a flurle.
i. e. on the watch. - Ital. all'erta, on the
watch j from the phr. stare alferla, to
stand erect, be on one's guard. - Ita\. aI/a
(for a la), at the, on the; erla, fern. of
erlo, erect. - L. trd, to, at; iI/am, fern . acc.
of il/e, he; "ee/aIII, fern. acc. of lreetus,
erect; see Erec'.
Altrebra. (Late L.-Arab.) Late L.
111m Ott;

jabr, setting, repairing j also, the reduction

of fractions to integers in arithmetic ; hence,
algebra. -Arab. root Inbara, to set, con'
solidate.
~, a police-officer. (Span.Arab.) Sp~n. alguazil. - Arab. ai, the j
wazir, a vizier, officer; see Vizier.
Alg1un, sandal-wood . (Reb. - Skt.)
In 2 Chron. ii. 8, ix. 10 j spelt almug,
I Kings x. I I. - Reb. a/gUmmim, or (trans
posed) almugfm; a borrowed word. Supposed by Max Miiller (Sci. Latlg. i. 232) to
be from Skt. va/gu-ka, sandal-wood j where
-ka is a suffix.
A.lias. (L.) L. alias. otherwise.-L
a/illS, another j see Alien.
alibi. (L.) L. alibi, in another place.
- L. ali-, as in alius; and suffix -bi as in
i-bi, there, u-bi, where. See below.
alien. (F.-L.) M.E. aliene.-O.F.
alien. - L. alilnus, strange j a stranger_ - L.
alius, another.
Gk. d.U.os, another; O.
Irish aile, W. aill, all; Goth. aljis (stem
a/jo-), other j see Else.
~ht (I), to descend from. (E. ) M. E.
ali/zten, to alight from horseback j A. S.
ii/ihlan, the prefix a being = A. S. ii-.
The simple form lihlatl also occurs in A. S.,
meaning to make light, relieve of weight.
ali~ht (from a horse); from Ii"', light,
adj. See :Light (3).
alight (l), to light upon. (E.) M.E.
a/ihlen, with reference to the completion of
the action of alighting. See above.
A.lisrn i see Aline.
Aliie, similar. (E.) M. E. alike, olikt.
A. S. onlie, like j from lie, like, with prefix
Otl- = on, prep.
Aliment, food . (F.-L. ) F. aliment.
- L. alimmlum, food; formed with
suffix -menl"m from alere, to nourish.
(VAL. )
alimony, money allowed for a wife's
support upon her separation from her
husband. (L.) L. alimimia, nourishment.
-L. alere, to nourish j see above.
Aline, Align, to range in a line. (F.
-L.) Adapted from mod. F. aliC'u:r, to
range in a line. From the phr. Ii ligne,
into line. -L. ad, to; linea, a line. See
Line. (A/itt/! is the better spelling for
the E. word .)
Aliquot. (L.) L. aliquol, some,several
(hence, 'proportionate). _L. alius, other;
and 'luot, how many.
Ali-ve, in life. (E.) From A. S. 1m !if~,

II

ALKALI

ALLOW

ill life; where life is dat. of lif, lifc ; sec

Life.
Alkali, a salt. (Arab. ) Arab. Ill, the;
and qali,ashes of salt-wort, which abounds
in soda.
All. ( Eo ) M. E. ai, sing. j aile, pI. O . Merc. aI, all; A . S. eal, pI. ealle. +lcel.
aliI'; Swed. all; Dan. al; Du. al; O. H. G.
a/ ; Goth. ails, pI. al/ai. Teut. type *a l1I0Z ; allied to Irish teile, all, from ldg.
type *ol)os.
a.ll, adv., utterly. In the phr. all-to
brake (correctly allto-brak~) , Judges ix. 53.
Here the incorrect all.to, for' utterly,' came
up about A .D. 1 5 00, in place of the old
idiom which linked to to the verb; cf. 'A I
is tobrostm thilke regioun,' Chaucer, C. T.
2757. See To-, prefix.
a.lmost. ( E.) A. S. cal'lIliist, i. e. quite
the greatest part, nearly all; affected by
mod. E. most. See Most.
a.!wa.y,a.lwa.ys. ( E.) ( I ) A.S.ealm
weg. every way, an accus. case. (2 ) M. E.
alles weis, in every way, a gen. case.
Alla.y. ( E .) M. E. aleym, alaim, the
stem of which is due to A. S. aleg-es, alege~, 2 and 3 pres. t . sing. of A.S. alecgall, to
lay llown , put down, which produced also
M.E. aleggm , to lay or set aside. - A.S.
"-' prefix; and leegml , to lay, place; see
A- (4) and Lay (I) . fl Hut much confu sed with other forms, especially with M. E.
aleglJeIl , to all eviate, from O. F. aleger,
alegier , L. allettilIre; and with old form s
of alloy, See N . E. D.
Allege. (1'.-L. ) M.E. alegm, aleggm.
III form, the word answers to A . F. alegie,',
aligier= O. F. eslt~rier (see Godefroy) ;
from A. F . a- = O. F. cs-, and ligier. - L.
cx-; and lit igare, to contend (D ucange),
from L. lis (gen. lit-is), strife. Latinised
as ad/igiare (Ducange ), and treated as if
allied to L. al/t'giire ( F. alllgller) ; hen ce
the sense usually answers to th at of L.
alli'gare, to adduce. - L. al (for ad), to ;
legare, to dispatch, to tell, from leg-, base
of lex, law.
Allegia.nce, the duty of a subject to
his lord. ( F. - O. H. G.) M. E. a/egcattllce.
Formed from F . a (= L. ad ), to ; O. F.
ligallee, ligel11lCc, homage, from O. F./ige,
liege, liege. See Liege. ~ The form
ligallce (Godefro y) was due to a supposed
connexion with L. ligare, to bind.
Allegory. ( L.-Gk. ) XVI cent. L.
,t/legolia. - Gk. a~ "1J'Yopia . a cle;;cription
of one thing under the im age of another. -

Gk. a"A1J'YopE/v, to speak so as to imply

something else; Galat. iv. 24- - Gk. a"" o-,
stem of a""os, other; and a'YopEll"v, to
speak, from ayopa, a place of assembly; cf.
a'Y"pv , to assemble. Gk. ({""os = L. alil/ s;
see Alien.
Allegro, lively. (I tal. -L.) Ital. aileg'o. - 1.. alacrelll , acc. of alacer, brisk.
Alleluia.. (Heb.) See Hallelujah.
Allevia.te. (L. ) I' rom pp. of Late L.
alleuiare, used for L. allettlIre, to lighten.
L. al- (for ad ), to; lellljr~, to lift, ligh ten,
from lettis, light.
Alley, a walk. ( F. -L. ?) M. E. ali!)'.
-0. F. alee, a gallery; a participial sb. O. F. aler , to go ; F. allet. 13. The ety
mology of aller , much and long discussed,
is not yet settled; the Provo equivalent is
allar, allied to Ita1. a1ldare, to go.
Allia.nce; see Ally.
Alliga.tor. (Span . - L. ) Lit. the
lizard.'-Span. ellagarto, the lizard, i.e.
the great lizard . -1.. ille, he, that; I(!(~rta ,
a li zard. See Lizard.
Allitera.tion, repetition of initial
letters: (L.) Coined from L. ai- (for ad. ,
to; and //Iera, a letter; see L etter ..
Alloca.te, to set aside. 1,1..) F rom
pp. of Late L allocan , to allot. -L. al
( = ad), to ; 10,"<lre, to place, from locus, a
place. Cf. Allow ( I),
Allocution, an address. : L. ) From
L. al/oat/io, an address. - L. aI- (for ad),
to ; 10aJtio, a speaking, from lociittts, pp.
of loqui, to speak.
Allodia.l. (Late L. - O.Frankish .) Late
L. allodialis, from allodittlll , alodiulJI, a
deri vative of alMis, a free inheritance
(Lex Salica). It mean s ' ent irely "(one'si
pro perty,' from O. Frank. aiM; where al
is related to E. all , and Od signifies' pro
perty' or 'wealth.' This O. Frank . M is
cognate with O. H . G. ot, A. S. ea", Ice!.
atltJr , wealth . Cf. G oth . atldags, blessed.
Allopa.thy, a treatment by medicines
which produce an opposite effect to that of
disease. (Gk.) Opposed to hOIlla.'o}atJ,y,
q. v. - Gk. (iA"o-, for a""os, other ; and
TraD-.iv, to suffer; see Alien and P athos.
Allot, to assign a portion to. (F. - L.
alld E. ) A. F. a/oter. -A. F. a, from L.
ad, to; and M. E . lot, A . S. Mot ; see Lot.
Allow (I) , to assign, grant. ( F . -L. )
F. allouer, to let out for hire, assign for
an expense. -Late I.. alloclire, to allot.L. at- (for ad), to ; and /ocal'e, to place,
from loms, a place.

12

ALLOW

Allow

2) , to approve of.

(F. - L. )
M. E. alo:ten. _ O. F . alouer, la ter allO:ler,
to approve of. - L. allaudare. - L. al (for
ad), to ; laudare, to praise, from laud.,
stem of laus, praise.
Alloy, a due proportion in mixing
metals. (F. - L. ) Formerly allay; M. E.
a/ay. - O. F . a/ay, aley, alloy. - O. F. aleier,
aleyer, to comhine. - L. alligat'e, to bind
together; see Ally. The O. F. aid, sb.,
became alai, which was misunderstood as
being alai = L. ad legem, according to rule
or law (Littre).
Allude. (L.) L. alMdere, to laugh at,
allude tll (pp. alliisus). - L. al (= ad ),
at; !iidere, to sport. Der. allusioll.
Allure, to tempt by a bait. ( F. - L.
and G.) A. F. aitlrer; from F . a let/rre
= tothe bait or lure. - L. ad, to; M. H.G .
luoder (G. luder), a bait. See Lure.
Alluvial, washed down, applied to
soil. (L.) L. allrwitIS, alluvial. - 1.. al
( = ad), to, in additi on; luere, to wash.
Ally, to bind together. , F. -I..) M. E.
alim.-O. F. alitI', to bind up.-L. ad,
to; ligare, to bind. Der. alliallCe, M. E.
aliaullct.
Almanac, Almanack. (Late I..)
Late L. almallaell. ~ Origin unknown;
/lol of Arab. origin (Dozy).
Almighty. (E .) O . Mere. a/mahlig ,
A. S. a lillilztig. The prefix is O. Mere.
a/', O. Sax. ala., O. H. G. ala, related to
All. And see Might.
Almond. (F.-I.. -Gk.) M. E. al
mam/d. - O. F. alma1ldre, more correctly,
amantire ; the al being due to Span. and
Arab. influence; mod. F . amaltde. L. amygdala, amygdalum , an almond;
whence the forms amygd'la, Dmyd'/a,
amYlld'la, amY1lfira (see Brachet). - Gk.
al'lI')'OO.\'7 , al'''''OOAOV, an almond.
Almoner; see Alm8.
Almost. (E.) A . S. ealmiist; see All.
AlmS. (I.. - Gk.) M. E. almesse, later
altIus. A . S. almasse. - FolkI.. *ali
mosilla (whence O. F. almome, F. at/
mOllt , Ital. li1l10silla); Late L. eleemosYlla.
- Gk. '''f'7l-,oI1U,,'1. pity; hence alms.Gk. E.\f~I'OJV, pitiful. - Gk. I " ..;." to pity.
- Gk. t.\fOS, pity. ~ Thus alms is a
si/lgl/lar form.
almoner. (F.-L.-Gk.) 0.F . aI1ll0s,
nier, a distributor of alms. -0. F. almome,
alms; F. aumOne. _ Folk-L. *alimosi1l(~
(above) .
Almug, the same as Algum, q. v.

ALTER

r.. aloi!
(Pliny ). - Gk. dh0'7; John xix. 39.
Aloft. (Scand.) Ice!. a 10pl (pron.
loft), aloft , in the air. - Ice!. a ( = A. S.
01:), in ; lopt, air. See Loft.
Alone. (E.) M. E. al one, al oon,
written apa rt; here ai, adv., means ' entirely,' and 0011 is th e M. E. form of one.
cr. Du. a IIcell , G. alleill. See All and
One.
Along ( I), lengthwise of. (E.) M. E.
alollg. A. S. a1ldlallg , along, prep. with
gen.; orig. (like O. Sax. all/lang) an adj.,
meaning complete (from end to end). A. S. alld, prefix (allied to Gk. &vTi,
Skt. aIlIJ', over against); lang, long. The
sense is 'over against in length,' or ' long
from end to end.' + G. mtlang, along. See
A- (3) and Long ( I) ; and see Anti-.
Alon, (2) ; in phr. all along 0/ you,
(:re. (E.)
Equivalent to M. E. long.
Layamon, J 550 2.- A. S. ge/allg, 'depending on ,' as in 01t (Jam gelang, along of
that. - A. S. ge, prefix; Imlg, long.
Aloof, away. ( E. and Du.) For on 100/;
answering to Du . Ie loej, to windward.
Cf. Du. loej koutim, to kee p the luff or
weather-gage, Dan. holde 1tlven, to keep to
the windward; which suggested our phrase
'to hold aloof,' i. e. to keep away (from
the leeward shore or roek ). See Lu1f.
Aloud, loudly. (E.) From a-, prefix,
due to A. S. all, prep. ; and A. S. Izliid,
lond. See A- (2) and Loud.
Alp. (L.) L. Alpes, the Al ps ; of
Celtic origin. Connected with I.. albus .
white (Stokes). Der. trans-aip-jllt, i. e.
beJ~md the Alps.
Alpaca. (Span . - Peruvian.) Span. alpaca; from paro, the Peruvian name, with
the Arab. def. art. al prefixed.
Alphabet. ,Late I.. - Gk. - Phre
nician. ) Late L. alphabi/um. _ Gk. tihcpa,
l3ijTa, the names of a and p, the first two
letters of the alphabet; Heb. tileph, an ox,
the name of the first letter; and !>ilh, a
house, the name of the second letter.
Already. (E .) M. E. al redy, quite
ready ; from ai, quite, representing the
neut. of O. Mere. ai, all, used adverbially,
and Ready.
.Also. (E.) M. E . al so, quite so; A. S.
ealS7lJii; see above.
Altar. (L.) A. S. allare, Matt. v. 2<4.
-I.. altare, an altar, high place.-I..
altlls, high.
Alter. (L. ) Late L. al/trare, to alter.
Aloe, a plant. (I.. - Gk.)

ALTERCATION

AMBITION

_ L. aller, other. - L. al- (as in aliw) ;

with compa rative suffix tero-.
altercation, a dispute. (F. - L.)
M. E. altercation. - O. F . altercation. - L.
alterelitioltem, ace. of altereatio. - L. altereatus, pp. of altereari, to dispute, speak in
turns. - L. alter, other, another.
alternate. (L.) L. alternatus, pp.
of alternan, to do by turns. - L. aller
nits, reciprocal. - L. alter (with suffix

otto ).

Although. (E.) M. E. al thogl,; see

Already and Though.
Altitude. (F . -L.) XIV cent. - F .
altitude. - L. allitiillo, height. - L. altus,
high .
a.lto, high voice. (ltal.-L. ) Ital. alto.
- L. altw, high.
Altogether. (E.) M . E. allogether,
quite tOl{ether. See Already.
Altruism, regard for others. ( Ital.L.; will, Gk. mjfix.) Coined from Ital.
altrlti, an other, others, a form of altro,
another, when preceded by a preposition.
Orig. a dat. case. - L. alteri huie, to this
other; dative. of alter, other, and hie,
this.
Alum. ( F.-L.) M. E. alum.-O. F.
alum; F . a/un. - L. aliillun, alum.
Alwa.:y, Alwa.:ys. CE.) See All.
Am. ( K ) See Are.
Ama.in. (E.) F or ott main, in strength,
with strength; see A ( 2) and Ma.in, sb.
Amalgam. (F. or Late L. - Gk . ?) F.
alltalgallle, Late L . alllalgama , a mixture,
esp. of quicksilver with other metals.
Origin unknown; said by some to be a
corruption or an alchemist's anagram of
malagma, a mollifying application; per
haps with Arab. al (= the) prefixed. - Gk.
p.aAa-yJUl-, an emollient. - Gk. p.aAauuflv
(for *p.aAaIC-Yflv), to soften. - Gk. j.UJAaIC6 ~,
soft .
Ama.nuensis, one who writes to dic
tation. (L .) L. amanttells;s. - L. Ii mantt,
by hand ; with suffix msis.
Ama.ra.nth, an unfading flower. (L.Gk.) Properly amarant, as in Milton ;
but attlh is due to confusion with Greek
dv6o~, a flower. _ L. amarantlts. - Gk.
d,..apa.nos, unfading, or as sb. unfading
flower. - Gk. d-, not; and p.apa.ivflv, to
fad e. (-v'MER.)
Ama.ss, to heap up. (F.-L.-Gk.)
F. amasser, to h-:ap up. - F . Ii masse, into
a mass. _ L. tuI, to; massa, a mass. - Gk.
p.ii(a, a barley-cake. See Mus (J).

Ama.tory. (L.) L. a11latiirius, loving.

-L. amator, a lover. -L. aman , to love;
with suffix tor-, -tor, of agent.
Amaze, to astound. (E.) M. E. amasen.
A. S. amasiatt, pp. iimasod; Wulfstan's
Hom. p. 137, I. 23. From A . S. a(prefix) ; and *"easiatt, to perplex. See
Maze.
Amazon, a female wartior. (Gk.) Gk.
dp.a(wv, one of a warlike nation of women
in Scythia. ~ To account for the name,
the Greeks said that these women cut off
the right breast to shoot better; from Gk.
d-, not; and p.a(os, the breast. Obviously
an invention.
Amba.ssa.dor, Emba.ssador. (F.
-Late L.-C. ) F. ambassadeur. _ F.
ambassade, an embassy; prob. borrowed
from Ital. ambaseiata. - Late L. ambaseia
(Lex Salica); more correctly *ambactia;
a mission, service. - L. ambaclus, a servant,
emissary ; Cresar, de Bell. Gall. vi. J 5.
The L. word is borrowed from an O.
Gaulish (Celtic) word (ambactos?) a slave,
lit. one dri ven about, a pp. form from
ambi-, prefix, about, and the verb ago,
cognate with L. agere; cf. O. Irish ;mmagim, I drive about, send about. (Fick,
1 894, ii. 34; Brugm. ii. 79.)
Cf. W .
a1llaeth, a husbandman.
Amber. (F . -Span. -Arab.) M. E.
aUlllbre. - F. alllbre . - Span. am bar. Arab. 'allbar (pronounced 'ambar), amuergris, a rich perfume. ~ The resinous
amber was so called from a resemblance to
ambergris, which is really quite a different
substance.
a.mbergris, i. e. gray amber. Called
gris amber in Milton, P. R. ii. 344. The
F . gris, gray, is from O . H. G. gris, gray;
cf. G. greis, hoary.
Ambi-, Amb-, prefix. (L.) L. ambi-,
about; cf. Gk. aJUl>i, on both sides, whence
E. prefix amphi.. Related to L. ambo,
Gk. afU/>oJ, both. Cf. A. S. ymb, Irish ;111,
about.
Ambient, going about. (L. ) L. ambiellt- , stem of pres. part of ambire, to go
a bout. from ire, to go.
Ambiguous, doubtful. (L.) L. ambigltltS, doubtful, lit. driving about (with
ous (= L. .osus) in place of L. -us). - L.
amb, about; and agere, to drive.
Ambition. (F. -L.) F. ambilion.-L.
alllbilionem, acc . of a",biliO, a going round,
esp. used of going round to solicit votes ;
hence, a seeking for preferment. - L . a",b-

14

AMBLE

AMITY

itum, lupine of am"-,re, to go about (but sb. pl.-O. F . amende, reparation.-O . F.

note that ambrtio retains the short i of amender (above) .
ilum, the supine of ,reo, the simple verb).
Amenity, pleasantness. (F.-L.) M F.
Amble. (F . -L.) M. E . amblen. -O.F. and F. amen;te. _ L. amanitatem, acc. of
ambler, to go at an easy pace. - L. ambu- amtzniliis. - L. amanus, pleasant. Cf. L.
liire, to walk.
alllare, to love.
&mbulance, a moveable hospital. (F . Amerce, to fine. (F.-L.) A. F. (not
- L. ) F. ambulance. - L. ambulant-, stem O. F.) alllcrcier, to fine. - O.F . a ( = L. ad),
of pres. part. of ambulare, to walk.
to ; mercier, to pay, acquit , bllt usually to
&mbulation, a walking about. (L. ) thank; cf. Latc L. merciare, to fix a fine.
From L. ambttliitio, a walking about. _ L. C. O. F. mercit (F. merci), tbanks, pardon.
ambulatus, pp. of ambulare.
- L. mercedem, acc. of merds, reward,
Ambrosl&, food of the gods. (Gk.) wages, also pity, indulgence, thanks
Gk. dJ.'fJpouia; fern. of dJ.'fJp6UIOS, length- (passing into the sense of 'fine ' ). - L.
ened form of l1J.'fJpoTos, immortal. - Gk. do, merc-, stem of merx, merchandise, traffic.
not (E. un- ) ; and *P.fJPOTOS, for *P.POTOS Amethyst, a gem. (L. - Gk.) L. ame(Gk. fJpoT6~), mortal; see Mortal. Cf. tkyslus. - Uk. ap.f(JuoTOS, an amethyst; so
Skt. a-mrta, immortal. See Amaranth. called because supposed to prevent drunkAmbry, Aumbry, a cupboard. (1'. - enness. - G k. ap.f(JuoTOS, not drunken. _ Gk.
L.) M. E. aWlIlI!bry, awmery, Prompt. a., not; and P..(JVf.V, to be dnlDken, from
Parv. ; the b is excrescent. - O. F. aumaire, p.i()u, strong drink; see Mead .
almaire, armarie, a repository; properly, .A.mia.ble. (F.-L.) O. F. amiable,
for arms; but also a cupboard. - Late L. friendly; also loveable, by confusion with
a,.1Iuina, a cupboard; armarium, a re- aimable (from L. amabi/is). - L.amicabilis,
pository for arms. _ L. arma, arms.
friendly. - L. amims, a friend. - L. amore,
to love.
Ambulance, -a.tion; see Amble.
Ambuscade. (Span. - Late L.) From
amicable. (L.) L. amicabi/is, friendly ;
Span. emboscada, an ambush.
Orig. as above.
pp. of embosrar, to set in ambush. - Late Amice (I), an oblong piece of linen,
Lat. illlbosciire, lit. to set in a bush or variously worn by priests. (F. -L.) M. E.
thicket. -L. im- (for in), in; and Late L. amyse, and (earlier) amit. -0. F. amis,
amil (llurguy). -L. amict-us, a covering.
bosrum, a bush. See Bush.
ambush. (F.-Late L.) Formerly -L. amictus, pp. of am;cire, to throw
embusk.-O.F. embusc!lI!r, em/lUissier, to round. -L. am- (amb), around; iacn'e, to
set in ambush. - Late L. ;mbosciire; as cast.
above.
Amice (2) , a pilgrim's robe. (0. F.Span. 1- Teut. I) 'In afl/ice gray;' Milton,
Ameer, the same as Emir, q. v.
Ameliorate. (F. -L. ; witk L.suffix.) P.R. iv. 4l7.-0. F. aumuce (F.atlmusse);
Formed with suffix -ale (= L . -atus) from Late L. alnlllcia. - Span. a/mudo (Pineda) ;
where a/ seems to be the Arab. def. art.
F. amtliorer, to better, improve. - F.
( = L. ad), in addition; -me/iurer ( = Late (cf. Port. 1IIur(a). - G. 111ulu, a cap (cf.
L. lIleli5riire ), to make better. - L. melior-, Lowl. Sc. 1IIutck). But G. lIliitlet may be
from Late L.
from melior, better.
Amid, Amidst, in the middle of. (E. )
Amen. (L. -Gk.- Heb.) L. iimm. Gk. ap..Jv, verily. _ Heb. amen, verily, so be Amids-I is lengthened from M. E. amiddes.
it.-Heb. amm, firm, true. -Heb. aman, Again , amiddes was due to adding the
adv. suffix -s to amidde ~ A. S. on fIIiddan,
to confirm ; orig. ' to be firm.'
Amenable, easy to lead. (F.-L.) in the middle; where middall is the dat. of
From F . amener, to lead to, bring to.- midde, sb. , the middle. - A. S. mid, midd,
F . to ; mener, to'Conduct, dri,e. - L. ad, adj., middle. Amid= A. S. on middall (as
to ; Late L. minare, to conduct, lead about, before). See Mid.
alo to drive out, chase away; L. mimiri, Am..iss, adv. wrongly. (E. or Scand.)
M. E. on muse, i. e. in error. -Icel. ii mis,
to threaten . - L. mintz, threats.
Amend. (F. - L. ) M. E. ammden. - amiss. - Icc1. ii ( = A. S. on ), in; mis, adv.,
F. amender. - L. emendare, to free from wrongly (due to an older lost pp.). See
MillS ( I) .
fault . -L. e, from; mendutll, a fault.
amends. (F. - L.) M. E. amendu. Amity. (F.- L.) O .F.amisle, amisted,

a,

15

AMMONIA

ANAGRAM

amislel. - Late L. *amicitiitem , acc. of*a1ll1citas, friendship. - L. amlefts , friendly. L . amare, to love.
Ammonia, an alkali. (L. -Gk. Egyptian.)
Suggested by L. sal am11loninclt1lt, rock -salt. - Gk. ap.p.OJvlaK6v,
sal ammon iac, rock-salt. - Gk. al'fLOJIIf('r,
Libyan. - Gk. ap.p.OJv , the Libyan ZeusAmmon ; a word of Egyptian origin;
Herod. ii. 42 . ~ It is said that sal am1110"iac was first obtained near the temple
of Am mon.
ammonite, a fossil shell. (Gk.) Coined
with suffix -ilc (Gk. -IT11r) from the name
Ammon; because the shell resembles the
twisted ram's horn on the head of the
image of Jupiter Ammon.
AmmUJUtion, store for defence. (F. L.) From Mid. F. amullition, a soldier's
corruption of ,mmitiolt., due to substituting
l'amu,dtion for la munition (Littre). - Lacc. miinlliol/ClJ/ , a defenuing. _ L. miiniItIS, pp. of mill/ire, to defend.
Amnesty, lit. a forgetting of offences.
(F. -L.-G1"c.) F. amneslie. -L. amnistia. - Gk. aJll'1J<1-r[a, forgetfulness , esp. of
wrong. - Gk. aJ.LV1J<1TM, forgotten. - Gk. a-,
not; and fU'a.OJ.Ull, I remember. (",MEN.)
Among, Amongst. (E.) The earliest
M. E. form is amOilge, whence amonges
with added s (a common adverbial suffix);
and hence anwngs-t wi th excrescent 1.A. S. onmang, prep., among. - A . S. on , in ;
maftg, a mixture, crowd. Cf. Mingle.
Amorous. (F.-L.) O. F. amoros; F.
amOttreltx. - L. amorosus. - L. amor , love.
Amorphous, formless. (Gk.) From
Gk. 4-, not; and p.op<f>-.q, shape, form.
Amount, to mount up to. (F. - L.)
O. F. amonter, to amount to.-O.F. a
11Wftl, towards a mountain or large heap.
- L. ad, to; montem, acc. of mons , a
mountain.
Amour. (F.-L.) F. 01110111". - L.
omorem, acc. of omor, love.
Amphi-,p'-ljix. (Gk.) Gk. aM'[ , on
both sides, around; see Ambi-.
Amphibious. (Gk. ) Gk. ap.</>[lllOr,
living a double life, on land and water.
-Gk. al'</>i , on both sides; Il[or , life.
Amphibrach, a foot in prosody.
(Gk. ) The foot composed of a short
syllable on each side of a long one (....-...).
Gk. o.JM/>[llpaxvr. - Gk. ci.J.L4>l, on both sides ;
and Ilpaxvr, short ; see Amphi- and
Briel.
Amphitheatre. (Gk. ) Gk. al.uf,,9fu-

-rpov, a theatre with seats all roun d the

arena. - Gk. 0.1'4>[, around; (J OiiTPOV, a

theatre.

Ample, full. (F. - L.) F. ampIe. - L .

amp/us, spacious.
Amputa.te. (L. ) From pp. of L.
am/utare, to cut off round about. -L. am -,
short for amb-, ambi- , round about;
putare, to cleanse,also to lop or prune trees.
- L. pulus, clean.
Amulet. (F.-L.) F. amtlle/te.-L.
a11lulitulll , a talisman hung round the neck.
[Once thought to be of Arabic origin; but
now given up.]
Amuse, to divert. (F.-L. ) F.amuser,
, to amuse, make to muse or think of, to
gaze at;' Cot. -F. Ii ( =L. (Uf), to, at;
O. F. fIItlSer, to gaze at, stare at , muse; see
Muse (I ).
An, A, i1uiefiftite al1icle. (E.) A is
short for all; and all is an unaccented form
of A. S. an, one; see One.
An-, .A-, 1Icg. prefix. (Gk. ) Gk. av-,
a-, cognate with L. in-, and E. "n-; see
Uno , In-, A- (9).
An, if. See And.
Ana-,An-,prtjix. (Gk. ) Gk.ava-,av-;
from Ok . .Iv", upon , on, up, back, again;
cognate with E. OIl; see On.
Ana, Anna, a sixteenth of a rupee.
(Hind.) Hind. ana, a sixteenth part, esp.
of a rupee. (H. H. Wilson.)
Anabaptist. (Gk .) One who baptizes
again. Coined from Gk. ava, again; and
baptist. See Ba.ptize.
Anachronism, error in chronology.
(Gk.) Gk. avaxpovI<1I'0r. -Gk. avaXPov[(flV, to refer to a wrong time. -Gk. ava,
up, back (wrong); Xpovor, time.
Anaconda, a large serpent. (Ceylon.)
Now used of a S. American boa; but at
first applied to a large snake in Ceylon.
The Tamil ii11ai-kolldra means which
killed an elephant' (Yule).
Aluemia, bloodlessness. (L.-Gk.) A
Latinised form of Gk. aValp.la, want of
blood. _ Gk. aVo, not ; aTp.a , blood.
Aluesthetic, rendering insensible to
pain. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. aVo, not;
and al<1(J1JTIKor, full of perception; see Anand 2Esthetic.
Anagram, a change in a word due t o
transposition ofletters. (F. - L. - Gk. ) F _
allag,al/lIIl1!. - L. aftagram11la. - Gk.
-ypal'p.a. - Gk.
up, here used distributively; -ypO./lp.a, a letter of th~ alphabet.Gk. -ypO.</>EII', to write.

16

ava,

ava-

ANALOGY

ANG EL

Analogy, proportion. ( F . -L.-C,k.) A ncient ~ I > . old . ( F.-L.) With

F . analogie. - L. allalogia. - Gk. allall. o-yia, excrescent I. M. E. atmcien. - F. ancim.
equality of ratios . - Gk. wa, upon, - L atc L. a ';inus . old, bel onging to
throughout; -lI.o-yia, from lI.o-y-o<, a word , former ti rr.e. Formed with suffix -anus
statement , from lI.'-yEtV , to speak.
fr om anlc, before.
Analysis. (Gk.) Gk.avall.lJ(TI< , a resolv- Ancient ( 2), a banner, standard-bearer.
ing into parts, loosening. - Gk. avall.""v , to (F. - L.) Confused with ancien/ ( I) ; but
undo , resolve . - Gk. ava, back; an d ~""v, from O. F. wseigne, m. (ensigne, auncient ,
to loosen. (-VLEU.) D er. O1lalyse , verb, a standard bearer ; , Cot. ; also for O. F . eIIcoined word.
seigne, f., (a banner;' Cot. See E nsign .
hanas , the pine-apple plant. (Span. And. (E.) A. S. and, end. O. Fries.
- Braz.) Span. allanas (Pineda) ; mod. alida, elide; O. H. G. anti, tmla , G. tmd.
S pan. alllma. - Brazil. Ita11as or nana. Prob. related to L. ante, before, Gk . aVTi,
~ The Peruv. name is ac/l1Ipalla.
over against.
Anapaest, Anapest, a foot in prosan, if. (E.) Formerly also alld;
ody. (Gk. ) L allaplXstus . - Gk. wa- Havelok,2861,&C; the same word as the
1I'a TTO<, struck back , rebounding; because above. An if= if if, a reduplication. Bill
it is the reverse of a dactll. - Gk. ava1T(Uf< II, and if= but if if ; Matt . .xxiv. 48.
to strike back . - Gk. ava, back; and 1I'al,,", Andante, slowly. (Ital.) ItaI.andallle,
to strike.
moving slowly, pres. pt. of andare, t o
Anarchy. ;F.-L.-Gk.) XVI cent. go.
F. anarchic. - L. altarchia. - Gk. allapxla, Andiron, a fi re-dog. (F . - L.) Not
lack of government. - Gk. avapxos, without connected with iroll, but corrupted from
a ruler. - Gk. 0.11-, neg. prefix; c1PXOS , a M.E.01uie1'1te,a1mderllc,almdil'e.- O.F.
nller, from aPXELII, to rule, to be first.
mtdier; mod. F. landier, put for l'atidiel',
Anathema, a curse. (L. - Gk. ) L. where l' is the def. art. Cf. Late L. andeanathema. - Gk. aVa9fl-"', a thing devoted rius, a1lde1la, a fire dog.
or accursed. - Gk. avaTi9'/l-u , I deyote. Anecdote. (F . -L.-Gk. ) F. anec
Gk. ava, up; TI9'IfU, I place, set. C f. dote. - Late L. anecdota, orig. a neut. pl. Gk. ciVfK~OTa, neut. pI. of a"f"~OTOS ,
T heme .
Anatomy. (F . -L. - Gk.) F . O1la un published; hen ce an unpublished story ,
tomie. - L. O1Ia/omia . - Gk. aVaTO}-tia, the story in private life. - Gk. aVo , not; ''',
same as aVaTOf'~ , dissection. - Gk. aVaTff'- out; and ~OTOS, given. allied to ~1~OJf't, I
VftV, to cut up. - Gk. ava, up; TfP.Vftv, to give.
Anemone, a flower . (Gk.) Gk.aVEcut. Cf. Tome.
Ancestor. (F.-L.) M. E. (\ ) ance.,tre, I'WV1], lit. wind-flower. - Gk.avff'oS, wind .
O. F . allCcs/I'e, from L. fl11tccessor, nom., Anent, regarding , with reference to.
a predecessor, foregoer ; and M. E. (2 , an- y .) M. E. anCllt , ane/lts; older form
cessom", O. F. a11CCSSOltr, from L. ante- onifcnt , where the t is excrescent. A . S.
cessore1ll, acc. - L . mite, before; ceSS-tiS, allefcll. ollifell . near; later form Onelll1l.
pp. of cedere, to go.
- A. S, on, on; ifcn, even. Hence om/n =
Anchor. (L.-Gk.) Thecurrent spell- even with , on an equality with. Cf. G.
ing. imitates the false L. form, aruhora. 11eben, near (for i,t cbell \ See E ven.
A. S. ancor. - L. a'l(ora (wrongly a,uhora). Aneroid, dry, applied to a barometer
- Gk. a-yKlJpa, an anchor, lit. a bent hook; having no liquid mercury in it. (Gk.)
cf. Gk . a-yKwv , a bend . (-V ANQ.)
Coined from Gk. a-, not; v1]p6~, wet:
Anchoret, Anchorite, a recluse. fi~-o~, form , kind.
F . - Late L. - Gk ) F . aJlachorele (Cot. ); Aneurysm, a tumour due to dilata_ Late L. awu/ulraa. - G k. civaXOJ(1TJTr,S, tion. (Gk .: G k. aVf"PlJO'l'a , a widening.
one who retires from the world. - Gk. ava- - Gk. tiv-, for avci, up; and fUP';VEL V, to
XOJPflv, to retire. - Gk. ava, back; and widen , from fUp"S, wide. Also alleurism.
XOJPflv, to withdraw, from xwpos, space,
Anew. ( E .) M. E. of-lIewe. A. S. ofroom. (-VG HE, G HO.)
nilrwe , J ohn iii. i ( Rushworth). From Of
Anchovy, a fish. (Span. - Basque 1) and New.
Span. a1~ehova; cf. Basque a1uhoa , aneht/a, Angel. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F . mlgd e.
an anchovy. Perhaps ( dried fish'; from - L . allgelus. - Gk. a-Y'Yfll.o~, a messenger.
I Cf. Gk. a-y'YOp"', a mounted COllrier. from
R'Isque antzlIa, dry.

I;

ANGER
O. Persian. Der. arclt.angel, q. v., evangel-ist, q. v. ~ The A. S. form was
engel, directly from L. angelus.
Anger. (Scand.) M. E. anger, oft en
with the sense of vexation, trouble_- Icel.
angr, grief; Dan. anger, Swed. anger, regret. + L. a1lgor, a strangling, anguish.
(-v'ANGH.) See below.
Angina, acute pain. (L.) L. angi1la ,
quinsy, lit. choking. - L. angere, to choke.
Angle (1) , a corner. (F. -L.) M. E .
angle. - F. a1lgle. - L. angulus, an angle.
Cf. Gk. QI'''UAOS, bent.
Angle (2), a hook, fish-hook . (E.) A. S.
angel, a fish-hook; dimin. of a1lga, onga,
a sting, prickle; cf. lcel. angi, a prickle,
Gk. o.l'"vpo., a bent hook, SkI. anka(s),
a hook.+Dan. angel; G. angel, dimin. of
O. H. G. ango, 1 prickle, fish-hook. Allied
to Anchor. Der. angle, verb, to fish .
Anguish. (F. -L.) M. E. a,zguise,
angoise. - O. F. anguisse; }<'. angoisse. - L.
angustia, narrowness, poverty, perplexity.
-L. angus/us, narrow.-L. angere, to
choke. (-v' ANGI-I.)
Aniline, a substance which furnishes
a number of dyes. ( F. - Span.-Arab.Pers. - Skt. ) Formed, with suffix -inc, from
altil, a dye-stuff. - F. anil. - Span. a,lil,
azure. - Arab. an-nil; for ai-nil, where al
is the def. art., and nfl is horrowed from
Pers. nil, blue, or the indigo-plant. - SkI.
nila, blue; nili, the indigo-plant.
Animal. (L.) L. animal, a living creature. - L. anima, breath, life. (-v' AN.)
animadvert, to censure. (L.) L.
animaduertere, to turn the mind to, hence,
to criticise. - L. animo, for animus, the
mind (allied to anima, breath) ; ad, to;
and uertere , to turn (see Verse).
animate. (L.) L. animatus, pp. of
allill/{ire, to endue with life. - L. allima ,
life. Der. in-animate, ,emlimale.
animosity. (F.-L. ) F. animosiN.
_ L. a1zimosilulem, ace. of animosilas,
vehemence. - L. animosus, vehement, full
of mind or courage. - L. m,imus, mind,
courage, passion.
Anise, a herb. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.
anese, a1lys. - F. anis (Col. ). - L. anisum ;
also a"ellmm. - Gk. 0.1IH101l, 0.111/11011, orig.

ANNUL

dowe.-O. Fries. ankd; also A.S. a1uleow,

with a longer suffix (cf. O. Fries. onklif).+
Dan. and Swed. ankel; Ice!. dkkla (for
iinkla = *ankula ); Du. and G. mkd. P erhaps allied to Skt. aizguli, a finger, anga,
a limb.
Anna a small coin; see Ana..
Ann;as. (F.-L.) F . annales, pI. sb.
-L. an1llilh, pI. adj ., for lib,' j amuiles,
yearly books, chronicles; from amuilis,
yearly. - L. a'tntts , a year.
Anneal, to temper by heat. I) E .;
( 2) F.-L.) Twodistinctwordshavebeen
confused. 1. M. E. a,ze/c", to inflame,
kindle, heat, melt, hum. A. S. oniila", to
burn, kindle; from on, prefix, and {elan, to
burn. Cf. A. S. iiled, fire. 2 . M. E. a1lelen,
to enamel glass. - Prefix a- (perhaps = F. 0,
L. ad); and O. F. nee/er, tliefer, to enamel,
orig. to paint in black on gold or silver. Late L. nigel/are, to blacken. -L. nigel/us,
blackish; from ,tiger, black.
Annex. (F.-L.) F. a,mexer.-L. allnexus, pp. of annectere, to knit or bind to.
- L. an- (for ad), to; and tteclere, to bind.
Annihilate. (L. ) L. amlilliltilus, pp.
of anniltiltire, to reduce to nothing. - L.
an- (for ad), to; and nihil, not hing.
Anniversary. (L.) For ' anniversary memorial.' - L. anniuersarius, reo
turning yearly. - L. anni- (from anno-),
from annus, a year; and uerstts, p p. of
uerlere, to tl1rn (see Verse).
Annotate, to make notes on. (L.)
From pp. of L. antlo/iire, to make notes
on.-L. all- (for ad), to, on; 1l0lare, to
mark, from nola, a mark. See Note.
Announce. (F.-L.) F . a1l110ncer. L. anmtn/ian, to announce. - L. an (=
ad), to; nuntitire, to bring tidings, from
nuntius, a messenger. See Nuncio.
Annoy, to vex. (F.-L.) M. E. anoim,
a'lttien . - O. F . alloier, amtier , to ann oy. O. F . anoi, anui (F. ennui), vexation. Cf.
Span. mojo. O. Venetian illodio, vexati on.
_ L. in odio, lit. in hatred, common in the
L ate L. phr. ill o"io ha/mi, lit. I had in
hatred, I was annoyed with; <:f. L. in odio
esse, to be hated by (Cicero). - L. ill, in ;
odio, abl. of odium , hatred .
Annual, yearly. (F.-L.) M. E. allIluel. _ F. annttel. - L. a1lllUtilis, yearly. Q.Y1]90v an ise.
Anker, a liquid measure. (D u. - Late L. ) L. alttlttS, a year.
annuity. (A. F.-L.) A F. annttili!;
Du. anker, the same. - Late L. allCeria,
the same. + Swed. ankare ; G. allker; from A. D. 1304.- Late L. annuillitelll, ace. of
a1tlluitas. _ L. amlUS, a year.
the same.
Ankle. (E.) M. E . ancle; also a'l- Annul. (L .) L. aml1l/larl!, to bring to
18
I

ANNULAR

ANTICIPATE

nothing.-L. an- (for ad), to; nul/us, no F. Q. i. 6. 26.-0. F. antelop. -Late L.

one; see Null.
antalopus. -Late Gk. ciVOOAOlT-, the stem
Annular, like a ring. (L.) L. annu- of ciVOOAot/I, used by Eustathius of Antioch
laris, adj.; tram mlnulus, a ring, earlier to signify some uncertain quadruped. Of
spelling amtlw; dimin. of L. iinus, a unknown origin.
Antennae, feelers of insects. (L.) L.
rounding, a circular form (Lewis).
Anodyne, a drug to allay pain. (L.- mztmll(z, pI. of antenna, properly the yard
Gk.) XVI cent. Late L. altOdyttus, a of a sail.
drug relieving pain. - Gk. QVW~wo<, free Antepenultima, the last syllable but
from pain. - Gk. w-, not; and Muvt}, two in a word. (L. ) L. ante, before;
pain.
pfP1tultima, fern . adj. , last but one, from
Anoint. (F.-L.) M . E. a1wint, used pa:n-e, al most, ultima, last.
as a pp.=anointed.-O.F. enoint, pp. of Anterior. (L.) L. anterior, former,
elloindre, to anoint. - O. F. en, upon; more in front, com par. adj. from ante,
Oiltdre, to smear. - L. in, upon; ungere, before.
to anoint. See Unguent.
Anthem. (L.-Gk.) Formerlyantem.
Anomaly. (Gk.) Gk. civ"'JUlAla, de- A. S. nntifn. -Late L. antiphiitta, an anviation from rule. - Gk. civwpaAo<, un even. them. - Gk. civTltpwva , considered as fern.
- Gk. avo, not; and ojlnAo<, even, related sing., but really neut. pI. of ciVTICP<llVO<,
to "p6<, one and the same.
sounding in response to; from the alternate
Anon, immediately. (E.) M. E. anon, singing of the halfchoirs. - Gk. ciVTI, over
anoon; also anan. A. S. an an, lit.' in again st; ",,.,v~, voice, sound.
Anther, the summit of the stamen of
one moment.' - A. S. 01t, on, in; an, one.
Anonymous, nameless. (Gk. ) Gk. a fl ower. (Gk.) F rom Gk . av9t}pO<, bloomavwvvp-o<, nameless; with -ous added. ing. - Gk. civO'lv, to bloom; tivOo<, a young
Gk. avo, neg. prefix; and ovopa, name.
bud or sprout.
Another. (E.) For alZ other, one
anthology, a collection of choice
other.
poems. (Gk .) Lit. a collection of flowers.
Answer, to reply. (E. ) A. S. and- -Gk. avOoAO-Yla , a gathering of flowers. sweria1z, andswarian, to answer, speak in Gk. avOoA0-Y0<, flower-gathering. - Gk.
reply; a weak verb. - A. S. a1Zdswan~, a avOo-, for tivOo<, a flower; and "'f-YflV, to
reply. - A. S. mtd-, against, in reply; cull.
swerian, to speak, to swe:u. The A. S. Anthracite, a kind of hard coal.
alld- = G. attt- (in allt-worten) = Gk. aVTI; (Gk.) Gk. avOpaKlTt}<, resembling coals.
s~ Anti- and Swear.
- Gk . avOpaK-, stem of tivOpal, coal.
Ant. (E.) M . E. amte, short for amele. Anthropophagi, cannibals. (Gk. )
A. S. (emette, an emmet, ant. Doublet, Lit. 'men-eaters.' - Gk. avOponroO.-y0<'
emmet, q. v.
man-eating. - Gk. tivOpoJlTo<, a man; and
Antagonist, an opponent. (L.-Gk.) a-Yflv, to eat. (.vBHAGw; Brugm. i.
Late L. antagOnista. - Gk. aVTa-Y<llVlo"rr1<, 64 I. )
an opponent. - Gk. aVT-, for allTl, against ; Anti-, Ant-, prefix, against. (Gk .)
and a-ywvi(ol'al, I struggle, from a-ywv, a Gk . ani, against; allied to L. allte,
eontest. (.vAG. )
before. Cf. Skt. a1Zti, over against, allied
Antarctic. (L.-Gk.) L. arztardieus. to alzla, end; see End. ~ In anticilale,
- Gk. aVTapKT'K6<, southern, opposite to the prefix is for L. ante.
arctic. - Gk. aVT-, for aVTi, opposite to; Antic, fanciful , odd; as sb. a trick.
and ap"TlK6<, arctic. See Arctic.
(Ital. - L.) Orig. an adj. Adopted in
Ante-, prefix, before. (L.) L. atfte, the XVI cent. from I ta\. antico, with the
before. Allied to Anti-, q. v.
sense of ' grotesque'; lit. antique, old. Antecedent. (L.) L . antecidml-, L. antfqu1IS, old. See Antique.
stem of pres. palt. of antecedere, to go Antichrist. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
before. - L. attIe, before; eidere, to go.
Anteerist. - L. Antiekristus (Vulgate) .
Antediluvian,beforetheflood. (L.) -Gk. aVT1Xpi<1TO< (I John ii. 18).-Gk.
L. ante, before; dfluuiu1ll, deluge, a UvTi, against; Xpi<1TO<, Christ.
washing away. _ L. diluere, to wash Anticipate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
away. _ L. di-, apart; hUre, to wash.
anticipare, to take beforehand. - L. anti-,
Antelope. (F.-L.-Gk.) In Spenser, before ; and eapere, to take.
19

ANTICLIMAX

APHORISM

Anticlimax. (Gk.) From Anti and

Climax.
Antidote. (F. - L. - Gk.: F. fluti
dole. - L. a1ltidolum, a remedy. - Gk. u.vTi
OOTOV, a remedy; a thing given as a
remedy. - Gk. u.ni, against ; 00T6v, neut.
of OOTU<, given, from OiOOJJl' , I give.
Antimony, a metal. (Late L.) Late
L. aI/timonium. (XI cent. ) Origin un
known.
Antipathy. (Gk. ) From Gk. aVTllraBfla, antipathy, lit. a suffering (feeling
strongly) against.' - Gk. ani, against;
naB.tv, to suiTer. See Pathos.
Antiphon. (L. - Gk.) Late L. anti
pho1la, an anthem; see Anthem.
Antiphrasis. (Gk. ) See Anti- and
Phrase.
Antipodes. (Gk.) Gk. aVTilToOH, pI.,
men with feet opposite to ours, from nom.
sing. anilTov<. - Gk. ani, opposite to j and
lTov<. foot, cognate with Foot.
Antique, old. (F.-L. ) F.alltique. L. antiq'ws, also alltlcus, form ed with
suffix iCtls from ante, before; as posl/ms is
from post, behind. Doublet, anti,'.
Antiseptic, counteracting pnlrefaction. (Gk.)
Gk. aVTi, against; and
1111" Tl 1<6s, pntrefying, l11/lTT6s, rotten, from
l1~lTflV, 10 rot.
Antistrophe. (Gk. )
From A ntiand Strophe.
Antithesis. (Gk.) From Anti- and
Thesis.
Antitype. (Gk. ) From Anti and
Typ e.
Antler. (F.)
M. E. aWltclere, for
auntolicr (? ). - O. F. an/oil/ier, said to
have been once in use (Littre). In this
case the O. F. word is supposed to be
equivalent to a Late L. *a1Itocu/tfrem, ace.,
i. e. the branch (of the horn) in fron t of
the eyes j cf. G. augm-sprossc, a browantler (lit. eye-sprout). See Romania, iv.
349. From a.nte, before, and oculus, the
eye.
Anus, the lower orifice of the bowels.
IL. ) L. antiS .
.Anvil. ( E.) M. E . anvelt, a1ifeld, allfelt. A. S. anfilte, onfi'l i. _ A. S. an, 011,
on, upon ; and a verb *.fic/tan (see below) ,
causal of *:feallatl, to infix, redupl. verb
cognate with O. H . G. *jalza11, M. H. G.
valzen, whence G./a/:;, a groove. ~ Some
derive it from 011 and jealda'l, to fold j
however, the O. H. G. ana/a lz, an anvil,
is not deri,-ed from ana, on, and/alda'l,

Ito fait!

np, but from ~L H . e. iJa'~CJ/., ~ s

above. Cf. L. illciis, an anvil , from ill,
on, and alden, to strike ; and note the
A. S. gloss: . Cudo, percutio, anfilte;'
Voc. 21 7. fi.
Anxious. ( L. ) L. allXi1IS, rlistressed;
with suffix ous. - L. allgere, to choke,
distress.
Any. (E. ) A. S. lenig, any; from nn,
one, with suffix .ig (E. -y). Du. emig,
from em, one; G. einige1', from Cil1, one.
See One .
Aorta. (L.-Gk. ) Late L. aor/a.Gk. tlOpT~, th e great artery' rising' fro m
the heart. - Gk. a.ipMBal, to rise up;
d./p.w , to raise.
Apace. (E. and F. ) F or a pace, i. e.
at a (good ) pace; where a is put fo r
011 (cf. a-joot) ; see A ( 2).
Pace, M. E.
pas, is from F. las (L. PasSllS). See
Pace.
Apart, aside. (F . - L.) F. Ii p ari,
apart, alone, singly; Cot. - L. ad par/em,
lit. to the one part or side, apart. - L. ad,
to j par/em, acc. of pars, a part.
apartment, a separate room. (1'.Ital. - L.) F . apparten/mt. - Ital. appar
ta1llm/o,an apartment , a partition , lit. separation. - Ital. appartare, to separate. Ital. a parle, apart. - L. ad par/em; see
above.
Apathy. (Gk. ) From Gk. dlTaeua,
want of feeling. - Gk. a, not j lTaB.w, to
suffer. See Pathos.
Ape. (E.) M. E. ape j A. S. apa. +Du.
aap j Icel. api; Swed. apa j G. aiJe;
Irish apa (from E. ) j O. Bohem. oj.
Aperient . (L. )
XVII cent. L it.
'opening.' - L. apen'mt-, stem of pres. pI.
of aperire, to open. Perhaps from ap-, old
form of ab, from, away, a nd -uer- = Lith.
we,'- in 7uerti, to move (to and fro),
whence Lith . at7oe,.ti, to open. Brugm.
i. 36 I.
Apex. (L.) L. apex, summit.
Aph-, P'ejix. (G k.) See Apo-.
Aphmresis, the taking a,,:ay. of a
letter or syllable from the begmmng of
a word. (L. - Gk.) Late L. apM!resis.Gk. 4atp.111S, a taking away. - Gk. ap-, for
cilT6, away; alp.als, a taking, from alp.w ,
to take. See Heresy.
Aphelion, the point in a planet's orbit
fartliest from the sun . (Gk.) Coined frolll
Gk. wt>., ~or alT,), from! ~)"IOS, the sun.
AphorlSm, 0. AefimtlOn. ~Gk.). Gk.
dPOPll1fl6s, a definItion. -Gk. acp()p'~'IV, tu

20

APIARY

APPEAL

deline, limit. - Gk. a</>-, for air", off; L. apostolus. - Gk. alrO<1TOAOS, one who j,;
Opl(flV, to limit, from 0pos , a boundary.
sent off. - Gk. alTO, off; <1TEAAELV, to send .
Apiary, a place for bees. (L.) L. api- Apostrophe. (L. - Gk.) L. apotiritt1J1, nent. of apiarius, belonging to strophe.-Gk. arrouTpo</>~, a turning away;
bees. - L. api-, stem of apis, a bee.
in rhetoric, a turning away to address
Apiece. (E. a,td F.) Orig. (at so some one else. - Gk. alro, away; (HPE</>EIJI,
milch ) a p iece, where a is the indef. article. to tum. ~ In the sense of a mark used to
Apo-, prefix, off. (Gk.) Gk. alro, off, denote an omission, it shou ld be apostropl,
from; cognate with E . of, off; see O f . It ( L. apostrophtts, Gk , alr6UTp0</>OS).
Lccometi aph- before an aspirate .
Apothecary. (F. - Late L. - Gk. )
Apocalypse. (L.-Gk.) M . E. apo- M . E. apotecary' l Potecary. - O. F. apote(a/ips (Wyelif). - L. apOt'alypJis. - Gk. ,aire. - Late L. apothecarius, lit. a store
dlrOICaAtlI/ILs, a revelation. - Gk. " ".oICaAu,,- keeper. - Late L. apotheca , a store-house
TELV , to uncover, reveaJ.- Gk. d"o, off; (esp. for drugs) . - Gk. a1100f,IC'l, a storeand ICaA';lrTEIJI , to cover. Cf. ICaAI(', a cot. house. - Gk. &Ir" , away; Ti-O'l-pl. I put.
Apocope. (L. - G k.) L. apocope. - Gk. Apotheosis, deificat ion. (L. - Gk. :
alrOICO~, a cutting off (of a letter). L. apotlllosis. - Gk. dlTOOEQ)UIS, deification .
(;k. a"o, off; and IC01TTflV, to hew , cut .
- Gk. d".OOEOQ), I deify, set aside as a god .
Apocrypha. (Gk.) Lit. ' hidden - Gk. a"o, away, fully ; O,os, a god.
things;' hence, uncan on ical books of the Appal, to terrify. (F. - L. ) The present
Old Testament. - Gk. a1TlJICptltPa, neut. pI. sense is late; the M. E. apalled meant
of alr6ICptI</>os, hidden . - Gk. alTOICpVlTTflV , 'rendered pale ' ; cf. Chancer, C. T ., 10679
to hide away. - Gk. &".6, from, away; (F 365 ). - 0. F. apallir, apalir, appali",
ICPV"TflV , to hide.
to wax pale, also to make pale (Cot.). Apogee, the point of the moon's orbit O. F . a- , prefix; O. F. pale, palle, pale.furthest from the earth. ( F. - L.-Gk ' F . L. ad, to; pallidus, pale. Cf. Pale.
apogee (Col.). - L. apogtClllil. - Gk . a"o- Appanage, Apanage, provision for
),aLOV, !lCUt. of a1Tl,),alOs, away from earth. a depenuent, &c. (F. -L.) O. F. apa'I<lgc
- Gk. a"o, away from; )'ii , earth.
(also appanage) , properly, a provision for
Apologue, a fabl e, story. ( F. - L. - maintenance. - O . F. apane)', lit. to supply
(;k .) F. apologue. - L. apolog1ls. - Gk. with bread (Late L. appa1Ul"e ). - L. ap
arroAo)'os, a fable. - Gk. a".6, off; ,\6)'os, (for ad), to, for; pa't-is, bread.
Apparatus, gear. (L.) L. apparattts,
speech, from AE)'UV, to say.
apology, a defence. (L.-Gk.) L. prt:paration. - L. appani/us , pp. of ((ppaapologia. - Gk. &lroAo)'la, a speech made in rare, to prepare for. - L. ad, for; paran ,
uefence. - G k. a"o, off; .\0')'05, a speech to get ready.
(above).
Apparel, to clothe. (F.-L.) M. E.
Apophthegm, Apothegm. (Gk. ) aparailm. - O. F. apareiller, to dress,
Gk. a"O<!>Oeypa , a thing uttered, a terse apparel. - O. F. a, to; pareiller, pt/railler,
saying. - Gk. alTu, off, out ; and </>Of,),,),op.al, to assort, put like things with like, to
I cry aloud, utter.
arrange, from pareil, like, similar. - L.
Apoplexy. (F. -Late L. -- Gk.) F. ad, to ; Med. L. pariwlus (Ducange
apoplexie. - Late L. apoplexia. - Gk. alro- has parie/a, pariwla ), similar, from L.
"A'lEia, stupor, apoplexy. - Gk. a "o lrA~<1- pa ri-, stem of par, equal. Cf. Par. D er.
UflV , to cripple by a stroke. - Gk. a"o, ofT; apparel, s.
7rA ~UU"V, to strike.
Apparition. (F.-L.) 1'. apparition.
Apostasy. ( F.-Late L.-(;k .) F. - L. acc. appa,itiomm. - L. apparl re, to
apostasie. - Late L. apostasia . - Gk. &" 0- appear. See Appear.
uTQuia, late form for alrUaTaUIs, revolt, lit.
apparitor, an officer who attends
'a standin/? away from.' - Gk. alro, off, magistrates to execute their orders; an
away; <1TQUIS, a standing, from aTa-, officer who serves the process of a spiritual
base allied to 'iaTTJ/I.I, I place. Cf. Statics. court. (L.) L. apparitor, an attendant ,
apostate. (Late L. - (;k.) M. E . lictor. - L. appllrere, to appear as attendapostata. - Late L. apostata. - Gk. alro- ant, wait OIl. See Appea r . .
oTaT'ls, a deserter, apostate. _ Gk. alrJ , ofT ; . Appeal. Y. (1'. - L.) M. E. ape-,CII. CTTaT'lS, standing, from aTa- (see above).
F . apelcr, to call. - L. appel/an, to
Apostle. \ L. - (; k.; A. S. "postol. - addre.;, caJl upon; a >eeondary fortll,

10.

21

APPROPRIATE

APPEAR

A1.'point . . (F.-L)

M. E. apoi1ltm.O. F. aj>oillter, to prepare, arrange, settle.

- Late L apptmctare, to repair, appoint,
settle a dispute; Ducange. - L.ap- (for ad);
Late L. plmetlire, to mark by a point, from
Late L. pUluta, a prick, fern . of PUtutus,
pp. ; see Point. Der. disappoillt.
Apportion. (F.-L) F. apportio"er,
A~pease. (F. - L.) , M. E. apesm, to portion out to. - F. ap (put for a before
apmsen. - A. F. rlpeser, apeiser, O. F. p, in imitation of L ap- = ad), to; portion,
apeser ( F , apaiser) , to bring to a peace.- a portion; see Portion.
O. F. a peis, a pais, to a peace. -L. ad Appose. (F . - L ) F. apposer; formed
pacem, to a peace. See Peace.
to represent L apponere, on the analogy of
Appellant. (F. - L.) F. appellant, composer, exposer, and other presumed repres. pt. of appeller, O. F. apder, to presentati ves of com pounds of L. follere ;
ap peal; see Appeal.
but really formed on F. poser ( Irom L.
Append, to attach. (F.-L.) I'ormerly pausare). See Pose.
also M. E. apmden, to pertain to.-O. F. Apposite. (L.) L.appositus, suitable;
apmdre, to depend on. -L. appemlere, for pp. of alPonere, to put near. - Lap- (for
L. appendere, to hang to or UpO.I. - L. ap ad), to; pihzet'e, to put. See Position.
(for ad) , to; penciere, to hang.
Appraise. (1<' . - L.) M. E. apraisen,
appendilr:, an addition. (L.) L. to varue. - O. F. *apreiser (cf. O. 1<'. atreappendix. - L. appendh-e, to suspend upon. tier in Roquefort). - O. F. a-, prefix;
- L. ap (for ad), to; pendt'lre , to weigh.
preiser, to value, from preis, value, price.
Appertain. (F. -L.) M . E. aper - L. ad, at; p,-etium, a price.
tmm. -0 F. apartenir (F. appartmir),
a.ppreciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
to belong to.-L. ap- (for ad), to; per- appretian, to value at a priee.-L. apti1Zere, to belong. See Pertain.
(for ad " at; pretium, a price.
Appetite. (F. -L.) O. F. appetit.- Apprehend. (F. -L.) F . apprehendre
L. appemus, an appetite; lit. 'assault (COL). - L. apprehendere, orig. to lay hold
upon.' -L. appetere, to attack. -L. ap- (for of. - L. ap- (for ad), to. at; prdzt1ldere,
ad), to; pelere, to seek, attack.
to grasp. See Prehensile.
Applaud. (L.) L. applaudere, to
apprentice. rF. -L.) O.F . aprentis,
applaud.-L. ap-. (for ad), at; plauciere, to nom. of aprmtif (see Godefroy, S. v.
applaud, clap (hands). Der. applause, aprmtic ). The O. F. aprentis, aprmtiJ,
from pp. applausus.
represent Late L. *apprenditivtls, uom.,
Apple. ( E.) M . E. appd A. S. ceppel, and *apprmditivu1lt, ace., from a Late L.
cepl. + Du. appd; Ice!. epli; Swed. lipk; *apprCluiitus, used as a pp. of L.
Dan. ceble ; G. ap/eI; Irish abhal; GaeL apprettdere, to learn, short for L. appreuMalj W. a/alj Russ. iabloko; Lithuan. Jundcre, to lay hold of (above ).
obolys. Origin unknown. Some connect
a.pprise, to inform . ( F.-L.) From
it with Abella in Campania; cf. Vcrg. the M. E. su. aprise, information, teachJEn. vii. 740.
ing. - O. F. aprise, instruction. - O. F.
Allply. (F.-L) M.E.aplyen.-O.F. appn's, apn's, pp. of aprmdre, to learn.apher. - L applieare, to join to, tum or L. apprendcre (above).
apply to. - L ap- (for ad), to ; plieare, to Approach. ( F.-L.) M. E.approclzen,
fold, twine. Der. appli-a1ue; also appli- aprot'hen. - O. F. aprochie,-, to approach.L. appropiare, to draw near to (Exod. iii.
cation ( 1'. application ).
Appoggiatura., a grace-note or passing S) . - L. ap- (for ad) , to; prope, near.
tone prefixed, as a support , to an essential Approbation. (F . - L.) F. approbanote of a melody. (Ital.-L O1ui Gk. ) l io". - L. acc. approbiitione1lt, approvaLItal. appoggiatt~ra, lit. a support. - Ital. L. approbatlls,l'p, of approbare, to approve.
appoggiare, to lean upon. - Ital. ap- (for See Approve.
ad), to, upon; poggio, a place to stand or Appropriate. (L) From pp. of L.
lean on, &c. - L. ad, to; podium, an ele- appropn'al'e, to make one's own. - L a~
vated place, a balcony, from Gk. "J~lQv. (for ad) , to ; propn'us, one's own. See
from appe/lere, to drive to, incline towards;
from L. ap (for ad ), to; pellere, to drive.
Appear, to become visible. (F.-L. )
M. E. ap~rm. - O . F. aper., tonic stem (as
in pres. subj. apere ) of O. F. afareir,
aparoir, to appear. - L. apparere. - L. ap
(for ad), to, forth; parere, to come in
sight, also spelt parrere. Cf. Apparition.

See Pew.

Proper.

APPROVE

ARCH
aqueous. As if from L. *aqueus, adj.,

Approve. (F. - L.) O. F. approver. L. apP"obare, to approve. - L. ap- , for ad),

to; jwobiire, to test, try, estecm as good.
D er . appro-val; dis-approve .
Approximate. , L. ) From pp. of L.
approxi"ltire, to draw near to . - L. ap
(for lId), to; proxillltls, very near, super!.
adj. from prope, near.
Appurtenance. (F. - L. ) A . F.apurte,taullCe (0. F . aparte"altu) , that whi ch
helohgs to. - O. F. aparlmir, to belong to.
l:iee Appertain.
Apricot. ( F. -Port . - Arab. - Gk. L.) F ormerly also apricock, from Port.
albricoque direct ly. Also abricol. - F.
a/lricot , ' the abricot, or apricock p lum;'
Cot. -Port. alb,7{oque. - Arab. al bQ1'qiiq,
where al is the def. art. - Mid. Gk . "pall'UICIOV (Dioscorides) ; pI. "'poI"u"Ia. The
1'1. 1fpalIC6ICIa was borrowed from L. pru:{oqua, apricots, neut. pI. of prl&coquus,
another form of prtEcox, precocious, carl y
ripe (Pliny; Martial , 13. 46). - L. p m,
beforehand; and coquere, to cook, ripen.
l:iee Precocious and Cook. ~ Thus the
word r~ach ed us in a very indirect manner.
April. (L.) L . Aprilis; said to be so
named because the earth then opens to
produce new fruit. - L . aperire, to open;
see Aperient.
Apron. ( F . -L. ) l'ormerl y ,taproll. O. F . no/eroll , a large cloth; augmentative
form of O. F. lIape , n cloth (F. ,,,,ppe). L. mappa, a napkin, cloth (with change of
m to Il , as in F . 'latte, a mat). See
Map.
Apse. (L. - Gk.) Now used of a recess
at the end of a church; formerly apse,
apsis, n turning-point of a planet's orbit. L. apsis , pI. apsides, a bow, turn.-Gk .
o.tflS, a tying, fastening, felloe of a whee l,
curve, bow, arch. - Gk. S.1fTflv, to tie, bind.
A.pt, fit. (L.) XIV cent. L. apills,
used as pp. of apisci, to reach, get, but
reall y pp. of O. Lat. apere, to fit or join
together.
Aquatic. (L.) L. aquaticus, pertaining to water. - L. aqua, water.
aqua-fortis. -L. aqua/ortis, strong
water.
aquarium. - L. aqulirium, a water.
v ess~l. - L . aqua, water.
aquarius.-L. aquarius, a waterbearer. - L. aqua, water.
aqueduct. -L. aqutEduetus, a conduit; from aqua:, gen. of aqua, water, and
ductus, a duct; sec Duot.

a form 1I0t used. - L . aqua, water.

Aquiline, like an eaglp.. (1'.-L.) F.
aquilill; hence llez aquilill , 'a nose like
an eagle;' COl. - L. aqui/i11us, adj. from
aquila. an eagle. Cf. Eagle.
Arabesque. (F. -ltal.-Arab.) XVll
cellt. F. Arabesque, A rabian lik~; al so
full of fl ourishes, like fin e Arabian work .
- Ital. A rabesco; where esco = E. -ish. Arab. 'arab, Arabia.
Arable. ( F . - L.) F . arable. - L.
arabi/is, that can be ploughed. - L. arl;re,
to p lough .
AR.) See Ear (3).
Arbiter. (L.) In Milton. - L. arbiter,
a witn~~s, judge, umpire.
arbitrary. (L.) In Milton. - L.
arbilrtirius, orig. like the uecision of an
umpire. -L. arbitrare, to act as umpire.
- L. arbiler (above).
arbitrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
arbitrlire, to act as umpire (above).
Arboreous, belonging to trees. (L.)
L. arboretts, adj . from arbor, a tree; with
suffix -OilS.
Arbour, a bower. (F . -L.) Theword
seems t o be really due to M. E. herbere,
also ed,cre, from O. F. l:erbier, L. herbariulll, a herb-garden, also an orchard. L. lll:rba , grass, herb. T he special sense
was due to confusion with L. arbor, a
tree.
Arc. (F. - L.) XIV cent. F. arc ..L. anUIJl , acc. of arcus, a bow, arch, arc.
arcade. (F . -Ita!.-L.) F. arcade.
- Ita!' arcata, an arched place; fern. of
pp. of arc are, to arch. - Ita!' arco, a bow,
- L. ace. armm (above).
Arcana. (L.) L. arcana, things kept
secret , secrets. - L. arc~re, to keep.
Arch ( I), a vault, &c. (F.-L.) 0.1'.
arche, .a chest, box (L. area, see Ark);
also, by confusion, an arch, owing to the
use of Med. Lat. arca with the sense of
L . arcus, a bow, arch. See Arc.
Arch ( 2), roguish, waggish. (L.-Gk. )
, So arell a leer ; ' Tatter, no. 193. The
examples in the New E. Dictionary prove
that it is nothing but the prefix Arch-,
chief (for which see below ), used separately
and peculiarly. Cf.' The most arcn act'
in Shako Rich. Ill. iv. 3. 2: 'An heretic,
an arch one;' Hen. VI II. iii. 2. 102.
Also' Byends . . . a yery arcn fellow, a
downright hypocrite' ; Bunyan's Pilgrim's
Progress. A. S. arceo, O. F. arcne -, L.
areAi, Gk. a.PXI- (prefix). See below.

aa

(.v

ARCH-

ARGENT

Arch-, prejiz, chief. (L.-Gk.) The principal, and Lat.lrabim, ace. of IraQs,
form arch- is due to A. S. arceo, as in arC/!- a beam. See Trave.
biscegp, an archbishop, and to O. F. arcM-, Archive., s. pl., public records; but
as in arc1lt-diacre, an archdeacon. This properly an arckive is a place where reform was borrowed from L. arcki-=Gk. cords are kept. (F.-L.-Gk.) }<'. arapXI-, as in apXI-uriITIr01l'os, an archbishop. ckif, pI. arckives; Cot. - L. arckiulIIII,
-Gk. o.PXflII, to be first. to rule; cf. Gk. archium.- Gk. cipX.IoIl, a public building.
apx.q, beginning. Der. arch-biskop, arch- residence of magistrates. - Gk. apxfI. a
deacon, &c.; but, in ardl-angd, the ch beginning. a magistracy.
remained hard (as k ) in the Romance ArctiC. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. arlik.languages, on account of the following a. O . F. artiquc; F. ardique.-L. arcticm ,
Cf. Ital. arcangelo, Span. arcangel.
- Ck. apICTu<uS, near the constellation of
arcluaology. ~ Gk .) Ck. aPXllloAo-yta. the Bear, northern. -Gk. o.p"TOS, a bear.
-Gk. apxaiOs, ancient, which is from Cognate with L. urStls; see Ursine.
apxfI, the beginning; and the suffix -logy, Der. anl-arclic.
Gk. -Ao-yla, due to A6-yos, discourse, from Ardent. ', F.-L. ) XIV cent. M.E,
AE..,.III. to speak.
ardaunt. -O. F. artiattt, pres. part. of
archaic. (Gk.) Gk. apxtUICOS, antique, ardre, to burn. - L. ardelll-em, ace. of
primitive. - Gk. dpXalos, old. - G)(. apx.q, pres. pt. of ardin, tp bum.
a beginning.
ardour. (F.-L.) O.F. ardQltr, artiar,
archaism. (Gk.) Gk. apxtUlTJWs, an heat. - L. an/Orem, acc. of ardor, a bumantiquated phrase. - Gk. apxaiC.",. to ing, fervour. -L. artib-e, to burn.
speak antiquatedly. - Gk. apxalos, old Arduous. (L.) L. ardtt-tls, steep ,
(above).
difficult , high; with suffix -QltS.+lrish ard,
Archer. (F. -L.) M. E. archer. - high; Ck. op90s , upright.
A. F. archer; O. F. arckier, a bow-man. Are, pres. pI. of the verb substantive.
- Late L. aralriu!, a bow-man; from (E.) O. Northumbrian ar011, O. Mere.
arms, a bow.
eat-utt, as distinguished from A.S.(Wessex )
Archetype, the original type. (F. - sinl, silld, s;'ld01'. Cf. Icel. er-u, they are.
L. - Gk.) F. archetype, 'a priucipall From the Idg. -V'liS, to be; from whence
type;' Cot.-L archetypum, the original also are Skt. s-attti, Gk. fler-/v , L. st/ut,
pattem. -Gk. apXETV'roll, a model; neut. G. S i1zd, Ice!. cru (for *estt) , they are.
of apXfTtJfTOS, stamped as a model.-Gk.
am. O. Northumb. alll , O. Merc. cam,
apx.-=apXI., prefix (see Archi.); TV1I'OS, A. S. cOIII.+Skt. as-mi, Gk. fI-!-'i, Goth.
~' m , Ice!. c-m; &c.
a type.
Archi-, prefix, chief. (L. -Gk.) L.
art. O. Northumb. a~ , O. Merc. ea~ ;
archi, for Ck. lipXI' ; see Arch-.
A. S. carl (with I due to -I in seeall, shalt ,
archimandrite. (L-Gk.) L.an;'i &c.). Icel. esl, Itrl.
mant/rila, 11 chief or principal of monks,
i,s. A. S. is. + Icel. es, later cr. Cf. also
an abbot.-Late Gk. apXI/UlIl3p[T'IS, the Goth. and G. is.t , Skt. as.li, Gk. fer'TI, L.
same.-Gk. apXI-; chief; ptlll3pa, an en- es-I. See also Be , Was.
closure, fold. afterwards a monastery. See Area. (L.) XVI cent. L. area, an
Arch and Madrigal.
.
open space.
archipelago, chief sea, i. e. Aegean Areca, a genus of palms. (Port. sea. )tal.-Gk.") Ita!. arcipelago, modified Canarese.) Port. areca. - Canarese adiki,
to archipelago. - Ck. apXI-, chief; and ad ike , arecanut; 1" being substituted for
wfAa-yos, sea.
the cerebral d (H. H. Wilson ). Accented
architect. (F.-L.-Gk. ) F . arclli- un the first syllable.
fecte. - L. arclzileclus, the same as archi Arefaction; see Arid (below).
tectiln. -Gk. apXITEKTQIII, a chief builder Arena.. (L.) L. arilla, slll1d ; the
or artificer. - Gk. dPXI" chief (see Archi-) ; sanded space in which gladiators fought.
.,fICTo.lI, a carpenter, builder.
Orig. harma; cf. Sabine/asena, sand.
architrave. (F.-Ital.-L. alzdGk.) Argent. CF.-L.) White; in heraldry.
In Milton. -F. arckitrave. -Ital. arcki -F. argelll.-L. argentwJl, Silver; from
~rave, the part of an entablature resting its brig?tness. C~. Gk. Q.p-yvpos, si~ve~,
Immediately on the column . A barbarous I Skt. a'1una(s), whlte. (-V' ARG, to shme.)
compollnd; from Gk. cipX'" prefix, chief, I Brugm. i. 529, 604. See below.
24

ARGILLACEOUS

ARRACK

.\zgillaceo1Ul, clayey. (L.) L ar armada, an armed Beet; fem. of armaao,

gilltieells, adj. from argilla, clay, esp. pp. of armar, to arm. - L. armiire, to arm
white clay. Cf. Gk. 4P'Yo., white.
(above) . Doublet, army.
Argonaut. (L - Gk.) L. argonatlta. armadillo, an animal. (Span. - L. )
-Gk . 4P'Y0va~f, one who sailed in the Span. armadillo , lit 'the little armed one,'
ship Argo. - Gk. opr&', the name of Jason's beca.use of its hard shell. Dimin. of ar
ship (lit. swift, from 4P'Y6~, swift); and mado, pp. of armar, to arm; as above.
vav"'7~ , a sailor; see Nautical.
armament. (L.) L. armiimentum ,
Argo9, a merchantvessel. (Dalma. an eqll ipment .-L. armiire, to arm, equip.
tian.) Formerly s~lt arguze and ragusy - L. a7'1l1a, arms.
(see N . and Q. 6 S. IV. 490; Arber's Eng.
armature, donblet of al'moul'.
Gamer, ii. 67). The orig. sense was 'a
armistice. (F.-L.) F. armisliCl!.ship of Ragusa,' which is the name of a Mod. L. *armislilium, coined on the
port in Dalmatia. Ragusa appears in analogy of solstitium, i. e. solstice. - L.
XVI cent. E. as Araguuse.
arm;, for arma , arms; and 'slilium , for
Argue. (F.-L.) M. E. arg'Uen. - statiulIl (through atonic position), from
O. F. argller. _ Late L. argiitiire (L. ar stat 11m, supine of stare, to stand. (Cf.
giilarj') , frequent . of argzure, to prove by Solstice.)
argument, lit. to make clear; cf. argl7fus ,
armour. (F.-L.) M. E.armour, ar
clear.
lIlU1"e. - O. F. armure, armciire. - L. ar
Arid, dry. (L.) XVII cent. L . addus, mii/ura, armour. - L. armaills, pp. of
dry.-L. iirlre, to be dry.
anltilre, toarm . -L.arma,arms. Doublet,
arefaction. (L.) XVI cent. Coined armatu re.
from L. iirifacere, to make dry. - L. arere,
arms, s. pI. weapons. (F.-L.) M. E ..
to be dry; and/aare, to make.
armes. - O . F. armes, rl.-L. amla , nent.
Aright. (E.) For on rzg'ht, in the right pl., arms, lit. ' fittings.
AR, to fit.)
way.
army. \F . -L.) O. F. armel, fern . of
Arise. (E.) M. E. arism. A. S. pp. of armer, to arm . -L. armiila , fern .
arlSa1l. - A. S. a, prefix; risan , to rise. of pp. of aN1lii ~e, to arm. - L. anna,
See Rise.
arms.
AristoCracy. (Gk.) Modified from Aroint thee! begone! Origin un Gk. 4p<uTo"paTia, government by the known. The usual reference to rynlye in
nobles or 'best' men . -Gk. apluTo" for Ray does not help ns.
4p<UTO~, best; and "paT"v, to be strong,
Aroma, a sweet smell. (L.-Gk.)
govern, from "paTV~, strong. The form Late L. aroma. - Gk. apotjla, a spice,
6.p"UTO~ is a superlative from the base sweet herb.
Der. aroma/ic, from the
up. seen in 4P-'T~, excellence. Der. aristo- Gk. stem dpotjlaT .
cratic; whence adsloeral, for' aristocratic Around, prep. and adv. (E. and F.L.) M. E. 01"OU11d; for 011 round ; see
person.'
Arithmetic. (F.-L.-Gk.) In Sh A (2 ) and Round.
- F. arith1llltique; Cot . - L. arithmelica. Arouse. (E. and Scand.) From A - (4)
- Gk. ap<8jlrrr'''~, the science of numbers; an d Rouse .
fern . of ap<8JlTIT' '',sS, adj., from ap,8jl .... v, Arquebus, a kind of gun. (F.-Du. )
to number. -Gk. apI8}l6s, number, reckon F. arquebllsc, 'an hRrquebuse , or hand
gun,' Cot . ; Walloon harkibuse , dialectnl
ing.
Ark, a chest, box; hence a large fl oat variati oll of Mi<l. Du. haeckbtme, Du.
ing vessel. (L.) A. S. are.-L. area, a haak/>tls , lit. 'a gun with a hook.' This
refers to the hook whereby it was attached
chest , box; cf. L. arcci e, to keep.
Arm ( I ), part of tbe body. (E.) M. E. to a poi nt of support. - Mid. Du. haeck ,
arm. A . S.ea ,m.+Dn. arm; lcel.armr; Du. haak , a hook; and Mid. Du. btlSse,
Dan., Swed., and G. arm; Goth. arms; Du. bus, a hand barrel, a gun . See
L. ar11lttS, the shoulder; Russ. ramo , Hackbut.
shoulder. See Brugm. i. 524.
Arrack, an ardent spirit. (Arab.)
Arm (2) , to furnish with weapons. (F. Arab. 'araq , sweat, juice, essence, distilled
-L.) F. armer. - L. armiire, to fur spirit. - A rab. root araqa, to sweat.
~ Sometimes shortened to Rack; cf. Span.
nish with arms. - L . arma, arms.
armada, a fleet. (Span.-L.) Span raque , arrack.
2S

(.v

ARRAIGN
Arraign. (F.-L.) M.E.araimn.-

ARTILLERY

O. F. areimier , to speak to, discourse

with, cite, arraign. -O. F. a (L. ad) , to ;
reis,zer, ,-eisoner, to reason, from O. F.
reSOIl , raison, reason , advice, from L. acc.
rationem; see Reason.
Arrange. (F _ - L. ami O. H. G.)
M. E. arayngen, are,zge,z.-O. F. arengier,
to put into a rank. - O. F. a (L. ad), to;
rangier, nmgier , to range, from O. F.
m ng, reng, a rank . See Rank.
Arrant, knavish, notoriously bad. (F .
-L.) This word is now ascertained to
be a mere variant of errant (cf. parso,z for
persofl). Chaucer has t/uif errau'lt, arrant
thief, C . T. 17173; and see Piers Plow
man, C . vii. 307. See Errant.
Arra.s, tapestry. (F.) So named from
Arras, in Artois, north of France.
Arra.y, verb. (F. -L. and O . Low G.)
O. F. arraiel', to array. - O. F. arrai,
arroi, preparation. - L. ad (becoming al'before 1"), to , for; O. Low G. and O. Fries.
r?de (cf. Goth. garaid-s), ready, A. S.
rlide, ready; so that to array is ' to get
ready.' See Ready.
Arrears, sb. p!. (F. -L. ) From M. E.
arere, adv., in the rear.-O. F. arere (F.
arriere), behind.-Late L. ad retro, backward. - L. ad, to; relro, behind. ~ What
we now call arrears answers to M. E.
flrerflges, s. pI. formed from M. E. aren
with F. snffix -age.
Arrest, to stop. (F.-L.) O.}<'. arcstel' (F. arreter), to stay. _ O. F. a ( = L.
ad), to; L. restare , to stay, remain, from
reo, back, and stare, to stand; see Rest
(2).
Arrive. (F.-L.) F. arriver. -Late
L. arripare, adrija,-., to come to shore,
land _- L. ad, to; ripa, shore, bank. Der.

arriv-al.

Arrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. arro

gare, to ask , adopt, attribute to, add to.L. ar (for ad), to; rogare, to ask. Der.
arrogallt, from the pres. pt.
Arrow. (E. ) M . E. arewe, arwe. A.S.
arwe, and larlt (rare). + Ice! . iiI', an arrow
(gen. iiroar) ; allied to Goth. arlzwazna,
an arrow. From Teut. base ar/tw.; cognate with L. arc-us, a bow.
arrow-root. (E.) So called, it is said,
because the tubers of the Maranta were
used as an antidote against poisoned
arrows.
Arse. (E.) M. E. ars, ers. A. S. tCrs.
+Gk. iJppos, the rump. Idg. type *oysos.

Arsenal.

(Span.-Arab.) Span. arsmal, a magazine, dock -yard, arsenal;

longer forms, atarazanal, atarazana, where
the a answers to Arab. aI, def. article.
Cf. Ita!. darsC1la, a wet dock. - Arab. dar
af-fina'alt, a house of construction, place
for making things, dock.yard. - Arab. dar,
a house; aI, the; and (inaah, art, trade,
construction.

Arsenic. (L. - Gk. - Arab. - Pers.)

Late L. arsenicum. - Gk.o.po'fY,,,Oy, arsenic;
seeming to mean a male principle(thealchemists had a strange fancy that metals were of
different sexes ). But really borrowed from
Arab. az-zerniklt; where az is for aI, the,
def. art., and zerniklt, orpiment, is from
Pers. zerni, orpiment, yellow arsenic (froOl
zar, gold) . See Devic, P.4.
Arson, incendiarism. (F.-L.) O . F.
arson , incendiarism. - Late L. acc. arSiOnelll, a buming.-L. arsus, pp. of
ardere, to burn. See Ardent.
Art (1), 2 p. s. pres. of verb. (E.) St:c
Are.
Art ( 2), skill. (F.-L.) M.E. arl.O. F . al't.-L. arlem, acc. of ars, skill.
Artery. (L.-Gk .) L . arten'a,propt:r1y
the windpipe; also , an artery. - Gk. apT'}pia, wind-pipe, artery.
Artesian, adj. ~ F. ) A rlesia,z wells arc
named from F . A rt(sim, adj. formed from
Arlois, a province in the north of France,
wh ere these wells were early in use.
Artichoke. (Ita!. - Arab.) Ita!. arti
ciocco, a corrupt form; Florio also gives
the spellings arc/Ziciocco, arch.icioffo; also
(without the ar, which answers to the
Arab. def. art. aI, the) the forms carciocco,
carcioffo. Cf. Span. alcachofa, an artichoke. - Arab. al k/larslziif, or ltarshaf, an
artichoke.
~ Not Arab. ar'di sltauki
(Diez), which is a modem corrupt form
borrowed from Italian.
Article, a ~mall item, part of speech.
(F.-L. ) F . ar/ide. - L. artimlus, ajoint,
knuckle, article in grammar; lit. ' a small
joint.' Dimin. of artus, a joint, limb.
articulate. (L.) L. articu/t1tus, dis
tinct; pp. of ar/iwltire, to supply with
joints, divide by joints. - L. articulus, a
joint (above).
Arti1ice. (F.-L.) In Milton. -F.
artifice. - L. ar/ijicitlm, a trade, handicraft; hence skill. - L. arli-, stem of aI'S,
art; and -fie., for faure, to make. Der.
artific-er, a skilled workman.
artillery. (F.-L.) O . }<'. artilleri~,

26

ARTISAN

ASPECT

equipment of war, machines of war, in- Ashes. (E.) The pI. of aJn, which is
eluding cross-bows, &c., in early times. - little used_ M. E. aJcne, axe, sing.; the
O. F. arlil/n', to equip. - Late L. -arli/- pI. is commonly ascnen, axen, but in Northtare, to make machines; a verb inferred em E. it is asches, askes. A. S. IZSct, pI.
from the sb. arlillator, a maker of machines. IZscan, IZxalZ, ascalz. + Du. ascn; Ieel. and
Extended from arti-, stem of ars, art. We Swed. aska; Dan. aske; Goth. aago, pI.
also find artil/iator. answering to an older azgon; G. ascne. Teut. stemS' -askm- ,
*artuulator; also Late L. arluultmz, :uti- -azgOtz-.
fice; arlimla, art.
Ashlar, Ashler, a facing made of
artisan, a workman. (F.-Ital.-L.) squared stones. (F.-L.) It consists of
F. artisan. - Ital. artigiano, a workman. - thin slabs of stone for facing a building;
Late L. *artftialltls, not found, but formed formerly applied to a square hewn stone;
from L. artfttls, cunning, artful. _ L. arti-. and, probably, so called because it took
stem of ars, art.
the place of the wooden beams used for
As, conj. (E.) M. E. as, ab, a/st, also, the same purpose. -0. F_ aiseler (Livre
al so. As is a contraction of also. (Proved des Rois), extended from O. F. aise/le,
aisiele, a little board, dimin. of ais, a
by Sir F. Madden. ) See Also.
AsafCBtida, AssafCBtida, a gtlm. plank - L. axilla, dimin. of L . axis an
(Med. L.-Pers. and L.) From Pers. azii, axis. also, a board, a plank.
mastic; the L.jO!tida, fetid, refers to its Ashore. (E.) For 011 snore.
Aside. (E.) For Of' side.
offensive smell. See Fetid.
Asbestos, a mineral. (Gk.) Gk. n- Ask. (E.) M. E. askm, axien. A. S.
ufjEuTor, unquenchable; because it is in- tisdall, a!zsiatJ , acsiatJ; the last answers to
Du. eischm; Swed. iiska;
I;ombustible. - Gk. do. neg. prefix; and provo E. ax.
-U/3fUTOS, quenchable, from afUVVVP.I, I Dan. IZske; G. neiscnetJ, O. H. G. tisCOll.
quench, extinguish. See Brugm_ i. 653. T~ut. types *aiskOtt, *aiskOjatJ. Cf. Russ.
Ascend. (L.) L. ascendere, to climb iskate, Lith. je:rkoti, to seek; Skt. icnrnhti,
up. - L. ad, to; sca,ulere, to climb_ See a wish, desire, un, to search.
Scan. Der. ascellS-ion, from pp. ascmSlfS. Askance, obliquely. (Ital. -L.) Spelt
Ascertain. (F . - L. ) From O. F. ascallte by Sir T. Wyat; ascallCne by Palsaartailler, acertetJer, to make certain grave, who gives de tratlers, etl 10rgtJallt,
(with s inserted). - F . a ( = L. ad, to) ; and as the F . equivalent. Etym. doubtful; but
prob. due to Ital. sransare, 'to go a-slope
certaill, certain. See Certain.
Ascetic. (Gk.) Gk. dUK'1TIK6s, given or a'SCOllce, or a-skew , to go sidelin j' Florio.
to exercise, industrious; applied to hermits, - ltal. s- ( = Lat. ex, out of the way ) j and
who strictly exercised themselves in reli- ransfl1'e,' to gcra-slope, give place;' Florio.
gious devotion. - Gk. dUK'1njs, one who This is derived, according to Diez, from L.
practises an art, an athlete. - Gk. dUKElv, campsare, to turn round a place, bend
to work, exercise; also, to mortify the round it ; cf. Gk. Kap.-rrTfIV , to bend.
Askew, awry. (0. Low G.) For Oft
body, as an ascetic.
Ascititious, incidental. (L.) Coined, skew; Hexharn gives M. Du. scneif,' askew,
as if from L. *asciticius, from ascittls, pp. awry;' see Skew.
of asciscere, or adsciscere, to receive, learn. Aslant. (Scand. ) For on slant.
-L. ad, to ; sciscere, to learn, inceptive Asleep. (E.) For on sleep; Acts xiii.
form of sci,'e, to know.
36.
Ascribe. (L. ) L. ascribere, to write Aslope. (E.) For on slope.
down to one's account. - L. a- (for ad), to ; Asp, ASJ;>ic, a serpent. (F. - L. - Gk.)
sCl'ibere, to write.
F. aspe, asplr.-L. aspidem, acc. of aspis.
Ash, a tree. (E.) M. E . asen. A. S. iPse. - Gk. aa-rris (gen. du-rri50s), an asp.
Du. esell; Ice!. askr; Dan. and Swed. Asparagus, a vegetable. (L. - Gk.ask; G. esche. T eut. type *askiz. Cf. Pus.~) L. asparagus. - Gk . uu-rrapa'Y os .
Russ. iasene, Lith. ftsis, ash.
Supposed to be of Pers. origin; cf. Zend
Ashamed. (E.) A. S. aseamod, pp. of rparegha, a shoot, a prong; Lithuan.
aseamian, to put to shame. -A. S. a-, ex- spurgas, a shoot (Fick , Prellwitz).
tremely; seamiatJ, to shame. from scamtl, Aspect. (L. ) L. aspeetm, look. - L.
shame. fl Or for A . S. ofseamod, with the aspectus, pp. of aspirere, to look. - L. t/iiamc sense (with prefix 0/-, off, very).
I Jor ad), to, at; specere, to look.

27

ASPEN, ASP

ASSOCIATE

Aspen, Asp, a tree. (E .) M. E. asjJ, ad, to; saltus, a leap, attack, from saltus,
Chaucer, C. T . 292.,; aspen is an adj . (like
golden), and is used for aspell-tree ; cf. Ch.
C. T . 7249. A. S. aspe, aps
Du. est ;
I ce!. osp , D an. and Sweei. asp; G. espc, aspt.
Cf. Lithuan. apuszis ; R uss. osi1la.
Asperity. (F. -L.) F. asplriN. - L.
asperitalem, ace. of asperittis , roughness L. asper, rough.
Asperse, to cast calumny upon . (L. )
From L. aspersu.s, p p. of aspergere, to
besprinkle. - L. as- (for ad) ; spar..f{ere, to
scatter.
Asphalt. (Gk.) Gk. ([(ftpa" TO~, ([(f</>a" T W , asphalt, bitumen.
A foreign word .
Asphodel . (Gk) Gk. dt1(p6 6."o~ . a
plant of the lily kind . D er . daffodil,
q. v .
A s phyxia, suffocation. (Gk .) Gk. a(f,p u,ia, a stopping of the pulse : cf. a
(fcpuIC Tor , without pulsation. - Gk. a-, not;
and (f</"Jtl ~, t he pulse, from (f'/>v'ftV, to pulsate; cf. (f</>u-YJl6~, pulsation .
A s pi re. \ 1:'. -L. ) F . nspirtr, to breathe,
covet , aspire to. - L. asp/nire, lit. to breath e
toward s. - L a- ( for ad" to; sjJrriire , to
breathe. D er. aspir-nte, v. to pronounce
with n full breathing.
A s s. ( c. - L.) M. E. asse. A. S. assa.
- Irish assan. - L. asimts; whence also
\\' . asyn , Swed . clma, Icel. asni. H ence
also (or from L. dimin. asellus) came I r ish
asal, Du. ezel, Dan . and t~ . esel, Goth.
nsilus. Prob. of Sem itic origin; cf. Arab .
alalt, H eb. iithiin , a she-ass.
Assail. ( F.-L.) M . E.asailen . - O. ro.
asaillir, to atta ck. - Late L. assalfre ; L.
assilire. - L. ad, to ; sallre, to leap, rush
forth . See S a.li'lnt.
Assart, the offtnce of gru bbing up trees
and destroying the coverts of a forest. (F.
- L.) F rom A. F. a.csnrter F. !Ssarter, to
gruh up, clear groun d of shrub, . - L. ex,
out , thorough ly; Latc L. sarta"e , freq uent .
of L. sarri'e. sarire, to g ru b up weeds.
Assassi n, a secret murderer. . ( F . A rah.) F.assassilt. F rom Arab. bashiislti1l,
pl.. e'",ters of' hashish,' the name of a
sect in the J 3th centu ry; the' O ld Man of
th e Mountain' roused his foll owers ' spirits
by help of this preparati on, and sent th em
to stab hi s enemies, esp. the lead ing crusaders . - Arab. '-'ashlsh , an intoxi cating
preparation from the dried leaves of Ca1l1labis indica, a kind of hem p. Cf. Arab.
'-'asMy , dry.
Assault. (F . - L.) O. F. assalt. _ L.

pp. of sal/re, to leap. See AlI8ail.

Assay, s. ; the same as Essay, q. v.
Assemble. (F.-L. ) O . F . assembler.
- Late L. assim1tltin , to collect (different
from L. assim ll la,-e, to feign ). - L. as- (for
ad ), to; simul, together.
Assent. (F. - L.) O . F . asstnlir - L.
assenttre, to assent, agree to. - L. as- (for
ad), to ; se'ltire, to feel, perceive.
Assert. (L.) From L. asstrttts , pp.
of asserere, to add to, claim, assert. _ L.
as- (for ad), to ; serere, to join, connect .
Asses s , to fix a tax. (F. - L. ) O. F .
assesser. - Late L. assessa"e , to sit as assessor, to assess ; cf. L. sb. assessor, one
who a rijustcd taxes ; orig. a judge's assistant, one who s~ t by him. - L. assessus,
pp. of assidi1oe, to sit near. See A ssize ( I ) .
Ass et s , sufficien t effects of a op.ceased
dehtor. ( F. - L.) O . F . assez (pron. assets),
sufficient (to pay with) ; proJ.lerly an ad".,
bu t, in E., mistak en to be a pI. sb. - L. ad
sat is, up to what is enou g h.
Asseverat e. (L.) L. asseueratus, pp.
of asselleriire, to speak in earnest. - L. as(for ad ), to : seub u s, earnest.
A s si duous. (L.) L. assidu ous, sitting
down to, apply ing closely to; with suffix
- dltS - L. assidere, to sit near. - L. as- (for
ad ), at , near; sedere , to sit. See Sit .
Assign. (F .-L.) O. F. assigmr. - I..
assignare, to assign , mark ont to. - L. as(for ad ), to; signiin, to mark , from sig num,
a mark, sign.
A s similate. (L.) F rom pp. of L. as sillliltire, to make like to. - L. ns- (for ad),
to ; similis, lik e. See Simila r.
Assis t. ( F. -L. ) F. assister. - L. assistere, to step to, approach, assist. - L. as(for ad ', to; sis/tre, to place, stan d, from
stare, to st and .
Assize (J ), a session of a court of justice.
(F .-L. l M . E. assise. - O. F . assise, an
assembly of judges ; also a tax , an im post.
P rot;ably fern. pp. of O. F. asseoir, to sit
near, assist a judge. - 1.. asside,.e, to sit
nea r ; see A ssiduous , A ssess.
assize (2 " a fix ed quantity or dim ension. ( F . -L ) O.F. assise, atax, im post;
the Late L. assisa was also used in the
sense of a fixed all owance of provisions.
The same word as the above. Another
form is Size, q. v.
Associate. (L .) F rom pp. of L. associiire, to join to. - L. as- (for ad-), to;
sociare, to join, associate. - L. socius, a

,s

ASSOIL

ATHWART

companion, lit. follower. - L. sequi, to

follow. See Sequence.
Assoil, to absolve, acquit. (F.-L. )
M. E. assoilen. - O. F . as(s)oi/le, pres. subj.
of assoudre, asoidre, to absolve. - L. abo
soluere, to absolve. - L. ab, from; soluere,
to loosen. See Solve. Doublet, absolve.
Assonant. , L.) L. assonant , stem of
asS01'UlnS, sounding like; pres. pt. of asson
tire, to respond to. - L. as- (for ad-), to ;
sontire, to sound, from son us, sOllnr!.
Assort. ( F.-L.) O. F. assortir, to
sort, assort, match (I ~th cen tury ). - O. F.
as (= L. as, for L. ad ), to; sort-, stem of
L. sors, lot. See S ort.
Assuage. (F. - L. j O. F. asollagier,
asoagier. to soft ell, appease; (P rov. asua
viar). - F. a (= L. ad), to; and L. mauis,
sweet. See Sua.ve.
Assume. (L. ) L. assiimcre (pp. assump/us), to take to oneself. - L. as (for
ad) , to; siimere, to take , which is from
emere, to take, wi th a prefi x of doubtful
origin. Der. assumpt-ion (from the pp. ).
Assure. (F.-L.) M.E. assurm. O. F. aseurer, to make secure. - O. F. a
(= L. aa ), to; seur. sure, from L. s~ciirus,
secure, sure. See Sure.
Aster, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. dm.qp, a
star. See Star.
asterisk. (Gk.) Gk. darfp,aKo~, a
little star, also an asterisk *, used for distinguishing fine, p~ssages in MSS. - Gk.
aarfp-, stem of aaTT'Jp, a star.
asteroid, a minor planet. (Gk. ) Properly an adj., signifying 'star-like.' - Gk.
dOTEpO- ft5f]~, star-like. - Gk. ciarfpo-, for
daTf]p, a star; and fr~-O~, form , figure.
Asthma, difficulty io breathing. (Gk. )
Gk. J.fTOfUl, panting. - Gk. aa{ftv, to breathe
hard. Cf. Gk. a'7}-tt , I blow. See Air.
Astir. (E.) For on stir ; Barbour's
Bruce, xix. 577.
Astonish, Astound. (F . -L.) The
addition of ish, as in exlingl4-ish, is due
to analogy with other verus in -ish . M. E.
aslonien, astlmiet:, astonen; whence later
as/ony, afterwards lengthened to aSIonish ;
also astound, by the addition of excrescent
dafter n, as in sound, from F . son . All
from O. F. es/oner (mod. F. ;tonner\ to
amaze. - Late L. *exlonare, to tbunder
out, from ex, out, and tonare, to tbunder.
Cf.L.altonan, to thunder at, astouud ( with
prefix at- for L. ad, at).
Astray. For on stray; Barbour's Bruce,
xiii. 195. See Stray.

Astriction. (L.) From L. acc. astricliottem, a drawing together. - L. astn'ctus, pp. of astrittgere; see Astringent.
Astride. (E.) For on (Ihe) slnde.
Astringent. (L.) From skm of pres_
pt. of astn1lgere, to bind or draw closely
together. - L. a- (fo r ad), to ; sln'ngere, to
dra w tigb t.
Astrol ogy. ( F.-L.-Gk.) F.astrologie. - L. astrologia, ( I) astronomy; (2)
astrology, or science of the stars. - Gk.
afTTpoAo1'ia, astronomy. - Gk. afTrpo-, for
aarp ov, a star; and -Ao1',a, allied to A6-yO~,
a d iscourse, from Af'YEtV, to speak.
Astronomy. (F.-L. - Gk .) F. astronolJlie. - L. astrollomia . - Gk. rifTr povo}-tia. - Gk. afTrpo-J', a star; and -vo}-tla,
allied to y6}-to~, law, from y<}-t ftV, to distribute .
Astute. (L.) L. astttlus, crafty, cunning. - L. astus, craft.
Asunder. ( E.) For on sunder. A. S.
onsunt/ra", apalt. See Sunder .
Asylum. (L.-Gk.) L. asjlum. - Gk.
(ifTVAOV, an asylum; nellt. of afTIJA o~, adj.
UlJ harmed, safe from violtn~e. - Gk. rio,
nut; and aVA." , a right of seizure; cf.
aIJAuOJ, I despoil an enemy.
Asymptote, a line which, indefinitely
produced, does not meet the curve which it
cont inually approaches. (Gk. ) Gk. riav }-t7frOJTO~ , not falling together, not coincident.
- Gk. rio , not; a V}-t, for fTVV, together; and
".rOJTo ~, fa lling, from ""trTftV ( pt. t. ".l1TTOJKa), to fall. (-v'PET .)
At. (E. ) M. E. at, A. S. a t. Ice!. at ;
Goth. at ; Dan. ad; Swed. at; L. ad.
Atabal, a kettle-drum. (Span. - Arab.)
Span. alabal. - Arab. at (for ai, def. article) ;
tabl, a drum.
Ataghan; see Yatagha.n.
Atheism. (Gk.) Coined from Gk.
aOf -o~, denying the gods, without a god;
with suffix -ism. - Gk. 0.-, negative prefix;
Of6~, a god.
Athirst. (E.) M. E. 0ftllurst, at/lurst,
very thirsty; orig. pp. of a verb. A. S.
iif)yrsted, very thirst) ; pp. of iif)yrstan, to
be very thi rsty. - A. S. oj, very (prefix);
and )yrstan, to thirst; see Thirst.
Athlete. (L. -Gk.) L. a/M~ta.-Gk.
d6A."r.q~, a combatan t, contender in games.
- Gk.aOAf-ftV,tO oontend for a pri ze. - Gk.
J. OA o ~ (for aFfOAO~), a conte. t; dOAOV (for
aFfOAOV ) , a prize. See Wed.
Athwart, across. For on thwart, on
the transverse, across ; see Thwart_

ATLAS
Atla.s. (Gk.) Named after Atlas, the
rlemi-god who was said to bear the worlel
on his shoulders; his figure used often to
appear on the title-page of atlases. - Gk.
'ATAar (gen. 'ATAa_Tor), prob. 'the sustainer' or bearer, from ""TEL, to bear.
atlantic, an ocean, named after Mt.
Atlas, in the N.W. of Africa. (Gk.) From
'ATAaVTt- , stem of' ATAar; with suffix
-/lor.

Atmosphere. (Gk.) Lit. 'a sphere

of air round the earth.' Coined from
dT/LO-, stem of dTJLOr, vapour, air; and
Sphere.
Atoll, a group of coral islands forming
a ring. (Maldive Islands.) 'We derive the
expression from the Maldive islands ...
where the form of the word is atoltt. It is
prob. connected with the Singhalese prep.
iitul, inside.' (Yule.)
Atom. ( F. -L.-Gk.) F.atome (Cot.) .
- L. atomus. - Gk. aTO/LOr, sb., an indivisible particie; allied to aTO/LM, adj., indivisi
ble. - Gk. a-, not; TOP.-, o-grade of TE/L-, as
5een in Tf/L-VEtv, to cut, divide.
Atone, to set at one, to reconcile. (E. )
Made up from the words at and one, and
clue to the frequent use of the phrase at
oon, at one (i. e. reconciled) in Middle
English. A I at 011 = all agreed; Rob. of
Glouc. p. 1I3. Tyndall has atone maker,
i. e. reconciler, Works, p. 158. Der. atonement, i. e. at-One'mmt; we actually find
th e word olzement, reconciliation, in old
authors; see Hall, Satires, iii. 7. 69.
Atrocity. (F.-L. ) F.atroeite, Cot.L. atrocitatem, acc. of atrocitas, cruelty. L. atroci-, from atroJC, cruel.
Atrophy. (Gk.) Gk. dTpo<{>la, want of
nourish ment or food , hunger, wasting away
of the body, atrophy. - Gk. d-, not ; ami
Tp'<{>ftV (pt. t. Tf-Tpo<{>-a) , to nourish.
Att&Ch. (F. - Teut. ?) O. F. attacheI',
to attach , fasten. - O. F. a, for L. ad, to ;
and (perhaps) a Low G. word with the
sense of E. tatk, a nail. See Tack. Cf.
Picard adaker , to attach; Bret. tacha, to
fasten, from tach , a tack, nail; and see
Detach, Atta.ck . Der. attach-ment.
attack. (F. - Ital. - Teut.?) F. altaqueI'. - Ital. attaccare, to fasten, attach;
attauare battaglia, 'to ioyne battell,'
Florio. Cognate with F. attacheI'; so that
attack is a doublet of attach.
Attain. (F.-L.) M. E . ateitten. O. F . atezc,,, pres. stem of altindre,
atail1dre, to reach to. - L. attingere, to

ATTORNEY
attain. - I .. al- (for ad) , to; tatzl:~re, to
touch.
attainder. (F . -L.) From the O. F.
ateindre, verb, to convict; used substanti vely; see above.
attaint, to convict. (F. - L.) From
M. E. atleynt, ateynt, convicted, whence
the verb has been evolved; orig. pp. of
O. F. ateindre (above). ~ In no way
allied to taint.
Attar of Roses. (Arab.) Also, less
correctly, otto of roses, i.e. perfume. - Arab.
'itr, perfume. -Arab. root 'a{ara, to smell
sweetly.
Attemper. (F.-L.) O. F . atemprer,
to modify. - O. F. a ( = L. ad), to ; temprer,
temperer, to temper. - L. temperare, to
apportion, regulate, qualify. See Temper.
Attempt. ( F.-L.) O. F. atmlj>ter,
to undertake. - L. attmftfre, to attempt.L. at- (for ad), to; tmlare, to try; see
Tempt.
Attend. (F.-L.) O. F. atmdre, to
wait. - L. attendere (pp. attentus), to
stretch towards, give heed to. - L. at (for
ad), to; tendere, to stretch. Der. attmtiol/. (from the pp.) ; attmt, adj., 2 Chron.
vi. 40, vii. 15.
Attenuate. (L. ) From pp. of L. attm uare, to make thin. - L. at- (for ad), to;
telm-is, thin. See Thin.
Attest. (L.) L. atteslriri, to be witness
to. - L. at- (= ad), to; testar;, to be
witness, from L. testis, a witness.
Attic, a smalll1pper room. (L. -Gk.)
It orig. meant the whole of a parapet wall,
terminating the upper fa yade of an edifice.
Named from the Attic order of architecture;
see Phillips, ed. 1706. - L. Attims. - Gk.
'A'TTtK6r, Attic, Athenian. Cf. F . atlique,
an attic; A ttique, Attic.
Attire. (F. - Teut.?) M. E. atir, atyt-,
sb. ; aliren, alynn, verb. - O. F. atirier,
to adorn (Roquefort ). - O. F. a ( = L. ad,
prefix) ; and O. F. tire, tiere, a row, file;
so that atirier is properly ' to arrange: Cf.
O. Provotiera, a row (Bartsch ). See Tier.
Attitude. (Ital.- L. ) Orig. apainter's
term, from Italy. - Ital. attitudine, aptness,
skill , attitude. _ L. aplitl,dim1ll, acc. of
aptitiido , aptitude. - L. aptus, apt.
Attorney. (F. - L.) M. E. attourne.
_ O. F. atonle [i. e. ato1"11{], lit. ' one appointed or constituted;' pp. of atonzer, to
direct , prepare, constitute. - F. a (= L. ad),
to; O. F. tortur, to tum, from L. tor
nare. See Turn.

ATTRACT

AUSTRAL

Attract. (L.) From L. attrartus, pp . an increase. - L. (wgfft, to increase. Sec

of attm/ure, to attract. - L. at- ( =ad), Auction.
to; Imhere, to draw.
Augur. (L. ) M. E. augur. - L. allgm-,
Attribute. (L.) From attrib1ltlls, pp. a sooth-sayer; said to mean a diviner by
of L. attribllere, to assign. - L. al- ( = ad), the flight and cries of birds. Hence a supto; tribmre, to assign ; see Tribute.
posed etymology (not certain) from allis, a
Attrition. (L. ) From L. acc. atlrl- bird, and -gllr, telling, allied to garrire, to
liii,zem, a rubbing or wearing away. - L. shout. Cf. L. au-eeps, a bird-catcher.
attrltus, pp. of alterere, to rub away. - L. August. (L. ) L. augu stus, "enerable ;
at- ( =ad), at; le,'ere, to rub. See Trite. when.:e E. augusl, "enerable, and August,
Attune, to bring to a like tune. (L. the month nam ed after Augustus Caesar.
and L.- Gk.) From L. at- ( =ad), to; Cf. Skt. ii/as, strength. Brugm . i. 213.
and E. Tune, q. v.
Auk, a sea-bird. (Scan d.) Swed. alka ;
Auburn. (F. - L.) M. E. aborne, alt- D:ln. alke; I cel. alka, iilka, an auk.
burne,ori~. citron-coloured or light yellow.
Aunt. (F. -L. ) M_ E. atmle. - A. F.
- O. F. albo1'1te,allbonu, blond (Godefroy). atmle ; O. F. anle (mod. F, t -anle). - L.
- Late L. albllrmtS, whitish, light- a1ll ila, a fathe r's sister. Cf. G. all/me, nurse.
coloured. Tomano explains Ital. albur1tO Aureate. (L.) Late L. aurealus, gilt,
by ' that whitish colour of women's hair from aureus, golden; in place of L. aucalled an aburll colonr.' Cf. L. alburnum, "iilus, gilded, pp. of aurare , to gild. - L.
the sap-wood or inner bark of trees aur u m , gold; O. L. aurum. D er. aw'(Pliny). - L albus, white.
elia , a gold, col oured chrysalis ; aur-eAuction. (L.) L . aucliiinem, acc. of o/.a , aur-e-ole, the halo of golden glory
aUdio, a sale by anction,l it. 'an increase,' in paintings; auriferou s, gold-producing,
because the sale is to the highest bidd er. - from ferre, to bear.
L. a l/clw, pp. of augen, to increase. See Auricula, a plant. (L.) L. auricula ,
Eke.
the lobe of the ear; used to mean th"
Audacious. (F . -L.) F. alldadeux, 'bear's ear,' a kind of primrose ; see below.
bold, audacious. - L. "audnciiislls, not
auricular, told in the ear, secret. (L.)
found; extend ed from L. audnri" from Latc I .. auriwltiris, in the phr. aurimlaris
alldax, bold. - L. auder!!, to dare.
con/e.rsio, auricular confession. - L. aun',
Audience. (F. - L. ) F. audietlce, 'an m Ia, the lobe o f the ear; double dimin.
audience or hearing;' Cot . - L. audi!!ntia , from auri-s, the ear. See E ar.
a hearing. - L. aIldiwt-, stem of pres. pt. Aurora, the dawn. ( L.) L. a ul'tJm ,
of audire, to hear. For *allisdire; cf. Gk. the daw n; from prehistoric *ausiisa. + Gk .
alu9iu9at, to perceive, for aFtu9fU9at . .tEolic avwr, Jon, ~wr, dawn , from preRT\lgm. i. 240.
hi storic *auuwr. See East.
audible. (L. ) Late L. aIld/bilis, that Auscultation, a listening. (L.) L.
can be heard. - L. audire, to hear.
auscullliliiinl!1ll, acc. of ausCllltnlio, a
audit. (L. ) From L. audit1lS, a listening; from the pp. of auswlla,'e, to
hear ing. - L. auaire, to hear; whence also listen. - L. *aus-, base of aut'is, the ear.
audi-Ior.
See Ear.
Auger. ,E. ) For nauger. M.E. ,laue- Auspice, favour, patronage. (F. -L.)
gar ( = navegar), Izauger, a tool for boring F. auspice, a token of things by the flight
holt's - A. S. na/ogiir, an auger, lit. nave- of birds, an omen, good fortune. - L. aupiercer, lvr boring holes in the nave of a spiciulll, a watching of birds for the purwheel. - A. S. '10/'1., a nave; ga,', a piercer, pose of augury. Short for *auispiciu1Jl. that which gores; see N ave (1 ) and L. aui-, for auis, a bird; and spicere,
Gore (3). Du. avegaOl' (for navegaar) ; speare, to spy, look into.
l cel. Ita/al'r ; Dan. l1aver; Swed . na/vare; Austere. (F . - L. - Gk .) M. E.
O. H. G. /labager.
auslere. - O. F. austere. - L. austin!.s,
Aught. (E .) M. E. akl, agltt, attglzt. harsh, severe. - Gk. aVuT1/p6., making the
.\. S. tiM, earlier ii1vikl; from ii, ever, and tongue dry, harsh. - Gk. av"", to dry.
1(,'/11, a creature, wight, whit; lit. 'e'er a See Sere.
whit.' See Whit.
Austral. ( F . -L.; orL.) We find F.
Augment. (F.-L.) F. attgllletller. - atlstrale, 'southerly ; ' Cot. - L. A mlriilis,
L.aug'llle11ttire,toeniarge. - L. augmentum, southerly. _ L . Austlr, the South wind.

31

AUTHENTIC

AVERAGE

Authentic. (F.-L.- Gk. ) M . E.aulentike , all/mlik . - O. F . au/en/ique, later

all/hm /ique (Cot.). - L. au/ltentim s,
origi nal, written with the author's own
hand. - Gk. aVIIEvT",eSf, vouched for, wllrranted, - Gk. aVIIIJlT'1f, also airro-fJlT'1f, one
who does things with h is own hand, a
, self- worker'; see Auto-. 13. Gk. ~JlT'1f
(for * (f<VT'1f ) is prob. allied to L . sons
(gen, sontis), guilty, responsible.
Author. \F. - L.) M . E. aulour,
atttor; latcr attthor (with /h once sounded
as t, but now as /h in thin) . O. F. autor
l Bar.t sch). - L. attclorem, acc. of auctor, an
originator, lit. 'increaser, grower: - L.
auglre, to increase. Cf. Auction.
Auto-, prefix. (Gk. ) Gk. aUTo- , stem
of aUTOf, self. Der. auto-biograplty, a
biography written by oneself (see Biography) ; autograph, something in one's
own handwriting, from Gk. 'Yp6.CPE'JI, to
write (see Graphic).
autocracy. (Gk.) Adapted (with
suffix -cy for Gk. -TE,a) from Gk. aUTo"paTElfl, absolute power. - Gk. airro-, self;
-"paTEla (in compounds), power; from
"paTEE"', to rule. - Gk. "paTVf, strong;
cognate with E. Hard.
automaton, a self-moving machine.
(G.) Gk. aUTop'(1.TOJl, neut. of aUToflaTof,
self-moving. - Gk. aUTo-, for aUTof, self;
and -flaTeSf, cognate with Skt. matas,
thought, considered, known, pp. of man,
to think. (",MEN.)
autonomy, self-government. (Gk.)
Gk. aUTovofl,a, independence. - Gk. aUTo1I0flOf, free , living by one's own laws. - Gk.
aUTo-, self; and VOflOf, law, from JlfflOjllll,
I sway, VE/"<I', to distribute.
autopsy, personal inspection. (Gk.)
Gk. aUTo"',a, a seeing with one's own eyes.
-Gk. aUTo-, self; i1f, sight (see Optic).
Auto-da-fe. (Port. -L.) Lit.' decree
of faith;' a judgment of the Inquisition,
also, the execution of such judgment, when
the decree or sentence is read to the
victims. - Port. alita, action, decree; da,
short for de a, of the ;/t, faith. [The Span.
form is ateto de p, without the article
la = Port. a.] - L. actum, ace. of actus,
act, deed ; de, prep.; iIla, fem . of iIle, he;
fidem, acc. of pdes, faith.
Autumn. (F.-L.) M.E. autumpne.
- O.F . aNtompne. - L . autumnus, attclumntis, autumn. I, Perhaps allied to aug ere,
to increase.)
Auziliary. (L.) L. auxiliiiritts,

helping, assisting. - L. auxilium, help. L . augere, to in::rease.

Ava.da.vat, a finch-like E. Indian bird.
( Arab. and Pers.) F ormerly amadauat
(N . E. D. ) ; or amudavad, N . and Q. 6
S. ii. 198. Named from the city of A hmedabad, whence they were im ported . _ Arab.
A hmed, a proper name ; Pees. abtid, a city.
Avail. (F . -L.) M .E. auailm ( =
availat ). Compounded of O. F. a, to ;
and vail-, tonic stem of O. F . valoir (valer ),
t o be of use. - L. ad, to ; uali:re, to be
strong.
Avalanche. (F . -L.) F . avalattc1te,
the de ;cent of snow into a valley. _ F.
avaler, to swall ow; but the old sense was
' to let fall down: - F. aval, downward,
lit. ' to the valley.' - F. a ( = L. ad), to;
val, yale, from L. uallem, acc. of uallis, a
valley.
Avarice. (F. - L.) M . E. auarice
(with u for v). - F. avan'ce. - L. auan'/ia,
greediness. - L. attarus, greedy; cf. L.
auidus, greedy. -L. auere, to wish, desire.
Avast, stop, hold fast. (Du.) Du. holt
vast, houd vast, hold fast. - Du. hou, short
form of hOlld, imper. of houden, to hold
(see Hold); and vast, fast (see Fast).
Avatar. (Skt.) Skt. avatara, descent j
hence, the descent of a Hinuu deity in
incarnate form. - Skt. ava, down; and t,.r,
to pass over, pass.
Avaunt, begone I (F. - L.) A. F.
avaunt; O.F. avallt, forward! See Advance.
Ave, hail. (L.) Short for Azte M aria,
hail, Mary (Luke i. 28). -L. atle, hail I
imper. sing. of auere, to fare well.
Avenge. (F.-L.) O. F. avC1tgier, to
avenge. - F. a (L. ad), to; vmgier , to
avenge, from L. ttindiciire, to lay claim
to, also, to avenge. See Vindicate.
Aventail, the mouth-piece of a visor.
(F. -L. ) A. F. aventaille ; O.F. esven/ail,
air-hole. - O.F. esventer, to expose to a ir. L. ex, out ; tlentus, wind. See Ventail.
Avenue. (F. -L.) F.avenue, advenue,
access; hence an approach to a house (esp.
one shaded by trees) ; fem. of avenlt, pp. of
F. avenir, to come to. - L . ad, to ; uenire,
to come.
Aver . .(F . -L.) A.F. andO.F.averer.
_ Late L. aueriire, adueriire, to affirm to
be true. - L. ad, to; uerus, true.
Average, an eq)la~estim ate. (F.)
F ormerly a duty; tax, im post; then, an
extra charge on goods, the incid ~nce of

32

AVERT

AWKWARD

iuch a charge, the general estimate or ledge, recognise. - L. ad, to; 1I0U71'C, to
apportionment of loss of goods, &c. call. ~ Another M. E. avowm, to bind
Formed, with suffix -age, from F. avar-ie, with a vow, to vow, is obsolete; see Vow.
now usually' damage' (cc. Span. averia, Doublet, aVlntdl (above) .
haben'a,' the custom paid for goods that Await. (F.-L. alldO. H. G.) o. F.
are exported' (Pineda), Port. and Ita!' awaitier, agaitier, to wait for. - O. F. a
avaria, Late L. avaria, averia). A ( = L. ad) , for; waitier, to wait, from
Mediterranean maritime term, orig. signify- O. H . G. wahtbl, to watch, from the sb.
ing' duty charged on goods' (G. P. Marsh, wahta (G. 1vacht), a watching. See Wait.
in N. E. D.). Origin unknown; perhaps Awake. Awaken. (E. )
M. E.
from Ita!' avere, havere, goods, chattels awakien, awaken j and awak,wI, awake(F. avoir), a sb. use of have1'c, haver (L. nm; both orig. intransitive. Two A. S.
habere), to possess. ~ Not from Arab. verbs nre cC'nfused; a1i'acia1l, wk. vb.:
'avar, damage, which is borrowed from and OIIWama1t, with wk. pres. t., but
strong pt. t. ol/woe, pp. O1twaee1l. The
ltn!. avaria, in a late sense.
Avert. (L.) L. a-ueriere, to turn away. prefix is either A- (2) or A - (4). See
- L. ii (= ab), off, nway; uertere, to turn. Wake, Waken.
Der. averse, fro m L. pp. iiuersus.
Award. vb. (F.-L. alld O. Low G.)
Aviary. (L.) L. auia1-ium, a place M. E. mvardm. - A. F. awarder; O. F.
for birds; neut. of adj. auiiirius, belonging eS1lJardu', esgardcr, to examine, adjudge. to birds. - L aui-, stem of attis, a bird.
O. F. es (= L. ex), out j O. F. 7IJarder, to
Avidity. (F. - L ) F. avidiN, greedi- ward, guard, from O. Low G., ns in O. Sax.
ness, eagerness.-L. auiditatem, ace. of ward5n (cf. G. wartm), to watch, gnard.
auiditiis, eagerness.-L. auidtts, greedy, See Ward, Guard.
desirous. -L. auert, to crnve.
Aware. (E. ) A corruption of M. E.
Avocation. (L.) From L. auoca- iwar, ywar, aware (common) ; from A. S.
#omm, ncc. of atlocatio, a calling nwayof gewar, aware. - A. S. ge-, a common
the attention, hence a diversion, amuse- prefix, not altering the sense j 1uar, ware,
ment j afterwards used in the sense of wary j see Wary.
employment. - L. auocalus, pp. of ii-uo(iire, Away. (E.) For OIL way, i. e. on
to call away. _ L. a (~ ab), from, away j one's wny, so as to depart. A. S. 011weg,
uocare, to call. See Vocation.
away. See Way.
Avoid. to shun. (F.-L.) M. E. Awe. (Scand.) M. E. a;e, aghe, awe.
atloiden (= avoidm), to empty, empty out, (Also ~e, (glu, C)le; all orig. dissyllabic.
get rid of j later, to keep away from, shun. The latter set are from A. S. ege, awe. ] - O. F. uvuidier, to empty out, ~et quit lcel. ap, awe, fear; DaD. ave. +A. S. ege ;
of. - O. F. u-, prefix (L. ex, out); and Goth. agis, fear, angnish; Irish eagal,
O. F. vuit, v uide (F. vide), empty, void. fear, lerror; Gk. axo~, anguish, affliction.
See Void.
(4/ AGH.) Der. awful.
Avoirdu]?ois. (F. - L.) Formerly Awkward. clumsy. (Scand. and E.)
avoir de POlS (Anglo.F. aveir de peis), Orig. aD adv., signifying 'transversely,' or
goods of weight, i. e. heavy articles. - F. 'in a backhanded manner.' M. E. awkavoir, goods, orig. ' to have j ' de, of j ward, awkwarl; 'atlkwart he couth him
O .F. pois,A.F.peis, weight.-L.hablre, ta' = he gave him a backhanded stroke,
to have; de, of; pensum, that which is Wallace, iii. 175. 13. The suffix -11'ardis
weighed out, neut. of pmsus, pp. of pen- E., as in jor-1IJard, ott-ward, &c. The
dere, to weigh. ~ The F. pois is now prefix is M. E. auk, awk, contrary, perverse,
wrong; this is a contraction of Ice!. ojugmisspelt poids. See Poise.
Avouch. (F. -L. ) M.E. avotlchen. [Swed. ajvltg, in WidegrenJ, like hawk
- O. F. avochier, to call upon as guarantor from A. S. hajoc. - lcel. JJft4gr, often con(Godefroy).-L. aduocare, to call to or tracted to ojgrt, adj., turning the wrong
summon (a witness).-L. ad, to; uocare, way, back foremost, contrary. y. Here
to call. Cf. Vouch.
oj- is for aj- , off, from, away; and -teg- is
avow. to confess, to declare openly. a suffix. Cf. O. H . G. ap,u!l, M. H . G. eb(F.-L.) M.E. avowen. -O.F . avouer, idl, turned away, perverse; from apa=
avoer. -L.aduocare,tocallupon;Med.L. , G. aI>, off, away, and the suffix -II . S.
to call on as pntron or client, to acknow- I Thus the ~en se of aWN is ' tllrned away' ;
33

AWL

BABE

{rom lcel. aj-, cognate with E. of, off, old edd. of Shak., /!cc. Origin uncertain;
perhaps a variant of Yea.
Gk. aTTO.
Awl. (E.) M.E .aw~/,au/[wealsofind Ayah, a native waiting.maid, in India.
ai, el]. A. S. awel, awul; perhaps cog- (Port. - L.) Port. aia, a nurse, governess
nate with L. aciil~us, a sting, spine, allied (fern. of aio, a tutor). Prob. from L. auia,
to L. aeus, a needle. ~ The A. S. al or a grandmother. - L. a,lms, a grandfather.
/11, an awl, seems to be a dis tinct word, Aye, adv., ever. (Sc.'lnd.) M. E. ay. and allied to lcel. aIr; G. ahle; Skt. ani Icel. ei, ever.+A. S. a, ever, also awa;
Goth. aiw, ever, case-forms from Teut.
(Kluge).
Awn. (E. ) M. E. agune ( 13th cent. ), *aiwoz (Goth. aiws) , an age, which is
awene, awne. A. S. pI. agnan, Corp. Gl. allied, t~ ~ ', a!UUTII, Gk. ruwv, an age. Cf.
+ Ice!. iign, chaff, a husk; Dan. avne, Gk. alft, afl, ever.
chaff; Swed. agn, only in pI. ag,zar, Aye-Aye, a kind of lemur. (F . - Madahusks; Goth. a/lana; O. H. G. agana, gascaL) F. aye-aye, supp. to Littre.
chaff. Cf. Gk. pI. axvot, chaff; O. L. From the native name ai-ay in Madagasag1lf1, a straw.
car; said to be named from its cry.
Awning. (0. F.? ) In Sir T. Herbert's Azimuth. (Arab.) A zimuthal circles
Travels, ea. 1665, p. 8; the proper sense are great circles on the sphere that pass
seems to be 'a sailor tarpauling spread through the zenith. Properly, azimuth is
above a ship's deck, to keep off the sun's a pI. form, answering to Arab. as-samiit,
heat.' Perhaps from O. F. auvan, auvant, ways, or points lor quarters) of the horizon;
mod. F. aI/vent, 'a penthouse of cloth from al samt, 5ing., the way, or po int (or
before a shop-window;' Cot. Cf. Provo quarter) of the horizon. - Arab. ai, the;
anvalt, Late L. altlevallna, auvamta, and samt, a way, quarter, direction; whence
ava,wa . Perhaps from L. ante, before; also E. zenith. See Zenith.
lIanmtS, a fan (fern. sb. l.
Azote, nitrogen. (F.-Gk.) Socalled
Awry. (E.) For Olt wry, on the twist; because destructive to animal life. - F.
Barbour, Bruce, iv. 705. See Wry.
azote. - Gk. a-, negative prefix; (w'Ttlc6$,
Axe, Ax. (E.) M. E. ax, ex. A. S. ax, preserving life, from (w~, life, 'aEtv, to
older fo rms aeus, acus. + Du. aaks; Ice). live.
ox , ox;; Swed. yxa; Dan. oxe; Goth. Azure, blue. (F . -Arab.-Pers.) M . E.
akw;zi ; O. H . G. aeelms; G. axt; L. aseia asttr , azure. - O. F. azur, azure; a cor(if for *aeseia ) ; Gk. ti[iv~ .
rupted form, standing for lazllr, which was
Axiom. (Gk. ) XV cent. - Gk. a(iwJloo mistaken for I'azur, as if the initial I
(gen. ti[tWJ1.'1.TOS), worth, quality.; in science, indicated the def. article; Low L. lazur,
an assumption. - Gk. a,t';W, I deem worthy. an azm ecolomed stone, also call ed lapis
- Gk . ",LOS, worthy, worth, lit. 'weighing lazuli. -Arab . ltizward (see Del'ic) . - Pers.
as mu ch as.' - Gk. cl)'EtV, to dri"e ; also, to ltijulIJard, lapis lazuli, a hlue colour. So
called from the mines of Lajwurd , where
weigh. (.vAG.)
Axis, axle. (L.) L. axis, an axis, axle- the lapis lazuli was found ( Marco Polo,
tree. + Gk. a!wv; Skl. aks/la, an axle, ed . Ville).
wheel, cart. Cf. also A. S. tax, an axle;
Du. as; G. aellse; Russ. os'; Lith. aszis.
B
(.vAG, to drive.) See below.
axle. (Scand.) M. E. axel. [A. S. has
eaxl, bu t ollly with the 5euse of shoulder.] Baa, to bl eat. (E. ) In Shak.; an imita- Ice!. o'x u ll, axis ; when ~e oXlll-tre, an tive word .
axle- tree ; Swed. and Dall. axel, axl e. Babble. (E.) M. E. babdell, to prate,
/3. It is a dimin. of the form appearing mum ble, chatter. Th e suffix Ie is frein 1,. ax is ; see Axis. C f. \\' . eelul, axle. gl1entative; the word means ' to keep on
D er . axle I ra , where tree is a bl ock of saying ba, ba,' syllables imitati ve of a ch ilcl's
wood.
attempts to speak .+ Du. /labbe/CIl; Dan.
Ay! in terj. (E. ) M. E. ey! A natural bable ; IceL baMla ; (;. bappel.. ; ~nd cf. F .
interjection. ~ The phr. ay me is Fren ch; babiller.
O. F. ayllli, alas for me! Cf. ltaL ahilllf , Babe. (E. ) M. E. /Jab, ea rliest forn.
Span . ay di me, Gk. otJloOt. See Ah.
/laball . ProbaLlydue to infa ntile utterance;
Ay, Aye, yea, yes. (E.?) Spelt I in ! cf. Babble.
34

BABIRUSA, BAB I ROUSSA

BAIRN

Babirusa, Babiroussa, a kind of

wild hog. (Malay.) Malay Mbt ntsa,
lit. ' deer-hog,' or 'hog like a deer'; from
rttsa, deer, and babi, hog.
Baboon. (F. or Low L.) O. F . babui1l,
F. baborti1t; we also fi nd M. E. habioll,
babia1l, babewine; Low L. babew)'1tus, a
baboon (A. D, 1295) ' Origin ullcertain.
Cf. O. F. babou, a grimace (Codefroy).
1'rob. from the motion of the lips. Cf.
Babble.
Ba.ccha.na.l. (L.-Ck.) L.BacdullIlllis,
a worshipper of Bacchus, god of wine. Ck. BaItXo~, god of wine.
Bachelor. (F. -L.) M. E. bacheler. 0 . 1<'. bache/cr . - Late L. *baccaltiris, bnt
only found ~ baccalarius, a holder of a
small farm or estate, called in Late L.
baccalaria . Remoler origin unknown, and
much disputed. Hardly from Late L.
bacca, for L. uaaa, a cow.
Back. ~ E.) 1\1. E. bak. A. S. bo?C.+
Ieel. bak; O. Sax. bak; O. Fries. bek.
Der. a back, q. v.; back-Mte, M. E. bakbitClt (P. PI. B. ii. 80 ) ; bark-ward, M. E.
bac7tJard (Cursor Mundi, 2042 ) .
baclatammon, a game. (E.) In
Butler's Rudibras, pt. iii. C. 2. The sense
is back-game,' bem use the pieces, when
taken , are put !Jack. See gammon ( 2).
Bacon. (F. - Teu!. ) M. E. bacon. - O. F.
baeo,,; Low L. baco. - O. H . G. bacha,
M. H. G. bach~, !Jutlock, ham, a tlitch of
bacon. Cf. C . bache, a wild sow; M. Du.
bak, a pig; M. Dan. bakke, a pig.
Bad. ( E.) M. E. badde . Formed from
A. S. baddel, s., a hermaphrodite; and
allied tu A. S. b,edlillg, an effemina te
man.
Badge. (Unknown. ) M.E . bage; Prompt.
Parv. Low L. bagia, bagea, signum , insigne quoddam;' Ducangc; apparently,
a Latin version of the E. word. Origin
unknown.
bad~er. (Unknown.) Spelt bageard
in Sir 'J . More; a nickname for the brock.
Dr. Murrnyshews that badger = animal with
a badge or stripe. See above.
Badinage, jesting talk. (F.- Prov. L.) F. badi1lage. - F . badi1ter, to jest. F. badin, adj., jesting. - ProVo bader (= F.
bayer), lit. to gape ; hence, to be silly. Late L. hadare. to gape; prob.of imitative
origin, from ba, expressive of opening the
mouth. Cf. Babble.
Ba.1Ile, to foil , disgrace. (F . ?-G.?) A
Scotch word, as explained in Hall's Chron.

Hen. VIII, an. 5. To baff/lll is' a great

reproach among the Scotle~'; it means to
disgrace, vilify. cr. Lowland Sc. bauch/e
(XV cent. bach/e), to vilify. Origin doubtful; but cf. F . bejJler, to deceive, mock
(Cot.), bafouer (Cot. baffouer, to baffie,
revile, disgrace) ; allied to Ital. be.ffare, to
lIout, scoffe (Florio), from bcjfa, a scoff;
Norman F. baffir, to slap in the face;
Provo bafa, a scoff. Prob. from M. H. G .
b~(fm, to scold; cf. G. biiffm, Du. baffin,
to bark, yelp ; of imitative origin, like
Du. paf, a pop, a box on the ear.
Bag. (Scand.) M. E. bagge. - Icel. baggi,
O. Swed. bagge, a bag, pack, bundle. Not
found elsewhere in Teutonic. (Gael. bagis
from E.)
bagatelle, a trille, a game. (F. - Ita\.
- Teu t. ) F. bagatelle, a trifle. -Ital. bagatlelia. a tritle, dimin. of Parmesan bagata,
a little property; from Lombard baga,
a wine-skin, of Teut. origin; see Ba.g,
baggage (I ) .
baggage ( 1" luggage. ; F .- Scand.)
M . E.oaggage, bag age. - O.F.bogage, acollection of bundles. - O. F . bague, a bundle.
baggage (2) , a worthless woman. (F.
- Scand.) The same as Baggage ( 1) , in a
depraved sense. Perhaps inlluenced by F .
bagasse,' a baggage, quean,' Cot.; Ital.
bagascia,' a baggage-wench;' Florio.
Bail ( I ), security; as verb, to secure.
( F. -L. ) O. F. bail, s. custody; from
bailler, a law term, to s!cure, to keep in
custody. -L. biiiuliire, to carry a child
about, to take charge of a child. - L.
baiulus, a porter, carrier.
ba.ili1f. (F . - L.) M. E. hai/if. - O. F.
baillif, Cot. - Late L. baJitlivum, ace. of
bajulivus, a custodian, &c. - L. Miulare
(above).
bailiwick. (F . - L.; a1ld E .) From
M. E. baili, short for bailif (above) ; and
M. E. wik, A. S. 7IJic, a district; hence,
'district of a bailiff;' later, office' of the
same.
Bail ( 2), a bucket. See Bale (3).
Bail (3), at cricket. (F. - L.l) O. F. bail,
an ironpointed stake; Godefroy adds that
ill the arrondissements of Vervins and
Avesnes, bail is the name of a horizontal
piece of wood fixed upon two Slakes.'
Perhaps from L. baml1l1Jl, a stick.
( Doubtful.)
Bairn, a child. (E.) M . E. barn. A. S.
bearn.
Icel., Swed., Dan., and Goth .
barn. Lit.' that which is born;' Teul.

35

BAIT

BALLAST

type */,an .om, neut. sb., from bar, 2nd Ba.lderdash, poor stuff. (Seand.1) It
grade of /I(r-an, to hear; with suffix -110-. formerl y meant a jumbled mixture of
liquors. Cf. Dan. balder, noise, clatter ;
See Bear ( I) .
Bait, to feed. (Scane\.) Lit.' to make and daske, to slar, lIap. Hence it appears
to bite;' a bait is ' an enticement to bite.' (like slap-dash ) to have meant a confused
~L E. baitm, bdtm. - Ice!. beita, to make noise; secondarily a hodge- podge (Hallito bi te, causal of /lita, to bite; Swed. beta, well) ; and generally, any mixture. (Un to pasture; Swed. bete, Dan. b'ed, a bait. certain.)
See Bite.
B aldric, a girdle. (F. - M. H . G. Baize, coar,e woollen stuff. (F . - L.) L.) O. F. *baldrie (not recorded ), older
An error for bay"s, pI. of F . {I(.ye, ' the form of O. F . baldret, baldrei; Low L.
clot h called baycs;' Cot. - O. F. bai , bay- baldringus. - M. H. G. baldench, a girdle;
colo ured. - L. baditts, bay. From the orig. extended from O. H. G. balz, a belt. - L.
colour. Cf. Span . bayo, bay, bayeta, balteus, a belt. See Belt.
Bale ( I), a package; see B all ( 2)_
baize ; &c. See B a.y ( r).
Bake. (E. ) M.E.bakm . A.S.baean, Bale (2), evi!. (E.) M. E. bale. A.S.
pt. t. bOe, pp. bacm. + Icel. and Swed . bealtt, balu, evi\.
O. F ries. and O. S.
baka: Dan. bage ; Dl1. bakkm; G. baekClt; balu; Ice\. MI, misfortune; O. H. G.
balo, destmction. Teut. *ba/wo1ll , neut. of
cf. G k. c(>WYftV , to roast. (1/ BHOG. )
Bakshish, Backsheesh, a present, *bahooz, adj. evil; cf. Goth. balwawesei,
small gratl1ity. (Pers.) Pers. bakhsh.' s/. , wickedness. Der. bale-fu l.
a grat uity; from /laklt"hidall , to give; Bale (3), to empty water out of a ship.
baksh, a share, portion. Cf. Zend. /laks/z, (F. -Teut.) XVII cent. It means to
to distribute ; Skt. Maj, to divide.
empty a ship by means of bails, i. e.
B a.lance. (F. -L. ) M. E. bala1lce. - buckets. - F. bailie, a bucket. Cf. Du.
F. balance, ' a ballance, pair of weights or balie, a tub; Swed. balj a, Dan. baIlie, G.
ballances ; ' Cot. Cf. Ital. bilalzeia. - L. balje, a tub. - L'lte Lat. *baeula (Diez),
bilallcem, ace. of bilaux, having two scales. dimin. from Du. bak, M. Du. back , a trough.
_ L. />i-, for bis , double, twice; and la1tx, Ba.lk (I ), a beam, ridge of land. (E.)
a cli,;h, phtter, scale of a balance.
M. E. balke. A. S. balea, a ridge, heap;
Balas-ruby, a variety of ruby, of a which explains balked = laid in heaps,
(F. - 1 Hen. IV, i. I. 69.
O. Sax. balko, a
pale rose-red or orange colour.
Low L. - Arab. - Pers. ) Formerly balais. beam; D u. balk, a beam, bar; Swed. ball:,
_ F. balais; Med. L . balascus, balascius. - a beam, partition; G. balken. Tent. stem
Arab. balaMsh, a rnby (Devic ). - Pers. *balkolt-, a bar. Cf. Phalanx.
badakhshi, a ru by ; named from lladakhba.lk ( 2), ba.ulk, to hinder. (E .)
shan, N. of the river Amoo (Oxus).
M. E. balken. T o put a balk or bar in a
Balcony. (Ital. - Tent.) Ital. ba/colle, man's way.
palcone, orig. a stage. - O. H . G. balclto, a Ball ( I) , a spherical body. (F. beam. + 0. Sax. balko, a beam. See Balk( I). O. H . G .) M. E. bal, ba/le. - F. balle. Ba.ld. (C. ) M. E. balled; the orig. M. H. G. balle, O . H. G. ballo (G. ball),
sense was ' shining, white,' as in 'bald- a ball, sphere. Ice!. biilb.
facet/stag,' a stag with a white streak on
bale ( I ), a package. (F . -O. H . G.)
its face; cf. provo E. ball , a white-faced M. E. bale. - F. bale, a ball, also a pack ,
horse. - Gael. and Irish bal, ball, a spot, as of merchandise; Cot. The same as F.
mark, speckle (properly a white spot or balle, a ball; hence, a ronnd package.
streak) ; Bret. bal, a white streak on nn Ball ( 2), a dance. (F. -Late L.) F.
animal's face; W. bali, whiteness in a bal. _ F. baller, to dance. - Late L. ballare,
horse's forehead. Cf. Gk. qxlAws , white, to dance.+ Gk. j3aAAi(flV, to dance.
cpaAfll<p6s, bald -headed; Lith.baltas, white.
balla.d. (F. -Prov.-Late L. ) M. E.
Balda.chin ( pronounced haoldakin or balade. -0. F . oalade ; F. ballatk. - P rovo
breldakin), a canopy over an altar, throne, balada, a song for dancing to.-Late L.
&c. (F. or Ital. - Arab.) F. baldaquin ; ballare, to dance.
Ita!. baldaakino, a canopy, tester, orig
Ballut, a load to steady a ship. (Scand.
hanging. or tapestry made at Bagdad. - or O. Low G.) Thr~e forms are found:
Ita!. Baldaao, Bagdad. _ Arah. Baghdad, (I) O. Dan. oar/ast, I.e. bare load, mere
Ragda!\.
i weight, Swed. bar/asl; ( 2) O. Low G.
36

BALLET

BANG

ballast, I. e. 'bale last,' useles. load, Du., i L.jJlIl<I, a rumour. (.v HHA.) llru~lII .
Dan., E. Fries. ballast; (3) Dan. bag last, i. 559.
i. e. back load. Of these. ( 3) seems due to Banana, the plantain-tree. (Span .)
p opular etymology ; and (2) arose out of Span . ballam" fruit of the banal/o; said to
( I). See Last (4) ; also B are , Bale ( 2), be of African origin (from Guinea).
Back. Cf. M. Du . bal-daedt, evil deed Band (I) , Bond. (Scand.)
M. E .
(Hexham ) .
baud; variant, bond. - Ice!. band; Swed.
Ballet. (F. - Late L.) F . ballet, dimin. band; Dan. baalld ; cf. Du. and G. band.
of bal, a dance. See Ball (2 ).
Teut. *ba1Idom, n.; from band, 2nd grade
Ba.lloon, a large ball. (F. - O. H . G. ) of bi1ld-all, to bind; ~e Bind. Allied to
Formerly balooll, a ball used in a game like A. S. bm", Goth. bam/i, a bnnd. Cf. Skt.
football; (also ba/lolle, from Ital. ballolte, balldha, a binding. Der. band age (F .
in Florio) . - O. F. balolt, 'a little ball, or baltdage); band box ; batrdog, q. v.
pack; afootbaUorbaloon;' Cot. Mod.
band ( 2) , a company of men. (F.F. ballolt; Span. balo11; Ital. pallone; T eut.) F . band~; Cot.; whencc G. ballde,
augmentative form of F . balle, &c., a ball. a gang, sct. - Low Lat. banda, a gnng;
See Ball ( I) .
allied to Low L balldulII, a banner. See
ba.llot. (Ita1. -0. H. G. ) Ital. ballot- Banner and Bind .
tare, 'to cast lots with bullets, as they Bandann a , a silk handkerchief with
vse in Venice;' Florio. - Ital. brrllotla, a white ;pots. (Hind .) Hind. bi;lIdhnii, 'a
little ball used for voting; dimin. of Ital. mode of dyeing in which th e cloth is tied
balla, a ball. See Ball ( I ).
in different places, to prevent th e parts tied
B alm. (F. - L. - Gk.) A modified from receivin g tbe dye ... a kind of ~i lk
spelling; M. E. basllle, bame, baullle. cloth;' Shakespear's Hind. Dict.
O. F. baslllt . - L. balsa1l1wlI. - Gk. {3uAua- B andicoot, a large lndian rat. (Telugu. ~
p.ov, fragrant resin of thc {3aAuap.o< , or Tclugu pa1ldi-kokkll, lit. pig-rat (Yule) .balsam-tree.
Prob. Semitic; cf. H cb. Tel. pa1ldi, a pig, kokktt. a rat.
Msam, balsam.
B an dit. (lt a1.- 0 . H. G. ) In Sh.balsam. (L. - Gk.) L. balsa1l/ulII ; ltal. bandito, outlawed, pp. of bandi1-e, to
as aboye.
proscribe. - Low L. bamrln, to proclaim.
Baluster, a rail of a staircase, small - O. H. G . bannatl. to summon; whence
column. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) F . bahlS- O . H. G . ban, cognate with E . ban.
tre; baltlStres, 'ballisters, little, round , B an dog, a large dog. (E.) Orig.
and short pillars, ranked on the ou tsides of ballddog, a dog that is tied lip. See
cloisters, terraces,' &c. ; Cot. - Ital. balates.. ,' Prom pt. l'arv. p. 43. See Band ( I ).
Iro, a baluster ; so called from a fancied
Bandy, t o beat to and fro, contend.
resemblance to the Rower of the wild iF. - T ellt. Orig. to balld (Turtervile).pomegranate. - Ital. balattsto, balattstm , F . bauder, 'to bind; also, to ball die, at
the Rower of the pom egranate . - L. balaus- tcn nis ;' Cot. Se ba1rder, to lengue against.
lill1ll. - Gk. {3aAavuTtov, the flower of thc - F. balld..-, a band; see Band (2).
bandy-leg ged, bowlegg(d. ( F.wild pomegranate. Der. balltstr-ade, F.
balustrad., from Ital.balallsfrata, furnished Tcut. and Scand.) Prob. from batldy, forwith balusters.
merly tbe name of a bent stick for playing
B amboo. (Malay - Canarese.) XVI a game ca lled bandy, in which a ball was
cent. Malay oambrf. - Canarese banbu, bam/ied about. See above.
or bmlwu, bamboo.
Bane, harm. (E.) A . S. batra, a murBamboozl e. to hoax. (Unknown.)
derer, banc.+O. Sax. and O. H. G . bano;
Ban , a proclamation. (E.) Chiefly in Ice\. ba1ri, Dan. and Swed. batte, death ,
the pI. banlts (of marriage) . M. E. ban. murder. Teut. stem *bal1on -, m. Cf. Goth.
A. S. gebtltm, a proclamation (the prefix baltja, a wound. D er. /1a1u-fttl.
g~- making no difference). Cf. A . S. abanBang ( I ), to beat. (Scand. ) In Sh.
nan, to summon, order out. Influenced - leel. ballga, Dan. ballke, to beat; O.
by O. F . ban, of G . origin (as below). + Swed. b!illg , Ice\. bang, a hammering. cr.
Du. bmt, excommunication; Ice!. and G. bmgel, a cudgel.
Swed. bmm, Dan. band, O. H. G. ban, a Bang (2), a narcotic dnlg. (Pers. ban. All from T eut. strong vb. *ba1lIZQIl- , I Skt.) Pers. ball;;. - SkI. bha1lga, hemp; the
to proclaim; a. ill O. H. G. bannan. Cf. , dntg bciul,; madc from the wild hemp.

37

BANGLE

BARBAROUS

Bangle, n kin d of bracelet. ( H ind .)

lli nd. /langl'l, a b racelet, bangle. tH o I-l.
Wil son.)
Banian; sec Banyan.
Banish. (F. - 0. H. G.) M. E. batiis.
shen. - O . F. banis-, stem of pres. part. of
baniI', bantlir, to proscribe. - Low L. bannire, to proclaim; see Bandit.
Ba.nisters; a corru ption of Balusters .
Ba.njo, a six-stringed musical instrument. \ l tal.-Gk.) A negro corruption
of bmtdo re, balldorn, or patu{ore. - I tal.
pandora , a musical instrument, usually
with three strings. - Gk. -rravoovpa, the
same. Perhaps of Egypt. orig.
Ba.nk (1) , a mound of earth. (Scand .)
M. E. banke. - O. Scand. *ballke, orig.
form of Icel. bakki, ridge, eminence, bank
of a river ; cf. Dan. bak!..e, Swed . backe,
hank; whence also Norman F. banque, a
bank. Teut. stem *bankOtl-. Cf. O. Sax.
and Du. bank, O . H. G. bandt, A. S. betIC,
a bench (see B ench).
ba.nk ( 2), for money. (F. - Teut.) F .
I>anque, a money-changer's table or bench.
-M. Du. banck, M. H .G. batlC, a bench,
table. See above.
bankrupt. (F. - Ital. - Tent. ami
1,.) Modified from F. bmlquer(lute, bank nlptcy, by a knowledge of the relati on of
th e word to L. rttpttlS, broken. - Ital. b(11lca
l'ot/a, a broken bank, due to the moneychanger's failure. - M. H. G. bane, a bench
(see above); and L. rupta, fern. of ,'uP/us,
pp. of rtlmpere, to break.
Banner. (F .-Tell!' ) M . E. b(mere.
-0. F. bamre (Sllpp. to Godefroy , s. v.
bmtiere) , also bam ere. - Low L. *battdiiria
tD lI callge gives balldlria ), a banner. - Low
L. bandulIl , bannum, a standard . From
a Tellt. (Langobardic) source; cf. Goth.
Ooni7l1a , a sign, token. 'Uexi11um, quod
ba11du1Il appellant;' Paulus, de Gut is
J.angob. i. 20. Prob. allied to Band (I )
and Band (2).
banneret, orig. a knight wh o had
men under his own banner. (F . -Teut.)
M.E.banerd. - O . F.balleret (F . banmret) ;
lit. ' bannered .' - O. F.bamre (above) ; with
suffix -et = L. pp. -iitus.
Be.nnock, a cake. (C.-L.?) Gael.
bamtaelz , a cake. Perhaps from L. pattid u m, a t hing baked ; from piini-s , bread.
Ba.nns, pI. of Ban, q. V.
Banquet. (F.-ItaL-Teut.) F.bOllqUe! . -hai. balldletto (Torriano), a feast ;
also a bench; dimin . of batuo, a bench . -

M. H . G. /)all(, a bencb , table; sec bank

( 2).

Banshee, a fem ale spirit su pposed to

warn families of a death. (C.
Gael.
beansllith , a banshee, from Gael. llean , a
woman; sitlz , a fairy ; O. Iri sh ban -side,
fairi es ( Windi sch, S. v. side), from O .Ir.
ben ( = E. quean ), a woman, side, fai ries.
Bantam. (Java. ) A fowl from Bal/ tam ,
in Java.
Ba.nter, raillery. (Unknown.)
Bantling, an infant. (G. ?) Prob.
considered as bal/d-ling, one wrapped in
swaddling bands; with double dimin.
suffix -t-itlg; hut really no adaptation of
G. bii"k/i1lg (with the same sense as batlkart), an illegitimate child; from batIk, a
bench; i. e. 'a child begotten on a bench ,'
not in the marriage-bed (Malll\). Cf.
bank (2).
Banya.n, a tree. (Port.-Skt.) An
English, not a native nam e for the tree. So
called because used as a market-place for
merchants or 'bannyans,' as we termed
them; see Sir T. Herbert, Travels, ed.
1665,PP.51 , 123. -Port.ba1liall,anlndian
merchant. - Skt. bant/, a merchant.
Ba.oba.b, a tree. (African. ) Thc native
name in Seneg~1 (Adanson) .
Ba.ptise, Baptize. (F . -L.- Gk.)
Formerly baptise; M. E. baptism . - O. F.
baptiser. - L. baptiziire. - Gk. flmrriC .. v ;
from fl/urTftV, to dip. Der. baptist Gk.
flaTTTt(!T~S, a dipper; baptism, Gk. flJ TTTIU'
pn , fl6.1r'T1UfIOS, a dipping.
Ba.r, a rail. ( F.-LateL.) M.E. barre.
- 0 . F. ba,rc. - Late L. barra, a bar.
Ba.rb ( I ) , hook on an arrow . (F.-L. )
F. barbe. - L. barba , a beard . Hence O. F.
jleS(he ba,'belte, 'a bearded or barbed
arrow;' Cot. See B eard .
barbel, a fish. (F . -L.) M. E. bat
belle. - O . F. barbel. - F. barbeau. - L. barbdlus, dimin . of barbus, a barbel. - L.
barba, a beard. ~ Named from four
beard-like appendages near the mouth.
barber. ( F.- L.) M. E . barbour.A. F . barbour, with sllffix -our = Lat. acc.
-atorem ; cf. O. F. barbier, a barber.
- F. barbe, a beard ; from L. barba,
beard.
Ba.rb ( 2) , a horse. ( F . - Barbary.) F.
barbe, a Barbary horse; named from the
country.
Ba.rba.rous. (L.-Gk) L. barbarou s ;
with suffix -OtiS. - Gk. flap'3n p' s. foreign .
lit. stammering; a name given by Greeks

38

BARBED

BARRATOR

to express the strange sou nd of foreign for storing. A. S. IXrll is fur *rall(ll\
cognate with Ice!. ra1llt ; see B an sack.
languages. Cf. L. "al/lUs, stamm ering.
Ba.rbed, accoutred, armed; said of l Ba.rm ( I ), yeast. (E .) M. E. bel'lllc.
horses. (F. - Scand.?) Also (more cor- A: S. bcor1lla:. Low G. bal/II ; Swed.
rectl y), ba,d~d. - F. bardt, ' barbed as a Imrma ; G. bamu . T eut stem *benlloll- ;
horse,' Cot. - F. ba.-de, horse-arm our. _ ! perhaps allied to Ferment.
I cel. bar~, a brim, edge; also, a beak i Barm ( 2), the lap. (E. ) M. E . bar1Jl .
or armed prow of a warsh ip (cf. bartJt', a I A. S. bean ll, Inp, bosom.+ O. Sax. , Swed.,
shield) ; whence it may have been applied , Dan. barm; I ce1. barmr; Goth. barms.
to horses (Diez).
i T ell t. type *barllloz; fr om har -, 2nd grade
Barbel, Bal'ber; see Barb ( I ).
: of hcr-an, to bear ; see Bear ( I) .
Ba.rberry, Berberry, a shrub. I Barn. (E.) See Barley.
(Med. L.) f 'rom Med. L. oarbm-is, a bar- ' Barnacle (I ), a kind of goose. ( 1'. berry-tree ; of unknown origin. Hence Med. L. ~ Di min. from F . bema que (Cot.) ;
also M. F. berb~ris, Sp. berben's, and even Med . 1.. "enlam. 'Ben lncff, nnes aucis
mod . Arab. ba,biiris. ~ The spelling I palustribus similes ; ' Ducange. Used by
should be berbery or baroary; no con- : Giraldus Cambrensis. Cf. Port. bC1'11ara,
nexion with oeny.
berllaeha ; Span. bemic/a (Neuman). (See
Ba.rbican. (F.) M. E . barbialll. - F . Max Miill er, Lectures, 2nd Series.)
oarbaealle, a barbican or outwork of a
barnacle (2 ), a sort of ~ h ell-fi sh . (F.
castle; also, a loop-hole ; al so, an outlet ' - Med. L. ) The same as Barnacle ( I ).
for water. Hardly from Arab. bar bakh, See N . E. D.; and Max Miiller, Lect. on
an aqueduct, a.sewer (Devic).
Science of Language, ed. 7, ii. 583.
Ba.rd. (C.) v.'. bardd, Irish and Barnacles, spectacles , orig. irons pllt
Gael. bm-d, a poet. Cf. Gk. ",paCftV, to ' on the noses of horses to keep them quiet.
sJ'Cak.
(F. ) The sense of ' spect acl es ' is late.
Ba.re. (E.) M. E. oar. A. S. blXr.
and due to a hum orous allusion. M. E. berI ce!. ben' ; G. bar, bam'. Teut. type ! Ilak , dimin. Ilerna/cill. ' fia'Ilak for hor"
*bazoz ; cf. Lith. b(uas, O. Slav. oost';, ! hem aNll, C hamu s' (i. e. L. t"a1J/us) ; Plompl.
barefooted.
Par\,. We find oemac in A . F. (in an
Ba.rgain. (F. - Late L.) M. E. bar- Eng. MS.) ; Wrigh t's Vocah. i. 100, I. 3.
g ay", sb.-O. r. h(l1'ga igfti~r, hargenir, to O :'igin unkn own.
chaffer. -Late L. oarciilliii1'e, to change Barometer, an instrument for measurabout. Remoter origin unknown .
ing the weight of the air. (Gk. ) Gk. f3opo- ,
Ba.rge. (F. -Late L. - C. ?) M. E.l>al6"c. for /3apo< , weigh t; and J-Il-rpov , a measure;
- F. barge. - Late L. barga, variant of see Metre.
harm ; see Bark ( I).
Ba.ron, a title. (F . -Late L. ) M. E.
ba.rk ( I ) , barque. (F.-Lale L.- baroll . -F. baroll ; older form 0(1", nom.
C. ?) Bark is an E. spelling of F. barque, (Prov. bm'), the suffix -Oil marking the acc.
n little ship. - Late L. ba."Ca, a sort of ship case (Diez ). Cf. Ital. ba"oll~, Sp. vm'Oll,
or large boat, a lighter. Perhaps of Celtic P ort. 1Ja,iio.-Late L. ba.o, acc. -omm, a
origin (Thumeysen). -0. Irish barc (fern . man , a mal e. Origin unknown .
Ba.rouche, a carriage. (G. -Ital.-L.)
a -stem) , a bark.
Ba.rk ( 2) , the rind of a tree. (Scand.) G. harutsehe. - Ital. baroccio, oi,wcio, a
M. E . ba,k. - Swed. bark; Dan. bark ; ch ariot, orig. a two-wheeled ear.-L. bil cel. bOrkr . T eut. type *ba rku z.
,-olm , two-wheeled; with suffix -orrio
Bark (3) , to yelp as a dog. (E. ) M. E. assimilated to that of earr-orrio, a chariot
berkm . - A. S. oeoreall, to bark. Cf. Ieel. (D iez\. - L. bi- , double; and "ora , a wh eel.
o("kja, A. S. borciml, to bark. P erhaps Barracks. (F. - Ita!. ) F . bamqtle.
of imitative origin.
- Ital. bam a a , a tent for soldiers; cf. Sp.
Barley. (E. ) M.E.barH. -A.S. bt1!rlic. han am. Prob. connected with Late L.
Cf. A. S. be" f, barley (Low!. Sc. bear) ; and barra , a har, pale.
-/ie, for lie, likp.. Cf. also Goth. bar izeilts, Barrator, one who incites to q\larrels
and lawsuits. (F. ) Formerly barratour,
made of barley; L . far, com.
barn. (E .) M. E . berm. A. S. ben t, bm-atoltr ; from M. E. bam t , deceit , strife.
- F. Imral , , cheating, deceit, guile, also
contr. form of "(r-un (Luke iii. ) 7) . A . S. bere , barley; and ern, arft , a place a barter,' Cotgrave. Alli ed to Barter.

I
I
i

I
+'

39

BARREL

BASK

.. Influenced by Icd. bartilla, a light, a

turmoil.
BarreL (F.) M. E-{lQrtl.-O. F: (and
F.) bari!. Perhaps from Late L. {>nnw, a
bar, pale; from the staves of it.
Barren. (F.) M.E. baraill. -A.F.
barai" , e; O. F. bre!zaillg, fern. bre
Ilaillglle, baraig llc; F. brlltaiglle, sterile.
Of unknown origin.
Barricade. (F.-Span.) }<'. barrio
rade. - ::ipan. barrieada, a barricade, lit.
one made with barrels full of earth. -Span.
"arriea, a barrel. Perhaps from Span.
barra, a bar; see Barrel.
Barrier. (F.) M. E. banen.-O. F.
barrere (Godefroy, s. v. basseil, ) ; }<' . barriere.-F. ban'er, to bar up.-F. barre, a
bar. See Bar.
barrister. (Low L. ) A barbarous
word; formed with suffixisler (=Low L.
.istaritls) from the sb. bar. Spelman gives
the Low L. form as barraslirtus.
Barrow (I),a burial-mound. (E.) For
"ernnv (like parsoll for perSOil , &c.).
M. E. "ergll, benu, a hill, mound. O.
Merc. berg; A. S. beorg, beorn, a mountain,
hill, mound.
O. Sax., Du. , G. bcr/{.
Teut. type *bergoz, a hill. Cf. O. Irish bri,
a mountain; Skt. brllallt, large.
Barrow (l ) ,awheel-barrow. (E. ) M.E.
barewe. - A. S. bar-, 2nd grade of ber-an ,
to bear, carry. Cf. M. H. G. rade-bel',
wheel barrow, from rad, wheel.
Barter, to traffic. (F .) M. E . barlry,t.
-0. F. bareler. barater, 'to cheat, beguile,
also to barter;' Cot. O. F. baral, ' cheating, also a barter;' Cot. fJ. Of doubtful
origin; perhaps Celtic (Littn!). Cf. Bret.
barad, treachery, Irish brain, W. brad,
treachery, Gael. bralll, advantage by unfair
means; Irish bradac/z , Gael. "radaelt,
thievish, roguish; W. bradll, to plot.
Barton, a court-yard, manor. (E.) O.
Northumb. ben-1171t (Matt. iii. 11). -A. S.
bewe, barley; and 'iitz, an enclosure; see
Ba.rleyand Town.
Ba;rytes, in chemistry. (Gk. ) Named
from its weight. - Gk. /3ap~s, weight. Gk. /3ap6s, heavy. Sce Grave (2).
barytone. (lta1.-Gk.) Betterbari
IOllt; a musical term for a deep voice. Ita1. bari/ono, a baritone. _ Gk. /3ap6-s ,
heavy, deep; and TUVOS, a tone; see Tone.
Basalt. (L.) Also basa/tes. L. ba
salles, a hard kind of marble in }Ethiopia.
An African word (Pliny).
I
Bue (I), low. (F.-L.) M. E. bas,, i

base. - }<'. bas, m., basse, fern. - Late L . bas

low; the same word as L. Bassus,
proper name, which seems to have meant
'stout, fat ,' rather than merely low.'
Bue (3), a foundation. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M.E.bas. -F.bast.-L.basis.-Gk, IMu.s,
a step, a pedestal, base. - Gk. base /30' ,
to go (as in pa:" ..", to 1';0); with suffix
o(f,- (for -TI'); cf.Skt.gati(s), a going, from
gam, to go. See Come.
Buement, lowest floor of a building.
(F. - Ital.-L. ) Appears in F. as sOtlbasst
IIlmt, the basement of a building; formed
from SOliS, under, and bassmlenl, borrowed
from Ital. bassammto, lit. an abasement . ..
Ital. bassan, to lower. - Ital. basso, low.Late L. bassus; see Base (I).
Basenet, BUD-et; see Baainet.
Bashaw; the old form of Pallha.
Bashful. (F. and E.) For abasn-jul;
see Abash. Prob. by confusion with abase
and base.
Basil (I ),aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F.
basile (Snpp. to Godefroy) ; short for
basilit; cf. F . basilie, 'herb basill;' Cot.
- L. basilimm, neut. of basiliws, royal.Gr. /3aIlIAINt"" basil; neut. of /3auIAIN6s,
royal. - Gk. /3auIAfvs, a king.
basilica, a large hall. (L.- Gk.) L.
basilica, fern. of basilicus, royal.
ba.silisk, a fabled serpent. (L.- Gk.)
L. basiliscus.-Gk. /3auIAluIC6s, lit. royal;
also a lizard or serpent, named from a spot
on the head like a crown (Pliny, viii. H ).
-Gk. /3auIAfvs, a king.
Basil (2), the hide of a sheep tanned.
(F. - Span.- Arab.) A. F. bascy"e (LiLer
Albus , 22s).-F. basmle, M. F. basSalle.Span. badalla,a dressedsheep-skin. -Arab.
/!i{atlan. the finner J lining of a garment,
for which basi leatherwasused. Cf.Amb.
/'a{", tbe inside.
Basin. (F.-Late L. \ M. E. badll ,
basitl. -0. I' . bacitl, bacllill; F. bassin.Late L. baehinw, bacchintlS, a basin
(Duc.). Supposed to be from Late L
bacca, water-vessel (Isidore). Cf. Du. bak,
a bowl. trough.
basinet, basenet, basnet,a light
helmet. (F.-Latc L. ) I n Spenser; F. Q.
vi. I. 31.-0. F. baline', dimin. of "aetn,
a basin; from its shape.
Basis. (L. - Gk.) L. basIS. - Gk. /3auls;
see Base (2) .
Bask. (Scand. ) M. E. "a ske. to .bathe
oneself, Pahgrave; and cf. "atlle lI /1'e, to
bask herself, Ch. C. T. Nonnes Prestes

Stll,

BASKET

BATTER

Talc, i.-Ice\' *batJask (later /la6ast), ' Bastion. (F.-Ita\.) :1'. bastioll.-Ital.
for ba6a sik, to bathe oneself. Cf. also bnstitme, part of a fortification . - Ita\. basSwed. dial. nt basa sig i solen, to bask in tire, to build; allied to O. F. baslir, to
the Slln, badjisk, fishes basking in the sun build. See Butile.
<,Wedgwood).
See Bathe. ~ Formed Bat ( I), a cudgel. (E.) M. E. balle.hke Busk.
A. S. ball (Eng. Studien , xi. 65). Cf. Irish
Baaket. (F. ?) M. E . basket. Mod. bala, bat, a staff. Der. bal-let, with double
Norman F. basqtulle (Moisy). Origin dimin. suffix -I-d.
unknown.
Bat (2 ), a winged mamma\. (Scand.)
Basnet; see Buinet.
Bat has t.~ken the place of M. E. bakke. Bass (I), the lowest part, in music. Dan. bakke, now only in compo a/ten-IJakke,
(F.-L.) The same word as Bue (1 ) ; evening-bat. Cf. O. Swed. tlafl-barka,
but so spelt in imitation of Ital. basso, 'night-bat' (IIue) ; for which we find
base.
Swed. dia\. 'latl-IIntta (Rietz)_
Bass ( 2), Barse, a fish. (E.) M. E. Batch. (E.) A bntch is as much as is
baru; also base, baa (with loss of r ). baked at once; hence, a quantity. M.E.
A . S. liars, a perch.+Du. baars; G. bars, bacche, a baking; from A . S. bacan, to
barsch, a perch. Named from its prickles. bake. See Bake.
From *b(lrs-, 2nd grade of Teut. root Bate (1 ) , to beat down, diminish.
*bers, whence also Bristle, q. v. Cf. SkI. (F. - L.) Short for Abate, by loss of a .
Bate (2 ), strife. (F.-L.) M. E . bale;
bh?,shli, pointed.
Bassoon, n base iustmment. (F. - L. ) a clipt fonn of Debate, in the sense of
}". bassoll, augmeutative from :1'. basse, strife. ~ So also/etta for de-fmre.
Lase (in music), fern. of bas, base. See Bath. (E.) M. E. ba}. A. S. ba'tJ.+
Base ( I).
Icel. batJ; O. H . G. bad; Swed ., Dan.,
Bast. (E. ) M. E . basi; bast-tre, a lime- Du. , G. bad. Teut. *ba-}011l, neuter. The
tree. A. S. b(ut, inner Lark of a lime- orig. sense was a place of warmth; cf.
tree; whence bast is made.+lcel., Swed., O. H. G. Mjan (G . biihm ), to foment.
Dan., G. basi. Often spelt bass.
bathe. (E.) A. S. batJiatl, to bathe.Bastard, an illegitimate child. (F.) A. S. bab, a bath. And see Bask.
M. E. baslard, applied to Will. 1.-0. F. Bathos. (Gk. ) Lit. depth, sinking.bastard, the same as lis de baSi, lit. 'the Gk. /36.(Jo<, depth; cf. /3a6v<, deep .
son of a pack-saddle, not of a bed. [The Baton, Batoon, a cudgel. (F. ) F.
expression a bast ibore, illegitimate, occurs batoll, O. F. bast01I. -l.ate L. baslihlem,
in Rob. of Glouc. p. 516.J-0. F. /Jast, a ncc. of basto, a cudgel. Origin doubtful;
pack-saddle (F. Mt ); with suffix -arci, from connected by Diez with Gk. /3acTTli(.." to
O. H. G . hart, hard, first used as a suffix sllPport.
in proper names and thengeneraJly.
Battalion. (l.-Ita\.-L.) F.bataill011 .
Baste (I), to beat. (Scand.?) The -Ita\. battagli01tt, a battalion. -Ital. ba/form bas-it occurs as a pp. in J553. Cf. taglia, a battle; see Battle below.
Swed . basa, to strike, beat, whip.
Batten ( 1), to grow fat; to fntten.
Baste ( 2), to pour fat over meat. (Un- (Scand. ) Orig. intransitive. -Ice\. baltla,
known.) In Sh. . To baste, linire;' Levins, to grow better, improve, recover. Cf.
ed.15io.
Goth. ga-balnan, to. be bettered; Icel.
Baste (3), to sew slightly. (F. -M . bat-i, s., improvement, E. Better, q. v.,
H.G.) M.E. bastm. -O. F. basti,., F . and Boot ( 2 ) . Cf. also Du. batm, to
Mtir, to sew slightly; a tailor's term.- yield profit; bani, profit.
M. H. G. buten (for .bastja1l) , to bind; Batten (2 ), a wooden rod. ( F.) To
orig. to tie with bast.- G. bast, bast. See batten down is to fasten with battms. Bat/m
Bast.
is merely another spelling of Baton.
Baatile, a fortress. ( F. ) O.F. bastil/e, Batter ( I ), to beat. (F.-L.) M. E.
a building. _ O. F . bastir (F. Mtir ), to bal-er-en; with frequentative suffix -(r-.
build. Origin uncertain; perhaps al:ied to - F . bnttre. - L. bat/ere, popular form of
Baton.
battuere, to beat.
Bastina.clo. (Span.) l' lOm Span. l>as- batter (2 ) , a compound of eggs. flour,
t01lOOa, a beating. -Span. bast01t, a stick. - and milk. (F. - L .) M. E . ba/our, bature.
Late L. baslonem, acc.; see Baton.
- O. F. bail/re, a beating. - F. battre, to
.p

BEADLE

BATTERY
beat (above). So called because beaten
up.
battery. (F. - L.) F . baterie, halferie,
' be ti r battcry ;' Cot. - F . bat/t'e, t o beat.
ba.' .Je. (F. -L.) M.E.batail/e ,llataile.
-0. ' c . batail/e, (I) a fight, ( 2) a battalion.
- Folk-L. battlilia, neut. pI. (turned into
a fern. sing.), figh ts; Late L. ba ftu alia,
neut. pI. of adj . bat/ualis, fighting. - Late
L. bat/uere, to beat.
battledoor. (Prov.-L.) M. E.baiyldoure, Prompt. Parv. - Provobatedor, Span.
batidor, a wnshing-,beetle, which was also
at first the sense of the E. word. [The
corruption to battledoor was due to confusion with battle, vb. to fight.]-Prov.
batre, Spau. batir, the same as F. baltre, to
beat; with suffix odor, which in Provo and
Span. = L. suffix -torem, ace. form from
nom. -tor, expressing the ageut.
Battlement. (F.) M. E. bate/mml,
bali/lllmt,*baleille1llenl, from 0 .:1'. baltiIlier, to fortify; formed from bataille, battle,
fight, but confused with O . F. bastiller, to
fortify, derivative of O. F. bastir, to build.
See Battle and Baatile.
Bauble (I ), a fool's mace; (l) a plaything. (1'.) ( I ) M. E. balWl, bah/e, babel,
Gower, C.A. i. 224; (2) M . E. babe/,
Tudor E. bauble. From O. F . hatthl,
babel, a child's plaything (Godefroy).
Perhaps connected with M. Ita!. babbola,
a toy (Florio ) ; and with L . babltlus, a fool
Cf. E. Babble.
BaviD., a faggot. (F. ) Provo E. (Wilts.)
bavin, a faggot; hence, as adj., soon kindled and burnt out, J Hen . IV. iii. 2. 61.O. F. baffe, a faggot, bundle (Godefroy,
Roquefort). Remoter origin unknown.
Bawd, a procurer or procuress, gobetween . ( r. - O. H . G.) The full M. E.
form is baw ds" 'ot, P. Plowm. A. iii. 40
(another MS. has bawde). - O. F . -haMestrot (found only in the later form baudetrot), equivalent to Lat. p roltuba, a bridewoman.- O. H. G. bald, bold, gay, lively
(cognate with E. bold) ; and M. H. G.
strotzm, vb. (E. strut) .
Bawl. (Scand.) Ice!. baula, to low as
a cow; Swed. bola , to bellow: see Bull,
Bellow.
Bay (I ) , reddish brown. \F . -L.)
M. E: bay. -O. F. bai. -L. badius, baycoloured.
ba7&1'd. (F.-L.) A bay horse ;
from the colour; also, any horse. The
6uffi x -ard is Teuton ic; see Bastard.

Bay (2), a kind of laurel; properly, a

berry-t rec. (F. - L.) M. E. bay , a berry
- F. baie , a berry. - L. bOca, a berry.
Bay (3) , inlet of the sea . ( F. -L.) I'.
baie, an inlet. -Late L. baia, a harbour
(Isid ore) . /3. Confused with bay, a recess
in a wall.-O. F . baee, a gap.-Late L.
badata, fern . of pp. of bat/are, to gape.
Bay (4) , to bark as a dog. (I'. - L.)
M . E. bayen. - O. F. baier , to yelp (Godefroy). Cf. Ital. baiare, 'to barke,' Florio.
F rom the sound.
Bay (5\ in phr. at bay. (F.-L. ) Foral
abay. - F. abois, abbois; lire at/x abois, to
be at bay, lit. ' to be at the baying of the
dogs.' Pl. of F . aboi, the bark of a dog;
verbal sb. from F . aboyer, O. F. abaier, to
yelp, bay. - O. F. a (for L. ad ) ; and baier
(above).
Bay-window; from Ba, (3, sect. fJ)
and Window.
Bayonet. (F. ) XVII cent. F. baiim
netle; bayonette, a knife; Cot. Probably
named from Bayonne (France), where
first made or used.
Bazaar. (Pers.) Pers. bat:iir, a market.
Bdellium. (L.- Gk. -Heb.) A precious substance. - L. bdellium. - Gk. fj3~"-
"-'01'. - Heb. bedolakk (Gen. ii. u ).
Be-, prefix. (E.) A. S . be-, prefix;
ofI en callsati ve, as in be-1111mb, to make
numb. Note also be-head, to deprive of
the head; be-sel, to set upon, set round;
be-mire, to cover with mire; &c.
Be, to exist. (E. ) M. E. bUll. A. S.
bloll, to be. W. b'od, to be; Russ. buite ;
L. .lore (pt. t . .111;) ; Gk . "'VEil" ; Skt. bh,i.
BHEU.)
Beach. ( E. 1) X VI cent. Orig.
, shingle: Prob. E., and the same as
provoE. backe, a valley ; also, a sandbank
near a river. A . S. bo1', a valley; Kemble,
Cod. Dip\. iii. 386.
Beacon. (E.) M. E. bekm. A. S.
beam, Mm.
O. Sax. bOkatl; O. H . G.
boltkkan. Tent. type *baukltom, neut.
Bead. (E.) Orig.' a prayer;' hence
a perforated ball, for counting prayers.
M . E. bede, a prayer, a bead. A. S. bed ,
gebed, aprayer. -A. S. bhMan (-*bidjan ),
to pray.
Du. bede; G. bille; Goth.
bida, a yrayer. See Bid ( I) .
Beadle. (F . -Tellt.) M . E. bedel.O. F. bedel, F . bedeau , a beadle ; lit. 'proclaimer,' or' messenger.' - M . H. G. Mitel,
O. H. G. bttti/. - O. H. G. bllt., weak

(-v

-4l

BEAGLE

BEDRID, BEDRIDDEN

grade o..f biD/an, G: bidm; cO~Date with B~au, a dressy man . .(I'.-L.) *}<'. beau;
A. S. beodalZ, to bid. Cf. A. S. byde/, a , O. F . bel. - L. bdlus, fair.
For bm,lus;
beadle, from beMan. See Bid (2) .
from ben- (as in ben-e) , variant of bono, as
Beagle, a dog. ( Unknown.) M. E. in bo,z-w, good. Brugm. ii. 67.
begie, Squire of Low Degree, 1. 771.
beauty. (F. - L.) M. E. beu/e. -A.F.
Beak. (F.-C.) M. E. bec. -F.bec.- beule, 0.1". beatlle, be/ltI.-L. belliialelll,
~te L. !>ealls, of Gaulish origin. Cf. acc. of bdlilas, fairness. - L. bellttS, fair
(above). Der. beauli-fitl, beaule-ous.
Irish baa, W. bacn, a crook, a hook.
Beaker. (Scand.-L.-Gk.) M.E. Beaver ( I), an animal. (E .) M. E.
biker, byker.-lcel. bikarr, a cup. + O. b.'Ver. A. S. bifer, beofor. + Du. broer;
Sax. bikeri; Du. beker; G. becner; Ital. lcel. bjdrr; Dan. ba:ver; Swed. bizjVer;
biccniere. 13. Perhaps from Late L. bic,,- G. biber; Russ. bobr; Lith. bebrus; L.
n'um, a wine-cup.-Gk. PiKos, an earthen fiber. Skt. bablzrus (I ) brown; (l ) a large
wine-vessel; a word of Eastern origin.
ichneumon. Teut. type *bemlz; Idg. type
Beam ( I ) , a piece of timber. (E.) *bhebhrus, reduplicated deriv. of bllru-,
M. E. beem. A. S. beallt, a tree. + Du. brown, tawny. Brugm. i. 566. See
boom; G. ballm. Cf. also Ice!. ba8mr, a Brown.
tree; Goth. bagms.
Beaver (2), Bever, lower part of a
Beam (l), a ray. (E.) [UsuaUy iden- helmet. (F.) Altered by confusion with
tified with Beam ( I ), specially used to beaver-hal. - M. E. baviere. - O. F. bavihe,
signify a column of light; cf. A . S. byr- a child's bib; also, the bever (beaver) of
1lenae beam, the pillar of fire .'] But A. S. a helmet. - F. baver, to slaver. - l'. !Jave,
bialll, a beam (as in slmne-beam, a suu- foam, slaver. Perhaps from the movebeam) answers to a Teut. type *batt-moz, ment of the lips; cf. Bret. babOIlZ, slaver.
prob. cognate with Gk. </Xlv-a,s, light, <f>tios Beaver (3 ), Bever, a short imme(for <f>tiFos), also tf>01s, light. See Phos- diate repast. (F. - L. ) M. E. better (=
phol'\l8.
broer).-A. F. bfivre, a drink; substantival
Bean. (E.) M. E. bme. A. S. biall. use of O. F. bevre, beivre, to drink. - L.
+Du. boon; Ice!. baun; O. H. G.pona, bibere, to drink.
bOna (G. bonne). Teut. type *bautUi, f.
Becalm, to make calm. See Be- and
Bear ( I ) , to carry. (E.) M. E. berm. Calm.
A. S. beralZ.+lcel. bera; O. H.G. bera,,; Because. (E.alldF.-L.) SeeCauae.
Goth. bairall; also L.ftrre; Gk. "'<"*"'; Bechance. (E. and F. - L.) See
Skt. blzr; O.Jr. berl11l, I bear; Russ. brate, Chance.
to take, carry; Pers. burdan, to bear. Beck ( I), to nod , give a sign. (E. )
(.vBHER.) Der. ttpbear.
M. E. bek-yn, the snme as bek-nyn, to
Bear (2), an animal. I E.: M. E.jere. beckon (Prompt. Parv.). See Beckon.
A. S. bera.+lcel. bera (bjOm) ; O. H. G. Beck ( 2) , a stream. (Scand.) M . E.
bero, pero, G. bar; Du. beer. Cf. Lith. be.~. -Icel. bekkr; Swed. back; Dan. buk;
berns, brown (Kluge). Teut. type bero1l-. a stream.
Teut. type *bakkiz. Also
Beard. (E .) M. E. berd. A. S. beart!. Teut. type *bakiz ; whence Du. /leek, a
+Du.baard; G. bart. Teut. type *bart/oz. beck; G. badl.
Allied to Russ. boroda; l-ith. barzda ; 1.. Beckon. (E.)
M. E. btknm. A. S.
barba, beard; from Idg. type *bhardna.
becnan, bi'acniatz (also biecna1Z ), to make
Beast. (}<'.-L.) M. E. besle. -0. F. signs. -A. S. beacn, a sign. See Beacon.
besle (F. bRle ).-L. beslia, a beast.
Become. (E.) A. S. /lewman , to
Beat. (E .) M . E. belm. A. S. /li'atan. arrive, happen, tum out, befall. Goth.
+Icel. baula; O. H. G. PArt, M. H. G. bi-kwiman; CC. G. be-quem, suitable, bebihen. Teut. type *bautan-.
coming. From Be- and Come.
Beatify'. (F. - L .) F. blatijier.-L. Bed. (E.) M.E.bed. A.S.bed,bedd.
bealijicare, to make happy.-L. beat;-, for +Dn. bed; Goth. bad;; G. bell. Teut.
bealus, pp. of beare, to bless, make happy; type *I>adjom, n.
bedrid, bedridden. (E.) M. E.
and -fic-, forfacere, to make.
beatitude. (F.-L.) F. Watilutie. bedrede (Ch. C. T . 7351 ) ; I>edreden (P.
- L. bealilud;nem, acc. from nom. beal;- PI. B. viii. 85). A. S. bedrida, bedreda, lit.
tiido, blessedness. - L. beali-, for !JUlIus, a bedrider ;' one who can only ride 011 a
bed, not on a horse. - A. S. b~d, a Led ; and
blessed; with suffix -liidll.
-43

BEHOOF

BEDSTEAD

.jid.tl, one who rides, frorn the weak

dade of ridrm , to ride.
bedstead. ( E. ) M. E. bdslede. 11.. S. bed, a bed; and stede, a stand,
station; see Stead.

Beda.bble, Beda.ub, Beda.zzle,

Bedew, Bedim, Bedizen. See
D a.bble, Daub, &c.
Bedell. (Low L. - Teut.) From the
Latinised form (bedelllls), of O. F. and
M. E. bde!; see Beadle.
Bedla.m. (Palestine. ) 1\1 . E. bedlem,
~ormpti on of Bethlehem, in Palestine.
Now applied to the ho,;pital of St. Mary
of Bethlehem, for lunatics.
Bedouin. ( I<'. - Arab. ) O. F. bedou;",
a wandering Arab; orig. p1. - Arab. bada
Will, p1. of Arab. bada'Wiy, wandering in
the desert. - Arab . bad1/}. a desert.
Bedridden, Bedstea.d; see Bed.
Bee. (E.) M. E. bee. A. S. bilo, earlier
blo.+ Du. bi}; O. H. G. bia . Cf. G.
biene; L ith. bi.tte; If. bea-cll . Perhaps
, lIuttercr' ; cf. Skt. bM, to fear; O. H . G.
bi-bctl, to tremble.
Beech. (E. ) A . S . bOece, beet, a beech;
I'Ccen, adj., beecheu; both derivatives (by
mutation) from the older form Me. See
Book.
Beef. (F. -L.) M. E. beef - A. F . bif;
O. F. boe/ ( F. ba:lif '.. - L. /louem, acc. of
Ms, an ox. + Gk. {J our , ox; Ir. btf, Gael. bJ,
\V. buw. Skt. go, A. S. Cit, a cow; see Cow.
beef-ea.ter, a yeoman of the guard.
(H yb. ) Li t. ' an eater of beef;' hence, an
attendant . Cf. A. S. Mal-!eta, a loaf-eater,
a servallt. ~ The usual derivation (from
Mr. Steeven. imaginary beaulelier, later
spelt /l uffifier ) is historically baseless.
Beer. ( E. ) M. E. ben. A. S. beor. +
Du. and G. bier; Icel . Ijon',
Beestings; sec Biestings.
Beet. (L.) M. E. befe. A. S. befe. L. /li'ta , beet (Pliny).
Beetle ( I), an insect. (E.) Provo E.
hittle. A. S. bitda, lit. 'biting one.' - A. S.
/lit. weak grade of bitall , to bite; with adj.
suffix -01; d. w(U-ol, wakeful. See Bite .
Beetle ( 2), a large mallet. (E.) M . E.
betel.
A. S. /ljtt! ( = O. Wes. "bletd,
U. Merc. "belel) ; d. Low G. botel. Tellt.
type*bclut-iloz, 'a beater;' from "/laut-an-,
to beat; see B eat.
Beetle (3 ), to overhang. ( E.) From
the M. E. adj. bitelbrouwed, 'beetlebrowed;' 1'. Plowm . A . v. 109. Orig.
sensc doubtful; either from M. E. bitd,
H

sharp , or from 1\1. E. bilil, a l;ect le. 111

eit her case from bil, weak /.:rade of bilall,
to bite.
Befall, Befool, Before; see Fall,
&c.
Beg. (F. ) M. E. beggen. A. F. begger,
Langtoft, i. 248; used as equiv. to beguigller, Britton, L 22 . 15. Formed
from the sb. beggat ; see below.
Beget, Begin; see Get, Gin ( I).
Begga.r. (F. )
M. E. beggore; cr.
Begger = a Heguin or Beghard, Rom. Rose,
7256 (F. text, B cguin). - O. F. begard, begart, Flemish beggoert, 1,a te L. Be.IfIIa I'dus.
Formed, with suffix ard \G. -IIarl), from
Begue, a man's name. See Beguine.
Begone, Beguile; see G o , Guile.
Beguine, one of a class of religious devotees. (F.) C hielly used in the fem .; F .
beguine, Low L. beglllna, one of a religious
order, first established at Liege, about A.Il.
1207. Named afo : r Lambert Le Begue,
priest of Li ege ( 12th c.); whence also
Beguin, B('ghard, mase. Le Begue means
' stammerer,' from the verb be",U'tti, to stammer, in the dialect of Namur; allied to
Picard btfg ller, F. ve/rayer.
Begum, in the E. Indies, a lady of the
highest rank. (Pers. - Turk.)
Pers. begUill, a q ueen, lady of rank . - TurJ" b~g,
be)" a bey, governor. See Bey.
Beha.lf, interest. (E.) Formerly in the
M. E. phrase Oil my bellaltte = on my
behalf, on my side; substituted for thc
A. S. phr. on (mill) IIealfe, on the side of
(me' , by confllsion with be healje (m,;) ,
us~d in the same sense. From A. S. be,
by; and IIealf, sb., side. See Half.
Beha.ve. ( E.) 1. e. to be-Ilave oneself,
or control oneself; from have with prefix
be-, the same as prep. by.
beha.viour. (E.; with F. mifix.)
F ormed abnormally from the verb to
bellave; con fused with F. sb. avoir, ( I )
wealth, ( 2) ability. Cf. Low!. Sc. havings,
~ I ; wealth, (2) behaviour.
Behead. (E. ) From B e- and Head.
Behemoth. (Heb.-Egypt.) Heb.
beMmoth , said to be pI. of /lellhlllfh, a
beast ; but probably of Egypt. origin .
Behest, Behind, Behold. (E.) Sec
Hest, Hind. Hold (1).
Behoof, advantage . ( E.) M. E. to bifloue, for the advantage of. A. S. /lehOf,
advantage. + O. Fries. bihOf, Du . behoif,
advalltage; C. beh/if; Swed. beho/ ; Dan.
behov, need. 13. The prefix be is A. S. be,

BE H OVE

BEND

E. by. The simple sh. appears in Icel.

moueration, measu re; cf. Goth . gao
hobaills, temperance, sel fr estraint. F rom
A. S. hO); 2nd stem of the vb. Heave.
behove, to befi t. (E. ) A. S. beMjia1t,
verb fo rmed fro m the sb. behif ahove .
Du. behoevm, from sb. behoif; Swell. behO/va; Dan. beliOz,t!.
B elabour, Belay j see Lab our,
Lay .
Belch. (E.) M. E. helkm. A . S.
bealcian, I'(i!lcm" to utter ; translat ing L.
entf /(/re, used fi gu rati vely. Cf. ba:lc, sb. +
Ou. bal/ml , to bray. See B ellow and B ell.
Beldam. (F . - L.) I ronicall y for beldame, i. e. fi ne lad y. - F. belle da1J/e. - L.
be/la, fern. of bellus, fa ir; and domilla,
lady, fern . of dom intls, lord . See B eau.
Beleaguer. ( DlI. ) See L eaguer.
Belemnite, a fossil. (Gk.) Gk.
P''''jAViTT}>, a stone shapeu like the head
of a dar t. - Gk . P'''f jAVOV, a dart. - Gk .
PtiA" fI v, to cast. ClIGwEL.)
Belfry. ( F.- G .) Orig. ' a watchtower.' Corru pted (partly by infl uence of
bell) from M . E. berfray , berfrey, a watch .
tower. - O. F. bet/rei, bnfroi, be!fr oi (F.
beJ1roi ). - M. H .G. berifril, a w:tkh-tower.
- ,\1 . H. G . berc-, for be'-g-, base of bel-gel' ,
to protec t; and M. H. C . fril, f r ide, a
place of secnrity, a tower, the same word
as G. fi'iede, peace ; hence the lit. sense
is ' a protecting shelter,' watch-tower.
Allied to Borough and Free .
Belie. (E.) A. S . bclfogml, to tell lies
abont. From be-, by, p refix ; and leogan,
to lie. See Lie ( 2) .
Believe. (E.) M. E. bdellm (bdrom).
The prefix be- was substitn ted for older
ge-.- O. Merc gdifafJ, A . S. gcliejan ,ge!jfm. , to believe; lit. to hold dear. + 1)u.
geloovm; O. H . G. giloubmt, G. g-laubm ;
Goth. g a-Iaubja fJ. Teut. type *Iallbiml,
with A. S. ge-, prefix; from lallb , md
stem o fTeut. root *Iellb = I dg . lIL E UBH ,
to like. See Lief.
Bell. (E.) M. E. belle. A. S. belle,
a bell. + Du . bel. Perhaps named from its
lond sound ; cf. A. S . bella I t, to roar,
bellow. See Bellow.
Belle, a fair lady . ( F . - L. ) F . bdle,
fern. of F . beau, O. F . bel, fa ir. - 1.. bellus ,
fa ir, fi ne. See Beau.
belladonna. (Ita\. - L. ) Ital. bella
domza , fair lady. - L. be/In dom i na; see
Beldam. A name given to the nightshaue,
from the use of it hy Indies to gi ve ex-

pression to the eres, the pllpi ls of which

it expands.
B elligerent. (L.) More correctly.
bdligerant .- L. belligerallt-, stem of pres.
pt. of belligernre, to carry on war. - L.
belli -, for bd/o-, stem of bl'l/ulII, wa r ;
geren , to carryon (war). Bel/u m is for
O . Lat. duellum ; see Duel.
Bellow. (E.) M. E. bdwelt (c. 1300).
Not full y expla ined. It may have resulted
fro m con fu sion of A . S. bel/alt. to roar,
bell ow, with the st r. verb belg alt, to be
angry, or wit h the rare verb b}'/giall, to
bell ow (wh ich would have gi ven billow).
See B ell. Cf. B u ll.
Bellows. (Scand.) M. E. beli, bely.
belO1Q, n bag, but also used in the special
sense of ' bello ws.' B el/ows is the pI. of
M. E. below, a bag, from Icel. belgr; and
M. E. beli (from A. S. ) also means belly.
Cf. G. b!au-balg, a 'blow-bag,' a pair
of bellows ; A. S. bUst-be/g , bellows, lit.
' blast-hag.' See helow.
belly. l E.) M. E. bely. A. S. balg,
be/g . a bag, skin (for holding things) ;
hen ce (later), helly.+lcel. belgr, bag ;
D n. ba/g, skin, belly ; Sweu. M ig, belly.
bellows ; Dan. ba:lg, husk, belly; (,.
balg ; Goth . balgs, ha g. T eut. type *balg i z.
F rom balg-, 2nd stem of T eut . root bd g
( = l dg. lIHH ELGH ), to swe ll. Cf. I ri sh
bolg , bag, belly ; bolgai1ll , I swell; W . bol,
belly. D er . Ile/I01QS, q. v.
Belong, Beloved, Below; see
Long , Love, Low .
Belt, a gird le. ( L. ) M. E. !>clt . A. S.
bell .+lcc l. !>elti ; Irish and Gael. ball, a
belt, border; O. H . G. ba/z ; Swed. b,ilte .;
D an . ba:/l e. All borrowed from L. ba/letts,
a belt.
Beltane, Old May-day. (C.) O . Irish
bel-Ime ( vVindisch ) ; lit. ' fire-k indling,' from
an old custom. Celtic type *belo-Ie(p )" in ;
where belo- is cognat e with A. S. b,~/, a
blaze, and tepm'a is from *tep"os, type of
O. I rish ten, fire ; cf. L. tep-b-e, to be w:um
(Fick. ii. 125, 16i ) .
Bemoan. (E.)
Be- anti
Moan.
Bench. (E. ) M. E. benche. - A. S.
bmc. + Du. bank, a bench, table, bank for
money ; Swed. bdn k ; D an . /xz1/.k ; Icel.
bekkr; G . bank. Teut. type *bankiz.
Doublet. !>a1/k.
Bend (1), to bow, curve. (E.) :M. E.
beuden . A. S. bendan, orig. to string a
bow, fasten a banel or string to it ; cf. A. S.

Iii!/.

-45

BEND

BESEECH

bmd, a hand ( ... Teut. *bandiz); from band, bengifJi seems to have been substituted for
2nd stem of bim/-an, to bind. See Bind. the Arab. name, lubii" jawi, lit. frankin
So also Icd. benda, to bend a bow; allied cense of Java. (Further corrupted togum
to ba,td, a cord.
benjamit,.)
bend ( 2), an oblique band, in heraldry. Bequeath. (E.) A.S. becwe~an to
(F. - G. ) O. F. bende, also bande, a assert, bequeath. - A. S. be-, prefix; and
band; see Cotgrave. The same word as C'We~an, to say, assert. See Quoth.
F . bande, a band of men; see Band (2).
bequest. (E.) M. E. biqlteste, biBeneath. (E.) M. E. bmellte. A. S. quiste. Formed, with added -te (cf. M. E.
beneo(Jan, prep. below. - A. S. be-, by; reqtuste), from A. S. *bicwiss, *b.tcwiss
neo(Jan, adv. below, from the base n.etm- (not found) , sb. due to bec1IJetJan, to bein neo(J-era, nether; with adv. suffix -an. queath, assert, say. The components of
Cf. G. nied-m, nied-er; see Nether.
this fonn occur; viz. be-, bi-, prefix, and
Benediction. (F.-L.) F. btnldic- cwiss (in f e-cwis), a saying. CUliss is
lioll. - L. benedictionem, ace. of bmedicti~, from T~ut. kwessiz, Idg. *g(w)ettis, fonned
a blessing. - L. benedictus, pp. of bene- (with suffix -li-) from Idg. base *g(w )et-,
dicere, to speak well, bless. - L. bme, well; whence cwe/Jan, to say (Sievers, A. S.
and dicere, to speak (see Diction).
Gr. 232) ; and becwiss is thus a regulnr
benison. (F. -L.) M. E. beneysun. deriv. of becwelJa", to bequeath.
Bereave. (E.) A. S. bercajian, to
- O. F. beneison. - L . ace. bmedictianem.
Benefa.ctor. (L.) L. benefactor, a dispossess ; see Reave.
doer of good. - L. bene, well; and factor, Berga.m.ot (1 ), an essence. (Ita!.) Ital.
a doer, from facen, to do.
bergamotta, the essence called bergamot.benefice. (F. -L.) M. E. bmejia. Ita!' Bergamo, a town in Lombardy.
-F. btnlfia (Cot.).-Late L. bmrjicium, Berga.m.ot (2), a kind of pear. (F.a grant of an estate; L. benrjicittm, a Ita!. -Turk.) F. bergamotte (Cot.). well-doing, a kindness. - L. bme, well; Ital. bergamo/t-a (pI. -e) , ' a kind of excelandfacere, to do.
lent pears, come ont of Turky;' Torriano.
benefit. (F. - L.) Modified (badly) -Turk. beg anm7di, 'prince's pear.'from M. E. benfet. - O. F. bienfet (F. Turk. beg. prince; ar11liid, pear.
bienfait). -L. benefactmll, a kindness con- Berry. (E.) M. E. berie. A. S. berie.
ferred; neut. of pp. of benefacen, to do
Du. [,es, bezie; Icel. ber; Sweet. M',;
well, be kind.
Dan. ba!r; G. bcere ; Goth. basi. All
Benevolence. (F. -L.) F. btnlvo- from a base bas-. Lit.' edible fruit;' cf.
lence (Cot.). - L. beneuolcntia, kindness. - Skt. Mas, to eat.
Der. goose-berry,
L. acc. bme uo/e"tem, kind, lit. well- &c.
Formerly' convenient
wishing. - L. bme, well; and uolentem, Berth. (E.)
acc. of uolens, wishing, from uolo, I wish sea-room'; prob. from the M. E. ber-m,
(see Voluntary) .
to bear; as if 'bearing-off room.' .. Cf.
Benighted. (E.) See Night.
provo E. bertlt, a foothold, grasp, pOSItIOn.
Benign. (F. -I..) O. F. benigne (F. See Bear (1); and cf. Birth.
.
btnin). - L. bmigntts, kind; short for *be- Beryl. (L. - Gk.- Skt.) M. E. benl.
1ligenus. - L. beni-, for *bemtS, variant of - O. 1'. beril. -L. biryl/us. - Gk. {J.qPlJ)..bonus, good; and -ge,ms, born (as in )..os; cf. Arab. bil/attr, crystal, beryl.indigmus), from gmere, old fonn of Skt. vaidl1rya (Prakrit veitJriya), orig.
gignere, to beget.
beryl, brought from Vidura in S. India
Benison, blessing; see Benedic- (Yule; BOhtlingk).
tion.
Besant, Bezant, a gold circle, in
Bent-grus. (E.) M.E. bent. A.S. heraldry. (F.-L.-Gk.) Intended to
beonet, for earlier *binttt, bent-grass (in represent a gold coin of Byzantium.place-names).+O. H. G. l>inus, G. bime, O. F. besanl, 'an ancient gold coin;'
bent-grass.
Cot. - L. Byzantium. - Gk. Bu(av'TlOv, the
Benumb. From Be- and Numb.
name of Constantinople.
Benzoin, a resinous substance. (F. Beseech. (E.) M. E . besecJ'etJ. From
Ita!. -Arab.) F. benjoin. 'gum benzoin be, prefix; and secl/en, Southern form
or gum benjamin; Cot. _ Ital. ben- corresponding to Northern seken, to seek.
zoino, bmgWi (Torriano). The Ita!' 10 See Seek .
6

BESEEM

BEZONIAN

Beseem, Beset, Beshrew, Be- In Sh. Sonn. 121.-0. F. - bivel, *buvd,

side, Besiege; see Seem, Sit, Shrew, only found in mod. F. bivealt, and in F .
&c.

buveall, , a kind of squire [carpenter's rule J,

Besom, a broom. (E.) M. E. besum , having moveable and com passe branches,

besme. A. S. besma.+Du. bezem ; G. besen. or the one branch com passe and the other
straight ; some call it a bevell ; ' Cot. Cf.
Teut. type bumoll-, m.
Besot, Bespeak; see Sot, Speak. S~an . baivel. Origin unknown.
Best; see Better.
Bever, a pota tion; see Beaver (3).
Bestead; from Be- and Stead.
beverage. (F. - L.) O. F. bevrage
Bestial. (F. - 1..) F. bestial. - L. (Supp. to Gode froy) , drink. - O. F . bevre,
bestitilis, beast-like. - 1.. bestia, a beast. boivre, to drink. - L. bibere, to drink.
bevy. (F. - 1..) It answers to O. F.
See Beast.
Bestow, Bestre:w, Bestride; see bevee, a drin k ; from O. F . {levn, to drink
(above). Cf. Ital. /leva, a bevy (Florio) ;
Stow, &c.
Bet, to wager. (F . - Scand.) Short for also, a drink (T Ol riano) .
Beware, Bewilder,
abet, in the sense to maintain, or 'back,' Bewail,
as abet is explained in Phillips, ed. 1706. 1Bewitch; see Wail, W ar e, Wild,
See Abet. Der. bet , sb.
I Witch.
Betake. (10:. alld Scand.) See Take. Bewray, to disclose. (E.) Properly
Betel, a specits of pepper. (Port.- to nccuse. M. E. be7tJYaim, bi7tJYeym, to
Malayalim.) Port. belel, betele.- Malaya- disclose. A. S. be-, prefix (sec B e-) ; ami
lim vettila, i. e. veru ila, mere leaf ( Yule) . wriigall, to accue (for older *'icl1'ogia1l,
Bethink, Betide, Betimes, Be- with mutation from 0 to e) . Cf. Icel.
token; see Think, &c.
ragja (for vYcegja ), to sland er, Swed . "o/a ,
Betray. ( F. - L.; w ith E. prefix .) to discover; O. Fries. biwrogia, to accuse ;
From be., prefix; and O. F. trair ( F'. I Goth. 11'rohjatl, to accuse ; G. 'iigen, to
tYahjr ), to deliver up, from L. traden' l censure. f3. T hese are causal verbs, from
~ The prefix be- was due to confusion the base 1vroll - seen in Goth. 11'rO/IS ,
accusation , Icel. yog, a slander.
with bewray. See Tradition.
Betroth. (E.) See Troth.
Bey, a governor. (Turk.) Turk. be..~
Better, Best. (E.) 1. From the (p-,on. nea rly as bay), a lord, prince.
Teut. base bat, good, was formed the Beyond. (E .) M. E. be)'onde. A. S.
T ent. compo stem *batizoll- , a; in Goth. begeolldau, beyond. - A. S. be-, for be or bi ,
batiza, better, A. S. bctera (with mutation by; ancl geond, prep. across, beyontl, from
from a to e), M. E. bdter. The A . S. bet, geo1t, yon. Cf. Goth. jail/dre, tbither,
M. E. bet , is adverbial and comparative. jain", there; from jaills, that, yon. See
2. From the same base was formed Goth. Yon.
batisla, best, A. S. betst 'Jor bet. ist), M. E. Bezel, the part of a ring in which tbe
best. Similarly Du . bel!!r, best; Icel. betri, stone is set. (F. ) Also spelt basil; it
be~tr; Dan. ber/re, bedst; Swed. billlre, also means a sloping edge. - O. F. bisel
/!iist; G. besser, best. D er. (from the (Roquefort) ; mod. F. biseau, a bezel, basil,
slant, sloped edge. Cf. Span. bisel, the
snme base) batten, boot ( 2).
Between. :E.) _\ . S. betweollall , be- slanting ed ge of a looking-glass. P er
tween; earlier bctweollll1lt. - A. S. be, by ; h;\ps from L. bis, double. .
tweomml, dat. pI. of tweom, double, allied Bezique, a game at cards. (F. - Pers. )
to tWII, two ; see Two. Here t1v~omWI F. besiglle (with g ) ; also blsy (Littre \,
(nlso tWlmtm) answers to Goth .tweihllaim, {3. The fi r; t form = Pers. bazidwh, sport, n
<lat. pI. of tweihnaj, ' two each.' Cf. L. game; the second = Pers. bllZi, play. /Jini.
Pers. biizldall , to play. [A guess.]
betwixt. (E.) (M. E . betllJix; to Bezoar, a stone. (F. - Span. - Arab.
which t was afterwards added. - A. S. -Pers.) O. F. bezoar, F. bezoard. - Spall.
bd1Vix, bet1vttx, betweox, bctweohs, appa bezoar . - Arab. btidizaltr. - Pers. pad-zahr,
rently extended from A. S.betwill, between. bezoar; lit. 'counter-poison,' fro m its
From A. S. be, by; and twill, answering supposed virtue. - Pers. pad, expelling;
to Iweill' in Goth. Iweill" tai, two each. and ztlhr, poison.
Bezonian, a beggarly fell ow. (F.)
See above.
Bevel, sloping; to slope, slant. ( F .) In 2 Hen. IV. v. 3. 11 8. Formerly
47

BI-

BIGOT

bisoniall; made hy add ing E. -ian to

F. bisogm, spelt bisollgm, in Cotgrave,
'a filthe knave . . . bisonian.' Or from
Ital. bisogno, need, want; whence bisoglli,
pI. 'new-levied souldiers, such as come
. .. needy to the wars '; Torriano (not in
Florio). O rigin unknown _
Bi-, prefix. (L.) L. bi-, for *dui-, twice.
- L. duo, two. So also Gk. ~L" Skt. dvi.
See Two.
Bias. (F. - L.) F. biais, a slant,
;lope; hence, inclination to one side. Cf.
Ital. s-bieseo, s-bitscio, oblique. Origin
unknown .
Bib. (L.) A cloth under a child's
chin; from M. E. bibben, to drink. - L.
bibelot, to drink.
Hence 7tJitltbibber
(Luke vii. 34) ; L. bibens IlimMl (Vu lg.) .
Bible. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. bible.F. bib/e. -Late L. biblia, fern. sing.; for
L. biblia, neut. pI. - Gk. /3L(3)..[a, collection
of writings, pI. of /3L(3)..[Ol', little book,
dimin. or /3[(3)..os, a book. - Gk. /3v(3)..os ,
Egyp.tian papyrus; hence, a book.
blbliography. (Gk.) Gk. /3L(3)..io-,
for /3L(3)..[Ol'; and 'Yp<l</>ELI', to write.
bibliomania. (Gk. ) Gk. /3Lfj)..[O-,
for (3L{3)..iol'; and Mania.
Bice. (F.) Properly' grayish'; hence
Mew b)'re, grayish blue. - F. bis, dusky.
cr. Ital. bigio, gray. Origin unknown.
Bicker, to skirmish.- ( Uncertain.)
M. E. biker, a fight; /likeI'm, to skirmish.
Cf. M. E. beken, to peck; bikm, to thrust
with a pointed weapon. Apparently from
O. F. beqmr, to strike with the beak (see
Beak) ; or from A. S. becca, a pick.axe.
Cf. Du. Mkken, to notch a mill stone ; also
E. Fries. bikktm, to hack, gnaw, from
bikkm, to hack , bikke, a pickaxe (G.
bicke).
Bicycle. (Hybrid.) In use since 1868.
Coinea from Bi- and Cycle.
Bid (I), to pray. (E.) Nearly obsolete; preserved in bidding.prayer, and in
to bid beads (pray prayers). M. E. bidden.
A. S. /Jiddalt . + Du. biddm; G. bitten;
Ic ~l. billia; Goth. bidjan.
Teut. type
*bidjal1', allied to L . /ido, I trust; Gk.
WEill.", I prevrtil upon; frolll-VBHEIDH .
See Brugm. i. 589; ii. 890.
Bid ( 2). to command. (E.) M. E . bedm.
- A. S. bi odan , to command.+Du. biedm.
to offer; I cel. bjo~a; G. bietm; Goth.
allabiuda1t ; Gk. 1rEvllop.aL, I enquire; SkI.
l'IIdll, to understand. Teut. type -bmdan -.
(-V BHEUDH .) Confused with Bid ( I ) ,

the forms of which haVl~ taken the place of

those of Bid (2) .
Bide, to await, wait. (E.) M. E. biden.
A . S. bidan. + Du. beidm; Icel. bitJa;
Swed. bida; Dan. bie; Goth . btidan;
O. H. G. bilan. Teut. type *bidall-_
Biennial, lasting two years. (L.)
Formed as if from biuwi-IIm, a space of
two years; the true L. word is bimnalis.
- L. bi two; and almalis, lasting a year,
yearly.- L_ amlUs. So also fri-mllia/,
from tri- (for Ins). three; quadr-mllial,
more correctly quad,oi-emlial, from quadri(for qlladnts) , belonging to four ; qU ilU]ui.
enllial, from quillqui. (for qttitzqw:), five;
dec-mllial, from duem, ten; cenl-emtial,
from centum, a hundred; mill-emtia/,
from mille, a thousand. &c.
Bier, a frame on which a corpse is
borne_ (E.)
M.E. beere, bare. A_S.
b~r , bel'. - A. S. Mr-, 3rd stern of beran, to
carry. + Du. baar; O. H . G. bOra (G.
bahre); allied to Icel. barar, fern. pI.;
L.feretrum; Gk. </>'pETP0l'.
Biestings, Beestings, the first
milk given by a cow after calving. (E.)
A. S. bjsting, byst (for *bies/ ), thick milk.
From A. S. b1osl, first milk after calving.
+Du. biesl; G. biest-mileh.
Bifurcated, two-pronged. (L.) Late
L. bifureatlts. pp. of bifurcari, to part in
two directions. - L. bi -furms, twopronged; from bi-(s ), double; furca, a
fork.
Big. (Scand.1) M. E. big; also bigg.
rich (Hampole). Not A. s. cr. provo E.
bug, big, bog, hoastful. Prob. of Scand.
origin. Cf. Norw. bugge, a strong man.
Bigamy, a double marriage. (F. -L.
and Gk.) F. bigamie. - Late L. bigamia;
a clumsy compound from L. bi-, double
(see Bi-) . and Gk. --yal-'[a, from "Y4I-'OS,
marriage. It should rather have been
digamy (Gk. 3L'Yal-'ia).
Biggen, a nightcap. (F. ) M. F.
begt4in, a biggin for a child;' Cot.
Named from the caps worn by begnines;
see Beguine.
Bight, a coil of rope, a .bay. (E.)
M. E. bigltt. A. S. byht, as In waleres
byltt, a bight (bay) of water (see Grein). A . S. bug-, weak grade of bjigalt, to bow,
bend; with mutation of 14 to y. +G . buch/.
Teut. type *bulttiz. See Bow (I) .
Bigot, an obstinate devotee to a creed.
(F. ) F. bigot. 'an hypocrite, sllperstit ious fellow;' Cot.
Applied by the

-+8

BIJOU

BIRCH

French to the Normans as a term of

reproach (Wace). Of unknown origin.
It is an older word than beguine, with
which it seems to have been somewhat
confused at a later period.
Bijou, a trinket. (F. - C. 1) F. bijMI.
Perhaps from Bret. bizou, a ring with a
stone, a finger-ring, from biz, a finger.
Cf. Com. bisou (the same), from bis,
bu, a finger; W. byson, ring, from bys,
finger.
Bilberry, a whortle-berry. (Scand.)
Dan. hiillebar, a bilberry; where bar is E.
berry. In M. Dan., bOlk had the sense of
Dan. bttgle, i. e. boss (Kalkar). Cf. Norw.
bola, a swelling, tumour. ~ North Eng.
blea-berry = blw:krry; see Blaeberry.
In both cases, -berry takes the E. form;
see Berry.
Bilbo, a sword; Bilboes, fetters.
(Span.) Both named from Bilboa or
Bilbao in Spain, famous for iron and
steel.
Bile ( I), secretion from the liver. (F.
-L.) F. bile. -L. bilis. L. bilis is for
*bislis, Brugm. i. 877; cf. W. busll,
Bret. bestl, bile (Fick, ed. 4. ii. 175). Der.
bili-aus.
Bile (2), a boil. (E.) See Boil (2).
Bilge. (F. -C.) A variant of btl~e,
which orig. meant the bottom of a ship's
hull; whence bilge-waler (N. E. D.). See
Bulge.
Bill ( I), a chopper, sword. (E.) M. E.
bil, sword, axe. A . So bill, sword, axe.
+ O. Sax. bil, O. H. G . hill, n.; (cf. G .
bille, axe, f. ). Tent. type *biljom, n.
bill (2), a bird's beak. (E.) M. E.
bile. A . S. bile (Teut. type *biliz 1). Allied
to Bill ( I ).
Bill (3), :1 writing, account. (F. - L.)
A. F. bil/e . ..., Late L. /iiI/a, a writing; the
dimin. is billlta, bulllla, shewing that bil/a
is a corruption of L. bulla, a papal bull,
&c.; see Bull (2).
billet ( I), a note. (F.-L.) A. F. billelle. - Late L. billetta, bil/lIa, dimin. of
billa, a writing; see Bill (3 ) above.
Billet (2), a log of wood. (F.) F .
billelle, billo/, a billet of wood. Dimin.
of bille, a log, stump. Origin unknown _
billiards. (F.) F . hillard, 'a 'billard,
or the stick wherewith we touch the hall
:lt bill yards ;' Cot. Formed with snffix
ard (G. -hart) from bil/e, n log, stick, as
above.
Billion; see Killion .

Billow, a wave. (Scand.) Icel. /':1100,

a billow; Swed. bOlja; Dan. bOlge.+M.
H . G. btllge, a billow, a bag. Lit.' a
swell' or surg. , cf. Ice!. be/gja, to inflate,
puff out. The Icel. by/gja has mutation
of tl to y, and, like M. H. G. bulg-e, is from
btllg-, 3rd stem of be/g an, to swell with
anger.
(E.)
~ . E. bi,me. A. S. him"
a manger; Lu. 11 . 7.+Du. bm, G. knne,
a sort of basket. Perhaps of Celtic origin;
cf. Gaulish Lat. bmna, body of a cart; W.
ben , n cart.
Binary, twofold. (L.) L. binan"ttr,
consisting of two things. - L. binlts, twofold .-L. bi-, double; see Bi-.
Bind. (E.) M. E. hindm. A. S. bindan. + Du. and G. bindm; Ice!. nnd
Swed. hinda; Dan. binde; Goth. bitldan;
Skt. band", to bind. (.vBHENDH.)
a heap of com; obs. (Scand.) In
Surrey s Poems.-Ice!. /Iirter, Swed. binge,
a heap.+M. H . G. bi~, a heap of corn ;
whence Ita!. bica. ~ Distinct from bin,
though perhaps confused with it.
Binnacle, a box for a ship's compass.
(Port.-L. ) A singular corruption of the
older word bi/tade, by confusion with-""",
a chest.-Port. bi/acola, a bittacle (i. e.
binnacle); Vieyra. Cf. Span. bilacora,
F. "obi/ade, the same. The Port. bilafola
stands for */Iobilacola, the first syllable
being lost. - L. "obilom/um, a little dwelling, i. e. the frame of timber in the steerage of a ship where the compass stands '
(Bailey).-L. "abi/tire, to dwell; frequent.
of Izabn-e, to have.
Binocular, having two eyes. (L.)
From Lat. bin-i, two each; oml-us, eye;
with suffix -tin"s.
.
Binomial, having two terms. (L.)
From Late L. bi,10mi-tls, equiv. to L.
binominis, adj. having two names; with
suffix tilis. From L. bi-, two; nOlllill-,
for n011lt1l, a name.
Biography. (Gk.) A written account of a lite; from lJ(o-, for /JiOf, life;
and "("a</>flV, to write. The sb. /Jlof is
allied to Quick.
biology. (Gk.) Science of life; from
Gk. /Jlo-, for 1J(0f, life; and -)..cryla, a discoursing, from M"(Of, a discourse .
Biped. (L.) L. biped-, stem of bipis,
two-footed; from /,,'-, two; Pls, foot.
B~~, a tree. . (E.)
1\1. E. "jn:"e.
A. S. b,rre, f.+G. b,rlte, f.<Teut. b,,!tjon-. fJ. Also A. S. hrc, beorr. DII.

Bif.

Billf,

49

BIRD

BrZARRE

Nrl; Icel, bjij,'k, Swell. bjork, Dan. In'rk

(cf. North E. Mrl).<Teut. /Jerkti, f. Cf.
also O. Slav. brlza, Russ. Nriza ; Lith.
btrlas. Also Skt. Miirja, a kind of birch.
Bird. (E.) M. E. brid (the r being
shifted); A. S. bridd, a bird. esp. the
young of birds.
Biretta, a clerical cap. (Ital. - L Gk.) ltal. /Jertl/a (Torriano); cf. L:1te
L. bjrrilum. orig. a scarlet cap.-Late L.
1n'"US, lINrrrlS, reddish. See BUl'eau.
Birth. (Scand.) M. E. bUrlhe, birl!u.
Cf. Ice\. lIN~r, m.; Swed. bOrdo Dan.
byrd, f. (= O. Icel. by~. f.). + A. S.
gebyrtl, f.; O. H. G. gillNrl (G. geb"r/) ;
Goth. gabaurlhs, (.<Teut. /JurtJiz = Idg.
Dhrlis (Skt. iJhr/js, f. nourishmeut). All
from the weak grade of ",BHER, to
bear. See Bear (I).
Bi.cuit, a kind of cake. (F.-L.) }o'.
biscuit, lit. twice cooked.-F. bis (L. bis),
twice; and cuil, cooked, from L. (1K11lm,
acc. of (<<Ius, pp. of (oguere, to cook.
Bisect. (L.) From L. bi-, short for
bis, twice; and sUI-um, supine of seetire,
to cut.
BWhop. (L. - Gk.) A. S. biseop. - L.
epistflpus. - Gk. '''IITIr07rOS, a bishop; lit.
I overseer.' _ Gk. f"l, upon;
ITIr_OS, one
that watches, from 1T1r0,,-, a-grade of ITlrnl-,
as in ITlrf"TOJUU. I spy, overlook. See
Speoies.
Bumuth, a metal. (G.) G.bismul";
also spelt 1uisnlui. wissmlll, wissnllltn.
O~in unknown.
BUIOJ1, a quadruped. (L.-Teut.) L.
bison (Pliny) ; L:1te Gk./JIIT01V. Not a L.
word, but borrowed from Teutonic;
O. H. G. wisunI, G. wisenl, a bison;
A. S. weosend, a wild ox; Icel. vistmdr.
See O. H. G. wisuni in Schade.
Bu.eldiile. a name (or leap-year.
(L. ) Late L. bissextilis annus, bissextile
year.-L. bisstztu.<, an intercalary day; so
called because the intercalated day (formerly Feb. 24) was caUed the sixlh of
the calends o( March; there being thus
two days with the same name.-L. Ms,
twice; sextus, sixth, from sex, six.
Bu~n, purblind. (E.)
In Sh. M. E.
bisen. O. Northumb. bisln, blind (Matt.
ix. 28). Origin unknown.
Binre, a dark brown. (F. -G.?) }<'.
/lislre, a dark brown. Perhaps from provo
G. biesler, dark, gloomy, also bistre (FlU.
gel) .
Bit ( I), a mouthful, small piece. (E.)

M. E. In'll (2 lyl1.). A. S. hila, a morsel.

From A. S. bil, weak grade of bflan, to
bite. + Du. beel"; Ice\. bili; Swed. bil;
Dan. bid.<Teot. type *hilon-, m.
bit (1), a curb for a horse. ( E.) M. E.
bitt. A. S. bite, m. a bite,:l biting.<Teot.
type bitiz, :l bite; cf. bilol, a curb.+Dn.
gebil; Ice!. bili" (dimin.) ; Swed. bCIt;
Dan. bid; G. gebiss.
Bitch. (E.) M. E. biehe, bicche. A. S.
bi,w.+Icel. bikkja; also grey-baka.
Bite. (E. ) M. E. /lilm. A . S. hilall.
+ Du. bijlm; Ice1. llila; Swed. bi/(I ;
Dan. bide; G. beisslll. Teut. type bllall-.
Allied to L.ji1zdere (pt. t. pdi ), to c1ea\'e ;
Skt. Mid, to clea,e. (vHHEID.)
bitter. (E.: M. E. bileI'. A . S. bi/c"r,
bitor, lit. 'biting.' - A. S. bil-, weak gradc
o( bilall, to bite.+ Dn. biller; Ice!. bit,.;
Swed., Dan., G. billeI'.
Bittern, a bird. (1". -Late L.) The
" is added. M. E. bolar, bitoll1e. - 1'.
bUlor, I a bittor [bittern];' Cot. Prob.
named from its cry; cf. L. b,lt/re, bubiirc,
to cry like a bittern ; whence also L. MHo ,
said to mean I bittern,' though the same
word as biileo, i. e. buzz,'\rd.
Bitt_, naval term. (Scaml. 1) The
bilts are two strong posts on deck to
which cables are f.utened. Prob. from
Ice!. bi/i, a bit, mouthful (see Bit ( I ) ;
also, a cross beam in a house; a thwart
(L. Iramlnull) in a ship. [F. biles, bitts
(see Col.), Span. hilas, may hal'e been
borrowed from E.] Cf. also A. S. b,Uillg ,
a cable for holding a ship, from bie/an,
to restrain, curb, equivalent (in fo rm) to
Ice1. beila; see Bait. Also Swed. bcling,
a bitt, whence belillgbult, a billbolt, bitt
pin; Dan. bc(lillg : used also on land for
tethering horses, as in Swed. belingbull, a
pe-g for tethering, from be/a, tl> pasture, bait.
Bitumen. (L.) L. billimm, mineral
pitch. Cf. Brugm. i. 663.
Bivalve. (F. -L.) From Bi- and
Valve.
Bivouac. (F . -G.) F. bivouac, orig.
bivac. -Swiss G. bdwacht, an additional
watch at night (Stalder) ; cr. beigebm,
to add. - G. bd, in addition; wadll, a
watch, from wadu"., to wake. Sec Wake
( I ). cr. G. beiwacht.
Bisarre, odd. ;F.-Span.) F. bizarre, strange, capricious ; orig. I valiant.'
-Span. bizarro, valiant, gallant. Perhaps
of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra, a
beard. Cf. Span. hornbre de bigote, a man

50

BLAB

BLAZON

of spirit; where bigoll means C mous- blanch, white.

Nasalised form from
tache:
O. H. G. blan, shining; cf. Gk. ~lI.6-Y-EO~,
Blab, to tell tales. (E.) M. E. blaOb~, flaming, shining, from ~lI.I"(- ..", to shine.
blanket. (F.-O. H . G.) Orig.ofa
a tell.tale; blabtren, to babble. Cf. Dan.
blabOre, to babble; Dan. diaL b/affr~, G. white colour. M. E. blanket. - A. F'. bfallpla/pern, to babble, prate. Of imitative kel (F. blanenel), dimin. from blanc, white;
origin; cf. Gael.plaO, a soft noise; piabair, see above.
Blare, to make a loud noise. (E.)
a babbler; blabaran, a stammerer, blaM
dacll, babbling, garrulous.
M. E. blarm. Cf. Du. Maren, Low G.
Black. (E.) M. E. blall. A. S. blac, blarren, to bleat; M. H. G. blirm, hltrblOlc [which editors have often confused I ren (G. pliirren) , to bleat, blubber. Prob.
with bille, bright, shining]. Cf. lcel. I imitative, like bleat; but cf. Blaze (2).
blakkr. dark; also A. S. blOIe, Low G. Mak, Blaaon; see Blazon.
O. H . G. blacn, Ice!. blak, Swed. bltek, Dan. Blaspheme, to speak injuriously. (L.
blak, all meaning 'ink.' Connexion with -Gk.) L. blasphitnare.-Gk. lJlI.aq~I]
Du. "faken, to scorch, is doubtful.
flEW, to speak ill of. - Gk.IJ"".q~flO~, adj.,
blaclara.ard. a term of reproach. (E. speaking evil. - Gk. lJlI.aq, for *1JlI.alJu.,
alld F.) From black and guard. A name i. e. hurtful (cf. 1Jl\6.1JI]. hurt) ; and CPl]pi, I
given to leullions, turnspits, and kitchen say: see Fame. Brugm. i. 744.
menials, from the dirty work done by Blast, a blowing. (E. ) M. E. blast.
them. See Trench, Select Glossary.
A. S. blt1st, a blowing; cf. Icel. blastr, :l
Bladcler. (E.) M. E. bladart. A. S. breath, blast of a trumpet; O. H. G. blast.
bl/Mare, bltUrc, a blister, bladder (lit. Formed with Idg. suffix 10- from the old
blowing out).+Du. blaar [Icel. 6la3ra 1]; base of Blaze (2).
O. H . G. blatara (G. blalt~r). Teut. type Blatant, noisy, roaring. (E.) Spenser
*blharim, wk. fern. From Teut. stem has' blalant beast'; F. Q. vi. 12 (head*bl/Z, to blow (see Blow (I; wilh suffix ing); also biallant, id. vi. I. 7. Plob.
aron similar to Gk. 'TpO. (cf. X{/Tpa, a pot). imitative. Cf. Lowl. Sc. blaa. to abuse;
Blade, a leaf, flat of a sword. (E.) blaller, a rattling noise; G. platz, a crash.
M. E. blade. A. S. Mad, a leaf.+Icel. Blay, a bleak (fish). (E.) A.S. Mege.
bla3, Swed., Dan., Du. blad, a leaf, blade; +Du. blei; G. bleine.
G. blall. Teut. type *bla.ao11l, neut., with Blaze (I) , a flame. (E.) M. E. blau.
sense of 'blown,' i. e. flourishing;' pp. A. S. blase, a flame, in compo bathlase,
form (with suffix do- = Idg. to.) from a bright light; blase, f. a torch; <Teut .
.vBHL6. See Blow (2).
type blasim. Cf. M. H. G. bias, a torch;
Blaeb8r'1'7, Bleaberry, a bilberry. also G. bliisse, Icel. hlesi, a 'blaze' or
(Scand. and E.) From N"orth E. blat, white mark on a horse, Swed. bias, the
livid, dark; and btrry. The form blat is same.
Blaze (l), to proclaim, noise abroad.
from Ice!. bla-r, livid; see under Blue.
Blain, a pustule. (E.) M. E. blein. (Scand.) Mark i. 45. M. E. blaUtl. A . S. blegen, a boil. + Du. blein; Dan. Icel. blasa, to blow, blow a trumpet, sound
blt.t;n. Cf.O.H. G.plehm-oug;,weak.eyed. an alarm; Swed. blasa, to sound; Dan.
Blame, vb. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. blau, Du. b1azm, to blow a truillret; G.
blamen. - O. F. blasmer, to blame. - L. blasen. Also Goth. tif-bllsall, to puff up.
blasplt.imare, to speak ill, also to blame. < Teut. type -bllEsall., to blow; whence
A. S. bllEst, E. blasl. Much confused wilh
_ Gk. lJlI.aq~flfW; see Blaapheme.
Blanch ( I), to whiten. (F. -0. H. G. ) blaum.
From F. blancnir, to whiten.-F. blanc, Blazon (I), Blason, a proclamation.
white; see Blank below.
" Hamid, i. 5. 2I; Shako Son. 106. A cor
Blanch (2), the same as Blenoh.
ruption from Blaze (2), M. E. Masm, to
Bland. (L.) L 61ant/us, mild.
proclaim; due to confusion with Blazon
blandish, to flatter. (F.-L. ) M. E. (2) below.
1,lanaisetl.-O. F. blant/is-, stem of pres. Bluon ( l), to pourtrayarmorial bear
part of blandi"., to flatter.-L. blandiri. to ings. ( F.) M. E. Mason, blasorm, a shield;
caress.-L. blandus, bland.
I whence blauIn, verb, to describe a shield.
Blank white. (F. - O. H. G.) In : -F. b1ason, & coat of arms, orig. a shield
Milton, p~ Ih x. 656.- F. b1anc.-O. H.
(Brachet). Cf. Span. blaml, heraldry ,

I
I

G. I

51

BLEABERRY

BLISS

blazonry, glory, kacer biasolZ, to blazon,

l>las01zar, to blazon, brag, boast; snggesting a (very doubtful) connexion with G.
blaselJ, to blow the trumpet, as done by
heralds, to proclaim a victor's fame; see
Blaze (l) above. (See Scheler.) Or if the
orig. gense was a bright mark on a shielri,
it is allied to Blaze (I).
Bleaberry j see Blaeberry.
Bleach. ( Eo) Orig. 'to whit~n;' M. E.
Mechen, Ancren Riwle, p. 324, I. I. A. S.
""'lcan. - A. S. bUc, shining, bright, pale.
See bleak below. + Ice!. bleikja; Du.
bleekm; G. bleichm; <Teut. *blaikja,,-.
bleak ( I ), orig. pale. (Scand .) M. E.
bleik. - Icel. bleikr, pale; Swed. bl"k;
Dan. bleg.+A. S. blac; Du. Meek; G.
bleich. Teut. type *bla iko~. From *blaik-,
strong grade of Teut. *bleikalt- (A. S.
blica1t ), to shine.
bleak (2 ), a fish. (Scand .) From its
pale colour.
Blear-eyed, having watery, inflamed,
M. E. bleer-eyed.
or dim eyes. (E.)
Cognate with Low G. Marr-oged, bleareyed; cf. blarroge, an eye wet with tears,
from blarren, to howl, weep; which seems
to be allied to E. blare.
Bleat. (E.) M. E. blettlt. A. S. bl,elan, blelml, to bleat as a sheep.+ Du .
blalm; O. H. G. pliiza1l. Cf. Russ. blejale, to bleat; L.jlere, to weep.
Bleb, Blob, a small bubble or blister.
( E.) Cf. M. E. Mober, a bubble on water;
blttbber, a bubble. By comparing blobber,
blubber, with bubble, having much the same
meaning, we see the probability that they
are imitative, from the action of forming
a bubble with the lips.
Bleed. (E.) M. E. bledm. A. S. blida1t, formed (by mutation of 0 to i ) from
A. S. blOd, blood. <Teut. type */IlOd.ian-, to
lose blood >lcel. blafJa.
Blemish, to stain. (F.) ~-r. E. blemisshen. _ O. F. blllllis-, stem of pres. Fart.
of blemir, bles1Ilir, to wound, stain, make
pale. - O. F. blmu, "Iemu, wan, pale. Of
unknown origin.
Blench, to shrink from. (E.) M. E.
blmchm, to avoid, elude. A. S. blenra1l,
to deceive; as if from a Teut. type *blll1tkja,t-, causal of *f>lt'nkn1t-, to blink. But
proof is wanting.
Blend, to mix together. (Scand. )
M. E. bll1Idm. Due to blmd- base of the
pres. indie. of lcel. blatula t S~ed. Malltia'
Dan. hlnnde), to hlend; cognate with

A. S. and Goth. blmulalt, str. re<1upl. vb.,

O. H. G. bla1llan, to mix.
Bless, to consecrate, &c. (E.) The
orig. sense may have been' to consecrate
by blood,' i. e. either by sacrifice or by the
sprinkling of blood, as the word can be
clearly traceU back to blood. M. E. blessetZ,
A. S. Melsian, O. Northum b. blidsia, bloedsia (Matt. xxv. ~4, xxvi. 26), which can
be explained from blM, blood,with the usual
"owel-change from to oe or e. Teut. type
*bIOdiso". Cf. bleed. (Suggested by Sweet;
Anglia, iii. 156.)
Blight. (K ) XVII cent. Of unknown
origin; perhaps allied to M.E. blichming ,
mildew. And cf. M. H. G. blirze, G. blit:;,
lightning.
Blind. (E.) A. S. blind.+Du. bli1zd;
Icel. blindr; Sw., Dan., G. blilld; < Tent.
type *blindoz , Id g. base *Mlmdh- ). Cf.
Lith . b/~sti-s (3 pr. S. /IlCll dz ia-s) , to become
dim (of the sun).
blindfold, vb. (E.) M. E. Milldlolden, verb (T yndale) ; corruption of
blilllifeidm (Palsgrave), where the d is
excrescent. The true word is blilldlellen,
to' fell' or strike blind, Ancren Riwle, p.
106. - A. S. blind, blind; and lellatl, to
strike; see Fell.
Blindman's buff; see Buft'.
Blink, to wink, to glance. (E. ) M. E.
Menken, to shine, to glance; whence mod.
E. bli1lk, by change of m to ill, as in
many word s. Allied to A. S. blallc, white
(as in blallc-a, a white horse ), cognate with
O. H. G. blanch, M. H. G. blanc; see
Blank.
Cf. Du., G. blinkm, Swed.
blinka, Dan. blinke, all late forllls; and
A. S. blira11, to shine.
Bliss. (E.) See Blithe.
Blister. (F.- Teut.) M. E. blesler,
blisler. (Not fonnd before 1300.) -0. F.
blestre, tumeur,' Godefroy. Of Teut.
origin; cf. Ice!. bliis/r (dat. blilslri), a
blast, also a swelling, allied to E. Blast.
From the notion of blowing out.
Blithe. (E.) M. E. l>Iilhe. A. S.
bliiJe, sweet, happy.+O. Sax. blfiJi, bright,
glad; Du. Mijde, blij; I cel. bliiJr j Swed.,
Dan. />lid; O. H. G. blTdi, glad j Goth.
blei/hr, merciful, kind.
bliss. (E. ) M. E. blis. A. S. blis,
bliss; contr. from A. S. bliiJs, happiness,
lit. blitheness. - A. S. b/jlJe (above) . +
O. Sax. bllzZn., bHdsta, happiness. Tellt.
j stem *blissia; with ss <fI, the suffix being
Ii,i, as in I.. laeli-lin..

52

BLOAT

BLUNDERBUSS

Bloat, to swell . (Scand.) We now

generall y use bloated to mean 'puffed
out' or 'swollen,' as if allied t f) blow.
Hut the M. E. form was blout, soft; con
nected with Ice!. blaulr, soft, effeminate,
imbecile, blotna , to become soft, lose
courage. Cf. Swed. bIoi , Dan. blOd, soft ,
pulpy, mellow. Allied to IceJ. blau6r,
soft; A. S blia}, G. bliJd~, weak.
bloater, a prepared herring. (Scand.)
A bloa!~r is a cured fish, cured by smoke;
but formerly a 'soaked ' fish. - Ice\. blatt!r,
soft. C f. Swecl . blotfisk, soaked fish; from
biota, to soak, steep ; from I>lJ!, soft
(above) .
Blob a bubbl e. (E.) See Bleb .
Block, a large piece of wood. (F.M. H. G.) M. E. blok. - O. F. bloc. M. H. G. bloch , a block; cf. Du. hlok, Dan.
blo~', Swed. block.
D er. block-ode.
Blond. (F. ) XV cent. F. blond, m.
"'OItde, fern . ' light yell ow ;' Cot. Referred
by Diez to Ice\. blm/dimt, mixed; cf. A. S.
l>lo1tdm-feax, having hair of mingl ~ d
colour, gray-haired. See Blend. ~ But
the Low L. form is bhmd/ts, pointing to
a Teut. type *hltmdo-, answering to Skt.
bradh 1ta-s, reddish , pale yellow (Kluge).
Cf. O. Slav. bron', white; Brugm. i.

Blotch, a large blot. (E.) A moo.

variant of blot, perhaps suggested by {,oldl.
Blouse, a loose outer frock. (F. )
From F . blouse, a frock much used by
workmen (XVI ll cent. ). Origin unknown.
Blow (1), to puff. (E. ) M.E. b/OWeIl.
A. S. b!tiu'an. G. Miihm, O. II. v. blerIlan; allied to 1.. )lan.
Blow (1) , to bloom, flou rish as a flower.
(E .) M. E. blO1IJw. A. S. bl.noan .+Du.
blod/m; G. bluhm, O. H . G. bluojall.
Allied to L. jlifrfre; see Flourish.
Blow (3) , a stroke, hit. (E.) M. E.
blowe. Not in A. S. ; but we find M. Du.
strong verb bloflwen (pt. t. blatt ), to strike,
dress flax by beating; O. H. G. Mit/wall ,
whence G. blauen, to beat; Goth. bligg-u'oll,
to strike; all from Teut. *bliw1lJa1l-, to
strike. (H istory obscme.)
Blubber. (E.) M. E. blober, a bubble;
blobentz, to bubble up, to weep copiously.
Of imitative origin; cf. Blob.
The
blubber of the whale consists of bladderlike cells fi lled with oil. Blubber-lipped..
with swollen lips. Cf. E . Fries. blubber,
a bubble, a blob of rat; blubber1l, to
bubble.
Bludgeon. (E. or F.) XVIII cent.
Of unknown origin.
Blue, a colour. (F. -0. H . G .) M . E.
ble1l', bleu. - A. I'. bItt, blew, O. F. b/eu,
blue. - 0. H. G. blao, bille, livid, v. blatt.
+Icel . bliir, livid ; Swed. b18, Dan. blaa;
A. S. bliiw (0. E. Texts, p. 588 ' ; < Teut.
type *bltewoz. Cognate with Lat.jlat/llS,
yell ow.
BId, downright, rude. (Du. ?) A
bluff is a steep headland. It appears to be
Dutch. M. Du. blo/, fl at, broad ; blaffatrt,
one having a broad flat face, also, a
boaster (Oudemans) ; bla}" vall htl voorhoo./I, 'tlie flat of a forehead' (Hexham );
blaffm , bleffm, to mock (id.) . Cf. E.
Fries. bluffm, to make a noise, bluster,
impose on.
Blunder, to Rounder about, err.
(Scand.) M. E. blo,ldrm, to confuse, to
move blindly or stupidly. Formed (as a
frequentative ) from Icel. blumla, to doze,
slumber; Swed. blunda, to shut the eyes;
Dan. bltmdt, to nap. Cf. Iccl . blm/dr,
Dan. and Swed. bltmd, a doze, a nap.
From the sense of ' confusion.' Allied to
Blend and Blind.
Blunderbuss, a short guo. (Hyb. )
In Pope. Formerly spelt blallte1-busst,
pla"t~rbusse (Palmer, Folk-E tymology ) ;

814.

Blood. (E.) M. E. Nod, blood. A. S.

1>lOd.+Du . bloed, Icel. "'06, Swed. blod,
l;oth. bloth; G. bitt!; <Teut. type *"'Odolll,
n. Hence bleed.
Bloom, a flower. (S,ancl.)
M. E .
Mome; not in A. S. - Icel. Mifm, Mifmi, a
fl ower; Swed. blomma; Dan. blomme. +
Du. hio~1It; Goth. Mifflla ; allied to O. Ir.
hMIll,L.jlifs ; see Flower. And see bel ow.
blossom. (E.) M. E. blosllle, also
Nos!me. A. S. blOs/ma, a blossom; from
base blif- of A. S. blif-1IJall, with suffixes
-st and -1110 (Teut. 1/t01l ) . + D u. bloesem;
M. H. G. bluost (with su ffix -sl) . See
above.
Blot ( 1), a spot. (Scand.?) M. E. Mot,
Molle. O rigin unkn own. It has some
resemblance to I cel. bleltr, a blot, stain;
Dan. dial. !>Iat, a spot, a bI oI.
Blot (l ), at bnckgammo:J. (Scand.)
A blot is an 'exposed' piece. - Dan. blo!,
bare, nak ed; whence give sig blot, to lay
oneself open, expose oneself; Swed. b1ott,
naked; blotla , to lay oneself open.+ Du.
bloot, naked, blootst~llm, to expose; G.
bloss, naked. Allid to Ice!. blatttr, soft;
see Bloat.

53

BLUNT

BOHEA

i. e. ' a gun on a rest.' Apparently from short for aborde, used by Palsgrave. - F.
L. planttire, to plant (see Plant); and aborder, 'to approach , accost, abboord ,
Du. bus, a gun, orig. a box, barrel ; see or l:1y aboord;' Cot. - F . a, to (L. /Zil);
BOX ( I ). Butthe correspondi ug Du.word bord, edge, brim, side of a ship, from
Ice!. borlJ, Du. boord, side of a ship. See
is doltdt rbtlS, i. e. thunder-gun.
Blunt, dull. (Scand.?) M. E. blunt, Board (I).
"'OIIt, dull , dulled.
Origin unknown; Boast. (E.) M. E. bost. [ W. bost,
perhaps allied to Ice!. blu.uia, Dan. Corn. bost, Irish and Gael. bosd, are all
Mllnde , to sleep, doze; see Blunder.
borrowed from E.] Origin unknown, but
Blur, to stain; a stain. (Scand. 1) perhaps a late formation (with suffix -st)
Properly to dim'; metaphorically,' to from A. S. bogall, Mn, to boast;
provo
deceive.' We find : 'A Mirre, deceptio; E. bog, to boast.
to blirre, fall ere ;' Levins (1570). Of Boat. ( E.) M. E. boot. A. S. btll.
uncertain origin. Cf. Swed. dial. blura, Cf. Icel. btitr; Swed. h&t; Du. boo/: Russ.
to blink, partially close the eyes; Swed. bof; W . bad: Gael. billa, a boat. IJ. The
pli"a, Swed. dial. b1ira, to blInk; blirra Ice!. word is borrowed from A. S.: and
fojr augu, to qniver (be dim) before the the other forms either from E. or Ice!.
eyes, said of a haze caused by heat: Teut type -baitOll, m.
Bavarian pIerr, a mist before the eyes.
boa~8W&in. (E.)
Lit.' boat-lad:'
Blurt, to utter impulsively.
(E.) Ice!. rodn", a lad ('"' A. S. nlNi,,).
Lowl. Sc. blirl, to make a noise in weep- Bob! to jerk. (E.) Perhaps imitative.
ing; cf. M. E. blerm , to make a loud BobDin, a wooden pin on which thread
is wound: round tape. (F .) Formerly
noise, to blare. Of imitati.,e origin.
Blush. (E. ) M. E. b1usc"m, blussMn, ~in.-F. /JoIJi1lt, 'a quil for a spinning
to glow. A. S. blysC01I, used to translate wheele, a skane:' Cot. Ong. unknown.
L. n4tiMre, to shine (Mone, Quellen, 355) ; Bod., to foresbew. (E .) M. E. btxim,
cf. tfblysian, tfblisian, to blush; from A. S. bodian. - A. S. Wian, to announce. - A. S.
IJlys in biil-blys, lit . a fire-blaze.'+ Dn. boda, a messenger: W, n message. From
blozm, to blush, from bIos, a blush: Dan. W-, weak grade of biodan, to command,
blwse, to flame, glow, from IJlus , a torch; announce. See Bid (2 ).
Swed. blossa, to blaze, from bloss, a torch. Bodice, stays. (E.) A corruption of
From Teut. root -bleus, to glow.
Wies (pI. of body), which was the old
Bluster, to be boisterous. (E.) Doubt- se:rn-~ (Cf. F. corset, from corps.)
less associated in idea with blast (Icel. BocI~D, orig. a small dagger. (?)
bMstr, Swed. blast). Cf. E. Fries. blus- M. E. boydekin, Ch. Origin unknown.
tern, to be tempestuous (esp. of wind); Body, the frame of an animal. (E.)
blusler, blfiser, a breeze: bliistfl, to blow M. E. Oodi: A. S. Wig.+O. H. G. potadJ.
strongly: b1use, wind.
Boer; the same as Boor.
Boa, a large snake. (L.)
L. boa Bog. (C.) Irish bogue", a bog, from
(Pliny): perhaps allied to bos, an ox: from bog, soft: cf. Irish bogaim , I shake; a bog
its size.
being a soft quagmire. So also Gael.
Boar,ananimal. (Eo) M.E. bore, boor. bogrzn, a quagmire: bog, soft, moist: bog,
A. S. Mr. + Du. beer: M. H. G. bir. to soften, also to agitate. Cf. O. Irish
bocc, soft.
Teut. type -bairoz, m.
Board ( I). (E.) M. E. />om. A. S. ' Bogsrard. Bosrn.rt;, a spect~. (C.:
bord, board, side of a ship, shield. +.Du. wit" Y. suffi.r.) -From bog, variant of
boord: Ice!. bo~,plank, side of aship ; G. Bug (I); with suffix -ard, -art (F. -arti
bord: Goth. -batlrd in /otubaurd, a foot- as in bast-ard). See below.
stool. Cf. Irish, Gael., W ., and Com. Boggle, to start aside, swerve for (ear.
bonl, a board (from E.) . Teut. type (C.l) Prob. coined from provo E. boggle,
-bordom, n. ~ The sense ' side of a ship' bogle, a spectre. Cf. W . Irwg, a goblin;
explains slarboard, lar-board, on kard, bygel, a scarecrow: bwgwl, a tbreat,
over-board. Der. board, to have meals as o/gylH, to threaten; Irwgwt", to scare.
a lodger; from IJoard, a table.
See Bug (I ).
board (2), to go on board a ship, to Bok.... a kind of tea. (Chinese.) So
:tccost. (F.- Teut.) The sb. board is E., named from the Bohea hills: the mounbllt the verb, formerly spelt borde, IJord, is ! tain called B014-), (or Wi,.,) is situated in

ce.

BOIL

BOOBY

the province of Fokim or FukUzn, on the L. MItis (not L. bOlus), a Latinised form
S. E. coast of China.
of Gk. SiiJAos, a clod, lump.
Boil (r ),tobubbleup. (F.-L.) O.F. Bomb, a shell for cannon. (I' .".Span.
!willir, to boil (F. hcuil/ir). - L. b,,//ire, to -L. ~ Gk.) F. homhe; Span. homha.-L.
bubble up, boi1.-L. "ttlla, a bubble; st"C bomhus., a humming noise. -Gk. S6p.{Jos,
Bull (2).
Cf. Norman F. boil/i,.., to the same. See Boom (J).
boil.
bombard. (F. -L.-Gk.) The verb
Boil ( 2), a small tumour. (E.) Provo is from E. honlbard, a great gun; Sh.- F.
E. bile; prob. affected by boil ( I). M. E. bomba,..dt, a cannon; extended from F.
byle. A. S. Iljl, a boil, swelling.+Dn. bom"e; see Bomb. Dar. bombarditr, F .
bui/; G. beule. Cf. Goth. u.fbaMljan, to bombardier (Cot.).
puff up; Ice!. btyla, a hump (with muta Bombut, orig. cotton wadding; hence
tion). See Bowl (2).
padding, affected language. (F.-L.Boisterou. (F.) Lengthened from Gk.) From O. F. bombaa (with added t),
M. E. boislous, Ch.; lit.' noisy.' Boislcus cotton wadding. - Late L. bon/Mum, acc.
answers to O. F. boistous, lame, but the of bombax, cotton; for L bombyx. - Gk.
difference in sense is remarkable. The S6p.{Jvt, silk, cotton; orig. a silkworm.
O. F. boislcus also meant 'rough,' as Cf. to talk/uslian.'
applied to a bad road; hence perhaps
bombubae, bombuine a fabric
M. E. boislOUS, rough, coarse, noisy.
of silk and worsted. (F.-L. -Gk.) F.
Bold. (E.) M. E. bold, bald; A. S. bOil/basin. - Late L. bo",hacin"m. - L. bom
beald, bald, baI).+Ice!. ballr; Du. boud; bjcin,IS, adj. silken; from ho11lbyx, silk;
O. H. G. /laid; d . Goth. balillaha, Ildv., see above.
Bond. (E.) See Band (J).
boldly. Tent. type bal)os.
Bole, stem of a tree. (Scand.) ~. E. Bondaire, servitude. (F. - Scand .)
holt. - lcel. bolr. bufr, the trunk of a tree, M. E. ana A. F . horul4ge, servitude; the
stem; Swed. bal; Dan. bul. Cf. Gk. sense being due to confusion with the verb
<I'<iA-o...,t, a log, trunk. Cf. Balk (I).
to bind. But it orig. meant the condition
Bolled, swollen. (Scand.) Earlier of a bondman, called in A. S. bOnda, a
forms are M. E. bollen, pp., and bolned, word borrowed from Icel. hindi, a hUI'
pp. The latter is the pp. of M. E. bolnen, bandman. And bOndi =btiandi, a tiller;
to swell. - Dan. /lulne, Swed. bulna, led. from Icel. hlia, to till, rrepare, cognate
MIgna, to swell, inchoativc forms from with A. S. Mia", to dwel , and G. bauen.
wk. grade of helg (d. Ice!. klgja, to in Thus A. S. hUnt/a is allied in sense and
/late). Cf. A. S. helgan (pp. bolgtll) , to origin to E. boor, q. v.
swell with anger. See Bellowa, Billow. Bone. (E.) M. E. hofm; A. S. M".
Bolate1'. (E.) A. S. bolster, with suffix +Du. hem; Icel. ki,,; Swed. hm; Dan.
sler as in holsle,... From ita round shape. hun; O. H. G. btin. Teut. type baino",.
+ Du. bolster, IlUlsler; Ice!. bolstr; O.
bon1lre. (E. ) Orig. a bonefire.
H. G. bolslar (G. polsler). Teut. type 'Bane-Jire, ignis ossium;' Catholicon
"ul-slroz; from Tellt. /lul, weak grade Anglicanum, A. D. J-483; where hime is
of *beul, to puff up. See Boil (2). (See the Northeru form of hone. Cf. Picard/u
Franck.)
d'os, a bonfire.
Bolt (I), a stout pin of iron, an arrow. Bonito a kind of tunny. (Span.(E.) A. S. boll.+Du. hout, formerly bolt; Arab.) Span. hollito. - Arab. ba7"flll.
Dan. bolt; G. bolz, bolsen. Root unknown. a bonito.
Bolt (2), Boult, to sift meal. (F.- Bonnet. (F.) F.bonnel; O.F. htmtt
L. - Gk.) Spelt holllie in Palsgrave. - (A. D. Jo,*7), the name ola stuff of which
O. F. hulltr; mod. F. hluter; oldest form bonnets or caps were made. Origin
bultttr, a corruption of bureter, to sift unknown.
through coarse cloth; cf. M. ltat burat Bo~, fair. (F.-L) From F. bontU,
lare, to boult (Florio). - O. F . and F. fair, fern. of bon, good.-L bonus, good i
hllre, coarse woollen cloth. - Late Lat. O. L. d_us.
bura, ~"a, coarse red cloth. - Lat. Boase,
(Port.-Japanese.)
""rNII!. reddish. - Gk. ""PpIir, reddish. - Port. """-. - ap. IIMfIO, a religions man.
Gk. ""P, fire. See B1INau and~.
I Boo'b7. (pan.-L) Span. w., a
Bolu, a large pill. (L-Gk.) Late blockhead, booby (related to F. 6auN,

at:riest.

55

BOOK

BOTANY

stammering). - L IxUbus, stammering; - M. ])u. bule, Du. Imil; cf. Ice!. l'ili,
hence. stupid.
Dan. bJl/te, Swell. byte, exchange, barter,
Book. (E.) M. E. {1(){)1t; A. S. biic, a also booty, spoil; G. Mlle, spoil.
book; also, a beech-tree. The orig. Borage. (F. - Span. - Arab.)
ForI books' were pieces of writing scratched
merly bourage. _ F . bolin-ache. _ Span.
011 n beechen board.+Du. botk; Ice!. bOlt; /Jorr(l/a.- Arab. aM ,-asM" lit. I father of
Swed. bok; Dan. bog; G. bUell ; all in the sweat;' because it is a sudorific.
sense of ' book '; Goth. bOlta, a letter, pI. Boraz. (Low L. - Arab. - Pers.) Low
bOkos, writings. p. With A. S. biic, beech, cf. L. borax; also boracllm. - Arab. buraf}. _
L. fa!J'IIS, a beech, Gk. 'Pmos, a tree with Pers. biirah, borax (VulJers).
edible fruit.
Bo:rder, an edge. (F. - Low L Boom (1), to hum. (E.) M. E. bom Teut.) M. E. bordure, bordeurt.-O. F.
111m; not found in A. S.+Du. bommen, borcleure (Span. bordadllra), an edging.to boom, to give out a hollow sound like Low L. bort/aliira, edging.-Low L. boran empty barrel. An imitative word; dare (Ita!. borclare, Span. bordar, F.
like L. llombus, Gk. {3op.fks, a humming. horder), to edge. - Low L. bordus (F.
Boom (2), a pole. (Du.) Du. boom; {lOrd). - Teut. (0. Low G.) bord, side; see
the Du. form of Beam (1).
Board.
Boomerang, a wooden missile weapon. Bore (1), to perforate. (E.) M. E.
(Australian.) From the native Australian borim, A. S. boriall. + Du. borm; Icel.
name.
bora; Swed. borra; Dan. bore; G. bokrm.
Boon (1), a petition. (Scand.) M. E. Also L.forare, to bore; Gk. tpap<ifIV, to
1'Dlle, Ch. -Icel. bOlt; Dan. nnd Swed.{liilI, plough. llrugm. i. 510. (.vllHER,
a petition.+A. S. bOen, bin (whence bme to cut.)
in Wordsworth) . The sense of I favour'
bore (2), to worry. (Eo) Possibly a
arose from confusion with Boon (2).
metaph. use of the verb above; Hen. VIII,
Boon (2), good. (F.-I-) In the phr. i. I. 128.
1 /10011 companion.' _ F. bon, good. - L.
Bore (3), a tidal surge in a river.
/lomls. Sec Bonn:y.
(Scand.1) Perhaps from Ice!. Mt'a, a
Boor, II peasant. (Du.) Du. /Joet, a billow caused by wind; Nonv. baara. a
peasant, lit. I tiller of the soil.' _ Du. billow. swell in the sea.
/louwm, to till. + A. S. /Jl/all, to dwell in, Boreas, the north wind. (L.-Gk.)
whence gebl/t', s., a peasant (only preserved L. Boreas. - Gk. BOpfas, Boflpiis, the N.
in nCI:lihbour). So also G. baueII, to till, wind.
whence batter , a peasant; Icel. bUa, Goth. Borough. (E.) M. E. burgll, /Jorgh;
ballalt, to dwell. Teut. stem bu-, related also bOr7tJt. A. S. burk, burg (gen. and
to Be. (Streit berg, 90.)
dat. byrig), a fort. Perhaps from Teut.
Boot (1), advantage, profit. (E.) M. E. burg, weak grade of btrgan-, to pro/Jole, boot. A. S. bOt, profit.+Du. boele; tect; whence Goth. ba;rgan, to hide, keep;
Icel. bol (d. bat.), advantage, cnre; Dan. see Barrow. + Du. IlUrg; Icel. borg;
bod, Swed. bol, remedy; G. busse, atone- Swed. and Dan. borg; G. bllrg; Goth.
ment; Goth. bola. Teut. type bUta, f. battrgs. See below. Brugm. i. 566; ii.
J<'rom bOl-, strong grade of bat-; see 160.
Better. Der. bool-less, profitless.
borrow. (E.) M. E. borwm; A. S.
Boot (2), a covering for the foot. (F.) borgian, lit. to give a pledge.-A. S. borg,
M. E. bole. - O. F . bole (F. botle) ; cf. Span., born, a pledge. - A. S. borg , weak grade
Port., Late L. bola. Origin unknown.
of beorgml, to keep, protect; see BarBooth. (Scaod.) M. E. botke. - M. row and Borough.
Dan. bOtll (Kalk:u) , Dan. bod; Swed. bod Bosom. (E.)
M. E. bosom. A. S .
(cf. Ice!. biiiI, a dwelling, booth).-Dan. /loslll.+Du. botum; G. /lilsen.
bot, Swed. bo, Ice!. b'/(I, to dwell; see Boss, a knob. (F.-O. H . G.) M.E.
Boor. + G. IlIwe, a stall. Teut. type {'ou, bos.-O. F. boa (F. bosse); cf. Ital.
bii)ii, f. Cf. also Irish /Joth, a hut, boz-:.o, a swclling; M. Ita!' bozzare, to
W. bM, a residence; Lith. bula, bllllas, rough-hew, to bungle. Prob. froin O. H.
a house. See Build.
G. bUzan, to Peat; a bump being the
BootJ'. (F .;-Low G.) J<'onnerly spelt effcct ofa blow. Cf. bOlch, beal.
"ulin. _ F. bulill, I a booty, prey;' Cot. I Botany_ (F. - Gk.)
F. IJolal1ique,
56

BOTARGO

BOURD

orig. an adj. - lik. /JOTR"'It6s, belonging 6OA; of which the orig. sense was an
to plants. - Gk. /JOT.m" grass. - Gk. imn.'+Icel. Mer, Sweel. bog, Dan. 6orJ,
/JOtrltf''', to pasture; cf. /JOT6", a grazing the shoulder of an animal, hence the bow
animal.
(shoulder) of a ship; G. bug; Gil . .n;XClS,
Bota.rgo, a cake made of the roe of the the fore-arm j Skt. lui/IUS, the arm. Teut.
seamullet. (ItaI.-Arab.) M.ltaI. 6oIargD, type 6Oguz; Idg. type bluighus. See
pI. 6oIarglu; see Florio and Torriano. - Bow (4). Brugm. i. 184.
Arab. buiarRAa, botargo; given by Devic. Bought, a bend, tum, fold. (Low G.)
SUf.posed to be composed of !tu, Coptic In Spenser, F. Q. i. I. IS. Low G. bllgt,
de. article, and Gil. TOpcXOS, dried fish a bend; Du. bogt, bocht; Dan. bugt. Cf.
(Journ. des Savants, Jan. 1848, p. 45).
G. buck!. The E. form is Bight. And
Botch (1), to patch. (E.) Origin see Bout.
unknown. Similar is M. Du. !tuUm, to Boulder, a large stone. (li. 1) Etym.
strike, beat. also to patch up; d. Du. obscure; d. Swc:d. dial. b"lIerstem, a
boisen, to beat.
large rolling stone; so called from its
Botch (3) , a swelling. (1<'. - G .) rolling down stream with a crash.-Swed.
M. E. bMne. - O. North F. bMne; Picard bul/ra, to tbunder, roar; and stun, a
boehe j O. F. boee (}<' .bDsse), a swelling; see stone. Danish bas lmldre, to roar,bultler,
Boss.
a crash.
Both.. (Scand.) M. E. bap, Scot. Boult, 10 sift meal; see Bolt (3).
"ailn. - Ice1. baMr, both, dual adj. ; Dan. BOlUlce, to jump up quickly. (E.)
baade; Swed. b8da.+G. bulle. And d. M. E. bunsetl, to beat. Cf. Low G. bunA. S. loa, both; Lat. -bo in ambo; Gk. -</>OJ sen, to beat, knock at a door; Du. bemen,
in 4Jl-<f>oJ j Skt. -blza in IIMa, botb. IceI. to bounce, throw, from Du. bom, a bounce,
-tJir is for tJeir, they, the; so that betA thump; G. bumps, bounce j Icel. bops,
was orig. two words; cf. Goth. bajoskipa, bump! Prob. imitative.
both the ships (Luke v. 7).
BolUld (I ), to leap. (l'.-L.-Gk.)
Bother, vb. and sb. (.) In Swift. Cf. F. bondir, to bound j but orig. to resound.
pother; prov. E. FlIdde,., confusion; M. E. - L. bOlllbitnre, 10 resound. - L. bombll S,
putneren, to bestir oneself. Origin un- I a humming sound. - Gk. fJOl'/3os, tbe same.
Der. r~-bo/l/l(' (F. rebolld;r).
known.
Bot., small worms. (E.) Lowl. Sc. BolUld (3), a boundary. (F.-C.~)
bals. Of unknown origin.
M. E. bou"tIe. Ch.; with excrescent d, as
Bottle (I), a hollow vessel. (1".- iu soun-d. A. F. bou"de, bunde; O. F.
Late L. -Gk.) M. E. bo/el.-F. bou/eille. bomlt, a boundary; also spelt bodllt (Bur-Late Lat. bu/ieu/a, double dimin. of guy) ; Late Lat. bodina (contr. form
Late L. btelis, bllltis, a cask, a butt j see bOlma), a bound, limit. Perhaps of Celtic
Butt (2).
origin j Thumeysen, 91. Der. bollnd-ary.
Bottle (l) , a bundle of hay. (F.- BOlUld (3), ready to go. (Scand.) In
O.H.G. ) M.E. betd.-O.I'. botd,llOt- 'the ship is bou,ui for Spain,' &c.
die, a small bundle, dimin. of botle, a I"ormed, with excrescent d, from M. E.
bundle, as ofbay.-O. H. G. bOzo, a bundle boun, ready, Ch. C. T. 11807. - Ice!.
of straw or flax; allied to O. H. G. Mum, bui,m, prepared; pp. of Ma, to till, preto beat (see Beat) j perhaps from the pare.+A. S. buan; see Boor.
beating of flax.
BOlUlden, tbe old pp. of Bind. (E.)
Bottom. (E.) M. E. bottem, botMm. As in bOllnde" duty.'
A. S. botlll.+Du. bodem; Ice!. bot,,; Swed. BolUlty, orig. goodness.
(F. - L. )
bot/ell; Dan. btmd; G. bodm; Lat.jtmdus; M. E. bou/ztce. - O. F. bontet. - L. acc.
Gk. 'Irv8Jl.q,,; Vedic Skt. budnnii, depth, bonita/em, from bonitas, goodneSs. - L.
ground. Allied to Irish b01m, sole of tbe bOllus, good. See Bonny.
foot; Gael. bomt, sole, bottom; W. bon, Bouquet. (F.-Late L.) F. bouqtut;
base, stock. See Fundament. Brugm. O. F. bosque/, orig. a little wood,' dimin.
i. 103, 704.
of O.F. bos (F. bois), a wood.-Late L.
Boudoir. (F.) F. boudoir, a private bos(u1II, buseum, acc. of boscus, bus(tu, a
room for a lady; lit. a place to sulk in. - wood; of unknown origin. Cf. Bush.
F. bowier, to sulk. Cf. E. pout.
, Bourd, a jest; to jest. (1-'.)
M. E.
Bough. (E.) M. E. bouglt. A. S. biig, : bOtlrde, sb.; bourdm, Y. - Jo'. bOtmk, a

57

BOURN

BRACELET

{Iol/rdcr, to play. OC unknown

(Not as in Diez.)
Bourn (I ) , a boundary. (F.) In Sh.
- F. bDrlU, a bound j for O. F. bodne,
variant of O. F. bonne, a boundary j see
Bound (2 ).
Bourn (2 ), Burn, a stream. (E.)
M. E. bourlu. A. S. bllma, a Countain,
stream, wel!.+Ice!. brunnr; Swed. brunn j
Dan. bnmdj G. brunnm j Goth. brunna,
a spring, well.
Bouse, Bouze, BOOM, to drink
deeply. (Du.) M. E. bousen (ab. 1300).
-M. Du. *biisen, later IIUYun, to drink
deeply.-M. Du. flUte (Latinised as bUsa
by Erasmus) , buyse, a large cnp, also a
tap, a conduit (Kilian); Du. buu, a conduit, pipe. Cf_ O. F. buse, a conduit j
G. hausen, to bouse.
Bout, a tum, a round, occasion. (Low
G.) The same as BOUCh.. (above); prob.
influenced by alHlut.
Bow (1), to bend. (E.) M. E. bowen,
bogen, btlgCII. A. S. bi7g-atl.+Du. buigen j
O. H. G. /liogan; Goth. biugan; Teut.
type bmgan- or .biigalJ-. Cf. Skt. Muj,
t~ bend; L:'-t. /tlrre, to take to fligh!,
gtve way; Gk. ,/>ftryflll, to flee. Brugm. I.
H 658. 701.
bow (2), a bend. (E.) FrOID the
verb.
bow (3), a weapon to shoot with. (E.)
M. E. bowe. A. S. /loga, a boW; because
it is bent or bowea'.+Du. boog; Ice!. bogi ;
Swed. Mgt: Dan. bue j O. H. G. bogo;
G. bDg-m. From A. S. /lDg- j cf. bDg-m, pp.
of Mgan , to bend.
bow-window. (E. ) A window of
semi-circnlar form; not the same as bay-

M. E. bolle. A. S. bolla j from its round

fonn.+Du . bol, baU; Ice!. bolli, O. H . G.
b"lla, bowl (G. bolle). From Teut . bul,
weak grade of *beul , to swell ; cf. Goth.
tif-bauljan, to puff up. See Boil ( 2).
Bow-line. (Scalld.) Not so called
because it keeps a sail w /Cietl (for it rather
keeps it straight), but because fastened to
the ship's bow. - Nor\\,. and Swed. bogli,uz, bow-line, from bog-, bow of a ship j
Du. boeg-lijn, from boeg, bow. For the
pronunciation, cf. bow-spril. See Bow (4)
and Line.
Bow-window; see Bow (I ).
Boz ( I), the name of a tree. (L.-Gk.)
M. E. box; A. S. box. - Lat. bUJ.IIS, the
boxtree. - Gk. '"'los, the box-tree.
boz (2), a chest or case to put things
in. (L. -Gk.) M. E. box j A. S. box.-L.
bUXfI"" anything made of box-wood;
hence, a box.-Lat. bIUUS, the box-tree.
(Hence a box at a theatre; a shooting-bDx;
a Christmas box or present; &c.) Cf.

lill!n~ j

ongtn.

Pyx.

Boz (3), to fi~ht with fists; a l>low.

(E. ) The verb IS from M. E. box , sh.,
a blow. Cf. N. Fries. bakke, Silt bakke,
a blow (Outsen) ; M. H. G. bllc, a blow j
Du. I,,:tlkm, G. pol Aen, to beat.
Boz (4), in phr. 'to box the compass.'
Apparently one of the nnmerous uses of
the vb. formed from box ( 2).
See
N. E. D.
Boy. (E.) M. E . bDi, boy. Preserved
in E. ' riesic /lui. boy, a boy (KooIman) :
allied to M. Du. boeve, a boy, Du. boif,
a knave. + Ice!. bM, 1\ knave; G. /lube,
Bavarian btteb, blla, /lui, a boy. Cf. A. S.
DO/a , personal name.
~lIi"a'ow.
Boycott, to combine with others in reBow (4), the 'shoulder' of .Jl ship. fusing to have dealings with anyone. (E.)
(Scand.) From Ice!. bOgy, sh9ttfder j see From the treatment accorded to Capt. BoyBoush.+Du. boeg, bow of a ship.
CDIt, of Lough Mask House. co. Mayo, IreBowel. (F.-L.) M. E. bouel.-O. F. land. in Dec. 1880.
pail; (mod. F. boyau).-Lat. acc. bottllulII, Brabble, to quarrel. (E. )
Cf. Du.
a lIIlusage j in Late L., an intestine; brabbi/en, to stammer, confound; whence
dimin. of bollI/US, a sausage.
/lrabbtllaal, foolish talk.
See Blab,
Bower an abode, chamber, arbour. Babble.
(E.) M. E. bDur. A. S. Mr, a chamber. Brace, orig. a firm hold. (1'.- L.)
- A. S. bllan, to dwell. + Icel. b;ir, a From the notion of embracing. - O. F.
chamber: Dan. butlr, Swed. bur; O. Sax. ImJet, the two arms (Bartsch); hence a
b;irj O. H. G. bur. Teut . types burtfln, measure of 5 Ceet, formed with extended
arms (Cot.); and hence, a grasp.-Lu.t.
n., btirD::, ID. ; see BO::Jr. Cf. Booth.
Bowl (I ), Il round wooden ball. (F.- bralMa, pl. of bradIi""" the arm.+lrish
L.) M. E. boule. -F. bouk. -L. blllla, a btw, W. brailA, the arm: Gk./JpaXI01ll
bubble; hence, a round thing, a ball.
bracelet. (F. - Ih) F. braulel;
Bowl (a), a drinking-vessel. (E.) i dimin. of O'. bracel, an armlet (llartsch).
58

BRACH

BRAND

-L. brodda/e, an a rmlet.-L. broc/tiu1II, bracal, malt liquor.- W. brag, malt; Irish
an arm.
and Gael. braich, malt, fermented grain.
Brach, a kind of hunting-dog. (F. - Cf. Gae!. brach . to ferment.
G.) M. E. brache, pI. brae/us. - A. F. Brahman, Brahmin. (!:ikt.) !:ikt.
brac/uz, pI. of brae/tet, dimin. of O. F. br(zhmana, a brahman, holy man. -Skt.
brae (F. broque). - O. H . G. bracco (G. bra/lmatl, prayer ; also devotion , lit . a
braek), a dog that hunts by the scent.
greatness' of the soul; cf. b,ha'll, great.
Bracken, fern. (Scand.) M. E. bra- (.vBHERGH, to be great. )
ken. From O. Ice!. *brak1li, not found; Braid (I), to weave. (E.) M.E. breidm.
represented by Swed. briikm, Dan. bre/{1le, A. S. bregda,z, bredan, to brandish, weave,
fern; cf. Ice!. burlmi. fern.
braid. + Ice!. bre~a, to brandish, turn
Bracket, a corbel, &c. (F.-C . ?) about, change, start, braid, &c.; whence
:Formerly spelt bro,l{ge/, as in Minsheu, ed. brag6, a sudden movement.
1627. !:io named from the resemblance to
braid (2 ), full of deceit. (E.) In
the front part of a pair of breeches, as All 's Well, iv. 2 . 73, braid is short for
formerly made. - F. braguette, 'a cod- braided, i.e. full of braids or tricks. M.E.
piece,' Cot. (the front part of a pair of braid, trick, deceit. - A.S. brtzgd, deceit;
breeches) ; the allied Span. bragueta also from A. !:i. brtzgd, 2nd grade of bregdan, to
meant a projecting mould in architecture, draw out, weave, knit, braid.
a bracket or corbel. Dimin. of O. F. Brail, a kind of ligature or fastening.
brague, 'a kind of mortaise,' Cot. ; from (F.-C.?) O.F.braul,acincture; orig.for
bragues, breeches; so also Span. /Jragueta fastening up breeches. - F. bra ie, breeches.
is the dimin. of Span bragas, breeches.- -L. bractz, breeches.
L. l>roctz, breeches; said to be of Celtic Bra.in. (E.) M.E.brayne. A.S.brtzl:'z,
(or Teutonic?) origin. See Breeches.
breegm, the brain. + Du. brei". Cf. Gk.
Brackish. (Du. ) Du. brak, briny, (3PfXJ.Wf, the top of the head.
uauseous; older form wrack, brackish Brake ( I), a machine for breaking
(Hexham); allied to M. Du. wracke, a hemp; a name for various mechanical
wreck, Du. wraken, to reject, blame, tlis- contrivances. (0. Low G. ) M. E. brake.
approve. - Du. wrak, orig. 2nd grade of - Low G. brake, a flax-brake; M. Du.
",nken, to wreak; orig. to drive. See b,-auke,' a brake to beat flax; , Hexham;
Wreck. [So also wrang, sour, is allied Dn. braak. - Du. bruk, 2ud grade of brekm,
to 7un'nxm, to wring. See Frauck.]
to br<:ak; see Break.
Bract. (L. ) Lat. braetea, a thin plate Brake (2 ), bush. (E.) M.E. brake.
or leaf of metal.
+Low G. brake, willow-bush (Brt:men);
Brad. (Scand.)
M. E. l)rod. - Ice!. also stumps of broken trees, rough growth.
broddr, a spike; Swed. brodd, Dan. brodde, From A. S. breca", (pt. t. breec), to break.
a frost-nail.+A. S. brord, a spike. Teut. ~ In the sense of 'fern,' modified from
type *brozdoz. Cf. O. Irish "rot, Ir. brod, Bracken.
W. brath, a sting.
Bramble. (E.) M. E. bremoil. A. S.
Brae, brow of a hill, steep bank, slope. bremel, brembel. Allied to Du. broam, a
(!:icand.) M. E. bra, bro (North) . - Icel. blackberry; Swed. brom-bilr, Dan. br01llbra, brow; hence, brow of a hill; see ba r, G. brombure, a blackberry. Here Du.
Brow.
bmam, G. brom (0 . H. G. brama j answer
Brag, to boast. (Uncertain.) M. E. to A. S. orom (see Broom) ; of which A.S.
braggen, to sound loudly, to vaunt. Etym, brem-li (for T eut. *brlimiloz ) is the diminuunknown; cf. Gael. bragh, an explosion, tive).
crack; A.S. gebrO!c, a breaking, crash, Bran. (F.) M.E. bran.-O.F. bran,
noise; Ice!. brak, a creaking, braka, to brm. Cf. VV. bran, Irish bra II, husks,
creak; cognate with L. fragor, noise. chaff(from E.) ; Bret. bremz, bran (from F.) .
Also (late) M. F . brag"er, 'to flaunt , Branch. (F. -L.) F . branche. -Late
brag: Cot.; M. F. bragard, ' gay, gallant, L. bra,zca, the paw of an animal.
braggard,' whence E . braggart. We find Brand, a burning piece of wood, scar
also W. braga/, to vociferate (from E.) ; of fire, a sword. (E.) M. E. brond, A. S.
Bret. 'raga, to brag (from F .). Cf. Bray. bralld, a burning, a sword: from brann,
lJ_a.gget. (W. ) M. E. tragot.- W. 2nd stem of Tent. *bruma1l-, to burn; see
bragot, a kind of meau ; allied to Irish Burn. + Icel. bralldr, a fm:-branu, sword59

BRANDISH

BREACH

blade (from its flashing); Swed. and Dan. ' ( F. - Teut. ?) M. E. brelasehe, brtLasee,
bratuf, fire-brand, fire; M. H. G . bralll, brutaske, a parapet, battlement. - 0. F.
a brand , sword.
brelesc/It, a small wooden outwork, battlebrandish. ( F. -Scand .) M .E .brautl- ment; cf. Provo berlresea, Ita!. bC"lesca,
" ism. - F. bralldiss-atll, pres. pt. of brandiI', the same. A difficult word; prob. formed
to brandish a sword. - A. F. brand, a from G. brdl, a plank.
Bravado. (Span. ) See Brave.
sword. -lee!. brandr; see Brand above.
brandy. (D u.) F ormerly braluf Brave. ( F.-Ita!.) F. brave, brave,
wille, brawly-wille ; whence bralzdy. - D u. gay, fille, proud, braggard, valiant;' Cot.
bmlUuwi.fll, M. Du. brandwi.fll , brandy; - Ital. bravo; the same as Span. and
lit. 'uurut' (i. e. distilled) wine (or, acc. Port. bravo; Provo brau. Et ym. unknown;
to Kilian, because it easily burns). - D u. none of the explanations are satisfactory;
branden, to burn; and wijll, wine; see the Bret. brav, O . Swed. braj, appear to
Burn.
be borrowed from F.
Branks, a punishment for scolds. (E. ) bravado. (Span.) AlteredfromSpan.
See Jamieson.
Hence were borrowed bravada, '3 bravado;' Minshe\l's Span.
Gae!. brallgas (0 . Gael. bratuas), a sort Dict. - Span . bravo, brave.
of pillory ; Gael. bra11g , Irish brancas, a
bravo, a daring villain. (Ita1.) Ital.
halter. + Du. pranger, pincers, barnacle, bravo, brave; as a sb., a cut-throat, villain.
collar; G. pranger, a pillory ; Du.
bravo! well done ! (Ita!.) Ita!' bravo,
prangm, to pinch. Cf. Goth. alla-pragga'l, brave; used in the voc. case masc.
to harass.
Brawl ( I ) , to quarre!. (E . ?) M. E.
Bran-new. (E. ) Short for bt'and-lItw, braw/ell. Perhaps E. Cf. Du .bra/lm,
i. e. new from the fire . See Brand.
to brag, boast; Dan. bralle, to prate,
Brant-fox, Brant-gooseorbrent- chatter; G. praltlm, to brag.
goose. The prefix isScand., as in Swed. Brawl ( 2) , a sort of dance. (F.-Scand.
ora/zdriif, a brant.fox, bratuig/is, a brent- orO. H.G .) 'A Frenchbrawl,'L.L.L.iii.
goose. The orig. sense is 'burnt,' with 9.- F. brattSle, 'a totter, swing, .. . brawl
the notion of redness or blackness.
or dance;' Cot. - F. bransler, to reel; mod.
Brasier, Brazier, a pan to hold coals. F. bralzlcr. Allied to O. F. "ralldeler
(F. -Scand. ) F. brasier. - F. braise, live (Littre), bratwiller, to shake (Cot.) ,
frequent. forms of F. brandir, to brandish.
coals. -Swed. brasa, fire (below ).
Brass. (E. ) M. E. bras. A. S. bru:s. See Brandish.
l'erhaps allied to the verb seen in Ice!. Brawn, muscle. ( F.-O.H.G.) M.E.
/>ram, to harden by fire; Dan. brase, to bmwz, muscle, boar's flesh . - O. F. bmoll.
fry; cf. Swed. brasa, fire. D er . braz-C/t, a slice of flesh; cf. Provo bradoll, the same.
- O. H. G. briilO.l, acc. of briilo, a slice
A. S. bnesen.
braze ( I), to harden. (E.) K. Lear, of flesh for roasting.-O . H . G . bnitan
i. I. 11. It means to harden like brass; (G . bralen) , to roast.+A . S. b,,i'datt.
see below.
Bray ( I), to bruise, pound. (F. - G.)
braze (2), to ornament with brass. M . E.oraym. -O. F . bnier (F. /woyt'l')'(E. ) In Chapman, tr. of Homer, Od. xv. O. Sax. brekall (G. brechm" to break;
) 13; from brass, sb. 'Aero, ie brasige;' see Break.
h:lfric, Gram. p. 215.
Bray (2), to make a roari ng noise.
Brassart, the piece of armour which ( F . - C.) A. F. braier ; F. l'raire (Med.
protected the lIpper part of the arm. (F. - Lat. bragire). Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael.
L.) F. brassart (Cot.), brassard (Littn!) ; brag!z, a burst, explosion, braigh , to crackle
also "rassal. Formed with suffix -ard (Thurneysen) ; and cf. L.frag-or, noise.
from F . bras, arm. - L. bnfcMttm, arm.
Braze; see Brass.
Brat ( 1), a cloak , rough mantle. (C .) Brazier; see Brasier .
It also meant a rag. clout, or pinafore. Breach. (E.) M. E. breche, a fracture.
Gael. and Irish brat, a cloak, rag; O. Irish - A. S. brue, as in hltij-irebrece, a piece of
bral, a rough cloak; 'V. bretltYll, woollen bread (more commonly brice, a breaking);
clolh. (W.bralis from E.)
O. :Fries. breke.-A. S. brecall, to break.
Brat ( 2), a child ; esp. 'a beggar's brat.' ~ M. E. bruhe is also partly from O . F .
Perhaps' a rag,' the same as Brat (I ).
breclte (F. brcche; , a fracture. - G. brt"chm.
Brattice, a fence of boards in a mine. to break.

60

BREAD

BRrDEGROOM

Bread.. (E.) M. E. breed. A. S. briatl

+Du. brood; lcd. brau3; Swed. and Dan.
brOd; G. brot. Teut type brautiom, n.;
or braut/oz, neut. form in -oz. It some
times means 'bit' or 'piece'; cf. A. S.
, brlatiru, frnsta janis,' BJickling Glosses;
O. Northumb. briati, a bit, morsel; John
xiii. l7.
Bread.th. (E.) The final -th is late;
from M.E. brede, breadth ; Ch. -A.S.
brfetit4.+Icel. breidd; O. H.G. bniH (G.
brei/e) ; Goth. braide;, f. From Teut.
*bra;doz. broad; see Broad.
Break. (E. ) M. E. brl!ken; pt. t. brak;
pp. brokm. A. S. brecan, pt t . .brcec, p~.
brocen.+ Du. breken; Goth. bnkan; G.
bruhm. Cf. Icel. braka, to creak; Swed.
braka, to crack; Dan. brcekke; Lat..frangere. to break; Gael. bragh, an explosion.
(-VBHREG.) The orig. sense is to break
with a noise, to crack.
Brea.m, a fish. ( F. - Teut.) M.E.breem.
-O.F. brume (F . brhlze). -M . H.G.
bra/lSClJl (G. brassm) ; O. H. G. brahsilla
(Kluge). Cf. Du. braSCI1l.
Breast. (E .) M. E. brest, breest. A. S.
breost. + lcel. brjost (Swed. brost, Dan.
bryst ) : Teut. type breustom, n. Also G.
brust, D u. borst, Goth. brusts: Teut. stem
*brust- (with weak grade).
Breath. (E.) M.E .breeth,bretn. A . S.
brlC6.+ 0 . H.G.brtidalll.G.brodem,broden,
brodel, steam, vapour, exhalation.
Breech. (E.) See Breeches.
Breeches_ (E.) Really a double
plural, the form breech being, in itself, a pI.
form. A. S. bric, breeches; pI. of broc. with
the same seDse.+Du. broek, a pair of
hreeches; lcel. brok (pI. brakr); M. H. G.
bruoen. Cf. L. bracce, said to be a word
of Celtic (but rather of Teutonic) origin.
See Brogues.
breech. (E.) M. E. breech; A. S.
bric, the breech; A. S. Leechdoms. ii.
146. Cf. A. S. bree, breeches, pI. of broc;
see above.
Breed. (E.) A. S. "redan, to produce
or cherish a broon.-A. S. "rOd, a brood
(with mutation from 0 to e ).+G. briiten;
from brut. See Brood.
Breeb, breeches. (Scand.) Northern
E. From Icel. brakr, pI. of brok j see
Breeches.
Breeze (I), a gadfly. (E.) M. E. brm.
A. S. 6rioSfl.
Breeze (l),astrongwind. (F.) Formerly
"r;ze. -0. F . brUe. used hy Rabelais in th e

lIUlle

sense as F. bise, the N. wind; cf.

Span. brisa, Port. In';uz, the N.E. wind;

Ital. brezuz, a cold wind. Orig. unknown.
Breese (3), cinders. (F.-Scand.)
O. F. brue (brese in Cot), F. braise, live
coals. See Brasier.
Breve. (Ital. -L.) Orig. a short note;
now the longest in nse.-ItaJ. breve, brief.
- L. breuis, short. Der. semi-breve.
brevet. (F.-L.) F. brevet, , a brief,
breviate, little writing;' Cot. Dimin.from
F. brif, brief. -L. breuis, short.
breviary. (F.-L.) F. brlviaire.L. breuiarium, a summary. - L. breuis.
brevitl' (F. -L.) F. brihlett. -L.
acc. breultatem, shortness. - L. breu;s,
short.
Brew. (E.) M. E . brewen. A. S.
brlowa1', pt. t. brlaw, pp.gebrO'lutlt.+Du.
brouwen; G. brauen; Icel. brugga; Swed .
brygga; Dan. brygge. Cf. L. dl:fru-tIl11l ,
new wine boiled doWD; Thracian fJpiiTov ,
beer. (-VBH REU, to decoct.)
Brewis, Browis, pottage. (F . O. H. G.) M. E. brewes, browes. -O. F .
broue%, broe%, nom. of brouet, broet, soup
made with broth of meat; dimin. of brm,
pottage ( Roquefort). - O. H. G . brod, brot,
broth; see Broth. Also speIt brose.
Briar, Brier. (E.)
M: E. brere.
A. S. brter, O. Merc. brer.
Bribe. (F.) M. E. brik -O. F. bn'be,
a piece of bread given to a beggar.
Cf. briber, to beg; Span. "riba, idleness,
bribar, to loiter about; Ital. birbn, frand;
birbante, an idle beggar. Origin un kD9WD; not Celtic.
Brick. (F. - M. Du.) F. brique, a
brick; also a fragment, hit. - M. Du. bricke,
a brick; cf. Walloon briquet. a large slice
of bread. - Du. brtken, to break. Der.
brick-bat (see Bat) .
Bride. (E.) M. E. bride; also birde,
brude, burde. A. S. brjd, a bride. + Du.
bruid; lcel. bru6r ; Swed. and Dan. bntd;
O. H. G. briit; G. braul; Goth. brtitns.
Teut. type bn"id;z, f.
bridal. (K) Formerly brit/eoOle, a
bride-feast. A. S. brjdealo, a bride-ale,
bride-feast. - A. S. 6rjd, bride; aDd ealo,
ale, also a feast; see Ale.
briclegroom. (E.) For bridegoom ;
the second r is intrusive; by confusion
with groom. A. S.l>rjd-guma, lit. brideman; where guma is cognate with L.
homo, a man; see Homage.+Du. bruille.
gom; Ice1. bnil1gttm;; Swed. brllt/gum:

6,

BRIDGE

BROCADE

Dan. brw(l{VII/; G. bni"tltt:~IIl, O. H. G. clil). - M. E. bYlJl1Im, to bum, and SIOOIl,

bYliti~lIlo.,
.
stone. So also Icel. bremzisleillll, brimBnc1ge. (E. ) M. E. ongge, brugge. stone. See Burn.
A. S. brycg.+Icel. bryggja; Swed. blygga; Brindled,
Brinded, streaked.
Dan. blygge, a pier; Du. bnlg; G. brzkkt. (Scand.) Icel. brolld-, as in bront/ott,-,
Teut. type bru.r;if, r.. Allied to Icel. brii, brinded, said of a eow.- Icel. brandr, a
Dan. bro, n brtdge, pavement; O. Swed. brand, Rame, sword. Thus brilUied,..
bro, a paved way.
bralld~d.
Bridle. (E.) M. E. b,-idd. A. S. Brine. (E.) M. E. brille. A. S. brjillc
bride!. + Du. breitlel; O. H. G. bridd, (for bri'te), brine, salt liquor.+M. DII.
brittil (whence 1" . bride). A. S. bride! brijne; Du. brijlt, pickle.
A. S. bri11gall, also
represents an earlier brigrlef (cf. brigdils, Bring. (E.)
a bridle, O. E. Text~, p. H, 1. Il7). - A. S. brengalt, pt. t. brohte.+ Du. brengm; G.
bregd-alt, to pull, twitch (with change of brillgell; Goth. briggall (written for
e to i ). See Braid.
brillg'QIt), pt. t. brahta.
Brief ( I), short. (F.-L.) M.E. bre;: Brink. (Scanel. ) M.E. bri11k.-Dan.
- F. ""e/- L. brelll's, short.+Gk. ~paXIJ~, brink, verge; Swed. bri,lk, descent or
short.
slope of a hill; Icel. breMa (for brillka\ n
brief (2" a writ, &c. (F. -L.) F. slope, crest of a hill; allied to Icel. brillg</ ,
brief, n brief; Cot. The same as F. bref a.wassy slope, orig. the breast.
Brisk. (F.-Ital.)
Spelt bmisk in
above; from its being in a short form.
Brig, Brigade; see Brigand.
Lowl. Sc. ( IS60).-F. bnlSl/ue, 'brisk,
Brigand. (F. - Ital.) F. bri.~1kI, a lively, quieke, rash, harsh;' Cot.- Ital.
robber. - Ital. brigalltt, an intriguer, rob- brt/sco, tart, harsh; see Brusque.
ber; orig. pres. part. of brigare, to strive Brisket. (F.) O. F. brisdle! (Erachet),
after. - Ital. briga, strife, quarrel, trollble. s. v. breekel), also bruseket (Ducange) ;
brickel, 'the brisket, or breast-piece,'
Orig. uncertain.
brig; short for brigantine.
bruclle!, 1 the craw-bone of a bird;' Cot.
brigade. (F . -Ital.) F. brtgade, a Mod. F . bneket. cr. Bret. brllehed, the
crew, troop. - Ital. brigala, a troop; mig. breast; spelt brusk in the dialect of
fern. of pp. of bngare, to strive, fight, as Vannes.
Bristle. (E.) M. E. bristle, berstle,
above.
brigandine, a kind of arm our. (F. birstle; dimin. of A. S. l'Yrst, a bristle.+
- Ital.) F. brigaltdi1te, a kind of armour, Du. borsle!; Ice!. burst; Swed. borst;
worn by brigands. - F. briga1ld, a robber; G. bors/e. From Teut. burs-, weak grade
of bers = Idg. b1urs, to bristle; cf. Skt.
see a bove.
brigantine, brig, a ship. (F. - sahasra-bhrslzti, having a thousar.d pointg.
Ital.) Bng is merely short for bngattlim. See Burr.
- F. bY/gait till, a kind of ship. - Ital. Brittle. (E.)
M. E. brilel, brold,
brigaltthlo, a pirate-ship. - Ital. brigallte, brtltel. For A. S. bryte! = Teut. b,utiloz,
a robber. See Brigand.
from brut-, weak grade of A. S. brrotan,
Bright. (E.) M. E. brigkt. A. S. to break. It means 1 fragile.' Cf. Icel.
beorht, berM. + Ieel. bjartr; M. H. G. brz'O/a, Swed. bryta, Dan. bryde, to break.
berM; Goth. bairMs, shining. Teut. type Broach. (F.-L.)
M.E. setten Olt
berktoz, shining. Cf. Gk. cpoP"os, white. broche = to set a-broach, tap liquor. - F.
Brill, a fish. (E.) Origin unknown. lIIellre m broehe, to tap, by piercing n
Brilliant, shining. (F. - L. - Gk. - barrel. - F. broeher. to pierce; brorhe,
Skt.) F. bril/01II, pres. part. of briller, 'a broach, spit,' Cot.; ~ee Broocb .
to glitter; cf. Ital. brillare, to sparkle. Broad. (E.) M. E. brood. A. S. brad.
The orig. sense was to sparkle as a beryl. + Du. breed ; Icel. brei(Jr; Swed. and
- L. belylllls, a beryl; see Beryl.
Dan. bred; Goth. braids; G. breit.
Brim. ( K) M. E. brim. (Not in Brocade. (Span.-L.) Span. brocado,
A. S.) Cf. Icel. barmr, brim; Swed. brocade; orig. embroidered. the pp. of .\
briim, border, edge; Dan. bramme; M. verb broear (not used) ans~ering to .F.
brocher, 'to broach, also, to stitch ... WIth
Du. brellle; G. gebYlfme, border.
Brimstone, sulphur. (E.) M. E. great stitches;' Cot. - F. b,whe. - Late L.
brim.rton, bremsloon, also brens/ootl (Wy- . brocra. 1.. bro(ms; Sfe Brooch.

6:J

BROCCOLI

BROTHEL

broccoU. (Ital.-L.) Ita1. brcD/i,

sprouts; pI. of brocc%, a sprout. Dimin.
of brocco, a skewer, a shoot, stalk.-L.
brocc1ls, projecting, like teeth.
brochure, a pamphlet. (F.-L.) F.
brochure, a few leaves stitched together.F. brher, to stitch; see Brocade.
Brock, a badger. (C.) A. S. br.W., Com., and Bret. brocA; Irish, Gae\. ,
and Manx broc, a badger. Named from
his white-streaked face; cf. Gael. !>rqcach,
speckled, grayish, aHa badger; Gk. ,/>oP"os,
white, [Tay. (Cf. E. graJ', a badger.)
Brocket, a red deer two years old.
(F.-L.) F. brocarl, the same; so called
because he has but one tine to his hom.F. broche, a spit, also, a tine of a stag's
horn; see Brooch.
Brogues, coarse shoes, leggings. (C.
- E.) Gael. and Irish brog, shoe; M. Irish
broce, shoe. - A. S. brOc, breeches; or Icel.
brok. See Breeche..
Broided braided. (E.) The wk. pp.
broidtti took the place of the str. pp.
broidm, woven, itself due to confusion of
browden with broider (below). Srtrwden
represents A. S. brogden, pp. of bregdan,
to braid. See Braid.
Broider, to adorn with needlework.
(F.) [In I Tim. ii. 9, broidered (as in
some edd.) is au error for broided; see
above.] Used as the equivalent of F.
brMer, 'to imbroyder,' Cot. The oi is
due to confusion with broided. - O. F.
brouder, also brosder (Supp. to Godefroy) ;
cf. Late L. brmdlls, brosd,~s, embroidered
work (Ducange). Of unknown origin;
perhaps from Teut. *brozd-, whence A. S.
"r01'd, Ice!. broddr, a spike; see Brad.
Broil ( I ), to fry, gr-ilI. (F.) M. E.
broilen. - A. }<~ . broiller (Bozon) , O. F.
bmiller, to boil, roast (Roquefort). Origin
unknown; cf. O.F. bruir, to roast; perhaps from ?It . H.G. brnejen, to scald; see
Brood.
Broil (l), a (umult. (F. ) F. brouiller,
to jumble, confuse, confound. Cf. Ita!'
brogliare, to disturb. broglio, confusion
Origin nn(whence E. im ,broglio ).
known.
Broker. ( F. - L.) M. E. brOC01tr,
nn agent, witness of a transaction. - A. F .
/;roc()Ur, an agent; orig. a ! broacher' or
selIer of wine. - Late L. broccator, one
who broaches. - Late L. /lrocca, i. e. spike;
see Brooch.
Bromme, a chemical element. (Gk .)

Named from its ill odour. FO!'Illed, with

suffix oint, from Gk. fJpiill'-OS, a stink.
Broachial. (Gk.) Gk. IJp/ryX"" neut.
pl., the lamifications of the windpipe.Gk. lJp/ryxos, the windpipe; CC. fJpO.'YXos, a
gill. Der. broltc/,-itis; from lJp6"(xos.
BroDSe. (F.-Ita1.~L.) F . bronu.
-Ita1. brtmzq; bronzino, made of bronze
(z = ds).- L. iis Brunt/usinum. -L. Brun"usium, Brindisi (in Italy); where bronze
mirrors were made (Pliny, xxxiii. 9).
Brooch. (F.-L.) Named from the
pin which fastens it. M. E. broellt, a pin;
peg, brooch.-F. broche, a spit, point.Late L. broan, a pointed sti.:k; brom, a
s~ke; L. bro!cus, projecting, like teeth._
Brood. (E.) M. E. brod. A. S. brod
(rare); 'hi brldalJ heora brOd' = they
nourish their brood; lElIric's Hom. ii. 10.
+Du. broed; G. britt. Teut. stem *brO-lJ-,
from a verbal base *bro-, preserved in G.
br#-hm, to scald (orig. to heat), Du.
broe-ien, to brood, hatch; from the idea of
heat' or 'warmth.' Der. breed.
Brook (1), to endure, put np with.
(E.) M. E. broke", brollken. A. S. bri,can, to use, enjoy; which was the orig.
sense. + Du. gebruikm, Ice!. llriikn, G.
brauchen, Goth. brukjan, to use; d. L .
/ru;, to enjoy. See Fruit. ('V'BHREUG.)
Brugm. i. III.
Brook (2 ) , a small stream. (E.) M. E.
brook. A. S. brOc.+Du. broek, G. bruch,
a marsh.
brook-lime, a plant. (E.) M. E.
brok-Iemke, brok-lemok. From A. S. 111'0",
a brook, and lzle01lloc, brook-lime.
Broom. (E.) M. E. brome, broolll.
A. S. br01ll, the plant broom; hence, a
besom made from twigs of it.+Du. br~m ;
Low G. braa11l, broom. Teut. type *br.11110%.
Allied to Bramble, q. V.
Brose, a later form of browis or brewl);
see Brewi ..
Broth. (E.) A. S. bro).+Icel. br~;
0, H . G. brod. Teut. type *bro)om, n.;
from bl'O-, bru-, weak grade of bl'eu-, as in
A. S. brlowan, to brew. Lit.' brewed.'
Brothel. (E. ; con/used with F .Teut.) 1. M. E. brotlte!, a lewd person,
base wretch. - A. S. brolJ-en, pp. of
brlolJ(m, to perish, become vile; whence
also tibrolJen, degenerate, base. Hence
was made brothel-house, a honse for vile
people (Much Ado, i. I. 256) , afterwards
contracted to /lrothe!. 2. Orig. distinct
from M. E. bordd, which was used, how-

(,3

BROTHER

BUCKRAM

e\'er, ill much the same sense. - O. F. /)(",- twigs. - O. F. broce, F. brosse. brushwood:
del, a hut. orig. of boards. -Du. bord, a also. later, a brush.-Low L. brusda , n
plank, board; see Board.
thicket. Derived by Diez from O. H. G.
Brother. (E.) M. E. brollzer. A. S. burslii, G. borsle. a bristle; but perhaps
br0601'.+Du. broeder; Ice!. briJ6ir: Goth. Celtic (Thurueysen).
brotlrar; Swed. and Dan. broder; G. Brusque, rough in manner. (F. -Ital.)
bruder; Gael. and Ir. bratlrair; W. F. brusque. - Ital. brusco, sharp, tart, sour.
brawd; Russ. brat'; La!. frater; Gk. applied to fruits and wine. Origin un~parltp; Skt. bhralr. Teut. stem *brotner-; certain.
Illg'. stem *bkraler.
Brute. (F. -L.) F. brul, fern . brute.
Brougham, a kind of carriage. (per- - L. briitus, stupid.
sonal name.) Date 1839. Named after B170n;r. (L. - Gk.) L. bryonia. the first Lord .Brougham.
Gk. tJplJoma, 1JpuWtrt" bryony. - Gk. IJPrJEI",
Brow. (E.) M. E. brtnlJe. A. S. brii. to teem, grow Inxuriantly.
+Icel. brim. eyebrow; Lith. bruwis; Bubble. (E.) Cf. Swed. bubb/a, Dan.
Ross. brove: Gk. o."prJs; Pers. abrii; Skt. boO/e. a bubble; also Do. bobbel, a bobble,
bhrii. Brugm. i. 554.
boOklen. to bubble. Of imitative origin.
Brown. (E.) M.E. brOUtl. A.S. Bucc&D.ier. (F.-West Indian. ) F.
brtln.+Du. bruin; Icel. briinn: Swed. bouca,zier, a pirate. - F. boucaner, to broil
orun; Dan.brutm: G.oraun: Lith.brutlas. on a sort of wooden frame.-F. OoUCa1z.
Cf. Gk. ",pI, 'or, a toad; Skt. l>a.b!tru (s), a wooden frame, used by hunters for
tawny.
smoking and drying flesh. The word
Browse. IF. - M. H. G.) For brousl; bouca" is said to be a F . spelling of a
lit. 'to feed on young shoots.' - M. F. Tupi (Brazilian) word, and to mean 'a
orouster (F. orouler). to nibble off young frame on which meat is smoke-dried.'
shoots.-M. F . brousl (F. brout) , a sprig, Buck (I), a male deer, goat. (E.)
shoot, bud. - M. H. G. broz, a bud; Bavar. M. E. bukke. A. S. b/ll:, male deer. bucca.
orosst, bross, a bud. From the weak grade a he-goat.+Du. bok, Icel. IllIkkr, ~wed.
of O. H. G. bdozan, to break, also, to bock, a he. goa~; Dan. buk, a he-goat, ram,
break into bud; which is cognate with buck; G. bock; also W. Inven, Gael. boc.
A. S. briolan. See Brittle.
Irish !Joe. Brugm. i. 800.
Brain. (Du.) In Reynard the Fox, Buck (2), to steep clothes in lye. (E.)
the bear is called bruin, i. e. brown. - Du. M. E. bouken. As if from A. S. *Mcia't,
not found. Prob. from A. S. blIC. a pitcher
bruitl, brown. See Brown.
Bruiae. (E.; partly F.) A. S. (/0)- (prov. E. bouk, a pail, tub); but M. E .
brjsan, to bruise. Influenced by O. F. Oouken has the specific sense of 'steep in
bruiser, mser, to break, perhaps of Celtic lye,' like M. H. G. bue/un, Swed. byka,
origin; cf. Gael. bris, to break, Irish bris- Dan. byge, Low G. bllkm, buken (whence
i11', I break. (The spelling ui, from A. S. ltal. btlear~, F . buer).
j. occurs in S. Eng. Legendary, z95. 58.)
bucket. (E.) A. F. boket (Bozon).
Bruit, a rumour. (F. -L.?) F. bruit, Formed with A. F. dimin. suffix -et from
a noise. - F. bruire, to make a noise. A. S. btle, a pitcher. Cf. Gael. bucaid,
Scheler derives F. bruir~ from L. rugir~, Irish buicead, a bucket (from E. ).
to roar, with prefixed b. F. bruit = Late Buckle. (F. -L.) M. E. bokel.-O. F.
L brugilus, a clamour (Ducange) ; cf. L. bucle (F. boucl~), the boss of a shield, a
rugitus, a roaring. Partly imitative; cf. ring, a buckle. -Late L. bueula, the boss
of a shield; /luccu/a, beaver of a helm, boss
G. briillen, to roar.
Brunette. (F. - G.) F. brltnetl~, fern . of a shield, buckle. - Lat. buccula. the
of brunet, brownish. -M. H. G. by tin, cheek, dimin. of bUfea, tbe cheek.
brown; see Brown.
buckler. (F.-L.) M. E. bokder.Brunt. (E.) Prob. imitative ; cf. dint O. F . bud" (F. bouclier) , a shit:ld; so
(dun!), a blow; infloenced by North E. named from the boss on it; see above.
brunt, i. e. ' burnt,' as if the' hot' part of Buckram, a coarse cloth. (F.the fight.
Ital.) M. E. bokerrzm.-O. F. boqueratzt
Brush. (1'. - Teut.?) M. E. brtlsene, (F. bougran), a coarse kind of cloth; Low
a brush; also brush-wood, which is the L. boquera'lntls or (in Italy) bZlchiranus
olcler sense, the orig. bnlsb being made of (for Ital. bllchirano), late Ital. bucnerame.
6,.

BUCKWHEAT

BULGE

Origin uncertain; perhaps from Bokhara buffen. to strike, orig. to buffet on the
(Tartary).
cheek; see Butret (I).
Buckwheat. (E.) Lit. beechwheat;
bdooD. (F.) F. bouifon, a buffoon.
from the resemblance of its seeds to the jester, onewhomakesgTimaces. - F.bouffer.
mast of the beech-tree. The form buck is to puff.
from A. S. Me. as in buekmast. beech- Bdet (2), a side-board. (F.) F . buffet,
mast. So also Du. boekweit. buckwheat; a side-board. Origin unknown.
Bug (I). a spectre. (C.) In Sh. - w.
G. buehweiun. See Beech.
Bucolic, pastoral. (L. - Gk.) L. Meo- /r.tw, a hobgoblin, spectre; Gael. and Ir.
licus. - Gk. l301JKo),.,,c6~. pastoral. - Gk. boca", a speetre.+Lithuan. baugtls, terrific.
l301JK6''o~. a eowherd.-Gk. l3oii.~, an ox; from bug/i. to terrify. allied to Skt. blzuj.
and K<A.A.m', to drive.
to tum aside; see Bow (I). Brugm. i.
Bud. (E.?) M. E . bodde. blldde, a bud; 70I.
budden , to bud. Not found in A. S. Cf. Bug (2). an insect. (C.?) Said to be so
DIl. bot. a bud; botten. to bud. sprout.
nameo because an object of terror, exciting
Budge (I), to stir. (F. -L.) F. bOIl/{er. disgust; see Bug (I). Hut cf. A. S.
to stir; answering to Ital. bulieare, to seearn-budda, dung-beetle (Voe.). provo E.
bubble up (Diez).-L. bu!lire; see Boil shorn-bu/{ (Kent).
(I) above. Cf. Span. bullir, (I) to boil, Bug-bear. (C. and E.) A supposed
(1) to stir.
spectre in the shape of a bear; see
Budge (1), a kind of fur. (F.?) Bug (I).
Perhaps related to O. F. boehet, btfUC/zet. a Bugle (I), a wild ox; a hom. (F. -L.)
young kid.
Bu/{li, a horn, is short for bu/{Ie-horn;
Budget, a leathern bag. (F.-C.) a bu/{Ie is a wild ox.-O. F. bu/{Ie, a wild
F. boute. dimin. of bou/{e. a bag. - L. ox. - L. ace. Meulum, a yonng ox; double
bulga, a leathern bag (Gaulish). -O. Irish dimin. of 60s, an ox.
Iiol/{, -bole, a sack.
B11Jle (1), a kind of ornament. [Low L.
Bd (I), the colour of dressed buffalo- bugal" pl., the name of a kind of pad for
skin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. buffie, a buffalo. the hair (A.D. 1388), throws no light on
- L. bulalus; see Buft'alo.
the word.] Etym. unknown.
Bd (2), in Blindman's buff. (F.) Bugle (3), a plant. (F.) F. bu/{le;
Formerlyblindman-buff, a game; in which Cot.; cf. Span. and Late L. bu/{'Ula. Cf. L.
game boys used to buffit ooe (who was b'!P"o, (perhaps) bugle.
blinded) on the back, without being BuglOBB,aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) Lit.
caught, if possible. From O. F. buft, F. 'ox-tongue.'-F. buglosse.-L. buglossa;
bujfe, a buffet, blow; cf. Low G. buff, also bu/{lOssus. - Gk. l3o.r,"QJt1t10~, oxpu/, a blow (Lubben ). See Bu1fet (I). tongue; from the shape of the leaves.B1rlfa.lo. (Port. or Ital. - L. -Gk.) Gk. l3oii-s, ox; .,,.JiJt1t1-<J., tongue.
Port. bulalo, Ita!. buffalo,olig. a kind of Build. (E.)
M.E. buJden.
Late
wild ox. - L. bulalus, also bubalus. - Gk. A. S. byldan, to build. - A. S. bold, a bouse,
l3ovl3a.A.os, a buffalo; a kind of deer or variant of botl, a dwelling, n. = Teut.
.bu-)lom, from bu-, related to bie-an, to
antelope. (Not a trne Gk. word.)
Bder (I), and (2); see Butret (I).
dwell; see Bower. Cf. A. S. bytlian, to
Bdet (I), a blow; to strike. (F.) build, from botl (above). [Cf. O. Swed.
M. E. boffet, buffet, a blow, esp. on the /Jylja, to build (Ihre). -O. Swed. bol,
cheek.-O.F.buftt, ablow,dimin.ofbuft, a house, dwelling; Icel. MI, a bouse,
a blow, esp. on the cheek; cf. buler, buffer, Dan. bol, a small farm.]
to puff out the cheeks, also to buffet; mod. Bulb. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. bulbl!.-L.
F. bouffer. Prob. of imitative origin, allied bulbus, a bulb. - Gk. l3oA./36s, a bulbous
to,ouffer, to puff; see Butr(l), Pu1f.
root, onion.
der (I), a foolish fellow. (F.) Orig. Bulbul, a nightingale. (Pen.) . PelS.
a stammerer; bence, a foolish fellow. M .E. bulbul, a bird with a melodious voice.
buffin, tOitammer.-O.F. buler, to puff resemblingtbe nightingale. Of imitative
out the cheek.. (hence, to puff or blow in origin.
talking).
B1ilire, to swell out. (F.-C.) Formed
bder (2), a cuahion, to deaden con- from 1.f. E. lmll[t, a wallet, pouch.cussion. (F.) Lit. 'a striker;' from M.E. O. F. boulge (bou/{I!.' , a bag.-L. Otllga,
65

BULK

BUNDLE

a bag (;anlish). See Budcet. Doublet,

bUst.
Bulk (I), size. (Scand.) M. E. Ioolke,
a heap. - lcel. Miki, a heap; O. Swed.
1M11t; Dan. b,,!II, a lump. Cf. Swed.
bulna, to swell.
Bulk (1), the trunk of the body. (Du.)
In Sh. - M. Du. bukke, thorax (Kilian).
(Prob. confused with Du. buill, Icel. biillr,
the trunk; Swed. bult, Dan. bug, G. bauch,
the belly.)
Bulk (3), a stall of a shop. (Scand.)
Perhaps related to Balk. Cf. Dan. dial.
bulk, a half-wall; Icel. Mlkr. a beam, also,
a partition; Linc. bulker, a beam, a wooden
hutch in a workshop. Der. bulk-head, a
partition.
Bull (I), male of the cow. (E.) M. E.
bole, In,/e. Not found in A. S., but the
dimin. bullue, a bullock, occurs. Prob.
, the bell ower ;' cf. M. H. G. "ul/en, to
roar; and see Bellow. + Du. b"l; Icel.
"o/i; G. bul/e; Lithuan. bul/us. Der.
bull.k, A. S. bul/t", as above.
Bull (1), a papal edict. (L.) M. E.
bulle.-Lat. bul/a, a bubble, boss, knob,
leaden se(ll on an edict; a bull (in late
Latin).
bullet. (F.-L.) M. F. /Joultl,dimin.
of F. oOI,le, a ball.-L. bu/Ia, a boss,
knob, &c.
bulletin. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. bulletill, a ticket. - Ital. bu/kllino, a safeconduct, pass, ticket. Dimin. of bululla,
a passport, lottery ticket, dimin. of bulla,
a seal, bull. - L. bulla, a boss, &c.
Bullace, wild plum. (F. 1) M. E.
boltls. Apparently related to O. F. beloCt,
a bullace; cf. Bret. oolos , polos, bullace;
LowL. bollum; Walloon . bi!oc (Remacle).
Bullet, Bulletin; see Bull (1).
Bullion. (F. -L.) TheA. F.bullion
me~nt a mint, and Late L. bulliona, bullio
meant a mass of. metal, apparently, from
its being melted; cf. F. bouillon, a boiling.
- Late L. bullionem, ace. of ou/lio, a boiling.- L. bul/ire , to bubble up, boil.-L.
II14I1a, a buhble.
Bull,., a noisy rough fellow. (0 . Low
G.) In Sh. The oldest sense, in E., is
'dear one, Inver.' - M. Du. hoel, a lover
(of either sex); borrowed from M. H. G.
Inwle (G. bullk), lover.
Bulrush. (E.) M.E.bulrysche,Prompt.
Parv. , p. 244, col. 2. Perhaps 'stem-rush ';
from its stant stem; cf. Shetl. bUnIJalzd,
'l bulrush._ Dan. /t"I, stem, trunk; see

Bole. Or Im/l may mean 'large,' with

ref. to a WI. Cf. bu/l-daisy, &c. (Britten).
Bulwark. (Scand.) Dan.lnuvark.
Swed. /Jolverk (Ihre); cf. Du. /Joi1uerk, G.
boll-werll (whence F. !JotI/evartl). Compounded of Dan. bul, Swcd. 1001, trunk of
a tree, log, Jcel. bulr, bolr, the stem of a
tree; and Dan. vark, Swed. verk, a work.
Lit. 'log - work,' or 'bole-work'; see
Bole.
Bum-b~, under-bailiff.
(E. all/I
F.) A slang term. Todd quotes passages
to shew that it arose from the pursuer
catching at a man by the hinder part of
his garment.
Bumble-bee, a bee that booms or
hums. See Boom (I).
Bumboat. (E.) From bUill and boat.
Orig. a scavenger's boat on the Thames
(A. D. 1685); afterwards used to supply
v~etables to ships.
Bump (I), to thump; a blow. (E.)
Of imitative origin; cr. M. Dan. bumpe,
to strike with the fist; W. pwmpio, to
thump; pwmp, a lump; Corn. "0111, bmll,
a blow. The senses are: (I) to stnke,
(1) a blow, (3) its effect. See Bunch.
Bump (1), to boom. (E.) Imitative;
cf. Boom (I), and Bumble-.b ee.
Bumper, a full glass. (E.) From
bump; with the notion of a bumping or
full glass; cf. thumping, i. e. great.
Bumpkin a thick-headed fellow. (Du.)
M. Du. 1M0mken, a little tree (Hexham) ;
dimin. of boolll, a tree, a beam, bar; see
Beam ( I). The E. bumkin also meant
a luff-block, a thick piece of wood (Cotgrave, s. v. Chicamba"lt, and see bumkin
in the Eo index ) ; hence. readily applied
to a block-head, thick-skulled fellow.
Bun. (F. ) Cf. provo F. bugne, a kind
of fritters; perhaps the same as O. F.
bugne, a swelling or bump due to a blow
(Burguy) , also spelt b~fJ1le, 'a bump,
knob;' Cot. O. F. bllg7ltte,a fritter (Godefroy) ; also llUgnd (id., Supp. p. 393).
'Big/lets, little round loaves, buns,' &c.;
Cot. Minsheu has Span. bunue/os, ' pancakes, cobloaves, buns.' See Bunion.
(Doubtful.)
Bunch. (E.?) M. E. bundu. Cf.
M. E . bunchtm, to beat. Prob. imitntive,
like Inmlp, bOUI1Cl. And see Bunk.
Bundle. (E. ) M. E.lnmde/. Dimin.
of O. Northumb. hund, a bundle (Mntt.
xiii. 30) . -A. S. IlUnd-, weak grade of
bindan, to biml.+Dn. homlel; G. In'mid.

66

BUNG

BURKE

Bung,astopple. (Du. -L.)

M.Du.
hOl/ge (Du. bom ), a bung; dialectal form
of -botlde, as preserved in F. bonde, a bung.
Cognate with Swiss pUlII (Weigand, s. v.
SpUIld). - L. plllu la, an orifice; orig. fem.
I'p. of pungere, to prick. Cf. W. Inlmg,
an orifice, also, a bung.
Bungalow, II. Bengal thatched house.
( Hind.) Hind . bangala;', of or belonging
to Bengal, a bungalow; Rich. Dict. p.
293. From the name Bengal.
Bungle. (Scand.!)
Of imitative
odgin. Cf. Swed. dial. bmlgla, to work
ineffectually; O. Swed. bunga, to strike
(Rietz, lhre.) And cf. Bang.
Bunion. (F.-G.) O.F.buig7101l,only
in the sense of a fritter (Godefroy) ; bnt
really an augmentative of O. F. ~uigne
(F. bigne, 'a bump, swelling,' Cot.). O. H. G. btltZgo, a lump (Graff, in
Schmeller); cf. Ice!. btmga, convexity.
So also Ital. bugnolle, augment. of mtg7lo,
a boil, a swelliug. See Bun.
Bunk, a wooden case or box, berth.
(Scand.) Cf. O. Swed. bunke, the planking of a ship forming a shelter for merchandise, &c. (Ihre) ; the usual sense of
Swed. bUllke is a heap, pile, something
prominent; M. Dan. bunke, room for
cargo.
Bunt, the belly of a sail. (Scand.) It
answers in form to Dan. bu"dt, Swed.
bunt, a bundle, a bunch; from the weak
stem of the verb to Bind... But the right
words for bunt' are Dan. bug, Swed.
buk, Du. bttik, G. bauc;' ; see Bulk (2).
BuntiJur ( I), a bird. (E.!) M. E.
buntilZg; also mmlyle (= bunlel), Lowl.
Sc. mmtlin. Origin unknown.
Bunting (2), Il thin woollen stuff for
flags. (E.) Perhaps' sifting-cloth'; from
M. E. bon/en. provo E. bunt, to sift. Cf.
F. Itallli"e, in the same senses.
Buoy. (Do. - F. - L.) Du.boei, a buoy;
also a shackle, a fetter.-O. F. buie, a
fetter, F . bOIl{e, Il buoy. -Late L. boia, a
fetter, c10g.-L. boite, pI. a collar for the
neck, orig. of leather.
Bur Burdock; see Burr.
Burbot, a fish. (F.) F. bourbotte
(also barbole).-F. bourbeller,' to wallow
in mud,' Cot. - F. bourbe, mud; of nnknown origin.
Burden ';"!), Burthen, a load carried.
(E.) A. S. byr3en, a load. From Teut.
*bllr', weak grade of -beran-, to bear; see
Bear (I ) .
Ice!. byr3r, ,,?r3i; Swed.

/ l>ij,da; Dan. b)".de; Goth. baurlhi:j; G;

biit-de; from the same root, with varying
suffixe~. For the form burden, see below.
Burden (2), the refrain of a song.
(F. - Late L.) F. bouraOll, a drone-bee,
humming of bees, drone of a bagpipe;
see Cot. - Late L. bllrdollenz, acc. of burdo,
a drone. Prob. of imitative origin; cf.
Lowland Sc. birr, to make a whizzing
noise, E. buzz. .. Confused with Burden (x).
Burea.u. (F.-L.) F. bureau, a desk,
writing-table; so called because covered
with brown baize. - F. bureau, O. F. burel,
coarse woollen stuff, russet coloured. _
O. F. buire, M. F. bllre, dark brown; F.
bure, coarse cloth. - L. burnu, reddish.Gk. trvppOs, reddish.-Gk . iip, fire.
Burgeon, a bud. (F. - Teut.)
F.
bourgeon, a young bud. Lengthened (rom
Languedoc boure, a bud, eye of a shoot
(Diez). - M. H. G. burm, O. H. G. purjtm, to raise, push up, push out. - M. H. G.
bor, por, an elevation; whence G. empor
( = ill po 1') , upwards.
Bu~ge (F. -M. H. G.) M. E. bur.
geys. - n. F. burgeis. -bow Lat. burgensis,
belonging to a fort or city. - Low L'lt.
burgus, a fort. - M. H . G. Imrc (G. burg) ;
cognate with A. S. burg; see Borough.
burgher. (Du.) Formerly burger._
Du. burger, a citizen. - Du. burg, a city;
cognate with E. Borough.
burglar. (A. F. - E.) A. F. burgle,',
burglour; Law L. burgulolor. - Law L.
burg7tltire, to break into a house. - A. S.
bud/., bllrg ; see Borouah.
burgomaster. (Du. a"d F.) Du.
burge-metster, a town-master. - Du. burg,
cognate with E. Borough; and meesler, a
master, from O. F. meislre; see Kaster.
Burgonet, a helmet. (F.) F. oourgtlignole, a burgIlDet,' Cot. So called
beclIIJse first used by the Burgundians.F. Bourgogne, Burgundy.
Burial. (E.) M. E. buriel, biriel, a
tomb; also spelt ben'els, biriels. -A. S.
byrgels, a tomb. - A. S. byrgan, to bury;
see Bury. The spelling with -al is due to
association withJuner.al, &c.
Burin, an engraver's tool. (F.-G.)
F. bllrin; Ital. borino. Prob. from
M. H. G. borm (G. bo;'rm) , to bore; see
Bore (x).
Burke, to murder by suffocation; to
murder, stille. (Personal name.) From
the name of Burke, an Irishman who com -

67

BURL

BUSS

mitted murder. by suffocation; executed

at Edinburgh, Jan . 28, 1829.
Burl, to pick knots and loose threads
from cloth. (F. - L.) To burl is to pick
off burls. M. E. burle, a knot in cloth.O. F . bourle; dimin. of F. bourre, a flock
or Jock of wool or hair. - Late L. lmrra,
a woollen pad; allied to L. burnz, trilles,
trash, Late L. reburrlls, rough.
burlesque, comic. (F. -Ital. -L.)
F. burlesque. - Ital. burlesca, ludicrous. Ital. bttrla, waggery, a trick . A dimin.
from L. burnz, trifles, nonsense (Ansonius).
See Burl.
Burly. (E.) M. E. burli, burNche,
borli; provo E. bowerly ; Shetland boorly.
Formed by adding the suffix -ly (A. S.
-lie) to A. S. bt"jr, a bower, a lady's
chamber; hence, tire old senses of ' fit for
a bower,' stately, excellent, large, great;
and, finally, stout, big. E. g. 'n burly bed.'
Burn (1), verb. (E.) M.E. bernm; also
bremu". There are two forms. a. intrans.
A.S. bearna,t, byma", strong verb, pt. t.
beant, bratt, pp. barnen. +O. IceI. britt1Ja;
Goth. brittnan; Teut. type *brennan- ; cC.
A. S. brynt, lIame. 13. trans. A. S. barnan,
wk. vb.+lcel. brenna, Dan. brande, Swed.
IIYI'inna; G. brmnm; Goth. brannjan ;
Teut. type *bralZlIjan-, causal to the form er.
Burn (2), a brook; see Bourn (2).
Burnet, a plant. (F. - O. H. G.)
Low L. burneta. - O. F. bru,tele, the name
of a 1I0wer: burnette, brunette, a kind of
dark brown cloth, also a brunette. See
Brunette: Named from the dark brown
colour of the flowers .
burnish, to polish. (F. - O. H. G.)
M . E. burtzishen; also burnen. - O. F.
bumir, brunir (pres. part. bumis-ant), to
embrown, to polish.. - O. H. G. briinen
*bnt,yi:m).-O.H.G. bn"jn, brown; see
Brown.
Burnouse, Burnoose, an upper
cloak worn by the Arabs. (F. -Arab.)
F. burnous, baurnous. - Arab. burnus, a
kind of high-crowned cap, worn formerly
in Barbary and Spain; whence Span. a/burna:, a kind of cloak with a hood.
Burr, Bur. (E.) M. E. burre, knob
on a burdock; barre, roughness in the
throat. Not in A. S. N . Fries. burre,
borre, a burr, burdock. + Swed. barre, aseaurchin; kardborr~, a burdock; Dan. borre,
burdock. From Teut. base *bun< *b1lrs.,
weak grade of Teut. root *bers, to bristle.
See Briatle. Der. bur-dock.

B1l1"1'Ow,

a shelter for rabbits. (E.)

M. E. borwgh, a cave, shelter; merely a
varied spelling of borough. Der. burrO'W,
verb.
Bursar. (Med. L.-Gk.) Med. L.
bursarius, a pursebearer. - Med. L. bursa,
a purse. - Gk. pvpua, a hide, wine-skin.
Burst. (E.) M. E. berslen, bresten, pt.
t. brast. A. S. berslan, to burst asunder,
break; str. vb.+Du. berslen; G. berslm;
Icel. bresla; Swed . brisla; Dan . brisle;
also O. Irish briss-im (for *brest-im), I
break.
Bury (1), vb. (E.) M . E. burien.
A. S. IlJIrigan, byrgan, to hide in the
ground, bury. From burgo, weak grade
of beorgatt, to hide; see Borough.
Bury (2), a town . (E.) As in Canterbury. - A. S. byrig, dat. of burh, a borough.
See Borough.
Bus, a shortened form of omnibus. (L.)
See Omnibus.
Bush (I ) , a thicket. (Scand. -L.)
M. E. busc/t, busk. - Dan. busk, Swed.
buske,a bush, shmb.+Du. bosch; O. H. G.
busc; G. bllsch. All from Late L. boscus,
a bush; a word of unknown origin.
Bush (2), the metal box in which an
axle works. (D u. -L. - Gk.) M. E. busse.
- Du. bus, a box, barrel (of a gun) ; G.
buchu. - Late L. buxis, a box. - Gk. 1I'V[IS,
a box. - Gk. 1I'v[os, box-wood, box-tree.

See Pyx.

bushel, a measure. (F. -L.-Gk.)

M.E. bushel. -A.F. bousselle, Q. F. boissd;
Late L. bustellus, a small box; for
*boislel, dim in. of O. F. boisle, a box. Late L. buxida, acc. of buxis, a box
(above).
Busk (11, to get oneself ready. (Scand.)
Ice!. bt"jask, to get oneself ready. - Ice!.
bua, to prepare; and -sk , for sik, oneself.
See Bound (3) ; and cf. Bask.
Busk ( 2), a support for a woman's
stays. (F.) M. F. busqm, 'a buske, or
buste; , Cot. Mod. F. busc. Of uncertain
origin. Cf. M. F. buc, 'a busque;' Cot.
Buskin. (Du.) Du. braasken, buskin
(Sewel); mod. Du. braos, with dimin.
suffix -ken. Or from M. F . brousequi".
now brodequin; or from Span. borcegui.
Origin unknown.
Buss, to kiss. (E.) [The old word was
bass. _ F'. baiser, to kiss. - Lllt. basiu1ll, a
kiss.] The modem buss, of imitative
origin, may have been partly suggested
by it. Cf. provo G. (Bavarian) bussen,

68

BUST

BUZZ

to kiss; Lith. bU(2IOIi, to kiss; also Gael.

and W. bus, mouth, lip.
Bust. (F. - ltal.) F . busle. - Ital.
bltslo, the bust, trunk of human body,
stays ; Late L. bustu1Il, the trunk of the
body. Etym. uncertain.
Bustard, a bird. (F.-L.) Formerly
also bisfard (Sherwood). - O . F. bistarde,
'a bustard; Cot. (Mod. F. oulm'de. ) - L.
auis larda, a slow bird (Pliny, N . H. x.
'12 ) . Cf. Port. abelarda, also belarda, a
bustard. ~ Hot!! O . F. bislarde and F.
outartle are from allis larda; in the former
case, initial a is dropped ; in the latter,
oularde stands for an older oustarde, where
ous = L. arn"s. See Diez. Aft;s tartia,
lit. 'slow bird,' is far from being truly
descriptive; so that it is prob. a substitution for some form foreign to Latin.
Bustle. (Scand. ) A variant of (obsolete) buskle, to prepare; also, to hurry
about. Frequent. of bltsk, to prepare onesel f ; see BU8k (1). Cf. Icel. bust/a, to
splash about as a fish.
Busy. (E.) M. E. bisy. A. S. bisig
(bysig), active; whence bisgu, exertion.
Du. bezig, busy.
But ( I ) , prep. and conj., except. (E .)
A. S. beutan, bulan, buta, lit. 'without.'A. S. be, by; ulan, adv. without, from iit,
onto Du. bttitm.
But (2) ; see Butt ( I), Butt (2).
Butcher. (F.- G.) M_ E. bocher. O. F. bodlier, orig. one who kills goats. O. F. bot ( F. bouc), a goat. - G. bock, a
goat. See Buck.
Butler. ( F.-Late L.-Gk.) M. E.
boteier, one who attends to bottles; from
M . E. bolel, a bottle; see Bottle.
Butt (1) , a push, thrnst; to thrust. (F.
- O. Low G.) [The senses of the sb. may
be referred to the verb; just as F. botte,
a thrust, depends on bouter, to strike. ]
M . E. butten, to push, strike. - O. F. boler,
to push, butt, strike. - O. Frank. *bOlan,
corresponding to M. Du. booten, to beat,
M. H. G. bUzen, O. H . G. bUzan, to beat.
D er. butt (mound to shool at), from M. F .
butte, the same, allied to F . but, a mark,
from bllter, O. F. boter, to hit. Der.
a-but. See Beat.
Butt (2), a large barrel. (F. -L.) We
find A. S. by tt; but our mod. word is
really F . - O. F. bOUle, F. botte, ' the vessel
which we call a butt;' Cot. - Late Lat.
bttaa, Imtt;s, a cask.
Butt (3) , a thick end. ( E.) M. E. bill,

/lutle. Cognate with Jcel. buttr, s~ort;

see Buttock. D er. btllt-end.
.
Butt (4), a kind of lIat fi sh. (E.)
Allied to wed. butta, a turbot, M . D an.
blttte, Low G. bul, Du. bol, a hut t. Prob.
from bltl, stumpy; see Buttock.
Butter. (L. - Gk .) M. E. bolere;
A. S. buten. - L. b,ltyrtt1ll.- Gk. /30rJ-rVpov, butter. Probably of Scythian origin.
butterlly. (E.) A. S. bUllor-jlioge,
lit. butter-lly. So called from its excrement resembling butter, as shewn by the
M. Du. bOler- sdl1jie, a butter-fly, lit.
butter-voider (Kilian).
Du. botervlieg :
G. butter-jliege.
Buttery, a place for provisions, esp.
liquids. ( F.-Late L.) A corruption of
M. E. bole/erie, a bullery, properly a place
for a butler; from M . E. boteler, a butler;
see Butler. (Thus bltttery= bottlery.)
Confused with the word blttter.
Buttock. (E.) M. E. bttttok. F ormed,
with dimin. suffix -ok (A. S . -tIC), from
butt, a thick end, a stump. Cf. Icel.
buttr, short, bulr, a log : Dan. but, Swed.
butt, stumpy, surly: Du. bot, blunt, dull.
See Butt \ 3).
Button. (F. - O. Low G.) M. E.
bololl, also, II bud. - O. F. b%n (F.
bouton), a bud, a button: properly, a round
knob pushed out. - O. F . boler, to push,
push ont; see Butt (I).
buttress, a support, in architectnre.
(F. - O. Low G.) M. E. boleras; Palsgrave
has boUras, bttlleras. Orig. a plural form,
as if for *bttttertts. - O. 1<'. boutel'ez, pI. of
bOlilerel, a prop. - F. bouler, to thrust,
prop. Cotgrave also has boulanl, a bultress, from the same verb; see Butt (I ).
Butty, a companion or panner in a
work. (F. - Low G .) Shortened from
boty-/elowe or bootyj'ellow, one who shares
boo ty with olhers. From boty, old spelling of booty = F. bltlin, booty. Of Low G.
origin; see B ooty.
Buxom. (E.) M. E. VOXOIll , bullsum;
the old sense was obedient, obliging, good humoured . Lit.' bow-some.' - A. S. Migalt, to bow, bend, obey; and -sum , suffix,
as in win-some.+Du. buipaam; G. biegsam. See Bow (1).
Buy. (E.) From A. S. byg-, as in
bygest, byg-elJ, 2 and 3 p. sing. pres. of
A. S. bycgan, to purchase, whence M. E.
bllggen, biggen.
Goth. bttgjan. Der.
abide (2), q. v. See Sweet, N. E. G. 1293.
Bun. (E.) An imitative word; cf.

69

BUZZARD

CADDY

LuwL ~ . bi::, to hiss ; Ital. buzzit,zrc, to

hum, whisper.
Buzzard. (F. - L. j 1\1. E. /losa1'd,
busard, an inferior kinu of falcon. - F .
btosard.-F. bwe, a buzzard; with suffix
-ard ( fro m O.H.G . hart ). -Late L. bwio
~ L. btl/eo, a s{>arrow.hawk.
By, prep. (E.) M. E . bi. A. S. bi,
big.+Du. bij; G . bei; Goth. /ri. Cf. Skt.
ablzi, Gk. dl'--.pl.
By-law, a law affecting a township.
(Scand.) Formerly also birlaw. _ lcel.
b,t -I', bj-r, a village (gen. bajar, whence
bir- ) ; log, a law. So also Dan. by-lov, a
town-law. Ice!. biZr is allied to biia, to
dwell. See Boor.
Byre, a cow-house. (E.) A Northern
1-:. deriv. of bower. A . S. bjre, a shed,
hut. - A. S. biir, a bower; cf. Icel biir, a
pantry. See Bower.

Iship,'
a
caLin; also' the ch imney ill a
Sewel. (Bence also Dan. kabys,
cook'~

Swed. kab}'sa, caboose.)

Cabriolet. (1'. - Ital. -L.) Cab is
short for cabrio/d. -F. cabriolet, a cab;
from its supposed lightness. -F .cabrio/e,
, a caper, leap of a goat; formerly ,-apriole.
- Ital. caprio/a, a caper, a kid. - Ita\.
caprio, wild goat; capra, a she-goat.L. (apeI', goat; fern. capra.
Cacao, a tree. (Span. - Mexican.) Span.
(0(00; from the Mexican name (m catlat/)
of the tree whence chocolate is made.
~ Not the same as co(oa.
Cachinnation. (L .) L. ace. m (nitz,zationem, loud laughter. -L. cachimulre,
to laugh. Cf. Oackle.
Cachucha, a dance. (Span.) Span.
cackuclza.
Cacique~ a W. Indian chief. (Span.W. Indian.) Span. caci'l'te, an Indian
C.
prince. From the old language of Hayti.
Cack, to go to stool. (L.) M. E.
Cab (1 ) ; see Oabriolet.
cakken_- L. cactlre.
Cab ( 2) , a Heb. measure. (Heb.) Heb. Cackle. (E.) M. E. kakdm, l1 fre'lab, the 18th part of an ephah. The literal quentative form. Not in A. S.
Du.
sense is ' hollow'; cf. Heb qabab, to form kake/en; Swed. ka(kta; Dan. kagle; G .
gacke/II. The sense is 'to keep on snyinj;
in the shape of a vault; see Alcove.
Cabal. (F. - Heb.) OriK" a secret.' F. kak;' cC. gaho-Ie, griM-Ie, gagg-Ie.
(<lbale, 'the J ewes Caball, a hidden science; , Cacophony, a harsh sound. (Gk. )
Cot. - Heb. qabbiilah, reception, mysterious Gk. lCalC~v[a, a harsh sound. - Gk. I<O.ICOdoctrine. - Heb. qabal, to receive; qibb?l, </>OJvos, harsh. - Gk. ICaJ<O-S, bad; and
cpow-~,sound. Der. cacophollous (Gk. lCalCuto adopt a doctrine.
Cabbage (1), a vegetable. (F.-L.) </>oJVor).
M. E . caliac"e, caboe/It. - F. (Picard ) (a- Cad, a low fellow. (F.-L.)
Short
boche, lit. 'great head;' cf. Picard caous, for Low!. Sc. eadie, an errand-boy; sec
F. choux (abus, large-headed cabbage. - L. Jamieson. - F. cadet; see Cadet.
mp-tlt, head; with augmentative suffix; Cadaverous, corpse-like. (L.) L.
cc. Ital. (apoa hia, head of a nail.
(adal/erosus. -L. cadauer. a corpse. - Lat.
Cabbage (2), to steal. ( F. ) From cad-cre. to fall, fall dead.
F. cabasser, to put into a basket; Norman Caddis! a. kind of w?rsted lace or tape.
(abasser, to cabbage (aod see Supp. to (F.)
In Wmt. Tale, IV. 4. 208. M. E.
Godefroy).-F. cabas, a basket; Norman (adas, explained by bombici1tiu1/l in
(abas, tailor's cabbage; of unknown orig-in. Prompt. Parv.; (hence Irish cadas, cadCaber, a pole. (C.-L.) Gael. cabal', dis). Though also used to denote 'wora rafter. - L . type *(aprio, a rafter; see sted, ' it was orig. coarse silk. - F . (adara.
Chevron.
' the coursest part of silke, whereof sleave
Cabin. (F. ) M .E mbam. - F. cabane. is made;' Cot. Cf. Span. cadano, coarse,
_ Provo (abana. _ Late L. (apallna, a entangled silk, that cannot be spun on a
hut (I sidore).
reel; Port. cadar{o, a coarse silk. On!:;;:
cabinet. (F .) F. cabimt, dimill. of unknown; probably Eastern. Der. caddisF. cabalte, a cabin (above) .
worm, from the caddis-like shape of the
Cable. (F.-L.) M. E. caO/e.-O. F. case of the larva.
cab/e. -Late L. caPt/ltllll , caplu"" a strong Cadely, a small box for tea. (M alay.)
Better spelt catty. A small package of
(holding) rope. -L. captre, to hold.
Cabo~se, the cook's cabin on bpard ship. tea, less than a half-chest, is called ~ ~he
lDu.) t ormcrly call/boose - Du. kOll/butJ, : tea-trade a (acidy or (atty. - Malay katl , a

70

CADE

CALENTURE.

weight equal to It lb. avoirdupois. This ! Calabash, the shell of a gourd. (F.
wcight is also used in China and Japan. - ~pan. - Arab. - Pers.) F. ca/~basSt.
and tea is often madc up ill packages con Span. {a/abaza (Port. fa/abara ). _ Arab. _
taining one catty.
Pers. kharim:, a melon ; lit . assgourd,'
Cade, a barrel, cask . ( F.-L.-Gk.- i. e. large gounl.-Pers. khar. ass (hcncc,
lIeb.) F . ..ad~. - L. (adtu, a barrel, C3 Sk. coarse) ; bllzah, odoriferous fruit. Cf. Skt.
- Gk . .moor, a ea.k. jar. - lieb. kad, a pail. 1:11am, all ass.
Cadence. a fall of the voice. (F. - Calamint, a herb. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Ital. - L.) M. Eo {adma. - F . {tZllma , ' a M. F. (alam~nI, Cot. _ Late L. (alolllilliha.
cadence, just falling of words;' Cot. - - Gk. ltQ).aJJ1v9".
Ital. (adenw.-Late L . {tZilenlia, a falling. Calamity, ( F.-L.)
I". {alalllilt.- L. (adnl/, stem of pres. pt. of (ad~re, to L. ace. {alamilalem, a misfortune.
fall.+Skt. (ad, to fall.
Calash, a sort of carriage. (F.-G.Cadet, orig. a younger son. (F.-L.) Slavonic.) 1'. {alh ll(. -G. kalcuhe.-Pol.
1<'. (add. a younger brother; Provo (aj>tld. Itolaska, a small carriage, dimin. of kolasa.
Caj>t{d is a Gascon form = Late L. ,'apil a carriage; Russ. koJiaska, a carriage.ellum (the substitution of t for /I being l'o1.koto, a wheel; O. Slav.kolo. (vQEL.)
Should be {alregular in Gascon; P . Meyer); lit. a little Calcareou. (L.)
(younger) head, dimin. from L. (apili, a ,'ariollS. - L. ,ak/irius, pertaining to lime.
head.
-L. ,ak-, Item of {alx, lime.
Cadi, a judge. (Arab.) Arab. tJadi,
calcine, (F. - L.) I'. ,akitler.tJii::.f, a cadi orcazi, ajudgc. Hence Span. Mod. L. fa/Cilllire, to reduce to a calx.alcalde, the judge (Eo ako)ltk) ; where al L. (aic-, stem of {a/x, lime.
oalculate. (L.) L. ,'a/m/al'lIs, pp.
is the Arab. def. article.
Cad1l0OU, falling. (L.) L. {tZllzkus, of calcuMr. to reckon by belp of small
falling; with suffix -OilS. - L. (adere, to pehbles. - L. {a/wlw, pebble; dimin. of
fall. See CadeDce.
calx, a stone.
Ceaura. (L.) L . ..,mira, a cutting; Caldron, Ca.uldron. (F.-L.) M. E.
a pause in a verse.-L. CIEItIS, l'p. of (allderOIl, A. F . mudrtlll.-O. North F.
{~d(re, to cut.
(Picard) eauderoll. for O. F. "hauderoll,
Ca.ftan, a Turkish garment. (Turk.) mod. F . d,atldroll (ltal. ,'altkrone, Span.
Turk. lJaftii1l, a dress.
(altkroll), a vessel for hot water. Extended
Cage. (F. - L.) I'. eage. - Late L. from L. (aldar-ia, a hot hath. - L. ,'aldus,
{avea, L. cauea, a cave, den, cage. - L. contr. form of {alidus, hot. - L. ea/jre, to
{altus, hollow. See Cave.
be bot.
CaiQlle, a boat. (F.- Turk.) F. callJlle. Calendar. (L.) L. {almdarium, .an
- Turk kaik, a boat.
account-book kept by money changers ; so
Cairn, a pile of stones. (C.) Gael, called because IDterest was due on the
Irish, W., Brd. carll, a crag, rock; also a ealmas (lSt day) of each month; also, a
pile of stones.
calendar. - L. (alenJ, calends.
Ca.it~. (F. - L.)
M. E. cailif. Calender (I), a machine for PTCISing
A. F. (ailif, a captive, a wretch (F. (M/if). cloth. (F. - L . - Gk.)
F. calandre._
- L. capliuu11I, ace. of (a/liuus; see Med. L. *(a/mdra, (e/mdm, a calender; an
Captive.
adaptation of L. ()lliluirus. a cylinder; ICC
C~ole,
(F.)
}<'. (ajoler, to cajole; Cylinder. Der. calmder, a smoother of
formerly, to chattcr like a jay. Perhaps linen, a mistaken form for (alendrer.
of imitativc origin; cf. (ackle.
Calender (a), a kind of wandering
C~llPllt, Ca.jepllt (with j as y), a monk, (F. -PerL)
F. (alender.-PeB.
trcc yie1ding an oir. (Malay.)
Malay ljala1ldar, a kind of wandering Muhamka)lll pijf,n, lit. 'white wood.' - Malay madan monk. who abandons evcrything
k,;yu, wood; piilin, white.
and retires from the world.
Cake. (E. or Scand.) M. E . cake. Calends, (L) L. caJend, S. pI.,
N . Fries. kak, Mr, late Icel. and Swed. the first day of the (Roman) month. Orig.
kaluz; Dan. kap. Tc:ut. stem -"akM" obscure; but certainly from the base cal-,
fem. ; from Teut. root .W, of which the as in O. Lat. (<<!tire, to proclaim. + Gk.
strong grade i. *1:011 (whence provo E. MGA,i.., to summon. Allied to Hale (2).
,'QOitie, Du. kock, G. /;udu", & cake).
Calatlan, & feverouti maduc~i. (1",

71

CALF

CAMEL

-Span.-L.) F. calellllun.-Span. eo/elJ

/JWa.-L. caklll-, stem of pres. pt. of
calire. to be hot.
Calf (I). (E.) M.E. ka/f. O. Merc.
calf; A.S. ceaV-+Du. ka; lcel. IIlilfr;
Swed. kaJf; Dan. kaI'D; Goth. kalbO;
G.!laJIJ. Der. calve, vb., A.S. (ea/jitm.
Perhaps allied to Skt. grzrb/la, womb, a
fCEtus. Brugm. i. 656.
Calf (2), the {hick hind part of the
shank. (E.) PC'rhapsthesameastheabove;
cf. Gaulish L. ga/lJa, greatbellied; Ice!.
hi/ji, calf of the lc:g. See Cave in.
Caliber, Calibre, bore of a gun.
(F.) F. ca/iIJr~ size of a bore; Span.
ca/ibre (1623). Etym. unknown. Perhaps
from Arab. qlilib, a form, mould, model.
Rich. Diet. p. I I I I (Diez). Mahn sug
gests L. qua libra, with what measure.
CaliCO. cotton -cloth. (E. Indian.)
Named from Ca/icul, on the Malabar
coast, whence it was first imported.
Calif. Caliph. (l".-Arab.) F.ca/ije,
a successor ot the prophet. - Arab. llkalifall, successor. - Arab. khalafa, to suc
ceed. Doublet, kha/i~.
Caligraphy, Ca.llig1'aphy. good
writing. (Gk.) Gk. w.JV.alpa</>lO. - Gk.
KaJVu-, prefix (for Ka.u.OS, beauty, from
iCI1Aos, good. fair); and .,p6.</>flII, to write.

L. Cal/OSf#, thick&kinned.-L. ca/lus, cal

III"., hard skin.
Callow. unfledged, bald. (L.) M. E.
calu. cawe. A. S. Ca/II. bald.+Du. kaaI,
bald; Swed.llal; G.kalU. Teut . -kaIwn,
early borrowed from L. Ca/II1U. bald.
Calm. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ca/me, adj.
Allied to Prov. c/,aume, the time when the
flocks rest; F. cMmet' (formerly ckau1Iler),
to rest from work; Ita!. ca/ma, rest. - Late
L. cauma, the heat of the sun (whence,
time for rest); Job xxx. 30. [It is saggested that the change from au to al was
due to association with L. calire. to be
hot.] - Gk. KoiiJ-Ul. heat. - Gk. ltai(tY. to
bum. Der. becalm.
Calomel. a preparation of mercury.
(Gk.) Coined to express a while product
from a black substance. - Gk. itaAO-s. fair;
and I-'EA-aS, black.
Caloric. (F.-L.) F. calorique.-L.
calor, heat. - L. calire, to be hot.
calorific, making hot. (L.) L. ca/ori
ficus, making hot. - L. ca/iri-, stem of calor,
heat; and -fie-, for facere, to make.
CalthroP. Ca.ltrap. a star-thistle, a
ball with spikes for annoying cavalry.
(L. and Tent.) M. E. kalke/rappe. A. S.
calee/rep/e, a star thistle. Coined from
L. calci-, stem of calx, the heel; and the
Teutonic word trap. Lit.' heeltrap'; see
Trap. So also F. chausse/rappe, the same.
Calumet. a kind of pipe for tobacco.
(F. -L. - Gk.) Norman F. calumet, a
pipe; paralle! form to O. F. cha/emel, F.
chalumeau, a pipe. - L. calamus, a reed.Gk. KOJ...OPO~, a reed. See Sbawm.
Calumny. (F.-L.) F.calomnie.-L.
calumnia, false accusation. - L. (alui,
ca/uere, to deceive.
Calve; see Calf.
Cab::. (L.) L. calx, stone, lime (stem
calc- ) ; in Late L., a calx.
Ca.lyz. (L. - Gk.) L. ca/;Ix . - Gk.
KOJ...V[, a covering. calyx (or cup) of a
flower. Allied to Helm (2 ).
Cam, a projection on a wheel. (Du.)
Du. kamm, a comb (see Kilian ) ; Low G.
kamm; cf. Dan. kam, comb, also a ridge
on a wheel. cam, or cog. See Comb.
Cambric. (Flanders.) Named from
Kamerijk. also called Cambray, a town
in Flanders, where it was first made.
Camel. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) M. E.
camel, cama;l, ckamel. - O. North F. camel,
O. F. chamel. - L. cami/us. - Gk. ,.al-"/)..o.
- Beb. gallltil. Cf. Arab.jamal.

caJiatheniC.,

calliIIthenic.,

graceful exercises. (Gk.)

From Gk.
KOAAU1BE"'-qS, adorned with strength. Gk. Ka).A,- (for KCiAAos, beauty, from
KUAOs, fair); and aBI,,os, strength.
Calipers, compasses. (F.) F orcaliber
compasses, i. e. compasses for measuring
diameters; see Caliber.
CaJiatheDic8; see CalilP'&Pby.
Caliver. a sort of musket. (F.) Named
from its ca/iberor bore; see Kersey's Dict.
See Caliber.
Calk; usually Caulk, q. v.
Call. (E.) M. E. callen. A. S. cea/lian ;
cf. hildecalla, a herald. E. Fries. lIallen.+
Ice!. and Swed. kalla; Dan. kalde; Du.
kallen; O. H . G. cllallOn. Teut. type
*kafIQn or -kallo/an-, weak verb; cf. W.
ga/w, to call, Russ. g%s', voice, sound.
Callet, Callat. a worthless woman.
(F.-Low L.-Low G.) In Oth. iv. 2.
In.-F. caillelle, a gossip, chatterer;
lit. a little quail; dimin. of cail/e, a quail,
also a woman. Littre gives caille coiffie,
femme galante. See Quail. (DOUbt

CuI.)

CaJ.lou, hard. (F.-L.) F. ca/leu.x.-

73

CAMELOPARD

CANISTER

camelopa.1'd, a giraffe. (L.-Heb. ,-u1l4e) has lost an ". l. The pr. fOIl/h,
muiGk.) FormerlyctllIlllopardalis._L.ca- A. S. diiJ, known, only survives in tlll1II1lopardalis. - Gk. IJJIfIAo.,ap&v..u, giraffe; couth, which see. Allied to Xen and
partly like a camel, partly like a pard.- Know. (~GE.1'oJ.)
Gk . .aJlflAo-s,a camel (Heb.gamal); and Can ( 2), a drinking-vessel. (E.) A.S .
.,apllaMs, a pard ; see Pard.
camll, a can.
Du. kan; Ice\. ka,ma;
Camellia. (Personal name.) A plant Swed. karma i Dan. ka'lde; G. kamu, a
Darned (by Linnreus) after Geo. Jos. Kamel, tankard, mug. (Apparently 11 true Teut.
a Moravian Jesuit (17th cent.), who de- word.)
scribed the plants in the island of Luzon.
Canal. (F. - L i F . canal (whence also
Camelopard ; see Camel.
Du.kn7wa/). -L {ana/is, a channel, trench.
Cameo. (Ita\.) Ita\. Camllll0. a cameo, Canary, a bird, a wine, a dance.
precious stone carved in relief. Origin (Canary Islands.) All named from the
unknown.
, Callary Islands.
Camera. ( L. L. (tll/ura, a chamber; ! Cancel. (F . -L) F. {a'ledler.-Law
hence camera obsdira, a dalk chamber, ' L callce/ltire, to cancel a deed by (lrawing
; lines across it. - L. ((In{el/TIS, a grating, pI.
box for photography; see Chamber.
Camlet, a stuff. (F.-Arab.) Formerly callce/fi, latticework ,crossed lines; dimin.
camelot. - 1\1 . F . {ame/ot, Cot.; supposed of pI. ,'alurf, lattice-work.
to be named from containing callld s hair. Cancer. (L.) L. (aluer, a crab; also
Rea\1y from Arab. kliallllaf, khamalat, an' ealing' tumour. Cf. Gk. KOPKiIlOS, Skt.
camlct; Rich . Dict. p. 628.
karkata, a crab; cf. Skt. klzrkara, hard.
Camomile; see Chamomile.
Named from its hard shell. Brugm. i. 464.
Camp. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.{amp (Cot. ). Candelabrum. (L.) L.calldlltibrtlm,
-Ilal. "alllpo, a field, camp. -L. {ampu1Il, a candleholder; from {audlla, a candle.
nee. of ((III/PUS, a field, ground held by an
Candid. (F. -L.) F. {n7ldit/e, white,
army. llmgm. i. 563.
fair, sincere. - L. ca7lllidus, white, shining.
campaign, orig. a large field. (F.- -L (0I1drre, to shine.-L. ,mldttre, tu
Ita1.-L.) 1'. amjlaigne, campagne, an set on fire (in compo i'HlIldere).+Skt.
open field.-Ital. ca"'jlag71a, a field; also {hand(forf{lialld),toshine. ( ~SQEND. j
a campaib'fl.-L. campania, open fie!d.- llmgm. i. 456,818 (2).
candidate. (L.) L. ca7lliidalus,
L. campus, a field. (Also spelt {ha1llpaig1l.
and C\'en (lialllpiOt' in old authors.)
white-robed; because candidates for office
campestral, growing in fields. (L. ) wore white. - L. {andit/tlS, white.
!'rom L. call1peslr is,' growing in fields;
candle. (L.) A. S. candel. - L. catl
with suffix al.-L. "07IlPIIS, a field.
dlla, a candle.-L. {07ldire, to glow.
Campanula. (L. ) Lit. 'a little bell;'
candour. (F . -L.) F. {alldeur.-L.
dimin. of L. {alllparw, a bell. Hence also acc. {a"darem, brightness (hence, sincerity) .
{allljlalli./o-rm.
Candy, crystallised sugar. (F. - Ital. Ca.mphor. (F.-Amb.-Malay.) For Skt.) F. suereca7llIi,sugarcandy; whence
merly spelt camphire with an inserted ,j . F. sc {amiir, ' to c.'lndie;' Cot. - Ita1.
_ F. call1plire, 'camphire;' Cot. - Low callt/ire, to candy; mlldi, candy; suer/uro
L. (amphora (whence the form (ampllo ,). (at"ii, sugarcandy.-Arab. qaml, sugar;
-Arab. kafiir,camphor ; cf. Skt. karpii1"tl , whence Arab. qa1ldi, made of sugar.
camphor.-Malaykapiir,lit.chalk; kaplir The word is Aryan; cf. Skt. kII,/ndavII,
Bariis, chalk of Barous, a name for cam sweetmeats, klianda, a broken piece, froUl
phor. Barous is in Sumatra.
kl/and, to break. Der. mgar.{andy, Ita1.
Can (I), I am ablc. (E.) A. S. (alt , : zttt:(liero {mIdi.
From
cawl , 1st and 3rd persons sing. pres. 'If ! Cand~,:l; plant. (Hyb.)
<tIll1lall, to know. The pres. t. call IS ' Landy, I. e. CandIa (Crete); and Iti/i.
really an old perf. t. ; the same peculiarity Cane. (F.-L.- Gk.)
M. E. cane,
occurs in Du. ktlllllCll , Ice!. and Swed. (mUle. - F. {aIl1le. - L . {amla. - Gk. KOVVO,
kumla, Dan. kwule, to know, to be able ; a reed. Cf. Heb. 'la1le/1, reed; Arab.
G. kiimll!n, to know. tJ. The pt. t. is 'lawili, cane.
{ollld, with intrusive I; M. E. {ollde, A. S.
canister. (L.-Gk.) L. ctlllistrulII,
ciibe; cf. Goth. k-1l11/ha, ])u. !.omie, G. a light baskct. - Gk . .a1lOf1TpOr, the same'.
I.ijllll/e; shewing that A. S. {liiJe (for - Gk. K<inI - Kalil/a, n reed.
73

CANZONET

CANNON

caDJ10n. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) F. CaD.OroU., tuneful. (L.) L. (anDr'us ;

ca_. -Ital. (amume, a cannon, orig. a with suffix OIU. - L. (anere, to sing. Brugm.
great tube, a ~n. barrel. - L . (all1l4, :t reed; i. lSI.
see Cane. The Span. (ailon, a tube. a cant ( I), to sing ill a whining way,
whine. (L.)
L. canltire (whence Picard
deep gorge, is cognate.
canon (I ), a rule. (L.-Gk.) A. S. and Walloon c~nter, to sing) ; freqnent.
( lUum. - L. ea_. a rule. - Gk.lfCIJ'cIw, a rod. of ca~, to Slug. Cant was at first a
rule. -Gk. w'l-.ci....a, a (straight) cane. beggar's whine; hence, hypocrisy; see
caaon (2), a dignitary of the church. Reoant.
caaticle. (L. ) L. (anticulum, a little
(F. -L.-Gk.) M . E . canu", (tUUIU".O. F. (ano~, now d,anoitu. - Lat. (anom song ; dimin. of canti(""" a song ; dimin.
ell"" acc. of (anoni(us, adj., one on the of (antus, II song; cf. (antus, pp. of
chnrchroll or list. - L. cano", the church canere, to sing.
roll; also, a rule. See canon ( I) .
canto. (Ita!. - L.) Ital. canto, n sing
C&DiJae. (L.) L . (aninus, belonging ing. section of a poem. - L. acc. cant"m,
to a dog. - L. canis, a dog; see Hound. a singing, song (above).
Cw.ter; see Oane.
cansonet. (Ital.-L.) Ital. canso
Canker. (F. -L.) North F. (anere. tullia, dimin. of ca"stme, a hymn, song. (F. ehancn).-L. cancrum, ace. of (ancel", L. (m,tu;'lelll, acc. of canlio, a song.-L.
a crab, a canker. See Canoer. .Tbe G. eantus. pp. of (a~, to sing.
IM"ker may be Teutonic (Kluge); so Cant (2), an edge j as verb, to tilt. (Du.
perhapa E. (anker in the sense of' disease -L.) Du. kant, an edge, comer.+Dan.
of trees'; CC. Gk .,orrpos, an excrescence and Swed. kant, edge; G. kanle, II comer.
on trees.
All from Late L. ca,uus, a comer; which
Ca.DJLel-coal. (L. and R)
Lit. a IS prob. from L. (antAuf = Gk . .al'6os, the
candlecoal,' because it bnms brightly. comer of the eye felloe of a whee!.
Provo E. (annel, a candle. See Oandle.
Canteen. (F.-Ital.) F . (antitu.CaJmibal. (Span. - W. Indian.) For Ital. cantina, II. cellar, cool cave (hence
merl y eani6a/. - Span. canil>al; for CarilJal, the sense of vessel for liqnids). Origin
a Carib, native of the Caribbean Islands. donbtfu!. Perhaps from Late L . eantus, a
The W. Indian (Hayti) word (ari6 means comer.
brave.' Hence also CalilJa".
Canter, an easy gallop. (Proper name.)
Short for Canter"",,, gallop, the pace at
Ca.DJLOII. ( I ) ; see Cane.
CaDDOn (2), at billiards. (F.-Span.) which pilgrims rode thither.
A corruption of carrol", shortened fonn of Canticle, Canto; see Oant (I).
F. (aram6oler, v., to make a cannon at Cantle, a small piece. (F.-L.?) O.l".
billiards, to tonch two other balls with ca"tel, a small piece (F. chan/eau), dimin.
one's ov.-n; see Hoyle's Games. Orig. of Picard cant (F. chant), a comer; Late
sense, to touch the red ball; whence L. cantus. Prob. (rom L. (antAus, comer
(ara,,~/Ioler, to cannon (as above) and of the eye j see Oant (2).
cara",6olage, sb , a cannon. - Span. (aram Canton,aregion. (F.-Ita!.) F.ca"toll.
6o1a, a manner of playinl; at billiards, a - Ita!. (antinU, a nook, angle: also, II
device, trick, cheat. OriglD unknown.
corporation, township (Torriano) ; Late L.
Canoe. (Span.- W.Ind.) Sl;l&n.canoa; (aniOnum, canto, a region, province.
Origin donbtful.
orig. a Haytian word for boat.
Canton (in heraldry),
Canon (I) and (2); see Cane.
a comer of a ahield, is from F. canton,
Canop,.. (F.-ltal.-L.-Gk.) Shonld a comer, Ita!. canlone, from ltaI. canto, an
be COI"'PY; but we find F. canopl, borrowed edge ; see Oant (2).
from.ltal. (ano~. (Also F. (onopk.)-L. Can"... (F. -L. -Gk.) M. E.cnnevas.
C,,1IO#""" JudIth xiii. 9. -Gk._ .....,io.., North F. (allftldS.-Late L. cana6tidus,
an Igyptian bed with mO$C{uito cnrtains hempen c1oth. -L. cannalJis, hemp. -Gk.
(hence, any sort of hangings). - Gk. _ ...... , ftwaIJ,r, hemp. Cf. Skt. pzna, hemp;
:item of _""", a moeqllito, gnat; lit. see Hemp.
conefaced' or cone headed,' from the
caa".. (F. -L.-Gk.) Orig. to
shape of ita head. -Gk. ........." a cone; tou in a CIIIffIISS meet, to criticize or
and 6/-, face, appearance, from Gk. base discllJll thoroughly. From CtunltU, ab.
on, to ICe (ICe OpU08).
Ce.nscmft; ace Cant (I ) .

..r

p.

-.r

74

CAOUTCHOUC
CAPTIOUS
Caoutchouc. (}<'. -Carib.) F. mottl : North 1". (apilt! (F. ehapiteall) ; from L
eMuc ; orig. a Caribbean word, cahttelm. capitellum (above).
Cap, a head-covering. (Late L.) A. S.
capitation, poll tax. (}<'.-L.) F.
capp e. -Late L. cappa, a cap (Isidore).
capitalion.-Late L. acc. capitatio1um,
Capable. (F. - L.) F . capable. - L'lte poll. tax. - L. capil., stem of caput, poll,
L. capabilis, comprehensible; afterwards, head.
able to hold. -L. capere, to hold (below).
capitol. (L.) The temple of Jupiter.
capacious, able to contain. (L.) at Rome, called Capi/olillf/l. - L. capito,
Coined from L. capaci-, stem of capax, stem of caput, a head; but the reason for
able to hold. - L. capere, to hold, contain; the name is obscure; see Smith, Class.
see Heave. Brogm. i. 63~. ('V'QAP.) Diet.
Caparison, trappings 01 a horse. (F.
capitular, relating to a chapter. (L.)
-Span. -Late L .) O. F. caparasson.- Med. L. capitutaris, adj. of (apitulum,
Span. caparazon, cover for a saddle; aug. a chapter of a cathedral, or a chapter of
mentative from Med. L. caparo, a cowl; a book; see Chapter.
from Span. capa, a cloak, cover.-Late L.
capitulate. (L.) Late L. capitulaills,
pp. or capitular~, to divide into chapters,
aipa, a cape; as below.
Cape ( I ), a covering for the shoulders. also to propose terms (for surrender).(F.-Late L) O. North F. (apl!'. -Late L. LateLcapitulum,achapter; seeChapter.
((pa, a cape (Isidore of Seville) ; whence Der. re-capitlllat~.
also Prov., Span., Port. capa, Icel. kapa, Capon. (L.-Gk.) A. S. (apun.- L.
&c. Allied to cap. Doublet, cope.
acc. (apone"" from nom. (apo. - Gk. ~"'Q"',
Cape (1), a headland. (F.-Ital.-h ) a capon.
F. cap.-Ital. capo, head, headland.-L. Caprice. (F.-ltal.-L.?) F.caprice.
- Ital. (apriccio, a whim. Perhaps from
caput, head.
Caper (I ) , to dance about. (Ital.-L.) Ital. capro, a he-~oat; so that capriccio
Abbreviated from capreole (Sir P. Sidney). might mean a fnsk like a goat's; see
-Ital. capriolare, to skip as a goat. -ltal. Cape;r (1) .
capriola, a caper in dancing,' Florio;
capricorn. (L.) L. capn(o,."us,
also, a kid; dimin. of capra, a she-goat. homed like a goat. - L. capn-. for capro-,
-L. mpra, a she-goat; cf. caper, he-goat. stem of caper, goat; and corn ..., hom.
+Gk. Ma....poS, a goat; A. S. haftr, Icel.
capriole, a peculiar frisk of a horse.
ha/r.
(F.-Ital.-L. ) F. capriole (see Cot.). Caper (1), the flowerbud of a certain !tal. capriola, the leap of a kid; see
plant. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. F. (aprl!' (F. Caper (I).
cdprl!') .-L.capp"ris.-Gk . ~"."ap..,caperCapsUle to upset. (Span. ?-L.) Per
plant; its fruit ; d. Pers. kabar, capers.
haps from Span. capuzar, to sink (a ship)
Caperca.ilsie. (Gael.) Here. repre- by the head; apparently a derivative of L.
sents M. E. J, pron. as y . - Gael. capull- caput, the head. (A guess.)
coille, great cock of the wood; lit. horse Capstan. (F. -Span. - L.?) F. cabe
of the wood. -Gael. capll//, a horse (see stan; Provo cabeslan.-Span. (abestranle,
Cavalier); cDille, gen. of coill, a wood, (abreslanll!', a capstan. Of these forms,
cognate with E. Holt.
(abutra11te is the better, and is allied to
Capi11ar:v, like hair. (L.) L. capil- Span. (abeslrag~. a halter, or a haltering,
laris, adj. ; Trom capilllls, hair. Perhaps and to cabeslrar, to haIter. - L. capistrant.,
allied to cap-ut, the head.
stem of pres. pt. of capistrarl!', to haIter.
Capital ( I) , chief. (F. -L.) F . capital. - L. (apislrum (Sptln. cabulro), a halter.
- L. (apita/is, belonging to the head. - L. - L. capeTl, to hold; with double suffix
capito, stem of (aptlt , the head.+Skt. kapo- -is-tro.
la(m), skull; A. S. ha/ela, head. Brogm. Capsule, seedvessel. (F. - L.) 1".
i. 64"
capsu/I!', a small case. - L. capsula, dimin.
capital (2), stock of money. (F.- of (apsa, a case; ~ee Case ( 2).
L.) F. capital. -Late 1. (apitall!', wealth; Captain. (F. -L.) M. E. (apitain.neut. of (apitalis, chief; see Capital ( I ). O. F. (api/ain. -Late L. (apitn"eus, capitcapital (3), head of a pillar. (L.; 0-1' lillUS, n leader of soldiers.- L. capito, stem
F. - C ) L. capi/~IlIlIll, head of a pillar; of caPllt, head.
dimin. from L. (ap"t, head. Or from 0. , Captious. ( ~' . - L.) F. caplimx, cavil-

75

CAPTIVE

CAREER

ling. - L. capliOstlS. - L. capio, a taking, I karawiyn-a, caraway-seeds or plant. Cf.

a sophisticaf argument. -L. caplus, pp. of I' (jk. Kapos , Kapov, cumin.
capert, to hold. See Capacious.
Carbine. (F. - Gk. ) Formerly (aracaptive. (F. - L.) F. raplif (fern. ' bim, a musket, the weapon of a carabin,
mptivc). - L. caplimts, a captive. - L. or musketeer. - }o'. carabin, 'an arquecapills, pp. of capac, to take.+ v\'. caet/t , bllzier;' Cot. Perhaps from 0, F . calabr;n,
a captive; O. Irish (oeM, a female captive. a light-armed soldier; of uncertain origin.
captor. (L.) L. (aplor, a taker. -L. Carbon. (F.-L.) F, (arbolle. -L.
capo , as in capere, to take ; with suffix -lor. acc. carbiinelll , a coal.
capture. (F.-L.) F. caplurt.-L.
carbonado, broiled meat. (Span.t/,p"ira, a taking. - L. capo, as in cape,'c, to L. ) Span. carb01lnda, meat broiled over
take ; with fern. suffix -tiira.
coals. - Span . carbon, coal; see above.
Capuchin, hooded friar, hood. ( F. carbuncle. L. carblmm/us, (1) a
Ital. - Late L.) M. F . capttclzilZ; F. small coal, (2) a carbuncle, gem, from its
capucin. - Ital. cappttcino, a small hood, glowing, (3) a red tumour. Double
hence a hooded friar; dimin. of cappuccio, dimin. of L. carbo, coal.
a cowl. - Ital. cappa, a cape; see Cap and Carboy, a large glass bottle, protec!t:d
Cape ( I).
by wicker-work. (Pers. ) Pers. qarnbah ,
Car. (F.-C.) M.E.carre.-O.NorthF. a large flagon; which is prob. of Arab.
carre, a car (Dllcange, s. v. Mar(ellum ). origin. Cf. Arab. qirbah, a water-skin,
- Late L. carra, f.; allied to L. carrtlS, water-bottle.
a car; of Gaulish origin.-Bret. karl', Ca.rcanet. (F.-Teut. ) Dimin. ofF.
a chariot; W. car, O. Gael. cdr, Irish mrm1t, 'a collar of jewels, or of gold.carr. Allied to L. currus, a charlot; O. H . G. qltcrca, the throat; cf. Icel.
kverkr, pI. the throat; Lith.gel'kle, throat.
llrugm. I. 516.
Caracole. (F. -Span.) F. carll<:ol, gerti, to drink. Brugm. i. 653.
caracole, a snail; whencefairt Ie caracole, Carca.se,CarCa8s. (F. -Ital.) From
applied to a manreuvre by soldiers, and to M. F. cal'qllasse, a dead body. - Ital.
turns made by a horse. - Span. caracol, carcassa, a kind of bomb-shell, a shell ;
a snail, winding staircase, turning about also, a skeleton, frame; cf. Port. carcassa,
(from the snail-shell's spiral form). Per- a carcase, a very old woman. Of unknowil
haps of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. carach, origin.
circling, winding; car, a turn, twist.
Ca.rd ( I), piece of pasteboard. (1'.Carafe, a glass water-bottle. (F. - Ital. - Gk.) Corruption of F. carle, 'a
Span. -Arab.) F. carafe. -Span. garrafa, card,' Cot. - Ital. carla; L. charla. - Gk .
a cooler, vessel to cool wines in. - Arab. xapT7J, XaPT7J<, a leaf of papyrus. Der.
ghirn/. draughts of water; Arab. root cardboard. DOUblet, cnarl.
gkarafa, to draw water. (Dozy, Devic.) Card (2), an instmment for combin!:
~ Or from Pers. qariiball, a large flagon; wool. (F. -L.) F. carde. - Med.L.cardtts,
but see Carboy.
L. cardutts, a thistle ; for wool-combing.
Ca.ra.t. (F.-Ital.-Arab.-Gk. ) F. Ca.rdinal. (L.) L. cardi1ltllis, prin(ami, a very light weight. - Ital. carato. _ cipal, chief; orig. relating to the hinge of
Arab. qir1'ti/, a. pod, husk, carat, 24th a door. - L. cardin -, stem of cardo, a
part of an ounce. -Gk. KlpaTIOV, fruit of hinge.
the locust-tree; also, a carat; lit. 'a smal1 Cardoon, a plant. (F.- Provo - L.)
horn.' - Gk. KfpaT-, stem of KfpaS, a horn; F. cardon, Cot. - Provo canion; with aug
see Horn.
ment. suffix from Med. L. card-us, a
Caravan. ( }o' . -Pers.) F. caravane. - thistle. See Card (2 ).
Pers. kii1'7un" , a caravan, convoy.
Care. (E.) M. E. care. A. S. caro,
caravansa.ry. (Pers.) Pers. kiir- cealU, anxiety. + O. Sax. kara, sorrow;
wii1ua r ny , an inn for caravans.-Pers. O. H. G. cnara, a lament ; Goth. kara;
kiirwnn, caravan; sariiy, public building, Teut. type *kllrii, f. Hence, care, vb.; A . S.
inn.
caria1t. ~ Not allied to L. dira.
Caraway, Ca.rrawa.y. (Span.- Careen. (F.-L.) Lit. 'to clean the
Arab.) Span. al-cara/meya, a caraway; keel;' hence to lay a ship on its side.- F,
where 01 is merely the Arab. def. art.; cari"e, carem, keel. - L. carr,ta, keel.
also written ca1'tli. - Arab. karwiytl-a, Ca.reer. (F. - C.) F . carriere, a race-

76

CARESS

CARP

course. - Late L. canaria Ilia), a road and lemire, to lift, remove, take away,
for cars. - Late L. carra, L. carrus, a car; from leuis. light.
of Celtic origin; see Car.
carDivoro1l8. (L.) L. camillorus,
Caress. ( F. -Ita\. - L.) F. caresse, flesh.tating. - L. cami, decI. stem of cora,
a fondling. - Ita\.carezza, a caress, fondling. flesh; and tlOr'are, to devour.
- Late L. carilia, dearness. - L. canIS, Carob-tree, the locusttree. (F.dear. Brugm. i. 637.
Arah. ) M. F. carobe, carorlbe. - Arab.
Carlax. (F. - L.) M. E. caifoukes, kharriib. beanpods.
a place where four roads meet. - O. F. pI. Caroche, Carroche, a kind of coach.
enrrifourgs, the same : from sing. carre (F. -Ital. - C.) Nearly obsolete; but
/ ourg. - Late L. quadrijurms, four forked. the present sense of carriage is due to it. - L. qlladri (from qualllor), four; and F. carroche, variant of rarrosSl, ' a carosse
/ "rca, a fork . See Fork.
or caroach; ' Cot. - Ital. carroccia, (ar
Cargo. (Span. - C.) Span. cargo,freight . rozza, a chariot. Extended from Ita\.
load ; cr. cargar, to load. - Late L. carr; carro. a car. See Car.
care. to load a car; see Charge.
Carol, a song. (F. - L. - Gk . '/) For
caricature. (Ital.-C. ) Ital. enr i medy, a kind of dance.-O. F. carole,
caltn'a, a sat irical picture; so called because a (singing) dance. Godefroy (s. v. carole)
exaggerated or ' overl oaded.' - I t'<l I. (ari cites Swiss Rom. coroula, a round dance,
rare, to load, burden. - Late L. carricare, also a dancesong. Prob. from 1..
to load a car; see Charge.
chorallles, a flut e. player to a chorus. - Gk.
Caries. (L.) L. car ils, rottenness.
xopav)..1Jr, the same. - Gk. xop-6r, a chorus,
Cark. bu rden, anxiety. (F.-C.) A. F. round-dance; and av)..or , a flute.
{'arke, North. F . form of F. charge. i. e. Carotid, adj. (Gk.) Gk. KapOTT.3u , S. 1'1..
load; see Charge. Cf. M. E. karke, a the two great arteries of the neck; it was
thought that an alteration in the flow of
load; as in ' a karke of pepper:
Carkanet; see Carcanet.
blood through them caused stupor. Carminative, expelling wind from Gk. KapOOJ, I stu pefy; Kapor, stupor,
the body. (F. - L.) F. corm iI/a/if, 'wind Carousal, ( 1) a drinking bout; (2 ), a
void ing;' Cot. - I.. (ar1llillalus, pp. of pageant. ( I . F . - G.; 2. F. - Ital) 1.
enrmillare, to card wool (hence, in old Sometimes used as if from the verb cm'ome
med icine, to cleanse from gross humours) ; below. 2. But, in old authors, (anntsll
with suffix '1111IS. - I.. carmin', from car (also (arollsal) means a sort of pageant,
111m, a card for wool. - L. carl1'e, to of which some kind of chariot race formed
card.
a principal part; Dryden, Virgil, ~n. v.
Carmine. (Span. -Arab. - Skt.) Span. 7i7. - F . (an'otml, a tilting.match. - Ital.
(,1rlllill, short form of carmesi1" adj.; from carost/lo, also spelt garosello, a toumamrlllesi, crimson. - Arab. qirmizi, crimson ; ment; of uncertain origin.
fromqirllliz,cochineal.-Skt.kr1lli,aworm, Carouse. (F.-G.) F. earOIlS, 'a ca
the cochineal insect.
rousse of drinke,' Cot. - G. garaus, right
Carnage; see below.
out; used of emptying a bumper. - G. gar,
Carnal. (L.) L. (amalis, fleshly. - quite ; and aus. out. (Raleigh even writes
L. carn, stem of ((tro, flesh. Brugm. i. ga1'ottse; directly from G. caralls.) Der.
515.
(arousal, but onl y in one sense of that
carnage. (F.-I..) F. (arnage, flesh- word; see above.
time, slaughter of animals. -Late L. car Carp ( I ), a fish. (F.) M. E. carpe.
1J.aticttm, a tribute of flesh meat ; cf. X V cent. - O. F. cmope (Span, Port. carpa ,
(omalum, time for eating flesh . - L. conI', Ital. carpa, Florio) ; also Du. karper;
stem of (oro, flesh.
Icel. katji; Dan. karpe; Swed. karp ;
carnation. (F. -L.) F. carnalio". G. karp/ell; O. H. G. charyho ; Russ.
flesh colonr (Littre). - L. acc. car"ali01lllll, karp' j Lith. karpa .
fleshiness. _ L. can,', stem of cora, flesh . Carp (2), to cavil at. (Scand .) M. E.
carDival. (F. - Ita\. - 1..) F. (arna carpen, which often merely means to talk,
val,Shrovetide. - Ital. camroale, c017f()Vole, say. - Icel. k01pa, to boast; Swed. dial.
the last three days before Lent. - Med. L. karpa, to boast. talk much. ~ The pre
can,t/roale,,'a1'1ule1!alJltn, removal of flesh. I sent sinister sense is due to confusion with
Shrovetide. - L. ( an le"" ace. of caro, flesh; i L. carpn-e, to pluck.
77

CARPENTER
Carpenter. (I<'. - C. ) A. F. carpmler;

CASINO

register. _ Late L. chartula, a document.

dimin. of charta, a paper; see Card (I ). '
Carve. (E.) M. E. keruen. A.S. ceorfan;
pt. t. cear[, p1. curlon, pp. coifen. [The
A. S. ceoifalO would have given .ckaroe;
c was retained from the pt. pI. and pp.]
Du. kervm; G. kerbm, to notch, cut;
also Dan, karoe , Swed. karfva, to notch,
from the 2nd stem. Gk. -yp6.cpflV. Brugm.
i. 791.
Cascade. ( F.-Ital.-L.) F.cascaae.Ita1. cascata, a waterfall; orig. fern. pp. of
cascare, to fall. For *casicare. - L. ciisare,
to totter. -L. casum, sup. of Cluiere, to fall.
Case ( I ), an event. (F.-L.) M. E.
cas. - F. cas. - L. acc. casum, a fall, a
case.-L. casus, pp. of caaere, to fall.
Case (2), a receptacle. (F.-L.) O. F .
casse. - L. enpsa, a box, cover. - L. capere,
to hold.
Casemate. (F.-Ita1. ) F. cnsemnte,
a loop.hole in a fortified wall. - Ital. rasa
matta, a chamber built under a wall or
bulwark, to hinder those who enter the
ditch to scale the wall of a fort. It seems
to mean 'dark chamber.' - Ita\. and ] .
casa, house, cottage, room; and Ital.1Ilatla,
fern. of matto, orig. mad, but the Sicilian
mattu means 'dim.'
Casement, frame of a window. (F.L.) Coined with the sense of encaselllCllt,
that which encases or encloses. From
case, verb; with suffix mmt.
Cash, coin. (F. - L.) Orig. a till or box
to keep money in. - F . casse, a case ; see
Case (2) above. Der. cas/lier, sb., one
who keeps a money-box or cash.
Cashew-nut, the nut of a W . and E.
Indian tree. (F. - Brazilian 1) Cas/lew is
a corruption of F . acajoll, which is said to
be from the native Brazilian name acajaba
or acajaiba. (Mahn, Littre.)
Cashier, to dismiss from service.
(Du. - F. -L.) Du. casserm, to cashier;
merely borrowed from F . casser, 'to
breake, burst, . . also to casseere, dis
charge;' Cot. [Du. words, borrowed
from F., end in .eren.]-L. qllass{i,-e, to
shatter frequent. of quatere, to shake;
which :mnexed the senses of L. CIlssifre, to
annul discharge, from L. cassus, void, null.
C~hmere, a soft wool. (India.) So
called from the vale of Casnmere, in India.
Also spelt cassimere, kerseymere.
Ca8uaO, a room for dancing. (ltal. - L.)
Ital. casino, dimin. of casa, II cottage,
house. - L. casa, II cottage.
78

O. Nortlll<'. carlmtier eF. dlarpmtier)._

Late L. caryentarills, sb. j carpe/IUre, to
work in timber. - L. carlmtlllll, a carriage;
a word of Celtic origin. - O. Irish carpat,
Gael. and Irish carlltU!, W. cerbyd, a car
riage, chariot, litter.
Carpet. (F. - L.) O. F. carpite. - Late
L. carpita, carpeta , a kind of thide cloth;
also carpia (F. cnarpie), lint. - L. carpere, to pluck, pull to pieces (lint being
made of rags pulled to pieces, and carpet,
probably, from shreds).
Carrack. (F. ) O. F. carraque, a ship
of burden; Late Lat. enrraca, the same.
Of unknown origin.
Carriage. (F.-C.) M.E. cariage, that
which is carried about (as in Bible, A. V.).
-0. F. caria.~e ; from caria, to carry; see
Carry. ~ Its modem use is due to COIlfusion with cal-ock , a vehicle (Massinger,
Renegado, i. 2); see Ca.roche.
Carrion. (F.-L.) M. E. caroigne, a
carcase. -O. North F. caroipte ; Late L.
mrii/lia, a carcase. - L. caro, flesh.
Carronade, a sort of cannon. (Scotland.) So named because made at Can'on,
ill Stirlingshire.
Carrot. ( F. -L. - Gk.) F . carote, ClIrotte. - L. carota. - Gk. KOPOITOV , a carrot.
Carr:y._ (F. -C.) 0.1<'. carier. - Late
L. cnrncnre. - L. carn4S, a car; see Car.
Cart. (E.) A . S. creet , rrat; cf. Du.
krat. Or from Ice!. kartr, a cart; whence,
probably, Picard carti, a cart.
Carte, a bill offare. (F.-Gk.) Chiefly
in the F. phr. rarte blalOche, lit. white
paper. - Late L. mrta; see Card ( I ).
oartel. (F. - Ital. -Gk.) F. cartel. Ita!. fartello, lit. a sll1all paper; dimin. of
carta, p~pe r, bill; see Card ( I ) .
Cartilage. (F. -L ) F. cartilage,
gristle. - L. cartiltiginelll , acc. of rarti/tfgo.
Der. cartilagilOous.
Cartoon. (F. - Ital. - Gk.) F. carton. Ita!' cartone, lit. a large paper; from carta,
a card; see Card ( I).
oartouche, cartridge. (F.-Ital.
-Gk. ) Cartridge (with intrusive r) is for
ror/idge. corrupt form of cartouche. _ F.
cartouche , a roll of paper. _ Ital. cartoccw,
a roll of paper, cartridge. _ Ital. mrta,
paper; Late L. carta; see Card ( I). ~ The
cartrid~ took its name from the paper in
which it was rolled up.
oartulary. a register. (Late L.- Gk.)
Late L. ca,-tultiritml, rhartulariu"" II

CASK

CATAPLASM

Cuk. (Span. -L.) Span. casco, a skull, /el/u"" dimin. of cast"""" a fortified
sherd, coat of an onion; also a cask of place. Der. cas/ell-an, O. North }o'. (fIs/ewine, a casque or helmet. The orig. sense lain, O. F. chas/elain, the keeper of a
is husk'; cf. Span. cascara, peel , rind, c"aslel, or castle; also chtilelaine (fern. of
shell, Port. casca, rind. - Span. cascar, to F.c"tf/elain = O. F . chaslelain) ,now applied
burst open; formed (as iffrom Lat. qllas- to a lady's chain or keeper' of keys,
sican) from an extension of L. quassar~, &c.
to break, burst; see Quash.
C...tor. (L. - Gk.) L. cas/or. - Gk.
c ...que. a helmet. (F.-Span.-L.) KaO"TOJp, a beaver. But of Eastern origin;
F. caJque. -Span. casco, a helmet, head- cf. Malay kasliiri, Skt. kas/uri, musk;
piece; see o.bove.
Pers. khaz, beaver.
C...ket. a small box. (Span.-L.) Apc ...tor-oil. Named from some conparently confused with F. cassette, 'a small fusion with cas/oreu"" 'a medicine made
casket; ' Cot. Formally, it is a dimin. of of the liquor contained in the little bags
Cask.
that are next the beaver's groin;' Kersey.
C...que; see Cask.
But it is really a vegetable pFOduction.
C....ava. a plant. (Span. - Hayti.) Castrate. (L.) L. castra/us, pp. of
Span. (fIzabe; also casavi, 'the bread made cas/riir~, to cut.
in the W. Indies of the fruit called the C...ual. (J<'.-L.) F. casu~/.-L. casuyuca ;' Pineda. It properly means the ii/is, happening by chance. - L. ciisu-,
plant, which is also called manioc; said to stem of ciisus, chance. See Cue (I ) .
be from the Hayti ensaMi, with the same Cat. (E.) A. S. cat.+ Du., Dan. kal,
sense. See R. Eden's works, ed. Arber, Icel. Mllr, Sw. kalt, G. kat", katu; L .
p. 175. See Tapioca.
cii/us, W . cat", Ir. Gael. cal, Russ. kot',
C...sia, a species of laurel. (L. - Gk. - koshka, Arab. qUI, Turk. k~di. (Proh.
Heb.) L. casia, cassia. - Gk. Kllola, a spice Eastern.)
like cinnamon. - Heb. qels,'ol", in Ps. xlv. Cata.-. prefix. (Gk.) Gk. Ka"Ta, down,
8, a pI. form from qetsi 'o". cassia-bark. - thoroughly.
Heb. root qalsa', to cut away; because the Catacly.m, deluge. (Gk.) Gk. KaTO bark is cu t off.
KAIIOpOS, a dashing over, flood. -Gk. Ka"Ta,
down; KAVCfIV, to dash, wash, as waves.
C....iDlere; see Cashmere.
Cas.ock. a vestment. (F.-Ita\.) F. Catacomb. (Ital. - L.) Ital. ra/acasaque. - Ital. (fIsatca, an outer coat. Of comba, a sepulchral va ult. - Late L. rala(umbas; of which the sense and origin are
uncertain origin.
CasSOW&r7, a bird. (Malay.) First unknown.
Catafalque, a stage or platform,
brought from Java. Malay kasuwari.
Cast. (Scand.) Ice\. kasla, to throw ; chiefly usecT at funerals. (F. - Ital.) F.
Swed. kasla; Dan. kasle. Der. r~-cast.
catafalqlle. - Ital. ca/afalco; of unknown
Castanet., instruments used for origin. See Scaffold.
making a snapping noise. (F. -Span. - Catalep.,.. a sudden seizure. (Gk.)
L.-Gk.) F. caslagnettes, 'finger-knack- Formerly ca/a/~psis. - Gk. KaTaAfJ'IIS, a
ers, wherewith players make a pretty grasping, seizing. - Gk. KaTa, down; Aap.noise in some dances; ' Cot. - Span. cas- !3ti"fl", to seize.
tanclas, castanets; pI. of caslallela, 0. Catalogue. (F. - Gk.) F. (a/alogue._
snapping noise resembling the cracking of Late Lat. acc. calalogum. - Gk. KaTaAO")'0r,
roasted chestnuts. - Span. castalia , a chest- a counting up,enrolment. - Gk. KaTa, fully;
nut. - Lat. castanea, the chestnut-tree.- AE'YfI", to say, teU; see Logic.
Catamaran. a sort oCraft. (Tamil.)
Gk. KaO"TCJJIO"; see Chestnut.
Caste. a breed, race. (Port. -L.) Port. In Forbes, Hindustani Diet., ed. 1859,
caSla , o. race, orig. a pure' breed; a name p. 289, we have ' katmaran, a raft . . ; the
given by the Port. to classes of men in word is orig. Tamil, and means tied logs:India. - Port. cosla, fern. of caslo, pnre,- Tamil kattu, binding; maram, wood
(Yule) .
L. castus, pure, chaste.
castigate. (L.) L. casligatus, pp. of Catapla.m. a poultice. (F.-L.casligtire. to chasten; lit. ' to keep pure: - Gk. ) 1<'. cataPlas1Jl~.-L. (ataplasma.Gk. KaTa-rAacrp.a, a plaster, poultice. - Gk.
1.. (fIs/us , chaste. Doublet, chastise.
Castle. (L.) A. S. casltl.-L. cas- Ka"Ta-rAaITOfl,., to spread over. - Gk. K/1TO,
79

CATAPULT

CATTLE

..~oaa ..",

to mould; see accifrre, to receive, also to buy; see

Accept and Cates.
C.t.pult. (Late L. -GIc.) Late L. C.tenn, a Highland robber. (Gael.)
(alapuila, an engine for throwing stones. - Low L. caleranus, answering to Gael.
GIc. tcaTa"fll. TTJS, the same. - GIc. KaTo, cealhainze, lit. 'common people;' cf.
down; ""~.\fLV, to swing, hurl.
cealhairne-c1loiiie, s. pl., freebooters, out.
C.ta.ra.ct. (L.-Gk.) L. calaracta, laws. From Irish cethent, ailhern, a
Gen. vii. II. - Gk. KaTa~{llutTTJf, as sb., a troop, band; cf. L. calema, a band of
waterfall; as adj., broken, rushing down. men. See Kern.
Prob. allied to KaTa~~fryvvp.t, I break C.tercousin. (F. - L.) Nares (ed.
down; the 2 aor. KaTf~~Y'I" was used 1876) has: 'Caler-cot/sim, friends so
of the rushing down of waterfalls and. familiar that they eat together.' If so,
I the word is from caler, vb., and
storms. - Gk. KaTo, down;
cousin.
break.
Cat.rrh. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) . F. C.terpillar. ( F.-L.) Adaptedfrom
ralanhe. - Late L. calarrhus. - Gk. O . F . cllalepe/ose, a caterpillar (Godefroy) ;
"aTa~Poos, a flowing down (of rheum), the latter half of the word was assimilated
a cold in the head. - Gk. "aTo, down; and to pil/er, one who pills, or robs or spoils.
~ffll', to flow.
O. F. chalepe/ost is lit. 'hairy shecat.'C.tastrophe. (Gk.) Gk.KaTaaT~, O. F. chafe, fern. of chat, cat; pdose,
an overturning, sudden tum. - Gk. "aTo, hairy. - L. ciilus, cat; pi/vsm, hairy, from
down; aTpf",.w, to tum.
pilus, a hair.
C.tch. (F.-L.) O. Picard cachier, C.terwa.ul. (E.) M. E . ..aterwil7iJm;
variant of O. F. chacier, to hunt, chase; coined from cal, and Wa1iJell, to make a
hence, to catch. It answers to Ital. cae wailing noise.
dare, Late L. *captiiire, extended form of C.tes, provisions. (F. - L.) So called
L. enptare, to catch.-L. caplus, pp. of because provided by the catOlf.t", mod. E.
enpert, to seize. .. We even find M. Du. (altr-tr; see Cater. 'Cale,., a steward, a
Raelsm, to catch, borrowed from Picard provider of cales;' Baret (1580).
(achier. The M. E. pt. t. cauJit imitated C.tha.rtic, purging. (Gk.) Gk. Ka(Jap'
/auJlt, pt. t. of M. E. /acchm, to catch. TurUS, purgative. - Gk. "a(JaipEll', to cleanse,
Doublet, (hast ( I).
pnrge.-Gk. "a(JapOs, pure.
C.techise. (L.-Gk.) Late L. cali C.thedraJ.. (L. - Gk.) L. (a tlh'(n;zare. - Gk. ltaTTJxi,.,,,, to catechise, driilis ecdesia = a cathedral church, or one
instruct; lenrhened form of KaTTJxf'II', to which has a bishop's throne. - Late 'I .
din into one s ears, lit. 'to din down.' - cathedra, a throne. - Gk. Ka(Jf3pa, a seat.
Gk. ltaT' o, down; ~X'&I', to lound; cf. - Gk. Ka(J., for "aTo, down; and E3pa, a
QXos, a ringing in the ears; see Echo.
seat, chair, from '(Op.tll ( =E3,),oJlO'\ I sit;
Category, a class. (Gk.) GIc. ltaTTJ' see Bit.
"(opia, an accusation; but in logic, a pre
C.tholic. (L. - Gk.) J.. rnlholim:,
dicament or class. - Gk. ItOTTJ"fOPf&l', to (Tertullian.) - Gk. Ka(Joll.I,,6~, universal.
accuse.-Gk. ItOT-ci, down, against; *ci"(o- _ Gk. tca(J6~,01J, adv., on the whole, in
pEw, with the sense ofci"(opEv.lI', to declaim, general. _ Gk. Ka8-, for KaT", according
address an assembly, from 4,,(opd, an to; and o~o'" gen. ofo~os, whole.
C.tkin. (Du.) A loose spike of
assembly.
C.ten&.ry, belonging to a chain; used flowers, named from its soft downy ap
of the curve in which a chain hangs. (L.) pearance. -M. Du. kaflekm, 'a kitling,'
Hexham. (It also meant ' catkin'; cf.
From L. callna, a chain; see Chain.
C.ter, to buy provisions. (F. - L.) F. chatlons in Cot.) Dimin. of Du. kal, a
Formed as a verb from M. E. catour, a cat (M. Du. Ralte).
buyer of provisions (whom we should now C.toptric, relating to optical retleccall a talerer). Calollr is short for tion. (Gk.) Gk. KaTOfrTp'KOs, reflexive.acalour, formed from acal, a buying, pur- Gk. KOTo.-TPOI', a mirror. - Gk. KaT.a,
chase, Ch. pro!. 571.-0. F. aeal (mod. down, inward ; ;;""ToJlO" l see, with suffix
F. achat), a buying. _ FolkL. aeaPf/wl, a .TPO", of the instrument. _
purchase; for acea/lttlll. _ Folk-L. aceap - C.ttl~. (F. - L.) M.E.rafel, property;
lat-e, to purchase (A. n . 1060), frequent. of 1 hence, hve stock, cattle. -O. North F.
80
fully; and
Plaster.

m""I" ,

CAUCUS

CEIL, CIEL

L.capitdle, capital, property; rallfft , to beware. cr. Skt. kavi(s) , wise.

Brugm. i. 635 . Der. pre-cautio".
see Capital (2) and Chattels.
Caucus, :\ name applied to certain Cavalier. (F.-Ital.- L ) F. cavapolitical meetings. ( American I ndian ?) lier, a holl. u.m. _ Ital. cavaliere, the
Said to be from an Algonkin word mean- same. - L. caballiiriwll, acc. of cahalltirills,
ing to speak, to counsel, whence kaw-kaw- the same. - L. caballus, a horse. See
asu, a counsellor. 'Their elders, called Chevalier.
call/Ca1vwassoughes;' Capt. Smith's Works,
cavalcade. (F. - Ital. - L.)
F.
ed. Arber, p. 347. 'Caucorouse, which is cavalcadt:. - Ital. cavaltata, a troop of
captaine ; ' id. p. 377. ~ This is more horsemen; orig. fern. of pp. of cava/care,
like1y-than the entirely unsupported story to ride. - Ital. cavallo, a horse. - L. caabout caulkers' meetings.
hallum, ace. of cabal/liS, a horse.
Ca.udal, belonging to the tail. (L.) L.
cav&lry. (F. - Ital. - L.) O. F.
(auda, the tail.
cavallerie. - Ital. (aval/eria, cavalry. Caudle, a warm drink. (F. - 1,.) O. Ita!' cavalz'ere, a knight; see Cavalier.
North F. caudel, O.F. challde!, a sort of Cave. ( F.-L.) M. E. caue. - O. F.
warm drink. - O. F. chaud, cllald, hot. - cave, a cave. - F olkL. cava, a cave. - L.
L. caldt~, for calit/us, hot.
cauus , hollow. (.vKEU.) Der. cavity ;
Caul, a net, covering, esp. for the head. cav-ern (F. cavt'1'1le, L. (atterlla ).
( F.) O. F . cale, 'a kind of little cap;' Cave in. (M. Du.)
Properly to
calve itt, a phrase introduced by Du.
Cot. Origin unknown.
Ca.uldron; see Caldron.
navvies. Cf. W. F landers inkalvm, to
Cau1i1lower. (F. - L. ) Formerly cave in; E. F riesic kalfm, to calve as a
colyjlory. F rom M. E. col (0 . F . co/), a cow, whence kaifm in , to cave in. The
cabbage; and jlory, from O. F. jlori, falling port ion of earth i. compared to a
jlcuri, pp. of jlturir, to /lourish. The calf dropped by a cow. Confused with
O. F . col is from L. aec. caulem, from cave, a hollow.
(aulis. a cabbage; andjleurir is from 1.. Caveat, a caution. (L.) 1.. (aueat,
jlorere, to/l ourish. See Cole and Flourish. lit. let him beware. - L. cauffe , to beware.
Caulk, Ca.lk. (F. - 1.. ) M. E. Caviare, roe of the sturgeon. (F.callkm, to tread; hence, to squeeze in (as Ital.) F . caviar. -Ital. caviaro; whence
oakum into a ship's seams).-O. F. cau- also Turk. khavyar, caviare.
que,-, to tread; to tent a wOlmd with lint. CaviL (F. -L.) O. F. caviller.-I..
- L. ca!ctirt:, to tread, force down by cauil/iir i, to banter; hence, to wrangle,
pressure. - L. calc-, stem of calx, the heel. object to. - L. cauil/a, a jeering, cavilCause. (F. -L.) F. cauSt'. - 1.. cama, ling.
CDussa, a cause. Der. cause, vb.
Caw. (E.) An imi tation of the cry of
C!l.useway, a paved way, raiserl way. the crow or rlaw. Cf. Du. kaauw, Dan.
( F. -L. ; antI Eo ) Formerly cawty-way; kaa, a jackdaw: which nre imitative.
by arlrling way to M. E. causl, cowie, Cayman, an American alligator. (Ca
CDlIsty.-O. North F. caucie (mod . F . ribbean.) Also caimall. The spelling
chaussle, Provo cattsada, Span. calzada). - caymatt is Spanish. - Caribbean acayiiman
Late L. m/Ciii.ttl, for ca/data ttia, a paved (Littn!) .
way. - Late L. calciiitus, pp. of cakiii1-e, Cease. (1<'. - L.) F. cess~r. - L. assii1''',
to make a roadway by trearling it down; to loiter, go slowly, cease; frequent. of
from L. calcii.re, to tread. - 1,. calr, stem cedere (pp. cessus" to yield, go away,
of calx, heel; see Ca.ulk.
go.
Caustic. (L.-Gk .) L. catlstict~. - Cedar, a tree. (F.-L.- Gk. ) O. F.
Gk. lCavuTlIC6~, burning. - Gk. lCavuTt~. ccd,'e. - L . cedrus. -Gk. K'6po~.
burnt. - Gk . t<alf'" (fut. KaVUQI) , to bum.
Cede. (L.) A late word ( A. D. 1633).
cauterise. (F. -Late L. -Gk.) F. - L. cMere, to go, to come, to yield.
cauter iser. - Late L. catlten'zare, to sear. Ceil, Ciel, to line the inner roof or
-Gk. lCaVT'Ip,ti(flV, to sear. - Gk. lCaVT~- walls of a room. ( F.- L.) Hence the
ptO", a branding-iron. - Gk. lCaifl", to sb. ceili,lg or ciel-iflg. M. E. ae!en, to
ce il ; from the sb. syle or cyll, a canopy.burn (above).
Caution. (F. -L.) F. caution. - L. F. ciel, a canopy ; th e same word as tid.
acc. ca"tio"nn, heed . _ L. ((1l1t"s, pp. of I heaven. [Cf. Ita!. <ie/o, heaven , a canopy,
( ale/. - Late

81

CELANDINE
a cieling.)-L. e<zl*m, heaven. ~ Not to
be confused with E. sill, nor with seal: nor
with sui (F. siller): nor with L. eiltire,
to hide. The L. e<zltire, to emboss, seems
to have bad some influence on the word,
but did not originate it; cf. M. E. eelure,
a canopy. Late L. e<zMt,ira.
Celanc1iDe. a plant. (F.-Gk.) O. F.
celidoine. - Late L. ee/idonia. _ L. dulidonia. - Gk. XIN3cS",o", swallow-wort. Gk. X"NISo,,-, stem of X"N3.W, a swallow.
(The n is intrusive.)
Celebrate. (L.) 1.. celebratus, pp.
of celebrtire, to frequent, to solemmse,
honour. - 1.. eeleber, {requented, populous.
Celerity. (F.-L.) F. dlMtl. - L.
acc. eelerittitem, speed.-L. eeier, quick.
Cf. Gk. ItfA."" a runner; Brugm. i. 633.
Celel"J'. (F.-1..-Gk.) F. elleri, in.
troduced from the Piedmontese Ita!' selleri: for Ital selim, pI. of selina, parsley.
-L. selinon, parsley.-Gk.1T4N"tw, a kind
o~parsley.

Cele.tial. (F.-L.) O.F. celestiel.

- L. e<ZlesH-s, heavenly. - L. etllum,
heaven.
Celibate. (L.) The orig. sense was
a single life'; it was afterwards an adj.,
and ~in a sb., meaning one who is
single. - L. ((zlibtitus, sb. celibacy, single
life. - L . c<zlib-, stem of e<zlebs. single, unmarried. Der. celibacy (for e<Zlibtitia).
Cell. (L.) M. E. etlk. - L. cel/a,
small room, hut. Cf. dlart, to hide.
See Helm (3). (,"KEL.)
cellar. (F.-L.) M. F. etler. A. F.
(tier: O. F.eelier.-1.. cellarium, a cellar.
-L. cella (above).
Celt (I), a name originally given to the
From 1.. pI. CelllZ, the
Gauls. (C.)
Celts: the word probably meant warriors'; cf. A. S. llila, Ice!. llildr, war:
Lith. kalli, to strike: L . per(dlere, to
strike through, beat down (Rhys) .
Celt (3), a primitive chisel or axe.
(Late L.) Late L. cellis, assumed nom.
of the abl. celie ( = with a chisel), in the
Vulgate Version of Job xix. 34. But this
reading is due to some error, and there
seems to be no such word in Latin.
Cement. (F.-L.) O. F. ci",mI. L. a~",entum. rubble, chippings of stone:
hence, cement. Perhaps for (lZamm/tlm,
from (lZan-e, to cut (Brugm. i. 587).
Cemetery. (L.-Gk.) Late L . etZmi
li"';u",. _ Gk. 1t00/A.,rlIIHtw, a sleeping-place,
cemetery. _ Gk. 1t0l~ 111111 to sleep: in

CENTAUR
pass., to fall asleep. Allied to Itf'ijla" I
lie down; Skt. (i, to lie down.
Cenobite. (L. - Gk.) L. (tZnobi/a,
a member of a (social) fraternity (Jerome).
- L . etznobium, a convent. _ Gk. 1t0","/j1G",
a convent. - Gk. 1t",,,6/j,o,, living socially.
- Gk. ItOC"O-" common; /jlOf, life.
Cenotaph. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F .
(lnolapill. - L. (enotaphium. - Gk. 1t1"0~,o'" an empty tomb. - Gk. It."o-"
empty; Ta~of, a tomb.
Censer. (F . -L.) M. E. eenser.O. F. eemier, semer (Godefroy) ; shortened from O. F. encemi",.. - Late L. ineeman""" also ineemOrium (whence
mod. F. mumMr). - 1.. incensum, incense; from pp. of incmdere. to kindle.
See Incense.
Cen8or. (L.) L. eemlW, a taxer, valuer,
assessor, critic. - L. (emire, to give an
opinion, appraise.+Skt. films , to praise.
C8n.ure. (F.-L.) F. (ensure.-1..
censiira, orig. opinion. - L. etnsire
(above).
celUlU. (L.) L. (fflS*S, a registeriug. - L. eensire (above).
Cent, a hundred, as in per (mi. (L .)
In America, the hundredth part of a
dollar. - 1... centum, a hundred; see
Hundred.
centenary. (L.) L . emlintin'us,
relating to a hundred. - L. eenlilms, a
hundred (usu. distributively). -L. centum.
centeDDial. (L.) Coined to mean
relating to a century. - L. cenlum, hundred; allnus, a year.
C8nteamal. (L.) L. flntisi", us,
hundredth. - L. (mt,um, hundred.
centinacie. (L.) Divided into a
hundred degrees. - L. unl;-, for cenlU1lI,
hundred; gradus, a degree; see Grade.
centipede. centiueci. (F. -L.) F .
(mlipMe. - L. (mlipeJa, a many-footed
(lit. hundred-footed) insect. - L . emti-, for
(mlum, hundred: and pea., stem of pis,
foot.
centuple. (L.) L. emluplex (stem
eenluplie- ), a hundredfold. - L. emlu-111,
hundred: pliciire, to fold.
centurion. (L.) L. aec. emlu,-ionem, a captain of a hundred. - L. centm-ia
(below).
century. (F.-L.) F. emlurie.L. emturiiJ, a body of a hundred men:
number of one hundred. - L. {entll-m,
hundred.
Centav. (L. - Gk.) L . een/allrus.

CENTAURY

CHAIR

- Gk. Klvrallpor, a centaur, a creature half

man and half horse; which some have compared with Skt. gandharoas, a demi-god.
centaury, a plant. (L. -Gk.) L.
centauria. -Gk. KfJlTaVpflOJl, centaury; a
plant named from the Centaur Chiron.

Hen. IV. ii. 1. 8. Orig. a tax, rate,

rating, assessment; see Spenser, State of
Ireland, Globe ed., p. 643. col. 2. For
StsS; from stss, verb, to rate; which is
short for Aaaess.
Cessation. (F .-L.) F. ussa/ion. L. acc. eusationem, a ceasing. - L. cusaIus, pp. of assart, to cease. - L. eessus
(below).
cession. (F. - L.) F. cession. - L.
acc. eessiOnem. a yielding. - L. cessus, pp.
of eidere, to yield, to cede.
Cess-pool. (Hybrid.) Most probably
equiv. to (se )ctsspool; see N . E. D. Cf.
Ital. eusa, a privy (Torriano) ; which is
a shortened form of seasso, a retreat. L. siassus, 'the draught; ' Matt. xv. 17
(Vulgate).
Ceta.ceous, of the whale kind. (L.Gk.) L. eitus. - Gk. IC'1TOr, a seamonster.

Centenaryl Centennial, Centuple, Centunon, &c. ; see Cent.

Centre, Center. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.

centre. - L. centrum. - Gk. ItfJlTPOII, a

spike, goad, prick. centre. - Gk. Itfl'TlOJ,
I goad on. Cf. W. cethr, a spike.
cen~al, flying from a centre.
(L.) L. centn'-, for centro-, stem of centrum; and/ug-ere, to tly.
centripetal, tending towards a
centre. (L. ) L. centri- (above); pet-ere,
to seek.
Ceramic, relating to pottery. (Gk.)
Gk. Kfpa/-uK-or, adj. - Gk. K'pa~-or. potter's
earth. Cf. Kfpa"""~1 (fut. "fp<iUOJ), I mix_
Cere, to coat with wax. (L.) L.
Ch.
cirare, to wax. - L. cira, wax.+Gk. KflpOr,
wax.
Chablis, a white wine. (F.) From
cerecloth. (L. and E.) Lit. a waxed Chablis, 12 mi. E. of Auxerre, in the decloth.
parlment of Y onne, France.
cerement. (L.) From cere; with Chafe, to warm by friction, vex. (F.suffix -ment (L. -mentum).
L. ) M. E. cllau/en, to warm. - O. F.
ceruse, white lead . (F. -L.) O. F. chau/er (F. ehauffer), to warm; cf. Provo
centst. - L. cintssa, white lead. _ L . cira, ca(far, to warm. - Late L. *califare, to
warm; for L. califocere, to warm, make
wax.
Cereal, relating to corn. (L.) L. to glow. - L. cali-re, to glow; /am'e, to
cereolis. - L. ce1'U, corn.
make.
Cerebral, relating to the brain. (L.) Chafer, Cockchafer. (E.) A. S .
From L. arebr -um, the brain. Cf. Gk. cefer (also cea/or), a kind of beetle.+Du.
,,6.pa, the head. Brugm. i. 619.
kever; G. kafer.
Cerecloth, Cerement; see Cere.
ChaJr. (E.) A. S. cenf, later due/, husk
Ceremony. (F. - L.) M. E. cere- of grain.+Dn. ka/; Low G. kaif. ~ The
11l0nie. - F. ctrtmonie. _ L. Ctzrimollia, a verb to chaff= to chaft, i. e. vex. So also
chaifwax, for chafe-wax.
ceremony, rite.
Certain. (F . - L. ) O. F. certei,t,
cha.1linch, a bird. (E.) 1. e. chalfcertaill. - L. eert-us, sure ; with suffix ji1tc/I; it frequents barndoors.
-anus. Allied to L. ctmere. to discrimi- Chaffer. (E.) The verb is from the
nate; Gk. "ptJlflJl, to separste, decide.
M. E. sb. chap/are, also chaffare, a bargaince~. (F.-L.) . M. E. certijim. ing.-A. S. ciap, a bargain, and/am, a
F. ctrtijier. -Late L. ctrtijicare, to make journey, also business; see Cheap and
sure. - L. arti., for ctrto-, stem of artus Fare.
Cha.mnch; see Chaft'.
(above) ; and -.fic., for lac-ere. to make.
Cerulean, azure. (L.) L. crzrukus, C~. (F.) F. chagrin, melan
cO'rulus. blue; for *crzluleus, crz/ulus, from choly. [Diez identifies it with F . chagrin,
crzltmt, sky. Brugm. i. 483.
shagreen; but wrongly.]
Ceruse, white lead ; see Cere.
Chain. (F. - L.) O. F. chaine, chahlt.
Cervical, belonging to the neck. (L.) - L. catma, a chain.
From L. ee,."it, stem of eeruix, neck~
Chair. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E . ehai"e,
Cervine, relating to a hart. (L.) L. cluure.-O. F. duzi,rt, ckaer,.-L. cathe
CtnlintlS. _ L. eeru-us. a hart; see Hart. dra, a throne, raised seat, chair. - Gk.
C..., limit, measure. (F. - L.)
In ICa813po., a seat.-Gk. "a8., for _T4, doWD;
83

CHAISE

CHAP

apa, a seat, from ;(01'4< ( = :3')'01"11), named from Cllfllllpagn, in FrnnCC', which
means' a plain' ; see below.
I sit; see Cathedral, Sit.
chais., a light carriage. (F.-L.champaign, open country. (F.-L.)
Gk.) F. chaise, a chair, also, a chaise; a In Sh. F. champaiglle, of which the Picard
Parisian modification ofF. chaire, a pulpit, form was campaigne; see Campaign.
orig. a seat.
Champak, a tree. (Skt.) Skt. c/Ifllll.
Chalcedony, a kind of quartz. (L. - paka, the champnk.
O. F. cham
Gk. ) L. chakedollim, Rev. xxi. '9, - Gk. Champion. (F. - L.)
xa~K~&:'v, Rev. xxi. '9.
pion . - L. (ampionem, acc. of (ampio, a
Chaldron, a coal measure. (F. - I ~) combatant (Isidore ). - L. campus, a place
O. F. dl a/droll, orig. a caldron; see for military .exercise ; a peculiar use of
Caldron.
campus, a field. See Camp.
Chalice, a cup. ( F. - L.) A. F.chalice; Chance, hap. ( F. -L.) M. E. cht(lll1u,:.
O. F. calia. - L. enliam, ncc. of enlix, a - O. F. c!teflllce, chaance. - Late L. c(lt/ell'
cup. Allied to ((Ilyx, hut not the same tin, a falling, a chance. - 1.. {(Idere, to fall,
happen ; see Cadence.
word.
Chalk. ( L .) M. E. chalk. - A. S. ceak Chancel. (F . - I..) So called because
(Southern). - L. (alc., stem of ((Ilx, lime. orig. fenced off by a latticed screen.Challenge. (F.-I..) M. E . halenge, O. F. challcel, an enclosure fenced off with
((Ilcllge, often in the sense 'a claim. ' - an open screen. - Late L. (an(ellus, a
A. F. chalmge, O. F. chalollge, (nlenge, a chancel, screen; I.. cancelli, pI. , a grating ;
dispute, claim; an accusation. - L. calum see Cancel.
Ilia, false accusa tion; see Calumny .
chancellor. ( F.-I..) O. F. chall(('
Chalybeate. ( I ~ - Gk.) Used of lier. - Late L. acc. callce/ltirillm, a chan.
water containing iron. Coined from I.. cellor; orig. an officer who stood near the
(halybs, steel. - Gk. xa~1fI/! (stem xa~IJf3' ) , screen before the judgment.sent. - I.. (all,
steel ; named from the Cha lybes, a people celli, a grating; see Chancel, Cancel.
of Pontus, who made it.
chancery. (F.-I..) Forchallcdry.
Chamber. ( F.-L.-Gk.) F.chanl M.E. cllfl.llce/erie. -O.F. challcellerie.bre; Provo (ambra. - L. (all/era, ((I1IIam, L'lte L. cancelltfria, the recordroom of a
a vault, vaulted room, room. - Gk. KaP.apa , cfl1lCelltfrius; see Chancellor.
a vaulted plsce.
Cha.ndelier. (F. - L.) O. F . c11f111de
chamberlain. (F.-O.H.G.-L.- lier, a candleholder. - Late L. cam/j
.C k. ) F.cllam/Jeriain,O. F.chambrclmc . - lnrlIS, m. ; cf. c,111diltfrin, a cand lestick.
O. II. (;. chamerlilk', M. H . G. kamer/illc, - L. calldila; see Candle.
one who has the care of rooms; formed
chandler. (F . -L.) O. F.challdelier,
with su ffi x 'illc (the same as E . .'ing), a chandler. - Latc L. calldi lt/rills, a
from L. call/era (above).
candle seller. - L. calldela; sec Candle.
Chameleon. (I.. -Gk.) L. chama - Der. corn-cllalldlcr, where c!tandler merely
leoll. - Gk. xaf'al.~fow. lit. a groundlion, means seller, dealer.
dwarf lion ; a kind of lizard. _ Gk. xapa', Change, vb. (F. - L \ O. F. Chfl1lger,
on the ground (also dwarf, in comp. ) ; and challgier.-Late L. call1bitfre, to change
)./OIV, lion.
Cf. L. humi, on the ground.
(Lex Salica). - L cambire, to exchange.
cha.momile. \ Late I.. -Gk.) Late Cf. Late L. cambium , exchange; whence
L. camolllilla (dlamolllilla ). _ Gk. xap.a' F . change, E. change, sb.
f''fJ).ov, lit. ground-apple, from the apple. Channel. (F.-L.)
M. E. chaml,
like smell of the Rower. -Gk. Xapa'-, on callel.-O. F. chaml, cmld, a canal.-L.
the ground (see above) ; 1-'~).OJl, apple.
ace. caml/em; see Canal.
Chamois. (F.- G.) F . chamois; Chant. (F.-L.) F.chanler,vb.-L.
borrowed from some Swiss dialectal form; canltfrt, to sing; frequent. of canere, to
cf. Piedmontese ((III/ossa . _ M. H. G. gamz sing. Der. challlry, M. E. chalmlerie,
(for *galllllz), a chamois (G. gUllse) .
Late L. (atl/aria; . c~an/icleer, M. E.
Cha.mp, to eat noisily. (E.) Formerly chaut/lecleer, clearsmgmg.
.
c/la1lZ or chamm; of imitative origin, like Cha.oS. (Gk.) L. chaos, Lat. spelhng
jam, to crush. Cf. Swed. dial. kif1l1sa, to of Gk. xaor. chaos, abyss, lit. a cleft. Cf.
chew with difficulty.
Gk. XaI1K"JI, to gape. See Chasm.
Champa.pe. (F. - L. ) A wine Cha.p I I ) . to cleave, crack. (E. ) M. E.
84

CHASE
Character. (L. - Gk.) L. charader.

CHAP

chtlppm, to cut; hence, to gape oven like

a wound made by a cut. E. Fries. kappw,
to cut; not found in A. S.+M. Du . kappen,
to cut; Swed. kappa, Dau . kappe, to cut;
G. kappm, to cut , lop. See Chop ( I ).
Chap ( 3) ; see Chapman.
Chapel. (F.-L.) O. F. chapele.Late L cappella, orig. a shrine in which
was preserved the capa or cope of SI.
Martin (Brachet) .-Late L. ciipa, cappa,
ca pe, hooded cloak; see Cape (I) .
chaperon. (F. -L.) F. chaperoll, a
protector; orig. a kind ofhood.- F. dlape ,
a cope. - Late L. capa; as above.
Chapiter. the capital of a column .
(F. - L. ) O. F. chapilre, usually a chapter
of a book, but representing L. capillllllm ,
which meant 'chapiter' as well as
'chapter.' See Chapter.
Chaplet. ( F.-L. ~ M. E. dlapelel. O. F. dlapelel, a head-dress, wreath. 0.1'. chapel, head-dress. - O. F. chape, a
coe; see Chaperon.
Chapman. a merchant. (E.) The
familiar ellap is merely short for chapman.
- A. S. ciapmaIJ, a merchant. - A. S. ciap,
price, barter (see Cheap) ; and man, man.
Chaps, Chops, the jaws. (E.) A
late word, of unknown origin; possibly
from Chap ( I). ~ Perhaps suggested by
North E. chajts or chaffs, jaws (Cleveland
~loss.).-Icel~kjaPIr (p~ pro~. as/t), the
Jaw; Swed. kdjt, Dan. k/(Ejt, Jaw.
Chapter, a division of a book, synod
of clergy. (l'.-L.) M.E.chapitre,in both
senses. - F. chapitr., variant of an older
form ,kapit/e. - L. enpitul1l11l, a chapter
of a booK (little head ) ; also, in Late L.,
a synod; dimin. of caput, a hearl.
Char ( I ) , a turn of work. ( E.) Also
ellare, chore, chewre; M . E. ,'her, ,har,
orig. a tum, hence, a space of time, tum
of work, &c. - A. S. cerr (below). Hence ,
dlar-womaIJ, a woman who does a turn of
work. See Ajar.
char (1), usually cha.re, to do a
turn of work. (E.) M. E. cllel7'etl, cltarren, to turn; A.'S, cerra", to turn. - A. S.
cerr (derr, cyrr), a tum. ~ The sense
, bum' is later than the appearance of the
ab. char-foal.
Char (3) , a fish. (C.!) Of unknown
origin; perhaps named from its red belly
[the W . name is torgocll, red-bellied, from
lor, belly, and cock, red].-O. Gael. ceara,
red, from cear, blood j Irish cear, red,
also blood ,

- Gk. xapa".,.~p , an engraved or stamped

mark. - Gk. xapaCTCTuv, to furrow, scratch ,
engrave.
Cha.ra.de. (F.-Prov.) F. charade,
introduced from Proven~al cllarTada, a
long talk, from cltarr(j. to chatter (Supp,
to Littre) ; cf. Languedoc ,harrade, idle
talk. Cf. also Span. (/wr/"ada, speech or
action of a clown, from Span. charro, a
clown, peasant.
Charcoal. (E.) From ellar and coal;
but the sense of char remains unknown;
some refer it to M, E. chern", to tllrn (as
if to turn to coal), Lut there is no proof
of this. See char (2).
Charge. (F.-C.) F. clzarger, to
load. - Late L. carrictire, to load a car.L. carrus, a car, a Gaulish word; see
Cark, Car. Der. charg-er, a dish or horse,
because carrying a burden.
chariot. (F.-C.) F. chariot, allgmentative of F. char, a car. - L. carrus, a
car; see Car.
Charity. (F.-L.) O. F . clzaritet.L. acc. cadtatem, lo\'e. - L. carus, dear.
Brugm. i. 637. ~ Not alli~d to Gk.

xap's.

Charlatan. (F. - Ital.) F. charlalan.

-Ita1. ciadatOllo, a mountebank, great
talker, prattler.- lIal. dar/are, to prattle j
ciarla, prattle; prob. of imitative origin.

Charlock, a kind of wild mustard.

(E.) Provo E. enr/o,'k, - A. S. cerlic;
origin unknown.
Charm. (F.--L.) M. E. charllle, sL.
- O. I' . chartl/e, t n enchantment. - L. (arnzell, a song, enchantment.
Charnel. (F.-L.) Properly an adj.;
containing carcases, as in charllel-house. O. F. cltartzel, adj. carnal; as sb. a cemetery. - Late L. carIJale, glossed by jl.lschlls
(flesh-house) ; Wright-Wiilker, Voc. 184'
37. - L. CtlY/lalis; see Carnal
Chart. (F. -L. - Gk.) O. F. d,arfe.
-L. (halta, a paper.-Gk. Xap""l, a leaf
of paper. Doublet, caro (I ).
charter. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
dlllrtre. - O. F. chartre. - Late L. cartula,
a small paper or document. - L. charla, a
p~ECr; see above.
Chary, careful, cautious. (E.) M. E.
cltari. A. S. cearig, full of care, sad.A. S. cearu, ctlnt, care.+Du. karig, G.
karg, sparing. Chary meant (1 ) &arrowful,
( 3) heedful. See Care.
Chue ( I), to hunt after. (F.-L.)

Ss

CHASE

CHEEK

O. F. ,hader, chao!r, to pursue; see L. ; in particular, that O . H. G. chotifo, a

Oatch.
huckster, is from L. caupo, a huckster.
Chue ( 2) , to enchase; short for en- But this is now held to be unlikely (Kluge,
chau, which see.
Franck) .
Chase (3) , a printer's frame. ( F. -L.) Cheat, to defraud . (F. -L.) Cheat is
Jo'. chasse, a shrine. - L. capsa, :1 box; see m<!rely short for escheat; cf. M. E . chele,
Case (l l.
an escheat ( Prompt. Parv.). The n chea.
Chum. (L. - Gk.) L. chasma. a ters were often cheaters; hence the verb.
gulf. - Gk. X41T1'O, a yawning cleft. Allied See Escheat.
to XalT"flV, to g:1pe; see Chaos.
Check, a sutlden stop, repulse . (F.Chute. ( F.-L.) O. F.ckaste. -L. Pers. ) ' M,E. chek,:1 stop; also check!
.-astus, chaste; see Casts.
in playing chess. The word is due to the
chuten. (F. - L .) Used in place of game, which is very old. The orig. sense
M. E. eI,asty or chastim; see below.
of check was' king ! ' i. e. mind the king,
chutise. (F . -L.) M. E. ehastism; the king is in danger. -O.F. esehee, 'a
shorter form eI,astien. - O. F . chastier. - L. check at chess-play,' Cot. - Pel's. sntlll, a
casliglire, lit. 'to make pure.' -L. castus, king, king at chess; whence shanmal,
ch:1Ste ; see Castigate.
check-mate, lit. 'the king is dead,' froUi
Chasuble, a vestment. ( ~'. -L.) F. Arab. mal, he is dead . Similarly we have
d,asllble. - Late L. casu/lulcz, with the same F. tcnec, a check, repulse, defeat. pI. tclucs,
sense as L:1te L. casula, a little house; chess; Ita!' scacco, a square of a chessboard, also a check, defeat. See che811
hence, n mantle. - L. casa, a cottage.
Chat, Chatter. (E.) M. E . cnaleren, below. ~ Devic shews that O. F. escltec
also chiterm, to chatter, twitter; frequent- represents Arab. esh-shag; where esn is
ative form of chat. An imitative word; for ai, the def. art., and shag is the Arab.
cf. Du. kwel/erm, to warble, chatter, Swed. proll. of Pers. sniil,.
kvillra. to chirp.
checker, chequer, to mark with
Chateau. ( F.-L.) F.chdteau.O.F. squares. ( F. -Pers.)
To mark with
dzasle!. - L. casle/lum, dimin. of caslrum, squares like those on a chess board. M. Ea fortified place. Der. castel/a1l; also chekker. dukere, a chess-board. ( Hence
cndtdai1le; for which see Castle.
The Checkers, an inn-lign.)-O. F . escheChattels. (i".-L. ) PI. of M. E. quier, a chess board, also, an exchequer.
cnatd, property, also cattle. -0. F . cllatel, - Low L . scaccarium, a chessboard.O . North F. calel, property; see Cattle.
Low L. scacci, chess, pI. of seaccus, from
Chatter; see Chat.
the Arab. form of Pers. shtih, king.
Chaudron, entrails. ( F. ) Macb. iv.
checkers, chequers, an old name
J. 33. The I' is inserted by confusion with for the game at drauglits; from the checker
F. cnamiro1l, a caldron. - O. F . cnaudun. or chess-board; see above.
older forms caudull, ealdulI, entrails
check-mate. (F. - Pers. and Arab.)
(Godefroy). [Cf. G. kaldatmen, entrails; From Arab. *sl,ag-mtit, for S/liil,.mal, the
from Mid. Low G. kaldlme, the same.) king is dead; see Check .
Thought to be from Late L . caldiina,
cheque. (F. - Pers.) A pedantic
a dish containing entrails (Dncange). Per- spelling of clleck, from confusion with
haps from L. caliC/us, warm ( F. chami).
excnequer; it is really a name given to a
Chaw; see Chsw.
draft for money. of which one keeps a
Chaws, by-form of Jaws; see Jaw. memorandum or COUllter-chuk.
Cheap, at a low price; orig. a sb. (E. )
chess, the game of the kings. (P".M.E. eI,ep, ellUP. barter, price; always a Pers.) Equivalent to checks, i. e. kings;
sb. Hence. good cheap, in a good market see Check above. -0. Jo'. esches, chess;
(F. I)(m lIIarcht ) ; whence E. cheap, used really the pI. of eschec, check, orig. 'king.'
as an adj. A. S. ceap. price; whence the ~ Jo'rom Pers. shah, a king, were formed
verb ceapian, to cheapen, buy. So also O. F . eschec. F. tcnee, E. cneck, Ital. scacco,
Du. koop , a bargain, koopm, to buy; G. Span. xaque,J3que, Port. xaque, G. scnach,
kauf, purchase, kall/m, to buy ; Icel. kaup, Du. scnaak. Dan. skak, Swed. schack,
Swed. kiip, Dan. kio", a purchase; Goth. Low Lat. !tidus sCacCQrt11ll - game of
kal/poll ( weak vb. ). to traffiC. ~ Some che"ks. or of kiugs.
~ay that these words arc borrowed from . Cheek. (E. ) M. E . cheke, <,heoke. O.

86

CHEER

CHICORY

Mere. cia, A. S. cenu, cheek. + Du.

kaak, jaw, cheek j Swed. kiill, jaw.
Cheer. (F.-L.) M. E. ckere, orig.
the mien j hence, 'to be of good cheer.'
-0. F . c,,"e, the face. - Late L. cara,
face. (Relationship to Gk. Kapa, the head,
is doubtfu!.) Der. ellter-jul.
Cheese. (L.) M. Eo chese. O. M~rc.
else (A. S. cjse, for earlier cuse<clasi),
with i-mutation; prehistoric A. S. cilsi
< casioz. - L . caseus, cheese; whence
other fonns (G. kiise, Du. kaas) are borrowed . Sievers, lnd ed. 75. l.
Cheeta. Cheetah, the hunting leopard, a leopard used for the chase. (Hind.
-Skt.) Hind. ckila. - Skt. ckitralla, a
chccta; from elzilra, spotted, also visible, clear.-Skt. ekit, to perceive. See
ChintB.

Chemise. (F.-L.) F. ckemise. Late L. camisia, a shirt, thin dress;

whence O. Irish caimtnst. shirt (Stokes).
Chemist, Chymiat; short for al
chemisl j see Alohemy.
Cheq..,ue, Cheque; see Check.
Chenah. (F. - L.) O. F . cheris.,
stem of pres. pt. of cherir, to hold dear. F. cher, dear. - L. carus, dear.
Cheroot, a cigar. (Tami!.) Tamil
slmruUu, a roll j hence, a roll of tobacco
(Yule).
Cherry. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. ckeri, a
mistake lor cheris, the final s being mistaken for the p!. inflexion.-O. North F.
ckeriu, O. F. cerise; representing FolkL. *aresia, .ceresea. - L. cerasus, a cherrytree. - Gk. "fpaUOS, a cherry-tree; usually
said to come from Cerasos, in Pontus;
a story which Curtius doubts.
Chert, a kind of quartz. (1) Unknown.
Cf. Irish ceart, a pebble.
Cherub. ~Heb. ) The true pI. isellerub
;tIl. - Heb. k riiv (pI. Ilruvitll), a mystic
figure.
Chervil. a plant. (L.-Gk.) A.S. cerjil/e. - L ckarepkylla, pI. of ckarepkyllum .
- Gk. Xazpf</>uAAov, chervil, lit. pleasant
leaf.-Gk. Xa1P-flV, to rejoice; </>6A)"Oll,
leaf.
Chess; see Check.
Chest. (L. - Gk.) M. E. cheste, chisle.
A. S. cisl.-L. cisla. - Gk. KiaTf] , a chest,
box (whence G. kisle, &c.).
Chestnut, Chesnut. (F. -L.-Gk.)
Ckesnul is short for chest1lul, which is
shorl for ckestelznut, nut of the cheslen,
which i~ the old name of the tree, called

in M. Eo chestdn.-O. F. ellastaiglle (F.

cnata~~le). - L. castanea, chestnut-tree.Gk. KaU'TlWOII, a chestnut. Chestnuts are
said to have been called KaUTaVa, or KaptJa

KauTavcUa, from KaUTal'a, Castana, the

name of a city in Pontus where they
abounded; but more probably from Armen.
kaskmi, a chestnut.tree, from kask, a chestnut (Kluge).
Cheval-de-friae, an obstruction with
spikes. (F.) Lit.' horse of Friesland,' a
jocular name; the pI. elltvatu;deFrise is
commoner. See below.
chevalier. (F.-L.) F. cktva/itr, a
horseman. - F. cktval, a horse. - L. ca
ballum, ace. of caballus, a horse.
Cheveril, kid leather. (F. - L.) O. }<' .
cktvrele, fern., a little kid. Dimin. of
0 .1'. cktvre, F. cMvre, a goat, kid. -L.
capram, acc. of capra, a she-goat.
chevron, an ordinary, in heraldry, re
sembling two rafters of a house. (F. - L.)
(Most likely meant to represent the saddle
peak.) -F. chtvrott, 'a kid , a chevron ill
building, a rafter;' Cot. Augmentative
form of ckevre, a she-goat.-L. capra, a
she-goat j see Caper ( I) . Cf. L. capre
olus, which likewise means a prop.
Chew, Chaw. (E.) M. E. elte'Welt.
A. S. cUnua1t, to chew. eat.+Du. kaaflwen;
G. kallen j O. H . G. kiuwltn; Russ.jtvate.
Cf. also Icel. tyggja, Iyggva, to chew
(Strdtberg).
Chibouk, a Turkish pipe. (Turk. )
Turk. chibuk, eltybiik, a stick, tube, pipe
(Zenker, p. 349).
Chicanery. (F. - Pers. 1) l". cnica
nerie, wrangling, pettifogging; Cot. - }<' .
ckicatter, to wrangle j orig. to dispute in
the game of the mall orckicane (Brachet).
Perhaps from the medieval Gk. T'UKaVIOl',
a word of Byzantine origin (id.) ; from
Pers. chaugan, a club, bat.
Chicken. (E.) Sometimes shortened
to ckick; but the M. E. word is ckikm.
A. S. cicen, earlier *ciucin. + Du. Rieken,
kuiken, a chicken, Low G . kaken j cf. G.
kiicltlein, a chicken, Ice!. kjukllng, Swed.
'kyckling; related to Cock, which shews the
weak grade *cuc-; see Cock (I ). Sievers,
2nd ed. 165.
Chicory, a plant, succory. (F. -L.Gk. ) l". ckicorte. - L. cic;'oriullt. -Gk.
KtxopLa, neut. pI. ; also K1XWptOV , K1XWI"1,
succory. 13. Succor)' is a corrupter form
of the word, apparently for siccory or
..idIOY)', from L. cic/zorillHl.

87

CHIDE

CHIRURGEON

Chid. (E.) M.E. d,idell. A.S. cftiall, pI.: hence Ckinee in the singular, by a
to chide, brawl: pt. t. ctdde.
Chi.f. (F. -L.) M.E. chef, chiej. O. F. chef, chief, the head. - L. type
*mpuIII (Ital. mpo). - L. caput, head.
Der. ker-ckiej, q. v.
Chieftain. (Y . -L.) O.F. (hevetai,ze .
- Late L. capita,uus, capitanus, a captain.
- L. capito, from (aput, a head.
Chiffonier, a cupboard. (F.) Lit. a
place to put rags in. - F . (hi/limier, a ragpicker, also a cupboard . - F. chiffon, augment. of chi/ft, a rag. Orig. unknown.
Chignon. (F . - L.) Hair twisted ;
another spelling of F . chat"on, a link. F. chaille, O. F. chaille, a chain.-L. (alelia, a chain.
Chilblain. (E. ) A blain caused by
a chill.
Child. (K ) M . E. child. A. S. cild.
Teut. type *kiI)OIll, neut.; cf. Goth. kilIlu i , the womb.
Chill, cold. (E.) Orig. a sb. A.S.
a le, dde, chilliness. Teut. type *kaliz,
sb. i from *kal-an, to be cold, as in A. S.
ralnll , to be cold, Icel. kala, to freeze.
Du. kil, a chill; cf. L. gelu, frost.
Chime, sb. ( F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
dlimbe, of which the orig. sense was cymbal; henc ~ the chime or ringing of a cymbal. Shortened from O. F. chimbale, dialectal form of O. F. cilllbale, a cymbal. L. (Ylllbalttlll. - Gk. K6,.tJaAo,,: see Cymbal. N. B. We find M. E. chy"ze-btlle,
which looks like a popular form for cymbal.
Der. dlime, verb.
Chimera, Chimera. (L. - Gk.) L.
d,ifll<Era. - Gk. X'JUIlpG, a she-goat; also,
a fabulous monster, with a goat's body. Gk. X'JUlpos, he-goat.
Chimney. (F. -L. - Gk.) F. chemin/e,
' a chimuey;' Cot. - Late L. caminala,
providedwithachimney; hence, a chimney.
- L. (aminus, an oven, a fire-place. _ Gk.
1t4,.."OS, oven, furnace.
Chimpansee, an ape. (Mrican.) I am
informed' that the name is Isimpan zee in
the neighbourhood of the gulf of Guinea.
Chin. (E.) M. E. chill. A. S. cill.+
Du. kin , Ice!. kin", Dan. ki,ut, Swed.
Id"d; Goth. ki,mus, the cheek: G. ki"n ,
chin; L. gm4, cheek; Gk. ,,('''lIS, chin i
cf. Skt. hawlS, jaw.
China. (China.) Short for china-ware,
or ware from Chi.uz. The name of the
people was formerly Chi/zeses; we have
dropped the final s, and use Chinese as a

second dhff{~g of se.

Chinc
, a small rodent animal.
(Span. -L.) Span. d,iluhjl/a, lit. 'alittle
bug,' as iffrom its smell: but undeservedly
so named. - Span. chillChe, a bug. _ L. cimiam, acc. of cimex, a bug.
Chinchona; the same as Cinohona.
Chincough, whooping-<:ough. (E.)
For ckink-(ough: cf. Scotch ki"k-(ougll,
kink-IlOSt \host means cough ). A kink is a
catch in the breath, nasalised form of a
base *kik, to gasp. Du: kinkhoest: M.
Du. kieckhoest: Swed. kik/zosta, chincongh,
kik,,'!. to gasp i G. keichen, to gasp:
,
Chine. ( F.- O. H . G. ) O.F. eschme (F.
(ehillt), the back-bone. - O. H . G. ski,za, a
needle, prickle (G. sehime, a splint). For
the sense, cf. L spina, a thorn, spine,
backbone.
Chink ( I), a cleft. (E.) Formed with
suffixed k, from the base of M. E. chille, a
c1eft,rift. -A.S.cinu,a chink.-A.S. cill-,
weak grade of cr'lall, to split (strong vb.) .
Du. keen, a chink, also a germ, kent'"
to bud i cf. G. kdlllt1l, Goth. kei,,,lII, to
bud. (Germinating seeds make a crack in
the ground.)
Chink (2 ) , to jingle. (K ) An imitative
word:
clink, clank; and see Chin.
cough. E. Fries. kinkm (a strong vb. );
M . Dan. kinke.
Chintz. (Hindustani -Skt.) Forchittts,
pI. of chillI. Hind. (h"',,,, spotted cotton
cloth , named from the variegated patterns
on it i chhit, chintz, also a spot. -SkI.
chilra, variegated, spotted. See Cheeta.
Chip, vb. (E.) Related (with a lighter
vowel ) to cltap (I) or chop; as if to eut
a little at a time. Cf. A. S. for-cypj>o<l,
gloss to praeciSlls lLye); E. Fries. kippm ,
to cut.
Chirography, handwriting. (Gk.)
From Gk. Xflpo-ypa"'fW, to write with the
hand. - Gk. Xf'po, from XElP, the hand;
,,(pO"'.''', to write. Cf. cltiro-mallcy, fortune telling by the hand; cltiro-pod-ist,
one who handles (and cures) the feet.
ChirP. (E.) Alsochirrttp. M. E. (Mrpen. Also M. E. chirkm, chim/tn, to
chirp. The forms (hir-p, chir-k, chir-m
are Irom an imitative base i d . Du. kirrm,
to coo.
Chirurgeon, the old spelling of surgeon. (I'. - L. - Gk.) F. chirttrsien,
'a surgeon ;' Cot. -F. chirllrgie, surgery.- L. dlirl,rl,'ia.-Gk. XflPOIIP'YI(1, a

8~

cc.

CHISEL

CHRIST

working with the handa, skill with the

hands, art, surgery. - Gk. XfIPO-, from
Xflp, the hand; and lnfl", to work.
ChiseL (F.-L.) M. E. c1!isel.-A. F.
cllisel, O. F. dse! (F. duau). Cf. Late L.
cisel/us, scissors (A. D. 135l) . O. F . dse!
answers to Late L. *cise/lum , with the
sense of L. cisOrium, a cutting instrument
(Vegetius); see Scheler's note to Diez. L. *ciSUIII, for crzs-um, supine of crzdere,
to cut; whence also Late L. incisor, a
carver, cutter; see Ceesura.
Chit ( I) , a pert child. (E.) M. E. chil,
a whelp, cub, kitten. Allied to kil-ling
(Icel. kellingr), and to kit-ten; cf. G. kitze,
a fem ale cat.
Chit (l) , a shoot, sprout. (E.) In Holland's Pliny, xiii. 4. Perhaps allied to
M. E. chilhe, a sprout (N.E.D.). -A. S.
crtJ, a germ, sprout.
Goth. keinan, to
produce a shoot; G. Reilll, a germ.
Chivalr,y. (F.-L.) M.E. chivalrie. O.F.chevalern, horsemanship, knighthood.
- F. cheval, a horse. - Late L. caba//ufIl,
acc. of caba/lus, a horse.
Chlorine, a pale gleen gas. (Gk.)
Named from its colour. - Gk. XAOJP-OS, pale
gleen.
chloroform. (Gk. andL.) The latter
element relates toformyl andfarmic acid,
an acid formerly obtained from red ants. L.formfca, an ant.
Chocolate, a paste made from cacao.
(Span. - Mex.) Span. chocolate. - Mex.
chocolatl, chocolate; Claligero, Hist.
Mex. i. 433. .. Not allied to cacao.
Choice. (F. - Tent.) Not E. M. E.
chois. _ O. F. c/zois (F. c;'oix). - O. F.
c;'oisir, O. North F. (oisir, to choose. Of
Teut. origin. - Goth. kausjan, to try,
test; causal of kiusan, to choose. See
Choose.
Choir. (F. -L.-Gk.) The choir of a
chnrch is the part where the choir sit.
Also spelt quire; M. E. queir, quer. O. F. cuer, later clloeur, 'the quire of a
church, a troop of singers;' Cot. - L.
C;'OrIl1ll, acc. of cllorus, a choir. - Gk.
xopos, a dance, a band of dancers or
singers. See Chorus.
Choke. (E.) M. E. choRen, cheken,
cheoken. A. S. ciocian ; only in the derivative iiciocung, to translate L. rumitra/io,
which the glossator hardly seems to have
understood, and in the pp. iiciocod, JElfric,
Hom. i. 216 : with change from io to eO,
shortening of q to 0 in M. E., and subse-

ce.

quent lengthening. Cf. lcel. NONa, to

~j>; Roll, the gullet.
Choler, the bile, anger. (F. -L. -Gk. )
Anger was supposed to be due to excess of
bile. M.E. coler. -O.F. colere. -L. cholera,
bile; also cholera, bilious complaint. - Gk.
xo1..fpa, cholera; xo1..~, bile; xo1..os, bile,
wrath. See Gall.
cholera. (L. - Gk.) L. cholera, as
above. And see Melancholy.
Choose. (E .) M. E. chum, chusm.
A. S. closan (also ((osan), to choose
(pt. t. das, (((is).
Du. and G. kiuen,
Icel. kjosa, Goth. Riusan; Teut. type
*keus-an-. Allied to L. gus-tare, to taste,
Gk. 'Y.60",41, I taste, Skt. jush, to relish.
(.y'GEUS. ) See Gust. llrugm. i. 60l.
Chop ( I), to cut; a later form of
ChAp ( I ).
Chop (l) , to barter. (E.) Probably a
variant of chap, a verb which seems to
ha,-e been evolved from the sb. chapman.
Chopine, a high-heeled shoe. (F. Span.) In Hamlet, ii. l. 447 ; for chapine.
- O. F. chapin; later chappin (Cotglave).
- Span. chapin, a clog with a cork sole,
woman 's shoe, high cork shoe. Perhaps
from Span. chapa, a thin plate (of metal) ,
used to strengthen the work it covers.
Chops; see Chaps.
Chord. (L. - Gk.) L. c;'arda. - Gk.
xopM" the string of a musical instrument,
orig. a string of gut. llrugm. i. 605.
4111" The same word as Cord.
Chorus. (L. - Gk.) L. chorus, a band
of singers. - Gk. xopOs, a dance, a band of
dancers or singers. See Choir. Der.
c;'ar-al, chori-sler.
Chough, a bird. (E.) M. E. cllole,
chough. Not found in A. S., which has
(however) the forms cia, cio, and the early
forms ciae, cJlyae. Somewhat similar forms
are seen in Du. Raauw, Dan. !laa, Swed.
kaja, 0. jackdaw.
Chouse, to cheat. (Turk.?) To act as a
chouse or cheat. Ben Jonson has chiaus in
the sense of 'a Turk; with the implied
sense of 'cheat '; Alchemist, i. J. The
allusion is alleged to be to a Turkish
c;'iaus or interpreter, who committed a
notorious fraud in 1609. - Tnrk. cJuj'us;',
a sergeant, mace-bearer, Palmer's Pers.
Dict.; chiiwush, a sergeant, herald, messenger, Rich. Dict. p. 534. Or (mediately) from M. Ital. daus.
Chrism; see below.
Christ, the anointed onc. (L. - Gk.)

89

CHRISM

CID

A.S. C,;sl.-L. Chrislus.-Gk. XPltITOS,

anointed. -Gk. XplOJ, I rub, anoint. Der.
Christ-iatf, Christ-mdom, &c. ; ChrisllIlas (see ]1(&1>8 : ; allti-christ, opponent of
Christ (from Gk. d"rl, against; see
1 John ii. 18).
chrism, holy unction. (L. -Gk.)
Also spelt chrisome, whence chrisOlllt-child,
a child wearing a chrisOllle-c/olh, or cloth
which a child wore after holy unction;
O. F. cremu, the crisome, or oyle ; , Cot.
-Late L. ChriSIllQ, holy oil. -Gk. )(piUIM',
an unguent. -Gk. xplOJ (as above).
Chromatic, relating to colours. (Gk.),
Gk. XfJOJfl2TIICOS, adj.-Gk. Xf'OJ/ltT.T-, stem
of XPJJfltT., colour; allied to )(pOn, skin.
chrome, chromium. (Gk.) A
metal; its compounds exhibit beautiful
colours. - Gk. XPOJfI-G, colour.
Chronicle. (F.-LateL.-Gk.) M.E.
owlic!e, with inserted I; also Croll ike,
crollique. -A. F. cronic!e j O. F. crollitJl,e,
pI. cro/liqlles, chronicles, annals. -Late L.
dlrollica, fern. siug. j for neut. pI. Gk. XPO"lltcl., pl., annals. -Gk. xpo""toS,
adj. from XpOvos, time. Der. c!n'oll-ic

cr.

teo ){PO"IICOS) .
chronolol7,

Chuck (I), tostrikegently,tos:;. I.F. Teut.) Formerly written chock (Turberville). - F. choquer, to give a shock, jolt.Du. schokkm, to jolt, shake; allied to E.
shock and shake.
Chuck (l), to chuck as a hen. (E.)
An imitative worn; Ch_ has chuk to express the noise made by a cock; C. T.
15180 (B. 3,.6,.). Cf. cluck. Der.chttek- It,
in the sense 'to cluck'
Chuck (3), a chicken. A variety of
chick, for chickell. See above.
Chuckle. (E.) To chuckle is to laugh
in a suppressed way; cf. Chuck (l ).
Chump, a log. (E.) Cf. Swed. dial.
kUlllpa, to chop into logs; kumpil/g, a
log, round stick; also Icel. kUIIIOr, Ir,~Immbr, a log of wood, from Icel. Immll/',
nasalised form of kuhbr, a chopping ;
lcel. kubba, to chop. Der. chll1llp-e'ld,
i. e. thick end.
Church. (Gk.) M. E. chirche, chi'I!.-h.:.
A. S. cil'ict:, later cilU j (cr. lcel. kirkja;
G. kirche, Du. kerk).-Gk. ICVPCOICOII, a
church, neut. of ICVPItT.ItOS, belonging to
the Lord; or (possibly) from Gk. /CVpcOJta ,
pl., treated as a fem. sing. - Gk. ,roPIOS,
a lord, orig. mighty. - Gk. IC;;POS, strength.
cr. Skt. {lIra, a hero.
Churl. (E.) M. E. (herl, clllorl. A.1;.
ceorl, a man.
Du. hId, G. kerf; Dan.
Sw. Ice!. ka1'l.
Teut. types, *kel'/Q~,
*karloz.
Churn, sb. (Eo) A. S. cYFi,,; oltler
form cirill (printed cirtll ), Corp. gloss.
1866.
Ice\. kima, Swed. kama, Dun
kienle, a churn; cf. O. Swed. kema,
Swed. kiima, Dan. kier1ze, to churn, Du.
kemm, to churn.
ChutneY ChutD.y, a kind of hot
relish. (Hin.) Hind. chaflli (Yule).
Chyle, milky fluid. (F. -L.-Gk.) F .
chyle. - L. chyltts. - Gk. XIIAOS, juice. Gk. XfOJ (= xfF'OJ), I pour. (.vGHEU.)
chyme, liquid pulp. (L.-Gk.) Formerly chYlIItis. - L. chj1llus. - Gk. XllflOS,
juice. - Gk. Xf -OJ; as above.
Chymist; see Alchemist.

science of dates. (Gk.)

From xpOllO -S, time j .Ao-yltT., from AO'Y-os,
discourse; see Logic.
chronometer, time-measurer. (Gk.)
l' rom x.p6"o-s, time j /lfTPOII, measure j see
]l(etre.
Chrysalis, the form taken by some
insects. (Gk.) Gk. )(pIIUOl\l\jS, the goldcoloured sheath of butter/lies, chrysalis. Gk. XPIIU-OS, gold.
chrysa.nthemum, a /lower. (L. Gk.) L. chrysallthemum. _ Gk. Xf'Vua~
(Jf/lOV, a marigold.-Gk. XPII(1-0S, gold;
W(J'flOIf, a bloom, from dv(J,,,,, to bloom.
related to Ilv(Jos, a /lower, a bud..
chrysolite, a yellow stone. (F.-L.
-Gk.) O. F. crisolile. -L. cnrjsofilhus,
Rev. xxi. 20. - Gk. XPIIUOAI(JOS. - Gk.
XPIIUO- S, gold ; Aj(JOS, stone.
chr3rsoprase. (L. - Gk.) L. cllrjSOprasus, Rev. xxi. lO. - Gk. XpIIUOftpauos, a
yellow.green stone. - Gk. XPIIUU-S, gold;
ftp6.uov, a (green ) leek.
Ci-Cz.
Chub, a fish. (E.) Etym . unknown.
Cf. Dan . kobbt. a seal, provo Swed. kublmg, Cicatrice, scar. (F.-L-) F. cicalrice.
chnbby, fat j Norw_ kllbbf1l, stumpy ; -L. cicalr/am, ace. of cicalrix, a scar.
Swed. kubb. a block, log. This does not Cicerone. (Ita!. -L.) Ita\. cicerone, a
explain the ch; but see Chump.
guide j orig. a Cicero. - L. acc. CiaI'OIlC1Il.
chubby, fat. (Eo) Lit. 'like a chubj' pro~r name.
cf. provo SWell. kub"u!: (above) .
: Cid, lit. a chief or commander. (Span.
90

CIDER

CITE

- Arab.) Usually a title oi Ruy Diaz,

the national hero of Spain. - Arab. sayyid,
a lord; Richardson's Diet. p. 864.
Cider. (F . - L. - Gk. - Heb.) It
merely mean s strong drink. M. E . siur,
ryder. - F. d dn; O. F. cisdre (for *cisre).
- L. siam. - Gk. U[KEpa, strong drink. Heb. shikiir, strong drink. -Heb. shakor,
to be intoxicated.
Cieling; see Ceil.
Cigar, Segar. (Span.) Span. cigan'o;
whence also .... cigore.
Cinchona, Peruvian bark. (Span.)
Named after the Countess of Cnillcnoll,
wife of the governor of Pern, cured by it
A. D. 1638. Chinchon is S.E. of Madrid.
(Should be chillchona.)
Cincture. (L.) L. d,lCliil'a, a girdle.
- L. cine/tis, pp. of ciltgere, to gird.
Cinder. (E.) Misspelt for siltder (by
confusion with F. celtdre = L. cinertlll;
see Cinerary). A.S. sillder, 'scoria,' slag.
+Jcel. sindr; Swed. siltder; G. sillier,
(hoss, whence Dn. siltle/s, cinders. The
A. S. siltder occms in the 8th century.
Ciner~, relating to the ashes of the
dead. (L.) L. cilterl'rius. _ L. cimr-,
stem of cillis, dnst, ashes of the dead.+
(jk. K6vtS, dust. Der. cilleraria, a flower;
Hamed from the ash coloured down on the
Laves. Brug-m. i. 84.
Cinnabar, Cinoper. (L. - Gk. Pers. ) L. cilmabaris. _ Gk. Kllfva/Japt,
yermilion. From Pers. %injifrah, ziltjalJ,
red lead, vermilion, cinnabar.
Cinnamon, a spice. (L.-Gk.-Heb. )
L. ct'mzal1lolllum. _ Gk. KtVJ'QfUJJ"'ov. - Heb.
~ilmamon; said to be of Malay origin
t Gesenius). Cf. Malay kaJIN manis, cionamon; from kayu, wood, 1/lattis, sweet.
Cipher. (F. - Span. - Arab. ) O. F .
cifre (F. chi../fl't), a cipher, zero. -Span.
cifra. - Arab. ~ifr, a cipher; lit. 'empty
thing;' from lifr, adj. empty; Rich. Diet.
P. 937. (A translation of SkI. pinya, (I )
empty; (2) a cipher.) Der. decipher,
from L. di, in the verbal sense of Ult-, and
cipher; cf. M. F. dechiffrer, to decypher;'
Cot.
Circle. (F. - L.) A.S. circul; but M.E.
cere/e. - F . cercle. -L. circulus, dimin. of
circus, a ring, circle; see Ring (r ). Dar.
eltcircle, semi-circle; and see cir{um-.
circus, a ring. (L.) L. circus (above).
Circuit. (F.-L.) F . circuit. - L.
acc. rirmilttlll , a going round. - L. cirwi/us, also circumilus, pp. of circumire

(alsu drmit'e), to go wlwd. - L. dr{//m.

ronnd; fre, to go.
Circum-, prefix, round. (L.) L .
circum, around, round; orig. ace. of
{irCtlS, a circle; see Circle. Der. cirmTJIambient (see Ambient ) ; rirCtllllombttlale
(see Amble) ; and see below.
circumcise. (L.) L. d'{1/1/lcist1s,
pp. of cirmmcfden, to cut round. - L.
cirmlll, round; and {(zdere, to cnt.
circumference. (L.) L. dr(tlIlIfcrt!1llia, boundary of a circle. - L . circulll'
fermi., stem of pres. pt. of drctllllferre, to
carry round; fromftn'e, to bear.
C1rcumllex. (L.) L. syl/aha {ircumjiexa , a syllable marked with a cir.
cnmflex (A) or 'bent' mark. -L. cirm1ll'
jiexus, pp. of circum-jiedere, to bend
round; fromjieclere , to bend.
circumjacent, lying near. (L.)
From stem of pres. part. of cirrttm-iacirc,
to lie aronnd; from iach'e, to lie.
circumlocution. (L.) L. cirmlllIOciilio, a periphrasis. -L. ci"cumloctIlIlS,
pp. of cirmm-Io~ui, to speak in a round about way; from lo~ui, to speak.
circUDUIcribe. (L.) L. cirClt/ll
scribere, to write or draw around, to limit ;
from scr,bere, to write.
circumSpect, prudent. (L.) L. cirwlIlspecltlS, prudent; orig. pp. of drwlIlJpicere, to look around; from speare, to
look.
circumstance. (F. -L.) Adapted
from O. F . drcoltslal/Ct . - L. cirmlllstanlill,
lit. a Manding around, also an attribute,
circumstnnce (influenced by}' . cil'conslalue). - L. cirCtlmslalll, stem of pres. pt.
of circtll1l-slare, to stand round; from slare,
to stand.
Circus; see Oircle.
Cirrus, a fleecy cloud, tendril. (L.)
L. cirrus, a curl, curled hair.
Cist, a sort of tomb. (L. - Gk.) L.
cis/a, a ehest. -Gk. K[UT'I, a box, chest.
cistern. (F.- L. - Gk.) F. cislerne.
- L. {isterna, a reservoir for water. - L.
cisla, as above.
cistvaen, a British monument. (L.
alw W.) W . cisljaen, a stone chest,
monument made with four upright stones,
and a fifth on the top. -W. cisl, a chest
(from L. cisla) ; and mom, a stone.
Cit, Citadel; see Civil (below).
Cite, to summon, quote. (F.-L.) :1<'.
ciler. - L. ciliire, frequent. of dire, to
rouse, excite. call. + Gk. K:"', I go.

91

CITHERN, CITTERN

CLARION

Dar. ex-cite, ifl-cile, outcry.-L. damare (above). Dar.c1amtlt'ous.

Cithern, Cittern, a kind of guitar. Clamber, to climb by grasping tightly.
(L. -Gk. ) [Also M. E. gilerne; from O. (E.; 1>"'laps Scand.) XV. cent. M. E.
F. guiterlle, a guitar.] The n is excres- clamerm, dambre1Z. Cf. Ice\. klambra,
ceut, as in bitter-tl, in imitation of M. E. to pinch closely together; Dan. klamrt,
giterne. - L. cilkara. - Gk. Kl9o.pa, a kind to grip firmly; see Clamp. Affected by
Climb, of which the M. E. pI. t. was
of ly:e or lute.
Citisen; see Civil (below).
clamb, clam.
Citron. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. cilroll.- Clammy, viscous. (E.) Earliest form
Late L . ace. rilr01lt111. - L. citrus, orange- daymy, perhaps. from A. S. clam, clay (see
tree. - Gk. KLTpOV, a citron; KITpLa, citron- Clay) ; but confused with an adj. clam,
sticky ; with which cf. E. Fries. and Du.
tree.
City; see Civil (below).
klam, Dan. klam, clammy, moist. See
c;:ivet. (F.-Arab.) F. civelte, civet; Clamp.
also the civet-cat; Ital. zwetto; borrowed Clamour; see Claim.
Clamp. (Du.) XV. cent. Du.klampe,
from medieval Gk. (allfTIOV (Brachet). a holdfast; whence klampm , to clamp,
Arab. zabtfd, civet; Rich. Diet. p. 767.
Civil. (F.-L.) F. civil.-L. "uilis, grapple , also to board a ship. + Dan.
belonging to citizens. -L. ciuis, a citizeu. klamme , a cramp-iron; Swed. klamp, the
Allied to A. S. Iziwa1l, members of a same; I cel. klolllbr, a smith's vice; Teut.
household. Dar. civil-ise, civil-j-an.
base *klamp, answering to the lnd grade
cit; short for citizen (below).
of M. H. G. klimp/en, to press tightly
citadel. (F. -Ital.-L.) F.citadelle. together. Cf. Clump.
- Ita!' cit/adelia, a small town, fort; Clan. (Gael. ) Gael. dam/, offsprmg,
dimin. of cittade = ciliate (cit/a ), a city.- children; Irish cTand, clmm, descendants,
L. ciuittitem, acc. of ciuitas, a city. -L. a tribe; W . plant, pI. offspring, children.
Cf. Skt. kula( m), a herd, family. Brugm.
ciuis, a ciiizen (above).
citizen. (F. - L.) M. E. cltesei1l, i. 669.
from A. F. citisei1l, in which s was an Clandestine. (L.) L. clandestfnus,
insertion. - O. F . cileain (F. citoyen) ; secret , close. Allied to clam, secretly.
formed from O. 1<'. cite (cill) city, by help Clang, to resound. (L.) L. c!angere,
of the suffix -aill- L. -atlus; see below.
to resound; whence clangor, a loud noise.
citf. (F. -L.) M. E. cite, citee. - +Gk. K>.am, a clang; allied to KAa(~I",
O.F. CIte (F. citl) . - Late L. type*civ'tatem, to clash (Cut. K>,o.l{OJ) . Dar. clangor.
for "uita/nn, acc. of cluitas; see citadaL See below.
Clachan, a small village with a chnrch. Clank, a heavy ringing sound. (Du.)
(Gael.) Gael. dackan,( I ) a circle of stones, X VII cent. - Du. klank, a ringing;'
(2) a small rude cburch, (3) a small village Hexham. Cf. Du. klonk, pI. t. of klinken,
with a church. - Gael. d ack , a stone. So to clink. See Clink. Dar. clank, vb.
also Irish c1ackan, a hamlet; dack, O. Ir. Clap. (E.) M. E. clappen. [We only
fiud A. S. cltEppetan, to palpitate; Voc.
dock , a stone.
Clack. (E. ) M . E. dacken. Imitative; 473.] E. Fries. klappen, to clap hands.
allied to Crack. E. Fries. klakken.+ The orig. sense is to make a noise by
Ice!. k1aka, to chatter; Du. klakken, to striking. + Icel. klappa, Swed. klata,
clack, crack; Irish dag, the clapper of Dan. klappe, Du. klappm, M. H. G. kla /!It,
to pat, clap, prate, make a noise. A lied
a mill.
Claim, to demand, call out for. (F.- to Clack, Clatter.
L.) O. F. daimer, clamer.-L. d amare , Claret. (F.-L.) Orig.alightred wine.
to call out; cC. O. L. calare, to pro- M . E. clard. - O. F. clard, clairet (F.
claim; Gk. Ka>'Ew, to summon. Dar. clairet) , adj. ; dimin. of clair, clear. - ~.
ac-daim, dedaim, ex -daim , proclaim , ciartls, clear. See Claar
clarify. (F. -L.) O. F. clari.fie:.. ~
rec1aim; also (from pp. clama/us) acclamat-iol', de-clamation, e.r-clamat-iotz, L. clanjicare, to make clear.-L. dan ,
from clarus, clear; and -.fic., for /acert,
prodamation, re-clamat-ion.
clamour. (1" . -L.) M. E. ,lamour. to make.
clarion. (F. - L.) M. E. clariquH. -0. F. clamour.-L. acc. dtilllorem, an
(VKI.)
re-cite.

See Hia.

CLEVER

OLASH
O. F. claM/, claron (~'. clairon), a clearsoundinghorn.-Late L acc. dtiriimnn.L. dari- (as above).
Cluh. (E.) An imitative word; suggested by clack and erask, dask, &c. Cf.
E. Fries. klalsen, to crack a whip.
Clasp. (E.) M~ E. daspe, dapse, sb.;
daspen, dapsen, vb. The base seems to be
Illap-s-, extended from klap- (see Clap),
and influenced by M. E. dippen, to embrace. Cf. G. klajter, a .fathom; Lith.
gllbys, an armful; and cf. Grasp.
Class. (F. -L.) F. dasse, a rank . L. acc. classem, a class, assembly, fleet.
Clatter. (E.) A frequentative of dal,
which is a by-form of Clack. A. S. c/alrung, a clattering; E. llries. klallern, to
clatter. + Du. klaltren, to clatter. Of
imitative origin.
Clause. (F.-L.) F. dause. - Late L.
clausa , a passage from a book, a c1ause. L. datlsus, pp. of daudere, to shut.+
O. Fries. slula, to shut. See Slot ( I ) .
('V'SKLEU.) llmgm. i. 795.
Clavicle, the collar-bone. ( F . - L.)
F. c/avicule, the collar-bone.-L. c/auicula,
lit. a small key; dimin. of dauis, a key.
Allied to elaudere; see Clause.
ClaW. (E.) M . . E . clau, d ee. A. S.
clawu (also clla), a claw. +Du. klaauw;
G . klaue ; Ice!. klo, Dan. Swed. klo.
Allied to Clew; from a Teut. base *klau-,
2nd grade of *kleu-, to draw together;
cf. O . H. G. kluwi. forceps.
Clay. (E.) M. E. clai, city. A. S.
c/ag.+Du. and Low G . klti, Dan. klag.
Teut. type *klaijti, fern.; from *klai-, 3nd
grade of Tent. root *klei-; CC. A. S. dam
(for *klai-moz) . earthenware; Gk. '"fAo<-6s,
sticky matter. See Cleave (1) and Glue.
Claymore, a Scottish broadsword.
(Gael.) Gael. daidlzeamk f1lOr, a great
sword. Here claidheam" is cognate with
W. deddyj, O. Ir. daideb , sword; and
Gael. mor, great, is allied to W. mawr,
great. Cf. W. c/edd, a sword.
Clean. (E.) M. E. clene. A. S. dane,
clear, pure. + O. Sax. dlni, cleini; O.
Fries. kiln; Du. kltin, small; G. klein,
O. H . G. clt/eini, pure, bright, fine, small.
All from Teut. *klaini-,orig. ' clear, pure.'
cleanse. (E.) A. S. d amian, to
make clean. - A. S. clane, clean.
Clear. (F.-L.) M.E.c/eer,cler.-O.F.
der, da;,. -L. clarus, bright, clear, loud.
Cleat, a piece of iron for strengthening
the IOles of shoes; a piece of wood or

iron to fasten ropes to. (E.) M. E. dele,

a wedge (as if from A.S dla!), also
dite, dote, a lump; cognate with Du.
kl()()t, a ball, G. kum, a clot, lump. Allied
to Clot; and see Clout.
Cleave ( I), to split. (E.) Strong verb.
A. S. ellolan, pt. t. dlal, pp. dolen (=E. doven ).+Du. klieven, Ice!. kljiila (pt. t.
klauf), Swed. klylva, Dan. kidve, G. klieben. Teut. base *kleub; cf. Gk. '"fA';<pflV, to hollow out.
cleft, clift. (Scand.) The old spelling
is clift. - Ice!. klujt, Swed. klyft, Dan.
k/Oft, a cleft, chink, cave. - Ice!. kluj- ,
weak grade of kljiila (above); cf. Swed.
klylva, to cleave.
Cleave (2 ), to stick. (E.) Weak verb.
The correct pt. t. is cleaved, not clave,
which belongs to the verb above. A. S.
elijian, deo/ian. pt. t. cltfode. +Du. klevm ,
Swed. klibba sig, G. /zlehen, to adhere,
cleave to. All from Teut. base *klib-,
weak grade of Teut. root *kleib-. found in
A. S. eli/an (pt. t. eMf), Du. bt-klijven,
to cleave to. Allied to Clay, Climb.
Clef, a key~ in music. (F. -L.) F. clef.
- L. clautm, I cc. of clauis, a key.
Cleft; see Cleave (1).
Clematis, a plant. (Gk.) Gk. ICA'lJ.ll1TIS,
a creeping plant. -Gk. ICA'lP.OT-, stem of
/CAfip.o, a shoot, twig. - Gk. /cAaf"', to
break off, prone (Brugm. ii. (61).
Clement. (F. -L.) F. clement. -L.
cllmenlem, acc. of c/ltnens, mild.
Clench; see Clinch.
Clerestory,annpperstoryin achurch,
furnished with windows. (1'. -L.) Old
spelling of clear-story. The triforium
below is sometimes called the hli1ldstory.
See Story (2 ).
Clerk. (F . - L. - Gk.) A. S. and O. F .
c/erc. -L. cllricus. - Gk. ICA'lP<IC6s. one of
the clergy. - Gk. KAfipos. a lot; in late Gk.,
the clergy, whose portion is the Lord,
Dent. xviii. 2 , 1 Pet. v. 3; cf. Acts i. 17.
(St. Jerome. )
clergy. (F. -L.) M. E. clergie, often
also (2) 'learning.' - (I) O. F. c/ergie, as if
from L. *cllricia; (3) mod. F. dergl,
from Late L. ellricatus, clerkship. - Late
L. C/~ricus, a clerk (above).
Clever. (Eo) Cleverly is in Butler's
Hudibras, i. I. 398 (1663). For M. E.
cliver, adj., meaning ready to seize, allied
to M. E. diver, a claw, and to Cleave (3).
So also E. Fries. kliiler, clever, Dan.
dial. klover, klever (Molbech) . ~ It took

93

CLEW, CLUE

CLOG

the place of M. E. deliver, quick, nimble, Cf. Du. k!illk, a latch, rivet; also, a blow;
eh. pro!. 84. - O. F. dclivre, free, prompt, and O. H . G. klmkalt, to knot or bind
alert ; compounded of L. de, prefix, and together.
libel', free; see Deliver.
Cling. (E.) M. E. clillgm, to become
Clew, Clue, a ball of thread. (E.) stiff, be matted together. A.S. clillgall
M. Eo clewe. A. S. cliwen, a clew; also (pt. t. clang, pp. dUII.fen), to dry up,
cllowe (Epinal gl. c/eouttae). + Du. kluwen, shrivel up.+Dan. klynge, to cluster. Allied
whence klllwenen, to wind on clews (E. to Swed. klti"nga, to climb; O. H. G.
clew up a sail); M. Low G. kltlwm; and clu'!fa, a clew.
er. G. kniittel (for *kliiuel), a clew. Per- Clinical. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. clinique,
haps allied to L. gluere, to draw together. 'one that is bedrid;' Cot. - L. clinicuf,
Cf. Claw.
the same.-Gk. KAt""t6s, belonging to a
Click. (E.) An imitative word, ex- bed, a physician; >i KAt"''"', his art.-Gk.
pressing a lighter and thi nner sound than KA,,,,,!, a bed. -Gk. KAI""", to lean; see
Clack. E. Fries. klikkm. Cf. Du. klik- Lean (I).
klakkm. to clash.
Clink. (E.) E. Fries. kHnken. Nasa
Client. (F. -L.) F . client, a suitor. - Iised form of Click.+Dn. klinken, to
L. dim/em, acc. of clims = c/uem, orig. a sound, pI. t . klotzk, pp. geklonkm i Swed.
hearer, one who listens to advice; pres. pt. kliftka, to jingle. Cf. Clank.
of cluel'e, to hear. (.vKLEU.)
clinker. a hard cinder. (Du.) Du.
Clift'. a steep rock, headland. (E.) Hiltker, a clinker, named from the tinkling
A. S. clif, a rock, cliff.+Dn. and Ice! . sound which they make when they strike
Hi/i O. H. G. klep. Cf. G. and Dan. each other. - Du. kliltkm, to clink; cog
klippe, Swed. klippa, a crag i an d Icel. nate with E. clink.
kleif, a ridge of cliffs.
clinCJ,uant. glittering. (F. - Du. ) In
Clima.te. (F. - L. -Gk.l. M.E. climat. Shako LIt.' tinkling.' - F . dinqutlnt, pres.
-F. d imat. -Late L. d imat-, stem of pt. of O. F. cli,zquer, to clink. - Du.
clima.-Gk. KAtjJaT-, stem of I<AljJa, a I klinken (above).
slope, zone. region of the earth, climate. - . Clip. to cut. (Scand.) M. E. klippen. Gk. I<AlvEI", to lean, slope; see Lean.
Ice!. Hippa, Swed. klippa, Dan. klippe, to
clima.cter, a critical time of life. (F. clip, shear hair. Cf. Snip. Der. clipper,
- Gk.) M.F. climactere, adj. i whence I'llll a' cutter,' a fast vessel.
clilllactere, 'the climatericall (sic ) year ; Clique, a gang. (F. - Du.) F. cliqllc, a
everr 7th, or 9th, or the 63 yeare of a gang, noisy se t. - O. F. cliqueI', to click,
man s life, all very dangerous, but the last, make a noise. - Du. klikkelt, to click,
most;' Cot. - Gk. I<AtjJal<T17P, a step of a clash; also to inform, tell; cf. Du. klikkel',
ladder, a dangerons period of life. - Gk. a tell-tale. See Click.
I<Ai}Jal<-, stem of I<AijJa[ , a ladder, climax,
Clou. Cloke. (F .- C .) M. E. cloke. with suffi x -'T1)P of the agent; see below.
O. North F . cloque, O. F. cloche. - Late J..
climax. the highest degree. (Gk.) cloca, a bell; also a horseman's cape, which
Gk. I<AIjJa[, a ladder, staircase, highest resembled a bell in shape: see below.
pitch of expression (in rhetoric). - Gk.
clock. (C.) The orig. sense was 'bell' i
I<Ai"."" to slope. Der. all/i-climax.
bells preceded clocks for not ifying times.
clime. (L. - Gk. ) L. dima, a climate. Either from M. Du. docke (Du. klok ) , a
- Gk. I<AijJa; see Clima.te.
bell; or from O. North F. cloque, n bell. Climb. (E.) M. E. climben , pt. t. clomb. Late L. cloc(c)a, a bell; of Celtic origin. A. S. climl>alt, pt. t. clamb, pI. clumbolt.+ Irish clog, a bell , clock ; dogailll, I ring
Du. klimmm, M. H.G. klimmen. Teut. or sound as a bell; O. Irish c/oc, a bell.
type *klimban-. The lit was orig. in- Cf. W. cloch, a bell, &c. The G. glocke is
serted in the present stem, and did not a borrowed word; so also Du. klok, &c.
belong to the root; as is shewn by Icel. Clod. (E.) M. E. clod, clodde. A. S.
kif/a, to climb. Hence it is allied to clotl (in compounds), a lump of eartn.
Teut. type *klu-do-, from the weak grade
Clea.ve (2).
Clime. see Climate.
of Teut. root *klm" to stick together. See
Clinoh. Clench. to rivet. (E.) M.E. Clew, Cloud. Cf. Clot.
rlmcllm , kletzken, to strike smartly, to Clor. a hindrance; a wooden sole of
make to clink; causal of Itlink,.". to clink. I a shoe; wooden shoe. (E.) M. E. clog,

94

CLOISTER

CLUMSY
dt girojle, 'a clove,' Cot.; from the
semblance to a nail. Cf. Span. clava, a
nail, also a clove. -L. claIm"" acc. of
claullS, a nail.+O. Irish c/o, a nail.
Clove (3), a bulb, or spherical shell of
a bulb of garlic, &c. (E.) A. S. c/tifu, f. ;
cf. clUf-TtI)'rl, a buttercup (l it. clove-wort) .
Named from its cleavage into shells.A. S. cluf-, weak grade of clio/all, to split:
see Cleave (I). Cf. Iccl. klo/i, a cleft.
Clove (3), a weight. (F.-L.) A. F.
clOtl: the same word as Clove ( I).-Late
L. d c/1ms, n weight (for wool) .
Clover. (E.) M. E. (/aver. A. S.
claire, cl~fre, trefoil.+Du. klaver, whence
Swell. klO/ver, Dan. klijver; Low G.
klever ; cf. G. kIte. ~ The supposed
conncxion with cleave ( I ) is impossible.
Clown. (Scand.) Ice!. kllInni, a clumsy,
boorish fellow : Swed. dial. klunn , a log,
kluns, a clownish fellow; Dan. klunl, a
log; cf. Dan. klu111tl, clumsy. Allied to
Clump. Orig. sense' log' or 'clod.'
Cloy. (F. -L.) Orig. to stop up, hence,
to sate. M. F.c1oyer,' tocloy,stopup,' Cot. ;
a by-form of F . douer (0 . 1<'. cloer), to nail ,
fasten up. [A horse pricked with a nail,
in shoeing, was said to be cloyed.) -0. F.
clo, F. clotl, a nail; see Clove ( I) . ~ Cloy
(in E.) is usually short for a(-c1oy or a-cloy,
where the prefix a- represents F. tIl- ; see
F. endotur, endoyer in Cotgrave.
Club ( I), a heavy stick. (Scnnd.) M. E.
(/tlbbe. - Ieel. kluMa , kltmlba, a club ;
Swed . klu"!>, a club, log, lump; Dan. klt/b,
club, klump, lump. A mere variant 01
Clump below. See Golf.
club (1), an association. (Scand.)
XVII cent. Lit. a clump of people.'
Cf. Swed. dial. kluM, a clump, lump, also
a knot of people (Rietz). See above.
Cluck. (E.) M. E. clokkm, to cluck
as a hen; n mere variant of Clack.+
Du. klokkm, Dan. klukke, G. glu(km ;
L. glocire. An imitative word.
Clue; see Clew.
Clump, a mass, block. (E.) XVI
cent. NOt in A.S. , except as in clymp-re,
a clump. Cf. Dan. k lumjJ, Swed. klt"'lP ;
Du. klomp, Low G. klump, a clump,
lump, log; (Icel. klumba, a club, with b
for p ). From klump-, weak grade of
Teut. *klemp-, as in M. H . G. klimp/en, to
press tightly together. Cf. Clamp.
Clumsy. (Scnnd.) Cf. M. E. clumud,
domsed, benl1mbed : benumbed fingers Rre
cll1m~y.
This is the pp. of dOI JIUtl, to
95

a log, clump. Not found in A. S. A late

word: cf. Dan. klagge, mud (Molbech).
Cloister. (F. -L.) M. E. cloister. O . F . doistre (F. d ottre). -L. clatlslrtl1ll,
lit. enclosure. -L. claus liS, pp. of claudere, to shut. See Clause.
cloae (I ), to shut in. (F. -L.) M. E.
closin.-O.F. clos, 1 pro s. of O. F. clore,
to shut in. - L. clawlere (above). Der.
close, a field; dis-close, m-close, itz-close.
close (1), shut up. (F.-L.) M. E.
clos, cloos. -O. F . c/os, pp. of clore (above).
closet. (F. - L.) O. F. clOstl, dimin .
of dos, an enclosed space. -0. F. dos,
pp. : see olose (1).
Clot. (E. ) M. E. ( /ot, clotte, a ball,
esp. of earth. A. S. clolt, clol, a lump.+
G. klolz, a lump. Teut. type *klul-Io- ,
from the weak grade 'of Teut. base *klml ;
see Cleat, Clout, Cluster.
Cloth. (E.) M. E. clolh, clath. A. S.
t/cil1.+Du. kleed, G. kldd, a dress. Der.
dol/us, A. S. c1al1as, pI. of cla".
clothe, to cover with a cloth. (E.)
M. E. clol/lm, clalhen, pt. t. clolhede (or
c1adde), pp clolhed (or clad ). Formed
from A. S. cllil1.+Du. kleedm, from kIted ;
so also G. kldden, from kldd. ~ But the
pt. t . and pp. clad are of Scand. origin :
cf. Icel. klfEdd-r, pp. of klfEl1a, to clothe;
Swed . klizdd, pp. of klada.
Cloud. (E.) M. E. cloud, orlg. a mass
of vapours ; the same word as M. E. (/iid,
a mass of rock. A. S. (/iid. a round mass,
mass of rock, hill. From Teut. root *kleu,
to stick together; see Clew, Clod.
Clough, a hollow in a hillside. (E. )
M. E. c7ough, cloJl!. Answering to A. S.
*dan, not found ; cognate with O. H . G.
kIt/h . The A. S. *clan ( = O.H. G. kla/"
:\s in Klan ue/de, Forstemann) represents
:\ Teut. type *klanxo-, from *klanx, ~nd
grade of *klhtx; cf. G. klinge, O. H. G .
(ldinga, n clough (Acad., Aug. and Sept.
1889).
Clout, a patch. (E.) M. E. clout. A. S.
(!tit, a patch; whence W. clwl, Corn. dul,
a patch, clout; Ir. and Gael. d ud, the
same. Orig. sense' mass, piece of stuff';
orig. Teut. type *kliit-oll, from Teut. root
*kNit-, *kleul-, as seen in Clot. Closely
allied to CleAt (which is from the 2nd
grade of the same root).
Clove (I) , n kind of spice. (F. -L.)
M. E. c/oT/}; the change to clove, in the
XVlth cent., was due to the influence
of Itn!. d ti01.lo. _ F . dOli , n nail; dOtl

COCHINEAL

CLUSTER
benumb, or to feel benumbed. Cf. Swed.
dial. ldummsen, benumbed (Rietz) ; Icel.
klumsa, lock-jawed. Cf. Du. k fem1ften, to
pinch ; kleumen, to be benumbed, kleumscn,
numb with cold; also A. S. clom, dam, a
bond, clasp. See Clammy.
CI1l8ter, a bunch. (E.) A. S. dusler,
clysler,a bunch.+Low G. k/usler. Suggests
a Teut. type *k/ul-Iro , a cluster; form ed
with suffix -11'0 from *k/ul, weak grad e of
Teut. root *kfeul-, to mass together; for
which see Clot, Cleat, Clout.
Clutch, to seize. (E.) M. E. c!uccnen,
cliccntn. A. S. clyccan (whence pp. gediM, Somner). We find also M. E. cloke,
a claw; which was superseded by the
verbal form.
Clutter, a clotted maas; also clutter,
vb., to clot. (E.) Clutter, vb., is a variant
of clotter, to run into clots; see Clot, and
cf. E. Fries. klulern, to become clotted.
Clutier also meant confusion, a confused
heap, turmoil, din; by association with
Clatter. Cf. E. Fries. k/oler, a rattle.
cqster. (L.-Gk.) L. clyster, an
injection into the bowels. - Gk. ICAVtTTf,P, a
clyster, syringe. - Gk. ICAVCIIV, to wash.+
L. cluere, to wash. (.vKLEU.)
CO-, prefix. (L.)
L. CD-, together;
used for ctm- (=cum), together, before a
vowel. Hence, co-ejJitienl, co-equal, cooperate, coordinate. See others below;
and see Con-.
Coach. (F. - Hung.) F . cocM, 'a
coach;' Cot. Etym. disputed. Said, as
early as A. D. 1553, to be a Hungarian
word; from Hung. !tocsi, a coach, so called
because first made at a Hung. village called
Kocsi or Kocs, near Raab; see Littre, and
Beckmann, Hi5t. of Inventions.
Coadjutor. (F.-L.) XV cent. A. F.
coadjulour. - L . co, forctm- = cum,together;
and adiu/or, an assistant, from vb. adiuuiire, to assist. - L. ad-, to; iuuiire, to
help.
Coagulate, to curdle. (L.) L. coaguIii/us, pp. of cOiigultire, to curdle. - L.
coiigulum, rennet, which causes milk to
run together. - L. co- (cum ), together;
ag-ere, to drive.
Coal. (E.) M. E. col. A. S. col.+
Du. koo/, Icel. Swed. kol, Dan. kul, G.
Nonie. Cf. Skt. jval, to blaze.
COale8Ce, to grow together. (L.) L.
coalesce1"/!. _ L. co-, for co,,- = cum, together;
and a/ucere, to grow, inceptive of alere, to
nourish.

Coarse, rough. (F.-L.) Formerly

course, an aclj. which arose from the phrase
in course to denote auything of an ordinary
character ; cf. mod. E. tif course. See
Course.
Coast. (F.-L.) M. E. cosle. -O. F .
cosle (F . cOle) , a rib, slope of a hill, shore.
- L. cosla, a rib.
CO&t. (F.-G.) M.E. cole. - O.F.
cole (F . cotte) ; Low L. cola, cotta, a coat.
-M. H . G. kotte , kulle, a coarse mantle;
O. Sax. col, the same.
Coaz. (E. ?) Formerly coka, vb., from
cokes, sb., a simpleton, dupe. Perhaps
allied to Cocker or to Cockney.
Cob (I), a rouud lump, knob. (E.) As
applied to a pony, it means short and
stout.
M. E. cob, a great person
(Hoccleve). In some senses, it seems to
be allied to A. S. copp, a top, summit.
cobble (1), a small round lump. (E.)
M. E. cobylsltme, a cobble-stone. Dimin.
of cob (above).
Cob (2), to beat. (E.) Cf. W. cobio, to
tbump; cob, a bunch; provo E. cop, to
strike, esp. on the cop or head. See Cob
( 1).
Cob&1t, a mineral. (G.) G. koba/I,
cobalt; a nickname given by the miners,
because considered poisonous; better
spelt kobold, meaning (I ) a demon, ( 2)
cobalt. Of G. origin (Kluge).
Cobble ( I); see Cob (1).
Cobble ( l), to patch up. (E.) Origin
unknown; cf. Cob (2) , of which it seems
to be the frequentative.
Cobra., a hooded snake. (Port. - L.)
Port. cobra , also cobra de capello, i. e. snake
with a hood. - L. coillbra, snake; dZ, of;
capellum, acc. of capel/us, hat, hood,
dimin. of ciipa, a cape. See Notes and
Queries, 7 S. ii. lOS.
Cobweb. (E.) M. E. copweb, coppeweb; from M . E. coppe, a spider, and web.
Cf. M. Du. ROP, koppe, 'a spider, or a cob,'
Hexham. From A. S. coppa, as in iittorcoppa, a spider; lit. poison-bunch; from
A. S. altor, iitor, poison, and cop, a head.
Coc&,a Peruvian plant. (Span. - Peruv.)
Span. coca. - Pernv. cuta; Garcilasso, Peru,
bk . 8. C. 15. Distinct both from cccoa (or
coco) and cactIQ. Der. coca-into
Cochineal. (F. - Span. - L. - Gk.)
F. cochenille. _ Span. cochinilla, cochineal
(made from insects which look like berries).
_ L. ccinus, of a scarlet colour; see
Isaiah i. 18 (Vulgate). -L. cocat"" a berry;

COCK

COD

also kermes, supposed to be a berry. - Gk. !Tead; with fern. s!lffix Irix, of the
agent.
Cock ( I ) , a male bird. \E.) M. E. cok. Cocker, to pamper. (E- 1)
M. E.
A. S. coec; from the bird s cry. 'Cryde cok~relt (whence W. cocri, to fond le, inanon (ok! (OR!' C h. C. T. Nun's Priest's dulge). Cf. M. Du. kokelen, kmkden,
Tale, 457. Cf. Skt. kukkura, a cock; 'to cocker, to foster,' Hexham; M. F.
Malay kukuk, crowing of cocks. And coqueli1Zer, 'to dandle, cocker, pamper
(a child ) ;' Cot. Perhaps from (ock, as if
cf. Cuckoo.
cock, the stop.cock of a barrel, is the to make a nestle cock or chick of.
same word. So also G. hahn, (I ) a cock, Cockerel; see Cock (I ).
Cockle (I), a sort of bivalve. (F.-L.
( 2) a stopcock.
cock, part of the lock of a gun. From - Gk.) M. E. (oke!. [Cf. cock, a cockle
its original shape; cf. G. dm Hahn span. (P. Plowman, C. x. 95) ; A. S. silcocca;
nm, to cock a gun.
(where sii = sea). ] -F. coq ui/!~, a cockle
cockade, a knot of ribbon on a hat. shell; cf. ltaI- cochiglia. - Lat. type COCIIY(:F.) }<'. coquarde , fern. of coquard, saucy; lium, for conchyliu11l, a cockle, shellfish.
also coquard~, bOllllet Ii la coquarde, 'any -Gk. I<O"'(xv}uOJl, a cockle, dimin. of 1<0"'(bonnetorcapworn proudly ;' Cot. Formed I<""TJ, from I<6'Y1CTJ, a cockle or mussel.
with suffix -ani from F. roq, a cock (from Cockle (2), a weed among com. (E-)
the bird's cry).
A. S. cocal, tares; whence Gael. cogal/,
cockerel, a young cock. (E-) Double tares, husks, cockle; cogull, corn cockle ;
Irish cogaN, corn-cockle.

dimin. of Cock (I ) . Cf. pikere!.

cockloft, upper loft. (E. a1Zd Scand.) Cockle (.~ ) , to be uneven, pucker up.
From cock andl<?ft. SoalsoG.hahnbalkm, (Scand.) Of Scand. origin; cf. Norw.
a roost, cockloft; Dan. Ioftka11l11ler, a loft- koklutt, lumpy, uneven, 'cockled up;'
chamber, room up in the rafters.
from Norw. kokle, a little lump, dimin. of
Cock (2), a pile of hay. (Scand.) Dan. kok, a lump; see Cock (2). Cf. Swed.
kok , a heap; provo Dan. kok, a hay-cock, kokkel, dimin. of koka, a clod.
at kokke Met, to cock hay; Ice!. kOkkr, Cockloft; see Cook ( I).
lump, ball; Swed. koka, clod of earth.
Cockney, orig. an effeminate person.
Cock (~) , to stick up abruptly. (E .) (Eo) Florio has: 'Caccherelli, cacklings
Apparently with reference to the posture of hens; also egs, as we say (ockanegs:
of a cock'} head when crowing; or to that From M. E. cokmay, a foolish person, Ch.
of his cre~t or tail. Cf. Gael. coc, to cock; C. T. 4208. Lit.' cocks' egg;' i. e. yolkas in coc , do bhoindd, cock your bonnet; less egg. From M. E- coken, gen. pI. of
cocshroltach, cock-nosed. And see Cock- cok, a cock; and ay, ey, A. S. tZg, egg.
ade.
See C. S. l~urne, Shropshire Folk lore,
Cock (4), Cockboa.t, a small boat. p. 229
( F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. coque, a kind of Cockroach. (Span.)
From Span.
hoat, orig. a shell. Cf. Span. coca, Ita!. ctlcaracha, a wood-louse, cockroach; from
cocca, a small ship. Derived (by Diez) m ca (also cuco), a kind of caterpillar.
from L. concha, a shell; .from Gk. tr6"'(lCTJ, Origin uncertain.
a cockle; see Cockle (I).
COCOa. ( I) , COCO, the cocoa-nut palm.
Cockade j see Cock (I ).
(Port.) Port. and Span. coco, a bugbear,
Cockatoo, n kind of parrot. ( Malay.) an ugly mask to fright en children; hence
Malay knkaliia; from the bird's cry. Cf. applied to the cocoa-nut on account of
Malay /.:ukuk, crowing of cocks. Skt. the monkey. like face at tlte base of the
kukkll(a, :l cock. See Cock (I ) .
nut. Cf. S{lan. cocar, to make grimaces.
Cockatrice. (F.-Late L.-L.) By COCOa. ( 2), a corrupt form of Cacao.
confusion with cock, it was said to be a Cocoon, case of a chrysalis. (F. -L.monster hatched from a cock's egg. - O. F . Gk.) F. COCO", a cocoon; from coque, a
coca/rice. - Late L . cociilricem, acc. of shell. See Cook (4).
cacatrix, cauCtUrix, answering to a Latin Cod ( I), a fish. (E.!) Spelt codde in
type *calcalrix, i. e. 'the treader or tracker,' Palsgrave. Perhaps named from its roundused to render the Gk. lXI'E"/low, and ed shape; cf. M. Du. kodde, a club (Hexafterwards transferred to mean' crocodile' ham) ; and see below. Der. coaling, !\
(see Recount in N. E. D .). -L. (-alea-re, to young cod; M. E. ,odlyllg.
97
E
I<61<I<or, a berry, cochineal.

COD

COISTREL

Cod (3), a husk, bag, bolster. (E.)

Hence,peas-cod, husk of a pea. A. S. (odd,
a bag. +Icel. ko"Ji, pillow, ko(Jri, scrotum;
Swed. kudtle, 1\ cushion.
Codclle, to pamper, render effeminate.
(F. - L. !) Perhaps for caudle, vb. (in
Shak.), to treat with caudle; see Caudle.
cr. provo E. coddle, to parboil, stew.
Code, a digest of laws. (F.-L.) F.
code. - L cOdicem, acc. of cOdes, a tablet,
book; older form caudes, a trunk of a
tree.
codicil. (L.) L . cMidl/us, a codicil
to a will; dimin. of cOdes (stem cOdic-).
CoclliDg (I ), Codlin, a 'kind of apple.
(C. 1) Earlier spellings querdling, quadling, quodling. Apparently formed, with
E . suffix -ling, from Irish clleirl, an appletree.
CoclliDg(2 ) j seeOOd(I).
Coerce. (L) L. cotrcire, to compel.
-L. co-(cum), together j arcere, to enclose, confine, allied to ana, a chest j see
A.rk.
Coee. (Turk. -Arab.) Turk. qanven. - Arab. qanwall, coffee.
Coer. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. co/re.
-0. F. co/re, also (ojin, a chest.-L. acc.
(ophinum. - Gk. KIxpcl'Or, a basket.
coSn. (F.-L.-Gk.) Orig. a case,
chest.-O. F. cojin, as above. (Doublet
of cO./fir.)
Cog ( I), a tooth on a wheel-rim.
(Scam!.) M. E. coggt [whence Gael.
and Irish cog, a mill-cog; W. c{)cos, coes,
cogs of a wheel]. Not inA. S. -M. Dan.
koge , a cog, koggt-n}u/, a cogwheel
(Kalkar) ; Swed. kuge , a cog; M. Swed.
kugg (Ihre).
Cog (3), to trick. (Scand.) Prob.
to catch as with a cog; to cog a die, to
check it so as to make it fall as desired.
Cf. Swed. dial. kug, Norw. kogga. to
~~upe; Swed. kugga, 'to cheat, to cog; '
Oman.
Cogent. (L.) L. cogent, stem of
pres. part. of cogrre, to compel; for
(oagere (=con-agrre), lit. to drive together. Brugm. i. 8.
Cogitate. (L.) L. togitiilus, pp. of
cogitiire, to think; for {lNZgitiire, from
(0-, con, together, and agitiire, to agitate,
frequent . of agrre, to drive.
Cognate. (L.) L. {o'gnatus, allied
by 1)irth. - L. {D (for (1111 ), together;
gnatus, born, old form of ntit11S, pp. of
nard, to be born; see Natal.

Cogniuaoe knowledge, a badge. (F.

-L.)
Formerly conisaunce.-O. F . connoissal1(t, knowledge; M. F. (ogn<lissallce.
- O. F. conoissant, pres. pt. of O. F.
conoistre, to know. - L. cOgn<lsctre, to
know. - L. c{)- (mm), together, fully;
gnoS(ere, to know; see Know.
cognition, perception. (L.) From
acc. of L. {ognitio . -L. cOg7litus, pp. of
cognosctre (above).
cognomen, a surname. (L.) L. cognolllm, a surname. -L. co ((um ), with;
nomen, a name, altered to gnmen by confusion with gn<Iscere, ntlscere, to know.
See Noun, Name.
Cohabit. (L.) L. co-habitiire, to
dwell together with. -L. c{)- (cum-), together; nalJitare, to dwell. See Habitation.
Cohere. (L.) L. (o-harire, to stick
together (pp. co!raSlls). - L. co-, together;
harire, to Itick. Dar. {ohes.ion, cohes
ive, from the pp.
Cohort, a band of soldiers. (F.-L.)
F. cohorte.-L. acc.cohorlem, from cohors,
a court, also a band of soldiers. See
Oourt, of which it is a doublet.
Coif, Quoif, a cap. (F.-G.-L.)
O. F. coiji, coi./fi; Low L. co/ea, a cap. M. H . G. ku./fi, bp/e, a cap worn under
the helmet; O. H. G. rhtlpp!ra; stem
*kuPP-Jo",,-O. H . G. cMph (G. kop/ ), a
cnp ; also, the head. -L. N1ppa; see Cup.
Coip; see Ooin.
Coir (I), to gather together. (F.-L.)
Coiled up in a cable;' Beaumout and
Fletcher. - O. F . coillir, to collect. - L .
collig;ere; see Colleot.
Coil (3) , a noise, bustle. (F. - L.!)
Orig. a colloquial or slang expression;
prob. from Coil (I). We find' a coil of
hay,' a heap; nnd coil, to twist.
Coin. (F.-L.) M. E. coin. - O. F.
coin, a wedge, stamp on a coin, a coin
(stamped by means of a wedge). - L.
cuneum, ace. of N1neus, a wedge. Perhaps
allied to Cone.
coign. (F.-L.) F. coing, {oi" , a
corner; lit. a wedge (as above).
Coincide, to agree with. (L.) L co(for con-=cum, with); and inridtn , to
fall upon, from in, upon, and cadere, to
fall.
Coi8trel, a mean fellow. (F. - L.)
For cMlStrei, the older form (Palsgrave).
An E. adaptation of M. F. rouslilli~r,
an Ilrmour.bearer, lackey; lit. one who

98

COlT
carries a
poniard;
coultl, a
tellus, a
Coulter.

COLLOP

poinard.' - M. F. cOtlstille, a
variant of O. F. cMlste/, better
knife. - L. cul/ellum , ace. of culknife; dimin. of culler. See

Coit; see Quoit.

Coke, charred coal.

(E. 1) , Coke,
pit-coal or seacoal charred;' Ray, 1674Etym. unknown; cf. M. E. calk, the core
(of an apple).
Colander Cullender, a strainer.
(L.) Equivalent to Med. L. colalmum, a
strainer; apparently coined from L. colall/-,
stem of pres. part. of coltire, to strain. _ L
colu11l, a sieve. Or the M. E. colimiore
may have been taken from Span. (olador,
a strainer (from L. colare).
Cold. (E. ) M. E. cold, kald, adj.;
O. Mere. cald, A. S. eta/d, adj. + Icel.
kaldr, Swed. kall, Dan. ko/d, Du. koud,
Goth. kalds, G. kalt.
Teut. *ka/-doz,
cold; from Teut. *kal, to be cold (as in
lcel. kala, to freeze), with suffix -doz = Gk.
TOS. Cf. Lat. ge/-ilius, cold; see Congeal, Chill, CooL
Cole, Colewort, cabbage. (L.) For
-wor/, see Wort. M. E . col, caul. A. S.
ciiul, cawe! (or Icel. MI). - L caulis, a
stalk, cabbage. +Gk. KavA6s, a stalk.
Coleoptera, sheath - winged insects.
(Gk. ) Gk. ICoAEO-r, a sheath; 1fTfp-OlI, a
wing.
Colic. (F.-L.-Gk.) Short for colic
P(li1t. - F. co/ique, adj. - L. co/icus. - Gk.
KWALKOS, for /cOA'K6s, suffering in the colon.
- Gk. KOAOII. See Colon (2).
Coliseum. (Med. L. -Gk.) The same
as colosseum, a large amphitheatre at Rome,
so named from its magnitude (Gibbon).
The Ital. word is (o/iseo. See Colossus.
Colla.;pse, to shrink together, fall in.
(L.) F ITSt used in the pp. collapsed.
Englished from L. collapms, pp. of co/Ubi,
to fall together. - L. col- (for con-, i. e. cum),
together ; labi, to slip. See Lap8e.
Collar. (F . - L.) M. E. and A. F.
co/er. -O. F . colier, a collar.-L. collare, a
band for the neck. - L. collum, the neck.+
A. S. heals, G . lla/s, the neck.
collet, the part of the ring in which
the stone is set. (F . -L)
F. collet, a
collar..- F. col, neck. - L: colltltll, neck.
Collateral. (L.) Late L. collatera/is,
side by side. - L. co/- (for com- = cum),
with; lateralis, lateral, from Ialer-, for
*Iales- , stem of la/us, side.
Colla.tion, a comparison; formerly, a

conference. ( F. - L.) O. F. col/a/um, a

conference. - L. acc. collatiUnem, a bringing together, a conferring. - L. colltitum,
supine in use with the verb confirre, to
bring together (but from a different root).
- L. col- (for COIl- = cum), together; /;itum,
snpine of /ollere, to take, bear. See
Tolerate.
Colleague (1), a partner. (F.-L.)
M. F. colTegue. - L. colliga, a partner in
office. - F. col (for con-, cum), with;
legere, to choose; see Legend.
Colleague ( 2), to join in an alliance.
(F. - L.) O. F. colligller, co!/eguer, to
colleague with. - L colligare, to bind
together. - L . col- (for COIl-, cum), toget her; ligare, to bind. See League (I ).
Collect, vb. (F. -L.) O. F . co/lecler,
to collect money (Roquefort). - Late L
colleetare (the same), from collecla, a col.
lection, orig. fern. of pp. of co/ligere, to
collect. - L col- ( for con-, cum), with;
Iltgere, to gather; see Legend.
collect, sb. (L.) Late L. collecta, n
collection in money, an assembly for
prayer, hence a. short prayer; see above.
Colleen, a girl. (Irish.) Irish cnili",
a girl; dim in. of caile, a conn try-woman.
Gael. cailill, dimin. of caile.
College, an assembly , seminary. (F.L.) O. F. col/ege. - L collegium, society of
colleagues or companions. - L. co!/lga, n
colleague; see Colleague (I).
Collet; see Collar.
Collide. (L .) L. collititre, to dash together. - L. col- (for C01'-, Ctt1/l) , together;
ltEdere, to strike, hurt. Der. col/ision
(from tlP. collis-Its).
Collie, Colly, a kind of shepherd's
dog. (E.) Formerly, coally, coley; prob.
the same as coal,)" coal-coloured, black.
Cf. obs. co!!y, adj ., coal-black; co!!ied in
Shako M. N. D . i. I. I.~5.
Collier. (E.) M. E. colier; from M.E.
col, coal. Cf. bow-yer, saw-yer.
Collocate, to place together. (L.)
From pp. of L. collocare, to place together.
-L. col- (for COtt, cum), together; /ocarc,
to place, from locus, a place.
Collodion, a solution of gun-cotton.
(Gk.) From Gk. /CoMw~-'1r, glue-like. Gk. /CoM-a, glue; -d3'1r, like, ElaOS,
aJlpearance.
Collop, a slice of meat. (E.?) M. E .
c%ppe, col-hoppe; pI. col-llOppes (P. Plowman \, whence M. Swed. kollops, Swed.
kalops. Here col- = coal (see Coal) ; cf.

99

COLLOQUY

COMBUSTION

Swed. dial. K'ii(tf)kcppa, a Cllke baked over Colt. (E.) A. S. (011. a young c;.1mel,
gledes or hot coals. (I<:. Bjorkman) .
young ass, &c.+Swed. dial. Imlll, a boy ;
CoUoq117. (L.) From L. (olloquium, Swed. kull, Dan. kulJ, a brood; cf. Dan.
conversahon. - L. (ol-lo,/lIi, to converse dial. koltrinK, a lad.
with, lit. to speak together.-L. (01- (for Columbine, a plant. (F. -L.) M.l".
(on-. (UIII), together; l0'lt~i, to speak.
col~mbin. - Late L. (olumbil1a, a columCollude, to nct with others in a fraud. bine; L. (Ollimbilltls, dove like ; from a
(L.) L. (olbidn'e (pp. (olliims), to play supposed resemblance. - L. columba, a
with, act in collusion with. - L. col- dove. See Culver.
(for COIl-, ctlm) , with; bidere, to play. Column, a pillar, body of troops.
Der. (ollus-ioll, from the pp.
(F. - L. ) L. coltlllma, a pillar; cf.
Colocynth, Coloq,uiDtida., pith of colu11lm, wlmt1Z. a summit, (ollis, a hill,
the fruit of a kind 01 cucumber. (Gk.) Gk. KO'\QIVO~, a hill. See Hill. (-vQEL. )
From the nom. and acc. cases of Gk. Colure, one of two great circles on the
Ko'\o"""Sls (acc. KOAoKvvSl3a), a kind of celestial sphere. at right angles to the
round gourd or pumpkin.
equator. (L. - Gk. ) So called because
Colon (I ), a mark (:) in writing and a part of them is always beneath the
printing. (Gk.)
Gk. /(w.o~, a limb, horizon. The word means docked, clipclause; hence, a stop marking off a clause. ped. - L. (olt,rlls, curtailed; a colure.
Colon (2), p3rt of the intestines. (Gk.) - Gk . K6,\ovpos, dock-tailed, trun cated; a
Gk. KO'\OV, the same.
colure. - Gk. /(u'\o~, docked, clipped; and
Colonel. (F. -Ital.-L.) Sometimes oiJpO. , a tail.
corol/el, which is the Span. spelli ng ; Colza oil, a lamp-oil made from the
whence the pronunciation as kurml. - F. seeds of a variety of cabbage. (F. - L. alld
(olonel, cololZ1ul. - Ital. colonello, a colonel ; Du.) F. colza, better colzat. - Du. koolzaad,
lit. a little column, as being' the upholder rape-seed, cabbage-seed. - Du. kool ( bor.
of the regiment;' Torriano. The colonel rowed from L. caulis) . cole, cabbage; and
was he who led the company at the head Du . zaad = E. ued.
of the regiment. Dimin. of Ital. cololtlza, Como, prefix. (L.) For L. cum, with ,
a column. - L. columna, a column. See together; when followed by />, f, 111 ,
Column.
p. See Con-.
colonna.de. (F . - Ital. - L. ) F. Coma.. (Gk.) Gk. /(wp.a, a deep sleep.
co lonnade. - Ital. "0101lnala, a range of Comb. (E. ) A. S. camb, a comb, crest,
-:olumns. - Ital. cololllla, a column (above). ridge. + Du. kam, Icel. kambr, D.n. Swed.
Colony. (F. - 1..) F. colollie. - L. kam; G. kalllm . Tellt. type 'ka1llbo~;
(olollia, a colony, band of husbandmen. Idg. type *g ombhos; cf. Gk. 'Y6p.",o~, a
-L. (olollus, a husbandman. -L. (olen, pin , peg; Skt.jamblta-s, a tooth.
10 till.
Colere is for *'luelere; cf. L. Comb, Coomb, a dry measure. (E.)
inquilinus, a sojourner. Hrugm. i. 121. A. S. ctt1llb, a cup.+Du. kom, a bowl; G.
Colophon, an inscription at the end of k umpf, kzmzme, a bow!.
a book, with title, and (sometimes) name Comba.t. (F. -L.) Orig. a verb.-l".
and date. (Gk.) Late L. colophon. - Gk. combattre, O. F . combat1'e, to fight with. KOAOcpWV, a summit; hence, a finishing- F. (om- (for L. cum ), with; and F. /Jalln,
stroke. Allied to Column.
O. F. balre, to fight, from */tattl!re, for
ColoquiDtida. j see Colooynth.
L. bal/ture, to beat. Der. combatal1l,
Colossus. (L. - Gk. ) L. (olossus. - from the F . pres. pI.
Gk. KO.ouuos, a large statue. Der. coloss- Combe, a hollow in a hillside. (C.)
ai, i. e. large; coh"sell1Jl, q. v.
W. cwm, Com. (um, a hollow, dale;
Colour. (F . -I..) M . E.colollr.-O. F. Celtic type *ku1llbii, a valley; cf. Irish
colour (F . cot~/ellr). -L. acc. co!iirem, from CIImar, a valley.
(olor, a tint.
Combine. (L. ) L. com/ti1uire, to unite,
Colporteur, a hawker of wares. (F. - join two things together. - L. (0111, (cttm ).
I ..) Lit.' one who carries wares on his together; and /lil1t1S, twofold. See Binary.
neck;' F. colporleur. - F. coiportl!r, to I Combustion. (F . -I..) F . combuscarryon the neck. - F. (01, neck; }orler, I/ioll. - L. ace. c01ll0usli;;11( 1II, a burning up.
L. (ombllSt-us, pp. of com-hiircn . to burn
to carry. _ 1,. MII"m, neck; }orltire, to
carry.
up. _ L. com- (for tum ), together; and

1-

100

COME

COMMISSARY

(perhaps) lirere, to bum. with b in.erted

by association with amo-iirere.
Come. (E.) A. S. cuman, pt. t. c(w)om,
pp. Cttmen.+Du. komtll, Ice!. koma, Dan.
/;omme, Sw. kOlllma, Goth. /nviman, G .
kOlJlm(1l: L. flen-ire, ( *gllell-ire~ Gk.
{3a;v v, Skt. gam, to go. (.vGwE .)
Comedy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. c medie,
' a play:' Cot. - L. c01lladia. - Gk. KOJI''I'~la, a comedy. - Gk . KOJI''l'liOr, a comic
actor. - Gk. KWJIoO-r, a banquet, revel,
f~stal procession ; amliOs, a singer, from
a.13ftv, to sing. A comedy was a festive
spectacle, with singing, &c. See Ode.
comiC. (L.-Gk.) L. comicus. - Gk.
KOJP..KOS , belonging to a KWJIo0S, as above.
Comely. (E.) M. E. comli, kflmli.
A. S. cymlic, earlier form cjmlic, beautiful,
fair. The A. S. cjme, ex quisite, is closely
allied to O. H. G. ctilllig, weak, tender,
and to O. H. G. kltm, with difficulty (G.
"aulll ). The A. S. j was shortened before
111/, and the M. E. comli was associated
with M. E. com(1l, to come, and so gained
the sense of 'becoming,' pleasing, decorous.
Cf. M. E. kime, a weak person.
Comet. (L. -Gk.) Late A. S. cOlllela.
- L. comila.- Gk. KOJ!oTJT'llf, long-haired;
a tailed star, comet. - Gk. KOIA'l, hair.+L.
coma, hair. ~ Also O. F. comdt.
Comfit, sb., a sweat meat. (F.-L.)
Formerly conJiI, cOIlJile. - O. F. c01ZJiI, lit.
confected, p repared; pp. of COltJire. - L.
(oll/eclllm, pp. of conJiare, to prepare, put
together. -L. C01I- (cum) , together: facen,
to make. See Confeot.
Comfort, vb. (F. - L.) M. E. COtlforlel', later (olll/orien. - O. F. conforler,
to comfort. - Late L. c01Zjorldre, to
strengthen . - L. C011- (cllm ) , together;
and fori is, strong; see Force (T).
Comfrey, a plant. (F. - L.) O. F.
conJire, CtlIllJin'e; Late L. eumJiria; probably for Lat. cOll/eroa (Pliny), comfrey,
a name given to the plant from its supposed healing powers. - L. conftnlire, to
grow together, heal up (Celsus) .-L. eon(cum), together; ftnure, (orig.) to boiL
~ It was also called conJirma (from L.
Jirnufre, to make firm ), and eonsolida
(from L. solidare, to make solid).
Comic; see Comedy.
Comity, urbanity. (L.) L. comitalem,
acc. of comitas, urbanity. - L. (Ol1l1'S,
friendly, courteous.
Comma. (L.-Gk.) L. eomma. - Gk.
K6J1o~, that which is struck, a stamp, a

clause of a sentence, a comma (that marks

the clause). - Gk. K9"-TflV, to hew, strike.
Command. (F. - L.) O. 1" . (ommal/der, comallJer. - L. e011lIlUI/dare, to
entrust to: confnsed with Late L. commal/dart, as if an intensive form of mal/dan, to command. Both forms are from
L. (om- (wm ) , together: and mandan, to
pnt into the hands of, entrust to, command.
See Mandate.
Commemorate. (L.) From the- pp.
of L. cOlllmmlorare, to call to mind. - L.
COIll- (for cum), together; l1ltlllOrare, to
mention, from mt11l0r, mindful.
Commence. (F. - L.) F. cOlllmmcer:
O. F . cOn/metr (with one m: cf. Ital.
(omi1Uia,t). - L. C011l- (mm), together;
illitiare, to begin; see Initiate.
Commend. (L.) L. cOlllme/llitlre, to
entrust or commit to; see Command.
Commensurate. (L.) "From L.
(olll1JltllsiiraltlS, as if from *coIll11lellsul'iirt,
to measure in comparison with: a coined
word. -L. com- (cum), with; 1IItmiira, a
measure: see Measure.
Comment, vb. (F.-L.) F.c011l1lltnter.
- Late L. c011l1llmltfre, for L. commmlari,
to consider, make a note on.-L. commel/tus, pp. of com1llinis(i, to devise. - L.
com- (cum), with; -min- fo~ *1IIUI, to
think, a8 in 11Ie-lIIill-; (= *me-m m-i), ~
remember, and mell'S, mind. See Mental.
Commerce, traffic. (F.-L.) F . ,"0111meree. - L. cOllllllercium, trade. - L. com(= m1Jl ), with: mtre-, stem of 1IIerx,
merchandise, with suffix -i-um.
Commination, a threatening, denouncing. (F. - L.) F. cOlllmillalion.L. aCc. c01llminaliollem, a threatening. L. comminatus, pp. of (o m-minari, to
threaten. - L. C01Jl- (Cfllll), intensive prefix;
and mil/arl, to threaten. See Menace.
Commingle. (L. and E.) From
Com- and Mingle.
Comminution, a reduction to small
fragments. (L.) Fonned from L. (ommimi/-us, pp. of com-fIIinuere, to break
into small pieces ; see Minute.
Commiseration. (F.-L.) M. F.
(ommiseratioll. - L . ace. com1llisertitiolltm,
part of an oration intended to excite pity.
- L. c01llmiserari , to excite pity (pp. -altIS). - L. eom- (cum) , with; 11Iiserar;.
to pity, from L. mistr, wretched, pitiable.
Commissary, an officer to whom
something is entrusted. (L ) Med . L.
cOllll1lissiirius, a commisiary. - L . COIll-

101

COMMIT

COMPENSATE

lIIissltS, pp. of commit/ere, to commit; see

below.
commit, to entrust to. (L.) L. COJJlmillere, to send out, begin, entrust,
consign ; p p. COJJlllliSSIIS.-L. (OJJl- (cum ),
with; mittere, to send, put forlh. Der.
cOlllmiss-io", F . comlllissio/l, from L. acc.
cOJJlllli.rsioIJelll, perpetrati on.
Commodious. (F . -L. ) O. F. com1IIodieu x ; Med. L. com1llodiosus, useful. L. cOlll1lJodtlS, fit, suitable. - L. com(cum) , with; modus , measure.
Commodore, the commander of a
squadron. (Du. - }<- . - L.)
Formerly
spelt commantiore (1695) ; also comm(ltldeur, as in Dutch; Hexham has: ' den
Commandel~r V(m U1I Stadt, The Commandeur of a Towne.'- }<' . comllla1ldeur,
a commander. - L . ace. type *commandiitorem, from Late L. "om11la"dare;
see Command.
Common. (F.-L.) M. E. CO/IWltm ,
comoun. - O. F. COllltttl. - L. commiinis,
common, general. -L. '"DIIl- (cum) ,together
with; and miitlis, ready to serve (Plautus) ;
cf. munus, service. (As if' helping each
other. ') Cf. Lith. mai/las, Russ. mima,
barter. Brugm. i. lOS. Der. (ommUtliO/l, commun-ity.
commune, verb. (F. - L. ) M. E .
comu/le/l.-O. F. cOllllllumr, to commuue
with; Late L. colltmuntire. - L. cOlll1lttl/zis,
common (above).
oommunicate. (L.) L. cOJJlmihlicatus, pp. of comlllunicare. - L. C01/l1Iltl/lis,
common. Der. excoJJlll11micate .
Commotion. (F.-L.) F.(olllmotion.
-L. (olllmotionem , acc. of cOIll1llotio. -L.
cOlllmot-IlS, pp. of cOlllmou1re, to llisturb.
-L. com- (CUIll ) , intensive; and /1/ou1re,
to move. See Move.
Commute, to exchange. (L.) L. COIllmutare, to exchange with. -L. com- (cu m ),
with; mlliare, to change.
Compact (I ), adj., fastened together,
M. }<' . com fitted, c10se, firm. ( F.-L. )
pacte. - L. cOlllpaelus, filted together, pp.
of compingere.-L. com- (cum ), together ;
pangere, to fasten. See Pact.
Compact ( 2), sb., a bargain, agreement. (L.) L. C01llpactum , sh. _ L. COIllpactus, pp. of compacisci, to agree with. L. com- (cum), with; padsci, to make a
bargain, inceptive form of O. Lat. pacere,
to agree. See Pact.
Company. (F.-L.) M. E. compa"ye.
- O. F. companie. [Cf. alio O. F. cOlllpai'l,

a companion, O. F. compani01l (F. comp agllon), a companion.] - Med. L. componiem, acc. of cOlllpatzi1s, a taking of
meals together. - L. com- (cum), together;
and potlis, bread; see Pantry. Der.
compani01l, from O. F. comp a"ion. Also
accompany, O. F. accompaigllier , from F. a
(for L. ad) and O. F. compaigllier, to associate with, from compaiptie, company.
Compa.re, to set together, so as to
examine likeness or difference. (F. - L.)
F . comparer.-L. comparare, to adjust, set
together.-L. compar, co-equal.-L. com(CU11l ), together; par, equal.
Compartment. (F. -Ital.-L.) F.
cOlllpar/iment, a partition;' Cot. _ Ita!.
compartimento. - Ital. compartire; Late L.
compartin, to share. - L. COIll- (cum ) ,
together; parlire, to share, to part, from
parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part.
Compass. (F. - L.) F. compas, a
circuit, circle, limit; also, a pair of compasses.-Late L. compasstls, a circuit.-L.
com- (cum ), with; passus, a pace, step,
passage, track; so that compassus= a track
that joins together, circuit. See Pace.
Der. compass, verb; ~ompasses, s. pl., an
instrument for drawing circles.
Compassion. (F. - L.) F. compassio". - L. compassio1lem, acc. of compassio, sympathy.-L. com- (cum), with;
passio, suffering, from pati, to endure.
compatible. (F. -L.) F. compatible, compatible, concurrable;' Cot.Late L. compatibilis, adj. , used of a benefice which could be held together with
another.-L. compali, to endure together
with. - L. COffl- (cum), with; pati, to
endure.
Compeer, an associate. (F. - L. )
M. E. comper.-F. como, together; O. F.
p er, a peer, equal. - L. com- (cum ), together; parem, acc. of par, equal; see
Peer.
Compel. (L.) L. com-pellere, to compel, li t. to drive together.-L. com- (cum ),
together; p ellere, to drive. Der. compulsion, from Pl" cOlllpuls-tIS.
Compendious, brief. (F. - L.) }<'.
t"ompcndieux. -L. compendioms, adj., from
compmdium, an abridgment, lit. a saving,
sparing of expense. - L. compendere, to
weigh together. - L. com- (cum ), with;
pendere, to weigh.
oompensate.. (L.) Fro~ pp. of L.
comjemore, to weigh one thing agamst
another. - L. com- (cum), together; pc"-

loa

COMPETE

COMPREHEND

stire, to weigb, frequent. of pendere, to

weigh (pp. pewus).
Compete. (L.) L. cOllljlelere. _ L.
COIll- (CUIll) , together; petere, to strive
after.
competent. (F. -L.) M. F. competml; orig. pres. part. of compeltr, to be
sufficient for. - L. competere, to be sufficient
for. - L . COIll- (CUIIl), with; pelere, to seek.
competitor. (L.) L. competitor, a
rival candidate. - L. COIll- (cum), with;
petllor, a seeker, from petltus, pp. ofpelere,
to seek.
Compile. (F.-L.) O. F. compiler.L. compi/tire, to llunder, pillage, rob; so
that tbe word ha ,at fir~t, a ~inister meaning. - L. com- (mm), with; pilare, to rob.
&:e Pill (2).
Complacent. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of complacire, to please. - L.
com- (cum), intensive; placere, to please.
complaisant. (F. - L.) F. complaisant, obsequious, pres. part. of complaire, to please. - L. complacere, to please
(above).
Complain. (F. - L.) O. F. complaip'-, a stem of (omplaindre.-Late L.
complanKere, to bewail. - L. com- (cum ),
with; plangere, to bewail, lit. to strike,
beat the breast.
Complement. (L.) L. complimelltum,
that which completes. - L. complire
(below). Doublet, compliment.
complete, perfect. (L.) L. COIIIP/i/US,
pp. of complire, to fulfil. - L. com- (WfIl),
together; plire, to fill. Allied to pli-1I1ts,
full. See Plenary.
Complex. (L.) L. (omplexus, entwined round; bence, intricate; pp. of
complecti, to embrace. - L. com- (um) ,
together; and pledere, to plait, allied to
p/i(-are, to twine. See Pleach.
complelrion. (F. - L.) F . C01l/plexion, appearance. - L. (ompleximelll,
aec. of (omplexio, a comprehending, compass, habit of body, complexion. - L. (om p lexus, pp. of (olllpleeti, to surround,
entwine. - L. com- (cum), together; plectere, to plait.
complicate. (L.) From pp. of L.
complican, to fold togetber. - L. COIll(cum), together; plicare, to fold.
complicity. (F.-L.) F . compHeile,
'a bad confederacy;' Cot. - F. complice, a
confederate. - L. cOlllplicem, ace. of (om
plex , interwoven, confederate with; see
Complex.

Compliance, Compliant; formed

with F. suffixes -ance, -atlt, from the yerb

to comply, which, however, is not of F.
origin; see Comply.
Compliment. (F. - Ital. - L.) F.
compliment. - Ita!. complimt1llo, compliment, civility. -Ita!. (omplire, to fill up,
to suit. - L. complire, to fill up; see Complete. Doublet, (olllplemen!.
compline. (F.-L. ) M. E. (olllplill,
the last church-service of the day; it was
orig. an adj. (like golden from gold), and
stands for complin slmg; the sb. is (omplie
(Ancren Riwle). - O. F. complie (mod. F.
complies, wbich is pl. ) , compline. - Late
L. complita (sc. ;'ora), fem. of (omplilus,
complete; because it completed the' hours'
of the day's service; see Complete.
comply, to yield, accord with. (ltal.
- L.) lt has no doubt been supposed to
be allied to ply (whence compliant, by
analogy witb pliant), but is quite distinct,
and of Ital. origin.-Ital. complire, to fill
up, fulfil, to suit, 'also to use compliments, ceremonies, or kind offices and
offers;' Torriano. Cf. Spall. complir, to
fulfil, satisfy. -L. cOlllplire, to fill up; see
Complete. Cf. supply.
Complot, a conspiracy; see Plot (I).
Component, composing; (L.) L.
(ompoll~nt- , stlm of pres. pt. of cOmpOlle11!,
to compose. - L. (om- (cum) , together;
p01lere, to put. See Compound.
Comport, to behave,suit. (F.-L.) F.
se comporler, to behave. - L. (Olllportare,
to carry together. - L. COIll- (CUIll" together; porttire, to carry.
Compose. (F. - L. and Gk.) F.
composer, to compound, make; Cot.F. COIll- (L. cum), together; and F. poser,
to put, of Gk. origin, as shewn under
Pose, q.v. ~ D ist inct from compound.
Composition. (F.-L. ) F. composilion. - L. ace. compositiollclIl, ace. of COIllpositio, a putting together. - L. (omposlius,
pp. of L. comp01lere; see compound.
compost, a mixture. (F.-L.) O. F.
COlllpost, a mixture. - 1.. (ompositulII, neut.
of composilus, pp. of (ompmere (below).
compound. (F.-L.) The d is excrescent; M. E. COlllpoullen. -0. F. compo"1'e ( Bartsch) . - L. compmere, to compound, put together. - L. (om- (um) ,
together ; pOllere, to put. See Component.
Comprehend. (L.) L. COIJl p'~;'m"~re,
to grasp. - L. fom- (cum), together, and
pe;'endere, to seize; see Prehelllile.

lof

COMPRESS
Com~.

CONCLAVE

(L.) L. CQlllpress,ire, to
oppress. -L. CQIII- (CUIII) , t~ether; pres
sare, frequent. of prelllere, to press.
Comprille. (F.-L.) From O. :1<'.
CQIIlPris, compris~d, comprehended; pp.
of cQmpnmire, to comprehend. -L. COIllpre1undere; see Oomprehend.
Compromise, a settlement by con
cessions. (F. - L .)
F. amlpromis, 'a
compromis~, mutual promise;' Cot. Orig.
pp. of F. COIllP"ollldlre, to put unto com
promise; , Cot. - L. cOlllprolllillere, to
make a mutual promise. -L. COIll' (CUIIl ),
mutually; pronzillere, to promise; see
Promise.
Comptroller, another spelling of rOil'
troller; see Oontrol.
Compulsion. (F. -i...) See Oompel.
Compunction, remorse. (F. - 1..)
O. F. compuncliolt. - Lnte L. acc. rOIll
punctiOnelll. - L. cQmpultdus, pp. of COIllpungi, to feel remorse, pass. of cOlllpungere,
to prick. -L. COIll' (cum ) ; ptmgere, to
prick.
Compute. (L.) L. compullin , to
reckon.-L. CQIIl (CUIIl), together; puNre,
to clear up, reckon. Doublet, lount (2).
Comrade. (F.-Span.-L.) F. call1ar
ade. - Span. call1aratia, a company; also
an associate, comrade. - Span. cat1zara, a
chamber, cabin. - L. camera, a chamber.
Con (I), to study, peruse, scan. (E.)
M. E. Clmnen; A . S. CUllnlan, to test.
AIli~d to A. S. cunnan, to know; see
Oan (I). Der. alecoltner, i. e. ale tester.
Con (~), short for conlra, against. (L.)
In the phrase' pro and con.'
Con, prefix. (L.) For COlli (CUIll ) ,
with, when the following letter is c, d, g.
j . 11, q, s, I, or V. Before 0, fIl, p, it is
CQIII' ; before I, col; before r, cor t before
f, 111 or fl.
Concatenate. (L.) L. cOllcatnlalus,
pp. of roncatintire, to link together.-L.
con (mill ), together; ratena, a chain.
Concave. (F. -L.) F. concave.-L.
concauus, hollow. - L. con (CUIII). with,
rogether; cauus. hollow.
Conceal. (F. -L.) O. F. canceler.
- L . eonclian, to hide. - L. CQn (CUtll ),
completely; dlare, to hide. See Helm ( ~ ).
Concede. (L.) L. conddere, to retire,
yield. - L. co,, (cum ), together; cidere,
to yield. Der. concess-iqn (from pp. con
assus).
Conceit. (F.-L.) M. E . conceit, con
ceilt. Formed as if from the pp. of O . F.

' CQllavojr, to conceive, though the real

pp. was CQncm (1'. rQllfU) ; by analogy
with deetil, q.v. See below.
conceive. (F. -L.) M. E. CQluevm,
ctmctiven. - A. F. cQnceiv, a stem of O. F.
cOluever, rOllcevoir, to conceive. _ L. rOIlcipere, to conceive. - L rOil (CUIIl) , altogether ; capen, 10 take.
conception. (F.-L.) F. cOllaptioll.
- L. cOllcepliiinem. - L. cOlletpl.m, pp. of
conciptre, to conceive (above).
Concentre, to draw 10 a centre. (1'. L. antiGk.) F. concmlrer. - L. COil (lim ) ,
together; a nd celltrltlll, a centre, from Gk.
"l"TPO"; see Oentre. Der. COllCtlltrir,
C01tcentrate (modem).
Concern, vb. (F. -L. ) F. romulic/.
-L. cOllumen, to mix; in Late Lat. , to
refer to, regard. - L eM' (tim), with;
and amen, to separate, decree, observe.
Gk. Itpi"E"', to separate, decide; Lith.
skirti, to separate, distinguish. Brugm.
ii. 61l. C.vSKER.)
concert. (F. -ltal -L.) Often con
fused with cmSQrt in old writers. - F. Call
eerter, to consort, or agree togelher;'
Cot.-Ital. cmeerlare, 'to agree or tune
together, sing in consort,' Florio; cf. can
arlo, sb., agreement. The Ital. forms
shew that it was derived from L. conredare,
to contend, struggle together; indeed, we
find also Span. coneerlar, to settle or adjust,
covenant, bargain; which also poinls to
the same origin. [It would seem that the
L. vb. took up the sense of to settle by
debate, and so, to agree.]-L. COII- (m ill ),
logether; ceriare, to contend, vie with;
orig.' to decide by contest;' frequent. of
ceNltre, to decide. See OOl)cern. Der.
r01uert, sb., r01lcerlina.
Concession. (F. - L.) :1'. e01ucssiolt.
- L. acc. rOllceSS;Otzefll. - L . ro/ueSSI/S, Pl'.
of concltlu-e, to concede; see Concede.
Conch, a marine shell. (L.-Gk.) L
concha. - Gk. "D-ylt'f/ (also 1t6'Y'''o~), n cockle
shel1.+Skt. (aftkka, a conch. Der. rOil
eMlogy (from ,,6'Y"o-~),
Conciliate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
concilia1-e, to bring together , conciliate. L. coneilium. a council; see Council.
Concise. (F. -L. ; or L. ) F. ((}luis.
-L. (oncisus, brief, cut short; pp. of ron
cfdere. -L. (on (cum), intensive; cO!derc,
to cut. Der. coneisio1l.
Conclave. (F. -L. ) F. cOlldave, a
small room (to meet io).-L. ronddttC,
a room; later, a place of assembly of

IOf

CONCLUDE

CONFE'DERATE

cardinals, assembly. Orig. a locked up

place.-L. clm- (cum), together; dtiuis,
a key.
Conclude. (L.) L. cOJ/diidere, to
shut up, close. end. - L. (011- (cum),
together; and -dwlere=c/audere, to shut.
Der. amelus-ion. Similarly ex-dude. indtu/e, pn dude, se-dude: whence in-chlSive, pre-clus-ion, se-clus-ion (from pp.
-diims =clausus).
Concoct. (L.) From L. ctmCoclus, pp.
of (ollcoquere, to cook together, digest. L. (011- (m 1Jl) ; (oquere, to cook.
Concomitant, accompanying. (L.)
From L. COI'- (mm), together; and
(Omitallt'elll, acc. of pres. pt. of c(ltllittiri.
to accompany, from cumit-, stem of comes,
a companion; see Count (1 ).
Concord. (F.-L.) F. cOluurde. -L.
(uncordia, agreement. -L. (oncord-, stem
of COIl-COrs, agreeing.-L. con- (mm) ; cor
(stem cortl- ). the heart.
concordant. (F.-L.) F. concord{lilt. pres. pt. of cOluorder, to agree.-L.
''OIlCortitire, to agree.-L (untord- (above).
concordat. (F. -L.) F. ctmCurtial,
an agreement. -Late L. concurtiatlml, a
convention, thing agreed on, esp. between
the pope and }<' . kings; pp. of cUn(ortiare,
to agree (above).
Concourse. (F. -L.) F.c(ltuours.L. acc. cunctlrmm, a running together. L. cuncursus, pp. of cuncurrere, to fWI
together.-L (Oil, (cum) , together; and
currere, to run. See Concur.
Concrete, formed into one mass. (L.)
L . cOluritus, pp. of (uncrescere, to grow
together.-L. cun- (cum) , together; crescere, to grow.
Concubine. (F.-L.) O. F. concubine.
-L. cunctlbina.-L. elm- (cum ), together;
cubiire, to lie.
Concupiacence. (F.-L.) F. concupiscmce. - L. concupucmtia, desire. - L.
cOllcupiscere, to desire; inceptive form of
cuncupere.-L. COil' (cum), intensive; and
cupere, to long for.
Concur. (L.) L. (OllCUrrere, to run
together, agree. -L. COII- (mm), together;
currere, to run. Der. ctmCourse.
Concussion. (F.-L.) F. concussUm.
- L. COllettSSjUne"', acc. of c(ltuussio, a
violent shaking. _ L. C(l1lmSSm, pp. of
<'ullw/ere, to shake together. - L. COil
(milt), together; qltalere, to shake.
CondeDUl. (F. -L.) O. F. comu1Il,zer.
- L. condefmltire. to condemn wholly, pro-

noWlce to be guilty. _ L. {1m- (wm),

wholly; damnare. to condemn.
CondeDSe. (F.-L.) F. c(ltu/ellSer.L. ((ltldmsare.-L. ((ltldm,Slts, ,'ery thick.
- L. con- (cum), very; dmStls, thick, dense.
Condescend. (F, - L.) F. condescetmre. - Late L. ctmtilscemure, to grant
(lit. to descend with). -L. (on- (cum), with;
tilscendere, to descend; see Descend.
Der. cotukscms-ion, from the pp.
Condign. well merited. (l' .-L.) 0 .1'.
cOlldigne. - L. ctmdignus, very worthy.L. con- (mm), very; dig-ms, worthy.
Condiment. (L.) L. COIlIii11leniulll,
seasoning, sauce. - L. co"dire, to season,
spice, preserve (as fruit).
Condition. (F. -L.) F . (ondition.L. ctmtlitju"em, acc. of COllditio, a late
spelling of co,uliciu, a covenant, condition.
- L. cottdfrere, to talk over together, agree
upon. -L. con (cum ), together; dicere, to
speak.
Condole. (L.) L. cOIlt/olire, to grieve
with. - L. con (cum), with; dulire, to
grieve,
Condone. (L.) L. cOlldullare. to remit,
pardon.-L. con- (cum), wholly; dunal'e,
to give; see Donation.
Condor, a large bird. (Span. -Peruvian, ) Span. cOlldur. - Pernv. ,""tur, a
condor.
Conduce. (L. ) L. co,m/lcere, to draw
together towards, lead'to . - L. cun- (cum ),
together; ducere, to lead.
conduct, sb. (L.) Late L. ((ltu/uctus,
defence, protection, guard, escort.-L. coll
due/us, Jlp. of ((ltlducere (above).
conduit. (F. -L.) M. E. (tmduit.O. F. cOl"'uit, a conduit. - Late L. C(ltl
dtutus, a defence, escort; also, a caual,
tube; see above.
Cone. (F.-L.-Gk,) M.F . cone.-L.
(Qnus. -Gk. lliill'Of. a cone, peak, peg.
Skt. (anas, a whetstone; cf. L. cus, the
same. See Hone. Brugm. i. -401.
Cone,.; see Cony.
Conf8.bulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
con/abulari, to talk together. - L. (011
(cum), with; /abulari, to converse, from
/abu/a, a discourse; see Fable.
Confect, to make up into sweetmeats.
(L.) L. cun/ertm, pp. of conficere, to put
together, make up. - L. (Ull- (cum) , together; /a,,!re. to put. Der. cOlif'eclitm ,
cOliferlioll-er. See Comfit.
Confederate. (L .) L. c(ltifO!tieriittlS,
united by a covenant, pp. of ctm/fZtiertire.

~5

E3

CONFER

CONGLOMERATE

_ L. (0"- (CUIIl) , together; /crder-, for L. (Oll/uluiere , to pour together, confound.

-.t11!({es-, stem of /crdus, a treaty. See - L. con- (Cltm ), together; /ulldere, to
Federal.
pour. See Fuse ( I ).
Confer. (L.) From L . (OIl/ern, to Confraternity. \}<".-L.) From L.
bring together, collect, bestow. -L. con- COII- (cum), with; and Fraternity, q v.
(cum' , together; ferre, to bring, bear. Confront. (F. -L.) F. con/roluer, to
IV' Not from F.
bring face to {ace.-Med. L. (oll/rlmlari,
Confe. (F.-L.) O. F. cOlifesser. - to be near to.-L. (on- (mill), together;
Late L. confimire.-L. confissus, pp. of /ron/, stem Of/y(IIIS, forehead, front.
(onjillr;, toconfess.-L (Oll- (cum), fully; Confuse. (L.) M. E. (OIl/US, used al
/al;ri, to acknowledge, allied to /ar" to a~. in Chaucer. - L. cOIl/tisus, pp. of
speo.k. Cf. Gk. 'l>QTIS, a speech. Brugm. (011 ulmre, to confound; see Confound.
i. 195.
onfute. (F. -L) F. c(mluler. - L.
Codae. (I..) L. (onf"ufere, to trust con/tilare, to cool by mixing cold water
fully. - L. con- (cum), fully; /idere, to with hot, to allay, also to confute. - L (on
trust, allied to .foies, faith; see Faith.
(cum), together; -.tulare, to pour out (1) ;
ConAguration. (F. - L.) F. (1m- cr./ul;s, a water-vessel to pour from, from
fig'llralion. - L. conjigUratiolUm, a con- the L. basejii-, to pour. Bnlgm. i.' 605.
formation. -I.. (oltjig'liralus, pp. of con- See Futile, Befute and FUlle (I).
jiguriir" to put together.-L. con- (wm ); Congeal. (F.-L.) F. (ollgeler.-L.
jigiiron, to fashion, fromjigUra, a figure. conge/are, to cause to freeze together.-L.
See Filfure.
con-, together; grlart, to freeze, from gelu,
ConAne to limit. (F.-L.) F. c"n- frost See Gelid.
jiller, to keep within limits. - M. F. Congee, Co~', leave to depart. (F.
C"'tji", near; Cot. -L. clmfinis, bordering -L.) F. c"ngl, leave, dismission;' Cot.
on. - L (on- (cum), with ; finis, boundary. O. F. ("ngie, ,"IIge, (""g'I'el (Burguy); the
See Final. ~ Mod. F. has only (Ol!fins, same as Provo (OIlYal.-Late L. (ominlus,
sb. pl., confines; representing O. F. (on- leave, permission (VIII cent.); the same
jilles, I.. (onfi"ia, pI.; whence E. conjines, as L. (Olllmen/us, a travelling together,
pI.
also leave of absence. - L. (om- (UII~) ,
Con1lrm. (}<".-L.) M. E. (olifer",m. together; tIIellltlS, a course, from pp. of
- O. F . (olifertller. - L. conjirmore, to meart, to go.
Coined
make firm, strengthen. - L. (on- (um) , CongeDia.l, kindred. (L )
fully ;jiYmnre, to strengthen, from jir",us, from L. (011 - (um) , with; and gmjal,
firm.
alij. from I.. gm;us; see Genial.
ConAscate, to adjudge to be forfeit. Congenital. (L.) Coineli by addiug
(1..) L. (onjiscalus, pp. of' cOl/jiscnre, to al to the oba. word cOlIgmj/e (XVII
lay by in a coffer, to confiscate, transfer to ceut.).-I.. cOl1gellilfls, born with.-I.. ( 011 the treasury. - L. con- (wm) ; jiscus, a (cum), with; genitw, born, pp. of gigllert,
purse.
to produce. See Genital.
Conlla.gra.tion. (F. - I..) F . COil- Conger, a Sfa-eel. (F. - 1.. - Gk.;
jlag'ratio". - L. acc. cOltjiiigTiiliolum, a M. E. (ollgTe. - O. F. (Ollgre. - L. cong rum ,
great buming.-L. CO/l- (cttlll) , together; acc. of (OIl,,"''''S, by-form of cOllger, a sen
jlngriire, to burn. See FI&jfr&nt.
eel. - Gk. ",(u"'("lpoS. the same.
Conflict, an encounter. (L.) L . (on- Congerie., a mnss of particles. (L.)
jiiclus, a striking together; from the pp. I.. (ollgrries, a heap. - I.. cOllgerere, to
of (olljiigere, to strike together.-L. (on- bring together.-L. (on- (cu m ), together;
(wm), together; jiigere, to strike.
gerere, to carry.
Conlluent. (L.) From stem. of pres. conge.tion, accumulation. (L.) From
pt. of (Olljllure, to flow together; see L . acc. congtstiolltfll. - L. (ongesllls, PI'. of
Flueht. l:)o also (Ol1jlux, sb., from the (ongerere (above).
.
Conglobe, to form into a gloLe. (L.)
pp. (OlljiIlXltS.
Conlorm. (F.-I..) F. (on/ormer.- L. con-globiire. -I.. cm- (cum ), together;
L. "OlifOrllltire, to fashion like. - L. ,'Oll-, globus, a globe.
together; /ormare, to form , from /01'llIa, Conglomerate. (L.) }<"rom pp. of
(ollglomeriire, to wind into a ball, heap
form.
Conf01Uld. (F.-L.) }<". COlifOllcln.- togcther.-L. (on- ("/lm :, together; aud
106

CONGLUTINATE

CONSIDER

glomer -, for *glom ts-, stem of g lolllus, Connive. (F. -L.) 1'. lOI/1liver. - 1..
a baU , clew of yam.
cOl:1liulre, to close the eyes at, overlook.
Conglutinate. (L.) From pp. Of l -L. cun- (cum) , together; and *nlgturc,
L. cOllgirltim irc, to glue together. _ L. to wink; cf. nic-Iare , to wink.
Goth.
COIl- (m ill), together; glutiniirc , to glue, lmeiwafl, to bow ; Brugm . i. 664.
from Cliilin-, stem of g liilen , glue.
COJUloisseur, a critical judge. (F.Congou, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In L .) F. cOlmaissellr, formerly conlloissmr ,
the Amoy dialect, called kallg-hu te, where a knowing one. - O. F. comloiss-nlll, pres.
ka1lg-1LU is lit. 'work , labour;' i. e. tea on pt. of O. F. conoislre; see Cognisance.
which labour has been expended (Douglas). Connubial. (L.) L. c01ml/bia"s, reThe true Chinese is ktmg-fu cll'a, with lating to marriage.-L. co(n )mibium, marriage.-L. COft- (cum) , with ; nt/bert, to
the same sense.
Congratulate. (L.) From pp. of L. marry. See Nuptial.
congrtiluliiri, to wish much joy.-L. C01l- Conquer. (F . -I..) M . E. c01lqllerm.
(w m ), fnU y ; griilt~/iir;, to wish joy, from -O. F . cOll'lllern . -L. cOllquirere, to seek
after, go in quest of ; in Late L., to conadj. griiltts, pleasing. See Grace.
Congregate, (L.) From pp. of L. quer. - L. C01l- (ClI m ) , with; qll(rere, to
c01lg regiire, to collect into a flock. - L. . seek. Der. cOflquest, M. E. cOllqtusle,
COfl- \ wm), together; p 'egiire, to assem- : from Late L. cOIl'ltlesla, L. cOllquIslla,
ble a flock, from grego, stem of grex, a I' fern. of cOflqtllsilus, pp. of cottqtlirere.
flock.
Consanguineous. (L.) From L.
Congress, a meeting together. (L.)! cOlzsaftg uilletIS, relnted by blood, with
L. congressus. -L. congressus, pp. of C01l- 1suffix QUS. - L. COII- (mill) , together;
gredi.. to meet together. -L. COII-, together; sa1tgw',,-, stem of sang uis, blood.
gradi, to advance, walk.
Conscience. (F. -L.) F. comcience.
Congrue, to agree, suit. (L.) L. C01l I L.conscienlia, consciousness. - L .co1tScient-,
,,'Ttlere, to suit. (Root uncertain.) Der. stem of pres. pt. of (Om Clre, to know along
congru-ous, from L. cungrtms, suitable; with. - L. C011- (cum ), with; scire, to
<oltgru-ify.
know. See Soience. Der. conscionable,
Conjecture, (F. -I-.) F. cottjtcfure. an ill-contrived word, used as a contrac- L. c01liecltira, a casting together, a tioll of c01lScim(ce)abie.
guess. - L. COllicc/us, pp. of conicere, to
conscious, (L ) From L. comei-tlS,
throw or put together.-L. COIl- (milt ;, to- aware, with suffix QUs. -L. cOllscire, to be
aware of (above).
gether ; iacere, to throw.
Conjoin. (F. -L. ) O. F. con/oindre. Conscript. (L. ) L cQ1IScripttlS, enL. (Onullgere (pp. COlliuncllls) , to join rolled, pp. of comerlbere, to write down
together.-L. COIl- (cum) , together; iult together. -L. con- (cum ), together; scrigere , to join. See Join. Der. conju11Ct- bert, to write.
iOll, conjlmct-ive, from the pp.
Consecrate. (L ) :From pp. of L.
conjugal, relating to marriage. (F. - cOlzsccrar e, to render sacred. - L. COil1..) F. cOl/jugal. - L. COfliugaiis, adj. - (cum), with, wholly; sacrii1-e, to conseL . ,ollit~gelll , acc. of cuniux , ~ spouse. - crate; see Sacred.
L '011-, together; iflg-, allied to itlngere, Consecutive. (F. -L) M . F.cofzsecuto join, iugt~m, a yoke ; see Join.
Iif, Cot. Formed with suffix -if (L. -lUllS)
conjugation. (L.) Froll. L . cunitt- from L. conseal/-us, pp. of comequI, to
ga/io, a conjugation (Priscian) ; lit. a follow together. - L. con- (cum ) , together;
yoking together. -L. conit~giitus, pp. of sequi , to follow . See Sequence.
eoniltgare, to yoke together. - L. COItconsequent, (L.) L. conseqt~ent-,
(mm), together; jug-um , a yoke.
stem of pres. pI. of consequ i (aboye ).
Conjure. (F. -L.) M. E. coniuren.- Consent, vb. (F. -L.) F. consen/ir.
F . colt/urer. - L. COllil~rart, to swear to- - L. cOllsentire, to agree to. - L. conget her, combine by oath . - L. COIl-, to- (cum) , with; senlire, to feel. See Sell8e.
Conserve, vb. (F. - L.) F . comervn.-.
get her ; ii/riire, to swear; see Jury.
Connect. (L.) L cOlmee/ere, to tie - L . c01zseruiire, to p reserve. - L. cotttogether. - L . C01l- (cum), together; and II (cum) , fully; seruare, to keep. Der. COIIllertere, to bind (pp. 1UXtlS). Der. COfl- serve, vb ; cOlzserva/ory . See S erve
llexum [not comuclioll], from the pp.
I Consider. (F. -L.) O. }<' . {QllSidtrer.

107

CONTAIN

CONSIGN
_ L. (Ollsidercire, to consider, orig'. to contemplate the stars (Festus). - L. COil (cum ) ,
together; sider-, for *sides-, stem of sid/ts,
a stnr.
COl1sign. (F.-L.) F. (oltSipzer.L. (ollsipzare, to attest, register. record .
_ L. (on- (CUIll) , together; sigmire, to
mark; see Sign.
COl1sist. (F. -L.) F. (onsisler, to
collsist, rest. abide, &c. - L. consistere, to
stand together, consist. - L. (Oll- (cum ),
together; sistere, causal fOTm from sttire,
to stand; see State. Der_ (01tsistory.
C0l1s01e. (F. - L. ) F _ cOllso/er. - L.
COIlSOltiri, to comfort. - L . (on- (CUIIl ), with;
soldri, to comfort; see Solace.
COl1solidate. (L.)
:From pp. of L.
cOleso/idare, to render solid. - L . COI'(mill) , together; solidare, to make solid,
from solidus, solid.
Dar. cOllsols, n
familiar abbreviation for consolidated allmtities.
C0I1S0I1&11t, agreeing with. ( F. - L .)
F. coltSonallt, accordant; Cot. - L. (omo'lallt-, stem of pres. pt. of (OnSOllare , to
sound together. - L. con- (CUIIl ), together;
sOltare. to sound; see Souad (3) .
COil sort, sb. ( F.-L.) F. cOllsorl_L. consort-, stem of consors, one who shares
property with another, a partner. - L. C011(CU/ll), together; ~ort-, stem of sors, a lot,
sbare. See Sort.
COl1spicuous. (L.) L. conspi(u-tlS,
visible, with suffix -OttS. - L. cOllspicere, to
see thoroughly. - L. ( 011- , fully; speare, to
see. See Species.
COl18pire. (F. -L.) F. conspirer.L. compirare, to breathe togetheT, combine, plot. - L. con- (cum) , together i
spirare, to breathe.
COl1sta.ble, a peace-officer. (F_ - L ,)
O. F. cOllestable (F. connitable) . - L. comes
s/abuli, lit.' count of the stable,' the title of
a dignitary of the Roman empire and afterwards ill use among the Franks. See
Count ( I) an d Stable.
COl1stal1t, firm. ( F. -L.)
F . C011Statlt. - L. cons/aI1t-, stem of cOl1stans,
firm; orig. pres. pI. of cOllSttire, to stand
together.-L. con - (cum ), together; stare,
to stand; sec State.
COl1stellatiol1 . (F. -1..) F. (OlestelIalion. - L. acc. ,'01ts/elltiliollem, cluster of
sta rs_-L. (Oll- ( <'tllll ) , togdher; sId/tit-ItS ,
pr' of s/elUre, to sel with stars, from
stella, a star. See Star.
COI1.te~atiol1. y.-L.;
F. ,'Oll-

stenla/iOIl . - L. ace. cOllsterllatiollelll,

fright. - 1.. cOllsterlliitlts,. pp. of cOllsterwire, to frighten ; intensive form of (Ollslemen, to bestrew, throw down . - L. COIl(mill ), together; stemere, to strew; see
Stratum.
COl1stipate. (L.)
From pp. of L.
comtipare, to join closely, press together.
- L. C011- (cum ), together; stiptire, to
press, cram.
COl1stitute. (L. ) L. constillllus, pp.
of comlituere, to cause to stand together,
establish. -L. COIl- (cum), together; statuere , to set up, denom. vb. fTom slattlS,
a position; sec Statute.
COl1stra.il1, to compel. (F. - L.) O. F.
cOlzslragll-, a stem of (onstrai1Zdre, later
cOtltrailldre. - L. C011strillgere, to bind
together, fetter. - L. C011- ( CUIII ) , together;
slrillgere . to draw tight.
COl1struct. (L.) From L. comt,-u,'tus , pp. of conslruere ( below) .
cOl1strue. (L.)
L. cOllStmere, to
heap together, build, construct; in Late L.,
to construe a passage. -1.. COll- (Cltlll) , togetheT ; slruere, to pile, build. Der.
lIIis-collstnu.
COI1Sul. (L.)
L. consltl, a consul.
Etym. doubtful; but allied to comttlere,
to consult : see below.
COl1sult. (F.-L.) F. consulter.-L.
(o1lsltllare, to consult; frequent. form of
COil-SIt/ere, to consult. Root uncertain;
prob. allied to sedire, to sit; cf. soliu11l,
a seat.
COl1sume. (L.) L. C01tSttlllere, lit. to
take up wholly. - L. (011 - (mill), together,
wholly; Sltlllere, to take up, from *Sttps-,
allied to sub, under, up, and e1lle,-e, to take,
buy. Brugm. i. 240. Der. <'o1lSttmptioll,
from the PI'.
COl1summate. (L.) From pp. of L.
consttmmiire, to bring into one sum, to
perfect. - L. C011- (atlll) , together; summare, to sum, from slt1l1ma, n sum; see
Sum,
COl1sumptiOI1; see Consume.
COl1tact, sb. (L.)
1.. colttaettlS , a
touching. - L. <'oillactus, pp. of contillgera,
to touch cl osely; see Contingent.
COl1tagiOI1. (F.-L.) F. ,'olltagioll.
- L. COlltngiolzem, acc. of cOllttig io, a
touching, hence contagion. - L. <'tlll - (,'Ulll) ,
with; tag- , ~nd grade of tag-, as in *tagItts ( >tat'- Itts). pp. of tallgo'e. to touch .
COl1tail1. ( F . -L.) From a tonic stem
of O. F. cOll/mir. - L. <'OlttillirC, to hold

108

CON'"AMINATE

CONTRIBUTE

together, contain; pp. elm/moo. - L. Clm(cum), together; tmlre, to hold.

Contamjuate. (L.) }' rom pp. of L.
conttimjndre, to defile. - L. conttimin-,
stem of cotl/omm, contagion; which stands
for *contagmen. - L. con- (cum ) ; tag-,
as in tac/us, for *tag-tus, pp. of tangere, to
touch. Brugm. i. j68.
ConteDlD.. (F. - L.) M. F . contemner.
- L . contemnere, to despise. - L. ron(cum), with, wholly; temnere, to despise.
contempt. (F.-L. ) M.F.contempt;
Cot. - L. contemptus, scorn. - L. contemptlls, pp. of contemnere (above).
Contem~late. (L.)
From pp. of
contempUn, to observe, consider; used at
first of augun;. - L. con- (cum) ; temp/um,
au open space for observation (by augurs) ;
see Temple.
Contemporaneous. (L.) L. cantemporane-us, adj., at the same time; with
suffix -ous. - L. can- (cum), with; tempor- ,
for *tempos-, stem of tempus, time.
contemporary. (L.) L. con-, with;
and L. temporan 'us, temporary, adj., from
tempor- (above).
Contend. (F. - L.) O. F. contendre. L. contendere, to stretch out, exert, fight.L. con- (cum ), fully; tendere, to stroive.
Der. contmt-o1l (from the pp. contentus).
Content, adj. (F.-L.) F. content,
satisfied. - L . contmtus, content; pp. of
continlre; see Conta.in. Der. dis-contetlt .
Contest, vb. (F. - L.) F. cotltester. L. cOlltutar" to call to witness, to bring
an action. - L. can- (mm), together; testori, to witness, from testis, a witness.
Der. contest, sb.
Context. (L.) L. context'!s, a joining
together, order (hence, conte ,; t of a book).
-L. contexttls, pp. of contexert, to weave
together. - L. con- (cum), together;
texere, to weave.
Contiguous. (L.) L. contiguous, that
may be touched, near; with suffix -ous.L. can- (cum), with; and tag-, as in
tac-ttlS (for *tag-/us), pp. of tmlgere, to
touch; see Contingent_
Continent. (F. -L.) F. rontinmt,
adj., morlerate. - L. conti1Utlt-, stem of
pres. pt. of continlre; see Contain.
Contingent, dependent on. ( L. )
From stem of pres. pt. of continl{ere, to
touch, relate to. - L. can- (cum ) ; tan~re,
to touch. See Taneent.

Continue. (F.-L.) F. (onlinuer.L. continuare, to continue.-L. conti"uus

(below). Der. discmtinue.
continuous. (L.) L. (ontj"u-us,
lit. holding together ; with suffix -ous.L. continn-e, to hold together, contain. See
Conta.in.
Contort. (L.) L. contortus, pp. of
c01ltor9ulre, to twist together. - L. con(cum) , together; tor9ulre, to twist.
Contour. an outline. (F.-Ital.-L.)
F. contour, esp. in ~n artistic sense. -ltal.
colttorno, a circuit; contamare, to encircle; ' Florio. - L. con- (cum) , together;
tontare, to rotlnd off, to tum; see Turn.
Contra-, prefix. (L.) L. c01ltrtf,
against; orig. the abI. fern. of an obs. adj.
*con-/(e)r-U$, a comparative form from COtl- ,
prep. together; cf. extra froUl exte/us.
Contraba.J1d. (Span. - Ita\. - L. and
Teut. ) Span. rOlltrabando, prohibited goods.
- Ital. contrabbando, prohibited goods. Ital. cotltm ( = L. con/ra l, against; bando,
a ban, from Late L. bannum , a word of
Teut. origin, viz. from O. H. G. ban, a
command. See Ban.
Contract (x), to draw together. (L.)
L. cOtl/rac/lls, pp. of contrahere, to draw
together. - L. COIl- (mm), together; trahere, to draw.
contract (2), a bargain. (F. - L. )
M. F . cotttracl; Cot. - L. cOlltraclum,
acc. of contrac/us, sb., a drawing together,
a bargain. -L. contractus, pp. (above) .
Contradict. (L.) L. contradi(tus,
pp. of cOl1trtidicere, to speak against. - L.
contra, against; dicere, to speak.
Contralto. (Ital. - L. ) Ital. (olllr0110, counter-tenor. - Ital. contra, opposite to, and alto, high. - L. (onlro, against;
altus, high.
Contra.ry. (F.-L.) A. F. co1ttrane;
F. conllairt. - L. cOlltrorius, contrary;
from (antra, against; see Con tra-.
Contrast, vb. (F. -L.) F. contraster,
to strive, contend against (hence to be in
opposition to, &c. ). - Late L. controsttire,
to stand against. - L. contra, against;
stare, to stand.
Contravene, to hinder. (F.-L.) F.
c01tlrevtttir, ' to thwart;' Cot. - Late L.
co1ttratUllire, to oppose; to break a law.
- L. cotttrii, against; tlenire, to come.
Contribute. (L.) From pp. of L.
co1ttributre, to contribute, lit. pay together. - L. can- (cum), together; trio
butre, to bestow i see Tribute.

ID9

CONTRITE

CONY, CONEY

Contrite. (F.-I..) F. ctmlril.-L.

r01llr/lus, thoroughly bruised, hence, penitent; pp. of L. conlerere, to rub together,
bruise. - L. con- (cttm), together; lerere,
to rub. See Trite.
Contrive. ( }o. -L.alldGk.) An
altere<l spelling ; M. E. r01llrouen, ron'reuen ( = ron/rovelt , r01tlrevtn). - O. F.
rOil/rover, to find , find out (Bartsch). O. }o~ . C01t- (L. ron-, forrttm ); O. F. 'rover,
to find; see Trover. ' 1 Contn've (cf.
relrieve ) is from M . E. ronlreve, answering
to O. F. conlrlt/v-, stressed stem of rtfntrover.
Control, sh. (F . - L.) C01tlrol is short
for c01llre-,.oll, old form of rot/.,ler-roll. O. F. cOlllre-rol(l )e, aduplicateregister,used
to verify the official or first-made roll.O. F. cOlttre, over against; ro/(l )e, a roll. L. rO'llrii, against; rotttlltm, ace. Qf "0Itllus, a roll; see Roll.
Controversy. ( F. -L.) A. F . ronIroversie ( 13 ) 7 ) . - L. cOlllrouersia, a quarreI. - L. cOnlrouerms. opposed . - 1..
(on/ro-. masc. or neut. form corresponding
to fern . ronlra, against; turSt~, pp. of
turlen, to turn. See Contra-.
Contumacy. (F.-L.) A. F. r01tlttlIIade ( 130;\).-L.conltmuicUz, obstinacy.L. (Onltlmaci- , st em of c01l/umax, stuhhom. -L. rOIl- (mm ), very; and -Itlm'ax ,
prob. from IlIm-i're , to swell with pride;
see Tumid.
Contumely. ( F. -L.) M. F . C0111t/melie. - L. rOltlumi/Uz, insult, reproach;
prob. allierl to C01tlumaria; see Cont umacy.
Contuse, to bruise severely. (L.) L.
r01tlitstts, pp. of ronttmdere, to bruise
s~ verely. - L. con- (rum) , with, much; and
Itmdere, to strike.+Skt. Itld , to strike;
(;oth. slatllatt, to strike. (VSTEU D.)
Hmgm. i. 818.
Conundrum. (Unknown.) Fonnerly
used in the sense of whim, crotchet, or
hoax. Also q1l01tlmdrttm; orig. in univ.
slang; prob. uf L. origin.
Convalesce. (L.) L. r01ttla /csCl!"e, to
hegin to grow well; an inceptive form .
-L. con- ( = ettm) , fully; tUl/ire, to be
,trong.
Convene, to assemble. (F.-I..) F.
roltvt1tir, to as..o;emble.- L romunire, to
come together. -I.. rOIl- (CUlII), together;
uellire, to (,Oll1e.
convenient, suitable. ( F. - L. )
l'rnm , tem of L. 1'01l11nlie1ls, ~\lih,hle;

orig. pres. pt. of ronumire , to come together, suit (above) .

convent. (L.) L. ronuenlus, an assembly. _ L. cOltuenlus, pp. of con-t/enire.
convention. ( F.-L.) F. COllven
li01I, 'a compact;' Cot.-L. ace.. r01lu ettliiintlll, a meeting, compact. _ L_ C01ttUII/US , pp. of rD1t-tun/re, to meet.
Converge. (L.) Late L. ronuergere,
to incline together (Isidore). _ 1.. C01t(mm ), together; tter,fere, to bend, incline.
Converse, vb. (F. - L.) F. converslt,
to associate with ; Cot. - L. COlnlerSar/, to
live with. _ L. rOIl- \,111/1 ), with; fursar i,
to dwell (lit. turn oneself about), orig.
pass. of the frequent. of tter/ere, to turn.
convert, vb. (F.-L.) O.F. rlmverlir. _ Folk-L. rollve.tire, for L. roltuerlere, to tum wholly, change. -L. rOIl (rttm), wholly; uer/ere, to tum.
Convex. (L.) 1.. c01tuextls, nrchcd,
vaulted; related to ronuekere, to bring
together (hence, to unite by an arch). - L.
am- (for cum), together; tukere, to carry,
bring. See Vehicle.
Convey, Convoy, vb. (F. - L.)
M.E. contuien, rOlltloien (ronveien, rOIlvoiut), to convey, also to convoy. -A.I' .
cOllveier, O. F. C01tVOt'er, to convey, convoy,
accompnny on the way. - Late L. r01l1liare,
to accompany.-L. ro1/.- (rt'm), with; 1Iia,
way. ~ Convey is the A. F. or Norman
form; convoy is Parisian.
Convince. (L. ) L. rontlillrtre, to
overcome by proof. - L . COIt- (mill ).
wholly ; tti'lcere, to conquer. Der. ,'011v iet, verb and sb. , from A. F. convirt<L.
coltttid1ls, pp. of conuinCl!re.
Convivial. (L.) Coined as adj . from
L. C01l11iu,;-tIIlt, a feast. - L. ron- (mm),
together ; 1I/lIlt'e, to live (hence, eat).
Convoke. (F.-L.) F. ronvoqtlu'. L. C01tttoca,.e. to call together. - L. ron-,
together; uocare. to call.
Convolve. ( L.) L. rOnt/o/llere, to roll
together , writhe about. -L. COIt- (ft/m ,
together; 1I0/uere , to roll. Der. (D1t1101utio.t, from pp. colZtwliilus; convo/V-t/I' lIS,
L. C011110luultts , a twining plant.
Convoy; see Convey.
Convulse, to agitate violently. (L.)
L. r01t"tllsttS, pp. of r01lt1ellere, to pluck
up, convul50e. - L. co.t- (CIt''' ), with,
severely; ttel/ere. to pluck.
Cony, Coney, a rabbit. (F . - L. )
M. E. roni; allO (on)'1t;/f. Anglo-F. rlmil,

ItO

coo

CORACLE

(1m;,,; O. F. ctnl7lil. - L. (u7Iimlus, a

Copeck, a small Russian coin, worth

rabbit; a word of uncertain origin.

COO. (E. ) A purely imitative word;
also spelt croo. ce. cuckoo, cock.
Cook. (L.l M. E. COMn, to cook;
A. S. (OC, a cook. - L. coquus, a cook; coquere, to cook.+Gk ..... /T/TfI~; Skt. padz,
10 cook; Russ. ptcll (e), to bake. (.vPEQ;
whence Lat. *pequere, becoming *ql/equcre
by assimilation, and then coqllere; Gk.
*frlq-tflv, whence frf/T/TflV.) Brugm. i.
116 r. A. S. coc = Late L. cocus, for coqtllls.
Cookie, a cake; see Cake.
Cool. (E.) A. S. col, cool.+Du. koe!;
Teut. type *kol-ulI: ; also, with mntation,
Dan . kol, G. kiihl; from kol-, lnd grade
of kal-, as in A. S. caia7l, leel. kala, to
freeze (pt. t. M/); see Cold.
Coolie, Coo~, an East Indian porter.
(Hind. or Tamil.) Hind. kuli, a labourer,
porter, cooley (Forbes); prob. from Koli,
a tribal name (Yule). Or from Tamil kitli,
daily hire or wages; hence, a daylabourer (Wilson).
Coomb; see Comb.
COOp. (L.) M. E. (tIpe, a basket;
answcdng to A. S. *ciipe, not found, though
rijipe (with i-mutation ) occurs as a gloss
to dolitllll. - L. ciipa, a tub, whence also
Du. ktliP, Ice!. kNpa, a bowl; also Late L.
copa, whence G. ""ife, tub, vat, coop;
O. Sax. copa, a tub. Cf. Skt. kiipa, a pit,
hollow. Der. coop-er, tub-maker.
Co-operate. (L.) From pp. of L.
co-optrar;, to work with; from (0- (CUIll ),
with; and operari, to work; see Operate.
Co-ordinate. (L.) From L. co- ({tim ),
with; and the pp. of ordiniire, to order.
See Ordinate.
Coot. (E.) M. E. cote, coote, a waterfowl.+Du. koel, a coot. Origin unknown.
Copal. (Span. - Mexican.) Span. copal.
- Mex. copalli, resin.
Co-parcener, nco-partner. (F.-L.)
Parcener is the true old spelling ofpartney;
see Partner.
Cope ( I), orig. a cape. (Late L. ) M. E.
cope, earlier cape; A. S. *t'lipa, not found;
but Ice!. kaptz occur~. - Late L. capa, a
cape; see Cape ( I ). [Cf. pope, from
A. S. Pilpa.] Der. copillg-stolle.
Co;pe el ), to vie with. (F. -L.-Gk. )
M.1<:. COpell, COt/petl, to fight. - O. F. cOpt1',
(o'llpel' , colper, to strike ( I'. COliper, to cut).
-0. F. (Op, COIIP, (olp, a blow. - Late L.
co/pttS, L. colapll1ls, a blow. -Gk. ,y6Aa<{Ws,
a blow on the ear. See Coupon.

less than Id. ; a hundredth part of a rouble.

(Russ.) J{uss. kopieika, a copeck; dimin.
of Russ. kope,!, a lance. So called from the
figure of Ivan IV, holding a latla ( 1535).
See Rouble.
Copious, ample. (F. - L.) O. F. copieux. - L. copiostlS, plentiful. - L. copia,
plenty; for *co-opia. - L. co- (for mm ),
together; op-, base of opis, wealth. Cf.
ill-opia, want.
Copper, a metal. (Cyprus. ) M. E. copeI'.
A. S. (OPOy. -Late L. cuper, 1.. mprullt, n
contraction for Cupritt11l teS, Cyprian brass.
- Gk. KV"'p'or, Cyprian; K.51Tpor, Cyprus ,
whence the Romans got copper.
copperas, sulphate of iron. (F.-L.)
M. E. coperose. - O.F. coperas.: (couprose) ;
cf. Ital. copparosa. According to Diez,
from L. mpr, rosa, rose of copper, a translation of Gk. Xa.v.-av8os, brass - flower,
copperas. But this is prob. only a popular
etymology; and the Late L. cuprosa seems
to be merely an adj. form from (1IP1'll1/l.
See N.E.D.
Coppice, Coppy, Copse, a small
wooo. (F.-L.-Gk.) Coppy is short fol'
coppice, and copse is contracted. -0. F.
(opeiz [Low L. copeda], underwood frequently cut, brushwood. - O. F. coper , F.
cOt/per), to cut. -0. F. cop ( F. coup), a
stroke. - Low L. coiptlS, L. co/alllus, stroke,
blow.-Gk. KoAacpor, a blow. ~ O. F.
coptilt answers to a Late L. type *colpifllcium, from colplire, to strike. CoPIY arose
from coppice being taken ns coppies, pI. ;
and copse (cops) from reducing a supposed
pI. *coppis to cops.
Coprolite. (Gk.) Lit.' dung-stone.'
Made from Gk. ,yofrpo-r, dung; and hl8-or,
a stone. For -lile, cf. Aerolite.
Copulate. (L.) From pp. of L. coptt!tire, to join. - L. copula, a band; see
Couple.
Copy. (F.-L.) M . E. copy, abundance; the mod. sense is due to the multiplication of an original by means of copies.
- O. F. copie, abundance; also a copy. L. copia, plenty; see Copious.
Coquette. (F.) F.coqllttte, 'apratling
or proud gossip,' Cot.; fem. of c0'ltlet, a
little cock, dimm. of coq, a cock. C. provo
E. cocky, i. e. strutting as a cock.
Coracle, a light wicker boat. (W.) W.
cOrtvg/, cwrwgl, coracle; dimin. of corwg,
a carcase, C1Vywg, a boat, frame. So Gael.
Ctlrachall, coracle, from mradl, bont of

III

CORAL

CORNET

wicker-work; cf. Ir. corraclt" O. Ir. curaclt" rant, cormaran (Littre). -0. F. corp, a
crow; and O. F. *manne, belonging to
a boat.
Coral. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. coral. - the sea, deriv. of L. mare, sea, with G.
L. cora/lu1ll , coralium.-Gk. I<Op4AA'Oll, suffix -ing; cf. F.Jlamant, flamingo.-L
coral. See Schade, p. 1374.
coyuum, acc. of coruus, a crow; &c.
Corban, a gift. ( Heb.) Heb. qorban, Cf. Port. corvomarinko, a cormorant; lit.
an offering to God, in fulfilment of a vow; 'marine crow;' from L. corum marinus.
from qarab, to draw near. Cf. Arab. qur- But probably -moran was due to, or conban , a sacrifice.
fused with, Bret. morvran, a cormorant
Corbel. ( F. -L.) O. F . corbd, a rayen, (from mol', sea, and bran, a crow).
a corbel (in architecture), from the notion Corn ( I) , grain. (E.) A. S. rorn.+Du.
of a projecting beak. - Folk-L corbel/um, koren, Icel. Dan. Swed. G. korn, Goth.
for corvt//um, acc. of corve//us, dimin. kaurn. T ellt. type *kurnom, Idg. type
of L. coruus, a raven. Distinct from *g3rnom, com; whence O. Slav. ~ri1'UJ,
~rbei/, a basket full of earth (F. corbeil/e, Russ. urno, com.
Cf. Lat. gt'anum,
L. corbicula, dimin. of corDis, a basket).
grain; Skt . ji~a-, worn down, pp. ofjri.
Cord. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. COrtie. - Doublet,grain. See Churn. Drugm. i.
F. cortie. -Late L. corda, a thin rope; the S 638. (~GER.)
same as L. ckorda. -Gk. xo","" the string Corn (3 ), a hard excrescence on the
of a musical instrument. Der. cord-age foot. (F. - L.) O. F. corn (F. cor), a hom,
( F. cordage) ; cord-on (F. cordolt) ; cord- horny swelling.-L. com it, a horn; see
-elier (F. corde/ur, a twist of rope, also Horn.
a Gray Friar, who used such a twist; from
cornea, horny membrane in the eye.
cortie/er: to twist ropes). See C.hord.
(L.) L. cornea, fern. of CONmts, horny.CordiaJ.. (F. -L.) F . cordtal, hearty. L. corml, a hom.
-L. cordi-, decL stem of cor, heart; with
cornel, a shrub. (Du.-L.) M. Du.
suffix -a/is; see Heart.
komel/e, 'the fruit of the cornelle-tree:
CorduroJ', II. thick-ribbed or corded Hexham; cf. M. H. G. comdbaum, coruelstuff. (F. -L.) F. cortie du roi, a trade- tree; Weigand. [Cf. M. F.comille, a corname, invented in England; lit. 'king's nel-berry; comil/itr, cornel-tree.] - Late L.
cord.' See Cord and Royal.
corno/ium, cornel-tree.-L. comus, a corCordwainer, shoemaker. (F. -Span.) nel-tree; from the hard,. horny nature of
M. E. cortietvaner, a worker in cortitwane, the wood. -L. cornu, a hom.
i.e. leather of Cordova. -0. F. cordouan,
cornelian, a kind of chalcedony.
Cordovan leather. -Late L. Cordoa, Cor (F. -L.) Formerly coma/ine. -F. comadova in Spain (L. Corduba).
/ine , 'the cornix or cornaline, a flesh.
Core, hard centre in fruit, &c. (F. -L.?) coloured stone;' Cot. Cf. Port. comeEtym. doubtful. Perhaps from F . cor, a/ina; also Ital. comio/a, (I) a cornel-tree,
hom, also, a com on the foot, callosity. - (3) a carnelian, prob. so named because
L. contu , a horn, a horny excrescence.
its colour resembles that of the fmit of the
Coriander. (F . -L.-Gk.) F. corio cornel-tree (Schade).-Late L . cominta,
andre.-L. coriandrum (whence A.S. cel- cornel-berry; corno/ium, cornel.-L. corlendre). -Gk. I<op/alllloll, 1<0(,.011, coriander. neus, adj. of comus, a cornel. ~ Altered
Cork. (Span. - L.) Apparently from to corneD/liS in Late L. (Schade, p. 1379),
O. Span. akorqut, a cork shoe, which carnelian in E., and carlltol in G., from
seems to be an Arab. form allied to Span. a popular etymology which connected it
al-cornoque, the cork-tree, where a/ is the with L. cant, stem of caro, flesh. cr.
Arab. def. art., and co,.,,oque is formed onyx = Gk. i)IIV[, finger-nail.
corner. ( F.-L.) A. F.conzere; O. F.
from L. quernus J ar *qutrcnus), oaken,
adj. from L. qutr/us, an oak. ~ But the corniere. - Med. L. corniria, corner, angle.
bark of the tree was called, in Span., corcke, - Med. L. corna, angle. - L. cornua, pI. of
curclt,o. _ L. cortiCl!f1t, acc. of cortex, bark. cornu, hom, projection; taken as a fern.
Hence cork is often derived from Span. sing.
corcko, though k for cit, seems improbcornet. (F.-L.) M. E.conzet,ahorn;
able.
later, a troop of horse (who carried a co,'Cormor&Dt a bird. (F.-L.) The t nette or standard); also an officer of such
is excrescent.cormoran; O. F. COY11ta a troop.-F. COl'7Ut, (ornette, dimin. of F.

F.

IU

CORNICE

CORSE

ronle, a horn. - Med. L . (orn.a, a hom (Span. - L.) Span . (o}'1'al, a court, yard,
en closu re. - Span. corl'O, a ci rcle, a ring of
(above) .
Cornice. (F. - Ital. ) M. F . and Picard people mel to see a show. From the
cornice ; F. corniche. - Ital. cornice , a ph rase corre, '~ros, to hold a bull -fight,
ledge for hanging tapestry (Florio) ; lit. to ru n bulls. _ L cUJnre, to run (Diez).
usually, a crow (from L. acc. cornicem , a See Kraal.
crow). Origin uncertain; by some idenli - Correct, adj. (L.) L. coneetus, pp.
lied with coronix, a square frame . _ Gk . of corrigere, to correct. - L. cor- (for
lCopowis, curved; as sb., a wreath.
CO',-= C1l11l ), together ; regere, to rule.
Corolla. (L.) L corolla, dimin. of co
corregidor, a Spanish magistrate.
rOlla , a crown. See Cr ow n .
(Span. - L.) Span . corregitior, lit. ' corcorol.la.ry. (L ) L cO"ollarium, a pre- rector .' - Span . corregir, to correct. - L.
sent of a garland, a gratuity ; also, an corrigere (above) .
Correlate, t 3 relate or refer mutually.
additional inference. - L corolla (above).
coronal, a crown. (F. - L ) Properly (L.) Coined from L. cor- ( = cum), toan adj. - 1<. coronal, adj. - L corOnalis, gethef; and R elate, q. v.
belonging to a crown. - L cOrona, a crown. Correspond. (F. - L. ) F . cOlr Up01lcoronation. (L) LateL acc. corona- dre. - L . cOr- (for con-, cum ), together;
tionelll, from pp. of corow 1.re, to crown. - and Resp on d, q. v.
L corO,ta, a crown.
Corridor. (F . -Ital.-L.) F . corridor.
coroner. (F . - L ) Also crowmr; - Ital. corridore, a swift horse ; also, a
both forms represent A. F . conmer, roroner , long (running al ong) gallery. - Ital. cOr
Latinised as coronar ius, a crown-offi cer, a nre, to run. - L . c/trt'ere, to run.
coroner (afterwards Latinised as coro- Corrie. (Gael.) Gael. coire, a circular
nalor ). - O. F. corolle, a crown. - L corOlla, hollow surrounded with hills, a mountain
a crown.
dell ; also, a cauldron. [Cf. G. kessel, a
coronet. (F. - L ) Dimin. of O. F . kettle, a ravine.] O. Irish coi"e, core, a
corone, a crown. - L. corona , a crown.
kettle ; VI/ . pair, A. S. hwer, a cauldron .
Coronach, a dirge. (Gael. ) Gael. cor- Hrugm. i. 123 .
ranach, a dirge, lit. ' a howling together.' Corroborate. (L ) From pp. of L.
Gael. comh- ( =Lcum), together; ranaich, cOl'robornre, to strengthen. - L COI'- (fo r
a howling, from the verb rail, to howl, COtl- = cum), wholly ; robor -, stem of roblll',
cry, roar, which is from 1"Il1l, sb., an outcry . strength.
So also Irish (ora"ach, a dirge.
Corrode. (F.-L.) F. corroder. - L.
Corporal (I), a subordinate officer. cor riidere, to gnaw to pieces. - L. cor - (for
(F. -L.) O.F. corpor al. - Late L. cor- COtl-= W11I ), wholly; "odere, to gnaw.
lOra/is, a captain; a leader of a bod y of D er. corrosive, from pp. corrosus.
troops. - L. corpor-, for *corpos-, stem Corrody, Corody, allowance, penof corpus, body. ~ F . has now the form sian . (Low Lat. - T eut. ) A. F . rorodie. caporal, from Ital. caporale, a chief of a Low L. corrOriiu11l , earlier (orrediu1lt, L.
band ; as if from Ital. capo, head (L. form of A. F. conrei, preparation, procaput) ; but this does not explain the -01'- . vision, allowance. See Curry ( I ).
corporal (2), belongi ng to the body. Corrugate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(F. - L.) O. F. corporal, corporel. - L. corriignrt, to wrinkle. - L. cor- (mm),
corporait's, bodily. - L corpor-, for *cor- wholly ; and n ;gare, to wrinkle, from
pos-. stem of corpus, the body. D er . n'iga, a wrinkle.
(from L. corpor- ) corpor-ate. corpor-e-al Corrupt, adj. (F. - L.) A. F . (ol'UPI.
(L . corpore-us), &c. llrugm . i. 555.
- L. corruptus, pp. of corrumpere, to break
corps, corpse, corse, a body. wholly, corrupt. - L. cor- (for con- = m lll),
(F. - L.) [Here corpr is I'. ; corse is from wholly; "lImpere, to break.
theO. F .con1 M.E. cors,corps. - O. F. Corsair. (F . -Ital.-L.) F. corsairt
cors, M. F . corps, the body. - L. corpus , body. (Prav. corsari, one who makes the course,
corpulent. (F. - L.) F . corpulml. - corsa). - I tal. corsart, earl ier rorsaro, a
L. rorpulentus, fat. _ J:. corpus, body.
pirate. - Med. 1.. ctlrsiirius, a pirate. corpuscle. (L. ) L. corpw-w-lum, L . cursus, a course. See Course.
dOUble dimin. of corpus, body.
Corse, a body. (F. - L. ) M. E. ( 0 1'.<. Corral, an enclosure for animals, pen. O. F. corso- L. (orpus, a body.
113

CORSET
corset.

COUGH

(F.-L. ) F. (orsel, a pair of

stays; (!i min. of O. F. (ors, body.
corslet. (F. - L.) F. (orse/d, , a little
body,' Cot.; hence, bodyamour. Double
dimin. of O. F. cors, body (above) .
Cortege. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. cort~ge, a
train, retinue. - Ital. corleggio, a retinue.
-Ital. corte, a court. - L. corlem, (0horlem, ace. of (ohors, a court; see Court
( I ).
cortes, the Span. national assembly.
(Span. -L. ) Span. (ortes, pI. of (orle, a
court.-L. (ortem (above).
Cortez, bark. (L. ) L. cortex (gen .
corlids). bark. Der. (orlical.
Coruscate. ( L. ) From pp. of L.
(oru$((lre, to glitter.
Corvette, a small frigate. (F. - Port. L. ) F. (orvel/e. - Port. corveta; Span.
(orbela, a corvette. -L. corbila, a slowsailing ship of burden, - L. corbis, a basket.
Cosmic, relating to the world. (Gk.)
Gk. Ko ull",6~, adj., from "oUIlOS, order, also
the worlcl, universe.
Der. cosmo-l{olZy,
(osmo g raphy, (osmo - logy. cosmo' po/ile
(citizen of the world, Gk. flO)..{TTJS, a
citizen 1.
cDsmetic, that which beautifies. (Gk.)
Gk. KOUI'-TJTIKOS, skilled in adorning;
whence also F. cosmtlique. -Gk. KOU}JEOJ,
I aelorn .-Gk. K6u}Jo ~, order, ornament.
Cossack, a light-armed S. Russian
soldier. ( Russ. - Tatar.)
Russ. kozak',
kazak'; of Tatar (Tartar) origin. - Turki
qllzzliq, a vagabond; a predatory horse
man (Yule) .
Cosset, to pet. (E.) From 16th cent.
rosse/,a pet-lamb, a pel Prob. the same as
A. F. coseet, cozet, a cottar; A. S. rol-s(2Ia,
a dweller in a cot, 'cotsitter.' From
A. S. cot, cot; s{2ta, dweller, from sillalt ,
to sit. Cf. provo G. kossat, a cottager.
[So Ital. casiccio, pet lamb (Florio) ; from
msa, a cottage.]
Cost, vb. ( F. -L.) M. E. coslen. -0. F .
coster (F . coater), to cost. _ L. c01lslare, to
stand together, last; also to cost. -L. C01t(cum), together ; and stare, to stand.
Costal, relating to the ribs. (L.) From
1.. rosta, a rib. See Coast.
Costermonger. ( F. and E.) F ormerly costerli-moll/fc r , or coslard-mtm,l{er.
a seller of (oslards or apples. [ The suffix
-mollger is E.; see Monger.] M. E.
roslard, an apple . where the suffix -ard is
F. ; prob. from O. F . coste, F. cOte, a rib ;
cr. Y . /mil rl1ftll, rihbed fmit (Hamilton).

Costive.

( F.-L.) From O. F;(vs/rot.

- L. crmslipnlus, constip:lted. See ron.
sliltr ill Littn: ; and Constipate.
Costume. ( F.-Ita\.- L.) O. F . cos."
tWlle, a costume. _ Ital. costume; Low L.
cosliima; see Custom. Doublet of Ctls
tom.
Cosy, Cozy, comfortable, snugly shelterce\. (C.?) L owland Scotch (osie, rozil'
(Bums). Etym. unkn own; perhaps cf.
Gael. riJsarll, casagnch, abounding in reo
ce~ses, also snug, sheltered; Gael. <'Ils, a
holl ow, recess, cave; Irish mas, a cave.
Cot, a small dwelling; Cote, an ellclosure. (E.) M. E. role. A. S. cot, (ole, a
cot,den; Northumbrian (ol .+Du. kol, Icel.
kol, cot, hut; provo G. koth., cot. Der.
(ott-age (with F. suffix) ; (ott-a l' or ro/l-er;
sheep-role.
coterie, a set of people. (F.-Teut.)
F. (oleric, a set of people, company;
allied to O. F. colo'ie, servile tcnure
(Littre); Low L. cole1'ia, a tenure hy
cottars who clubbed together. - Low L.
cola, a cot. _ Du. kot (ahove).
Cotillon, Cotillion, a dance for 4 or
8 persons. ( f'. - M. H. G.) F. colil101I, lit.
a petticoat; see Cotgrave. Formed, with
suffix -m-OIl, from O. F. (ole, a coat,
frock: see Coat.
Cotton ( I), a downy substan ce. (F.Span. -Arab.) M. E. anel A . F. colotm. F. (01011. _ Span. rololl, algor/ott, colton
(where al is the Arab. arL). - Arab. qUt1Z,
quttm, cotton.
cotton ( a), to agree. From a technical
use of COtt01l, to form a down upon; from
Cotton ( I); see Nares.
Cotyledon, seed lobe. (Gk.) Gk.
KOTVATJ&liV , a cup-shaped h ollow. - Gk.
KOTV)..TJ, a hollow vessel, cup.
Couch to lay down , pla<:e, Sct. ( LL.) M. E. (otlchm, to set, armnge.-O.F.
coucher, colrlur, to place. - 1.. (olloriire, to
put together. - L. rol- (rt/m ). together;
and loctire, to place, from loms. a place.
Der. cotlch , sb., a place 011 which one is
(ouched or laid .
Couch-grass, a ~rass which is troub!esome as a weed. ( \<..) Here COttell l~ a
va riant of qtlilch , palatalisecl form of
qtlirk, i. e. tenacious of life; see Quick.
Cousrh. (E. ) M. E. (oll.f[hm, r07lJhen.
A. S. 'trohhialt, onl y found in the deriv.
coJ/hetall, to make a noi se. [The usual
A. S. word is h7i'l'slall .l C f. Du. J:lI.1UI/,
to cough; M. H. G. kii(hm, C. kell(hen,

IT"

COULD

COUPLE

to gasp. From an imitative base *keuh , jo;,u! is a corruption of O . F. cOlltepointe,

k llh, to gasp; see Chincough.
a counterpane (see courlepoillle in Littn!).
Could; see Can (I) .
-L. culcila puncta, a connterpane, a
Coulter, part of a plough. (L.) M. E. stitched ql1ilt (see Ducange) . - L. culeita,
coller. A . S. Cltlter. - L. culter, a coulter, a quilt; fu'lCta , fem. of functus, pp. of
knife. Cf. per-eel/ere, to strike.
pungere, to prick. See Quilt.
Council. (F . -L.) F. concile. -L. con Counterpa.ne (2), counterpart of a
cilium, an assembly called together. -L. deed . (F.-I..) M. F . cont1'epall, con IreCOil' (cum), together ; and calan, to pant; Cot. - F . {01ltre (L. contra ), over
summon. ~ Often confused with co/msd. against; pan, a piece, part; see Pane.
Counsel. (F. - L .) M. E . cOllseil. - Counterpoint, the composing of
O. F. c01lSeil. -L. c01zsilium, deliberation. music in parts. (F . -L.) M. F. C01ltre
- L. {o1lSulere, to consult; see Consult. poinct,' a ground or plain song, in mnsic ; ,
~ Often confused with coullcil.
Cot. The lit. sense is point agai1lst poi1lt,
Count (I ), a title of rank. (F .-L.) from the points or dots which represented
The orig. sense was companion.' A . F . musical notes, and were placed on staves
cO/mle (not in M. E.). - O. F . conle; also over or against each other in compositions
(omle. - L. comite1ll, acc. of {01lles, a com- in two or more parts.- F. contre (L. {Oltpanion (stem com it. ). - L.com- (for cum- ), tra), against; point, a point ; see Point.
together ; and it-1I111, supine of f1'e, to go. Counterpoise. (F.- L.) F rom {OWIDer. cOlmt-ess; also cOllnl-y (below).
IeI' and poise; see Poise.
Count (2), to reckon. (F. - L.) F. Counterscarp, exterior slope of a
(oilIer, formerly also {ompter. -L. compu- ditch. (F . -ltal.-L. a1tdTeut. ) F . {01ltarc, to compute; see Compute.
trescarpe; Cot. - Ital. cOlltrascarpa. Countena.nce. (F. -L.) O. F. COll- Ital. c01ltra, over against; scarpa, a scarp.
Imanee, gesture, demeanour; also look, See Counter - and Scarp.
\'is,lge. - L. continenlia, continence, which Countersign, to attest by signing in
in Late L. meant' gesture, demeanour.' - addition. , F .- L.) F. contreslC'ur, to
L.{oIlHl1cnt -, stem of pres. pt. of cOlltilli re; subsigne;' Cot. - F. cOlltre, over against;
see Continent. Der. dis- cOtll1ten411ce, vb. siguer, to sign; see Counter- and Sign.
Counter, a piece to count with, a Countertenor. (F.-Ital.-L.) M.F.
bureal1. (F. -L. ) M. E . counlollr.-O. F . cOlllrdcltctlr; Cot. -Ital. C011lratmore . a
101lleour, cOllntour. From O. F . conler ; countertenor, the highest adult male voice.
,ee Count (l ).
-!tal.conlra, against, over against ; Imore,
Counter-, prefix. (F . - L.) F . contre, a tenor ; sec Tenor.
Countervail. (F. - L.) M. E. (011,
against. - L. (onlra, against.
Counteract. (F.-L. ) See Counter-, trevailm. - O. F. cOI/It'evail-, a stem of
prefix, and Act.
c011Irevaloi1', to avail against. - O . F. con Counterfeit, imitated.
(F. - L.) tre , against; valoir, to avail. - L. (011trt7,
1If. E. cOlmlerjeit. - O. F. contrifait, pp. against ; Ita/ire, to be strong.
of ronlrifaire, to imitate. _ F. c01ltre, over Country. (F. - L.) M. E. C011Iree.against, like; faire, to make. - L. cotllra, O. F. contree (= Ital. conlrada ). - Late L.
against ; faure, to make.
cOlllnlda, cont1'ata, a region, lit. that which
Counterma.nd, to revoke an order. lies opposite; cf. G. gegmd, couutry, lit.
(F. - L.) F . contremallder, to recall a opposi te, fromgegm , opposite. - L. {onI1"I,
command . - F. conlre (L. contra), against; opposite; see Contra-.
mander (L. mamitire), to command.
Country-dance. (F.) From country
Counterpane ( I), a coverlet for a bed. and d(l1Iu. (The F. cOlltredamc was bor(F. -L.) An altered form , in place of rowed from this E. form.)
(owllerpoint, as in Shako - M. F . contre- County, orig. a province governed by a
poinct, the back-stitch or quilting-stitch, count. (F. - L.) M. E . COU1ttee. - O. F .
also a quilt; Cot. 13. Thus named, by a cotmte (i. e. cOUll-Ie'), F. comlt, a province.
popular etymology, from a fancied connec- - Late L. comiliiltml, acc. of "omit,itus, a
tion with M. F. cOlltrejoi1lder, to work the coullty , though the old meaning was aCombackstitch (from cont1'/! = L. contra ). But ! pany or suite). - L. comi/-, stem of COllies,
really connected with M. F. coulrepoinlcr, a count; see Count ( I).
to q uilt (al so in Cotgra\'ey. In fact, cOlllre- . Couple. (F. - L.) n . F . (opl., later
115

COUPON

KI NE

rouple. - L. cupula, a bond, band, that a cousin. - L. COlt (rum), together; sobriwhich joins; short for *coap-ula. - L. (0 - 1111.<, for *swesr-i1t1ts, belonging to a sister;
(cum), together; and O. L. apere, to join, from L. soror (for *swuiJr) , a sister; cf.
preserved in the pp. aptus; see Apt.
Skt. roasr, a si ter. See Sister. (Cf.
Coupon, one of a series of conjoined Brugm. i. 319.)
tickets or certificates. (F.-L.-Gk. ) F. Cove, a nook . (E.) A.S.cofa,a chamIcel. kofi, a hut; Swed.
(oupon , a piece cut off, a coupon. - F.couper, ber, a cave.
to cut, slash. - F.{oup, ablow. - LateL. kofva; G. koven, a cabin. ~ Distinct
colpus, short for colaphus, a blbw. - Gk. from cave, roop, alcove. llrugm. i. 658 .
KuAacpos, a blow on the ear.
Covenant, agreement. ( F.-L.) O. F .
Courage. IF.-L.) F. courage, O. F. covenallt, also convenant, agree ment. corage; formed with su ffi x -age (L .-titictem) O. F. cO(Il)vma..t, pres. pt. of. co(,,)vmir,
from O. F. cor, heart. - L. cor, h eart. to assemble, agree. - L. conuellire, to asD er. encourage.
semble, come together ; see Convene.
Courier. l F . - Ital.-L.) M. F.courier, Cover, to hide. (F.-L.) O.F. covrir
a runner ; F. coun-ier. -Ital. con'iere, lit. ({ouvrir). _ L. coojJerire, to cover. - L. (0'runner.' - Ital. correre, to run . - L. cur- (cum ), wholly; operire, to shut, hide. For
rere, to run .
*op-uerire; cf. Lith. aZ-7IJeriu, I shut,
course. (F. - L.) F. course. - L. cur- wartai, doors, Oscan acc. venl, a door .
sum , acc. of mrStls, a course; from pp. of llrugm. i. 350.
currere. D er. rours-er, a swift horse.
coverlet. (F . -L.) M. E . coverlite.
Court ( I), a yard; royal retinue, judicial - A. F. covedet, ~overlit. (not in O. F-) ,
assembly. ( F .- L. ) M. E. cort, curt. - a bed-cover. - O.l<.. covr,r, to cover ; itt,
O.F. cort, curt (F. cour/), a court, a yard, a bed, from L. lectum, acc. of lect.u, a
also a tribunal. - L. acc. cUrtem, cohorlem bed.
(nom. cohors), a pen, enclosure, cattlecovert. (F. - L. ) O. F. cove,t, pp.
yard, court, also a cohort, or band of sol- of covrir, to cover (above) .
diers. - L. co- (11m), together; and h ~'-!-, Covet. (F.-L.) M. E. coudten (coas in hort-tlS, a garden, yard, cog-a ate with veitm). - A. F. coveiter ( F. convoiter).
Cf. Ital. ettbitare (for cupitare), to covet.
yard. (.vGHER.)
court (2) , to seek favour. (F.-L.) Formed, as if from L. *C1Ipidittire, from
From the sb. court; hence, to practise arts cup iditti-tem, acc., eager desire, which
in vogue at court.
is from cupidus, desirous of. - L. ettpere,
courteous, of courtly manners. (F. to desire. See Cu p id .
-L.) M. E. {orteis , later corteous. Covey. (F.-L.) O. F . covee (F . rouO. F. corteis, courteous. - O. F. cort, a vee), a brood of partridges; fern. ofpp. of
court; with suffix -eis ( L. -emis).
cover (F. couver), to hatch, sit. - L. cuhtirc,
courtesan. (F. -Ital. - L.) Fern. to lie down, sit. Cf. Gk. KIJcp6s, bent.
of 1'. co/n-lisan, a conrtier. - I tal. corti- Covin, secret agreement, frand; a lawgiano (in F lorio cort<:~"iano) , a courtier. For term. (F . - L.)
M. E. (ovi1,e. - O. F.
*ror/esiano, an extension of cortese, cour- covine, agreement. -0. F. covenir, to asteous ; from Ital. corte, court. - L. ace. semble, agree. - L. conuellire, to come
(ur/em; see Court ( I).
together. See Con ven e, Covenant. (The
courtesy. (F . -L.) M. E. cor/esie. O. F. covine answers to Late L. convenia,
- O. F . cD1'/esie, courtesy. - O. F. corteis, pI. of convelZium, an agreement.)
courteous; see courteous.
COW ( I), fem ale of the bull. ( E.) A. S.
courtier. ( F. - L.) M. E. courteotlr. cu; pI. cj, whence M. E. ky, and the
From A. 1'. *cortei-er (0. F. (ortoi-er), to double pI. ky-tn = kine. Teut. stem *ku-,
live at court; with suffix -our (L. -ii/orem). whence also Icel. kjr. Dn. koe, Swed.
Dan. ko , G. kuk; Teut. stem *ku-. Also
- O. F. rort , a court .
Court cards j a corruption of coat Irish and Gael. bu, W. btlw, L. bUs (gen.
rards, pictured cards, the old name.
bou-is), Gk. {Jo"" Pers. giiw, Skt.go- (nom.
Courteous, &c.; see Court .
gaus); cf. Russ . goviado, oxen. Idg.
Cousin. (F. - L.) M. E. eosin. - O. F. stems ~r(w) iitl-, *g(W)07I'-. See B eef.
rosin ( F. (otlsin; Late L. cosinus, Ital.
kine, cows. ( E.) A double pl., made
m gino, Romaunsch cusrin, {usdrin~ .- L. by adding -1t, short for e'l (A. S. -an), to
(ol1.fof,rimiS, the child of a mother's sister, M. E. ky, A. S. cj. cows. The A. S. cy,
11 6

cow
pl. of CIt. a cow, is formed by vowdchange from i, to y_
Cow (2), to dishearten. (Scand.) Ice!.
kliga, to tyrannise over; Dan. kue, to
coerce, subdue; Swed. kufva, to suppress.
Coward. (F.-L. ) A.F.couard,ahare,
a coward , F. cOttard, a coward; cf. Ita!.
codardo, a coward. Probably named from
the 'bob-tailed' hare.-O. F. coe (Ital.
foda ) , a tail; with F. suffix -ard, from
Teut. -Ilart, orig. hard. - L. cauda, a
tail.
Cower. (Scand.) M.E. couren.-Ice!'
kl,ra, Dan. kure, to doze, lie quiet ; Swed.
kura, to cower, lie quiet; Swed. dial. kura,
to sit hunched up. Cf. G. kauern, to
cower.
Cowl ( 1), a monk's hood. (L.) M. E.
aile, cOttle. A. S. mg-e!e, cug-Ie.-L. cucttlla, a cowl; cf. also CUCttl/us.
Cowl (2 ), a vessel carried on a pole.
(F. - L.) M.E. COtte!. - O.F. Cttve/ (cuveau),
a little tuh; dimin. of CttVe, a vat, tub. L. Cltpa, a tub. Der. cowl-staff.
COwry, a small shell used for money.
(Hind .-Skt.) Hind. kauri, a small shell
( Cypraa tltOlzcta) used as coin in the
lower provinces of India. - Skt. kaparda.
Cowslip, a flower. (E.) M. E. cousloppe. A. S. ctt-sloppe, cit-slyppc, lit. cowslop, i. e. a piece of dung. (Other A. S.
llames of plants are of a very homely
character.) Cf. oxlip, q. v. ; and provo E.
bull-slop, a Inrge kind of oxlip (Britten).
Co][comb. (E.) A fool, named from
his "ock's comb, or fool's cap, cap with a
cock's crest.
Cozswain. (F. and Scand.)
For
cock-swain; from cock (4), a boat, and
swain.
Coy. (F. -L.) O. F. coi, older form
tJuei, quiet, still; spelt coy, qugy, in Cotgrnve. - Folk-L. *quetum, acc. of *quetus,
for L. quietus, still. See Quiet.
Coyote, a prairie.wolf. (Mexican.)
From coyote, Span. pron. of Mex. coyotl.
Cozen. (F . - L.) To cozen is to act
as cousin or kinsman, to sponge upon,
beguile. - F. cousiner, to call cousin, to
sponge, live on other people; see Hamil
ton and Cotgrave. - F. cousin, a cousin;
see Cousin.
Crab ( 1), a shell-fish. eE.) A . S.
,.,abba. +Ice!. krabbi, Swed. krabba, Dan.
krabbe, Du. krab , G. krabbe. Allied to
E. Fries. and Du. kraMm, to scratch .

CRANBERRY
daw ; G. krebs (0. H. G. crebiz) , a crab,
Du. kree/t, a crab. See Crayfish.
crabbed, peevish, cramped. (E. )
From crab, sb.; i. e. crab-like, snappish
or awkward. Cf. Du. krabben, to scratch,
kn'bbm, to be peevish.
Crab (2), a kind of apple. (E.) Cf.
Swed. krabbiiple, crab-apple.
Perhaps
allied to cra.bbed (above) .
Crabbed; see Crab (I).
Crack. (E.) A. S. cracian, to crack.
+Du. krakelt , to crack, creak; G. kra
cllelt. Cr. Gael. crac, a fissure, ettaC, a
crack, to crack (from E. ). Imitative, like
crake, c,-eak, croak, "'asll, g-nash, knock.
cracknel. (F. - Du .) Formerly crakend, corruption of F. craque!in, a cracknel.
- Do. krakeling-, a cracknel. Named from
its crispness. - Du. krakett, t o crack.
crake, corncrake, a bird. (E.)
From its cry; M . E. craken, to cry out.
Allied to crack, croak.
Cradle. (E.) A.S. cradol. Cf. O. H,C;.
cralto, a basket; also O. H. G. crezzo,
pro v; G. kratze, a basket.
Craft, skill. (E.)
A. S. CYlzft.+Du.
kracht, Icel. kraptr,kraftr, Swed. Dan. G.
kraft, force . Cf. A. S. crajian, to crave,
demand. Der. kandi-craft.
Crag. (C.) W. craig-, Gael. creag,
crag, rock; Irish creag-, a rock; d . W .
careg-, Gael. carraig-, rock , cliff, Bret.
karrek , O. Irish carrc, a rock.
Crake; see Crack.
Cram. (E.) A. S. crammian, to stuff.
+ I ce!. kremja, Swed . krama, Dan.
kramme , to squeeze. From cramm , 2nd
grade of the str. vb. crimm-an, to crumble.
And cf. Cramp.
Cramp. (F. - Teut.) F. crampc, 'the
crampe,' Cot.; cf. crampon, 'a crampiron.' - Du. kramp, a cramp, spasm. From
the 2nd grade of Teot. *krempan-, *krimpan- , to draw together, as in O.H.G. krimphan, to draw together, str. vb. Cf. E.
crimp, cramp, crumple; Icel. krappr,
cramped; kreppa, to pinch. And compare Crank.
Crane. a bird. (E. ) A. S. cran.+Dl1.
kraan, Icel. trani (for kram), Swed .
trana, Dan. trane, G. kran-ich; W. and
Bret. g-aran, Gk. 'YffK1YOS, a crane, also a
crane for raising weights. Cf. L. g-rus, a
From
crane, Lith. g-anzys, a stork.
",GER, to cry out; cf. Gk. -yi]PIIS, voice
(Prellwitz).
cranberry. (Low G.) Modern; from

CRANIUM

CREAK

l.ow G. kraal/ben (Berghaus) , (;. krall- , worn by the Croa/iallS, who were called
been, lit. crane berry ; cf. Dan. tralleba:r in }<'. Croata or Crovales or Cravate.-.
lfrom t rallt = krane, as above); Swed. Croat is a name of Slavonic origin; cf.
Irallbiir.
Russ. K raal', a Croatian.
Cranium. (L.-Gk.) Med. L. era- I Crave. (E.) A. S. eraJian, to. crave,
uitllJl. - Gk. ItpavLov, skull; allied to Itapa, ask. Cf. Ice\. krifja, Swed. Imijva, Dan.
head.
krtZVe, 1'0 demand; Ice\. krafa, a deCrank (I) , a bend. (E. ) M. E. erallke. mand.
Allied to E. Fries. krlmkm, pp., bent. I Craven. (F. - L. ?) The oldest (orm
Cf. Du. kronkcl, a wrinkle, kronkelen , ' is M. E. eraval11, with the sense of beaten,
to wrinkle, turn, wind. Teut. base *krmk-, I foiled, or overcome. 1. Mr. Nicol sugvariant of *kreng-. C(. Cringe, Crinkle. gested that it is a clipped form of O. F.
crank (2) , easily npset, as a boat. , eravalll!, pp. explained by- Cotgrave by
(E.) I. e. easily bent or twisted aside. : ' oppressed, foiled'; this is the pp. of
Cf. Du. kralik, ill, poor; also krengen, to O. F . eravanter, to break, oppress~Late
careen a boat; Swed. kriinga, Dan. L. *ercpalllare, formed from erepant-, stem
kr1Ige, to heel over; see Cringe.
of pres. pI. of erepare, to crack, break.
crank (3), lively. (E.) The same Cf. Span. qtlcbraillar, to crack, break.
word , from the idea of turning quickly. 2. But it seems rather to be due to a con
Cf. Norw. krillg , active, brisk; Dan. dial. fusion of the E. vb. to crave with M.E.
k ncll,f{. dexterous.
creaunt, used in the precise sense of
Cranny. (F. - L.?) M. E. crany. recreant, craven, beaten; this answers to
- F. crall, a notch; with E. suffix -y o O. F. crealll, trusting, from Lat. acc.
Allied to ltal. crma,anotch (Florio). Cf. credmtem, believing; from cridere, to
Late L. crena, a notch (a word of doubt believe, in Late L., to yield, to fear (d.
ful authority). See Crenellate.
recreant). Cf. prov o E. cradde", cradant,
Crants, a garland. (M. Du. -G.) M. a coward; prob. from an A. F. form of
Du. krallls, Du. kra1ls, a garland, wreath l. . cridel11em.
(whence Dan. krat"'s, Sw. krans). All Craw, crop of fowls. (E.?) M. E.
from G. kram , a wreath.
a"awe. As if from A. S. *craga, the neck;
Crape. ( F. - 1..) F . crepe, formerly not found; N . Fries. krage. neck, craw.
cresp, fri zzled, crisped, crisp;' Cot. Allied to Du. kraag, G. kragm, neck,
h om its wrinkled surface. - L. crispus, collar (whence Late Ice\. kragi, Swed.
cllrled. See Crisp.
krage, Dan . krave, a collar) . Note also
Crare, a small ship. (F.) In Cymb. Dan. kro, thecrawofa bird; Swed.kni.fva.
iv. l. 205. M.E. crayer.-O.F. craie,', Crarish, the same as Crayfish.
o'eer, a war-vessel. Of unknown origin.
Crawl. (Scand .) Provo E. crajJle,
Crash, vb. (E.) Of imitative origin; . crojJle, to craw!' - Ice!. krafla, to paw,
closely allied to crack. Cf. clas/l, dash; crawl; Swed. krafla, to grope; Dan.
and see Craze.
k"avle, to crawl. Cf. N. }<-ries. krabli,
Crasis. (Gk.) Gk. Itpa.u<s, a mixing; krawli, to crawl ; l.ow G. krattelll. Frchence, contraction. - Gk. ItfpO.yVV,,", I quentative from Teut. base *krab-, to
mix.
scratch, claw; see Crab.
Crass. (L.) 1.. crassus, thick, dense. Cransh. (F. - O. H . G.) Altered
Cratch, a crib, manger. (F.-O.H.G.) from M.E. creviu.-O.F. crevisse, esM. E. crecene. - O. F . cree/Ie (creche) ; crevisse (tcnvisse). - O. H . G. crebiz, G.
Provo crepcha. -0. H. G. crippea (whence krebs, a crab; allied to G. krabbe, acral>;
G krippe), a crib. See Crib.
see Crab ( I ).
Crate. (L. ) 1.. crales, a hurdle ; hence, Crayon. (F . -L.) F. crayon; extended
a wicker-case, &c.
from F. craie, chalk. - L. erela, chalk.
Crater. (1.. - Gk. ) L. crallr, a bowl, Craze. (Scand. ) M. E. crased, i. e.
a crater. _ Gk. ItpO.TTtp, a large bowl in cracked. _ Swed. /..'Yasa, Dan. k"ase, to
which things were mixed. -Gk. ItfpOVVV,,", crackle; whence also F. tcraur, to break
I mix.
: in pieces. Cf. Swed: sla. 11I kras, Dan.
Cravat. (F. -Slavonic.) F. cravate, slaae i kras , to break 10 shivers.
( I) a Croatian, (1 ) a cravat. Cravats I Creak. (E.) M. E. kre~en. All ~ed to
were introduced into }<'rance in 1636, as . erake, crack. Cf. Du. kn ck, a CrIcket,

118

CREAM

CRIB

M. F. (riqueI', to creak, allied 10 cmqllt!l', of European blood. (F . -Spall. - L.) F.

to crack. Of imitative origin.
crtole. -Span. (1'io/lo, a negro corruption
Cream. ( F. -L. -Gk.) O. F. crume of *crilldillo, di min. of criado, one edu(F. (r~lIIe); really Ihe same word as O.
cated. instructed, or brought u]'; hence, a
cresme (F. chrbJle), chrism (Ihough con - child of European blood. Criado is pp.
fused with L. crelJlor, thick juice) .-L:tle ' of ( riare, 10 Cleate, also, to educale.-L.
L. chrisma, consecrated oi\. - Gk. XP :UJU1. , I creare, tu create, make.
~ Cf. Span.
an unguent; see Chrism.
criadi//a, dimin. of oiada, a servant-maid.
Crease (1), a wrinkle, as in folding Creosote, a li cJuid distilled from tar.
paper, &c. (F. -L.) Earliest spelling (Gk. ) Lit. ' flesh preserver.' - Gk. "PfO-,
creast, a ridge (later, a furrow). Variant for Kpfaf, flesh; and Uo.rT-, short for Uo.rT-~p,
of crest, ridge (as of a roof). Cf. Walloon preserver, from
to preserve. (lllcress, a crest, ridge of a roof, kretie, formed. )
The 'increasing'
wrinkled (Remade) ; Provo crest, creis, a Crescent. (L.)
ridge; and provo E. crease, a ridge-tile of moon. - L. crescmt-, stem of pres. pt. of
a roof. (Athen. Sept. 18, 1897.)
cresecre, to grow, increase (pp. (rl-/us),
erease (~ ) , Creese, a dagger. (Ma- inchoalive form allied to ere-are, 10
lay. ) Malay kris, 'a dagger, kris, or make; see Create.
creese;' Marsden_
Cress. (E.) M. E. ere!, ako kerse (by
Create. (L.) From pp. of L . erelire, shifting of 1-). A. S. clZ1'se, cerse, cressrz.
to make.+Skt. kr. to make. Der. ereat- +Du. l.-e1's, M. Du. and Low G. kerse, G.
ure, O. F. creature, L. enatura. And see kresu, O. H. G. cressa.
Crelloent. Brugm. i. ,6..p.
Cresset. (F. - L.) M. E. cressel,
Creed. (L.) M. E. erede; A. S. erlda. a light in a cup at the top of a pole.- L. erMo, I believe: the first word of O. F . a -esset, eraisset, a cresset (with
the creed. + O. Irish eretim, I believe; grease in an iron cup).-O. F. craisse (F.
Skt. (rad-dadltlillli, I believe. Der. cred- graisu), grease; Littre. -l'olk-L. *crassia,
mce (0. F. a'ldenee, L. eredenlia); cred- I grease, from L. crOSS1lS, thick, dense. So
iMe; C1'edit (L. pp. crMitus); cred-uluus also 'Wa11oon cracht, a cresset, from
(I.. crMulus), &e. Brugm. i. 539.
erache. grease.
Creek. (E.?) M. K mke, a creek.+ Crest. (F. - L.) O. I'. cmle (f'.
Du. kreek, M. Du. krike; cf. Ice!. kriki, a crete.) - L. crista, a comb or tuft on a
crack, nook (whence F . crique ). The bird's head , crest.
L. creorig. sense is 'a bend,' as in Swed. dia!' Cretaceous, chalky. (L. )
armkn'k, bend of the arm ; krik, an angle, tiice-tts. adj. from crila, chalk; with suffix
nook.
-ous.
Creel, an angler's osier basket. (F. - Crevice, Crevasse. (F. - L.) M. E.
L.) O. F. ereil, wicker-work (Ducange, crevice, crevase, crevasse. - O. I'. crevasse,
S.V. c!eia).-L. type
criifimIUlIl, for a rift (Late L. crepiitia;. -O. F. crever, to
cra/icula, wicker-work, double dimin. of burst asunder. - L. (1'epiire, to crackle,
crates, a hurdle. See Crate and Grill.
burst.
Creep. (E. )
M. E. crepm; A. S. Crew. (F. - L. ) 'F ormerly cmc, short
crlo}att.+Du. kntipm, Ice!. krjlipa, Swed. for a{(nle, a re-inforcement. - O. F . ac
krypa, Dan. krybe, to craw!' Tent. type creue, increase; orig. fern. of pp. of ae*krellpan-, str. vb.
croistre, to increase. - L. acerescere, to
Creese; see Crease ( 2).
grow to . -L. ac- (for ad), to; creseere, to
Cremation, burning. (L.) L. cremli- grow.
tiollem, ace. of crematio; from pp. of cre- Crewel, a thin worsted yarn. Origin
ma,'c , 10 bum.
unknown .
Crenate, notched. (L.) From Late Crib, a manger. (E.; A. S. cnb.+
L. erma, M. Ita!' crma, a notch.
O. Sax. kribbia, Du. krib, G. krippe ;
crenellate. ( LateL.-F.-L.) From allied to Icel. Swed. krubba , Dan. krybbe.
pp. of Late L. crbzelilire. to fumish with Allied perbaps to M. H. G . krebe, a basket;
battlements. - 0. F. crmei, a battlement; but not to Du. korf, G . korb, if these arc
dimin. of O. F. erelt , F. cran, a notch, from L. eorbis. Der. cn'b, verb. to put by
in a crib, purloin; cn 'M-age, where crt'/; i~
from Lale L. crella (above; .
Creole, one bom in the W. Indies. but the secret slore of card5
119

:F. !

uw,,,v,

CRICK

CROP

Crick. a sp.'\sm or twist in the neck , line. - F. (ri" (L. acc.

(E .) M. E. crykke; also used in the sense
of wrench. Prob. allied to Crack.
Cricket ( I), an insect. (F.-Teut.)
M. E. criktl. - O. F. crequet, criquet,
cricket. - O. F. criquer, to creak, rattle,
chirp. _ Du. kriek, a cricket; krikkrakkeu,
to rattle. From the imitath'e base krik;
cf. provo E. crackel, creaker, a cricke t.
Hexham has M. Du. krickell, ' to creake.'
Cricket (2 ) , a game. (F.-Du.) The
game was once played with a hooked
stick (Cot., S. v. crosse). - O. F. criquet,
'baton servant de but au jeu de boule;'
Godefroy. - M. Du. krick, kricke, a crutch;
A. S. (rice, cry((, a crutch,
Hexham.
staff.
Crime. (F. -L.) F. (rime. -L. crilIIetl, an a ccusation, fault (stem crimi'I- ) j
allied to cernere, to decide. + Gk. "P'}.ta,
"pipa , a decision j "pil'''I', to judge. Der.
(rimin-a/, crimin-ate; hence, recrimiflate
CrimP. to wrinkle. (E.) In late use;
answering to an A.S. *(rempan, E. Fries.
krempen, causal deriv. of Cramp. The
orig. str. vb. occurs as E. Fries. and Du.
krimpen, O. H. G. krimfan; Teut. type
*krempa,,- (krimpan-), to draw oneself
together, shrink up; pt. t. kramp, pp.
*krumpmlO-. See Cramp and Crumple.
Crimson. (F.-Arab.-Skt.) M . K
(Yemosin. - O. F . cramomn, cramoisyne
(see cramoisi in Littre) ; Low L. cramesinus, also (armesinus, crimson (Span.
(armesi, Ita1. dur11lislJ. - Arab. qirmizi,
crimson; from qirmiz, the cochineal insect. - Skt. kr1ll;(s), a worm. Brugm. i.
4 18 .
Cringe. (E.) M. E. crengen; causal
derivative of A. S. cringan, crincan, to
sink in battle, fall beneath the foe.
Crincan is a strong verb; see Crank,
Crinkle.
Cringle. an iron ring. (Low G.)
Low G. kringel, a ring (Lubben ) ; E. Fries.
kn'ngel j allied to Icel. kring/a, a circle
(cf. kringar, pl., the pullies of a drag-net).
Dimin. of E. Fries. kring, a ring , Du.
kring, a circle; allied to Crinkle, Crank
( I), and Cringe.
Crinkle. (E.) M. E. crinkled, (rene/ed,
twisted. A frequent. form of the causal
deriv. of crink, which occurs in the A. S.
str. vb. cri'lcml, to sink in a heap; see
Cringe.
Crinoline, a lad y's stiff skirt. (F . L.) F. ""ina/ine, : I ) hair-cloth, ( 2) crino-

ce.

cri'ltlll) , hair;
and Ii", flax , hence thread, from L. /intllll,
flax, also, a thread.
Cripple. (K) M. E. (repel, (rupel;
O. Northumb. crypel, Luke v. 24. Lit.
' a creeper.' - A. S. crup- , weak grade of
(reOpan (pt. t. C1'rap) , to creep; with suffix
-el (for -ilo-) of the agent.+Du. krcupel,
Icel. kryppill, G. krlippe/. Cf. Dan. krdb1i11g (from krybt, to creep). See Creep.
Crisis; s~ e Critic.
Crisp, wrinkled, curled. (L.) A. S.
crisp.- L. (n'spus, curled. BrugtD. i. 565.
Critic. (L. - Gk.) L. criliCIIs. - Gk.
"ptTt"Or, able to discern; cf. "pt~r, a
judge. - Gk. ",x-I'*tl', to judge. Der. crilerio1t, Gk. "ptT.qp'0l', a test; tliacrilic,
from Gk. ~ta"ptTt"o.., fit for distinguishing
between.
crisis. (Gk.) Gk. "plcm , a discerning,
a crisis. - Gk. "PI-I'*'I', to judge.
Croak. (E.) Cf. A. S. (riileiung, a
croaking. Of imitative origin. ~llied to
crake, (reak.
Crochet. (F.-Late L.) F. crtJ(hl!l, a
little hook; dimin. of (roc, a crook .....Late
L . (roccum, acc. of (roccus, a hook.
Crock. a pitcher. (C.) A. S, (rocm.
Of Celtic origin. Cf. E. Irish (rOCa1' , Gael.
crog, Irish crogan, W. crocha1l, a pitcher,
pot.+Gk. "fJOJooor (for ItfJOJl<Jlor) , a pitcher.
So also Du. kruik, Icel. krukka, Swed.
kruka , Dan. krukkt, G. krug.
Crocodile. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. croco
dilt. - L. (ro(odilus. - Gk. ItPO,,6tJfthOr, a
lizard , a crocodile.
Crocus. (L.-Gk.) L. croclIs.-Gk.
"pO "or, crOCIlS, saffron. Perhaps Semitic;
cf. Arab. karkam, Heb. karko1ll, saffron.
Croft. (E.) A. S. croft, a field .+Du.
kro(/zt, kro/I, a field on the downs.
Cromlech. (w.) W. (romlech, a flagstone laid across others.- W. (rom, fem.
of crwm, crooked, bent; llech, flat stone.
Crone. an old woman. (F. - L.) Tusser
has (rone, an old ewe. Prob. from Picard
carone, carrion; whence M. Du. karoltie,
kronie, an old sheep. See Carrion.
CronY'. an old chum. (Gk. ?) Pepys
has chrony (N. E . D. ). Perhaps for Gk.
XpOI'tOr, a 'long-lasting' friend; as it arose
in college slang (Skinner). Butler rimes
cronies with monies.
Crook, a hook, bend. (Scand.) M. K
crok (Ancren Riwle) . - Ice I. krokr, Swed.
krok , Dan. krog, hook, hend. angle.
Crop. (K ) A. S. (1't;PP, the top of a

120

CROUP

CRUMPET

plant, the craw of a bird; orig. a bunch. ; crow (2: , a bird. (Eo) A. S. miwl!
[Hence the verb to crop, to cut off the (see above).+O. S. kriiia, Du. kraai, (:.
tops; and hence crop, a hanest.J+Du. krane. Der. crtnlJ-Oar, bar with a crowkrojJ, G. kropf, bird" crop; Ice!. kroppr, like beak.
a hunch ; Swell. kropp, Dan. lTop, trunk Crowd (1 ), to push, throng. (E. ) A. S.
of the body. Cf. W . cropa, Gael. and Ir. *c~'7dall (pr. s. crjdt) , pt. t. (read), 10
sgrooa1l, bird's crop. [To crop out is to push; whence eroda, gl!erod, a crowd,
throng. + M. Du. k ruydm, kruym, Du.
bunch out.]
croup (2 ), hinder part of a horse. (F. kruien, to push along; E. Fries. kroden,
- Teut.) F. crollpe, crupper; orig. pro- kriidm. Teut. type *kn7dall-, str. vb.
M. E.
tuberance. -Icel. kroppr, a hunch (above). Crowd (2), a fiddle. (W. )
crupper. (F.-Teut.) F. croupitre crozldt. -W. erwth, a trunk, belly, crowd,
(0. F. cropiere). - F. croupe (0. F. erope, violin, fiddle; Gael. eneit, harp; O. Irish
crot, harp.
above).
Croquet, a game. (F .-LateL.) From Crown. (F.-L.-Gk.) M . E. corolte,
N. French croquet, a little hook, bent coroum (whence croll1le). - O. F. CO/'Ol1e
stick; the same as F. croc1ut. See (F. couronm). - L. corijlla, a wreath. - Gk.
Crochet.
ICOp&II''1, end, tip; IColxlJ/llr, a wreath, garCrosier. (l'.-Late L.) M. E. crocer, land. - Gk. IC0f'OJ"or, bent, curved. Cf.
croser, &c. Formed, with suffix -rr, from Gk. KVPTOS, L. Ctlnms, bent.
M. E. croce, in the same sense of 'bishop's Crucial. (F. - L.) :1'. crtlcial, 'crossstaff.' - O. F. croce, 'a crosier,' Cot.; mod. like;' Cot. - L. cruci., dec!. stem of C1'l'X,
:1". crosse; Late L. crocr'a. - O. F. eroc, a a cross ; ith suffix -tilis.
hook; see Crochet. ~ Not from cross,
cruen)'. (F.-L.) O. F. " ',,cijier.though early confused with M. E. crois;er , Late L. *crucijictire, for L. cYUcijigo'e
a coinage from O. F. cro;s, a cross.
(pp. cruciJixus), to fix on a cross. - L.
Cross. (L.) M. E. cros; from Icel. croci, dative of crux; figere , to fix; see
kross, adopted from O. Irish cros.- L. Fix. Der. crucijix, -;Ot"
(ruc-em, acc. of crux, a cross. Der. Crucible. (L.) From Late L. (rucia-cross.
oolum, (I ) a night-lamp, ( 2) a vessel for
cross, adj. (L.) Orig. transverse, melting metals. The lamp may have
from the shape of a cross ; hence, peevish. been so named from having four nozzles
Crotchet, in music. (F. -Late L.) with wicks, forming a cross (still a com:1'. crod,el, ' a small hook, a quaver in mon Ita!' pattern); as if from cr"o'-, dec!.
music;' Cot. (The hooked mark now stem of crux, a cross ; with suffix -oolllflt
called a quaver was called crochet in =-oulu1Il , as in tur;OUltWI, a censer.
Crude. (L.) L. crudus, raw. Allied
French. ) See Crochet.
Croton, plant. (Gk.) Gk. ItpOTOlJI, a to Raw.
tick, which the castor-berry resembles.
cruel. (F. - L.) O. F. croel. - J..
Crouch. (F. - Late L.) M. E. (rOZl- criidCiis, cruel; allied to crudus, raw
ellen, to stoop, bend. - O. F. Ct'ochir, (above ).
to grow crooked (Godefroy). - O. F . Cruet. (F. -Teut.) A. F. crod, a
( ro(hl!, a crook; also (roc.-Late L. croc small vessel (Godefroy) ; dimin. of O. F.
,UIIl , acc. of cro((us, a hook.
(rt~ie, crue, pot. - Low L. crt7ga, a pitcher.
Croup (I ) , a disease. (E. ) From Low- -0. H . G. kruog, G. kmg, a pitcher;
land Sc. croupe, erope, to croak, make a allied to Crock.
harsh noise. Of imitative origin; asso- Cruise. (Du. -L.) Du . krttisen, to
ciated with crow, croak, and with North cmise, cross the sea.-Du. kneis, a cross.
E . ,'oup, rope, to call, shout hoarsely, from -L. acc. CrltC-em, from (nex, a Cro5S;
Icel. h,'opa, weak vb., to cry out. Cf. A. S. with lengthening of,t.
hropall (pt. t. hreop), to cry out; G. rttfm Crumb. (E.) Provo E. croom. A. S.
cYUma. (The final 0 is excrescent.) +Du.
(pt. t. riel).
Croup (2) , of n horse; see Crop.
krui1ll, Dan. knml1lu, G. krllme, a
Crow (I), vb. (E. ) A. S. crawatt (pt. t. crumb. Cf. Ital. g rumo, a clot. Der,
crlow) , to crow.+Du. kraaijen, G. krallen, crumb-Ie, verb; CC. Du. kn,imelen , G.
weak verbs; and cf. O. Slav. grajati, Lith. krome/n, to cmmble.
grotz', to crow. Of imitative origin
Crumpet, a kind of cake. (E.) Wyclif
III

CRUMPLE

CUFF

has croJltpid cake to render Lat. laga

Il/II/l ( Ex. xxix. 23); cf. provo E. crumpy
cake, crisp cake. For cnllllp.cl7, pp. of
M. E . cntmpen, to curl up (whence E.
crumple ). Cf. G. kriimpm, krumpm, to
crumple. curl up; krwlI1l1, curved; Du.
krOJltlllclI. to crook, curve. See below.
Crumple, vb. (E.) Frequentative of
obs. crwllp, to curl up. From crump,
weak grade of A. S. $cri1llpa1l, str. vb.;
see Cramp and Crimp.
Crunch. (E.) An imitative word.
Cf. provo E. crinck, cranck, to crunch.
Crupper; see Crop.
Cru1'aJ.. (L.) L. cr,1rtilis, belonging
to the leg. -L. crt1r., stem of cr'/s, the
leg.
Crusade. (F. ana'Span.-L.) The
form is due to confusion of F . croisade
with Span. cruzada. - Late L. crtlciata,
sb. fern., a marking with the cross. pp. f.
of crttcitire, to cross. - L. cruci-, declo
stem of crux, a cross.
Cruse, a small pot. (E.) M. . cruse.
W. Fries. kross, E. Fries. kros.
Icel.
kriis, a pot; Swed. ms, Dan. krullS, a
mug; Du. kroes, cup, pot, crucible;
M. H. G. kruse. G. krause, mug.
Crush. (1'.- Teut.) O. F. crusir,
crllis;r, croissir, to crack, break; (Span.
cruxir, Ital. crosciare). From a Teut.
type *kraustjan- (see Diez), causal form
from Goth. kriusla1l. to gnash with the
teeth.
Crust. (F. - L.) O. F. crousle (F.
crotile). -L. crusla, crust of bread. Cf.
Der.
Gk. KpUOS, frost; see Crystal.
crusl-y, hard like a crust, stubborn,
harshly curt (of people).
Crutch. (E.) M . E. cnlCche; from
A. S. cry", a crutch, staff.
Du. kruk,
Swed. krycka, Dan. krykke, G. kriicke .
Cry. ( f . -L.) M. E. crim.-F. crier.
( Fuller forms occur in Ita!' gridare, Span.
grilar. Port. grilar. ) - L qlliritlire, to
shriek, cry, lament (Brachet ) ; lit. 'to
implore the aid of the Quirifes' or Roman
ci tizens ( V arro).
Cl'Y',Pt. (L. - Gk.) L. crypta. - Gk.
KPUtrT'I/, a vault, hidden cave; orig. fern.
of KPU7rT 6s. hidd en. - Gk. "pU7rTftV, to hide.
Crystal. (F.-L. -Gk. ) Formerly
cristal. - O. F. cristal. - L. crystalltl1l1,
crystal.-Gk. KPVOTaAAOS, ice, crystal.Gk. KPUOTalVEIV, to freeze. - Gk. KpUOS,
frost.
Cub. (E. ?) Etym. unknown. Cf.

Shetl. coob, to bring forth }oung, applied

only to a seal; Ice!. kobbi, Mpr, a young
seal.
Cube. (F . -L. - Gk.) F. cube. - L
acc. mbum. - Gk. KV{30S, a cube, die.
Cubeb, a spicy berry. (F.-Span.Arab.) F . mbebe, in Cotgrave. -Span.
Ctlbeba. - Arab . .kababa(/ ), pI. kabtibak,
cuueb. an aromatic.
Cubit. (L.) L. mbitus, au elbow,
bend; the length from the elbow to the
middle finger's end. Allied to L. cubare,
to lie down, recline; see Covey.
Cuckold. (F.; 1t1;tk G. sujJix.) M. E.
kokewold, kokeweld, cokold. - O. F. wcuaull, coucual (G odefroy), a cuckold.O. 1<'. cum ( F. COIICOU;, a cuckoo; with
depreciatory suffix -aull, -aI, from G.
-wald (Diez, Gram. ii. 346). cr. O. F.
CltCU (1'-. couco" " a cuckoo i secondly, a
man whose wife is unfaithful. (There are
endless allusions to the comparison between a cuckoo and a cuckold i see Shako
L. L. L. v. 2. 920, &c.)
Cuckoo. (F. ) F. Cot~cOU; from the
bird's cry. Cf. L. cucullts, a cuckoo; Gk.
KJKKU(, a cuckoo; ItOKKU, its cry; Skt.
kokila-, a cuckoo; Irish cuack, W. cog.
Cf. cock, cockatoo. And see Coo.
Cucumber. (L.) The b is excrescent;
M. E. clIcumer.-L. cucume1'cm, acc. of
cucumis, a cucumber.
Cud. (E.) M. E. cutle, code, quide.
A. S. twidu, CWtOdll, Ctldu. Ttut. type
*k7tled1('om, neut. Cf. SkI. jaIZl-, resin;
also Icel. kwtitJa, resin. Orig. sense,
'glutinous substance.'
Cuddle. (E. ) Perhaps for *couthle, to
be familiar, to fondle; from couth, adj.
familiar, well known; A. S . CtitJ, known,
pp. of Wllnan, to know. See Can ( I ). Cf.
provo E. coutk, loving; cootie, to fondle.
Cudgel. (Eo) M. E. kllggel. A. S.
cycgei; in Gregory's Pastoral Care, ed.
Sw~et . p. 29 7. . Cf. Cog.
Cudweed. (E.) From (ud and weed;
'the plant being administered to cattle
that had lost their cud.' So also cudworl.
Cue, for an actor. (L.? ) Sometimes
written q or qu in the 16th cent., and
supposed to be for L. qua1uio, when.
Cd ( I), to strike. (Scand . ?)
Cf.
Swed. kuffa, to thrust, push, M. Swed.
kttfftl, to strike, to cuff (rhre).
Cd ( 2), part of the sleeve. (L.?).
M . F. cuffe, coffe. Cf. Late A. S. "'jJie, a

122

CUIRASS

CUPREOUS

kind of cap (Leo) ; M. H. G. kupfe,

kuppe, ku./fe, a coif; see Coif. [Very
doubtful.)
Cuirass. (F.-Ital.-L.) Formerly
w race. - O. F . wir ace (F. cuirasse). -Ital.
corazza, a cuirass.
Formed from L.
cor iiiceus, leathern. - L. corium, leather
(whence F. cuir, leather ).
Cuisses, pI. (1". -L. ) O. F . cui"ssaux,
armour for the thighs. - F . cuisse, thigh. L. {o.m , hip. Brugm . i. 609.
Culdee. (C.) Irish ceilede, a Culdee, a
servant of God. - Ir. ceile (0. Irish clle) ,
servant; and de, gen. of dia, God.
Culinary. (L.) L. cultntirius, belonging to the kitchen . - L. culina,
kitchen.
Cull, to collect, select. (F. -L. ) M. E.
cullen. - O. F. {oillir, cuillir, to collect.L. {olligere, to collect. See Coil ( I) and
Collect.
Cullender; see Colander.
Cullion, a wretch. (F. - L. ) A coarse
word. F. couillon (Ital. foglione ). - L.
eUletls.
Cullis, a strong broth , boiled and
strained. (F. -L.) Formerly colys, coleys.
- O. F. colds, couleis, later cou/is, 'a
cullis,' Cot. ; substantival use of colds.
later coulis, 'gliding,' Cot. - L. type *(olli
tieius; from collire, to strain. Cf. Portcullis.
Culm, a stem. (L.) L. CIt/mus, a
stalk; allied to calamus, a stalk. See
Haulm.
Culminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
cU/lIlillli re, to come to a top. - L . culmin-,
stem of culmen (= columen), a top. See
Column.
Culpable. (F, -L.) M. E. coupaMe.
o. F. culpable, coIPab/e, cottpable (F. (OUpable ). - L. culptibilis, blameworthy. - L.
cttlptire, to blame. - L. culpa, a fault.
culprit. (F. -L.) In Dryden. Not
orig. a single word, but due to a fusi on of
A. F. cuI- (for culpable, i. e. guilty) and
p ,-ist or prest (i. e. ready' to prove it) ;
signifying that the clerk of the crown was
ready to prove the indictment (N. E. D.).
Culter; see Coulter .
Cultiva.te. (L.) Late L. cultiviitus,
pp. of cu/livtire, to till. -Late L. cU/liv us.
fit for tilling. _ L. cu/tus, pp. of colere, to
till. Brugm. i. 121.
culture. (F. - L.) F. {ulture. - L.
m /t1Ira allied to {u/tus, pp. of {olere.
to till.

Culver. (E.) A. S. cuifre, a nove.

Culverin. (F.-L.) Corrupt form,
for *culevri,z. - F . cou/evrine, a culverin;
a piece of ordnance named from its long
shape, like a snake. - O. F. cOttlmvritz,
adder-like; from couleuvre, an adder. - L.
colu bra, co/uber, an adder.
Culvert, an arched drain. (F.-L.)
Of doubtful origin; perhaps formed, with
added t, from O. F. cOttloueYe , 'a channel,
gutter,' Cot. -F. cOttier, to trickle.-L.
coltire, to strain, drain. Compare Portcullis and Cullis.
Cumber. (F.-Late L.) M.E. combren. - O. :F. combrer, to binder (rare) ;
usual form en- combrer. - Late L. cumbr us,
a heap, a barrier; of doubtful origin.
[Cf. L. cumulus, a heap; but also G.
kummer, grief, oppression, provo G. kum
mer, rubbish. Thus cumber=to put a
heap in the way.) Der. en-cumber, from
O. F. encombrer, to encumber, load.
Cumin, Cummin, a plant. (L. Gk. -Heb. ) M. E. (omin. A. S. cumin,
cymen. -L. cuminum, Matt. xxiii. 23.Gk. ,,';,.,..vov. - Reb. kammon, cumin.
Cumula.te. (L. ) From pp. of L.
cttmuliire, to heap up. - L. cumulus, a
heap.
Cunea.te, wedge shaped. (L.) :F-ormed,
with suffix -ate, from L. cune'us, a wedge.
Allied to Cone. Der. cunei-.form; i. e.
wedge.shaped. See Coin.
CunDing, adj. (E.) Orig. pres. pt. of
M. E . cttllnen, to know; hence, 'knowing.'
From A. S. cunnan, to know; see Can (I ).
CU1111ing, sb. (E.) M . E. cunninge.
From A. S. cttnnan, to know. Perhaps
suggested by Icel. kunnandi, knowledge;
from Icel. kUn1za, to know.
Cup. (L. ) A. S. (uppe, a cup. - Late L.
cuppa, variant of L. ci'pa, a tub, in Late
L., a drinking-vessel; whence also Du.
Dan. kop , F. coupe, &c. See Coop.
cupboard. lL. and E.) M. E. cupborde, orig. a side board for holding cups ;
Allit. P oems, B. 1440; Morte Arth.
206.

Cupid, god of love. (L.) L. cupido,

desire. - L. cupere, to desire.
Skt. kup,
to become excited. Der. cttpid- Iy, F.
cupidite, from L. acc. (updtalelll .
Cupola.. (!tal. - L. ) I La\. Cttpola, a
dome; from its shape. - L . &i.pttla, a small
cask, a little vault; dimin. of L. cupa, a
cask.
CupreOlUl, coppery. (L.) L. cupre-tlS,

CUR

CURTAIL

of copper; with suffix -ous. - L. <uprum,

copper.
Cur. (E. ) M. E. kur-dogge (ab. U2S) .
+M. Du. korre, a house-dog; cf. Swed.
dial. kurre, a dog. Named from growling.
Cf. provo E. curr, to purr; Low G.
kurrm, to snarl (Liibben) ; Ice!. kurra,
to murmur, grumble; Swed. kurra, to
rumble.
Curate; see Cure.
Curb. (F. - L.) M. E. cour6m, to
bend . - F. (ourber, to bend, bow. - L.
curwire, to bend; from ctlrlms, bent.
Curd. (E.) M. E. curd, crud. Prob.
from A. S. crud-, related to criidan,
to crowd, press together. Cf. Ir. grut!l,
Gael. grutk, curds. (Fick, ii. 119.)
Cure. (F . -L.) O. F. cure. -L. dira,
attention (prim. Ita\. *koizii). Brugm. i.
874. ~ Not allied to care.
curate. (L.) Med. L. citratus, a
priest, curate; cf. curatUIIl be1ujiciwIl,
a benefice with cure or souls. - L. ct,ra,
cure.
curiOUS. (F. - L.) O. F. curios. - L.
cl,riosus, attentive.-L. ct,ra, attention.
Curfew. (F. - L .) A_ F. coeveiftt,
covre/eu, curfm; O. F. cavrejell (F. couvrejeu) , a fire-cover, covering of fires, time
for putting out fires. - O. F . covrir, to
cover; flu, fire L locum, acc. of/ocus,
hearth, fire ) ; see Cover and Foous.
Curious; see Cure.
Curl, sb. (E.) M. Eo crul (with shifting of 1'); from M. E. crul, adj ., curly
(A. D. I :\00).
Not in A. S.
Eo Fries.
krulla. krull, krul, a curl.+Du. krul, a
curl. krullen, to curl; Dan. krol/e, a curl,
Sweel. krullig-, cllrly ; G. krolle, a curl,
M. H. G. kriill~. cr. Norw. krllil. a curl,
something rolled together; k1'ulla, to curl,
bend or bow together. Allied to E. Fries.
krillm . to bend, tum, wind; Low G.
krdlm, to turn; N. Fries. krall, closetwisted; suggesting Tellt. base *krellan- ,
to wind, str. vb. (Franck, KooIman).
Curlew, a bird, (F.) M. F . corlieu,
, a curlue;' Cot. cr. Ital. ckiur/o, a curlew, chittdare, to howl . Swed . kllrla, to
coo; so that it is named from its cry.
Curmudgeon. (E.?) Origin unknown .
In one instance spelt C0Y11-lIludgin (Phi!.
Holland), as if a hoarder of com, hence,
a stingy fellow; where lIludg-in is for
1IIlIdging, pres. pt. of 1Iludge, to hoard ,
also spelt fIloock (M . E. fIlucken), to skulk;
from O. F. 1l1tlar, to hide. But this is a

: forced spelling, giving a wrong clue. In

' 1596, we find (Orlllul/;Oll, with the samc
sense. The first syllable seems to be mr,
a whelp; and we find Lowl. Sc, lIlurgeolt,
to mock. to grumble; flwdgeoll, a grimace.

Currant. (F. -L.-Gk.)

Formerly

raysynsofcorattnt.- F.rais;mde Corilltke.

'currants;' Cot. Hence, cm-rant is a corruption of COri1lt!, (L Cori,ltkus, Gk.
K6pIV90s) .

Current, running, flowing. (F.-L.)

M. Eo mrra1lt, O. F . wrant, pres. pt. 01
curre, corre (F. (our;r), to mn. - L. currere, to run. Prob. for *wrsere. Brugm.
i. 499, 516. Perhaps allied to Horse.
curricle. (L.) L. currimlum, a
running; also, a light car. - L. currere,
to nm.
CUl'l.'Y (I), to dress leather. (F. - L.
and Teut.) O. F. corre;er (Godefroy) ,
earlier forms c01treder, C01lretr, later C01lroyer, coterroier, to curry, dress leather,
mig. to prepare. - O. F. conrd, older form
ctenreid, gear, preparation. A hybrid
word; made by prefixing COli (= L. C01"
cum) to O. F. rei, order (Ital. -redo in
arredo, array). Il This O. F. rei is of
Scand. origin; from Dan. rede, order (also
to set in order), Ice!. rtiM, tackle. Precisely the same O. F. rei helps to form E.
ar-ray; see Array. .. To Ctlrry favour
is a corruption of M. Eo to curry javel, to
rub down a horse; ravel was a common
old name for a horse.
Curry (2), a seasoned dish. (Tamil )
F rom Tamil kar'-, sauce, relish for rice
(Yule).
Curse. (E.) A. S. mrs;all, verb; curs,
sb., an imprecation. Cf. O . Ir. ciirsaigim,
'I reprehend' (Windisch). Der. ac-curud,
from M. E. acorsim, to curse extremely,
where the prefix a- = A. S. ii- , very; see
A (4).
Cursive. (L.) Med. L. mrsivtls, flowing; said of handwriting. -L. <'Urs-tlS, pp.
of currere, to run. See Current.
cursory. (L.) Late L. (ursOrius,
hasty. - L. cursori-, dec!. stem of cursor,
a runner. - L. curs-us (above).
Curt. (L.) L. C/lrtus, short, cut short.
curta.il. (F.- L.) It has nothing to
do with tail, but is an alteration of the
older form curtal, verb, to dock; from the
adj. curtal, having a docked tail (All's
Well, ii. 3. 65). F. courtaultl later
courtaut, 'curtail, bemg curtailed; Cot.
The same as Ita!' cortaldo, 'a curtall, a

1 24

q.

CURTAIN

CYGNET

orse withont a taile,' Florio. Formed,

with suffix a1,lt (= Ital. a/do, Low L.
aldus, < G. wald, power) , from O. F.
court, short. - L. ct,rlus, short.
Curtain. (F.-L.) M. E. (ortin. O. F . cortinc.-Late L. cortina, a curtain
(Exod. xxvi. I, Vulgate) , a screen, plain
wall of a fort, orig. a small yard.-L.
ciir/em, acc. of cOrs, a court. See Court.
Curtleaxe. (F. -L.) A perversion
of wltleax, which was a perversion of
wttt/as, an old spelling of cutlass. See
Cutlass.
Curtsey. (F . -L.) The same word as
courtesy, i. e. a courtly act.
Curve, a bent line. (L.) Late L.
curvus, L. cumus, bent.
Gk. Itvpros,
bent. Der. c1lrvat1lre, L. curutitiira,
from pp. of curuare, to bend; from
cuyuus.
curvet. (Ital.-L.) ltal. corvetta, a
curvet, leap, bound; dimin. from M. ltal.
corvo (ltal. curvo) , bent. - L. CU1"uus
rabove) .
Cushat, the ring-dove. (E.) A. S. cii
sceote, a wild pigeon; also ciiscote. Here
seeo fe probably means shooter, darter,'
from sccotml, to shoot (cf. A. S. sdota, a
kind of trout ); and perhaps cii refers to
the ' coo ' of the bird. Cf. Low!. Sc. cow
shot, a cushat.
Cushion. (F.-L.) M.E. quisshin,
CUSSllill. - O. F . coissin, cottssin, a cushion.
[It is supposed that O. F. coissin was the
true form, altered to coussin (perhaps) by
the influence of O. F. cou/e, a quilt.] -L.
type *coxinu1ll, a support for the hip,
from coxa, hip, thigh (like L. cuMtal,
elbow.cushion, from CIIbitus, elbow ). Cf.
Ita!' cuscino, cushion, coscia, hip; Span.
cojin, cushion, cuja, hip. (Romania,1892,
p. 87.)
CUSp. (L.) L. cuspis, a point.
Custard. (F.- Ital.-L.) For M. E .
cnlS/ade, by shifting of r. Formerly ms
lade, cn(Stade, and orig. used with the
sense of ' pasty.' - F. croustade, a pasty.
- Ita!' (rostala, a kinde of daintie pye ; '
Florio. - L. C17,stiita, fern. pp. of crw/tire,
to encrust. - L. crusta, a crust.
Custody. (L.) L. custMia, a keeping
guard.-L. (uslodJh stem of custos,
a guardian; lit. 'hic1er.' Cf. Gk. Itfvll"v,
to hide. See Hide. (vKEUDH.) Brugm.
i. 699.
Custom. (F.-L.) M. E. custume.O. F. f1I.rtUlIlt, (oslu1IIe (F. routtlme).

From a L. type *rostllflllle, for *cos

fudne, shortened form of COtlSuiludi1tt1ll,
ace. of consul/udo, custom. - L. cOllsultus,
pp. of conSllescere, to accustom , inchoative
form of *c01lSufre, to be accustomed.-L.
con (cum), together, very; suescere (pp.
sultus ), to be accustomed; possibly from
SUItS, own; so that suescere=to have it
one's own way.
Cut. (Scand.) M. E. cutten, a weak
verb. Of Scand . origin, but the traces of
it are not many. Cf. Mid. Swed. kotta,
to cut (lhre ) ; Swed. dial. kuta, Mta,
to cut small with a knife, also spelt
kvota, kOta , kiifa; kuta, or kytti, a knife
(Rietz) ; lcel. knti, a little knife; Norw.
kyttel, kytet, kjuful, a knife for barking
trees.
Cuticle. (L.) L. cuticula, dmlble
dimin. of cutis, hide, skin. See Hide.
Der. cutaneous, from mt-is.
CutlliLss. (F.-L.) F. coutetas, ' a cut
telas, or courtelas, or short sword;' Cot.
(CL Ital. coltellacdo, a curtleax,' F lorio;
which is the same word.) - O. F. cou/el,
culte! (F. coufeau), a knife; cf. Ital. col
tetlo, knife; with acc. suffix aceu1ll. - L.
acc. wl/eUum, a knife ; dimin. of cul/er, a
coulter. ~ The F. as, Ital. accio = L.
aceu1ll; but F. coute/as was actually
turned into E, curtleaxe. Yet a curfle
axe was a sort of sword !
cutler. (F. -L.) M. E. coleler.O. F. cotdier. - Late L. (ultellii1i1's, knife
maker. -L. cultellus, a knife (above).
Cutlet. (F. - L. ) F . cOtelelte, a cutlet;
formerly coslelette, a little rib; dimin. of
O. F. coste, rib. - L. costa, a rib; sec
Coast.
Cuttle, a fish. (E.) Formerly rudele.
A. S. cudele, a cuttle-fish. Cf. G. kuttel
jiScll (perhaps from E .).
Cycle. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. tycle.-L.
cyclum, acc.of cyc!us.-Gk.ltvItAor, a circle,
cycle.
Skt. chakra, a wheel, circle.
Allied to Wheel. Der. cyclone = Gk.
ItVItAWV, whirling round, pres. pI. of IWItAOOJ,
I whirl round; epi.cytle; bi.cycle.
Cygnet, a young swan. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Dimin. of O. F. cigne, a swan. Strangely
enough, this O. F . woul is 110t immedi
ately from 1.. cymus, a swan; but the
oldest O. F. spelling was cime (as in
Spanish) , from Late 1.. (icinus, a swan,
variant of cYC1lus. -Gk. Itvltvor, a swan.
Cf L. ri(onia, a stork. See Diez; 4th ed.
p. 714.

12 5

CYLINDER

DAGGER

CYlinder. ( F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. cit- Cf. M. Du. dabbm, to pinch, fumbl e,

intIre, later cylilldre. - L. cylilld,-us. - Gk.
cylinder. - Gk . KvAiv3flV,
to roll; from ICVAiEt v, to roll. Cf. O. Slav.
kolo, a wheel. (-v'QEL.)
Cymba.l. ( F. -L.-Gk.) M.E .cimbale.
- O. F. cimbale. - L. cymbalttm . - Gk.
KVjIo{3aAov, a cymbal; named from its cupSkt.
like shape. - Gk. ICVjIo{3'1, a cup.
kumblta-, :l jar. Allied to Cup; and see
Comb (2 \. (-v' KEUBH.)
Cynic,lit. dog-like. (L. - Gk.) L. cynicus. - Gk. KVVtICOS, dog-like, a Cynic. - Gk.
KVV- , as in ICVV-OS, gen. of KVOW, a dog (E.
hound ).
cynosure. (L. - Gk.) L. cy,tosiwa,
the stars in the tail of the constellation of
the Lesse r Bear; one of these is the Polestar (hence, a centre of attraction) . - Gk.
ICvv6uovpa, the Cynosure, tail of the Lesser
B~:lr; lit. ' dog:s ,tail.' -:- Gk. ,rovos, gen. of
ICVWV, a dog; ovpa, a tall.
Cypress ( I) , a tree. (F. -L. -Gk. )
M. . cipres. - O. F. cypt-es, later cypds. L. cupressus, C)'pa,issus. - Gk. ICvrraptr"IOs,
cypress-tree. Cf. Heb. gOpher.
Cypress (2) , a cloth of gold, :l kind
of satin, a kind of crape. ( F.-L.) Palsgrave explains F. crespe by' a cypres for
a womans neck'; Cotgrave has' crespe,
cipres, cobweb lawn'; whicb suggests
some confusion of cypress with crape.
The origin of cypress is doubtful ; but
it occurs as cipres, cypirs in P iers Plowman, and as cyprus in Si r Degrevant. It
seems to have been imported from the isle
of Cyprus.
Cyst, a pouch (in animals) containing
morbid matter. (L. - Gk.)
Formerly
written cystis. - Late L .cystis. - Gk.ICOUTtS,
a bag, pouch.
Czar, the emperor of Russia. (Russ.Teut. - L.) Russ. tsare (with e mute ' , a
king . O. Slav. cesar{. - Goth. kaisar.L. Casar. ~ This has been disputed;
but see Matt. xii i. 24 in Schleicher,
I ndogermanische Chrestomathie, p. 275,
where O.Slav . cesarstvo occurs for Russ.
tsa" stvo, kingdom; &c. D er. czarowitz,
from Russ. tsarevich', czar's son; czaritsa,
from Russ. tsaritsa, empress; czar- ina,
with Ital. suffix -ina, from G. fern . suffix

dabble; G. tappm, to grope, provo G.

tappe, fist, blow. See Dub, Tap.
cla.bble. (E .) T o keep on dabbing;
frequent. of dab. + M. Du. dabbelm, to
fumble, dabble ; frequen t. of M. Du. dabben
(above).
Dab (2), expert. (E.?) Prob. from
dab (1) ; perhaps influenced by dapper or
by adept.
Da.b (3) , a fish. (E.) M. E. daMe.
Prob. allied to dab, a light blow, a soft
mass dabbed down. See Dab (1), dabble.
Dabble; see Dab (1).
Dab-chick. ' E.) Formerly dap-chick,
dop- chick . Cf. A. S. dop-mid, a moorhen,
lit. 'dipping duck;' doppetta't, to dip often,
immerse; Du. dobber, a float. See Dip.
Da.ce. (F. - O. Low G.) Formerly
darce. - O. F. dars, nom. case of the word
also spelt dart, meaning (1 ) a dart, (2) a
dace. The fish is also called a dart or
a dare, from its swift motion. See Dare (2) ,
D art.
Da.coit, a robber. ( Hind. ) Hind.
qdkait, a robber belonging to an armed
gang ; from qaka, robbery by a gang
eWilson). Der. dacoit-y, robbery.
Da.ctyl. (L. - Gk.) L. dactylus, the
metrical foot marked - vv. - Gk. MKTVAOS,
a finger, a dactyl.
Da.d. (E.) A ch ild's word for ' fatb er.'
So also W. tad, Irish daid, Bret. tat, tad,
fath er; Gk. Tam, Skt. tata, dad .
Dado. (Ital.-L.) Formerly used of
the die, or square part in the middle of the
pedestal of a column; afterwards applied
to the part of an apartment between the
plinth and the i~post moulding. -ltal.
dado, a die, cube, pedestal. (Cf, Provo
dat-z, a die.) - F olk -L. datum, assumed to
mean ' a die' ; lit. ' a thing given, a lot.' L. datu m, neut. of pp. of dare, to give.
See D ie ( 2).
Da.ffodil. (F. - L. - Gk.) The d is a
later add ition; perhaps from M. F. Jletw
d' affrodille, translated daffodil-fl ower.'
M. E. affodille; Prompt. Parv. - M. F. aspllodile, also affrodille, 'th'affodill, or
asphodill flower; ' Cot. - L. asphodelus. Gk. rlU</>Oa.AOS, a kind of lily. See Asphodel.
~iJt .
Daft, foolish; tbe same as Deft.
Dagger. ( F .) M. E. daggere; allied to
D.
dagge1l, to pierce. - F. dng ue, a dagger;
Da.b ( I), to strike gently. (E.) M. E. of unknown origin (not Celtic). Cf. Ital.
dnbben; also dabbe, a blow. Not in A . S. Span. daga , Port. adaga , dagger. The

KVAIV6po~ , a roller,

126

DAGGLE

DANDELION

Port. form suggests an Eastern origin ;

cf. Heb. tinkhiih, to strike.
Daggle, to moisten, wet with dew or
spray. (Scand.) Frequentative verb from
Swed. dagg, I ce!. dogg (gen. daggar), dew.
Cf. Ice!. doggva, to bedew. See Dew.
Da.guerreotype. (F. .a,ul Gk.)
Formed by adding -o-type to F. Daglurre,
a J>ersonal name, the inventor (A. D. 1838 ).
Dahlia. (Swed. ) Named after Dahl,
a Swedish botanist (A. D. 1791) .
Dainty, a delicacy. (F.-L. ) M. E.
ddlZtee, orig. a sb., a pleasant thing; cf.
A. F. deY1ltee, greediness (Bozon). O. F. dail/tit (i. e . daintie) , agreeableness.
- L. acc. digm'tatem; see Dignity.
~ The O. F . dainlit is the true popular
O. F. form; dignileil is a pedantic form;
cf. O. F. dain, old spelling of dig'ItC,
worthy.
Dairy. (Scand.) M. E. deyerye, a
room for a deye, i. e. a milk-woman, farm
servant. -0. Norw. deigja, Swed . deja , a
maid, dairy-maid, who was also the breadmaker; theOli~. sense is' kneader of dough.'
- T eut. type daig-.Jon-, sb. f., as if from
(Goth.) deigall (pt. t. daig), to mould ;
whence also Goth. daigs, Ice!. deig, Swed.
deg, dough; see Dough. ~ The cognate
or borrowed A. S. diige occurs once only ;
see Thorpe, Dipl. p. 64 r.
Dais, a raised lloor in a hall. (F. - L.
- Gk.) N ow used of the raised platform
on which the high table in a hall stands.
Properly, it was the table itself; but was
also used of a canopy over a seat of state,
or of the seat of state. M. E. deis, deys. A. F. deis, O. F. dois, a high table (Supp.
to Godefroy). - L. disCltfll, acc. of discus,
a quoit, platter; in Late L. a table. - Gk.
b[qKO~, a quoit, disc.
See Disc.
Daisy. (E.) M. E. dayesyif (4 sylla
bles). A. S. dages eage, eye of day, i.e.
the sun, which it resembles.
Dale, a valley. (E .) M . E. dale. A. S. dal (pI. dal-u). + I ce!. dalr, Dan.
Swed. dal, a dale ; Du. dal; Goth. dais;
G. thai; also O. Slav. dolz. (Russ. do!' ) ;
cf. Gk. 96"o~, a vault. Der. dell.
Dally, to trille. (F.- Teut.) M. E.
dalien, to play, trille.-A. F. and O. F.
dalter, to converse, chat, pass the time in
light con verse (Bozon). Of Teut. origin;
cf. Bavarian dalen, to speak and act as
children (Schmeller); mod. G. (vulgar)
dahlen, t o trifle.
Dalmatic, a vestment. (F. - Dal-

matia.) F. dallJlaliqlu. - L. dalma/ica

(tteslis) ; fern . of Da/matims, belonging to
Dalmatia.
Dam ( I), a mound, bank against water.
( E.) A. S. damm, only in the derived
verb f or-delJlman , to dam up; O. Fries.
dam; North. Fries. diim. + Du. dam,
lcel. dammr , Dan. dam , Swed. damm,
M. H. G . tam, G. damm, a dam, dike.
Cf. Goth. fa ll1'dammjan , to dam up.
Dam ( 2), a mother, applied to animals.
(F -L.) The same word as Dame.
Damage. (F.-L.) M. E. damage. A. F . da mage ( F . dommage) ; cf. Provo
danmatje, ans wering to Late L. ~'damniiH
cum, harm; we fiud Late L. dallllliiticIJs,
condemned to the mines. - L. dammitus,
PE. of dalllniire; see Damn.
Damask. ( Ita!. - Syria.) M . E. da maske, cloth of Damascus. - Ita!. dalllasco.
- Beb. dmeseq, damask, Dammeseq, Damascus (Gen. xiv. 15). D er . da mask"ose; damaskine, to inlay with gold (F.
dalllasqrtiner, from damasqzt-ill, adj.) .
Dame. (F . -I..) M . E. d'l1Iu. - O. F .
dam~, a lady. - L. domina; fern. of domi
,ws, a lord. See Don (2).
Damn, to condemn. (F.-L.) M. E.
da'1l11l n, dampnen. - F. damner. - L. da1Jlmire, to condemn, fine.-L. da"l1lulII, loss,
fine, penalty. Brng. i. 762 .
Damp. (E.) Cf. M . E . dampm, to
suffocate ; E. Fries. damp, vapour. + D u.
damp, vapour, steam ; Dan. damp, G.
damp/. vapour; Swed. damb, dust. From
the 2nd grade of Tent. *dempan-, pt. t.
damp, pp. *dttmpano-, as in M. H . G.
dimpfen, t i1llpfm, str. vb., to reek; cL
Swed. dial. dimba, str. vb., to reek. See
Dumps.
Damsel. (F.-L.) M . E. damosel. O. F. dameise/e, a girl , fern. of dameisd, a
young man, squire, page. - Late L. domieel/us, a page, short for *dominiulllts,
double dimin. of dominus, a lord. (Pag-es
were often of high birth.)
Damson. (L- Syria.) M . E. da1Jla
scette. - L. Damascenum (pn7num), plum
of Damascus. See Damask.
Dance. (F. -0. H. G.) M . E. dauncen. - O. F . danser.- O. H. G. damo1l, to
drag along (as in a round dallce).O. H . G. dans, 2nd grade of dimm, to
pull, draw; allied to E. Thin. Cf. Goth.
at-t/ti,.sa,t , to draw towards one.
Dandelion, a flo wer. ( F.-I..) F.
dent de lion, tooth of a lion ; named from

DANDLE

DASTARD

the jagged leaves.-L. dmt-em, acc. of dape, a pool, a wet splotch i whence the
dem, tooth; dl, prep.; leomm, ace. of idea of' splash' or ' blot.'
leo, lion.
Dare (1), to venture. (E.) M. E. dar,
Dandle. (E.) Prob. of imitative origin; I dare; pt. t. dorsle, dtlrsle. A. S. ie dearr,
CC. M. F. dodimr, dodelintr, 'to rock, I dare; lu dearr, he dare; pt. t. dorsle ;
dandle, lull,' Cot.; M. Ital. dando/are, infin. *dttrrml. + Goth. ga-dars, I dare,
dando/are, 'to dandle or play the baby,' -daursla, I durst, infin. -daursan ; O. H. G.
Florio; dandola, dondola, a toy. Gode- tar, I dare, infin. lurran. Also Gk. 8apfroy gives M. F. dandiner, to balance or I1(W, to be bold, 8pal1Vf, bold; Skt. drsk,
sway the body. Cf. E. Fries. dindannen, to dare. (.vDHERS.) Brngm. i. 502.
to walk unsteadily, sway from side to side. Dare (2 ), a dace. (F.-O. Low G.)
Dandrift', scurf on the head. (E.) A new form, made by taking daree (old
Formerly also drwdrujfe. Of unknown form of dace) as a pI. form (=dars), and
origin; btlt cf. provo E. dan, scurf, dander, thence making a singular dar, now dare.
a slight scurf on the skin; and (perhaps) See Dace.
drib, a driblet, or drift, a fine shower. Dark. (E.) M. E. derk. A. S. deore,
~ The W. marw-don, dandriff, is from with a broken vowel; for older *dere.
marw, dead, and lon, skin.
The O. H. G.larehalljan , to hide (answerDandy, a beau (E. 1). Origin unknown. ing to W. Germ. *dnrk.n-jall) is from the
Provo E. dandy, gay, fine. Note M. Dan. 2nd grade *dark of the s,,\me base. Cf.
dande, brave, excellent. Dandy is also a also O. Sax. der-ni, A. S. dente, O. H. G.
form of Andrew. [F. dandin, 'a mea- tar-ni, secret, dark; see Tarnish.
cock, noddy, ninny,' Cot., is unsuitable.]
darkling, in the dark. (E.) Formed
Danger. (F.-L.) M. E. datmgere , with adv. suffix -ling, as injlat-li1Ig, M. E.
power, esp. power to harm. -0. F. dan- ltedling (headlong) , A. S. b~e-ling, backgier ( F. danger), also dongier (XIII cent.), wards.
absolute power, irresponsible authority. Darling. (E.) M. E. derling-. A. S.
This answers to a Late L. type *domnj/i dlorling, a favourite. - A. S. deor-e (in
rium, *dominiiiriu1Il , not found, but regu- compo deor-), dear; with double dimin.
larly formed from Late L. d01ll (i )niu1Il, suffix .l.ing. See Dear.
power, authority. - Late L. do/mlus, L. Darn. (E.) XVII cent. Prob. from
dominus, a lord.
M. E. tiernetl, to conceal, from derne, adj.,
Dangle, to swing about. (Scand.) secret, hidden; cf. provo E. dern , darn,
Dan. dimg/e, Swed. dial. dangla, to swing to hide, to stop up a hole. - A. S. denle,
about; cf. Swed. and Icel. ding/a, Dan. dyrne, secret , hidden. + O. Sax. tierni,
diilgle, to swing about; frequentative O. H. G. tarni, secret. See Dark.
forms from ding ( pt. t. dang) , to throw Darnel. (F.) M. E. darnel, deme/.
ahout. See Ding.
From an O. F. word, now only preserved
Dank, moist. (Scand.) M. E. dank, in Walloon (Rouchi), darnel/e, darnel
wet (esp. with ref. to dewi.-Swed. dial. (Hecart). Hitherto unexplained; but cf.
dallk , marshy ground; lcel. dukk (stem Swed. dAr., as in rit/r-repe, or repe, darnel
*dankwo-) , a pool. Cf. Swed. dial. diillka, (Lowl. Sc. donte!) ; and O. F . 1lielle, nelle
to moisten, Dan. dial. dunke, dynke, Norw. (Late 1.. nige/la), darnel (Godefroy). The
dynka, to wet; also Dan. dial. dunkel, Swed. dara means to stupefy (as with
moist, Swed. dial. dunkelhet, moisture; lolium lemulmtum); cf. Dan. daaf'e, a
North. E . dallker, a dark cloud; Swed. fool; Walloon dantise, dattrttise, drunken
dial. and M. Dan. dtmkm, musty; G. (Grandgagnage) .
dllnkel, dark .
Dart. (F.-O. Low G.) M. E. dart.Dapper. (Du .) Orig. good , valiant; O. F . darl (F. dard ). OfTeut. origin; cf.
hence brave, fine, spruce. XV cent.- Du. A. S. darob , a dart , Swed. dart,:\ dagger,
dapper, brave.+O. H. G. lapllnr, weighty, Icel. darratJr, n dart, O. H. G. lart, a
valiant, G. lapfer, brave; Russ. dobrui, dart.
good. Brugm. i. 563.
Dash. (E.) M. E. dasc1lt1l. Cf. Low G .
Dapple, a spot on an animal. (Scand.) dasehetl, to thrash (Berghaus) ; Dan.
Ice\. depill, a spot , dot; a dog with spots daske, to slap, Swed. daska, to beat; we
over the eyes is also called depill. The 'I speak of water das/ii1lg against rocks.
orig. !'fnse is' a little pool,' from Norweg. Dastard. ~ Scand.; witlt F. su..ffix.)
Il8

DATE

DEAF

M. E. dastard; where -ard is a F. suffix, dimin. lanele (now G. doMe), a daw;

as in dull-ani, slllggard. Dast appears whence Ital. laccola, a daw (Florio). Der.
to be for dazed; cf. Ice!. dlZslr, exhausted, jackda111.
pp. of dlZsa, to be out of breath; dasaflr, Dawk, transport by relays of men and
exhausted, weary, pp. of dasask, to be horses. (Hindi.) Hindi t/ak, post, transweary; see Daze. Cf. Ice!. dasi, a lazy port, &c. (Yule).
fellow, M. Du. dasaert, a fool (whence Dawn; see Day.
M. E. das-art (i. e. daz ;e)ard), a dullard, Day. (E.) M. E. day, dai, dlZi. A. S.
in N. E. D .) ; Low G. diiskopp, a block- dlZg, pI. dagas.+Du. Dan. Swetl. dag, Icel.
head ( Berghaus). The orig. sense is' slug- dagr, G. tag, Goth. dags. Allied to Lith.
dagas, hot time, autumn; degti, to burn.
gard.'
Date ( I ), a given point of time. (F.- Teut. type *dagoz; Idg. type *dhoghos;
L.) M.E.date.-F . date, date.-Late L. from .vDHEGH, to bum; Skt. daA, to
data , a date; L. dala , neut. pI. of dalus, bum , nidiiglia-, hot season. Day is the
given, dated. - L. dare, to give.+ Gk. ~l- hot , bright time; as opposed to night.
&1'1, I give; lIoTor, given; Skt. dadii!!li, ~ In no way allied to L. diEs.
I give; Russ. dale, to give. (.vDO. )
dawn, vb. (Scand.) M. E. dawllen;
Brugm. i. 167, 168.
from the older sb. dawlling. -Swed. Dan.
Date (2), fruit of the palm. (F.-L.- dapting, a dawning, dawn; as if from a
Gk. ) M. E. dale. - O. F. date (F. dalle), verb *dag- na, to become day, from Swed .
also datele, a date. - L. dactylum , acc. of Dan. dag, day. 2. We also find M. E.
dactylus. - Gk. MItTVAOr, a finger; also a da1tJCIl, to dawn; from A. S. dagian, to
date (somewhat like a finger). But it is become day , dawn . -A. S. dag- , base of
probable that OOItTVAOr, a date, was a word kg, day. (Cf. fawn, vb.)
of Semitic origin, assimilated to the word Daywoman, dairy-woman. (Scand.
for ' finger.' Cf. Aramaic diqla, a palm- and K) In Shako L. L..L. i. 2. 137.
The addition of woman is needless. Day
tree (see Gen. x. 27); Arab. daqal.
Daub. (F.-L.) M.E.datiben.-O.F. :M.E. deye.=O.Norw.deigja,amaid;
datl"er, to plaster; RIlswering to an older esp. a dairymaid; see Dairy.
form dalber. - L. dealbare, to whiten, Daze. (Scand.) M. E. tiasen , to stupefy.
plaster. - L. de, down, very; albore, to - Swed. dasa , to lie idle; Icel. dasask , to
whiten, from albus, white; see Alb. Cf. be wearied, lit. to daze oneself, where -sk
Span. jalbegar ( = *dealbiciire) , to plaster. is the reflexive suffix; dan, a lazy man;
Der. bedaub.
dasiml, lazy; Dan . dial. dase, to be idle;
Daughter. (E.) M. E. dogktcr, doh- Low G. diisen, dosen, to be listless; in 'n
ter. A. S. dohlor.+Du. dochter, Dan. dat- diis' seill, to be in a 'daze' ( Berghaus).
ter, dotter, Swed. dotter, Ice!. dollir, Goth.
dazzle, to confuse. (Scand.) From
datlklar, G. tochler; Russ. doche, Lith. da ze ; with frequent. suffix -Ie. Der. bedukte, Gk. 9u-yQ'TTJP, PeTS. duMtar, Skt. dazzle.
duliitr. Orig. sense doubtfu!'
De- (1) , Pl'ejiX. (L.; orF.-L.) L . dl,
Daunt. (F.-L.) M. E. dauntm.- down, away, from, very; hence sometimes
O. F. danter; also donter. - L. domitiire, F. tit-, de-, O. F. de-.
to tame, subdue; frequent. of domare , to De- (2 ), prejix. (F.-L.) F . tit-, O. F.
tame; see Tame.
des-; from L. dis-; see Dis-.
Dauphin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.dauphin , Deacon. (L. - Gk.) M. E. deken.
a dolphin; see Dolphin. A title of the A. S. dacon.-L. diaconus.-Gk. &dltovor,
eldest son of the king of France, who took a servant, a deacon. Cf. "Y-Itov/OJ, I am
it from the province of Dauphiny (A. D. quick , l"'(-Itovlr, a maid-servant.
1349) ; and the province had formerly had Dead. (E.) M. E. deed
A. S. filad,
several lords named Dat~pkin.
dead . + Du. dood, Dan. dOd, Swed. dOd,
Davit, a support for ship's boats. Icel. dauflr, Goth. dauths. Teut. type
( Heb.?) Formerly spelt David, as if from *dau-floa, orig. a pp. with Idg. suffix toa proper name (A. D. 1626). Also called (Teut. . flo- ) from tbe vb. dau-jan- (Icel.
daviot in A. F., a dimin. of O. F . Davi, deyja), to die. See Die (I ) .
David.
Deaf. \ E.) M. E. dee[. A. S. fila/.+
Daw. (E.) From the noise made by Du. dooj, Dan. diiv, Swed. dOf, Ice!. dallfr,
the bird; cf. (a111.+O. H. G. taha, a daw; Goth. dat~bs, G. taub. Orig. ' obfuscated ;'
129
F

DEAL

DECAGON

allied to Gk. TV.t>of, smoke, darkness,

stupor, TV</>'AOf, blind. (.vDHEUBH.)
Deal (1 ) , a share. (E.) M.E. dee!.
A. S. tilt, a share. + Du. dee!, Dan. dee!,
Swed. del, Goth. dails, G. theil. Cf.
O. Slav. deNi, a part. Bmgm. i. 279 (2).
deal ( 2), to divide, distribute. (E.)
M. E. de/en. A. S. tliilan. -A. S. diil, a
share (above). + Du. dee/en, Dan. dele,
Swed. dela, Ice!. deila , Goth. dailjan, G.
thtilen; cf. the respective sbs. (above ).
Deal (3), a thin board. (Du.) Dn. dee/,
a j>lank.+ G . diele ; see Thill.
Dean. (F.-L.) M. E. dene.-O. F.
deien (F. doyen ).-L. deetznum, acc. of
deciinlts , on e set over ten soldiers , or over
ten monks, a dean. - L. decem, ten.
Dear. (E.) M. E. dere. A. S. diore,
djl1"e, dear, precious.+Dan. and Swed. dyr,
dear, cost ly, Ice!. djrr, dear, precious;
O. Sax. diuri; G. theuer.
dearth, scarcity. (E.) M. E. derthe,
dearness; hence, dearth. Not in A. S. ;
but formed as health, warmoth, &c.+
Ice!. djl'lY, value, from djrr (above); O.
Sax. diul'itha , value, from diuri, dear,
precious; 0. ' H. G. tiurida, from tiuri
( G. theuer).
Death. (E.) M. E. deeth. A. S. di~.
+Du. dood, Dan. Swed.dOd, Goth. dauthus,
G . tod; cf. Ice!. dau(Ji. Teut. type *dautJuz, formed with Idg. suffix -tu-, Tent.
-tJu-, from the base *dau- ; see Dead.
Debar (F.) F. dlbarrer; O. F. des
barrer . From De- ( 2) and Bar.
Debase. (L., and F.-L.) Formed
from base by prefixing L. dl, down.
Debate. (F.-L. ) M. E. deba(en.O. F. debatre, to debate, argue. - L. ell,
down; battere, to beat. See Batter (I ).
Debauch. (F. -L. and Teut.) O. F.
desballche1', (F . debaucher), 'to debosh,
mar, seduce, mislead;' Cot. Diez supposes that the orig. sense was 'to entice
away from a workshop'; it is certainly
derived from the O. F. prefix des- (L. dis-),
away , and O. F. bauche, explained by
Roquefort as ' a little house,' and by Cot
grave as 'a course of stones or bricks
in building.' Cf. M. F. embaucher, to use
in business, employ, esbaucker, to roughhew, frame. Godefroy gives desbaucher
only in the sense of' rough-hew,' but his
Supp. adds-' detach from one's service,
tum aside, distract.' The orig. sense of
bauche was prob. 'balk ,' i. e. beam, hence
frame of a building, course in building,

small building, &c.; of Teut. origin; see

Balk.
Debenture, acknowledgment of a
debt. (L.) Formerly debentur (Bacon).
- L. dibentur, lit. ' they are due: because
such receipts began with the words dibmtur mihi (Webster) ; pro p!. pass. of
dibeo, lowe; see Debt.
Debilitate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dibililiire, to weaken. - L. dibilis, weak.L. di, away, not ; -bib's, prob. allied to
Skt. bala-, strength; cf. dur-bala- (for
dus-bala-), feeble. Brugm. i. 55~.
Debonair. ( F.) M . E. debomre , debonaire; A. F. debonaire . for de bon
air" lit. of a good stock. - L.di, of; bOil-US,
good; and O. F. aire, place, stock, race,
Diez
a word of uncertain origin.
suggests that it represents Lat. acc.
agrum, fi eld.
Debouch. (F. -L.) F. dlboucher, to
uncork, to emerge from; hence, to march
out of a narrow pass. - F. de ( = O. F. des<L. dis-) , away; and bouche, mouth,
op_ening, from L. bucca, mouth.
Debris, broken pieces. (F. - L. a1ui
Teut.) F. dlbris, fragments.-O. F. debrisier, to break to pieces.-O. F. de-,
from L. di, down; and brisier (F. briser),
to break; see Bruise.
Debt. (F. - L.) A bad spelling of
dell, M. E. det/e.-O. F. delle (but in M. F.
misspelt debte) . -L. debita, a sum due;
fern. of dlbitus, owed, pp. of dibere, to
owe. Debere=de-kibere (Plautns), i.e. to
have away, have on loan. -L. di- , down,
away; habere, to have. Der. debt-or,
M. E. det-tur, from O. F. de/eur, L. acc.
dlbitore11l.
Debut. (F.-L. a1tdO . H. G.) A first
appearance in a play. - F. debut, a first
stroke, first cast or throw at dice , first play
in the game of bowls ; verbal sb. of dlbuter,
M. F . desbuter, 'to put from the mark he
aimed at' (at bowls), Cot. ; hence, to come
in first, be entitled to lead. :From L.
dis-, from, and F. but, mark. See Butt (1 ).
Decade. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. decade, 'a
decade,' Cot.; i. e. an aggregate of ten.L . decadem, ace. of duas. - Gk. ~'Kaoo,
acc. of ~'Kas, a company of ten. - Gk.
~",a, ten; see Ten.
decagon. (Gk.) Named from its ten
angles. - Gk. ~'Ka, ten; 'Yaw-la, a comer,
angle, allied to 'YOI'll, knee; see Knee.
Der. kendeca-gon ( ~v3f"a, eleven) ; dodecagon (3&I~f/t(l, twelve) .

DECAHEDRON

decahedron. (Gk.) Named from its

ten sides or bases. - Gk. libta , ten: ~li.pa ,
a base, lit. 'seat,' from '(OfUll (for rliY0l'al) ,
I sit; see S it. D er. dodecahedron (Gk.
&illi.Ka, twelve).
decalogue. (F. - L.-Gk.) F . decalog-lie. - L. aecalogum, acc. of deca/og-us. Gk. li.KclA0Yo<, the ten commandments. Gk. lifKa, ten; AOl O<, a speech, saying;
see Logic.
decasyllabic, having ten syllables.
(Gk.) Gk. DiKa, ten; (fIJAAa{3-q , a syllable.
Der. hendecasyllabic (G k. ;vDEKa, eleven) .
Decadence, decay. (F. - L.) F . deca
dence. - ~1 ed. L. decadentia, - L. di, down;
mden/ia, a falling; see Cadence.
Decamp, to depa rt. (F - L.) L. dt!
camper ; O. F. descamper, orig. to remove
a camp.-L. dis-, away; and camp"s, a
field, later, a camp. See De- (~) and
Camp .
Decanal. (L.) Belonging to a dean.
- L. decallus, a dean; with suffix -al (L.
-(llis); see Dean.
Decant. (F.-L. and Gk.) F. d,:callter (Span. decalltar). - Med. L. dimntll(ll'e
(a word of the alchemists), to pour out. L. di, from; canthus, the' lip' of a cup,
a peculiar use of Gk. K6.v90s, corner of the
eye (Hatzfeld). Der. deca1It-er, a winevessel.
Decapitate. (L.) From pp. of Late
L. decapitare, to behead . - L. de, off; and
capito, stem of caput, head.
Decay, to fall into ruin. (F. - L.)
O. North F. decair (Span. decaer) ; variant of O. F. dtchair, declleoir. - O. F . de-;
and cheoir (F. c11OZ,'), to fall. - L. di, down;
and Folk-L. cadin, cadere, to fall, variants
of L. cadere, to fall.
Decease. (F.- L.) M. E. deces. O. F. deees (F. d,lds), death. - L. aec.
dfcesSt/11l, departure, death. - L. dlcessus,
p p. of decidere, to depart. - L. de, from;
eldere, to go away.
Deceive. (F. - L.) A. F. deceivre ;
O. F . decevei,', decevoir, pres. subj. deceive.
- L. decipere, to take away, deceive. - L.
di, away; and cape"e, to take. Der. deedt, from O. F. deceit, pp. of deceveir.
December. (L.; or F. -L.) O. F .
Decembre. - L. December. - L. decem, ten ;
as it was the tenth month of the Roman
year.
Decemvir, one of ten magistrates.
(L.) L . decemuir, one of the deeel1mir f,
or ten men joined in a commission. - L.

DECOLLATION
decem, ten (see Ten) ; and flir, a mall
(see Virile).
Decel1JliaJ, belonging to ten years.
(L.) For L. decmn-alis, of ten years;
cf. bi-etmial. - L. decem, ten; a'lntlS, a
year.
Decent. (F . -L.) O. F. decent. - L.
dean/em, acc. of pres. pt. of decire, to
become, befit; d. decus, honour.
Deception. (F.-L.) O. F. deception.
- L . acc. deceptio1lem. - L. deceptus, pp.
of decifere, to deceive; see Deceive.
DeCIde. (F .-L.) F . dlcider.-L. decidere, pp. decisus, to cnt off, decide. - L.
dl, down; and cadere, to cut. Der. decis-io'l (from pp. dlcisus).
Deciduous, falling off. (L.) L decidu- us, that falls down; with suffix -otts.
- L. dicidere, to fa ll down . - L. de, down;
nnd cadere, to fall. See Decay.
Decimal. (F.-L.) O. F. decimal. Late L. decilllalis, belonging to tithes.L. decima, a tithe; fern. of decimlls, tenth.
Cf. L. decem, ten.
decimate. (L.) From pp. of L. decimare, to select every tenth man, for
punbhment. - L. decem, ten.
Decipher. (F. and Arab.) Formed
after F . dlchiffrer, to decipher. - F. dl-,
O. F. des-, L. dis- , apalt; Cipher, q. v.
Deck, to cover. (Du.) Du. dekken, to
cover ; dek, a cover, a ship's deck. Cognate with E. Thatch, q. v.
Declaim. lL.) Formerly ded01/lC. L. di'damare, to cry aloud. - L. dl, down,
full y; damare, to cry; see Claim.
Declare. (F.-L) O. F . declarer.L. dic/arare, to make clear, declare. - L.
de, fully; clams, clear.
Declension. (F. - L.) O. F. declillaiSO,t, used for the' declension' of a noun .
- L. dedina#o'lem, nee. of dlcli1tiitio, declination, declension. - L. declilliitlls, pp.
of declinare (below).
decline. (F. -L.) O. F. dedi,w'. L. dlclinare, to lean or bend aside from. L . de-, from; -dinan (only in comp.), to
lean; see Incline, Lean (1).
Declivity. (F. -L.) F. dtclivitl. L. dlc/luitatem, ace. of dic/Juitiis, a
downward slope. - L. dec/Juis, sloping
downward. -L. di, down ; diuus, a slope,
hill. See L ean ( I).
Decoct. (L.) L. decoctlls, pp. of df'.
coquere, to boil down. - L . de, down,
away; coquere, to cook.
Decollation, a beheading. (F.-L.)

DECOMPOSE

DEFEASANCE

O . F. decollalion. - Late L. :tcc. dlrol/'i- ' down; dielire, to proclaim; from die. ,
liollem . From pp. of derollare, to behead . weak grade of die-, as in dicere, to say.
- L de, off; COl/WIl, the neck.
Deduce. (L.) L. dediicere, to bdng
Decompose. (F. - L. ami Gk.) F. down (hence, to infer). -L. de, down;
dtcomposer ( XVI c.) ; from de-, prefix, and diiare, to bring. See Duke.
composer, to compose. See Compose.
deduct. (L.) Orig. to derive from.
Decorate. (L.) From pp. of decorlire, - L. deduct-us, pp. of dedueere, to bring
to adorn. - L. deeor - (for *decos-), stem of down (above).
dews, hon our, ornament; cf. L. decere, to Deed. (E.) M. E. deed. O. Mere. ded,
be fit.
A. S. dad. + Du. daad. Ice!. diiIJ, Swed.
decorum . (L.) L. decorum, seemli- dlld, Dan. daad, Goth. deds, G. IIUlI,
ness; neut. of decorus, seemly. - L. deeor- , O. H . G. Iii!. Teut. type *dlCdi. ; Idg.
stem of decor, seemliness. allied to dews type *dlz.etis ; from .vDH E, to place, put,
(above) . Der. ilt-decorum .
do. See Do.
Decoy,:t contrivance for catching wild- Deem. (E.) M , E. demen . A. S. deducks . (F . altd Dn.) Coined from provo E. man, to judge, give a doom. - A. S. dom,
coy, a decoy, by prefixing the E. de- ( F. a doom; see Doom. Cf. Du. cioemm,
d/-, L. de). E. coy is from Du. kooi, a Icel. dama (for da!ma), Swed . doma, Dan.
cage, decoy, M. Du. koye. older form diimme, Go th . domjan, O. H. G. tuomian.
kOllwe ( H exham) ; from L. eauea, whence T eut. type *domj a,,- , from *domoz, doom.
also F . and E. cage ; see Cage. ~ The Deep, profound. (E. )
M. E. deep .
prefixing of de was probably d ue to con- A. S. deop . + D u. diep, Dan. dj b, Swed.
fusion with M. E. coyen , to quiet; so that dju} , Ice!. djupr. G . lie/, Goth. diups.
de-coy seemed to mean a 'quieting down. ' T ellt. type *deupoz ; see Dip.
Decrease. (F. -L.) A . F. dem'ees,
depth, deepness, (E.) From deep;
descreis. O . F. descrois, sb., a decrease; cr. I ce !. djp(J, depth, from djiipr, deep.+
from deseroislre, vb., to decrease. - Late L. D n. dieple; Goth . daupitha.
disereseere, used for L. decrescere, to Deer. (E. ) M. E. deer, an animal.
diminish (pp . dicretttS). - L. de, down, A. S. deor, a wild animal.+Dn. dier, Dan.
away; crescere, to grow.
dyr, Swed. djllr, I ce!. djr, Goth. di1d,
decrement. (L.) L. decrementulIl, G . thier. Tent. type *deuzom; Idg. type
a decrease. - L. deerettIS, pp. of deeres- *dheusom, prob. 'animal ' ; from *dlteus-,
rere.
to breathe (Kluge). Brugm. i. 539 (2) .
Decree. (F . -L. ) M. E . decree. _ D er . wilder-tuss, q. v.
O. F. deerel. - L. deet'etum . - L. deerett<S, Deface. (F.-L.) M. E. defacm .VP. of decentere, to decree, lit. to separate. O. F. des/neier, to deface, disfigure. -L. de, :tway; cernere, to distinguish.
O. F . des- L. dis- ) , apart; face, face;
decretal. ( F. -L.) O. F. decretal. see Face.
- Late 1.. diet'itlile, a decree. - L. deoitus. Defalcate, to abate, deduct. (L.)
Decrepit. (L.) L. decr:epitus, uoise From pp. of Late L. diffalrare or deJal.
less, creeping about like an old man, aged. care, to abate, deduct , take away.-L. dif- L. de, away; crepitus, noise, allied to (= dis- ), apart , or else ae, away; Late L.
erepilus, pp. of creplire, to crackle, make falelire, to cut with a sickle, from L. falx
a noise .
(stemfale- ), a sickle.
Decry,tocondemn. (F.-L. ) O . F . Defame. (F. -L.) M.E. defamen,
descn:er, to cry down, disparage. - O. F. diffamen. - O. F. diffamer, to take away a
des- (L. dis ), implying the reversal of an man's character. - L. difflimiire, to spread
act, and here opposed to ' cry up'; crier, a bad report.-L. dif- (for dis -), apart;
to cry. See Cry.
flima , a report. See Fame.
Decussate,to cross at an acute angle. Default. (F.-L.) M. E. defaule.(L. ) From pp. of L. demsslire, to cross, O. F. defaute, a default, from defaillir, to
to pnt into the form of an X . - L. demssis, fail; imitating faule from faillir. See
a coin worth ten asses (as-es), and there De- (I ) and Fault.
fore marked with X , i. e . ten. - L . decem, Defeasance, a rendering null. (F.ten; assi., stem of as, an ace; see Ace.
L.) A. F. bw-term defesallee , a rendering
Dedicate, to devote. (L.) L. der/ica void. -0. F. defesa1tl, defeisant .pres. part.
Ius, pp. of dMi{iire, to devole.-L. de, of defait'e, desfaire, to render vOld.-O. F .
13 3

DEFEAT

DEGRADE

des- (L. dis- ) , apart ; faire (L. facere), to down or aside. - L. de, down ; jieelere, to
make.
bend. Der. dtjlex-um, from dtjlex-us,
defeat. (F. - L.) M. E. defai/eIl, to pp.
defeat.- A.F. tUftIer, formed from O. 1'. Dell.our, Dell.ower. (F.-L.) M.E.
defait , desfait, pp. of defaire, desfaire, to dtjlourm.-O. F. dejieurer, Cotg.- Late
render void (above).
L . dijioriire. to gather flowers. .;..L. dZ,
Defecate. (L.) From pp. of difae- away;jio,'-, forjios , a flower.
ciire, to free from dregs. - L. dz, out; Dell.uzion. (L.) From ace. of L. defaee., stem of faex , pI. faeces, dregs.
jillxio, a fl owing down. _ L. de, down;
Defect. (L.) L. difeclus, a want.- L. jiux tIS, pp. ofjiuere, to flow.
difectus, pp. of dijicere, to fail, orig. to Deforce, to dispossess. (F . - L.)
nndo. - L. de, away ; facere, to make. Legal. - A. 1'. defora r , to dispossess (Med.
Der. defecl-ion, -ive.
L. diffOrciare). - O. F. de-= des- (L. dis- ),
Defend. ,F. -L.) M. E. defenden. - away; and }/. f orce. See For ce.
O. F . defmdre. - L. dij'endere, to defend, Deform. (F.-L.) M. E. deformell,
lit. strike down or awny. - L. dZ, down; chiefl y in pp. deformed. - O. F . di/for1ller,
*fendere, to strike, onl y ill compodef endere, to deform ; Godefroy. - O. F. diffor me,
of/emiere. Cf. G. 1M" .. ", to strike ; Skt. adj ., deformed, ug ly; Cot.-L. dif ormis,
ugly. - L. de, away ; form a, shape, beauty.
han. (-v'GHwEN.) Brugm. i. 664.
defence. (F. -L.) M. E . defen(e. Defraud. (F . - L.) O. F. defrauder.
O. F. defense. - L. difm sa, a defending - L. dij'rattdare, to deprive by fraud. -L.
(Tertullian). - L. difmslts, pp. of de- dZ, away; fraud-, stem offraus, fraud.
fmdere (above). Also M. E. defens, O. F. Defray. (F. -L. and O. H . G.) O. F.
de/em , from L. difeltSum, neut.
desfrayer, to pay expenses; Littre. - O. F.
Defer ( I) , to delay. (F. -L.) M. Eo des- (L. dis-) ; f.-aier, to spend. Fraier
diJIerrm. - O. F. di.fferer, to delay. - L. is from O. F . *frai, *fre, later frait, mostly
differre, to bear different ways, delay. - L . used in the pI. f,-at's , fres (F. frais ), exdif- (for dis-), apart; ferre, to bear.
penses; cf. Low L. fredulII, a fine, comdefer ( 2), to lay before, submit one- position. - O. H. G. fridu (G. fn'ede ),
self. (F.-L.) O. F. de/erer, to admit or peace; also, a fine for a breach of the
give way to an appeal.-L. diferre, to peace. See Affra.y.
bring down, bring before one. - L . de, Deft, neat. dexterous. (E.) M. E . deft,
down; ferre, to bear, carry.
daft. A. S. dafte, as seen in ge-dafte, mild,
Dell.cient. (L.) t-rom stem of pres. gentle, meek; ge-dafllice, fitly, seasonpt. of dijicere, to fail; see Defect.
ably; daftan, to prepare. Cf. A. S. gedell.cit, lack. (L.) L. dijicit, it fails; daJ-en, fit , pp. of a lost strong vb. tdafan;
3~ .~'pres. of dijicere (above).
Goth. gudaban, to befit, gadobs, fitting.
Defile ( I), to pollute. (F.-L.; (011- Defunct, dead. (L.) L difunctus,
fused with L. a'id E.) M. E. defoulm, to i. e. having fully performed the course of
trample under foot ; later spelling defoyle; life, pp. of difungr, to perform fully.-L.
see Foil (I). This word is obsolete, but de, fu lly; and fungi, to perform; see
it suggested a hybrid compound made by Function.
p refixing L. cU, down , to the old word Def,y. (F. -L.) M. E. defyen. -O. F.
Jile, to defile (Macb. iii. 1. 65 ) = A. S. defier, dejfier, desjier, orig. to renoun~-e
fYlalZ (for *ful}all), to defile, make foul, one's faith. - Late L. diffidare. to renounce
formed (by vowel-change of u to j ) from fa ith. - L. dif- (for dis-), apart; -ftJ,ire
A. S. f lil, foul; see Foul.
(from jldtts, faithful ), to trust; cf. L.
Defile ( 2), to march in a file. (F. -L.) jldere, to trust. See F&ith.
F. dijiler, to defil e. - F . di- = O. F. des- (L. Degenerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dis-), apart;Jiler, to spin threads, from L. digenerare, to become base.-L. dig-eller ,
filum, thread. Der. defile, sb., .F. dijiU, adj ., base. - L. de, down; geller- (for
a narrow passage; orig. pp. of dtjiler..
*geltes-). stem of genus, race. See Genus.
Define. (F . -L.) O. F. definer, to Deglutition, swallowing. (F. - L.)
define, conclude. - L. dejl,.ire, to limit. F . digllliitiolt. - L. de, down; gliitulIs,
- L. di down; jlnr,'e, to end, from jlm's, PE. of gliilire, to swallow.
Degrade. ~ F. -L.) O. F . degrader,
eud.
Dell.ect. (L.) L. dijlcctere, to bend to l!eprive of rank or office. - Late L. de
133

DEGREE

DELVE

g radI11'e, the same. - L. dl, from; gradres, I Delf. (Du. ) Earthenware first made at
Tank. See Grade.
Delfl, formerly Delj, a town in S. Holland,
degree. (F. -L.) O. F . degre, degrel, about A. D. 1 31 0 ( Haydn). The town was
a step, rank ; orig. a step do,ull (used of I' named from its delf or canal; cf. Delve.
Deliberate, carefully weighed ann
stairs) . - L. dl, down ; gradllS. a step.
Dehiscent, gaping. ( t.) L. dllii- ! considered. (L.) L. d~liberiilus, pp. of dl scent-, stem 01 pres. pt. of dilliscere, 10 . libertire, to consult. - L . de, thoroughly;
gape open. - L. dl, down ; hiscere, to I librare, to weigh, from lrbra, a balance.
gape , inceptive of /ziare, to yawn; see Delicate, dainty, refined. (L.) L.
Hiat u s.
deliealus, luxurious ; probably allied to
Deify, Deist; see Deity.
dHicia (or delicia, pl. ), pleasure, delight ,
Deign. (F. - L.) M. E. deigllm. - and 10 L. delieen, to amuse (below).
A. F . ddg'lz-, a stem of O. F . dig ll(i)er, to
delicious. (F. -L.) M. E. delicious.
deign. - L. dig-nare, by-form o f dignari, to - O. F. deNdow. - Late L. dl liciosus,
deem worthy.-L.dig,zus, worthy. llrugm. pleasant. - L. delicia, pleasure. -L. delicere, to amuse, allure. - L . de, away;
ii. 66.
Deit~. (F.-1..)
M.E. deile.-O.F. lacen, to entice.
d~ile. - L. deilaleill! acc. of deitas, ~eity,
d!,ligh:t. (F. - L.) Misspelt. for delit~ .
Godhead. - L. det-, for deus , God, cf. M. E. tIettlm, verb. - O. F . deltler, deleldttttls, godlike. Cf. W. dtlw, Gael. and le1. - L. deleclare; see Delectable.
Ir. dia , SkI. deva , a god; Gk. ~los, Skt, Delineate. (L.)
From pp. of L.
dai7)a-, divine. See Tuesday.
deliman, to sketch in outline. - L. de,
deify. (F. - L.) M. E. deifym. - down; linetire, to mark out, from linea,
O. F. deijier, 'to deifie;' Cot. - Late L . a line. See Line.
deijietire. -L. deifteus, accounting as gods. Delinquent, failing in duty. (L.) L.
- L. dei-, for detls, a god; and :fie-, for deli1lqtlml-, stem of pres. pt. of delinqllere,
lacen, to make. Der. deiJieat-ion , due to to fail, to omit one's duty. - L. de, away,
pp. of deiJirare.
from ; li1Zfjue1'e, to leave.
deist. (F, -L.) F. dlisle. From L. Deliquesce, to become liquid. (L.)
de -us; with suffix -ist.
L. deltqueseere, to become liqUId. - L. de,
Deject, to cast down. (L.) From L. away; liqueseere, inceptive form of /iqtierC,
dlieetus, pp. of dlieere (deiieen), to cast to be wet. See Liquid.
down.-L. dl, down; iarere, to throw.
Delirious. (L.) A coined word (with
Delay, vb. (F.-L: ' O. F . delayer, suffix "ous) from L. deliri-tllll, madn ess,
dilaier; also deleer (Godefroy). It answers which is also adopted inlo English. - L.
in sense to L. d,-Ialare, to defer, delay, delirus, mad; lit. ' going out of the
put off; wh ich would p roperly give O. F. furrow.' _ L. de, from; and lira , a furrow .
dileer. Dilallire is from dUii/us, deferred, Cf. O. H . G. leisa , G. g-leise, a track.
put off ; frOID L. di- (dis-), apart; ltitus, Deliver. (F.-L.) O. F. delivrer, to
borne, pp. of tollere, to lift, sustain, bear. set free.-Late L. deliberiire , to set free.~ The O. F. spelling with ai causes a L. de, from i liberiire, to free, from lib,,',
free.
diffIculty. Der. delay, sb.; O. F. delai.
Delectable. (F.-L.) Late M. E. Dell, a dale. (E .) M. E . del/e. A . S .
.lelee/able. - F. dtleclable. -L. deleetiibilis , dell, neut. ; Cart. Sax. i. 547; ii. jl.
delightful. - L. dlleetare, to delight; fre- Teut. type *daIj01ll; see Dale.
quent. of delieere, to allure. See De- Delta. (Gk.) Gk. a,":ra, the letter 1:.. ;
licious.
answering to Heb. dalellt, the name of the
Delegate, a chosen deputy. (L.) L. 4th letter of the alphabet ; orig.' a doo r of
dellgalus, pp. of diligare, to depute, ap- a tent.' (Orig. Phrenician.) Der. deltoid.
point. - L. dl, away; llglin, to depute. Delude. (L ) L . dib,dere (pp. delusw),
to mock at, cajole. -L. de, down; !tldere,
See Legate.
Delete, to crase. (L.) L. dilettls, pp. to play. D er . dellis-ion, from the pp.
Deluge. (F. - L.) O. F . deluge. -L.
of dillre, to destroy. See below.
Deleterious. (Gk.) Late L. dell- diltltlium, a washing away. - . L. dfluere,
Uri-liS, with suffix -ous. For Gk. a",,:'l" to wash away. - L. di- (dlS- ) , apart;
rqp<os, noxious. - Gk. ~'1>''1T~p, a destroyer. Itlere, to wash, :!:Ilied t? Lave. _
Delve, to (1ig. (Eo) M. E. delllell.
_ Gk. m.,>,EOfUJ1 , I harm, injure.

J34

DEMAGOGUE

DENOMINATE

A. S. delfatl, pt. t. dea/f, pp. dolfetl.+D u. Demise, transfe rence, decease. (F. - L.
delven; M. H. G. Ielben. Cf. Russ. dol- O. F. demise , desmise, felD . of pp. of
bite, to hollow out . Brugrn. i. 521 ( 2). desmettre, to displace, dismiss. - L. dilllit.
Demagogue. (F.-Gk.) F. dellla- tere; see Dismiss.
gogue. -Gk.liYJJ.la",(ory6s, a popular leader.
Democracy. ( F.-Gk.) Formerl y de- Gk. liijJ.l-or, people; u)'Q),yos, leading, mocraty (Milton ). -M .F.delllocratie; Cot.
- Gk. liYJJ.loKpaTla , popular government,
from tl"l-ftv, to lead.
Dema.nd. (F. - L.) F. demander, to rule by the people. - Gk. liTJJlo-, for liijJlos,
demand, require. - L. dimandlire, to en- a country-district, also the people; and
trust; in late L., to demand . - L. de, I KPflTflv , to rule. Cf. O. Ir. dum, a retinue.
away; mandare, to commission, order.
Demolish. (F. - 1..) O. F . demoliss-,
Demarcation. (Span. - L. and inchoative stem of de1llolir, to demolish.M. H. G.) From Span. demarcacion (sec L. di moliri, di m olire, to pull down.-L.
N.E. D.) ; whence also F. dbnarcati01l. de, from; moles, heap, mass.
- L. di, down; and Span. marcnr, to ' Demon. (L. -Gk. ) I"ormerly dtEmon.
mark, a word of German origin; see
L. damon. - Gk. OOIJlOJll, a god, genius,
Marque.
spirit. Cf. ooloJlo., I impart.
Demea.n (I ), to conduct ; reJlex., to . Demonstrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
behave. (F . -L.) M. E. demetlC1l.- 0. 1'. 1demonstrare, to show fully.-L. de, down,
demener, to conduct , guide, manage. - ; fully; monslrtfre, to show, from 1IIoltstnml,
O. F. de ( = L. di ), down, fully ; mener , to . aportent. See Monster.
conduct, from Late L. minare, to drive ' Demoralise, to corrupt in morals.
cattle, conduct, from L.miniiri,to threaten. (F. -L.) Mod. F . dt 11loraliser.-F. dt-,
See Menace.
O. F . des (L. dis- ), apart ; moral, moral;
demea.nour. (F.-L.) M. E. de11lC1t- with suffix -ise (= F . -iser, for Gk. '.(fU,).
tire (XV cent.) ; a coined word, Jrom See Moral.
M. E. demenm, to demean, behave; see Demur, vb. (F.-L.) O. F . demotlrer,
Demean ( I \
demeurer, to tarry; hence, to hesitate.Demean (l), to debase, lower. (Hy- L. demorllri, to dday full y -L. di, ful\y;
brid; L. and E.) Made, like debase, morari, to delay, from mora, delay.
from the prefix De- (I ) , and the adj . Demure. (F.-L.) XIV cent . Coined
m ert1t . See Mean (l ).
by prefixing de- (see De- ( I) ) , to M. E.
Demented, mad. (L. ) Pp. of the old mure, mature, calm , demure. - O. F. mmr
\'erb to dement.-L. dimentare, to d rive (F. mar) , mature. - L. matiirus ; see
o ut of one's mind. - L. de, from; mento, Mat ure .
Demy; a spelling of demi-.
stem of mms, mind.
Demerit, ill desert. (F.-L.) Also Den. (E.) M . E . dm ; A. S. denn, a
merit, in a g(lod sense; Cor. i. J. 276.- cave, allied to demt, a valley. M. Du.
O. F. demerite, desert; also a fault , de- denne, a cave (K il ian).
merit.-Late L di merittmz , a fault; from Denary, relating to tens. (L.) L.
pp. of L. delllC1-ire, dimerer., to deserve dbliirius, containing ten. - L. dint ( = dec(in a good sense). - L. de, fully; 11Ierire, nil, pI. ten by ten. -L. dec-em, tcn. Hence
11te1-iri, to deserve. See Merit.
I denier, L. dinarius, piece of ten (as-es).
Demesne. (F. -L.) A. F. demeille, i Dendroid. (Gk.) Gk. ~'vlipo " , a tree;
dell/ene, also demesne (with silent s); other : -uliYJs , like, from .llios, form , shape.
s~ellings of Domain , q. v.
' Denizen, a naturalised citi zen, inha
Demi-, half. (F. - L.) O. F. demi, bi tant. ( F. - L. ) Formerly deynseill.half. - L. ace. dimidiu1ll , half. - L. di- = A. F. and O. F. deittzein \als o denzeitz),
dis, apart; medius, midd le; see Medi um . used in the Liber Albus to denok a trader
Demijohn, a kind . of large bottle. withi" the pri\'ile~e of the city fran ch~se,
(F.) From F. dame-Jeamte; cf. Span. as opposed tojoretn. Formed byadd mg
damajtta,za. Much disputed, but not of the suffi x -ein ( = L. -anCt/s) to O . F. dei,zz,
Eastern origin. The F. form is right as now spelt dans , within. -L. de intus, from
it sta nds, though often much perverted. within. -L. di, from; intus, within , allied
Frolll F. dame \Sp. dama ) , lady; and to Interior.
J (a'"te (Sp. J uana) , Jane, Joan. See Denominate. , L.) From pp. of L.
N. E. D.
dbzomi.zlire , to name. - L . de, down , fully;
135

i
II

DENOTE

DEPOSITION

,16mill.are, to name, from nOlIlin-, stem of hang down or from. _ L. th, down, from;
"Ometl, a name; see Noun.
penthre, to hang. See Pendant.
Denote. (F. -L.) F. dtnoter.-L. de- Depict. (L.) Formerly used as a Pl'.'lOltire, to mark out. - L. dl, down; L. depictus, pp. of lUpingere, to d"pict,
tlOltire, to mark, from tlota, a mask. See lit . paint fully . - L. de, fully; pingen, to
Note.
paint. Cf. Picture.
Denouement, the undoing of a Depilatory, removing hair. (L.)
knot. (F.-L. ) F.dtnouement,sb.,from Formed, in imitation of M.F. depilatoire
tilnouer, to undo a knot. -L. dis-, apart; (Col.) , from a L. adj. *dipilatorius, not
twdare, to knot, from "iidus, a knot. See found. - L. dipiliire, to pluck onl hair. Node,
L. lU, away; pilare, to pluck away hair,
Deno1lJlce. ( }<' . -L.) O. F. denollcer. from pilus, hair.
- L. lUnuntiare, to declare. - L. di, down, DeJJletion. (L .) Depletion, an emptyfully; nuntiare, to tell, from mllltius, a ing; Blount. Formed, in imitation of
messenger. See Nuncio. Der. denunciat- npleti01', from L. lUplitus, Pl'. of diplire,
ion, from L. pp. dblullciatus.
to empty. - L. de, away; plire, to fill.
Dense. (L.) L. denslts, thick .+ Gk. See Plenary.
3aaos,thick. Brugm.i.8sI. Der. con- Deplore. (F.-L.;orL.) O. F. de
dmse.
plorer. - L. lUjlOriire, to lament over.Dent; see Dint.
L. di, fully; ploriire, to cry out, wail,
Dental. (L.) Formed with suffix al weep. Brugm. i. 154.
(F. -aI, L. -alis) from L. dmt, stem of Deploy, to open out, extend. (F.-L.)
dens, a tooth, cognate with E. Tooth.
F. dip/oyer, to unroll, unfold; O. F. desdentated, furnished with teeth. (L ) p/oier, to unfold. - L. dis, apart; pliciire,
L. dentatus, toothed. -L. de"t-, stem of to fold. A doublet of Display.
dens, a tooth.
Deponent, one who testifies. (L.) L.
denticle, a little tooth. (L.) L. dm- deponmt, stem of the pres. pt. of diponere,
tiettlus, double dimin. of dens, a tooth.
to lay down, also (in late L.) to testify.dentifrice, tooth-powder. (F. -L.) L. lU, down; p onere, to lay. See Position.
F. delltifrice. - L. dentifricium (Pliny). Depopulate. (L.) From pp. of L. deL. denti-, decl. stem of dellS, a tooth; popuTare, to lay waste; in Late L. to de
fric-an, to rub.
prive of people or inhabitants. Orig. to
dentist. (F.-L.) F.dentiste. Coined ravage by means of multitudes.-L. di,
from L. dent-, stem of dens, a tooth.
fully; popu/are, to populate, fill with
dentition. (L. ) L. dentitionelll, acc. people, from populus, people; see People.
of dentitio, cutting of teeth. -L. dentitus, Deport. (F. - L.) M. F. deporter, to
pp. of dentire, to cut tedh. -L. denti-, bear, endure; se deporter, to for bear, quiet
deci. stem of dens, a tooth.
oneself. - L. dipor/lire, to carry down, reDenude, to lay bare. (L.) L. dinu- move; with extended senses in Late Latin.
dare, to make fully bare. -L. de, fully; Der. deportment, O. }<' . deportemCJlt, benUdiire, to lay bare, from nUtiw, bare. haviour. IU For the varying senses, see
See Nude.
F. d/porter.
DenUDciation; see Denounce.
Depose. (Y. -L. and Gk.) O. F. deDeny. (F. - L. ) M. E . denim. -M. F. poser, to displace. - 0 . }' . de- (L.de; , from;
denier, earlier form delleier. - L. dillegiire, and F . poser, to place, of Gk. origin, as
to deny fully. -L. di, fully; negiire, to shown under Pose. IU Much confused
with derivatives from L. po"e,'e, to place.
deny. See Negation.
DeodaD.d, lit. a thing to be given to See below.
God. (L.) From L. deO,dat. of deus, God; Deposit, vb. (F . -L.) Obs. F. dedandum, neut. of dalldllS, to be given, positer, to entrust. - Med. L. dipositiire, to
lay down. - L. depositum, a tbing laid
from dare, to give.
Depart. (F . - L.) O. F. dejattir, des- down, neut. of pp. of depotlere; see Departir, to divide, to part from. - L. dis-, ponent.
deposition. (F.-L.) O. F . deposiaway from ; parlire, to part; see Part.
Cf. L. dispertire.
tiOII. - L. acc. depositiolum, a depositing.
Depend. (F . ....:L.) O. F. depmdre, to -L. dipositus, pp. of lUponere, to lay
depend, hang on ; Cot. - L. dipeJldire, to down ,above) .
136

DEPOT

depot, a store. (F.-L.)

DESIGN

F. depOt; Derrick, a kiod of crane. (Du.) Orig.

O. F. depost. - L. dlpositum, a thing laid the gallows; and named from a Dutch
down , hence, stored) ; neut. of dlpositus, hangman; see T. Dekker, Senn Deadly
PI" of tbponere; see Deponent.
Sins of London, ed. Arber, p. 17. - Du.
Deprave. (F.-L.) M.E . depmuen. - Dierryk, Dirk, Diet/erik; answering to G.
O. F. depraver. -L. diprawire, to make Dietn'ch, A. S. P eodric, ruler of the
crooked, distort, vitiate. - L. dl, fully; people.'
prauus, crooked, depraved.
Dervis, Dervish, a Persian monk,
Deprecate. (L.) From pp. of L. . ascetic. (Pers.) Pers. darvis/I, poor ; a
depncari, to pray against, pray to remo,'e. I dervish , who professed poverty. Cf. Zend
- L. dl, away ; preca,'i, to pray. See dri"ltt-, poor (Horn).
Precarious.
Descant. (F.-L.) Orig. a variation
Depreciate. (L.) From pp. of L. in a song. - O. North F. descant (0. F. des,
di'j>reliiire, to lower the price of. - L. dl , ehant ), a kind of song. - Late L. discanttls,
down; p retium, price. See Precious.
a refrain , ki nd of singing. - L. dis-, apart;
Depredate. ,L.) From pp. of L. and cal/tw, a song. See Cant ( I ) .
deprrediiri, to plunder. - I.. dl, fully; prre- Descend. , F.- 1..) M. F. desi'Cltdre ;
dari, t o rob, frompneda, prey; see Prey. C ot.-L. descenden, lit. to climb down. Depress. (F. - L.) O. F. deprcsser I .. di, down; sca1ldere , to climb; sec
\ Godefroy) . - L. type *,llpressare; from Scan.
L. diipressus, pp. of deprilllere, to press Describe. (L .) L. dc!So'ibe,'e, to write
down. - L. di, down; pre1Jlere, to press.
down, describe full y; pp. descl'lptlls
Deprive. (F. - L.) O. 1'. depriver ,whence descripliott}. - L. tI.', dow n;
(Godefroy). - Late L. dlpriv,lre, to de- scribere, to write. See Scribe.
prhe of office, degrade. - 1.. dl, folly;
descry. (F.-L.) M. E . descrym, to
priulire, to deprive. See Priva.te.
discern. - O. F. tiescri1'e, short form of
Depth; see Deep.
O. F . descrivre, to describe. - L. deseribi re.
Depute. ( F. -L.) M.l' . deputer; Cot. ~ Sense affected by O. F. descrier, to pro-L. dlpltttire, to cut off, also to impute, claim, publish ; from O. F. des- (L. dis- ),
destine. - L. dl, down; putare, to cut off, and cn'er , to cry.
orig. to cleanse. Der. deput-y, M. F. Desecrate. (L.) From pp. of L. dl
deput.!, one deputed, pp. of deputer.
secrare or dlsac1'iire, to consecrate ; (w ith
Derange. (F. - 1.. and O. H. G.) }<'. change of sellse due to O. F. dessacrer, to
dlra1lger, to disarrange; formerly des . profane, from L. dis-, apart). - L. di, fully;
rang-ier.-L. dis, apart; O. F . rangier, sat'rare, to account as sacred; see Sacred.
"engier, to range; see Range.
Desert ( I ) , a waste. (F.-L.) O. F.
Dereliction, complete abandonment. desert, a wilderness. -L. dlse1turn, nellt.
\L.) L. acc. dlrelictiOnelll, complete neg- of di'serltts, waste; pp. of deserere, to
lect. - L. direlict1ts, pp. of dereiinqllere, to desert , abandon. - L. di, away (negative) ;
forsake. - L. de, from; relinquere, to leave I serere, to join.
behind, from reo, back, and lin'luere, to Desert (2), merit. (F.-L.) O. F.
leave. See Relinquish.
desert , fern. deserle, lit. a thing deserved,
Deride. (L.) L. dlridin , to laugh pp. of deservi,', to deserve; see below.
down, langh at; from dc, down, and
deserve. (F.-L.) O . F . deservir._
ridln, to laugh. Der. dcri", ive, from L. dlserulre, to serve fully; in Late L., to
PE. deristtS.
deserve. - L. de, fully; semire. to serve.
Derive. (F.-L.) O. F. deriver, to See Serve.
derive, also to drain.-L. dlrillare, to Deshabille, careless dress. ( 1'. -L. )
drain off water. - L. dl, from; ri1ms, a F. dishabille, undress. - F. deshabiller, to
stream. See Rivulet.
undress.- F .dls (L.dis-), apart, away, un-;
Derm, skin. (Gk. ) Gk. ~.pl'a, skin.- haMller, to dress; see Habiliment.
Gk.~'p.tV,tolla y; cognate with E. Tear,
Desiccate,todryup. (L.) Frompp.
vb., to rend.
of L . diisiccan, to drain dry. - L. de, away;
Derogate. (L.) From pp. ofL. diro- siccan, to dry, from siccus, dry.
glire, to repeal a law, detract from. -L. Desiderate; see Desire.
dl, away; rogare, to ask, propose a law. Design, vb. (F. - L. ) O. F . designer,
See Roga.tion .
to denote, to design. - L. dlsigniire, to
137
F3

DESIRE

DETAIL

denote, mark down.-L. de, down; sig. to despair).-L. de, (I) fully, (2) away;
,,are, to mark, from signum, sign. Der. spondlre, to promise.
designate.
Despot, a tyrant. (F . -L.-Gk.) O.F.
Desire, to long for. (F. - L.) O. F. tie- desp ot. - Med. L. despo/us. - Gk. 3fO'lrOT,/S,
sirer, desirrer. - L. tilsitienire, to long for, a master; lit. ' master of the house.' The
regret, miss. Perhaps (like eonsfderiire) syllable 3f(T- = Idg. *dems, 'of a house; ,
allied to sidt4S, a star, as ifto tum the eyes cf. Skt. dampa/i-, master of the house.
The syllable lfuT- is allied to Gk. "'O(TIS,
from the stars, to regret, miss.
desiderate. (L.) L. dlsitierii/tls, pp. husband, Skt. pati, lord, and to Potent.
of de,'ideriire (above).
Brugm. i. 408.
Desist. (F .-L.) O. F. desis/er, to Desquamation, a scaling off. (L.)
cease. -L. desis/ere, to put away, also to From pp, of L. dlsquilmare, to remove
desist. _ L . di, away; sistere, to put, also scales. - L. de, off; squama, a scale.
to stand still, from sllire, to stand.
Dessert. (F. -L.) O. F. dessert, the
Desk, a sloping table. (L. - Gk.) last course at dinner. - O. F. tiesservir, to
M. E . duke, desk; in Chaucer, C. T., F. do ill service to; also, to take away the
1128. - Med. L. desea, a desk; cf. Ita1. courses at dinner. - O. F . des-, from L. dis-,
tieseo, 'a desk;' Florio. _ L. diseum, a way; urvir, from seruire, to serve.
ac~. of discus, a disc, table. See Disc,
Destine. (F . -L.) O. F. ties/iner, to
DiBh.
ordain. - L. dis/intire, to destine, ordain;
Desolate, solitary. (L. ) L. dlsolatus, allied to L. dls/im1, a prop, support. -L.
forsaken; pp. ofdisoltire, to forsake.-L. de, down; and *s/amlre, to cause to stand,
til, fully; solare, to make lonely, from derivative of s/tire, to stand. Cf. Cretic
solus, alone.
aTal'Il... , I set. Brngm. ii. 603.
Despair' see De8perate.
Destitute. (L.) L. tils/ittitus, left
Despatch j see Dispatch.
alone; pp. of tilstituere, to place alone.Desperate, hopeless. (L.) L. dlsPl- L. dl, away; s/atuere, to place, causal of
"titus, pp. of dispb-iire, to lose all hope. - sUire, to stand.
L. de, from; spb-ilre, to hope; from splr-, Destroy. (F. - L.) M. E . des/roien,
as in sp-es, O. Lat. pI. of sPls, hope.
destrtlim. -0. F. destruire (F. d//,-'u ire ;
despair, vb'. (F. -L.) M. E. des- Ital. distruggere). - L. type *distrugere,
peirm, desperm. - 0, F. despeir-, tonic for L. dlstrtlCre, to pull down, unbuild,
stem of desperer, to despair. - L. dlsplrare -overthrow (pp. destrue/us) . - L. de, down i
(above).
strtJere. to pile up.
desperado, a desperate man. (Span.
destruction. (F.- L.) O. F. de-L. ) M. Span. tiesperado. -L. desplrti/us, sf-me/ioll . - L. ace. dlstrtlCtionem; from
p~. of dlsplrare (above).
destrllct-lIs, pp. of dlstmere (above).
Despise, to contemn. (F.-L.) M.E. Desuetude,disuse. (L.) L. dlsul/udo,
despism. - O. F. despis-, stem of the pres. disuse. - L. dlStll/us, pp. of disuesce,'e, to
part., &c., of despire, to despise. - L. dl. grow out of USt, opposed to COIl,suescere;
spieere, to look down, look down on see Custom.
(below). Der. despic-able, from L. de- Desultory, jumping from one thing
spicilri, to look down on, allied to dl- to another. (L.) L. desultiJritJs, orig. be
spicere,
longing to a demltor; hence, inconstant.despite, spite, hatred. (F.-L.) M.E. L. disultor, one who leaps down, or from
despi/. - O. 1'. despit, 'de3pight, spight;' horse to horse. - L. dlmlttls, pp. of disilire,
Cot. - L. dhpectum, ace. of dlspec/us, to leap down. - L. de, down i salire, to
contempt. -L. dlspectus, pp. of dispicere, leap.
to despise.-L. dl,down; specere, to louk; Detach. (F. - L. and G.) F. dt!tache,-,
see Species.
to unfasten , - F . cIt- = O. F. des- (L. dis- ) ,
Despoil. (F. -L.) O. F. despoiller (F. apart; F. tacne, a nail, tack; see Tack.
cltpou,1Ier), to despoil.-L. despoliare, to Der. det(u:hlllent. Cf. Attach.
plwlder.-L. dl, fully; spoliare, to strip Detail, a small part. (F.-L.) O. F.
of clothing, from spolium, spoil; see tie/ail,' a peece-mealing, also retail e, or a
Spoil.
selling by parcels;' Cot. - O. F. detail/er,
Despond. (L.i L. despoJldere, ( 1) to to cut into pieces. - O. F . de- (L. dl-) ,
promise fully, (l ) to give up, yield (hence, down fully; /,",{ler, to cut; see Tailor.
13 8

DETAIN

DEVOIR

Der. delail, verI.> (which is from the sl.>. 0.1'. deus (1'. deux) , abo dow, two.-L.
in K, though in F. it is the other way).
db ifs, acc. of duo, two.
Detain. (F . -L.) From a tonic stem
deuce ( 2), the devil. (LowG . -F . of U . F. detenir. - L. dllinere, to hold 1..) Low G. de dum! the deuce! ( Breback; pp. delmilis. _ 1.. de, down; tenere, men Worterbuch ) ; G . der daw ! Orig.
to t,old. D er. delmtio1t (from the pp.) . an exclamation on throwing the deuce or
Detect. (L.) From L. deleclus, pp. two at diet, as it was a losing throw.of delegere, to um:over, expose. -L. de, O . F . dous, two (above).
away; legere, to cover. See Tegument. Deuteronomy. (L.-Gk.) Late L.
Detention j see Detain.
deuterollQlIlirmt. - Gk. lfllTfPOVVp.lOV, a
Deter. (L.) L. deten-ere, to frighten second giving of the law. - Gk. ~ ..JTfpO-S,
from.- L. de, from; lerrere, to frighten. second; VOIl-os, law.
See Terror.
Devastate. eL.) From pp. ofL. diDeterge, to wipe off. (L.) 1.. deter uasllire, to lay waste. - L. de, down;
gere, to wipe off. - 1.. de, off; tergere, to tlasla,-e, to lay waste, from adj. ttaslus,
wipe. Der. delerg.eltt, from the pres. pt. waste.
Deteriorate. (L.) L. deterioriilus, Develop, to nnfold, open out. (F.pp. of deterioriire, to make worse. -1.. L. altd Teut.) F. developpe,', O . F. desdeterior, worse. }<"ormed from de, away, veloper, desvolliper. - 0.1'. des (L. dis-),
from; with compo suffixes Ier-ior. (l:io apart; and the base velop- or volup-, which
also in-Ierior from i ,t.)
appears also in envelope. This base repreDetermine. ( F.-L.) O. F. deler- sents T ent. wlap, as in M. E. wlappe.t, to
f1tiner. -L. deterllliltare, to bound, end.- wrap up; see Lap (3), Wrap.
L. de, down, fully; lermitttlre, to bound, Devest, to unclothe. (l'.-L.) From
from lerminus, a boundary; see Term. M. F. desvestir, to devest. -L. dis-, off;
Der. predelenJtille.
and tustire, to clothe. Doublet, divesl.
Detest. (F.-L.) M.F. delester, to Deviate. (L.) From pp. of L. deloat he.-L. delestart, to exe~rate, impre- uiare, to go out of the way. -L. de, from;
cate evil by calling down the gods to wit uia, way.
ness. - L. de, down ; lestarl, to witness,
devious. (L.) L . diui.us, going out
from testis, a witness.
of the way; with suffix -ous. - L. de,
Dethrone. (F.-L. altd Gk.) M . F'. from; uia, way.
desthrOlter, 'to unthrone;' Cot. - O. F. Device, a plan. (F. - L.)
M . E.
des- (L. dis- \ apart; L. Ihr01lUs, frOlll deIlYS, deuise (devys, devise). - O. F. devis,
Gk. 9"ovor, a throne. See Throne.
, devise, a device, also a division.-Late L.
Detonate, to explode. (L.) L. dll(O- : diulsullt , dirt/sa, ~ division; also a judg,titlttS, pp. of detoltii,-e, toexplode.-L. tiL', ment, devlc,: ; ong . neut. and fern . of
full y; IOltitre, to thunder.
pp of diuide,-e, 10 divide; see Divide.
Detour, a winding way. (F.-L.) F . devise, to plan. (F.-L.) M. E. dedtltmr, a circuit; verbal sb. from F. /l isen (devisett). - O. F. deviser. - O . }<' .
detourner, to tum aside.- F . de- (L. dis-), devis or devise, sb. (above).
aside. apart; taunter, to tum . See Turn. Devil. (L. - Gk.) A . l:i. deoful, deofol.
Detraction. (F.-L.) O. F. detrac- - L. diabolus . - Gk. 151(11'loAos, the slantioll. - L. detractionellt, acc. of delt-adio, derer, the devil. - G k. l5,al'loAAftv, to throw
a withdrawal; hence a taking away of across, Iraduce, slander. - Gk. /Ita, through,
one's credit. - L. detrac/lts, pp. of delt'a- across: tM"AftV, to throw; see Belemnite.
here, to lake away, also to disparage. Devious j see Deviate.
L. de, away; lrahere, to draw. l:iee Devise j see Device.
Trace ( I ) .
Devoid, quite void . (F . - L.) M . E .
Detriment. (F.-L.) 0.F.delri1ltCltI. deuoid: dut: to deuoided, pp. of deuoiden
- L. delrflllettlUIIl, loss ; lit. 'a rubbing (devoidett), to empty. - O. F . desvuidier,
away: - L. dllrl-Iw, pp. of deterere, 10 desvoidier, to empty out. - O . F. desrub down; wilh suffix -mentullt. - L. de, (L. dis- ) ; voidier, to empty, from voide,
down; terere, to rub. See Trite.
vuide, anj. t:mpty; see Void.
Detrude. (L.) L. di!lrtidere, to Ihru st Devoir, duty. (F .- L.) M .E. delloir.
down . - L. de, down; tnidere, to thrust.
- M . F . devoir, O . F . deveir, to owe ;
Deuce ( I), a twu , at cards. ( F. -L.) used as a sIJ.-L. debL're, toowe; see Debt.
139

DIAPASON

DEVOLVE

Devolve. (L.) L. diuo/ucrc, to roll tinctive.-Gk. ~IaKpi tv , to separate.down, bring or transfer to. - L. de, down; Gk. ~"i , apart ; Kpivftv , to judge.
tlolu(1'e, to roll. ~ A frequent old scnse Diadem, a fillet , crown. (1'.- L.-Gk. )
of devolve was ' to transfer.' Der. devolut- M. E. and O. F. diademe . - L. diadema.iOIl, from the pp. dilJoltulIS.
Gk. a"iaT/fl, a fillet . - Gk. li"i, apart,
Devote, vb. (1..) L. dilto/lts, pp. of across; aE-OJ, I hind, allied to Skt. da, to
dcuouere, to devote, vow fully. - L. di, bind (whence daman, a garland) . (.yDE.)
fully; ItOteere, to \'ow. See Vote.
Brugm. ii. 707.
Devour. IF. - L. ) O. F. devorer ( I p. Dieresis, a mark ( .) of separation.
s. pro devorere;. -L. del/orlin, to consume, (l..-(;k.) L. ditJ!resis. -Gk. a,aipflTtS, a
eat up.-L. de, fully i te01'lire, to gulp dividing.-Gk.a,-<i,aparti aip,O',s,ataking,
<lown. See Voracity.
from alp."" to take.
Devout. (F. - L.) M. E. deltot (devot), Diagnosis, scientific determination of
al so spclt devou/e. _ O. F. devot, devoted. - a disease. (Gk.) Gk. ala,),vOJI1tS, a dioL. diuo/us, pp. of dellolllre ; see Devote. ti nguishing.- Gk. a"., between i -,vwO'tS,
Dew. (E.) M. E. dere, dew. A . S. euquiry; from ,),vw.al , to know .
diaw, dew.+Dn. darew, Ice!. do/W (gen. Diagonal. (F.-L.-Gk .) F . diago1lal.
diiggvar), Dan. dleg, Swed. dagg, G . thau. - 1.. aiagon.a/is, running from corner l,)
Teut. type *dauwo-. Perhaps allied to Skt. corner. - Gk. ala,),wvtOs (the same) . - Gk.
dhdv, to run, flow; Gk. 8E ... , to run.
! a"l, through, between; ,),OJvia, an angle,
Dexter. (,L.) L. dexter, on the right bend , allied to ,),o.v, knee; see Knee.
hand side, right .+ Gk. a.[uSs, right, Skt.
Diagra.m. (L.-l; k.) L. diagromllta ,
dakshi~la-, on the right or south, Goth. a scale, gamut (hence, sketch , plan ).- Gk.
taihswa, right hand, W. deheu, right, atlJ.,),paf'f'a , a fi gure, plan , gamut. - Gk.
southern, Gael. and Irish deas (the same) . ala,),paq)ftv, to mark out by lines, describe.
The SkI. dakshi1fa- is orig. ' clever'; cf. - Gk. ala , through; ')'P~<PftV , to write.
Skt. daksha-, able, dakJl1, to be strong.
. Dial. (L.; M. E. dial. - Med. 1.. ditTlis,
Dey, a governor of Algier5. (F. - Turk.) relating to a day; hence a plate for shewF. cley. - Turk. dai, a maternal uncle i ing the time of day. - L. dies, day. Brugm.
afterwards, in Algiers, an officer, chieftain. I i. 223.
Dhow, a slave ship (?). Mod. Arab. . Dialect, a variety ofa language. (1'.dao , but not an Arab. word (Yule) . Orig. ! L.-Gk.) F. dialecte.-L. dialedus, f.lan/iuage unknown.
; Gk. alaA'KTos, f. , discourse, language,
Di- ( I), prefix; apart. (L.) L. di-, ' dialect. - Gk. alaAE"(Olla., I discourse. Gk. 6ta, between; AE"(f"', to speak.
shorter form of dis- ; see Dis-.
Di- ( 2 ~ , prefix; twice, double. (Gk.; dialogue, a discourse. ( F . - L.-Gk.:
Gk. 31- (for ais), twice. + L. bis, bi- i Skt. F. dialogue. - L. dialog'll1ll, ace. of dialogus.
, - Gk. a"IAo"(o<, a conversation.-Gk. 31advis , dvi-. AUied to 'l'wo.
Dia-, prefix. ~Gk .) Gk. 61a , through, AE,),Ofll , I discourse (above).
between, apart i allied to Di- ( 2 ), and to
Diameter, the line measuring the
Two. ~ In nearly all words beginning breadth across or thickness through. ( F.
with dia ., except dial, diamolld, diary.
- L. - Gk.) Mid. F. diametre, I a diaDiabetes, a disease accompanied with meter;' Cot. - L. diamet1'OS. - Gk. ala
excessive discharge of urine. (Gk.) Gk. f"TPOS, f. - Gk. a.a, through; f'ETPOV, a
61a/J~T1Js , a pair of compasses, a siphon , measure; cr. f'fTP'''' , to measure.
diabetes. - Gk. 61a/Jaiv."" to stand with Dia.mond. (F.-L.- Gk.) M. E. diathe legs apart (like compasses or a siphon ) . . fIIant. - 0. F. dialllallt, altered furm of
- Gk. ala, apart; /Jaiv .. v, to go; see adamant; so al so Ital. Span. dialllalltc,
Come.
' G. dialJlant, demant. See Adamant.
Diabolical. ~ L. - Gk.:, L. diaboli,'-us, Diapason, a whole octave. harmony.
devilish.-Gk. ata/JoAIKoS, devilish.-Gk. (L.-Gk.) L. diapason , an octave, con: cord of a note with its octave. - Gk. ata.
a,a/JoAos, the devil; see Devil.
Diaconal, belonging to a deacon. "iiO'wv, concord of first and last notes of an
(F .,..L.-Gk.)
F . diacollal. - Latc L. ! octave, lit. 'through all' the notes.-Gk.
diacotuilis, from L. dia(onlls, a deacon i I 61a, through i friiI7WV , gen. pI. fern. of .. (is,
.
,
.
all (xop3W1' being understood) ; see Pan-,
see ;oeac.o~.
DiacntlC. ,Gk., Gk, 61aKptTIKOs, dls- prefix.
14

DIAPER

DIET

Dia.per, figured linen cloth. (F. -L. Gk.) Cf. O. F . diaprt, diapered; from
the verb diaprer, to diaper, or ' diversilie
with flouri shings ; ' Cot. The verb is
formed from O. F. diaspn, later diapre, a
fine cloth, often described as blanc (white).
- Late L. diasprlls, adj ., also used as a sb.
:tunica de diaspra aI6a ).- Late Byzantine
(;k. a,a<17fpo~ , adj., pnre white; from ala,
wholly, /1.<17fPO~, white (see N. E. D.).
~ Not the same as ltal. diaspro , a jasper;
bu t cf. Provo diaspes, diaspres, diaper,
costly cloth (Bartsch: ; al so Late L. asperi,
white money (Ducange).
Diaphanous, transparent. (Gk.) Gk.
ala</XlJ'-~~, tran ' parent; with suffix OIlS. Gk. ala, through; <pav-, allied to </Xllvflv,
to shew. Brugm. i. 195.
Diaphoretic, causing perspiration .
(L. -Gk. ) L. diaph01-e/ims, sudorific. Gk. ~Ia"'OP1/TIK6~ (the same). - Gk. ~Ia
<p6P1/<1U, perspiration. - Gk. alacpopoi'v , to
carry off (by perspiration). - Gk. ala,
through; </>opo,v, to carry, allied to </>'POIV,
to bear; see B ear.
Diaphragm, a dividing membrane.
( F. - L.-Gk.) 1'. diaphrag'llle. -L. diap lz1-agllla. - Gk. ~"j<ppa'Yp.a, partition, midriff. - Gk. ~,a, between; </>"a<1<1OJ (fut.
cppO.(OJ ), I fence in, enclose.
Diarrhoaa. ( L.-Gk.) L. diarrhcea. Gk. ~IaN>Ola, lit. ' a flowing through.'Gk. 3tap~oolV, to flow through.-Gk. ~,a,
through; ~lflv , to flow.
Diary. (I..) L. diarium . a daily
allowance, also a diary.-L. dies, a day.
See Dial.
Diastole, dilatation of the heart. (Gk.)
Gk. ~,a<1To)..~, a drawing asunder, dilatation. - Gk. ~Ia<1rf)..)..flV , to put aside or
apart. - Gk. ma, apart; <1TO)..)..O"', to put.
Diatonic, proceeding by tones. (Gk.)
Gk. 31aTovIK6r, from a,aTOVOr (lit. stretched
out), diatonic. - Gk. alaTfll/flv, to stretch
out.-Gk. ala, fully; TEiVO"', to stretch.
Diatribe. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.diatribe.
- L. diatriba, a learned disputation.Gk. al arp<{3'I, a wearing away of time,
waste of time , discussioll. - Gk. ataTp'{3f1V, to waste time, to discuss.-Gk. a,a,
thoroughly; rpi{3olV, to rub, waste away
(with long I).
Dib, to dab lightly. (E.) A lighter
form of dab. Hence dibber, a dibble; see
below.
dibble. an instrument for setting plants,
by mnking holes. (E .) M. E. debil, de-

byl/e; apparently formed from Dab ; see

above.
Dice, pI. of Die (2), q. v.
Dicker, half a score. (L.) M . E. diker
(cf. Icel. dekr). -L. du un'a, a set often.L. dec-em , ten.
Dicotyledon, a plant with two seedlobes. (G k.) From Gk. al- , double;
KOTV)..1/&!JV, a cup-shaped hollow, from
KOTV)..1/ , a cup.
Dictate. (L.) L. dict a/lis, pp. of dielii1'e, to dictate, frequentative of direre, to
say (below ). Der. dido/-or.
diction, talk. (F.-L.) F.didi01I.L. didiollem , acc. of didio , a saying. - L.
didus, pp. of dicere , to say, appoint; allied
to diriire, to tell , pllblish.+Gk. lioIKvvp.I, I
shew ; Skt. dip, to shew ; Goth . ga/eihatJ,
to announce , G. zeigcn, to accuse, point
ou\. Brllgm. i. ~ 07. (-v' DEIK.)
dictionary. (L.) Late L. dictiontiriunt, fOI med from dirtioll- , stem of didio,
a saying, word (above).
Didactic, instructive. (Gk.) Gk. 31OOKTIK6r, instructive. - Gk. a,M<1KflV, to
teach (~*lilaaK- <1Kflv ) ; allied to ~OKoi'v , to
think, afl<op.al , Ionic for afxop.al, I accept;
cf. L. disrere, to learn , doeere, to teach.
Bru~m. i. 707. (-v'D EK.)
Didapper. Divedapper. a bird;
see Dive.
Die ( I), to lose life. (Scand .) M. F..
dym , deyen; Late A. S. d13an. - Icel.
deyja; Sweel. do, Dan. doe, to die. +
M. H. G. /OU7IJett; cf. Russ. davil(e), to
strangle. The Teut. basc is *datt , whence
dau-jan (Icel. dey -ja). Cf. Dead , Death.
Die (2), a small cube for gaming. (F . L.) Used as sing. of M. E. dys, more
usually dees, dice. -0. F. dez, dice, pI. of
del, a die (F. dt). Cf. Provo dat, Ital.
Span. dado, a die. - Late L. dO/11m, lit. a
thing given or decreed; hence applied \0
a die for casting lots. -L. da/lIs, pp. of
dare, to give. See Date ( I ).
Diet ( I), regimen. (F.-L.-Gk.1 M.E.
die/e.- O. F. diete, daily fare.-Late L.
dieta, dite/a , a ration of food. - Gk. aialTa,
mode of life, diet. Brugm. i. 650.
Diet (2), an assembly. (F. -L.-Gk.)
M. F. die/e , ' a dietc , parliament; ' Cot.Med. L. diceta, a public assembly; al, o a
ration offood, diet. - Gk.lilalra, a mode of
li fe, cliet; see Diet ( J). ~ The peculiar
use of the word was due to a popular
etymology which connected diceta (often
spelt diNa) with dils, a day; we even

1 .. [

DIFFER

DIMITY

find di"ta used to mean' a day's journey'; I ings, to ruin. (L.) From pp. of L. dFlaand diita for ' a day's work' and ' a daily pidtire, to scatter like stones. - L. di- (for
office or duty'; Ducange.
dis- ), apart; Inpid-, stem of lapis. a stone.
Diifer. (F . - L. ) M. F. diffirer. - L. Dilate. (F. - L.) O. F. diiater, to
diffirre, to carry apart, to differ. - L. dif- widen. - L. diltitiire , to widen. - L. di(for dis. ), apart; ferre, to bear. Cf. Defer. (for dis-), apart; It/tus, broad. See LatiDUliculty. (F. -L.) M. E. dijJiCIIltee. tude. Der. dilatory, A. F. dilatorie.
- O. F. diJIiCIIlte. - L. dijficultatem, acc. Dilemma, a perplexity. (L.-Gk.) L.
of diJIiCIIltas (fo r *diJIicilttas, like facultas dilemma. - Gk. tH"1Jl'-l'-a , a double proposifor facilitas), diffi culty. - L. dijJicilis, hard . tion , or argument in which one is caught
- L. dif- (for dis- ), apart; facilis, easy; bel ween two difficulties. - Gk. Ii,-, I wice,
double; "iil'-p.a, an assumption, premiss.
see Facile.
DUlident. (L.) L. dijJldmt, stem of See Lemma.
diffidms, pres. pt. of di.!lidere, to distrust. Dilettante, a lover of the fine arts.
- L. dif- ( = dis-), apart; fidere, to trust, (lta!' - L.) Ita\. dilelta1tte, lit . delight
allied to fides, faith. See Faith.
ing in.' - Ita\. dileflare, to delight. - L.
Dift'use. (L. ) L. dijJitsttS, pp. of dif- dilectiire, to delight; see Delectable.
fimdere, to shed abroad.-L. dif- ( =dis ), Diligent, industrious. (F.-L.) O.F.
apart; fimdere , to pour; see Fuse ( 1).
diligent. - L. di/~l{eltt. , stem of diligms,
Dig. (F. - Du.) F. diguer, to make a careful, diligent, lit. loving (fond); pres.
dike. -F. digue, a dike.-Flem. and Du. pI. of d,Hgere, to love, select, lit. choose
dijk , a dike; see Dike.
between. - L. die (= dis-), apart; legere, to
Digest, to assimilate food. (L.) M. E. choose. Sec Legend.
digest, used as a pp.=digested.-L. df,l{es- Dill, a plant. (E.) . M.E.dille. A. S.
titS, pp. of dFgerel'e, to carry apart , sepa dile.+ Du. dille, Dall. diM, Swect dill, G.
rate, di ssolve, digest. - L. di- (for dis ), dill, dille, O. H. G. tilli.
ap.art; gerere, to carry.
Dilute. (L.l L. diltttus , pp. of diluere,
Dight, adorned. (L.) Dight as a pp. is to wash away, also to mix with water. - 1"
sh ort for dighted , from the obs. verb digltt, die (for dis ), apart; luere, to wash.
to arrange, prepare, M. E. dihtm , to pre Dim. (E.) M. E. dim. A. S. dim, dark.
pare. A.S. dihtalt , to set in order, arrange; + k e\. dimmr, dim; M. Dan. dim. C f.
borrowed from L. dictal'e, to dictate , pre M. H. G. timmer, dim; Swede dimma , a
fog , haze; O. Irish deim, dark .
scribe : see Dictate.
Digit, a finger, figure. (L.) L. dig itlts, Dime, the tenth part of a dollar. (F.a finger ; hence a figure , from counting on L.) F. dfme. O. F. disme, tenth. - L.
the fingers.
decima, a tithe; feme of L. deeim1lS. ttnth,
Dignity. (F . - L.) M. E. digllitee. - alli ed to decem, ten. See Ten.
O. F . dignettl. - L. dignitntem, ace. uf Dimension. (F.-L.) O. F. dill/m
dignitiis, worthiness. - L. dig ,tus, worthy. siott. - L. ac<:. dimeltsoltelll, a measuring.
Bru~m. i: 762 ( 3).
..
-L. dill/WSW, pp. of dimelil'i, to measure
di~. (F. -L.) O. F. dlg nijier.- off.-L. die (for dis), apart; metiri, to
Med. L. drgllijiciil'e, t o make worthy. - L. measure. See Measure.
diglli-, for dig llw, worthy; jieiire, for Diminish, to lessen. (F. -L.) Coined
facere, tp make.
from L. di (= dis ), apart, and Kminisll;
Digress, lit. to stl'? aside. (L.) L. in imitation of L. dimimtere, to diminish
digress1lS, pp. of dFgredi, to go aside.-L. (below). See Minish.
di- (for dis.), apart ; g1'Odi, to go. See
diminution. (F . - L.) F. dimi1t1lGrade.
lioll. - L. acc. dimimltiijnem, diminution.
Dike, a trench, trench and embankment, - L. dill/im7tus, pp. of dimilttlere, to
bank. (K ) M. E. dike A. S. die, masc. lessen.- L. die ( =dis), apart; mi1tuen,
+Du. dijk , Icel. dikr:, Dan. digc, Swede to lessen. See Minute.
dike, G. teich, pond, tank. Der. dig, q. V. Dimissory, giving leave to depart.
See Ditch.
(L.) L. dimissorius, giving leave to go
Dilacerate. (L.) From pp. of 1.. before another judge.- L. dill/isms, pp. of
dilacerare, to tear apart.-L. di- (for dis ), dimittere . to send away.-L. die (for dis ),
apart; laariil'e, to tear. See Lacerate.
away; mittere, to send.
Dilapidate, to pull down stone build- Dimity, a white stuff. (Ital.-L.-Gk.)

J.p

DIMPLE
ItaI. rlimilo (pI. dimili ), ' a kind of course
cotton or tlanell ;' Florio. - Late L. dimi
tum (pI. dim ila) , silk woven with two
threads. - Gk. 6/jJ'Tor, made with a double
thread. - Gk . 61', double; p.iTor, a thread
of the woof.
Dimple, a small hollow. (E. 1) M . E.
dymjmll. Perhaps from a base dump.,
allied to dip. Cf. Dan. dial. dump, a
hollow in a field; dyhbel, a pool, a hollow
in the upper lip (Molhech ) ; Du. dompelen,
to dive; G. dumpfel, M . H. G. liimpfd,
O. H. G. lumphilo, a deep pool. Also
Lith. dt'tlms, hollow; dtlbti, to be hollow
(pres. t. dumbu ).
Din, clamour. (E.) M . E. dine, dune.
A. S. dyne, dyn; dynnan, to resonnd. +
Icel. dynr, Sweel. d/Jn, Dan. dOn , noise;
Skt. dhuni, roaring,dhvani, a din, dhvan,
to resound.
Dine. ( F.-L.) M. E. dilltn. -O. F.
disner, F. diner, to dine. - Late L. dis
it/mire, short for disiH,-"ttire, to break
one's fast. - L. dis.; ilil/mire, to fast, from
iljiinus, fasting. ( Romania, viii. 95.)
dinner. IF.-L.) M.E.diner; from
O. F. dimer, to dine; the infinitive mood
being used as a sb.
Dilur, to throw violently, beat. (E. ?)
M. E. dingm, pI. t. dallg", pp. dungen; as
a strong verb; th ough not found in A. S.
Cf. Ice!. dmgia, Dan. dt1!11ge , Swed. danga,
to bang.; all weak verbs. Cf. M. Dan.
djllge, to blunt an edge by beating on it;
O. H. G . tangol, a hammer. From a Teut.
type denga1l.
Dingle, a deep dell. (E. or Scand.)
M. E. ding/e. Cf. dimble, in a similar
sense. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Dimple.
Diluro, the lIative dog of Australia.
(New 1>. Wales.) New S. Wales dingo,
written lei11go in 1798 ( Morris).
Dingy, cl irty. (Eo) Orig. soiled with
dnng. Cf. A . S.dingitmg (for *dyng(i' ung,
with g asf), a dunging; from dt/11g, dung;
so also Swed. dyngig, dungy , from dyng,
clung; see Dung. For the pronunciation,
cf. stingy (allied to sting).
Dingy (with hard), Dingey, a small
boat. (HengalL) Beng. di'lgy, a small
boat; 'it has become legitimately incor
porated in the vocabulary of the British
Navy, as the name of the smallest ship's
boat' l Yule ).
Dinner; see Dine.
Dint, a blow, force. (E.) M . E. dint,
du",t; also dent. A. S. dyllt, a blow.+

DIRGE
led. dyntr, a dint, dynla, to dint; Swed.
dial. dUllt, a stroke, dUllta, to strike.
Diocese. (1".-L.-Gk.) M. E. dio-

cise.-O. F. dioeise (F. diodse).-L. dia:

elsis. - Gk. 6coil(1}111r , administration, a

""I"

province, diocese. - Gk. 6IOI.,,'OJ, I keep

house, govern. - Gk. &. (for
through
out; o/I(OJ, I dwell, occupy, from oTltor, a
house; see Wick, a town .
Dioptrics, the science of the refraction
of light. (Gk.) Gk. Tel 6101TTptKa, dioptrics.
- Gk. ",o1TTptItOr, relating to the 6[01rTpa,
an optical instrument for taking heights,
&c. - Gk. m-a, through; base OIT. (fut .
r,'I'0JUl' ) , to see; ' Tpa, fern. instrumental
suffix. See Optics.
Diorama, a scene seen through a small
opening. (G k. ) Gk. 6, (for
through;
5papa , a sight, from opaOJ, I see.
Dip, to plunge, immerge. (E.) M . E.
dippen. A. S. dyppall, later dippan ; for
*duj>-jan, causal form from the base dllj>-,
weak grade of dcup, as seen in A. S. dlop,
deep; see Deep. Cf. Dan. dyppe, to dip.
D1phtheria. (Gk.) From Gk . "'<pU(pa , leather; from the leathery nature of
the false membrane formed in the disease.
Cf. Gk . 6f'l'f"', to make supple.
Diphthong, a union of two vowel
sounds in one syllable. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Formerly dipthong (Den Jonson). -M. F.
diptho1lg'lIe. - L. ace. diphlho1l/{'ulIl, f. - G.
6/",UtY'f"(0r, with two sounds.-{;k. 3,- ( for
3is) , double; cp8oyyor, sound, from cp8iyyo.
jJa" I cry out.
Diploma. (L.-Gk.) L. diploma, a
document conferring a privilege. - Gk.
6iTrAOJpa, a thing folded double; also, a
licence, diploma (prob. orig. folded
double). -Gk.. ",1rA60s, double.-Gk . 6,
(6[s), double; '1Thoor, folded . Der. diplomatie, from 3'1TAOJl-'aT-, stem of 611T},OJjJa.
Diptera, twowinged insects. (Gk.)
hom Gk./J, - (6/r) , double; 1rTfptlV, a wing,
from the weak grade of 1T(TOjJO', Illy.
Diptych, a doublefolding taL let. (L.
- Gk .) l.ate L. pI. diptyeha. - Gk. 6{
1rTUxa, a pair of tablets; neu!. pI. of ",.
1TTUXOS, folded in two. - Gk. 6, (6ir) ,
double; fTTUxTl, a fold, 1TTVl1l1flV , to fold.
Dire. (L.) L. dJrus, fearful.
Direct, adj . (L.) L. direct1ls , pp. of
dJrigere, to direct.- L. di (for dis ), apart;
regere, to rule.
dirge. (L.) Formerly dfrige; from
the first word of the anthem ' dJrige, Do
minus meus,' in the office for the dead.-L.

",a),

DIRK

DISEMBARK

dl-rige, direct thou (cf. Ps. v. 8) ; ~ p. imper. Ditlconaolate. (L.) Late L. disconsing. of d.-rigere (above).
soid/us, comfortless. - L. dis-, apart; conDirk. a dagger. (Du.1) Spell dark sola/m, pp. of comolart, to console; from
(A. D. 1602) ; also durk. Perhaps from Du. CD1l- (W1II ) , with, solari, to comfort. See
,{alII, a dagger; a word of Slavonic origin. Solace.
Cf. Polish lulich, a dagger. ~ Irishdui,'c, Discord, sb. (F.-L.) O. F . descord,
a Jl<?n iard, is borrowed from E.
discord, variance; formed from O. F . desDirt. (Scand.) From M. E. dri/ (with corder, vb., to be at variance. - L.discord(ite
shifted r). - Icel. dril, dirt, excrement of (the 5ame). - L. discord-, stem of discors,
birds. Cf. Icel.d"ita, to void excrement.+ adj. discordant. - L. dis- , apart; cord-,
M. Du. dre/e, Du. dreet, sb., d1"t/te'l, vb. stem of cor, heart.
Dis-, prefix. (L.) L. dis, apart; cf. Discount, verb. (F . - L.) F ormerly
Gk. &-, a)Jart ; see Di-. Hence O. F. discompt. - O. F. descompter, to reckon
des -, which sometimes becomes dis- in E., back or off.- O. F. des- (L. dis-), away;
and sometimes de, as in de-feat. The comfter, to count; see Count ~2 ) .
prefix dis- commonly expresses the re- Discourse. F.-L.) O. F. dlScours ,
versal of an act, somewhat like the Eo sb. - L. discurmm , acc. of discursus, a
verbal prefix uno. For most words be- nmning about; also , conversation.- L.
ginning with this prefix, see the simpler discursus. pp. of discurrere, to run about.
forms. For example, for dis-abuse, see - L. dis- , apart; (u,-ren, to T\m.
abuse; and so on.
Discover. (F.-L.) M. E. discouerm
Disaster. (F.-L.) M. F. desastre, (discovcrm ). - O. F . descouvrh', to un'a disaster, misfortune;' Cot. Lit.' ill- cover, disclose. - O. F. des- (L. dis- ),
fortune.' - O. F. des-, for L. dis-, with a apart; couvrir, to cover. See Cover.
sinister or bad sense; and M. F. astre, Discreet, pnlflent. (F. - L.) O. F.
a star, planet, also destiny, fortune, from disct'et . - L. discretus, pp. of dis-cer1tere,
L. astrum, a star.
to discern; see Discern. Der. discrelDisburse. (F . -L. and Gk.) O. F. ion.
desbourser, to take out of a purse.-O. F. Discrepant, differing. (F.-L.) M.F.
des- (L. dis- ), away ; F. bourse, a purse, discrepant. - L. "iscnpaltt-, stem of pres.
from Late L. bursa, Gk. {3vP(fa, a skin part. of dis(1'epare, to differ (in sound) . L. dis-, apart; (1'Cpare, to crackle, sound.
(hence, a bag). See Bursar.
Disc, Disk, a round plate. (L.-Gk.) Discriminate. (L.) L. diset'imimiL . discus, a quoit, a plate. - Gk. lil(f/Cos , a titS, pp. of discrimillii,-e, to separate. - L.
quoit. - Gk. 3,/C,"', to cast, throw. Brugm. discrimill-, stem of diso'i11lelt, a separai. 744. See Dish, Desk, Dais.
tion. - L. discernere (pt. t. discrl'tli), to
Discern. (F.-L.) F. discerJzcr.-L. distinguish. - L. dis. , apart; cemere, to
discenzere, to separate, determine. - L. dis-, separate.
apart; cemere, to separate. Cf. Con- Discursive. (L.) From L. disctlrscern.
us, pp. of discurrere, to run about; with
Disciple. (F.-L.) F. disciple.-L. suffix -ive. See Discourse.
disciplilutll, acc. of discipulus, a learner. Discuss. (L.) M. E. discussed, pp.
-L. discere, to learn; allied to docere, to driven away.-L. disctlssuS, pp. of disteach; see Dooile.
Der. discipl-ine, ct~tere, to shake asunder; in Late L., to
O. F. discipline, L. disciplfl1a, leaming.
di scuss. - L. dis -, apart; quatere, to shake.
Disclose. (F. - L.) M.E. disclosm. Disdain, sb. (F.-L.) M.E.disdeYl1
-0. F. desclos-, pres. stem of desc/orre, to -0. F. desdei", sb.-O. F. desdegllie,-, to
unclose , open. - L. disclauden, to unclose. disdain. - O. F. des- (L. dis- ) , apart ; degn_ L. dis., apart; clot/dere, to close. See ier (L. digllliri:), to thi nk worthy, from
Clause.
dignus, worthy. ~ O. F. desdegtlier seems
Discomfit. (F. - L.) M. E. disco"1ftt to have been >ubstituted for L. dedign t/,-i,
(Bruce). - O. F. disc01ljit, discomfited, pp. to disdain (with prefix dl, down).
of desconfire , ' to discomfit, vanquish,' Cot. Disease. (F .) O. F. desaise, want of
-0. F. des- ; ~ncl cD1ljire, to preserve, make ea~. - 0. F. des- (L.. dis- ) ; a~se, ease.
ready. _ L. d,s-, apart ; nnd ronficere, to Disembark. ( r.) M. F. deselllbarpreserve, complete, from L. con- (cum), 'luer. - O. F . des- (L. dis-), away; emba,'together, tarere, to put, make. See Fact. I 'lutr, to embark; see Embark.
1#

DISEMBOGUE

DISPOSITION

Disembogue, to /low into the sea, as O. H. G. mag-all (G. mogm) , to ha"e

a river. (Span. - L.) Span. desemboear, power, be able. Hence *desmayer and
to disembogue. - Span. des (L. dis-), esmayer, at first used in the intrans. sense,
apart ; embocar, to enter the mou th, from to lack pownr faint, be discouraged, but
em (L. in) , into, and boca (L. bucca " afterwards, actively, to discourage. Cf.
mouth.
Ital. smagare (for *dismagare) , orig. to
Disgorge. (F.-L.) O. F. desgorger. lose courage, also to dismay (F lorio).
-0. F. diS- (L. dis- ), away; gorge, the See May ( I).
throat; see Gorge.
Dismiss, to send away. (F. - L.) A
Disgrace. (F.-Ital.-L.) M.F. dis coined word; suggested by F . desmet/"e,
grace. -Ital. disgrazia. _ L. dis-, apart : pp. desmis, ' to displace, dismiss;' Cot.
g riitia , grace. See Grace.
The true L. form is dimillere , to send
Disguise, vb. (F. -L. and O. H . G. ~ away. - L. di (for dis. ), apart, away;
0. F. desguiser, to di ,guise. _ O. F. des- millere , to send.
( L. dis- ), apart; and guise, guise; see Disparage, to offer indignity, to lower
Gu!se. Lit.' to change the guise ~f.'
I ill ra,ik or esteem. (F. -L.) M. E. tksDlSgust, vb. (F.-L ) M. F. des pamgen. - O. F. desparager.-O. F. des.,
gousler, 'to distaste, loath;' Cot.-O . F. apart; parage, rank. - L. dis-, apart;
des- (L. dis- ) , apart; gOllsler, to taste, from Late L. parii/icullt, society, rank, equality
L. gmt('ire, to taste; see Gust (2).
of rank, from L. par, equal (Diez). See
Dish, a platter. (L. - Gk.)
M. E. Par.
.
disch . A. S. disc, a dish.-L. discus, a
disparity. (F. - L.) F. dispal'l'lt'
qnoit , platter; see Diso.
(Montaigne). From L. dis., apart; ami
Dishabille; see Deahabille.
F. padle, equality; see Parity. Suggested
Dishevil. (F. - L., M. F. diseheveler by L. disp01', unequal.
(Cot.) , ' to C1ische\'ell, i. e. to disord er the Dispatch, Despatch. (Span. - L. )
haiL-O. F. des- (L. dis- ) , apart; chelJel Formerly spelt dis- , not des.-Span. deS'
(F. chevett), a hair, from L. capil/tlm, acc. pac/tar, to dispatch, expedite. - L. dis,
of capillus, hair.
away; and L. type pac/Ii,e, to fastell, fix ,
Disinterested. ( F. - L.) From from pactus, pp. of pangen, to fast en.
Dis (2) and inte,'es/ed; see Interest (2) . (See N. E. D.) Cf. Ital. spaaiare, to dis
Disk; see Disc.
patch (F lorio) , answering to a L. type
Dislocate, to put out of joint. (L.) dis/actiiire.
From pp. of Late L. disloeare, to put out Dispel. (L.) L. dispelle,'e, to ddve
of place. - L. dis. , apart; lociire, to place, asunder, - L. dis-, apart; pd/ere, to drive.
Dispense. (F. - L.) O. F. dispenser,
from loCtls, place.
DismaL (F.- L.) Orig. A. F. dis to dispense with.-L. dispmsiire, to weigh
mal, unlucky days (A. D. 1256). [The out, frequent. form of dispmdere, to weigh
phrase was misunderstood, and dismal was out. - L. dis- , apart; pelldere, to weigh.
treated as an adj., with the addition of Disperse, to scatter abroad. ( F.-L.~
days; and later, of other sbs.] -L. dls M. F. dispener. From L. pp. disje,'ws,
mali,evil days. Cf. F. Ltmdi = Mon.day. 1pp. of dispe,-gere , to scatter abroad. - J ..
Dismantle. (F.-L.) M. F. desman' l di- (for dis- ) , apart; s/01:lfere. to scatter.
leller, 'to take a mans cloake off his backe ; Display. ( F. - L.~
A. F. dup/a)'er,
also, to raze walls;' Cot.-O. F. tks (1.. O. F . desploiel', to unfold, shew.-L. dis-,
dis- ), apart; manteler, to cloak, from apart ; pli,,;,., to fold. Doublet, deploy.
Disport. (F. - L.) M. E. disportm,
malltel, sb.; see Mantle.
Dismay, to discourage. (F.-L. and to amuse. -0. F. se desp01'fer, to amllse
O. H. G. ) O. F . desmayer, not found oneself, orig. to cease from labour; later
(except dislllaye, pp. , in Palsgrave, p. 519) . deporler, and confused with Deport. -L.
but exactly the same as Span. deslllayar , dis, away, p orta"e, to carry (hence, to
(Port. desl/laier, ItaL smagare) , to di smay . remo,'e oneself from or cease from labour) .
terrify. Th e O. F. *desmayer was early H ence sport, q. v.
supplanted by esmayer in the same sense, Dispose. , F.-L al1dGk. ) O. F. diswhich only differed in substituting the poser, to arrange. -0. F. dis IL. dis) ,
prefix es (L. ex.) for des (1.. dis- ): The _apa~; F./.o;,er, to p!ace; see Pose:
.
latter part (-maytr~ of these words I S from ' Diapo81tion. \ I' . -L.)
F. dzsjJoSl 1-+5

DISPUTE

DISTICH

tiOll. - L. ace. disposi/iiimm, a setting in apm; sontire, to associate, (rom sorius, n

o;der. - L. dispositus, pp. of dispqnere, to companion. See Sociable .
set ill various pla"es, to arrange. - L. dis-, Dissolute. (L.) 1.. dissolii/tlS, licenapart ; pom"e, to place, put
tious; pp. of L . dissoluere l bc low).
Dispute. (F. - L .) F. disputer. - L.
dissolve. ( L.) L . disso/uere, to disdisplt/ti"e, to argue. - L. dis-, apart; solve, loosen , relax. - L. dis-, apart; so/put" re, to think . See Putative.
tlere, to loo~ en. See Solve. Der. disDisquisition, an investigation. (L.) solttt-ion (from pp. disso/i'i//ls).
From L . disquisilio, a search into. - L. Dissonant. (F. - L.) M. F . dissodisquisi/us, pp. of disquirere, to examine. IIa,t/; Cot. - 1.. dissonant-, stem of pres.
L. dis -, apart; quawere, to seek.
pt. of dissona" e, to be uDlike ill sound. Disruption. (L.) From L. disruptio, L . dis- , apart ; sonti"e, to sound, from
diruptio, a breaking nsundcr. - L. disrup- so,ms, sounr!.
tus, diruptus , pp. of disrumpere, diYUIIl- Dissuade. (F.-L.)
F . dissttade,';
pere, to break apart.-L. dis., di-, -apart; Cot. - L. dissuadere, to persuade from.rumpere, to burst.
L. dis-, apart; suadere, to persuade; 5ee
Dissect. (L.) From L . dissect-us, pp. Suasion.
of dissectire, to cut apart.-L. dis, apart ; Dista1f. (E .) A distaff is a staff
seeare, to cut.
hedizelled with lIax, ready to be spun off.
Dissemble. (F. - L.) O. F. dis ' I dysYIl a dystaffi, 1 put the lIaxe upon
(L. dis-), apart; sembler, to seem, appear; it to spynne;' Palsgrave. M . E. dista/,
cf. O. F. diu inmler, to dissemble. - L. dis-, dysesta.f. A. S. dista.f. The A. S. riistaf
apart, away; simulare, to pretend; cr. L. stallds for -drse.sla/, where sta/= E. staff,
dissimttlli"e, to pretend that a thing is not. and -dise~Low G. diesse, the bunch of
See Simulate.
lIax on a distaff (Bremen) ; also spelt dire,
Disseminate. (L.) From pp. of L. disene (Liibben) ; E. Fries. dissm. See
disslmillan, to scatter seed. - L. dis-, Dizen.
apart; slminare, to sow, from semin-, for Distain. (F.-L.) M. E. dis/tinm.Sellletl , seed.
O. F. desteign -, a stem of desteindre, to
Dissent, vb. (L .) L. disst,t/ire (pp. distain, take away colour. - O. }' . des
dissmsus), to differ in opinion. - L . dis-, (L . dis- ), away; and teindre , from L.
apart; sentire, to feel, think. Der. dis tingere, to dye.
sens-ioll, from the pp. dissenms.
Distant. (F.-L.) O.F. distant. -L.
Dissertation, a treatise. (L.) From distalltem , acc. of distam , pres. pt. of
L. disurtatio, a debate. - L. dissmatus, distare, to stand apart. - L. di-, apart;
pp. of disse"/are, to debate; frequent. of stare, to stand.
disseren, to disjoin, discuss. - L. dis-, Distemper ( I) , to derange the temaEut; serere, to join .
perament of body or mind. (F . - L.) M.E.
Dissever. ( F. - L.) O. F. dessevrer. distempet'etl. - 0. F. destemprer, to mix;
- Late L. disslpartire. - L. dis., apart; whence pp. destemfrt, immoderate, exeessiparare, to separate.
sive. - O.F. des- (L. dis ), npalt; lempret'
Dissident. (L ) L. dissidmt-, stem (mod, F. tremper ), from L. tempera"e, to
of pres. pt. of dissicUre, to sit npart, to regulate. See Temper.
distemper (2),' a kind of painting.
disagree. - L. dis- , apart ; sedlre, to sit.
Dissimilar unlike. (F.-L) M.F. (F . -L.) a.l<'.destemfrer,laterdestrettl.
dissimilain. -0. F . dis (L. dis- ), apart; per,' to soake, steepe , moisten, make lIuid,
and similain, like; see Similar.
liquid, or thin ,' Cot.; the same verb as
dissimilitude, dissimulation; above.
from L. dis- , apart , and similitude, simu Distend. (L.) L. distendere, to stretch
lation.
apart. _ L. dis- , apart; fendere, to stret"h;
Dissipate. (L ) From pp. of L see Tend. Der. distention (from the
dissipare, to disperse. - L dis-, apart; PI>. distml-us).
and O. L Sltpii"e, to throw; we find also Distich, a couplet. (L. - Gk.)
L.
insiptire, to throw into. Cf. SkI. ksMp , to distid,us, dis/ichotl . - Gk. 6tCTTlXOV,a COll p.
throw. Brugm. i. 761.
let (in verse) ; neut. of6iCTT'Xo~, baving two
Dissociate. (L. ) From the pp. of L. rows. -Gk. ~, - (~tr) , double; CTTlxor, a row,
dissoriare , to separate from. - L dis-, allied to CTTflXflV, to go. ('v 'STEIGH.)
146

DISTIL

DIVIDE

Distil. (F. -L.) O. F. distil/e.'. - L

distilltire, distil/tire, to drop or trickle
down. - L d~, down; stilltire, to drop,
from stilla, a drop. See Still (2) .
DistinJUish, to mark off. (F. -L.)
O. F. distmguer, to distinguish; the suffix
-ish has been added by analogy, and cannot
be accounted for in the usual way. - L.
distillguere, to mark with a prick, distinguish (pp. distinctus). - L. di- (for dis- ),
apart; *sting-uere (not in use), to prick,
allied to Gk. UT"'''', to prick, and E.
stick, vb. See Instigate. Brngm. i. 666.
distinct. (F.-L.) O.F. distinct.L. distinctus, distinguished; pp. of disti"guere.
Distort. (L.) L. distorlm, pp. of
dt$torquire, to twist aside. - L. dis-, apart;
torqll~re, to twist; see Torture.
Distract, vb. ( L.) From L.distractus,
pp. of distrahere, to draw apart. - L. dis-,
a~a~ ; tra.here, to draw; see Trace ( ~ ) .
Distr&lJ1. (F.-L.) O. F. destmg1z-,
a stem of destraindre, to strain, press, vex
extremely, constrain (hence to seize goods
for debt). - L. distringere, to pull asunder
(seebelow).-L.di- (dis-) ,apart; stringere,
to draw tight; see Stringent.
distress, calamity. (F . -L.) O. F.
destresse, oldest form destrece; from a
Folk-L. *distn'ctia (not used), regularly
formed from L. districtus, pp. of distn'n,frere, to pull asunder (in Late L. to punish,
afflict) ; see Distrain.
Distraught. (L ) A modificati on of
distract ( = distracted) ; from L. distract-us;
see Distract.
Distribute, to allot, deal out. (L.)
From distrib11t-us , pp. of L. distn'buere,
to deal out, allot separately. - L. dis-,
a~art ; ":ibuere, to assign; see Tribute.
District, a region. (F . -L.) M. F.
distn:ct. - Late L. districtus, territory
wherein a lord has power to enforce justice.
- L. dis/rictlls, pp. of distringere; see
Distrain.
Disturb. (F.-L.) M . E. desto,'ben,
distourbm. - O. F. destorber, to vex. - L.
distu1-bare, to disturb. - L dis- , apart;
turbare, to disorder, from turha, a tumult,
crowd. See Turbid.
Ditch. (E.) M. E. diche; cf. A. S.
dice, dat. of die, fern. [also masc.], a dike;
see Dike.
Dithyra.m.b, a kind ofhymn. (L. - Gk.)
L. dithyrambus. -Gk. &9upappor, a hymn
in honour of Bacchus.

Dittany, a plant. (F. - L-Gk.) M,E.

dytane. - O. F. ditan, dictam. - L dietan",um, acc. of dictamntzs. - Gk. IiiKTopovor, ~'KTopovov, dittany; named from
Mount Dict~ in Crete, where it grew.
Ditto. (Ital.-L.) Ital. ditto, delto,
that which has been said. -L. dictum,
neut. of pp. of dicere, to say.
Ditty. (F.-L.) M. E. di/ee.-O. F.
ditl, a kind of poem. - L . dicta/um , a thing
dictated; neut. of dicta/Its, pp. of dictar~,
frequent. of dicere; see Dictate.
Diuretic, provoking discharge of urine.
(F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.diuretique; Cot.-L.
diureticus. - Gk. ~LOVP'1TtKtk - Gk. litov,HftV, to pass urine.-Gk. ~t-a, through;
olJpov, urine; see Urine .
Diurnal. (L.) L. diurnalis, daily. L. dium"s, daily. - L. dies, a day.
Divan, a council-chamber, sofa. (Pers.)
Pers. divaot, a tribunal; Arab. daywtin, a
royal court, tribunal , council of state.
Divaricate, to fork, diverge. (L.)
From pp. of L. dittt11-jctire, to spread apart.
_L. di- (for dis- ), apart; uan'cus, straddling, from utirus, crooked.
Dive. (Eo) M.E. diuett, duuen (u = v).
A. S. djlan, to immerse, weak verb; confused with dulan, strong verb (pt. t. deaf,
pp, dofen), to dive. Icel. df/a, to dip.
Allied to Dove, Deep, Dip.
didapJ?er, a bird: (K ) Short for 1ivedapper. Cf. A. S. d1ifetioppa, a pelIcan ..
Here dapper (= A. S. doppa) means :l
dipper or diver; and dive-dappe"=divedipper, a reduplicated word.
Diverge. (L.) Coined from L. di- (for
dis- ) , apart; and verge, vb. See Verge

(2).

Divers, Diverse, various. (F.-L.)

O. F, divel-s , masc., diverse, fern., divers,
differing;' Cot. - L. dittersus, various;
orig. pp. of diuerlere, to tum asunder,
separate, divert (below).
divert. (F.-L.) M.F. divertil-, 'to
divert, alter;' Cot. - L. ditlerlere, to
tum aside. - L. di- (dis-), apart; 1Ierte"e,
to tum.
Der. divers-joot, from pp.
ditlersus.
Divest. (L.) Late L. diuestire, in
place of L. diuestire, to strip off clot hes.
- L. di- (for dis- ). apart, substituted for
L. di-. down, away; uestire, to clothe,
from tlestis, clothing. See Vest.
Divide. (L.) L. diuidere, to divirle,
separate (pp. diuims). - L. di- (dis).
apart; and *uidere, a lost verb, prob.

147

DIVINE

DOGMA

meaning 'to separate'; see W id ow. burdock; Irish meacoll-dogho, a great bur(-v'WIDH.) Brugm. i. 589, ii. 5l8. dock, where mcacall mean s a tap-rooted
Der. divis-tim (from the Pl'. \.
plant, as a carrot. Der. bur-dock.
Divine. (F.-L.) M.E. devi1t.-O.F. Dock (3) , a basin for ships. (Du. ?)
devin. - L. diu lmlS, divine, god-like; M. Du. docke, a harbour (whence D an .
allied to diuus, godlike, deus, god; see dokl..e, Swed. dorko, G. dorke) ; Du . dok.
Deity.
~ History obscure.
Divorce. sb. (F . -L.) O.F. divorce. Docket, a label, ticket. (E . ?) Orig. an
L. diuortil/lIl, a separatinn. - L. tI'1Im-ten , abstract ; apparently allied to Dock ( 1' .
the same as diuer/ere, to tum a,ide, ~epa- ~ History obscure.
Doctor, Doctrine, Document;
rate; see Divert.
Divulge. (F. - L.) F. div1l1~mr, 'to see Docile.
divulge, reveal;' Cot. - L. dillulgll"e, to Dodecagon. (Gk.) Named from its
publish abroad . - L. di-, for dis-, apart; Il angles. Formed like deragoll, with
uulgiire, to publish, from lIU!g1U, the Gk. &Vl>flca, twelve, instead of I>'"a, ten.
See D ecagon.
people, a crowd; see Vulgar.
Dizen, to deck out. (K) To dizm was Dodecahedron. t.Gk. ) Formed with
orig. to furnish a distaff with Rax, hence Gk. &V1>."a, twel ve, in place of l>iKU, ten;
to deck out. See Distaff. Der. be-dizen. see D ecahedron.
Dizzy. (E. ) M . E. dysy, dusi . A. S. Dodge, to go hither and thither, to
dysig, foolish, stupid . E. Fries. dl/sig, quibble. (E.) XVI cent. Orig. to walk
dizzy, foolish; O. H. G. tusk
From unsteadily, hence to go from side to side
Teut. *dI4S-, as in Low G. dusen, to loiter as if to escape ; perhaps allied to pro\'. E.
(Lubben) ; allied to Teut. *diis-, as in Du. dade, to walk unstead ily, Scotch daddle,
duize/en, to be dizzy. Perhaps furth er doddle, to wadd le, dod, to jog, dodge, to
allied to A. S. d1lltPs, Du. dwaos, fooli sh jog along , dodgel, to hobble, N orth E.
(Franck), from Teut. stem ~dw;es -.
dodder, to shake, totter, dadge, dodge, to
Do, to perform. (E.) M. E. doott. A. S. walk clumsily. (Very doubtful.)
dolt, pt. t. dyde, pp. gedon; the orig. sense Dodo, an extinct bird. (Port.) Port.
is ' put' or ' place.' Du. dom , O. H. G. dOlldo, silly, fo olish ; the bird being of a
tUOIl, G. /hull. T eut. stem *,,5-. Allied clumsy make. Said to be borrowed from
to Gk. !i-9'1'/AI, I put, Skt. dllli, to place. Devonsh. dold, stupid, the same as E . dolt
(-v'D HE.) Hrugm. i. Il9.
(Diez). See Dolt.
Docile. (F. - L.) F. docile. -L. docilis, Doe. (E.) M.E. doo. A. S. da. +:q,.n.
teachable. -L. docere, to teach. Allied to daa. Swed . dof-, in dofhjort, a buck, may
Disciple and Didactio.
be allied to G . domh irsch, a buck, wherein
doctor. ( F. -L.) M. E. doctollr. - the syllable dam- is thought to be borrowed
O. F. doctour. - L. doctorem, acc. of doclor, from L. dama, a deer. But A. S. da may
be Teutonic.
a teacher. - L. docere, to teach.
doctrine. (F . -L) F.doc/rine.-L. Doif, to put off clothes. (E.) Short for
doctrina, lore, learning. - L. dodor, a do off, i. e. put off. Cf. don, dll/.
teacher. -L. docere, to teach.
Dog. (E. ) M. E. dogge. A. S. doq:a.
document. (F. -L.) F. document. (Du. dog, Swed. dogg, a mastiff; Dan.
-L. domlJlell/tlIlI, a proof. -L. docire, to dogge, a bull-dog; Lowl,. dogge, F. dogl/e ;
teach, shew.
all borrowed from Eo) Der. dog, verb. to
Dock ( t), to curtail. (E.?) Frou. track, foll ow as a dog; dogg-ed, sullen;
dock, sb., the stump of a tail , stump, cut dog-t:heap, very cheap (see N. E. D. ) ;
end. Cf. E. F ries. dokke, dok, a bundle, dog-wood.
bunch (as of straw) ; Du. dok, a little Doge, a duke of Venice. (Ital. - L.)
bunch (of straw) ; Dan . dukke, a skein, I ta!' doge, provo form of *doce, a duke. - 1..
short column, baluster; G. docke, a skein, dllc-em, ace. of dux, a leader. See Duke.
rail, plug, peg; Low G. dokke, a bunch , Doggerel, wretched poetry. (E. 1)
stump, peg (Berghaus).
M. E. dogerel, Ch . C. T. 13853. Origin
Dock (2), a plant. (E.) A. S. docce. + un certai n; but prob. formed from dog.
M. Du. docke (as in dockm bloderen, dock- . Cf. dog -rime, poor "erses (N. E. D.).
leaves, Hexham) ; M. Dan. a-doUa, water- I Dogma, a definite tenet. (Gk.) Gk.
dock (Kalkar) . So al.o Gael. dog-ho, a 300y}4Q, an opinion stem 30-Y/AaT-;. - Gk.
1,.8

DOILY

&",.w,

DONJON

1 am of opinion. Allied to Do- ' ace. of delphinus, a dolphin. - Gk. &)..</>;"-,

cHe. Der. dogma/-ie, dogmat-ise.
stem of ~.)..</>lf , a dolphin.
Doily, a small napkin. (Personal name.) Dolt. (E. ) Cf. Devonsh. dold, a dolt.
Formerly we read of 'doily stuff,' and M. E. du lt (= dul/ed) ; from M. E. dul,
, doily petticoats.' Said to be named after dull; see Dull
'the fam olls Doily'; Spectator, no. 283, Domain. (F.-L.) F. don/aine, sb.;
J an. 24, 1712. Mentioned in Dryden's from O. F. demaine, adj., belonging to as
one's own. - L. dollliltiCllS, adj., belonging
Kind Keeper, iv. I (16i9).
Doit, a small coin. (Du. -Scand.) Du. to a lord (the neut. dominimm was us~d
dllit, a doit. - Ice! . )veit, a piece, bit, small for L. dominium, lordshi p). - L. dom/llus,
coin, doit. - Icel. *)vila (pt. t. *)veit), to a lord; allied to L. domal'e, to tame,
cnt, a lost verb, but the same as A. S. subdue; see Tame. Doublet, demcSlZe.
) witm,; see Thwite.
Dome. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. dOllle.Dole, a portion. (E.) M . E. dol, dale. Ital. d1l01ll0, dOlllo, a cathedral church
A. S. dol, a division (Exod. viii. 23) . A (house of God) . - L. domum, acc. of
variant of Deal (1) , q . v.
domttS, a house, a bllilding. (-v' DEM .)
Doleful, sad. (Hybrid; F.-L.andE. ) See Timber. Brugm. i. 138.
The suffix -ful is E. M. E. doel, duel, dol
domestic. (F.-L.) F. dOlllestique.
(Scotch doo!) , sorrow, grief. -0. F. dod, -L. domestieus, belonging to a household .
dol (F. dettil), grief; verbal sb. of O. F. - L. dom-us, a house (above).
doloir, to grieve. - L. dolium,in (ordoliulll ,
domicile. (F. - L.) O. F . domicile,
grief of heart. - L. do/ere, to grieve.
a mansion. - L. domiciliwll , a habitation.
dolour. (F. - L. ) M. E. dolour. - -L. domi-, for dOlllttS, a house; and
O. F. dolour. - L. dolOrem, acc. of dolor, -cilium, possibly allied to Cell.
grief. - L. dollre, to grieve.
Domesday; see Doom.
Doll. (Gk.) !'rom Doll, for Dorot/,y; Dominate. (L.) From pp. of domia familiar name , of Gk. origin (see "ari, to be lord over. - L. domillus, a
lord.
N. E. D.) . Cf. Low\. Sc. doroty, a doll.
Dollar. (Low G. -G.) Low G. daler ; domineer. (Du.-F. - L .) M. D u.
Du. daa/der, a dollar. Adapted and domille1'C1t , to feast luxuriously (Ondeborrowed from G. tha/er, a dollar. The mans) ; borrowed from O . I'. domineI', to
G. tha/er is short for 10aehimslhaler, a govern, rule. - L. dominari, to be lord
coin made from silver round in.loachims- over (above).
dominic&l. (F.-L.) O. F. do1llilli
thai Goachim's dale) in Bohemia, abo
A. D. 1519.
cal. - Late L. domilzietilis, belonging to the
Dolman, a kind ofloosejacket. (F.- Lord's day, or to the Lord.-L. dominicG. - Hung.- Turk.) F. dolman. -G. dol- tIS , belonging to a lord.-L. dominus, a
man, do//lIIrl1l. - Hung. dolmalty. - Turk. lord.
dominion. (F. - Late L.) O. F .
dotaman , doUlIlah, a kind of long robe.
Dolmen, a monument of two upright domilllon. - Late L. domilliollem, acc. of
stOlll s, with a third across them . (F. -C.) dOlllinio, 10ldship; allied to L. dominF. dolmelt. - Bret. dolmw, lit. 'stone- iUlIl, lordship. -L. dominus (above \
table;' Legonidec. - Hret. 101, laol, a
domino. (F. - L.) F. domino, a
table (from L. tabtt/a) ; and 1IIen, a stone ; masquerade-dress; orig. a master's hood.
according to Legonidec. Hut (see N. E . D.) - L. dominus, a master (above). Der.
this is due to some mistake; the F . dominoes, sb. pl., a game.
dolmelt seems to represent the Cornish . Don (1) , to put on clothes. (E.) Short
lolmen, stone with a hole beneath; from for do Ott, i. e. put on. Cf. doff, dou/,
Corn. loll, a hole (W. 111111) , and min dllp.
Don ( 2) , a Spanish title. (Span.-L.
(W. mam ), a stone.
Dolomite, a kind of rock. (F.) Span. don, sir. - L. dolllilltllll, ace. of
Named in 1794 from M. Dololllieu , a domi1ttts, a lord.
French geologist (1750-1801 ).
Donation. (F.-L.) F. donatioll . Dolour; see Doleful.
L. acc. do1ttltioJtelll, a gift, from the stem
Dol;phin, a fish. (F. - L. -Gk.) M. E. of the pp. of diJnare, to give. -L, donum,
dolphtne. - 0 . F . daulphin (now dauphin). a.,gift. Cf. Gk. ~"'pov, a gift.
- Folk-L. daljimlm, for L. delphfnu1Il, DouJon; see Dungeon.
149

DONKEY

DOUGH

Donkey. (c. altd E.) Double dimin. Dory, a fish; see John Dory.
with suffix -k-ey (= Low!. Sc. -itk-ie, as Dose. ( F.-L.-Gk.)
O. F. dose, a
in Itors-ickie, a little-little horse, Banff;;h.), quantity of medicine given at once. from dun, familiar name for a horse , from Med. L. dosis. - Gk. Mu,s, a giving. - Gk.
its colour (Romeo , i. 4.41 ) ; see Dun (1). lJi6OJI-" (stem ; lJOJ-, 60-) , I give. Brugm. i .
. ~ So also M.E. dolt-ek, provo E. dunllock , 167.
a hedge-sparrow, from its colour. Donkey Dot. (E.) A. S. dolt , only in the sense
(first found in 1785) was a provo E. word, ' head of a boil.' Cf. Du. dol, a little bundle
which seems to have rimed with monkey ofspoiltwool,&c.,goodfornothing (Sewel) ;
(whence the spelling).
Cf. Somersets. Swed. dial. doll, a little heap, small lump;
dumzg'kee, pron. of do1zkey.
M. Dan. dot, a bunch; E. Fries. dot, dot/e,
DOJlD.a. (Ital. -L.) Ital. do1t1la . -L. a heap, bunch, lump. Cf. Norw. dot/en,
domi1za, mistress, fern. of dominus, a PE.. of delta , to fall , to fall to pieces.
master. Doublet, duenna.
Dote. (E.) M. E. dotien, dotm, to be
Doom, a judgment, decision. (E.) foolish (Layamon) . M. Du. dolm, to
M. E. dom. A. S. tiiim, lit. a thing set or dote, mope; Du. dullen, to doze; Icel.
dedded on ; from don, to set, do; see Do. dalla , to nod with sleep, M. H. G.getolzen,
Swed. Dan. dom, Ice!. dOmr, Goth. to doz~, litZC1Z , to mope.
dollts, O . H. G. 11Iom. Teut. type *dOmoz.
dotage. (E.; willt F. mffix.) M. E.
a statute. Cf. lik. (lip's, law (from Ti(l'/lu, dotage; trom M. E. dOl-en; with F. suffix
-age (L. -alicum). Cf. F. radolage, from
I set). Der. deem.
doomsday, domesday. (E.) A.S. radoler, to dote.
dOilies dag, day of doom or judgment.
dotard.. (E. willt F . suffix.) From
Door, a gate. (E ) M. E. dare, dure . dole, with F. suffix -ard (0 . H. G. Itarl).
dotterel, a kind of ployer. ( E.) A
A. S. dol', n.; dunt, f. O. Sax. dor, Goth.
dattr, G. tltor, n . ; and Ice!. dyrr, f. pI.; bird easily caught; from dole, vb., with
Dan. dOr, Swed. dOrr, Du. det~r, G. Ihur. suffix as in cock ere!.
f. sing. T eut. types *duroflt, n.; *dures, f. Double. (F.-L.) O . F. doble, later
pi: Cf. L. jares, Lith. dllrys, f. pI.; O. double. - L . dup!t~s, lit. twice-full. - L.
Insh dorus, n., W . d.-ws, m.; Russ. dver(e ), du-o, two; -pillS, allied to plbms, full.
Gk. (lvpa. SkI. dviir, f. Brugm. i. 46z.
doublet. (F.-L.) M. E. dobbelel.Dormant, sleeping. (F.-L.) F. dar. O. F. doublet, an inner (double) garment.
malll, pre.s. pI. of dormir, to sleep. _ L. - F. double, double; with suffix -et.
doubloon. (F. -Span. -L.) F. doudorn/ire, to sleep. Skt. drii, to sleep;
Gk . lJa.p6a.IIEW.
blolt. -Span. dab/all. a coin, the double of
dormer-window. (F. and Scand.) a pistole. -Span. doblo, double. -L. dllA dormer was a sleeping-room. - O. F. plw (abo,'e).
dormcor. - L. dormilorium (below).
doubt. (F . - L.) M. E. douIClt . dormitory. (L.) L. dormJlOriu1Il, a O. F . dallier. - L. dllbiliire, to be of two
sleeping-chamber; neut. of dormllorius, minds; allied to dubiw, doubtful; see
adj., belonging to sleeping. - L. dor-milor, Dubious.
Douceur. (F. - L. ) F. dot/cellr , lit.
a sleeper. -L. dormire, to sleep.
Dormouse. (F. and E. ) M. E. d01'- sweetness (hence, pleasant gift) . -L. dulIIIOIlS. The prefix is perhaps short for corem, acc. of dulcor. sweetness. - L. duleis,
N orth E. dorlll. to dozc (whence dor1ll- sweet. See Dulcet.
1Il0ttSe). Cf. Icel., Norw. , and Swed. dial. Douche, a shower-bath. (F. - Ital.donlla. to doze; all apparently from F . L.)
F. dOllclte, a shower-bath. - Ital.
dormir. to sleep; see Dormant. We find doccia. a conduit , water-pipe. - Ita!. doceialso prov o E. dar rel'. a sleeper, as if from are, to pour; equivalent to L'lte Lat.
dar, to sleep.
*""cli(lre, derivative of L. duclus, a duct;
Dornick, a kind of cloth; obsolele. see Duct.
(Flemish.) Named from Flem. Domick , Dough. (E.) M. E. doh, dog h. A. S.
better known by the F. name of TOllrllay dtilt (stem dag- ). Du. deeg, Dan. deig,
, Swed.deg, Icel. tieig, Goth.dal:(S. a kneaded
(Lat. Tomacus ).
Dorsal. (F . -L.) I' . donal, belonging . lump, G. leig. The Goth. daigs is from
to the back . -Late L. dors,Uis.-L. dar. i daig, 2nd stem of deiga11 , to knead; see
Sllm, the back.
: Dike . (.vDHEIGH. ) Brugm. i. 60,..

15 0

DOUGHTY

DRAGOON

Doughty. (E.) M. E. do/tli, duMi, Dowse (3), to extinguish. The same

valiant. A. S. dohtig, earlier form dyhtig, as Dowse ( I); sense perhaps suggested
valiant. - A. S. dugan, to be worth, be br dou!, q. v.
strong.+Dan. dygtig, Swed. dttgtig, Ice!. Doxology. (L. - Gk.) L. doxologia.
dygiJugr, G. luclzlig; variously formed from - Gk. 30[0A.cryla, an ascription of praise.
- Gk. 30[0-, for M(a, glory, orig. a
the Teut. verb dugan-.
Douse, to immerse. ( E.?) Allied to notion; -A.cryta, from A.J-yftV, to speak.
M. Du. doesen, (to smite with violence' Doxy. (M. Du.) A cant term. t;f.
(Hexbam). See Dowse (I).
E. Fries. doklje, dimin. of dokke, a doll.
Dout, to extinguish. (E.) Short for do Prob. introduced from the Netherlands.ottl, i. e. put out.
M. Du. do<"ke, a doll. Cf. O . H. G. toCelll',
Dove, a bird. (E.) A. S. du/e, only a doll, also a term of endearment (G.
in compo diift-doppa, lit. a diver. - A . S. docke).
dti/an, to plunge into. + O. Sax. diiva, Dolle. (Scand.) Swed. dial. dusa, Dan.
Goth. dubo, G. laube, a dove, lit. diver. dOse, to dozc, mope; Ice!. dUsa, to doze;
[So also L. columba, a dove, is allied to M. Dan. dast, to be torpid. Allied to
Gk. KoA.IJJIofJl~, a diver, sea-bird.
First DiIlZY.
applied to sea-gulls, &c.]
DOllen, twelve. (F.-L.) O. F. dodovetail, to fasten boards together. saitte (F.dottzaitle ), a dozen. - O . F. doze (F.
(E.) From dove and fail; from the shape douu) , twelve; with suffix -aim (L. -ilia,
of the fitted ends of the board (::::) .
as in ce1lf-ena).-L. duodecim, twclve.-L.
Dowager, a widow with a jointure. duo, two; decem, ten. See Two and Ten .
~ F . -L.)
O. F. douagcre; from douage, Drab (I) , a slut. (E.) Cf. Irish dmbog,
an endowment. Again douage is coined Gael. d,'abag, a slut; Gael. draba<"h, dirty :
~withsuffix -age) from F. doft-er, to endow. Irish drab, a spot, stain (all from E .). E.
- L. do/are, to endow. - L. dOI-, stem of Fries. drn/Jbe, puddle-water. Also Du.
dos. a gift, dowry. Allied to dO-1IItIIl, a dmb/le, f. dregs, draft'; allied to Dra1f.
Der. en-dow, from Drab (2), dull light brown. (F.-L. )
gift, dare, to give.
I'. en and douer. Brugm. i. 167.
The colour of undyed cloth. - F. dra!,
dower, an endowment. (F. - L.) cloth. See Drape.
M. E. tiowere. - O. F. doaire, later dotlaire. Drachm; see Dram.
-LateL.dolantt1ll. -L. do/llre,toendow Drair,dregs. (E.) M.E. dm/ (Laya(above) . Der. dowr-y, short for dower-yo mon) .+Du. tit-a/, hogswash, drabbc, drafT;
Dowdy; see Duds.
Ice!. dmj, Swed. dra/, Dan. drav, dregs ;
Dowlas, a coarse linen. (Bret.) From G. Iriiber, p!. [Cf. Gael. and Iri ~ h draM,
Daoulas, S. E. of Brest, in Brittany.
draft', from K]
Down (I), soft plumage. (Scand.) Draft; see Draught.
M. E. dowlt. - Ice!. diinll, Swed . dun, Drag, vb. (Scand. ) M. K dmggCll ; a
Dan. dtllt1l, down; whence Du. dom.
Northern form allied to lcel. draga, to
Down (2) , a hill. (C.) A. S. aihl, a draw . Cf. Swed. dragg, a drag, grapnel j
hill. - Irish dltll, a fortified hill, fort; dragga, to drag . See Draw.
Gad. dun, W . din, a hill-fort. + A. S. Dragoman, an interpreter. (Span. 1111l; see Town.
Arab.) Span. dragoman; [Late Gk. 3padown (3) , prep . and adv. (E. and C.) 'YovJloavo~] , an interpreter. - Arab. tarA corruption of adowll = A. S. ofdtltle = oft' juman, an interpreter, translator; sec
the hill, downwards. - A. S. oj, oft'; dune, Targum.
dat.of dUll,a hill; see Down (2).
Dragon. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon.
dune, a low sand-hill . (C .) XVIII - L. ace. draconem, from nom . dra,o. cent. - F. dttllc. - M. Du. dune (Du. Gk. 6p6.KOJV , a dragon, lit. (seeing;' from
duin) ; of Celt. origin. See Down (2) .
his supposed sharp sight. - Gk. 6paK-.
Dowse (,), to strike in the face . weak grade of 6fpK0Jloat , I see. ~ Such is
(E. ?) Apparently the same as Douse the usual account.
\ above) . Cf, Norw. dies, a push , blow;
dragoon. (F. -L. - Gk.) F . dragolt,
M. Du. doesC1t, to strike, E. Fries. dijssen, a dragoon; so called because the dragoon!:;
to strike.
orig. had a dragon on their standard; or
Dowse (2), to immerse; see Douse. rather, because they were armed with a
Prob. the same as Dowse ( 1) .
' short carbine called (in F .) dragoll.
151

DRAIN

DRESS

A. S. drtlm;g~all, drlll- i to draw. + Eo Fries. draulm; Low G.

"ian, to drain away, strain off, Matt. draueln .
xxiii. 34, also spelt drlalmian; ori~. 'to ' dray. (E.) A.S. drage, that which is
become dry.' - A. S. *drea,l{- = Teot. drawn; as in drage, dr~g-ne/, a draw-net.
*draug-, second grade of Teut. *dreug-an, + Swed . driig, a sledge, dray.
to be dry. Cf. Ice1. drat/gr, a dry log. read, vb. (E.) A. S. *drIUan, in
compo on-dnidan, to dread, fear.+O. Sax.
See Dry.
Drake, male of the duck. (L. - Gk.?) an/-drruinn; O. H. G . in-lrMan. Tellt.
M. E. drake. Not found in A. S.; cf. tY2e *dnidan-.
drake, a drake, in Low G. (Bremen) ; Dream, a vision. (E.) M. E. dreem.
M. Swed. drake, (I ) a dragon, (2) a drake, A. S. *dream, a dream; not found. [Quite
(3) a boy's kite. Supposed to correspond distinct fromA.S.drl am , asweet sound,harto the latter part of Swed. and-drake, a mony, also joy, glee, happiness.] + 0. Sa.'{.
drake (a form thought to be borrowed from drum, dream; Du. droom, Ice1. draumr,
Low G.). Cf. Swed. and, duck, anddrake, Dan. Swed .dr011t, G./raum. Kluge suggests
drake; Low G. a1ltferik, drake (Liibben) ; comparison with G. trug-bild, a phnntom;
G. ente, duck; en/erich, drake; O. H. G. if correct, the Teut. sb. was *drallgmoz,
alttrahho, a drake. 13. The Swed. and, A. S. m.; from Tent. *draug, strong grade of
wed, a duck, is cognate with L. altQS Teut. *dreugan- (0 . H. G . triogan, G .
\skm anat-), a duck. The M. E. drake trt'igen), to deceive. From the Idg. root
may be the same as A. S. draca, a dragon , *dhreugh, whence also Skt. drugha(s), a
crafty wounding; O. Pers. drauga (Pers.
borrowed from L. draco; see Dragon.
Dram, Drachm. (F. - L. - Gk.) dlirUgh ), a deceit, lie; Icel. draugr, a
M. F. dra1Jl e, drachme, a dram, eighth ghost. Brugm. i. 681 , 689'
Dreary, Drear. (E. ) Drear is short
part of an ounce;' Cot.-L. draclzma.Gk. lipaXp.~, a handful, a drachma, used for dreary. M. E. drery. A. S. dreo1ig, sad;
both as weight and coin; cf. lip&.-yp.a, as orig.' gory;' formed with suffix -ig from
much as one can grasp. - Gk. lipalTlTop.a. , 1 A. S. dreor, gore. - A- S. dreosa1t, to drip.
grasp. Brugm. i. 509.
+Ice!. dreyrigr, gory, from dreyri, gore;
Drama. (L. -Gk.) L. drama.-Gk. G. tmurig, sad, orig. gory. from O. H. G.
lipiil'a (stem lipap.aT-) , an act, a drama.trw, gore. From Teut. *dr~usan-, vb.
Gk. lipaQl, I perform; cf. Lith. tiarau, I Dredge (I), a drag-net. (E.) North E.
make. (.vDAR.) Der. dramat-ic (from dreg . Answering to A. S. drecg, *drecge
lipap.aT-) ; &c.
(not found ), for *drag:/o-; from A. S.
clrastic, effective. (Gk.) Gk. lipalT- d1-aga1t ; see Draw. And see Dregs.
TII.';S, effective; allied to lipaITTfOS, verbal Dredge (2), to sprinkle flour on meat.
(F. - Late L. - Gk. ) To dredge is to
adj. of lipaQl, I perfoml.
Drape, to cover with cloth. (F. - L.) sprinkle, as in sowing dredge (M. E. drage)
1'. draper, to make cloth. - F . drap, cloth; or mixed corn. - O. F_ dragle, mixed
Late L. drappus. Of unknown origin. corn; also a sweetmeat, sugar-plum.
Der. drap-er , drap-er-y; and see drab ( 2) . [Provo dragea; Ita!' treggea, a sugar-plum.]
Drastic; see Drama.
- Late L dragata, dragda, a sugar-plum;
Draw. (E.) M. E. drawen. A. S. altered form of traglmata, pI. of tragema.
dragalt (A. S. aga- becoming M.E. -a1t1e- ). - Gk. Tpa-y"p.a, something nice to eat. Du . dragen, Ice!. Swed. draga., Dan. I Gk. TpWy"" (2 aor. ETpa-yO,,), to gnaw.
drage, Goth. d1-agaJ', G. tragen , to pull ' Dregs, lees. (Scand.) PI. of M. E.
along, carry. Teut. type *dragan-, pt. t. dreg, mire; we also find M. E. dregges,
i dregs. _ IceI. dregg, pI. dreggjar, dregs ;
*drug.
draught, draft. I.E.. Draft is a Swed. driigg, pI. dregs, lees. Perhaps
phonetic spelling. M. E. draught , draht' l from Ice!. drag-a, to draw. Distinct from
From A. S. drag-an; with suffixed t.+ L.fracls, dregs of oil; Brugm. i. ,417.
Du. dragt, a load, from dragen, to carry ; . Drench, vb. (E.) M. E. drmclze1l.
Dan. dra't; Ice!. dreittr, a draught of A. S. dren.can, causal of drinca1l; hence
'to makedrink.' +Du. drmken, Ice!. drekfishes; G. tracht, a load , from tragen.
draWl. (Du.) Frequentative of draw ; kja, Swed. dranka, Goth. dragkjan, G .
parallel to draggle from drag. Introduced tranken. See Drink.
from Du. drcilm, to be slow ; from dragen" re... (F. - L.) O. }' . dresser, dreJ'<"er,

Drain. (E.)

15 3

DRIBBLE

DROWN

to erect, set up, dress; answering to a Late

L. form *dirediare. -L. direclus, pp. of
diri~re, to direct; see Direct.
Dribble. (E.) Frequentative of obs.
E. dn'b, to drip slightly; which is n
wenkened form of dnp . Cf. drib lel. See
Drip. So also Dan. dia!' drib/e.
Drift; see Drive.
Drill ( I) , to pierce, to train soldiers.
(Du.) Borrowed from Du . drillm, to drill,
to bore, to tum round, shake, brandish.
drill soldiers, form to arms. Allied to
M . H . G . drellm, to tum round (pp. gedrollen), L ow G . drall, twisted tight.
T eut. type *threllall - (pt. t . *thrall) , to
twist ; cf. A. S. }ead, strict. ~ Perhaps
allied to Thrill.
Drill (l ) , to sow com in rows. (E. )
The same as drill, to trickle, which seems
to be a variant of tn'lI, to trickle.
Drilling, a coarse cloth used for
trousers. (G.- L .)
Corrupted from G.
dril/ieh, ticking , huckaback. - L. tn'lie-,
stem of trilix, having three threads. - L.
tn', from tres, three; licium, n thread.
~ee Three.
Drink. (E.) A.S. dn'ncoll , pt. t. dram,
pp. druncen.+Du. dn'nkett, Icel. drekka,
Swed. dn'eka, Dan. drikke, Goth. dngkatJ
(= dn'nkan) , G. tnnken . Teut. *dretlka11-.
Drip. (Scand.) M . E. dryppen.-Dan.
dryppe, to drip (= Teut. *dn,piatl-).
From Teut. *drup-, weak grade of dreu pan-, as seen in Ice!. drjiipa, to drip, A. S.
dreopan (obs. E. dreep), G. tricftll. Cf.
O. Ir. Iruehl, a dew-drop. See Drop.
Drive. (E.) M. E. driuen. A.S. drifan
(pt. t . draf, pp. drifen). + Du. dnjven ;
I ce!. drifa, Swed. dnfva , Dan. drive, Goth.
dreiba~l, G. Ireiben.
Teut. *dreiban-.
drift. (E. ) M. E. dn/I. Formed from
drif-. weak grade of drifan; with suffix -to
+ Du. drift, Ice!. dnJt, Swed. Dan. drift,
G. trift. Der. a-drifl = on the drift; see
A. (2).
drove. (E.) M. E. droj. A. S. dra/,
a drove. From dra/, 2nd grade of drifa".
Drivel, vb. (E.) M.E. drevelen. A. S.
drejlia" , to dribble or run at the nose.
Cf. M. E. dravelen, to drivel. From the
base draf-. as in M . E. dra/, draff. See
Draft'.
Drizzle, to rain slightly. (E.) Formerly drisel or drisle, to keep on dripping.
F requent. form of M. E. dresen, A. S.
dreosan, to drip; see Dreary. Cf. Dan.
drysse, to fall in drops; Swed. dial driis/a .

JbooU. (F.-Du.) M. F. drtl/e, ' a plea.

sant wag;' Cot. - Du. drollig, odd, strange ;
M . Du. drol, 'a juglar;' Hexham. Perhaps from Du. d1'oll-, pp. stem of drillen,
to tum, wheel, whirl about; see Drill ( I).
Dromedary. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. Eo
drollJedane. - G. F. dromedaire (older form
*dromedane). - Late L. dro11ladiiritts. - L.
dr011lad-, stem of dromas. a dromednry.Gk. ~po/Aa~-, stem of ~poptis. fast running.
- Gk. ~pa/A'Iv , to nm .+Skt. dram , to run.
Drone ( I) , to hum. (E.) M . E . dro"e11
(also drOU1It1t). N ot in A. S. Cf. Ice!.
dryn.fa, Swed. drii,ta , Dan. driil1e, to drone,
roar, rumble, &c. Cf. Goth. dnm/us, a
sound , Gk. 6pryvos, a dirge; Skt. dhra1J,
to sound.
Drone (2) , a non-working bee. (Low
G.) M. E. dra". A . S. dra,t ; which (like
E. Fries. drif" e) was prob . borrowed from
O. Sax. dran. cr. M. H . G. t"eno (G.
drohlle being borrowed from Low G.).
Teut. stems *dl'tV,-, *drm ; cf. Gk. av
6p~v1J , a wild-bee, 6pfVvaf (Hesychius).
~ With the parallel stems "drtll', *drm -,
cf. the stems of Queen and Quean.
Droop; see below.
Drop, sb. (E. ) M.1>:. drope, sb.; hence
drop im, droppm. vb. - A. S. dropa, sb. ;
dropiall, vb. These are from the weak
graue *drup (A. S. drop- ) of the Teut.
vb. *dreupall- (A. S. dl'eopan), to drop,
drip .+Du. drop . sb., Icel. drop;, Swed.
droppe, Dan. draabe, G. trop/m . See also
Drip.
droop, to sink, fail. (Scand.) M . Eo
droupm. -Icel. drupa. to droop; weak
vb., allied to drjiipa, strong vb., to drip=
Teut. *dreupa,,- (whence also G. tde/en) ;
see above. Cf. I am ready to drop,' i. e.
I droop.
Dro::~ see Hydropsy.
Dro
, Drosky, a kind of carriage.
(Russ.) Russ. drozhki. dro.fki, a low four
wheeled carriage (the j sounded as in
French). Dimin. of drogi, a waggon;
which was orig. pI. of droga. a perch (of
a carriage).
Dross. (E.) M. E. dros . A. S. dros,
dross, dregs; cf. also obs. E. drosen, A. S.
drosna , pl., lees, dregs. + M . Du. droes,
lees (Kilian) ; Du. droesem, dregs, lees,
G . drusen, pI. dregs; O. H . G. trllsana,
truosa"a, husks of pressed grapes.
Drought, Jboouth; Ste Dry.
Drove; see Drive.
Drown. (~and.) M. E. drounm. d,..u

J5~

DROWSE, DROWZE

DUCK

neJt.-M. Dan. drtlkne, droug'1u, drovne,

drone, to sink, be drowned (Kalkar) ; Icel.
dmkna . The -ttkn was preserved in Swed.
drtmkna, A. S. drunmian , to be drunk,
also to sink, to be drowned. See Drunken. (E. Bjorkman.)
Drowse, Drowze, to be sluggish.
(E.) Formerly drouse. A. S. dritsian, to
be slnggish; allied to A. S. dreosatt, to
fail; also to drip, to fall. See Dreary.
Der. drowz-y.
Drub, to beat. (Arab. 1) 'Drub, to
beat the soles of the feet with a stick, a
punishment used in Turkey;' (Phillips) .
Apparently a travellers' word. Perhaps
from Arab. qarb (zarb), a beating with a
stick; from Arab. root qa1'aba (zaraba) ,
he beat; Rich. Dict. p. 952. (N. E. D .)
Drudge, vb. (E.) M. E. druggen.
A. S. *drycgean, not found; but regularly
formed from drug--, weak grade of dreogan,
to work, perform , endure (= Teut. dreuga1t-, Goth. dn'ugtZ1t, Lowl. Sc. dree). Cf.
Icel. dry'ug-virkr, one who works slowly
but surely. The Gael. drtlgair, a drudge,

(F.-L.-Gk.) F. drupe.-L. dritjJa, an

over-ripe olive. -Gk. ~pv1r1ra, the same.
DrY. (E.) M. E. druJe. A. S. dryge.
Cf. Du. droog, dry; G_ !rocken, dry ;
Icel. draugr, a dry log.
drought. (E.) M. E. droJ!e, drQUJte;
also drollthe (P. Plowman). A. S. dritga{J,
drought. -A. S. dnigian, to be dry; dryge,
dry.+Du. droogte, drought; from droog,
dry. Doublet, drouth (Milton) .
Dryad, a nymph of the woods. (L.Gk. ) L. Dryad-, stem of Dryas, a woodnymph. - Gk. ~pva6-, stem of ~plJ(h, the
same. - Gk. tipii-s, a tree; see Tree.
DuaJ., consisting of two. (L.) L. dwilis,
dnal. - L. duo , two; see Two.
Dub, to confer knighthood by a stroke.
(F. ) M. E. dubbm . A. S. dubban; A. S.
Chron. an. 1086. [So also Swed. dubba .]
Usually derived from O. F . aduber, adouber, adober, to dub a knight; a Romanic
word of unknown origin (Ital. add{)bbare,
O. Span. and Prov.adobar, O. Port. adubar).
~ Diez derives atiouber, conversely, from
dubbatt; which is hardly tenable; see
KE.n
Dubious. (L. ) From L. dubiosus,
doubtful. - L. dubium, doubt; neuter of
L. dubius, doubtful, moving in two directions. -L. du-o, two. See Two.
Ducal. (F. -L. ) F . ducal, adj. ; from
due, a duke; see Duke.
duca.t, a coin. (F. -Ital. -L.) O. F.
durat. - Ital. dueato, a ducat, also a duchy;
named from L. dtUlittlS (duchy of Apulia)
alluded to in the legend upon it; see
duchy below.
duchess. (F.-L.) O. F . duehesse
(Late L. dueissa), fern. of due, duke ; see
Duke.
duchy. IF.-L.) F. dllehJ. -Late L.
duen/um , acc. of ducntlls, a dukedom. L. due- , stem of dux , a duke. ~ Also
O. F. dueMe, fern., as if from Late L.
*dueittftem.
Duck (I), to dive, bob the head. (E.)
M. E.duken, douken . Not in A. S.+Du.
duiken, to stoop, dive ; G. tauehm, to
plunge, dive. Tellt. type *deukan . , pt. t.
*dauk (whenceG. tauehen), pp. *duk -ano.
From the weak grade duk we have Dan.
dukke, Swed. dyka ; to which the shortening of the vowel in mod. E. du ck may have
been partly due.
duck ( 2) , bird. (E.) M. E. doke,
dllke. Lit.' diver;' the suffix e repr~sents the A. S. f. suffix of the agent. A. S.

~~mE.

Drug. (F .) M. E. drogge. drugge.O. F . aroglte, a drug. Also Ital. and Span.

d,oga. Origin unknown; perhaps Oriental. Der. drugg-ist.
Drugget. (F.) M.F. droguet, ' a kind
of stuff that's half silk, half wool ; ' Cot.
Dimin. of d1'ogue, used in the sense of
rubbish, poor stuff; from the coarseness
of the material ; cf. E. 'a drug in the
market.' ~ Probably not the same word
as F. drog'1le, a drug.
Druid, a priest of the ancient Britons.
(F.-L. -C.) F. Druide. - L. (Gaulish)
pI. D ruides, Druidae (Lewis and Short).
Cf. O. Irish d1'tlid, dat. and ace. of dmi,
a magician, sorcerer; Ir. draoi, dl"uidh,
Gael. dmidh (whence also A. S . d1j, a
magician ).
Drum. (Du.) XVI cent. Imperfectly
adapted from M;. Du. tromme, trommel , a
drum; Low G. trumme ; Du. trom .+
O. H. G. trumba, trllmpa, M. H . G.
/1'Umme, a pipe, trumpet ; Icel. trumba,
a pipe, trumpet. [So also Ital. tro11lba,
SEan. trompa .) Of imitative orig in.
Drunka.rd. (E.; wtth F. sujJix .)
From A. S. d,'unc-, base of pp. of drinean,
to drink; with F. suffix -ard (G. hart ) .
drunken, drunk. (E.) A. S. drnn cen, pp. of dritLCan, to drink.
Drupe, a fleshy fruit containing a stone.

154

DUCK

DUMPS

duee, a duck. From the verb above.

Cf. Dan dukand, lit. 'diving duck;'
Swed. dykflgel, 'diving fowl.'
Der.
duck-l-ing, with double dimin. suffixDuck (3), a pet, darling. (E.) Apparently the same as Duck (2 ).
Duck (4), light canvas. (Du.) A n:LUtical word. - Du. doek, linen cloth, canvas.
+Dan. dug, Swed. duk, Icel. dukr, G.
tuch, O. H. G . ttloh.
Duct, a conduit-pipe. (L. ) L. duelus,
a leading (hence, a duct). -L. ductus, pp.
o r ducere, to lead. See Duke.
ductile. (F.-L.) F. ductile, malleable. - L. ductilis, easily led. _ L. duct us,
p~. of dlicere (above).
Dude, an exquisite, a dandy. Of unknown origin. (Ab. 1883.)
Dudgeon (I ), resentment. Of unknown
origin.
Dudgeon (2), haft ofa dagger. (Unknown ~ M. E. dogeon, a kind of wood
used for the handles of daggers. Etym.
unknown.
Duds, clothes. (Scand.) Jamieson has
dt/dis as well as duds; the tI was prob.
once long. - Ice!. duM, swaddling clothes;
d17~a, to wrap up. Cf. E. d01l1d, a woman's
cap, a slut; dowdy , illdressed.
Due. (F.-L.) M. E. dew, dewe.O. F. deu, mase., deue, fem.; pp. of de
voir, to owe.-L. debere. See Devoir.
Duel. (ltal.-L.) Ita!. duello, a duel.
-L. dllellum, a fight between two men
(archaic form ofL. bellt~m, war) . -L. duo,
two.
duet. (Ital. - L.) Ita!' duelto, music
for two. -ltal. due, two. - L. duo, two.
Duenna.. (Span.-L.) Span. duena,
a married lady, duenna. - L. dum;,za, fem.
of dominus, a lord. See Donna.
Duet; see Duel.
Du1fel, coarse woollen cloth. (Du.)
])0. duffel; so called from Duffel, a place
near Antwerp.
Duffer, a stupid person . (Scand.)
Lowl Sc. dO'/tlf art, formed with suffix -art
from the adj. dow/, stupid, dull; lit. 'deaf.'
- Ice!. dauf-r, deaf; see Deaf.
Dug, a teat. (Scand.) Perhaps allied
to Swed. diigga, Dan dfFgge, to suckle.
Cf. Goth. daddjalt , O. H. G. Man, to
sockle. ~ Hut cf. Skt. duk, to milk.
Dugong, a seacow. (Malay.) Malay
dtiyong, dliyung, a sea-cow.
Duke, a leader. (F. -L.) M.E. duk.O. F. due, acc. formed from O. F. oom. I

dux. -L. dux, a leader.-L. riUcere, to

lead. (~DEUK .) ~ The L. acc. ducem
would have given O. F. dois, F. doix;
like F. mix from nllcem, croix from
CruWIZ.
(N. E. D.) Brugm. i. 592.
Dulcet, sweet. (F. -L.) M. F. doucet
(Col) , refashioned after L. dukis (cf.
Ita!. dolcetto). - O. F. dols (F. doux),
sweet. -L. dulcis, sweet.
dulcimer. (F. - Span. -L.) Roquefort has F. dottlcemer (undated) ; cf.
O . F. doulcemele (Godefroy) . -Span. dulcemele, a dulcimer; named from its sweet
sound.-L. dulce melos, sweet sound; see
Melody.
Dull, stupid. (E.) M. E. dul; cognate
with Low G. dull; answering to Teut.
*duJ-joz. Closely allied to A . S . dol,
foolish, cognate with Du. dol, mad, G. toll,
mad, answering to Teut. *dul-o:. Both
are from Teut. >tdul- *dwu't) , weak
grade of *dwel-an, as seen in A. S. dwe/an,
to err, to be stupid; see Dwell. Cf. A.S.
ged1t101-god, a false god, idol; Irish and W.
dall, blind. Brugm. i. 375 (6).
Dulse, an edible seaweed. (C.) Irish
duileasg, Gael. dllileasg, dulse. According
to Macleod, it means' water leaf,' from
lr. and Gae!. duille, leaf, and uisg(,),
water.
Dumb. (E.) M.E. dumb. A.S. dumb,
mute. + Du. dom, Ice!. dumbr, Swed.
dumb, Dan. dum, Goth. dumbs, G. dU11lm,
O. H. G. tumb, tump, stupid. The orig.
sense setms to have been 'stupid,' and
perhaps Goth. dumbs is allied to Goth.
daubs, deaf; see Deaf. Der. dummy
( = dumb-y).
Dump (I) , an ill-shapen piece. (E.?)
Provo E. dmnp, a clumsy lump, a bit;
dumpy, short and thick. Probably' a thing
thrown down in a mass'; see Dump (2).
dumpling, a kind of pudding. (Eo?)
A small solid ball of pudding; dump.l.ing
is a double dimin. of dU11lp ( I).
Dump (2) , to strike, fling down .
(Scand.?) Cf. Lowl. Sc. dump. to beat.
Dan. dumpe, to plump. plunge; Norw.
dumpa; Swed. dial. dompa. -Swed. dial.
dump-, as in dump.i~, supine of str. vb.
dimpa, to fall down plomp.
Dumps, melancholy. (Seand.) Swed.
dial. dumpin , melancholy, orig. pp. of
dimba, to steam, reek; Dan. dump, dull,
10w.+Du. dump, damp, hazy, G. dump/.
damp, dull. Allied to Damp; cf. 'to
damp one's spirits.'

155

DUN

DUTY

Dun ( I ) . brown. (C.) A. S.duml, dark .

_ Irish and Gael. dOlln, brown; \V. dWIl,
dun, d usky. Celtic type *domlos.
Dun ( z). to urge for payment. (Scand.)
Said (in 1708) to be derived from the
name of Joe Dun. a famous bailiff in the
time of Henry VII. But perhaps from
the notion of noisiness. Cf. M. E. dunni"g,
a loud noise. - Icel. d/ma, to thunder;
koma einum dY11fyrir dyrr, to make a din
before one's door; Swed. dClIla, to make a
noise. Allied to D in.
Dunce, a stupid person. (Scotland .)
From the phr. ' a DUllS man; i. e. a nati ve
of Dunst, in Berwickshire. In ridicule of
the disciples of John DtmsScotus. school man, died A. D. 1,>0B . ~Not to beconfusecl
with John Scotus Erigena, died A. D. B75 .
Dune, a low sancl-hill. ( F.-Du.-C. )
F. dlme.-M. Du. dl,ne (Du. duin ) ; cognate witll A. S. d/,n, a down; see
Down ( z) . Hrugm. i. lIZ.
Dung. (E.) A. S. dllllg .+Swed. dYllga.
dUllg; Dan. dyllg-e, a heap, mass ; G.
dung . Root uncertain; it answers, in
form, to the pp. of Ding ; as if it were
'what is thrown down or away.' Cf.
Swed. dial. dong, ( I) heap, ( z ) dung.
Dungeon, Donjon. (F.-L.) M. E.
dongeoll . - 0. F . dolljOtt, the chief tower
of a castle. - Late L. doJlllliollem, ace. of
dofmzio, a dungeon-tower, chief-tower;
shortened from domillio, properly dominion , feudal power; see Dominion.
DuniwassaJ, a Highland gentleman,
yeoman, (C.) In S ir W. Scott's Bonny
Dundee. - Gael. duine uasa/. gentleman. Gael. duine, a man (W. dy") ; uasa/,
noble, gently born (W. uchd), orig.
, exalted; see Brugm. i. z 19 (4).
Duodecimo. (L .) lnduodecimo-with
I z leaves to the sheet. - L. duodecimo. abl.
of duodeeimus, twelfth; cf. L. duodecim.
twelve: see Dozen.
Duodenum, the first of the small
intestines. (L .) Late L. duodenum. so
called because about 12 finger-breadths
long. - L. dl<odbti, twelve apiece, distributi ve form of duodecim, twelve ; see Dozen.
Dup. ( E.) Short for do up , i.e. lift up
(a latch) ; to open a door.
Dupe, a person easily deceived . (F .)
F . dupe, a dupe. The M. F . dupe meant
a hoopoe; whence dupe , a dupe, because
the bird was easily caught. (So also Bret.
houperik. a hoopoe. a dupe.) Perhaps of
imitative origin.

Duplicate,

two-fold. (L.) L. dllpliailus, pp. of dupliab't, to double.-L.

dUflie-, stern of duplex, two-fold (below) .
duplicity. ( F. - L.) Lit. doubleness.
- F. dup/iCtt. - L. nec. dupliCtatem. - L.
dupliC, decl. stern of duplex, two-fold. L. duo, two; plie-are, to fold.
Dura.nce, Dnra.tion; see Dure.
Durba.r, a hall of audience, levee.
(Pers.) Pers. dm'biir, a prince's court,
levee; lit. 'door of admittance.' - Pers.
dar, door ( = E. door) ; and biir, admitt:tnce, court.
Dure, to last. (F . -L. ) F. dttrer. L. dllrare, to last. - L. d/lrlts, hard , lasting.
+lrish and Gael. dur. firm; W . dur.
steel. Cf. Gk. ouvap. ... force. .D er. during , orig. pres. pt. of dure ; dur-able. &c.
durance, captivity. (F. -L.) The
orig. sense was long endurance of hardshi p.
O . F . durante, duration. - F. durer, to
last ; with suffix -alice ; see above.
duration. (F.-L.) O. F . duratioll.
- Late L. d/lr,ilionem. acc. of d"riilio. A
coined word; from the pp. of L. d"rare.
to last.
duress, ha rdship. (F.-L.) M. E.
duresse. - O. F. dllresce. - L.dtlritill. harshness. - L . d"rus. hard. severe.
urian, a fruit. (Malay.) Malay du"ian , a fruit with a prickly rind. - Malay
ditri, a thorn. prickle.
Dusk, dim. (Scand.) Properly an adj.
M. E. dosk. dark. dim; deose, the same.
Prob. n Northern form (as the sk did not
become Sll). Cf. A. S. dox (for *dose).
translating L. j/iillus; Vocnb. z 39. 36. Swed. dial. dllska. t o drizzle; duskug.
misty. dim; Norw. dusk. mist. duskrlgn,
fine rain. Der. dusk. sb. ; whence dusk-y.
adj.
Dust. (E. ) A . S. diist. Du. duist.
I.:el. dust, dust. Dan. dyst. meal; G.
dunst. vapour. fine dust. All from a
Tent. base *dU1Ist- (for *dwuns-t-), the n
being lost except in G. Cf. Skt. dhvaiilS.
to fall to pieces ( pp. dhvas-ta-).
Dutch, belonging to Holland. (G. )
Formerly applied to the Germans.- G.
Deutscll, Germnn; lit. belonging to the
people; M . H . G. diut-isk , where the
snffix -isk = E. -ish . and diu! is cognate
with A . S. }eod, Goth. !lziuda. a people,
nation; Ir. Ittath . a people; d. Oscan
touto. a city. Brugm. i. lIB.
Duty. (A. F. - L.) M . E. duele ,e). A. F . dllet<!. duty (0 . F. has only devoir).

15 6

DWALE

EARN

A coined word; from A. F. deu, du, due, hard to digest. - Gk. ~IIO'-, prefix, with a
nnd the mffix -II (L. -tiitem). See Due.
bad sense; " ' ..Tfl ", to cook, digest; see
Dwale: see Dwell.
Cook. Der. dyspeptic (from ~VO'lI''''T-O~) .
Dwarf. (E.) M.E. dwer) , dwergh; the
/ represen ts the guttural. O. Mere. d7l'erg,
A. S. dweorg, a dwarf.+Du. dwerg, Ieel.
E.
dverg", Swed . Dan. dverg, G. zwerg. T eut.
tYjle *dwergoz.
E-, prefix; see Ex-.
Dwell. (E.) M. E. dwe/len, to linger. Each, every one. (E.) M. E. cehe, eleh.
A. S. dwelltJn, in the active sense to retard, A. S. file, each, short for ii-gi-lic, i. e.
also to sed uce ; also dwelia1z, to go astray, aye-like (ever-like or ever alike ).+Dn.
err, tarry, dwell . Causal of A. S. *dwelan elk, each; O. H. G. eogalih, M. H. G.
(pt. t. *dwrel, pp. dwolen ), to be torpid or ie,Relich, G. jeg/icher. See Aye.
du.lI, to er~ . +lcel. dvelja, to dwell, delay, Eager. (F.-L.) M. E. cgre. -A . F.
ong. to hmder; Swed. dviiljas, to dwell egre (F. aigre). - L. acrem, ace. of ac-er,
(refl exh'e) ; Dan.dvfZle, to linger; M. H. G. sharp. See Acid. Der. vin-egar.
Iwellen , to hinder, delay. Teut. type Eagle. (F.-L.) M.E. ~([le. - A.F.
*dwaljan, causal of the str. vb. *dwe!a1Z- cgle, O. F. aiglc (F . aigle). - L. aquila. See
(pt. t. *dwal, pp. *dwula1Zo-), to be torpid Aqu iline.
to cease, to err (A. S. *dweian, O. H. G: Eagre, tidal wave in a river. ( F. -L.)
gi-Iwelmz). Cf. Skt. dhvr. to bend aside, O. F. aig uere, a flood (Godefroy). - Late
dhiir-Ia-, fraudulent. (.vDHWEL.) And L . aqlliiria, a condnit; ef. aquiire, to
irrigate. - L. aqua, water. See Ewer.
see Dull.
dwale, deadly nightshade. (Scand .) Eanling, a lamb. (E.) Eall!i1Zg is
Named from its soporific effects. Dan. from the verb can, which is yea1t withont
dvale, stnpor, dvaledrik, a soporific, the prefixy- ( = A. S. ge-). See Yean.
'dwale-drink;' Swed. dvala , a trance. Ear ( x), organ of hearing. (E.) M. E.
Cf. A. S. dwala, an error, stu pefaction, ere. A. S.lare. + Du . 001', I eel. eyra, Swed.
from the 2nd grade of A. S. *dwelan j;"a, Dan. ih'e, G. 011 1', Goth. aliSo. Teut.
(above) .
type *auzol1-. Cf. also Russ. IIcho, L.
Dwindle. (E.) The frequent. form of aun 's, Lith. ausis, Gk. oli~, O. Irish if.
M. 1. dwinm , to dwind le, A. S. dWlna1Z
earwig, an insect. (E.) A. S, lar(pt. t. d1lliin) , to dw indle, languish. + wirga, from its being supposed to creep
Ice!. dvina; Swed. tvina, to dwindle , into the far. Cf. A. S. w ;cga, a kind of
pine away; Du. ver-dwij1zm, to vanish. insect; provo E. wiggle, to wriggle.
Dye, to colour; a colour. (E.) M. E. Ear (2) , spike of corn. (E.) M. E. e,'.
deym, vb;; deh,sb. A. S. diagian, vb., A. S . l ar (pl.) ; Northumb. eher.+Du. aar,
to dye; from diah, sb. , dye, colour. A. S. Icel. Dan. Swed. ax (for ahs), Goth. ahs,
diah (gen. dlage), sb. f., answers to Teut. G. iihre. Teut. type *ahoz, *ahiz-, cognate
type *daug-ii. ~ Not allied to L.jliC1ts, with L. acus (gen. arer;s). Brugm. i.
which is from Gk . .pfjK ('~.
181. Allied to Awn . (.vAK.)
!Jyke: see Dike.
Ear (3), to plough. (E.) M. E. erell.
DYnamic relating to force. (Gk. ) A. S. eria1Z, to ploogh.+lcel. erja, Goth.
Gokw'er~.II_vaG""kK.6\!d~~~,rfUIl.am- Gstk ' 113gVv,.dl's,er , arjan , L. m'are, Lith. arti, Russ. oral(e) ;
"., r ro
e also Irish araim , I plough, Gk. dp<S<u, I
P
Dura. (.vDEU.)
plough. (.vAR.)
dvna.sty, lordship. (F.- L.-Gk.) Earl. (E.) M. E. er!. A. S. eorl.
F. JYnastit. -Late L. dynastia. - Gk. ~II- led. j arl, O. Sax. erl, a man . O. Norse
vaO'T'la, lordship.-Gk. 3vvaO'T1J~, a lord. (runic) type enlaR.
-Gk. 36vdJUU , I am strong.
Early, soon. (E.) M. E . erly. A. S.
~8eJltery, disease of the entrails. firlice, adv.; from *iirlir, adj., not used . (L. - Gk.) L. tiysenteria. - Gk. ~IIO""- A . S. lir, soon ; Irc, like. See Ere.
Tfpld. -Gk. 3110'-, prefix, with a bad sense; Earn. (E.) M .E. ernien. A.S. eamia".
fVT.pa , pl., the inwards, bowels, from +0. H. G. arniin (cf. also G. ernlm, [0
fVTO~, within, iv , in; see Interior.
reap, from ernie, harvest). Teut. type
Dyapepsy, indigestion. (L. - Gk.) L. *az(a)niJja1z, to get the profit of labour ;
dyspepsia. -Gk. ~vO'fI',"';a. _ Gk . ~60'fI"fI'TOS , from the sb. *az(a)nd (Ice!. onn), labour;
157

EARNEST

ECLECTIC

cf. O. H. G. a"an, Goth. asalls, a harvest. one who stands under droppings from the
(""AB.) ~ Others connect it with Gk. eaves, a secret listener.
o.PIIVJ.U1I, I earn.
Ebb. (E.) M. E. ebbe. A. S. ebba, ebb
Ea.rnest ( I), seriousness. (E.) Properly of the tide. + Du. eb, ebbe, sb. rwhence
a'sb., as in ' in earnest.' M. E. ernest, sb. Dan. ebbe, sb. and vb., Swed. e~b, sb.).
A. S. eornost, sb.+Du. ermt, sb.; G. erltSl, Perhaps the Teut. type is *n.fjon-, with the
sense of going off; see Off.
O. H. G. unusl. Teut. type *ernltstiz.
Earnest (2), a pledge. (F.-L.-Gk. Ebony, n hard wood. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) The / is added. M. E. ernes; Heh.) F ormerlyebene. - M .F. ebme, ebony.
also spelt erIes, arIes. Dimin. of O. F. -L. kebenlts, ebmus.-Gk. fl3 ...os,ll3b.'l'
erres, arru (F. arrka ), f. pl.-L. arrka, -Heb. kovnim, pI. ebony wood; prob. a
arrkabo. - Gk. cippal3wv, a pledge. - Heb. non-Semitic word.
'eravon, security; from 'arav, to give Ebriety, drunkenness. (F.-L.) F.
security.
tbrittt.-L. acc. lbrietiilelll. -L. lbrius,
Earth. (E.) M. E. erlke. A. S. eorlJe. drunken. Der. inebnale, to makedrunken.
+Du. aarde, Icel.jiirlJ, Dan. Swed.jord, Ebullition, a boiling over. (F.-L.)
Goth. airtlla, G. erde. Teut. types *erlkii, O. F. ebullilt'on. - L. acc. lbulliliihlem; a
*ertkon-, f. Cf. Gk. Epa, earth.
rare word, from lbullittts, pp. of lbttllire,
Earwig; seeEa.r (I) .
to bubble up.-L. I, out; bttllire, to
Ea.se. (Y. ) M. E. ese. - O. F. aise, ease. buhble; see Boil (I).
Cf. Ital. agio , ease, Port. azo, occasion. :Gcarte, a game at cards. (F. - L. and
Orig. unknown. Der. dis-ease.
Gk.) In this game, cards may be discart4d
Easel. (Du. - L.) Du. ezel, an ass; and exchanged; hence thename. - F.ec-a,ft!,
also a support, a painter's easel. [G. ese!; discarded, pp. of tca,ter, to discard. -L.
Goth. asillls.] - L. asellus , dimin. of L. ex, out, awny ; F. carle, from L.'1te 1.. cO/'la,
asintts, ass.
from Gk. xapT'l , a leaf of paper, hence a
East, the quarter of sunrise. (E.) M.E. card.
est. A. S. last, adv., in the east; laslan, Eccentric, departing from a centre,
from the east.+Du. oost, G. osl, Dan.iisl; odd. ( I<' .-L. -Gk.) F. exanlnqlle. Swed. oslan, G. ostelt; Du. ooster, G. Late L. eeem/rims. - Gk. f ICl<EVTP- OS , out
oster-, Dan. Swed. iisler, Icel. attslr (gen. of the centre; with suffix -ieus. - Gk. ''',
atlslr-s). Teut. types *atts-Io, *atts-to.no; out; "EVTPOV, centre. See Centre.
also *aust"o-, forldg.*attsro- (see ea.ster). Ecclesiastic. (L.- Gk.) LateL. ecellCf. L. allr-ora, dawn, Gk. ~w>, ~ws, avws, siastiws. - Gk. ''''''''lUlaUn"os, belonging
dawn, Skt. 1ISltiis, dawn. Brugm. i. 218 to the f"""'lufa , i. e. assembly, church.(4).
Gk. ;"""'7TOS, summoned. - Gk. fl<I<a"fOJ, I
easter. (E.) M. E. ester. A.S. lastor- , call forth. - Gk. fl<, out; I<aAEOJ, I call.
Echelon. (F.-L.) F. te/le/on, an
in comp.; lastre, Lu. xxii. I , Easter. A. S. i astre, a goddess whose festivities arrangement of troops in parallel diviwere at the verna l equinox; see Beda, De sions; orig. a round of a ladder. - F.
Temporum Ratione, c. IS. Cf. Lith. tckelle, a ladder (0. F. cschiele). -L.
attSzra, f. dawn; Skt. /lsra-, m. a ray.
scala, a ladder; see Scale (3) .
Eat. (E.) M. E. etm. A.S. eta1t.+ Echo. (L.-Gk. ) M. E. eeeo. -L. l cno.
Du . eten, Icel. eta, Swed. ala, Dan. ade, -Gk. >ixw, a sound, echo; cf. ~XOS, >ix~,
Goth . itan , G. essen. Teut . type *etan. a ringing noise. Der. cat-celt-ise, q. v.
Cf. L. edere, Gk . ~"v, Skt. ad, to eat. Eclat. (F. - Teut.) F. tclat, splen(""ED.)
dour; lit.' a bursting forth.' - F. lelater,
Eaves, the clipped edge of a thatched to burst forth; O. F. s'esclater, to burst.
roof. (E.) Also E. dial. (Essex) oavis. Origin doubtful; perhaps from L. type
M. E. euese; pI. eueses ( = eaveses) ; I *I?xclappitare, formed from Low G. klapalso ouese. A. S. efes, a (clipped) edge pen, to clap, make a noi se; see Cla.p.
of thatch , whence efesia1., to shear, also Eclectic, choosing out; .hence, a
oefts, whence Oefswlg, Corp. gl. 474.+ philosopher who selected doctnnes from
Ice!. liPS, Swed. dial. uffs; Goth. ubizwa, various sects. (Gk.)
Gk. flt"E"T'I<Or,
a porch, from the projection of the eaves ; selecting; as sb. an Eclectic.- Gk. fl<O. H. G. opasa. Teut. type obeswii. )..f"yflV, to select.-Gk.llt, out; "'"yEW, to
Prob. allied to Over. Der. eavesdropper, choose.
IS8

ECLIPSE

EFFLUENCE

Eclip.e. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. tdips, coined word, from the suo taitt (L.
elips.-O. F. eclipse. - L. edipsis.- Gk. edilor) .
1"I\"'f,r, a failure, esp. of light of the sun. Educate. (L.) From L. lduciUus,
- Gk . II<Af'''''JI, to leave out, fail, suffer pp. of eductlre, to educate; all ied to L.
eclipse.-Gk. II<, out; Af'''fw, to leave.
ldiieen, to bring out.-L. e, out; ducere ,
Eclogue, a pastoral poem. (L.-Gk.) to bring.
L. ecloga (the F . word was Iglogue).- Gk.
educe. (L.) L. ed1teen, to bring out.
l"A0-YTJ, a selection, esP. of poems. - Gk. Der. ductiolt (from p p. lduct-tts).
I""hfw, to choose out; see Eclectic.
Eel. (E.) M. E. el. A. S. t21. Du.
Economy. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly aal, Ice!. til!, Dan. aal, Swed. Ill, G. aal.
aconomy. - M. F. aeo1lomie. -L. aconomia. Tellt. type *(}Ioz.
- Gk. 011<01'01"'0, management of a house- Eery, timid, affected by fcars, melanhold.- Gk. oll<ol'~l"or, a steward. - Gk. choly, strange . (E.) See Jamieson. M. E.
011<0-, for oll<or, a house; and I'/p" 1', to ar), a,-h, are}, ar}e, er}e, timid; spelt en
deal out.
in Cursor Mundi, 17685. - A. S. earg, earh,
Ecstasy,. (F.-L. - Gk.) O. F. ex- timid, cowardly. Cf. Ice!. argr, ragr;
lasie ( H. ).-Late L. ees/asis, a trance.- G . arg; Du. erg, bad.
Gk. l"uTau.r, displacement; also, a trance. Efface. (F.-L.) F . effacer. -F. e./- Gk. fl<, out; UTaU.r, a standing, allied (L. if-, for ex, out) ; and.face, from Folkto IUTapo., I stand.
L. *.facia (for L. .fadem, acc. of .facih) .
Ecumenical, general. (L. - Gk.) face. See Face.
Late L. Q'C1illlenicus; with suffix -al. - Gk. Effect. (F .-L.) A F . effect (F . effit).
o;"OvJAfl'.ICor, universal. - Gk. oll<ovp/l''1 - L. ejfecttllll , acc. of effecltls, an effect.(sc. -y~) , the inhabited world, fern. of L. ejfecltlS, pp. of efficere, to work out.OII<01JpfVOr, pres. pI. pass. of 0;,,10), I inhabit. L. if-, for ex, thorough ly; .facere, to clo.
-Gk. OrICOr, a house. Brugm. i. 61I.
Effeminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Eczema, a break in~ .out of pustules on ejfemi1Zare, to make womanish. - L. e./-,
the skin. (Gk.) Gk. flfflO, a pustule.- lor ex, thoroughly; .fimi1la, a woman.
Gk. 1,,(/fI", to boil over. -Gk. fIC, out; See Feminine.
(1,,1', to boil. See Yeast.
Effendi, sir, master. (Turkish-Gk.)
Eddy. (Scand.) M. E. ydy ( = idYl . Turk. ifmdi, sir.-Mod. Gk. dcpl"TTJr, for
Icel. i~'a, an eddy, whirlpool; cf. iiJa, to Gk . aliel"T'1r, a despotic master, ruler; see
whirl about; Swed. dial. iiJa, ida, Dan. Authentic.
dial. ide, an eddy. Perhaps form ed from Effervesce. (L.) L.ejferuescere.-L.
Icel. ilJ-, A. S. ed-, Goth. it!- (prefix), if-, for ex , out; .fel'tteseere, to begin to
boil, inceptive of.ferttbe, to boil.
backwards. Cf. Brugm. i. 574.
Edge. (E. ) M. E. egge. A. S. ug, an Eft"ete, exhausted. (L.) L. ejfellts,
edge, border.+Du . egge, Ice!. Swed . egg, weakened by having brought forth young .
Dan. eg, G. ~eke. Teut. type *agjii. Cf. - L. e./-, for ex, out; .film, that has
L. acies, Gk. ciKir, a point, Skt. arri-, edge, brought forth; allied to L. ft~i, I was
(Brugrn. i . 36r; ii. 587).
corner. (</ AK.)
Edible, eat able. (L.) Late L. edibilis. E:fti.cacy, force , virtue. (L.) L. ejJieacia , effective power. - L. efficac-, stem of
- L. eden, to eat; see Ea.t.
Edict. (L. ) L. edictulIl. n ~ ul. of pp. ejJicax, efficacious. - L. effieere ; to effect
of ldicere, to proclaim. - L. e, out; direl-e, (below ).
to , peak.
e:fti.cient. , L.) From stem of pres.
Edify. (F.-L. ) O. F. edijier. - L. pt. or ejJicere, to effect; see Etfect.
adifieiire, to build (hence, instruct) . - L. E:fti.gy. (F. - L.) F. ejJigie. - L. ejJiadi-, stem of ades, a building, orig. a g ie11l, acc. of ejJigils, an image. - L. ej!ig-,
hea rth ; :fie., for .face,e, to make. Der. base of effingen, to fo rm. - L. e./-, for ex,
edijice, F.ldiJice, L. a diJieittm, a building ; out : fingere , to form . See Figure.
edile, L. a dilis, a magistrate who had tbe Efilorescence. (F.-L.) F. ejJlorecare of publ ic buildings. Brugm. i. ~ 202 . seelue, lit. 'a flowering.' From L. ejJloEditlOn. (F.-L.) O.F. edieion (H .). - reseel'e, inceptive form of ejJlorere, to
L. Milionem , acc. of Milio, a publishing. - blossom out. - L. if- ~ ex, out; jlurere, to
L.editus , pp. of Mn'e, to give out , publ ish. blossom. See Flora.l.
- L. " out; dal'e, to I:ive. Der. edil, a E1Iluence, a Ilowinl:. (L.) From the
1:'9

EFFORT

ELASTIC

pr-es. pt. of ejJluere, to flow out. - L e.f, (eider-fowl), Swed. ejder; and cf. Swed.
for ex, out; .fluere, to Bow. See Fluent. dial. lid. Der. eider down, Icel. tZtJardun.
Ejfort. (F. - L.) F. effort, an effort; Bight. (E.) M. E. eigkl;. A. S.
verbal sb. from F. s'efforcer, to endeavour. eakla. + Du. ackl, Icel. iiita, Dan. otte,
- Med. L. exfmidre, to use force. - L . Swed. atla, Goth. aklau, G. ackl; Irish
ex, out; forti-s, strong. See Force.
ockl, Gael. oekd, W. wytk, L. oclo, Gk.
E1frontery. ( F. - L.) XVIII cent. OKT"', Pers. haskl, lend askla, Skt. ash!au.
- F. effronterie, 'impudency;' Cot. - Idg. type *okto(u). Der. eigk-Iem, A. S.
O. F. effrontt, shameless. - O. F . e.f (L. tak/alene, eah/atjne; eigk-ty, A. S. (hund) if-, for ex), out; front, face, forehead (as eak/atig ; eigk-tk, A. S. eaklo~a.
if putting forward the forehead ) . Cf. F. Eisel, vinegar. (F.-L.)
In Shako
af-jronter, to oppose face to face. See M. E. eisel, eisil, aisi/.-O. F. aisi/, eisi/,
Front.
also aisi, vinegar (Godefroy) . Aisil apE1fulgent, bright. (L.) From stem pears to be a dimin. form of aisi. - Late L.
of pres. pt. of L. effu/gere, to shine forth. aeitus, bitter; closely related to L . acetum,
- L. if-, for ex, out; fu/gere, to shine.
vinegar. The Goth. akeit, vinegar, A. S.
Effuse. (L.) L. effiisus, pp. of effun - ecw, G. essig, is due to Late 1:.. acitum or
dere, to pour out. - L. e.f, for ex, out; L. acetum.
fundere, to pour.
Eisteddfod, a congress of (Welsh)
Egg (I) , the oval body whence chickens, hards. (W.) W. eisteddfod. a sitting, con&c. are hatched. (Scand.) M. E. eg, pI. gress. - W. eistedd, to sit.
egges. - Ice!. egg, Dan . tZg, Swed. iigg + Bither. (E.) M. E. euker, aither.
A. S. iig (= M. E. ey) ; Du. ei, G. ei. A. S. ager, contracted form of agkwtZ)er.
Prob. allied to Irish ugk, Gael. ubll, W. Compo of a-gihwre)er; where a = aye, gi
wy, L. ozmm, Gk. WOl', egg. Brugm. i. (for ge-) is a prefix, and kwtZ}er = whether.
:109 ( ~ ) .
+Du. ieder, G.jeder, O. H . G. eokwedar.
Egg (~ ) , to instigate. (Scand.) M. E. Ejaculate, to jerk out an utterance.
eggen. - Icel. eggja, to goad on - Ice!. egg, ( L.) From pp. of L. eiacular;, to cast
out. - L. e, out; iacuttl1lt , a missile, from
an edge (point). See Edge.
Egla.D.tiD.e. (F. - L.) F. !glantine, iacere, to cast.
~1. .' . aiglantine, aiglantier, sweet-briar.
eject. (L.) L. liectare, frequentative
- O. F. aiglant, the same. - L. lype of L.eicere, to cast out. - L.e, out; iacere,
*am/entus, prickly (not found). - L. neit-s, to cast.
a nee,Ue; -lentus (as in uirulentus) . Cf. Eke ( I), to augment. (E.) M. E . eken.
L. aw/eus, a prickle, dimin . of acus. See O. Merc. eea", A. S. fecan, weak vb.
Aglet.
AK.)
Teut. type *aukjan-, weak vb. ; allied to
Egotist, Egoist, a selfopinionated Ice!. auka, Goth. Quka" (neuter), str. vb. ;
person. (L.) Coined from L. egv, I; see cf. L. augen. (.vAUGw.) Brngm . i. 635.
I . Cf. F . !goi'ste (A. D. 1755).
eke (2) , also. (E.) M. E. eek, eke.
Egregious, excellent. (L.) L. egre- A. S. eae.+Du. ook, Icel. auk. Swed. oc"
gi-us, chosen out of a flock, excellent; (and) , Dan. og (and) , G. auek. All from
with suffix -ous. -L. e, out; greg-, stem of the Teut. base auk- above.
grex, a flock.
Elaborate. (L.) L. etaborntus, pp.
Egress, a going out. (L.) L.egresS/ls. of e/abornre, to labour greatly.- L. e, out,
- L. egressus, pp. of egr~di, to go out. - greatly ; labOrnre, to work, from labor-,
I.. e, out; gradi, to go.
stem of labor, labour.
Egret, the lesser white heron. (F. - Ela.nd, a S. African antelope. (Du. - G.
O. R. G.) M. F . egrelle, aigretle, dimin. - Lith.) Du. eland, an elk. - G. e!end.of a form *aigre (whence also Provo aigr- Lithuan. lIn is, an elk. Cf. W. elain, a
on, O. }<'. kair-on, E. keron). -0. H. G. hind, Russ. olene, a stag. See Elk.
keigir, heiger, a heron. See Heron.
Elapse, to glide away. (L.) From L.
Bh! interj. (E.) M. E. ey. Cf. A. S. lIaps/ls, pp. of llab;, to glide away. - L. e,
ea; Du. ke! G. ei! F . en!
. away ; lab;, to glide.
Bider-duck. (Swed. and E .) The E. Elastic. (Gk.) Formerly elaslirk.
duck is here added to the Swed. spelling Gk. *.~a<TT"t6s, propulsive, coined from
of Icel. tZl1r, an eider duck (tZ pronounced Gk. E~a", =E~a';"",. 1 drive (fut . ~ci<T"").
like i in time) ; whence Dan. ederfitg/ Cf. Gk Aa<T~S, also IAaT.qp, a driver.

(.v

160

ELATE

ELL
;~f'Yflol', a distich (of lament). used as pp. of 'Af'yo ~, a lament. Der. elegi-ac.

Elate, lifted up, proud. (L.) L.llatus,

Gk.
lifted up. - L. " out ; /iUus,
Element. (F.-L.) O. F. element. jerre, but allied to tollere, to lift.
Elbow, the bend of the arm. (E.) L. elemtllfu1Il , a first principle.
M. E. elbowe. A. S. elboga, also eln-boga. Elephant. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
- A. S. eln, signifying 'ell,' orig. ' arm ;' elyplzaunt, oll/almt. - O. F. oll/allt, eleand boga. a bow, a bending (see Bow) . jant. - L. elep/lantelll, acc. of eleplzas. A. S. eln is allied to Goth. aleina, a cubit, Gk. (Alepas, an elephant. Origin unknown;
W . din, Irish uile, L. ultta, Gk. wAI."" some compare Heb. eleph, an ox.
Skt. aratlli-, the elbow. See EIl.+Du. Eleva.te. (L.) From pp. ofL. elma,'e,
tlle-boog, Icel. oln-hogi, Dan. al-bue, G. to lift IIp. - L. e, Ollt; leuare, to lighten.
ellm bogen.
lift, from leuis, light. See L evity.
Eld, old age. (E.) M. E. e1de, old Eleven. (E.) M. E. enleuen. A. S.
age; O. Mere. a Ida, old age; from aId, en(d )leofan, endlujon; O. Northumb.
old. Cf. A. S. ieldu, yldu ; from eald, old. allifne.+ Du . elf, Ice\. elliju, Dan. elleve,
+Icel. elli; Dan. a:lde. See Old.
Swed. elfva, Goth. ainlif, G. elf, O. H. G.
elder (1), older. (E.) Both as adj. ei"lif. p. A compound of Teut. *ai,z-,
and sb. O. Merc. a Mra (A. S. yld,'a), one; and -lif-=Lithuan. -lika (in vi /to
elder, adj.; comparative of a id (A. S. lika, eleven) . Lith. -lika perhaps means
eald) , old.
'remaining'; cf. L. linquere, to leave.
eldest. (E.) O. Merc. a:ldesta (A. S. Brugm. ii. 175.
yldcsta), sllperl. of aId CA. S. eald), old .
Elf. (E.) M. E. elf. O. Mere. a/j. +
Elder (2) , a tree. (E.) The d is excre- Ice\. alfr, Dan. alf; also G. alp, a nightscent. M. E. eller. A. S . ellen , ellam .+ mare. Der. elf-in, adj ., for *elf-Clt; but
Low G. elloorn. ~ Distinct from alder.
prob. suggested by the M. E . gen. pI.
Elecampane, a plant. (L.) A. S. elvene, of elves (in the Southern dialect).
tolone, elene, perverted from L. inula; and Elicit, to coax out. (L.) From pp.
M.F.C1lule-calllpane (Cot.) . -L. inula cam- of L. elicen, to draw out by coaxing.pana, elecampane. Here campana prob. L. e, out; lacere, to entice. And see
means wild, growing in the fields; from Lace.
L . campus, a field.
Elide. (L.) L. elidere, to strike out. Elect, chosen. (L.) L. electus, pp. of 1.. e, out; !t:edere, to dash. Der. elis-ion
lZigere, to choose ont.-L. e, out ; legere, (from PE. elis-us) .
to choose.
Eligible. (F.-L.) F. tligible. - Med.
Electric. (L.- Gk.) Coined from L. L. eligibilis, fit to be chosen. - L. iligere,
elect17~m , amber, which has electric pro- to choose out; see Elect.
perties.-Gk. ~Aflt'Tpol', amber, also shin- Eliminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
in~ metal; allied to iJAIKTOJp, gleaming.
iliminare, to thrust out of. - L. l , forth;
Electuary, a kind of confection . (F . IImin -, stem of limen, a threshold. See
-L.-Gk.) M. E. letuarie. - O. F. lec- Limit.
tuaire, M.F. electltaire.- Late L. llectua- Elision; see Elide.
rium, electarium, a medicine that dissolves Elilrir. (Ar.- Gk.) Med. L. elixir;
in the mOllth. Perhaps for *e(c)lict-arium, for Arab. el iksir, the philosopher's stone,
from Gk. fK~W'T{"', an electuary, from esp. a sort of powder (Devic) ; where el is
(KAf'X"I', to lick out. - Gk. fK, out; the definite article. - Gk. NpIOl', dry pow~ElX"v, to lick.
der, or (1]"ov, dry (residuum) .
Eleemosynary, relating to alms. Elk, a kind of deer. (G.) Prob. adapted
(Late L.-Gk.) Late L. eleemosyniirus, fromM.H . G.elclz, an elk ; O.H.G.elaho.
an almoner; from elee11losYlla, alms. - Gk. Cf. Icel. elgr, Swed. elg, an elk; Russ.
'~f'7P.OIT"V1] , pity, alms. See Alms.
olene, a stag; L. alas, Gk. o.AK1] . (HisElegant, choice, neat. (F .-I..) M. F . tory obscure.) Found in A. S. as elch, ellz.
elegant. - L. elegant-, stem of ilegam, Ell. (E .) M. E. elle, ehze. A. S. eI(i )tl,
t asteful, neat. -L. e, out ; leg-, base of a cubit.+Dll. elle , el; Ice!. a/in, the arm
legere, to choose.
from the elbow to the tip of the middle
Blegy, a fun eral ode. (F.-L.-Gk .) finger; Swed.a/n, Dan. a/en, Goth.alei1ta,
M. F . elegit. _ 1.. elegfa. _ Gk. f~''Y.;a , G. elle, ell; L. uhta, el how, cubit; Gk.
fern. sing., an elegy ; orig. nellt. pI. of wA'I'1/, elbow. Ell = el- in d-bo1/!.
161
"

ELLIPSE

EMBERS

Bllip. (L. -Gk.) Formerly ellipsis.

- L. e7lipsis. - Gk. lAA ...I', II defect, M
ellipse of a word; also, an oval figute,
because its plane forms with the base of
the cone a less an~le than that of a parabola. - Gk. fAJ..WTflV, to leave in, leave
behind. - Gk. fA-, for fV, in; Aft-"E"', to
leave, cognate with L. linqu~ re. Der.
elliptic, adj ., Gk. fAA.,,,Ttlc6..
Elm, a tree. (E.) A.S. elm .+O . H.G.
elm; cf. Ice\. almr, Dan. atm, Swed . atm;
also L. ulmus (whence G. ulme, Dn. 01111).
Elocution. (L.) From L. ilocutio
nem, ace. of ilocutio, clear utterance. -L.
1l0czUus, pp. of ilo,/u', to speak out. -L.
i, ont ; toq u' , to speak. Cf. Eloquent.
Eloign, Eloin, to remo ve and keep
at a distance, 10 withdraw. (F. - L.)
O. F. estoigner, to remove, keep away
(Law L. exlongare). - O . F. es, away ;
toing ( F. loin), far off.-L. ex, away ;
longe, adv. far off. See Long.
Elope. (A. F. -Scand.) A. F. atoper,
to run away (from a husb:lOd; set! N. E. D.).
-A. F. a prefix (perhaps for O. F. es-,
away, as in E. a-bash) ; and M.E.lopen ,
to run (Cath. Anglicnm), from lee!. Maupa ,
cognate with E. Leap. 13. Or from A. S.
O)Mop.en, pp. of O)Mlopan, to escape;
from A . S. 0)., away, and Miopa1Z , to run ,
to leap.
Eloquent. ( F. -L.) M . E. eloquent.
_ O. F. eloquent. - L. iloquent, stem of
pres . pt. of llo,/u' , to speak out or clearly.
- L. i, out; loqu f, to speak.
Else, otherwise. (E.) A. S. elles, adv.;
stem *aljo , signifying' other,' as in Goth.
a1jis, other.+Swcd. eljest; allied to L.
alias, and to Alien. The suffix es marks
the gen. case, neuter.
Elucidate. (L.) From pp. of Late L.
ilucidiire, to make clear. - L.i, ont, very;
lucid'lI s, lncid, clear. See Lucid.
Elude, to avoid slily. (L.) L. itildere
(pp. e1usus). to mock , deceive.-L. i, out;
lucien , to play. Der. e!us-ory, fro m the
pp.
Elysium, a heaven. (L. - Gk.) L.
i1y~tUI1l. - Gk. "A,',(nov, short for "AVI1IOV
"'~lOv , the Elysian field (Od. 4. 563) .
Em -,prqfx. ( F.-L.) F . em-<L. im
(for in), in, before baud p . Hence em
balm , to anoint with balm ; embm,k, to
enclose with a bank, cast np a bank; em
body, to invest with a body, &c.
Emaciate. (L.) F rom pp. of L.
imaciarej t o make thin . - L. i, very;

mad-, base of matiis, leanness; cf. macer,

lean.

Emanate. (L.) From L. imanlilus,

pp. of imanilre, to flow out. - L.i, out;
manare, to fl ow.
Emancipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
imaluipiire, to set free. - L. i, out; manapare, to transfer properl y.-L. manctp-,
stem of maneeps, lit. one who takes property in hand or receives it.-L. man-lis,
hand; capere, to take .
Emascula.te, to deprive of virility.
(L. ) F rom pp. of L. imasculare. - L. i ,
away from; masculus, male. See Masculine.
Embargo. (Span.) Span. embargo,
an arrest, a stoppage of ships; lit. a put
ting a bar in the way. - Late L. type
*imbarricare, to bar in. Formed with
prefix em (=Lat. in) from Span. barra,
II bar.
See Bar, Barricade.
Embark. (F.-Late L.) F. em barquer. - Late L. imbarcare, to put in a
bark. - L. im (for in), in ; barca, a bark;
see Bark ( 1) .
Embarrass. (F.-Span.) F. em barrasser, to perplex; lit. to hinder, put a
bar in one sway. - Span . embaraZ!ll', the
same. - Span. em (L. im-, for in), in;
barra, a bar. Cf. Embargo; and Bar.
Embassy, a mission. (F.-Late L.C.) A modifi cation of O. F . ambassee;
cf. M . F. embassade , Ital. imbasciata, weak
eneci form of ambasciata. All from Late
L. ambascilila , sb., orig. fern . of pp. of
ambasciiire, to send on II mission , from
alllbascia, a mission. See Ambassador.
Embattle, to furnish with battl ~
ments. (F.)
M. E. embattelen. - O. F.
em- (L. im , for in ., prt'fix) ; and O . F.
bast':lIer, to fortify. See Battlement.
Embellish. (F. -L.) M. E. embe
tissen. - O. F . embeliss. , stem of pres. pt.
of embellir , to beautify. - O. F . em (L.
in) ; and bel, fair . See BoUe.
Ember-days. (E.) M. E. ymber,
as in ymbel.weke. A. S. ymblen-. prob.
from ymbryne, a circuit, or period; the
emberdays are days that "ewl' at each of
the four seasons of the year. The A. S.
ymbryne is lit. ' a rnnning round.' - A. S.
ymb, round ( = G. um, Gk. aP4>/) ; and
ryne , a run , course; see Run. Prob.
confused with L. q"attlor tempora, fonr
seasons; when ce G. qllatember.
Embers, ash es. (E.) M. E. emeres .
A. S. iimyrgean, embers; A. S. Leech-

162

EMBEZZLE

EMIT

doms, iii. 30 (rare).

l cel. eilllyry"a, Embrasure. (F.) F. embrasure, an
Dan . emmer, Swed . morya, O. H. G. aperture with slant sides. - M. F. embraser,
eimury"a, sb. ember. Cf. Icel. eim-r, vapour; to slope the sides of a window. -O.F.emprovo E. orne ( ; A. S. *iim), vapour.
(L. itt), in ; M . F. braser , ' to skue, or
Embezzle, to filch . (F .) A. F. en- chamfret ;' Cot. (Of unknown origin.)
besiler, to make away with (A. D. 1404) .Embrocation, a fomenting. (F.O. F. en (for L. in-, prefix) ; and O.F. Late L.-Gk.) O.F.cmbrocattO". -Med.
besillier, to maltreat, destroy, apparently L. embrociitus, pp. of embroeiirc, to foment.
from O. F. bes- (Late L. bis-, used as a - Gk. "JJ13poXTJ, a fomentation. - Gk. if'pejorative prefix) . Cf. O. F. besil , iIl- 13p'XflV, to soak in. - Gk. IJJ-=.II , in ;
treatment, torture; and see B ezzle in the 13ptXfll', to wet. soak.
N. E. D . ~ Certainly influenced, in the Embroider. (F.) From Em- and
16th cent., by a supposed etymology from Broider. Cf. O. F . embroder, to emimbi!cill, to weaken, an obsolete verb broider.
form ed from the adj . imbecile, q .v.
EmbroiL (F.) From F. cmbrotdller,
Emblem. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. em- to confuse. - F. em- (L. im-, for in);
bleme. - L. emblbna. - Gk. 1p.{J>"'lJJa, a brouil/er, to confuse. See Broil (l);
thing put on, an ornament. - Gk. "JJ-, for and cf. Imbroglio.
IV, in, on; /3a>">"flv, to throw, to put. See Embryo. (F.-Gk.) Formerly emBelemnite.
bryo". - M. F. embryon. - Gk. II'/3pvoII,
Emblemen.ts, the produce of sown the embryo, fcetus. - Gk. IJJ- = III, within;
lands, crops which a tenant may cut after 13pvov, neut. of pres. pt. of /3pVfll', to be
the determination of his tenancy. (F. - L.) full of, swell out.
O. F. emblaement, harvest. - O . F. em- Emendation. (L.) Coined from the
blatr, em blader (F . emblaver), to sow pp. of L. emendiire, to free from fault. with corn . - Late Lat. imbladiire, to sow. L. e, free from; lIlendum , lIle"da , a fault.
- L. i1ll- (for ill) , in ; Late L. bliidu11t Emerald, a green gem. (F.-L.-Gk.)
=L. abliitu1ll, a crop, corn, lit. 'what is M . E. e1llerat~de.-O. F. esmeraude (Span.
carried away' (F. ble) .
eSllleralda) ; also esmeragde. - L. smaEmbolism. ( F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. ragdum, acc. of smaragdus. - Gk. (fJJ6..
embolis,ne. - L. elllbolismus. - Gk. fJJ/30- (Kl"'(tJos, an emerald. Cf. Skt. marakata-,
N.(fJJ6s, an intercal ation or insertion of an emerald.
days, to complete a period. - Gk.1JJ, for lv, Emerge, to rise from the sea, appear.
in; /36.>..>"fll'. to cast; cf. IJJ/30>"~, an inser- (L.) L. emergere, to rise out of water. - L. e, out; mergere, to dip; see Merge.
tion.
Embonpoint, plumpn~ of person. Emero!1s; see Hemorrhoids.
F. mlbonpoint, plumpness. Emery, a hard mineral. (F. -Ital.(F. - L.)
For elt bon point, in good case.-L. in, Gk.) Formerly emeril; XVII cent.in ; bonum, neut. of bonus, good; punc- F. (meri; M. F. emeril, esmeril.-Ital.
smeriglio. - Gk. (fl'iipls, (fJJvP' s, emery.
tum, point.
Emboss (I), to adorn with bosses or Emetic. (L.-Gk.) L. emetcus. raised work. (F.- L. and G.)
From Gk. fJJfT'K6s, causing sickness. - Gk. ifllOJ,
I vomit; see Vomit.
Em, prefix; and Boss.
Emboss (2), to take shelter, or drive Emigrate. (L.) From pp. of L. eto shelter in a wood, &c. (F. -Late L.) migriire, to wander forth . - L. e, out;
o F. embosquer, to shroud in a wood. - migriire, to wander; see Migrate.
O . F. em- (L. in), in; O. F. bose, a wood; Eminent, excellent. (L.) L. eminent ,
stem of pres. pt. of emi"ere, to project,
see Bouquet.
Embouchure. (F.-L.) F. embou- excel. - L. e, out; *lIlinere, to project; for
chure, the mouth or opening (of a river). which cf. im-mnent,prominent.
- F. embollcher, to put in or to the mouth. Emir, a commander. (Arab.) Arab.
- L. in, in, F. bouche, from bucca, the amir, a nobleman, prince. - Arab. root
amara, he commanded. Der. admr-al.
mouth.
Embrace. (F .-L.) O. F. embracer, Emit, to send forth . (L.) L. emittere,
to grasp in the arms.-O. F. em, for en to send forth; pp. emissus. - L. e, out;
(L. in); and brace, the grasp of the mil/ere, to send. Der. emisson, emissary, from the pp.
arms; see Brace.
163

EMMET

ENCHANT

Emmet, an ant. (E.) M. E . Clnete, Empty, void . ( E. ) M. E. emptio A .S.

amote. A. S. iimelte, or amelte, an ant. + ii!mt~l{, remetig, lit. full of lei su re. - A. S.
G. amei se, O. H. G . ameiza, or nmeiza, an retllln, ie/llctta, leisure, older form emo/a
(Epiu. Glos. 680). Perha ps remetta is for
ant. Doublet, alli.
*i'i!mo/joll . from ii-, prefix, p rivative, and
Emmew; see E n ew.
Emollient, softening. (F . -L.) M.F. 1/101, a meeting for busin ess.
emol/ient. - L. emollient-, stem of pres. pt.
Empyrea.n, Empyrea.l, pertaining
of emollire, to soften. - L. e, out, very j to elemental fi re. (L. - Gk.) Adjectives
mollire, to soften, from molli-s, soft .
coi ned from L. empjrrP.-us, Gk . *fjJ7rlJPEmolument, gain. ( F. - L.) O. F. alOs , extended from fW1l'VPOS, exposed to
emolumcnl. - L. emolllmentum , what is fire . - Gk. fjJ- = fV , in ; rrup, fire; see Fire.
gained by labour. - L.emoliri, to work out, Emu, Emeu, a bird. (Port.)
P ort.
accomplish. - L.e, out , greatly j maUri, to ema , an ostrich.
work , from moles, hea p, also effort. ~ So
Emulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
usually explained; but the short vowels aJJl/dari, to try to equal. - L . a1llullls,
in -miJIu- suggest a derivation from emd- striving \0' equal.
lere, to grind thoroughly.
Emulsion, a mil k-like mixture. (F. Emotion. (L.) Coined from L. emotus, L.) I\L F. emlllsiM; formed from 1..
pp. of emouere, to move away or much . emuls-us, pp. of emulgere, to milk out. L. e, out, much; 1JIOllere, to move.
L. e, out; mulgen, to milk ; see M ilk.
Emperor, a ruler. (F.-L.) O.F. En-, pr'x. (F.-L. ) F.m- . - L. in-,
empereor. - L. imperatorem, acc. of im- in; sometimes used with a causal force, as
perMor, a rul er. - L. imperare, to rule. - en-case, e't-chain, &c. See E m -.
L . im- \ for in- ), upon , over ; pa,'are, to Enact. ( F. - L.)
In Shak. - F. en ,
make ready, order. D er. empr-ess.
in (L. in ) ; and A ct. Lit. ' to put in act.'
Emphasis, stress of voice. (L. - Gk.) Enamel, vb. ( F. -0. H . G.) M . E.
L. empllasis. - Gk. fjJ</>UIS, a declaration, e/ta fllaile, sb., enamelen, vb. - A. F . enaemphasis j orig. appearance. - Gk. EjJcpai- meller, ennmailler, vb. - F. en (L. itt), on ;
VOjJOI, I appear. - Gk. EjJ- (fV) , in j nmaile, for O. F . esmail, enamel ( = Ita!'
</>,,,ojJal, I appear, whence cpauls, an smalto), from O. Low G. small (Lubben).
appearance; see Phase . D er. emphalic, See Smalt .
from Gk. fjJ</>aTIKos, significant.
Enamour. (F. -L. ) 0 . 1' . mamorer,
Empire. (F. - L.) F. empire. - L. im- to illAame with love. - F . en amour, in
perium, command. - L. im- (in-), upon, love; where F. e't is from L. ill, in, and
amour from L. acc. amorem, love.
over; pnrare, to make ready, order.
Empiric, a quack doctor. (F. - L.- Encamp. (F. - L.) Coined from enGk.) M. F. empirique. - L. empiricus. - (F. en , L. in) and camp ; hence to
Gk. fjJ1I'''P<KOS, experienced j also one of form into a camp.' See Ca mp.
a certain set of physicians. - Gk. EjJ-= fV , Encase. (F. -L.) Cf. F. mcaisser,
in; 1I'f<pa ( _ *"f pla), a trial , experience, to put into a case j ' Cot. - F. m, in (L.
allied to 1I'OpOS , a way, a nd to E. Fare . in ) ; and M. F. caisse, casse, a case; see
Ca.se ( 2).
Brug m. i. 293.
Employ. (F. -L.) M. F. employer, to Encaustic, relating to designs burnt
employ. - L. implicare, to implicate (in in. (F. - L.-Gk.)
F. mcaustique.- L .
Late L., to use for, employ) . - L . im- (for mcaus/ieus. - Gk. E'YKaVUTl Ko s. relating to
in-), in j plicare, to fold j see Implicate, burning in. - Gk. EV, in; KaIQl, I bum .
Imply.
See Ca.lm.
Enceinte, pregnant. (F. - L.) F . CItEm~orium, a mart. (L. - G k.) L.
~mporwm. - G k. f~1I'6pl ov.' a ~art; , neut. of cein/e. _ L ate L. itldncln, ungirt , sa irl of a
f jJ"aplOs. commercial. - Gk. f jJ1I'0PIa, com- pregnant woman, fern. of pp. of (i1lgere,
merce, f WropOS, a t ravelle r, merchant. - to gird, with neg. prefi x i,I-. ~ I sidore
Gk . f ;.t- = E", in ; 1I'opos, a way; see Fare. explains L ate L. indncta as meaning
Emprise, enterprise. (F.- L.) M. E. ungirt' ; so also Ital. i1u1tzta (Florio) .
emprise. - O. F . emprise ; orig. fern . of Enchant. (F. - L.) F . mchantet', to
empris, pp. of O. F . emprendre, to take in cha rm . _ L. incant,ire, to repeat a chant.hand.-L. im- (ill-) , in ; prehmdere, to L. in-, upon ; and ra1ttii1'~, to sing ; see
Cant ( I '.
take. See Comprehend.
164

ENCHASE

ENEW

Enchase. (F. -L.) M. F. e,uhasser, -and-joz. Cf. O . Irish Imi, Skt. an/a-,
'to enchace or set in gold;' Cot. Hence end, limit. 'U Hence the prefixes anle-,
to emboss. - F. elt, in (L. ilt) ; and chasse tl ltli-, all- in all-S1ver.
(F. cMuse" the same as casse, a case; see Endeavour, to attempt. (F. - L.)
Case ( 2) .
Coined from the M. E. sb. dever, devoir,
Encircle. (F.- L.) From En- and duty, with F . prefix C1t- ( = L. i,t ).
Circle.
Compare the old phrase ' to do his "ever '
Encline. (F. -L.) M. E. endillm. - = to do his duty (Ch. C. T. 2598 ) ; see
O. F. encliner. - L. iUc/i,ttire; see Incline. Devoir.
Enclitic. (Gk.) Gk. f-tICAITIIC6s, en- Endemic, peculiar to a district. (Gk.)
clining, dependent; used of a \I'ord which Gk. IV~TJI1. -o< , belonging to a people. 'leans' its accent upon another. - Gk. Gk. <V, in; ~fjl-'o<, a people; ee Demo<'YICAivflV, to lean upon, encline. - Gk. EV , cracy.
on; ICAivflV , to lean ; see Lean ( I ).
Endive, a plant. (F . -L. ) F. endive
Enclose. (F . -L.) From En- and (Ital. endivia). _ Lat. type *illtibca, adj .;
Close (1). Cf. A. F. e,ldos, pp. of (1t- from L. in/ibm, intu/J1ts, endive.
dorre, to shut in.
Endogen, a plan t that grows from
Encomium, commendation. (L.-Gk. ) within. (F.-Gk. ) F . endoghte (1813).
Latinised from Gk. f-rICWI-'I 01' , nent. of From Gk. lv~o v, within; 'Y'V-, base of
''YIC"''I-'IOS , laudatory, fu ll of revelry. - Gk. 'Yi-YV0l-'at, I am born , allied to 'Y(vo<, race.
<v, in; ICWI-'0s, revelry.
Endorse. (F . -L.) Formerly endosse.
Encore, again. (F . - L. ) F. encore O. F . mdosser , to put on the back of. -F.
= It al. ancora), slill , again. - L. hallc en, on; dos , the ba ck, from L. dorsu1ll, the
horam, for i,t hanc II01'a1ll, to this hour; back ( wh ~ nce the spelling wilh ,s).
see Hour. 'U Somewhat disputerl .
Endow. (F .-L.) A. F. eudo1tJer .
Encounter, vb. (F .- L. ) O. F . en- From F. C1l- and dOller. - L. i'I-, in, and
cOlll1'er, to meet in combat. - F. en, in; do/are, to give a dowry, from dot-, stem
cOlltre, against. - L. i1l, in; co'ttra, against. of dos, a dowry; d . dare, to give.
Encourage. (F.-L. ) F. encourager ; Endue ( I), to endow. (F.-L.) Anfrom F. en (1:. i,t) and courage; see Cou- other spelling of endow ; XV cent. -0. F.
rage.
endoer (later e,tdoller), to endow (Burguy) .
Encrinite, the ' stone lily'; a fossil. - L. ill, in; and diitare, to endow; see
(Gk.) COllled from Gk. <V, in; ICpivol', a above. 'U Confused both with O. F. wlily ; with suffix -.T'I<.
duire, to introduce (from L. i,tdurere),
Encroach. (F.-L. and Teut. ) Lit. and with Endue (2) below.
to hook away, catch in a hook. - O. F. Endue (2 ), to clothe. (L.) A COITUpclu "ochier, to seize upon. - F. e't, in; croc, tion of i"dlle ; as in ' mdue thy ministers
a hook; cf. F . accrocher, to hook up.-L. with righteousness.' - L. indt4t1'e , to
ill, in; and M. Du. kroke , Ice!. krokr, &c. ; clothe. See Indue (2) ; and see above.
see Crook.
Endure. (F.-L.) M. E. endurm. Encumber. (F.-L.?) O. F . m com- F . mdttrer.-F. m (L. in) ; and durer
orer, to block up (a way) . - Latc L. itt- (L. d1~ra,.e) , to last. See Dure.
cOlI/bnire, to obstruct. - L. i,t- , in ; and Enemy. (F . - L.) M. E. mUlli. Late L. cOlllbrus, an obstacle. See Cum- O. F . ettemi. - L. iuimlcus, unfriendly. ber.
L. ilt, not; amiclls, fri endly, from L.
Encyclical, circular, said of a letter alllti,-e, to love.
seut ronnd (ecclesiastical) . From Gk.
Energy. (F . -L.-Gk.) O. F . m ergie.
E'YH:';ICAI -O<, circul ar (said of a letter) ; with - Late L. m erg ia. - Gk. <vfP'Yfla, vigour,
suffix -c-al. - Gk . <V , in ; IC';ICA O-<, a circl e. action. - Gk. <v'fY'(6<, at work . - Gk. EV,
encyclopmdia. (L. - Gk .) Latinised in; Ip'Y0v, work; see Work.
from (a coined) Gk. * f-yICVICA Otra. ~ .ta , for Enervate. (L. )
From pp. of L.
<'YIC"ICAIO< tra.6,la , circular (or complete) emrlltire, to deprive of nerve or strength.
instruction; from f-yIC "ICAIO< (a bove), and - L. e, out of; nerutlS, a nerve; see
1I'aLli<ia , in struction.
Nerve.
End, sb. (E. ) M. E. mde. A.S. e,tde, Enew. (F.-L.) Misspelt en/1IIcw in
sb.+ Du. eittde, Ice!. ttldir, Sw. linde, Dan . Shak. ; read mew, to drive iuto the water.
mde, Goth. alldeis, G . mde. Teut. type - F . m, in; A. F. ewe (F. eau), water,
16 5

ENFEOFF

ENSIGN

from L. aqua. Cf. O. F. emwer, to soak enhaucer, enlzaltcier, to lift (ltal. imla/
in water \ liodefroy).
zaJe). - L. in; and Late L. al/iiil'e, to
Enfeo:ff, to endue with a fief. (F.-L. lift, from altus, high.
and O. H. G.) T he spelling is Norman Enipa. (L. - Gk.) L. t1!ni.,,'7Jla. F.; formen from F. en (L. in), in; and Gk. CUV''YfI'l (stem aM'Y!,aT- , a riddle,
fief, a fi ef. See Fief.
dark saying. - Gk. alvlC1C1o!'a" I f.peak in
Enfilade, a straight line or passage. ri (~d l es. - Gk. alva., a tale, story. D er.
(F . - L.) F. enjilade, a long st ring (of C11z:E[11lat-ic (from the stem).
thiogs). - F. mJiler, to thread. - F. en- Enjoin, to bid. (F.-L) O.F. en(L. in), in ; jil, a thread , from L. filllm, joill(i1-e ( I p. pres. mjoin-s). - L. inizm'
a thread. See File (1).
gere , to bid, ordain, orig. to join into.~ngage. (F.-L.) O. F. eng,!ger,. to L. in! in; ill~zger~, to join. See .Jo i ~.
blOd by a pledge. - F . m (L. zn), 10; EIlJoy, to JOY 10. (F. -L.) M . E. engage , a pledge; see Gage. Der. dis- ioim (= enjoyen) ; A. F. wioier. - F. CIt
engage.
(L. in) ; O. F. ioie, F . joie; see .Joy.
Engender, to breed. (F . - L.) M. E. Enlighten, vb. (E.; 7J!ith F . pleengmdren. - O. F. e1Zgendrer.-L. ingm- Jix. ) Coined with F. prefix m (L. ilt),
erare, to produce. - L. ilt, in ; gellerare, from lightul, vb.; see Lighten.
to breed, from gmer (for *gmcs.), skm Enlist, to enter on a list. (F . - G. ;
of gmtts, a race, See Genus.
with F. -L. prefix .) Coined by plefi xing
Engine. (F. -L.) O. F. mgi71, a F . en (L. in) to List (2) .
tool.-L. ingenium, natural capacity, also, Enmity. (F.-L.) M. E. enmile. an invention.-L. i71, in; geni-, as in A. F. emmile; O. F . enamislie(t ). - 0. F.
genius; see Genius.
en- (L. in-), neg. prefix; and amis/ie(t),
English, belonging to the Angles. (E.) amity; see Amity.
A. S. Ellglisc, /E1Zglisc. - A. S. Engf.e, Ennui. (F . -L.) Mod. F. mnui, an
./E1Zgl-e, pl., the Angles ; with snffix isc, noyan~ e ; O. F . a1Zoi_ See Annoy.
ish . Cf. A. S. A71gel-cynn, Angle kin Enormous, great beyond measure.
(gens A71gloyum ).
(F. - L.) Formed from enorm (obsolete) ;
Engrailed, indented with curved lines; with suffix -Otts. - M. F. enorme, huge. -L.
in heralnry. (F.-L. and T eut.) O. F. enor11lis, out of rule, huge. - L. e, out of;
engresle, pp. of engresler, to engrail (indent norma, rule. See Normal.
as with hailstones). - O. F . en, in; gnsle Enough. (E .)
M. E. ilzoh, eJ/ogh;
(F. grlle), hail. - L. i1Z, in; and (perhaps) pI. i1whe, moghe. A. S . gmoh, gmog, pI.
G.gries, ~rit. See Grail (3).
genoge, sufficient; allied to A.S. gmeall,
Engram, Ingrain, to dye of a fast it suffices.+ lcel. gnogr, Dan. 1lok, Swtd.
colour. (F. - L.) M. E. engreynen, to 1lOg, Du. gC1weg, G. gmug, Goth. ga1lohs.
dye i1Z grain, i. e. of a fast colour. Coined The ge is a prefix. Cf. L. nn1Zcisd, to
from F . en (L. in) ; and O. F. graine, obtain (pp. flactus) ; Skt. nat, to attain.
'the seed of herbs, also grain, wherewith Enquire. (F . -L.) M. E. enqueren ;
cloth is died in grain, scarlet die, scarlet altered from eflquere to enquire, and later to
in graine;' Cot. From Late L. grana, inquire, under tbe influence ofthe L. form.
the cochineal' berry' or insect; a fern . sb. - O. F. enqucrre, enqllerir. - L . il1qltirere,
formed from the pI. (grii fla ) of grllmt1lz, a to search into. -L. in, in ; q"t1!rere, to
seek. Der. enquiry, often tnrned into
g rai n.
Engrave. (F. and E.) From En- i1Zquiry; enqllest (now i1ZqUCSt ), from
and Grave (x) ; imitating O. F . mgraver O. F. mqueste, L. inqtlisita (res), a thing
(from L. in and O. H. G. graban, Low G. enqnired into.
graven, cognate with E. grave).
Ensample. (F. -L.) M. E. ensample.
Engross, to write in large letters, to - A. F. ensnmple, corrupt form of essample,
occupy wholly. (F. - L.) The former exemple. - L. exe",pl""" a sample, pattern.
(l egal) sense is the older. A. F . e1Zgrosser. - L. eximere, to select a sample. - L. ex,
From F. e1Z grosse, i. e. in large characters. out ; emere, to take. Der. sample.
- L. in, in; Late L. grossa, large writing, Ensign. (F. - L.)
O. F. emigne,
more correctly ensugne, 'a sign, enfrom L. grossus, thick.
Enhance, to mise, exalt, increase. signe, standard;' Cot. - Late L. insignia,
(F.- I..) A. F. enhaumer, a form ofO. F . pI. of L. insigne, a standard. - L. itlSig1Zis,
x66

ENSILAGE

ENVOY

remarkable. - L. in, upon; signum, a - Gk.lv/1for, (ull o( the god, having a god
mark; i. e. 'with a mark 011 it.' See within, inspired. - Gk. (I', in; /1{6r, a
Sign.
god.
Ensilage, the storing o( grain, &c., Entice. (F. - L.) M. E. elltian. underground. (F. - Span. -L. alui Gk .) O. F . enticier, enticker, to excite. - Lat.
F. emilage. - Span. emilar, to store up type *ilt1itial'c, to kindle, set on fire. - L.
underground. - Span. en, in; silo, a pit in; and *tititts, (or titio, a firebrand. Cf.
(or storing grain. - L. in, in; sirus, bor F. attiser, Ital. atlizzare, to set on fire.
rowed (rom Gk. utpor, a pit (or storing Entire. (F. -L.) O. F. entier, whole.
grain.
_ L. iltlegrum, acc. of integer, whole.
Ensue. (F. - L.) O. F . emu -, a See Inte"er .
ste m of ensivre, to follow after. - Late L. Entity, bdng. (L.) A coined word,
imeqllere, for L. insequi, to follow upon . with suffix -ty, from L. enti., decl. stem of
- L. ilt, on ; sequi, to follow.
*ens, a thing, a being; see E ssence.
Ensure, to make sure. (F. -L.) A. F. Entomology. (F. - Gk.) F . e1l10moenseurer. - F. en (L. in), in ; and O. F. logie ( A. D. I io=i). From Gk. '~TO/-<O'V,
seur, sure; see Sure.
an insect; neut. of IVTo/-<or, cut into, so
Entablature. (F .- L.) Obs. F. called fr om the very thin middle part (see
mtablature, 'an intablature;' Cot. [Cf. Inse ct ). - Gk. (I', in; Tl/-<vtJl, to cut;
l tn!. ill/avolatura, 'a planking,' Torriano; with suffix 'AO"fta, discourse, from AE")'ftV,
from intavolare, 'to board,' Florio.] Pro- to speak .
perly 'something laid flat,' and, though Entra.ils, the inward parts. (F. -L.)
now applied to the part of a building sur O. F. entraille, intestines. _Late L . intramounting the columns, orig. applied to a lia, also (more correctly) in/ranea, en
panel or flooring. - L. in, upon; *tabu trails. - L. interanea, entrails, neut. pI. of
lare, a verb formed from the sb. tabula interaneus, inward, adj., from iltler,
lum, boardwork, a flooring, from tabula, within. ~ The O. F. entraille was a fem.
sing. made from a neut. pI.
a 'plank; see Table.
Enta.il, to bestow as a heritage. (F . Entreat. (F. - L.) Orig. to treat;
L.) Orig. to convert an estate into f ee. then to treat with, besc(ch. O. F. mtraiter,
tail (f eodum talliiilu1ll, where talliatu1lt to treat of. - F. elt L. in), in, concernmeans' limited ' in a certain way ). From ing; F. traiter<L. tractare, to handle,
F. en- (L. in) and tailler (tal/iare) . In treat; see T reat.
another sense we find M. E. entailelt, to cut, Enumerate. (L .) From pp. of L,
carve. - O. 1". entail/er, to carve, grave. - bt1tlllel'are, to reckon up.- L. e, ou t, fully ;
F. en- (L. in), in; and tailler, to cut; see llumerare, vb., from numerus, number.
Tailor, T ail (2) , Tally.
Enunciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Enta.ngle; from En- ami Tangle, emmciare, better . pelt bluntiare, to utte r,
q. v.
declare fully. - L. e, fully; 1tulltitire, to
Enter. (F .- L.) M.E.mf1'C1t. - O.F. tell, from IlUlztillS, a messenger.
mireI'. - L. illlrare, to go into. - L. 11, in ; Envelop. (F. - Teut. ) M. E . envolupm.
and *trare, to go through (d . p elte-ll-are O. F. envoluper, later ellveloper, to wrap
. and tnl1ls) ; all ied to Skt. tara-, a passage. in, wrap round, enfold. - F. ell (L. in) , in;
See Brugm. ii. 579. D er. en/rance.
and O. F. voluper, v%pel', vloper, to wrap,
Enterprise _ (F. - L.) O. F. mf1'c from a base vlop-, to wrap. This base reprise , cllterpri1ue, an en terprise. - O. F. sembles M. E. wlappelt, to wrap; which,
'eliterpris, pp. of t1Ucl'jJI'eltdre, to und er however, is not known outside English.
take. - Late L. illtel'jJrendere. - L. inter, See Lap (3). Note Walloon ewa !pi, to
am ong; prendere, short for prekende.-e, to en velop (Remacle) ; M. Ita!' goluf'/Jare, to
by hold of. See Prehen sile.
wrap (Florio). Cf. Develop.
Enterta.m.. (F. - L.) . O. F. entn- Environ, to surround. (F . - L. ) O. F.
teltir. - Late L.. "t1ertclure, to enteltain, cnviro1tJler, to surround . - F. env iron,
lit. ' to hold or keep among.' - L. inter, round about. - F . en (L. in) , in; O. F.
among; lenere, to hold .
7l ir01t , a circuit, from virer, to turn, veer;
Enthusiasm, inspiration. (L. - Gk.) see Veer.
Late L. eltlll1'siamllts. -Gk. (v/1ollu,au/-<6r , Envoy. (F. - L.) O. F. mvoy, a sendinspiration . _ Gk. Ey/10IlUt<i(QI, I am inspired. ing. - 0 . F. C1tvoier, to send. - F . en vo:'e,
167

EPITHALAMIUM

ENVY
on the way. -L. itt 14ialll, on the way.
Cf. Ital. itzvinre, t o send.
Envy, sb. (F . -L.) M. E . muie (tnvie). - O. F. mvie.-L. itlllidia, envy ; see
Invidious. .
Epa.ct. (F. - L ate L. - Gk.) O. F.
(and F.) epacle, an addition, the epact
(a term in astronomy). -Late L. epacta. Gk. l"altT'f] (for l"aKT6s TJPfp~) , late fern .
of '.".aItT6s, added. - Gk. ha"(ftv , to bring
in, add. - Gk. '''', for '"i, to; and Q'lf'V,
to lead, bring. (.vAG.)
Epaulet, a shoulderknot. (F. - L. Gk. ) F. epaulette ; dimin. from epaule
(0 . F. esp aule) , a shoulder. _ Late L.
spatula, shoulder blade ; L. spatll/a, a
broad blade; see Spatula.
Epergne, an ornamental stand for the
centre of a table. (F. -L. mtd G.) F.
ep erg ne, commonly spelt epargne, lit.
thriftiness, sparingness. So called from
the method of ornamentation ; the F . taille
d'epargne is applied to a sort of omamentation in which certain parts are cut away
and filled in with enamel, leadng the design
itZ relief, i. e. spared or left un cut. See
Littre, and Cotgrave (s. v. espargne). - F.
l}argner; O. F. espn1'gner , espergner, to
spare. -0. H . G. sparon, G. spatCIt, to
spare ; see Spare.
Ephah, a Hebrew measure. (H eb. Egypt. ) Heb. ijIltiih , a measure; of
Egyptian origin; d. Coptic opi, measure.
Ephemera, sing.; orig. pI., flies that
live for a day. (Gk.) XVII cent.-Gk.
'rp-r,PEpa, neut. pI. of '</>i)PfPOS, lasting for
a day.-Gk. 1</>- = I."i1 for; TJPfpa, a day.
Der. cthemer-al, adJ.; ephemer-is (Gk.
1</>'lPfP'S, a diary).
Ephod, part of {he priest's habit.
(He b.) Heb. lj>hOd, a vestment. _ Heb.
iiphad, to put on.
Epi-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. hr., upon', to,
besides; speJt eph - in tph-emeral ep- in
cp,isode, ep-och , ep'ode.
'
Epic, narrative. (L. -Gk.) L. epicus.
-Gk. ("tltDS, narrative. -Gk. ('frOS, word ,
narrative, song ; see Voice.
Epicene, of common gender. (L. Gk.) L. epicO!tZus. _ Gk. ..".ilto,vos, commono- Gk. '''', among ; ItOlVOS, common.
Epicure, a follower of Epicurus. (L.
-Gk.) L . Epicut'Us. -Gk. ' E"iltovpos, a
proper name; lit. 'assistant.'
Epicycle, a small circle, with its
centre on the circumference of a larl1er one.
(L.-Gk.) L. epicycltts.-Gk. .".ltvICAos.

- Gk. bt, upon; ItVIt)..os, a circle; see

Cycle.
Epidemic, affecting a people. (L.Gk.) Formed fro m L. epidelllus, epidemic. - Gk. blli'1Pos, among the people,
general. - Gk. hri, among; lii)pos, people.
See Endemic.
Epidermis, cuticle. (L. - Gk .) L.
epidermis. - Gk. '",/ifppls, upper skin . Gk . .".t, upon; OEPP-, skin. See Derm.
Epiglottis, the cartilage forming a
lid over the glottis. (Gk.) Gk. h' ''I)..QJTTis.
- Gk. hi, upon; OY)..QJTTis, glottis; see
Glc ttis.
Epigram, a short and pithy poem or
saying. (F. -L. - Gk.)
F. epigramme.
- L. epigram ma. _ Gk. '"I,,(pappa , an
inscription, epigram . - Gk. h',,(pa</>EtV, to
inscribe. - Gk. 1,,1, upon; -rpa</>ftV, to
write. See Grammar.
E]?ilepsy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F.epilepsle, 'the falling sickness;' Cot. -L. epiIlpsia. - Gk. '''''')..'lif'ia, btA'1if"s, a seizure.
-Gk. lrr,)..apl3avE'v, to seize upon.- Gk.
bl, on; )..apl3avftv, to seize. Der. epileptic (Gk. "")..'1.".Ttlt6s).
Epilogue. ( F. -L. -Gk.) }<' . epilogue.
-L. epifogus. - Gk . "I)..ooyos, a concluding
speech. - Gk. 1,,1, upon; A6"(os, a speech.
Epiphany, Twelfth Day. (F.-L.Gk.) O. F. epiphattie. -L. ep iphmtia.Gk. "'.<P6.v.a, man ifestation ; orig. neut.
pI. of ."..<P6.~ws, manifest, but used as
equivalent to .".",avfw, sb. - Gk. l"'</XliVflJI, to shew forth . -Gk . .".1, to, forth;
</Xllvf"', to shew. See Phantom.
Episcopal. (F. - L. - G k.) O . F .
episcopal. -L. episcopiilis, belonging to a
bishop. - L. ep iscoplls, a bishop. - Gk . hiUltO'7TOS, an over-seer, bishop. - Gk. ..".1,
upon; UICO"OS, one that watches. See
Scope.
Episode, a story introduced into another. (Gk.) Gk. '" .. ulloWJI, orig . neut.
of '''''U60IOS, coming in besid es. - Gk. 1.".(,,,1), besides ; fiuoows, coming in, from
Elf, in , o ~6r, a way.
Epistle, a letter. (F. - L. - G k.)
O. F. epistle, also epislre. - L. episto/a . Gk. b,uTo)..-q, message, let ter. - Gk. <".uT.A).. .. JI, to send to. -Gk. bl, to ; UTE)..A .. v, to equip, send.
Epitaph. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.epi/aplle.
-L. epi/apllium. - Gk. I7rtTa<ptOs, upon a
tomb. -Gk. 'rri, on; Ta<pos, a tomb .
Epithalamium, a marriage - song.
(L.-Gk.) L. tpithala1llilltlt.-Gk. "'.-

168

EPITHET
9aAaJUov, bridal song. - Gk. ."', upon,

for; BtUaJU>s, bride-chamber.

Epithet. (L. -Gk.) L. epitlttton. Gk.iw19ETOV, an epithet; neut. of <wIBuos,
attributed. - Gk. <wi, besides; BE'TOS,
placed, from 9f-, weak grade of TI91JJU, I
place.
Epitome. (L. - Gk.) L. epitome. Gk. <W'TOP.~, a surface-incision, also an
abridgment. - Gk. iwl, upon; TfP.VEIV, to
cut.
Epoch. (L.-Gk.) Late L. epocha. Gk. <"OX~, a stop, pause, fixed date. - Gk .
hr- (iwl) , upon; fX"V, to hold, check.
(~SEGH. ) Brugm. i. 602.
Epode. (F. -L.-Gk.) O. F . epode . L. epodos . - Gk. iw<pMs, an epode, something sung after. - Gk. iw-l, upon, after;
d<l~ .. v, to sing.
Equal. (L.) L. cequtilis, equaI.-L.
cequus, just, exact.
equanimity. evenness of mind. (L.)
From L. cequanimitas, the same. - L.
cequanimis, of even temper, kind. - L.
cequ-us, equal; animus, mind.
equa.tion. a statement of equality.
(L.) L. acc. cequiitionem, an equalising;
from pp. of cequare, to make equal.-L.
cequus, equal. So also equator<L. cequa-

ERMINE

Equerry, an officer who has charge of

horses and stables. (F.-O. H . G. ) Properly equerry means a stable, and mod. E.
equerry stands for squire of the equerry.F. (curie, O. F. escurie, a stal,le; Low L.
scuria, a stable. - O. H. G . skura, skiura
(G. scheuer), a shelter, stable; allied to
O. H. G. skitr, a shelter. Brugm. i. 109.
(.vSKEU.) 4U Altered to equerry by
confusion with equus, a horse.
Equestrian; see Equine.
Equilibrium; see Equal.
Equine. (L.) L. equinus, relating to
horses. - L. eqllus, a horse. + Gk. iwwos,
(;1<1<0$) ; Skt. lZfVa; Pers. asp; O. Irish eck ;
A . S. eok. Brugm. i. 116.
equestrian. (L.) Formed from L.
equestri-, stem of equester, belonging
to horsemen. -L. eques, a horseman. -L.
equus, a horse.
Equinoz; see Equal.
Equip,to furnish, fit out. (F.-Scand.)
M. F. equiper, O. North F. esquiper, to
fit out; A. F. eskipper. - Ice1. skipa, to set
in order, perhaps allied to skip, a ship.
Der. efjuip-age, -ment.
EqUlpollent. EquiV; see Equal.
Equivalent, EqUlvoca.l; see
Equal.
Era.. (L.) L. cera, an era, fixed date.
tor.
equilibrium, even balancing. (L.) From a particular sense of cera, counters
L. cequilibrium. - L. cequilibris, evenly (for calculation), pI. of ces, brass, money.
balanced. _ L. cequi-, for cequus, even; Eradica.te. (L.)
From pp. of L.
eradicare, to root out. -L. e, out; radilibra, a balance; see Librate.
eq.uinoz. (F.-L.) F . (qui1tQxe. -L. care, to root, from radk-, stem of radix,
cequl1tQctium , time of equal day and night. root. See Radix.
- L. cequi-, for cequus; 1tQcti-, decl. stem Erase. (L.) L. erasus, pp. of eriidere,
to scratch out. -L. e, out; riidere, to
of nox, a night; see Night.
e51uipollent. equally potent. (F. - L.) scrape.
O. F. equipolent. -L. cequipollent-, stem of Ere, before. (E.) M. E. er. A. S.
cequipollens, of equal power. -L. cequi-, for iir, soon, before; adv. prep. and conj.+
cequus: pollens, pres. pt. of pol/ere, to be Du. eer, O. H. G. er, G. eker; Goth.
airis, sooner, compo of air, Icel. ar, adv.,
strong.
eq.uity. (F . -L.) O.F. equitt. -L. early, soon. 4U The two last are positive,
cequltatem, acc. of cequitas, equity.-L. not comparative, forms. Cf. Gk. ~P"
early.
cequus, equal.
equivalent. (F.-L.) M. F. equi- early, soon. (E.) M. E. erly. A . S.
valent. -L. cequiualent-, stem of pres. pt. iirlice, adv.; from *iirlic, adj., not used.of cequiualere, to be of equal .force. -L. A. S. iir, soon; lic, like.
erst, soonest. (E .) M. E. erst. A. S.
cequi-, for cequuS ; ualere, to be worth; see
iirest, superlative of iir, soon.
Value.
eq.uivoca.l. (L.) Formed from L. Erect, adj. (L.) L. erectus, upright;
cequlliOC-US, of doubtful sense. - L. cequi-, pp. of erigere, to set up straight.-L. e,
cequus; uOC-, stem of uociire, to call; out, up ; regere, to make straight, rule.
see Voice. Der. equivoc-ate, to speak Ermine. a beast. (F. - O. H. G.)
doubtfully. 4U So also equi-allglllar, equi- M. E. ermine . - O. F. ermine (F. herlIline). -O. H . G . karmin, ermine-fur (G.
multiple, &c.
169
G 3

ERODE

ESCUTCHEON , SCUTCHEON

herlllelll ). - O. H. J . harlllo, an erminc.

+ A .S.1lCarllla; Lithuan. szarllt ~ , a weasel.
~B ut Hatzfeld supports the derivation from
Armen ius miis, an Annenian mouse ; cf.
Potltims miis, supposed to be an ermine.
Erode. (F. -L.) F. eroder. -1.. erodere, to eat away. - 1.. e, out; roden, to
gnaw. D er. eros-io1t (from pp. eros-us).
Erotic. (Gk.) Gk. fPQJTI~6s, relating
to love. - Gk. <PQm-, crude form of Ep<JJS,
love; allied to Epal-'W, I love.
Err, to stray. (F.- 1..) M . E. erren. O. F . errer. - 1.. erTnre, to wander (for
*ers-are).+ G . irrCll, to stray, Goth. airzja1t, to m:tke to stray. Brngm. i. 878.
erratum, an error. (L. ) L. erratum , nellt. of pp. of erTare, to make a
mistake.
erroneous, faulty. (L.) Put for 1..
eno1l~-tIS, wandering; with suffix -ous. 1.. e''I'ewe (above) .
error. (F. - 1..) M. E. errollr. O . F . tn'ollr. - 1.. errorem, acc. of enor,
a mistake. - 1.. errare (above) .
Errand. (E.) M. E. erende. A. S.
itre1tde, a message, business.+O. Sax.
arwzdi, O. H . G . ifrtmti, a message ; cf.
Ice!. eyre1wi, orl1zdi, Swed. jjrmde, Dan.
I1!rmde. Usually connected with A. S. ar,
I cel. arr, Goth. airt/s, a messenger; which
is hardly possible.
Errant, wandering. (F. -L.) F . erraitt , pres. pt. of O . F. errer, eirer , to
wander. - Late 1.. ileriire, to travel. - 1..
iter, a journey. ~ It sometimes represen ts the pres. pt. of errare, to wander.
Doublet, a.','allt.

(L. - Gk.) 1.. erysipelas. - Gk. <pUat"fAas,

redness on the skin. - Gk. <PUCTt- , allied to
fpu9-p6s, red; "f)..)..a, skin . Cf. ipua[fJ'I,
red blight on corn.
Escalade, a scaling of walls. (F.Span. - 1..) F. escalade. - Span _ esealado ,
esca/ada , a scaling; from eualar, to scale.
- Spall . escala, a ladder. - 1.. scnla, a
ladder; see Scale (3)- Cf. Ital. scalala,
an escalade; Florio also has ' Sea/ada,
an escalado,' from Spanish.
Escape. (F.-1..) M. E. escapm . O . N ortli F . escaper (F . echapper),to esca pe,
lit. to slip out of one's cape; Picard leaper.
- 1.. ex rappa, out of one's cape ; see
Cape (I ).
Escarpment. (1". - Ital. - Teut.) F .
escarpemettt. Formed from F . esearle, a
scarp; with suffix -ment (L. -melllum) ;
see Scarp.
Escheat. (F. - 1..) M. E. e.',helt
(also chefe), a forfeit to the lord of the fee.
-0. F. eschete, rent, that which falls to
one, orig. fem. pp. of esclutoir (F . k ltoir).
-Late L. ex cadere, to fall to onc's share,
- 1.. ex, out; and cadere, to fall. Hence
cheat.
Eschew, to shun . (1'. - O. H . G.)
M. E. eschewm . -0. F . eschivcr, Uc/lcver,
to shun. - 0. H. G. scillha1t, to frighten,
also to fear. - O. H. G . *SCiO/l, M. H . G.
sc/tiech, shy, timid. See Shy.
Escort, a guide, guard. (F . - Ital. -L.)
O. F . escorte. - Ital. sc.orta, a b'llide ; fern .
of pp. of scorgere, to see, perceive, guide
(orig. to set right) . - 1.. ex, entirely j
corngere, to correct; see COl,"rect.
Escrow, a deed delivered on conditi on.
(F . - Teut.) A . F . escrOllwe, M. E. scrotle,
scrowe; the orig. word of which scro-II is
the diminuthe. - O. F . escroe, a slip of
parchment. - M. Du. schroode, a shred, slip
of paper ( Kilian) ; cf. O. H . G. scro/, a
shred. See Shred and Scroll.
Escuage, a pecuniary satisfaction in
lieu of feudal service. (F . - L.) O. F .
esct/age < Late 1.. sculiigiutll. Fonned
with suffix -age from O . F . esm, a shield;
because escuage was first paid in lieu of
service in the fie!d. - L. sciuu1lt , ~ shield.
Esculent, eatable. (1.. ) 1.. esmlmlu s,
fit for eating. -1.. esca,food . For *ed-sca .
- 1.. edere, to eat. Bnlgm. i. 753.
Escutcheon, Scutcheon, a painted
shield. (F. - 1.. )
Formerly escocholl;
XV cent.; A. F . escucholl.-O. North F .
, escuchon, O. F. escusson, the same; answer-

Erratum, Erroneous, Error;

see Err.

Erst; see Ere.

Erubescent.

(L.)
1.. erubescent-,
Hem of pres. pt. of eJ"/lbescere, to grow red.
.- 1.. e, out, much; 1'Ubescere, to grow red,
mceptI \"e form of "lIbere, to be red. See
R ed.
Eructate. (L .) From pp . of 1.. entctlirt , to belch out. - 1.. e, out; ructiire
to bel ch; allied to e-rt/gere, to belch;
Gk. f p,v-Yff19al. Brugm . i. 22 I.
Erudite, learned. (1..) L. erlldlttlS,
pp. of erudire, to free from rudeness, to
teach . - 1.. e, from; rudis, rude.
Eruption. (1..) From L. eruptionelll,
acc. of emptio, a breaking out. - L. eruptus,
pp. of l mlll/ere, to break out. - 1.. e, out;
/'tIlIlpere , to break. See Rupture.
EZ'J'sipel&8, a redness on the skin.

cf:

17 0

ESOPHAGUS

ETH~IC

iug to a Late L. acc. *scutionelll, extended

from L. scftttlllt, a shield.
Esophagus, gullet. (L. - Gk.) Late
L. asophagus. - Gk. oluo<l'o.'yos, the gullet,
lit. conveyer of food. -Gk. oluo- (of doubtflll origin) ; qw."h base of q.c.-yf"', to eat.
Esoteric. ( Gk.) Gk. fUorrfP".OS,
inner; hence, secret. _ Gk. EUWTfPOS, inner,
compo of [uO), adv., within; from fS = fls,
into, prep. Opposed to exoteric.
Espalier, frame-work for training trees.
(F.-Ital. -L.-Gk.) M.F. espallier;
Cot. - Ital. spalHera, back of a chair, support, espalier.-Ital. spalla, shoulder.-L.
spatula; see Epaulet.
Especial. (F.-L.) O. F. e.rpecial.L. spuiiilis, belong to a special kind.-L.
species, a kind. Doublet, special.
Espionage; see Espy.
Esplanade, a level space. (F.-Ital.
-L.) M. F. esplanade, 'a planing, levelling, evenning of ways;' Cot. :I'ormed
from O. F . esplaner, to level; the suffix
being due to an imitation of Ital. spiatlata,
an esplanade, a levelled way; from spianare, to level. -L. exp/aniire, to level. L. ex, out; p/anare, to level, from pliinus,
flat. See Plain.
Espouse. (F. -L.) O. F. espouser, to
espouse, wcd . -L. spomiire, to betroth.L. sponsus, pp. of spolldere, to promise.
See Spouse, Sponsor.
Espy, to spy, see. (F.-O. H . G.) M. E.
espym. -0. F. espier. -0. H. G. spehan
(G. spiihm), to spy; see Species. Der.
espi-on-age, F. espiolluage, from M. F.
espi01I, a spy, borrowed from Ital. spio1te,
a spy, from O. H. G. spcha1t, to spy.
Esquire, a shield-bearer. (F. - L.)
M. E. sqllyer. -0. F. escuyer, esmier, a
squire. -Late L. scutiirius, a shield-bearer.
-L. Settl-WIl, a shield, cover (F. lett).
(oV'SKEU.) Brugm.i. 109. Doublet,

s'j!!ire.

Essay. Assay, an attempt, trial.

(F.-L. ) O. F.essai,atrial.-L.exagiunz,
a trial of weight; cf. extlmen, a weighing,
a swarm. - L. ex, out ; ag-ere, to drive,
impel, move. (oV' AG.)
Essence, a quality, being. (F. -L.)
:1'. essmre -L. essentia, a being.-L. *esSCllt-, fic titious stem of pres. pt. of esse,
to be. Der. essC1ui-a/; and see e,uity.
Essoin, an excuse for not appearing in
court. ( I'.-L. and Teut.) O. F . essoine,
M. F . eoXoille, an essoine, or excnse ;' Cot.
-0. F. essollier, to excuse (Gorlefroy).-

O. F. es- ( L. ex), away; and Low L.

sUlmia, O. H. G. smme (for *stmdjii,
Braune, xiv.

9), lawful

excuse.

Cf. Goth.

stmjon sik, to excuse oneself, gastmjon,

to justify, from suuja, truth; Skt. satja,
true.

B~ .

i. 2Si.
(F. - L.) M. E. establissen. - O. F. establz'ss-, ba se of pres. pt. of
establir, to establish. - L. stabilire, to
establish. -L. stabilis, firm; see Stable
(2).
Estate. (F.-L.) O.F. estat.-L.
statum, acc. of status, state; see State.
Esteem, to value. ( F.-L.) O.F.
estimer. - L. astimiire, O. L. aslunltire, to
value. Allied to Goth. aislan, to regard.
Brugm. ii. 692.
estimate. (L.) From pp. of L. tZslimare, to value (above) .
Estop, to bar. (F.-L.) The same as
Stop.
Estovers, supplies of various uecessarles. (F. - L.) A. F. estovers, M. E.
stovers,pl. of stover; see Stover.
Estrange, to make strange. (F. -L.)
O. F. est1'allge", to make strange. -0. F.
estrange, strange. - L. exlriineum, acc. of
extraneus, forei gn, on the outside. - L.
extra, without; see Extra.
Estreat, a true copy, in law. (F.-L.)
Lit.' extmct.' A. F. esb'ete, fern. of pp.
of estraire, to extract. -L. exl1'arta, fem.
of pp. of extrahere; see Extract.
Estuary, mouth of a tidal river. (L.)
L. astuiiriulIl, the same. - L. astuiire , to
surge, foam as the tide. -L. astus, heat,
surge, tide. Allied to Ether.
Etch. to engrave with acids. (Du. - G.)
Du. elsen, to etch. - G. atzC1l, to corrode,
etch; orig. 'to make to eat;' causal of
G. esse,z, to cat. See Eat.
Eternal. (F. -L.) M. E. demel. 0.1' etemd.-L. IEtental;s, eternal.-L.
atemus, lit. lasting for an age; for ouiternus. - L. a ui-, for allum, an age. See
Age.
Ether, pure upper air. (L. -Gk.)
L. ather. - Gk. al/Htp, upper air; from
its brightness. - Gk. ai9f1v, to glow.
(oV' AID H.) Brugm. i. 2 0 2.
Ethic, relating to morals. (L. -Gk .)
L. ethicus, moral. - Gk. IJOLKOS, moral.Gk. ~Oos, custom, moral nature; cf. lOos,
manner, custom. Skt. svadhii-, self-will,
strength, from sva. self, dha, to place; cf.
Goth. sidus, G. silfe, custom.
Ethnic, relating to a nation. (L.-Gk.)

17 1

Establish.

ETIOLATE

EVENT

L. etltnictts. - Gk. ~8"tlt65, national. - Gk.

t9v05 Z a nation.
Etlolate, to blanch plants. (F. -L.)
F . Iftioler; with suffix -ale. :From a
dialectal form answering to s'tteuler, to
grow into haulm or stalk, like etiolated
plants. - F. tteule, O. F. esteu/e, a stalk.
-Late L. stupit/a, for L. stipula, straw.
See Stubble.
Etiquette, ceremony. (F .- G.) F .
etiquette, a label, ticket , also a form of
introducti on ; cf. M. F. ctiquet (0. F .
estiquct ), (a little note, such as is stuck
up on the gate of a court,' &c.; Cot. G. steckelt, to stick , put, set, fix; ca usal
of G. steclwt, to stick, pierce. See S tick
(1 ). D oub13t , ticket.
Etymon, the true source of a word.
(L. - Gk.) L. etymon. - Gk. ErVI'0V; neut.
of E-rUI'05, real, true.
etymology. (F.-L. -Gk.) F . ety1Jlologie. - L. etym%gia. - Gk. E-rvl'oAo-yia,
etymology. - Gk. ETUI'0-5, true ; -}..o-yia,
accoun t, from }..1-yotV, to speak.
Eu-, prefix, well. (Gk.) Gk. (V, well ;
neut. of 'V5 , good. C f. SkI. vasu, wealth.
Eucalyptus, a genus of trees, including the blue gum-tree. (Gk.) L atinised
from Gk . .v, well; Ka}..urr'T65, covered,
surrounded. The reference is to the hood
protecting the stamens.
-Eucharist, the Lord's Supper, lit.
thanksgiving. (L. - Gk. ) L. eucharistia.
- Gk. ov)(apI<1'Tia, a giving of thanks. Gk. (V, well; Xapi(ol'al, 1 show favour,
from )(ap", favour. Cf. Yearn.
Eulogy, praise. ( L. - Gk. ) From L.
eulogium. - Gk. ov}..or1a , praise, lit. good
speaking; with suffix suggested by L.
elogiulIl, an inscription. - Gk. fU, well;
}..I-y"v , to speak.
Eunuch, one who is castrated. (L.Gk.) L. eu1tltchus. - Gk. fVV OV)(05, a
chamberlain ; one who had charge of
sleeping apartments. - Gk . i;v~, a couch ;
EXflv, to keep, have in charge.
Euphemism, a softened expression.
(Gk.) Gk. oV"''1I'I<11'65, the same as fV</>'1~a+ the use of words of good ome~. Gk. fV~ well; "''1l'-i, I speak. (-VBHA.)
Eupnony. (Gk.) Gk. ovcpc.wia , a
pleasing sound. - Gk. oiJcpwV05, sweetvoiced. _- Gk.
well; ",wv~, voice.
(-V HHA .)
l:uphrasy, the plant eye-bright. (Gk. )
Su pposed to be beneficial to the eyes; lit.
, delight.' - Gk. fvq>pa<1ia , delight. - Gk.

.v,

fiJ</>pai"o.", to delight, cheer; cf. f{XPP"''',

cheerful. Allied to Gk. 00, well; wo".'
stem of </>rrilv, midriff, heart, mind.
Euphuism, affectation in speaking.
(Gk.) So named from a book Euphttes,
by J. L yly ( lS79). - Gk. ov cp u~<, well
grown, excellent. - Gk. EO, well; ",v~,
growth,from ",vol'a. , I g row. (-V I:lHEU. )
Euroclydon, a tempestuous wind.
(Gk.) Gk. EVPOKAv~wv, supposed to mean
( a storm from the east.' - Gk. (OPO-5, S. E.
win d; ItAVOWV, surge, from ItA"("v , t o
smge, dash as waves. ~ Only in Act~
xxvii. 14; where some read (vpaltvll.wv,
i. e. Eur:aquilo; from L. Eur-t~, E. wind,
and Aquilo, N. wind.
Euthanasia, easy death. (Gk. ) Gk.
fv8ava<11n , easy dea th; cf. oV8aVa'T05, dying
well. - Gk. OV, well ; 8av"v, to die.
Evacuate. (L. ) From PI'. of L.
euacuare, to empty. - L. e, out; uacuus,
empty.
Evade, to shun. (F.-L.) F . tvader.
_ L. ellatiere (pp. euasus) , to escape. - L.
e, away ; uiiderc, to go. Der. evas-iolt
(from the pp.).
Evanescent. (L.) From stem of
pres. pt. of L. euiinescere, to yanish away.
- L. e, away; ttiincsccre, to vanish, from
tlaltUS, empty , vain.
Evangelist, writer of a go,;pel. (F.L. - Gk.) O. F. evangeliste. - L. euangelista. - Gk. (Vanf}..I<1'T~ '. - Gk. fVanf}..i(OjUlI, I bring good news. - Gk. fV, well ;
d-Y-Yfll.ia, tid ings, from 0.-yr0}..05, a messenger ; see Angel.
Evaporate. (L.) From pp. of L.
ellaportin, to pass off in vapour. -L. e,
out; uafor, vapour.
EvaS10n; set! Evade.
Eve, Even, the latter part of the day.
~ E. ) Eve is short for even. (For evening,
see below.) M . E. me, cum. A. S. a/en,
ifen. + O. Sax. aband, Du. avond, G. abend.
Of doubtful origin. D er. evm-tide, A. S.
Ii/enlid. Brugm. i. 980.
evening, even. ( E. ) M . E . ettming.
A. S. a/nlt1tg ; foroled from re/ltian , to
grow towards evening, with suffix -tmg;
from 12/en, even (above).
Even, level. (E.) M . E eum (evm ).
A. S. ejen, iftt. + Du. evm, Icel.;a/n , Dan.
jczvn, Swed . jiihm, Goth. ibm, G. ebw.
Event, result. (L.) L. eltC1ltlls, euentum, sb. - L. eumtus, p p. o f etmlire, to
come out, result. - L. e, ou t ; umire, to
come, allied to Come.

17 2

EVER
Ever. (E. ) M. E. mer (ever).

EXCHEQUER
A . S. exaggtrare, to heap up, amplify. -L. ex,

ii/ re, ever. Related to A.S. a, Goth. aiw , very; agger, a heap, from ag-= ad, to;
ever. D er. tver-lastng, ever-more.
gerere, to bring.
every, each one. (K) M. E . m eri , Exa.lt. (F. - L.) F . exalter. - L. exaleuen"cI,. - A. S. (ifre, ever ; and iilc, each. tare, to lift out, exalt. - L. ex, out; a/tus ,
E ver-y = ever-each; see Each.
high.
everywhere. (E.) M. E . m en"- Examine, t o test. (F.-L.) F. exnwar. - A. S. {ifre , ever; gthwt?r , wh ere. amiller. - L. examinare, to weigh careThe word really stands for eve,--)'where, fully. - L . exrimin- , stem of examen , the
1. e. ever-where; y- is a prefIX ( = ge-).
tongue of a balance , for *ex{igmen; cf.
Evict. (L.) F rom L. luict-tts, pp. of exigere, to weigh out. - L. ex, out ; agere,
l u,uere, to evince ; also , to expel. See to drive, move. Brugm. i. 768.
Evince.
Example. (F. - L.) O. F. example ;
Evident. (F.-L.) O. F. tvidmt. - F. exemple. - L. exemplum, a sam ple. - L.
L. l/lident-, stem of luidens, visible, pres. exim-ere, to take out ; with suffix -lulIl ;
pt. of l miNre, to see clearly. - L. l , out, for the inserted p cf. the pp. cxem-p-tus. clearly ; uidlre, to see.
L. ex, out; emere, to take, procu re.
Evil. (E.) M. E. etttl. A. S. y/d, adj. Exasperate, to provoke. (L.) From
and sb.+ Du. euvel, G. tibet, Goth. ubi!s. the pp. of exaspe,-are, to roughen, provoke.
Teut. type *ubiloz. Prob. allied to over - L. ex, very ; asper , rough.
(G. tiber), as mean ing' excessive.'
Excavation. (F. -L.) F. ex cavaEvince. (L. ) L. iuincere, to conquer, tion. - L. acc. excattatiime11l , a hollowing
to prove beyond doubt. - L . i , out, ex- out. - L . eXC(lUatlls, pp. of excauare, to
tremely ; u incere, to conquer.
hollow out. - L. ex, out; cauare, to holEviscerate, to gut . .(L.) From pp. low, from cauus, hollow.
of L. lztiscerare, to gnt. - L. i, out ; Exceed. (F.-L.) O. F . exceder.-L.
uiscera, ( nt rails.
excldere, lit. to go out. - L. ex, out;
Evoke. (F . -L.) F_ (voquer. - L. illo cldere, to go.
crire, to call forth.-L. i, forth; uocare, to Excel, to surpass. (F. -L.) O. F. excal l. See Vocal.
celler. - L. excel/ere, to rise up, surpass.
Evolve. (L.) L. etloluere, to unroll , - L. ex, out; *cellere, to rise, only in
disclose. - L.i, out; uoluere, to roll. Der. compoante-, ex-,pra-cellere, and in cel-sus,
evo/ut -iolt, from pp_ i uolit/us.
high, orig. 'raised.' Cf. Lithuan. k/lti,
Ewe. (E.) M. E. ewe. A. S. ewe, to raise; see Hill. Bmgm. i. 633.
Laws of Ine, 55; eowu, a female sheep.+ Except, to exclude. (F.-L) F. ex Du. ooi , Icel. ar, M. H. G. otlwe; Lithuan. cepter, to except; Cot. - L. excepftire.
avis, a sheep, Russ. ovtsa, L. ouis, Gk. tii:s, frequent. of ex Cpere, to take onto-L. ex,
O. Irish oi; Skt. avi-, a sheep. Cf. Goth. on t; capere , to take. Der. except , prep.;
except-itm .
aW'str, a sheep-fold.
Ewer. (F.-L.) M. E. ewer.-A. F. Excerpt, a selected passage. (L.) L.
ewer, *eweire; spelt ewer, Royal Wills, excerptum , an extract; neut. of pp. Qf
pp. 24, 27. - L. aqu{i,iurll, a vessel for excerpere, to select. -L. ex, out; carpe"e,
water ; cf. A . F . ewe, water; mod. F. eau. to cull. See Harvest.
Excess. (F.-L.) O. F. exces. -L.
- L. aqua , water.
Ex-, E-, prefiX. (L.) L. ex, i, out. + acc. excessum, lit. a going out or beyond.
- L. excess-, as in excessus, pp. of exceGk. i IC,
out; Russ. iz', Lith. isz.
Exacerba.te, to embitter. (L.) From tiere; see Exceed.
pp. of exacerbiire, to irritate. -L. ex, very; Exchange. (F. -L.) O. F. tschangt,
sb.; escnangier , vb., to exchange. -0. F.
acerbus, bitter; see Acerbity.
Exact ( I), precise. (L.) From L. ex- ~s- L. ex) ; and O. F. change, sb.,
actus, pp. of exigere, to drh'e out, weigh c/zangier, to change. See Change.
Exchequer, a court of revenue. (F.out. - L. ex, out; and agere, to drive.
exact (2) , to demand. (If. -L.) From Pers.) M. E. eschekere. -0. F. t sc/zequier,
M. F'. exacter; Cot. (obsolete) . -Late L. a chess-board; hence, a checkered cloth
exactare. - L. ex, out; and actus, pp. of on which accounts were reckoned by means
of counters (Low L. scaccarium).-O. F.
agere (above).
Exaggerate. (L.) From pp. of L. tunec, check; see Ohect.
'73

i"

EXCISE

EXHALE

Excise. a duty, tax. (Du. -F.-L.)

A misspelling of M. Dn. aksiis or aksys,
excise. (Cf. G. aceise, excise.) - O. F.
acceis, a tax, given in the N. E. D . ; allied
to Low L. acc/sia ( Ducange); also spelt
ers/sa (icl.). - Late L. accensus, a payment,
rent; cf. acceltslire, to tax. -L. ac- (for
ad), to; and cemtts, a tax. 4U For the
sound-change, cf. Du. spijs, food, frOID
Late L. spensa (for dispensa), a lanIer,
n spence.
Excision. (F.-L.) F. excision, 'a
destroying;' Cot. - L. acc. excisionem, a
cutting ou t , a destroying. - L. exdsus, pp.
of cxcidere, to cut out. -L. ex, out; and
ctl'der.e, to cut.
Exclaim. (F. - L.) F. exc/alller. - L.
eXc/ii11liire, to call out. - L. ex, out; cliimlire, to call. See Claim.
Exclude. (L.) L. exc!udere, to shut
out. - L. ex, out; clattdere, to shut. See
Clause.
Excommunicate. (L.) From pp.
of L . exco11l11limiclire, to put out of th e
community. - L. ex, out of; COIJl11lUnl S,
common. See Communioate.
Excoriate. ( L.) From pp. of L. excoriare, to strip off skin . - L. ex, off;
corium, hide, skin . See Cuirass.
Excrement ( I). (L.) L. excrementttm, refuse, ordure. - L. excrelus, pp. of
excernere, to separate, sift out. - L. ex,
out; cemere, to sift.
Excrement ( 2) , out-growth. (L.) In
Shako F rom L. excrementum. - L. excre
tus, pp. of ex crescere, to grow out (below).
excrescence. ( F.-L.) O. F. excrescence. - L. excrescelltia, an outgrowth.
- L. excrescent-, stem of pres. pt. of excrescere, to grow out. - L. ex, out; crescere,
to grow. See Cresc ent.
Excretion. (F.-L.) M. F.excretion ;
formed (with suffix -ioll) , from L. excretus,
pp. of excerlle,-e; see E xorement (I ).
Excruciate. to torture. (L.) From
pp. of L. excruciare, to tormen t greatly. L. ex, very ; " '/lcilire, to torture on a
gibbet, from cruci-, decl. stem of crux,

exct-'sare, to release from a charge. - L. ex,

out; and causa, a charge, a cause.
Execrate. (L.) From pp. of L. execrliri, for exsccrliri, to curse greatly.
- L. ex, greatly; sac"lire, to consecrate,
also to declare accursed . - L. sacr-ttm,
neut. of sacer, sacred; also, accursed.
Execute. ( 1'. - L. ) O. F. exmtler. L. exeat/us, exucutus, pp. of I!xJC'lui, to
follow out, pursue, perform. - L. ex, out;
sequi, to follow.
Exe~esis. exposition. (Gk.) Gk. -N"('f}a.s, mterpretation. - Gk. -frnftuOa., to
explain. - Gk. ff , out; 1j-yftu6a., to guid e,
perhaps allied to Seek. Brugm. i. 187.
Exemplar. (F.-L.) M.E. eXf11lp laire. - 0 . F. exemplairt. -L. exempl,irium, latc form of exemplar, a copy (to
which the mod. E. word isnow conformed ).
-L. exempllin's. adj ., serving as a copy.
- L. exemplttm; see E xample. Der. exemplar-y, from L. exemplaris.
exempl.i.f,y, to shew by example. (F.
- L.) A coined word; as if from F. exelllplifter. - Late L. exelllplijiclire, properly 'to copy out.' - .L . exempli-, for. exemplttlll, a copy; fic-, for facere, to make.
Exempt. freed . (F. - L.) O. F . tXempt; when ce exempter, to exempt, free .
- L. exe11lplus, pp. of eximere, to take
out, deliver, free. - L. e.;c, out; ellltre, to
take. Cf. Lith. illl-ti, to take.
Exequies. (F. -L.) O. F . exeqltcs,
exequies, 'funerals ;' Cot. - L. I!xuquiiis,
aec. pI. of exsequia:, fun eral obsequies, Ii i.
, followings.' - L. t xseqlti, to foll ow out.
- L . ex, out ; sequi, to follow.
Exercise. sb. (F.-L. ) M. E. exercise. - O. F . exercz'ce. - L. exercitiu1Jl, exercise. - L. exerciltts, pp. of ('xercere, t o
drive out of an enclosure , drive on, set at
work. -L. ex, out; arcere, to enclose;
see Ark. D er. exerdu, vb.
Exergue. th e small space left beneath
the base line of a subject engraved on a
coin. (F. - Gk.) The final -tie is not
pronounced; cf. prologue, &c. - F . exergue,
so called because lying ' out of the work.'
- Gk. ft, out of; <fyyov, work .
Exert. (L.) Lit. to 'put forth .' L.
exertus, bet ter spell exsertus, thrust forth;
pp. of exstre,'e, to thrust out. - L. ex, out ;
serere, to join; to put.
Exfoliate. (L.) From pp. of L. exfoliiire , to strip off leaves ; from ex, off,
and folium, a leaf.
Ezhale. (F.-L.) F. exlzaler. -L. ex-

a cross .

Exculpate. (L .) From pp. of Late

L. exculpiire, to clear of blame.- L. ex,
out of : mlpa, blame.
Excursion. (L.) . L. excursionem,
acc. of excu rsio, a running out. - L. exc"rsus, pp. of exalrrere, to run out. - L.
ex, out; curre,'e, to run.
Excue. (F. - L.) F. excuser. -L.

17+

EXHAUST

EXPERT

"1l14r~,to breatheout.-L. ex, out; htilare, ef.eare.-Gk. l(opKI(.tv, to drive away by

to hreathe.

adjuration. -Gk. it, away; opKI(.tv, to

Exhaust. (L.) From L. exhattstz;s, adjure, from "pKor, an oath.

pp. of exhaurire, to draw ont, drink up. Ezordium. (L.) L. exordium, a be-

L. ex, out; !ul1Irire, to draw water.

ginning.-L. exordiri, to begin, to weave.
Exhibit, to show. (L.) From L. - L. ex; and ordiri, to begin, weave.
exhibit-us, pp. of exhibere, to hold forth. Ezoteric, external. (Gk.) Gk. f[=.- L. ex, out; haber~, to have.
ptK6r, external. - Gk . i(=IpOJ, morc outExhilarate, to cheer. (L. - Gk.; !vith ward, compo of adv. {(OJ, outward, from
L. preJiIC. ) From pp. of L. exhilarare, to it, out.
gladden greatly. - L. ex, very; Ililaris,
ezotic, foreign. (L.-Gk.) L. exotihi/ants, glad, cheerful, from Gk. IAap6s, eus. - Gk. i(OJTtK6r, outward, foreign.cheerful. See Hilarity.
Gk . <[OJ, adv., outward, from iE, out.
Exhort. (F.-L.) O. F . ex(h)orter.- Ezpa.. (L.) L. expalldere (pp. exL. exhortiiri, to encourage greatly. - L. pansus), to spread out.-L. ex, out; paud(X, out, very; horliiri, to encourage; see ere, to spread out; causal from paten, to
Hortatory.
lie open. Cf. Gk. "iTvI]}Jt, I spread out.
Ezhume, to disinter. (F. -L.) F. Der. eXjanse, from the pp.
exhumer. - Late L. ~xhumiire. - L. ~x, Ezpatiate. (L.) From pp. of L.
out of; hU1/tIts, the ground.
expatiari, better exspatiiiri, to wander.Ezigent, exacting. (L.) From the L. ex, out; spatiiirf, to roam, from
stem of pres. pt. of ~xigere, to exact.-L. spatium, space.
ex; and agen, to drive.
Ezpatriate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Ezile, banishment. (F . - L.) O. F . L. expatn'are, to banish.-L. ex, out of;
essil; later exil, an exile, banishment;' patria, native country. from pater, fath er.
Cot. - L. txilittllt, better exsilium, banish- Ezpect. (L.) L. expeetare, better exment; cf. exsul, a banished man. - L. ex, spec/are, to look for anxiously. - L. ex,
Ollt of; and (perhaps) sed-ere, to sit, abide. thoroughly; spectare, to look, frequcntaCf. Consul. Der. exile, verb; hence, tive of rfecere, to see.
exile, sb. ( =one who is exiled).
Ezpectorate. (L.) From pp. of L.
E:.rlst,\to continue to be. (L.) L. ex- expectoriire, to expel from the breast. - L.
iSlere, better exsistere, to stand forth , arise, ex, out of; pector- (for *pectos), stem of
be. - L. ex, out; sislere, to set, stand, from peeltts, the breast.
Ezpedite. (L.) From pp. of L. exstiire, to stand.
Ezit. (L. ) L. exit, i. e. he goes out,' p edire, to extricate the foot , release, get
used as a stage direction; 3rd pers. s. pres. ready.-L. ex, out; ped-, stem of pes, foot.
of exin, to go out. - L. ex, out; ire, to Der. expedient, from the stem of the pres.
go. ~ E x it, departure, is from L. exit- pt.
Ezpel. (L.) L. expel/ere, to drive out.
us, sb.
EzoduB, departure. (L. - Gk.) L. - L. ex, out; pel/el'e, to drive. Der. ex~xod1lS. -Gk. "(otior, a going out. -Gk. i(, pulsiolt, O. F. expulsion, L. acc. expulsi01le11l, from pp. expuis-us.
out; oa6r, a way, a march. (.vSED. )
Ezogen, a plant that increases out- Ezpend, to spend. (L.) L. expmdere,
wanlly. (F .-Gk.) F . exogene (1813). lo weigh 011t, lay out. -L. ex, out; peltFrom G k. f(-OJ, outside, fr om i[, out; and dere, to weigh. Der. expense, from A. F.
expmse, L. expellsa , money spen t, fern. of
'Y'V-, base of "/1'Yv .,.Oat, to be born.
Ezonerate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- pp. expellslls ; expmdit1we, from Late L.
om1'are, to free from a burden. -L. ex, expenditus, a mistaken form of the pp. exawa y; olzeriire, to burden. from oner- p ellsus.
Ezperience, knowledge due to trial.
(for *olles-), stem of omtS, a burden.
Ezorbitant, extravagant. (F . - L.) (F. -1,.) O. F. expen'mce. - L. experimlia,
F. exorbitant. - L. exorbitant-, stem of a proof, trial. - L. experiml-, stem of pres.
pres. pt. of exorbitare, to Ay out of a pt. of experfri, to make a thorongh trial
track. _ L. ex, out; orbita, a track of a of (below). Der. experi-ment, M. F. exwh eel, from orbi-, stem of orbis, a wheel, per iment, L. expe1'imenltllll, a trial.
ezpert, experienced. (F. -L.) O. F.
with suffix -Ia.
Ezorcise. (L.-Gk.) Late L. exor- eXfert.-L. expertus, pp. of experiri, to
175

EXPIATE

EXTINGUISH

make full trial of. -L. ex, thoroughly;

and pmr.-, an obs. vb. of which ~e pp.
perf/us is common. See Peril.
Expiate. (L.) From pp. of L . expare, to atone for fully. - L. ex, fully;
p are. to propitiate, from pius, devout.
Expire. (F . -L.) O. F. expirtr.-L.
expFrare, exsp'-riire, to breathe out, die.L. ex, out ; spirare, to breathe.
Explain. (F.-L.) M.F. explaner,
Cot. - L. expla1tiirt, to make plain. - L.ex,
thoroughly; p liilZlire, to make plain, lit. to
fl atten, from p liinus, flat. See Pla.in.
Expletive. (L.) L. exptltF"lts, fillin g
up. - L. explltus, pp. of expllre, to fill
up. - L. ex, fully; pllre, to fill . See
Plena.ry.
Explicate, to explain. (L.) From
pp. o t L. explicare, to unfold, explain.L. ex, out; plicare, to fold.
explicit. (L.) L . explicitus, old pp.
of expliciire, to unfold, make plnin (above).
Cf. F. explicite.
Explode, to drive away noisily, burst.
(F.-L.) M. F. exjJloder, to explode,
publicly to disgrace or drive out;' Cot. L. explMere (pp. exptoms), to drive off
the stage by noise (the old sense in E.).
_ L. ex, away; plOt/ere, plaudere, to
clap hands. Der. explos-ive, -ion, from
the pp.
Exploit. (F.-L.) M.E. esploit. success, Gower, C. A. ii. 258. -0. F. esP/oil,
revenue, profit ; later, an exploit, act. - L.
explicilum, a thing settled , ended, or displayed ; neut. of expticitus; see explicit.
Cf. Late L. explic/a, revenue.
Explore. (F.-L.) F. explorer. -L.
explorare , to search out, lit. to make to flow
out. - L. ex, out; plorare, to make to flow.
Cf. de-pIore, im-plore. Brugm. i. 154.
Eqonent. (L.) L. txponent-, stem
of pres. pt. of expiinere, to expound, indicate. - L. ex, out ; piinere, to put.
Export. (L.) L. exportare , to carry
away. - L. ex, away; portiire, to carry.
Expose. (F.-L.and Gk.) O. F. exposer, to lay ont. - O. F. ex- (L. ex), out;
F. poser, to place, lay. See Pose ( I) .
Exposition. (F.-L.) F. exposition.
- L. acc. expositionem . - L. exposilus, pp.
of exponere, to set fo rth, expound. See
Expound.
Expostulate. (L. ) From pp. of L.
exposlulare, to demand eamestly.-L. ex,
full y ; poslu/are, to ask.
Ezpound. (L.) The d is excrescent,

but was suggested by the form of the O. F.

infinitive. M. E. expounen. - O. F. I!Sp01ldre, to explain.-L. exponere, to set
forth, explain. - L . ex, out; piinere, to
put. See Exposition.
Express, adj., exactly stated. (F . -L.)
O. F. expres.-L. expressus, distinct; pp.
of expn'mere, to press out. - L. ex, out;
premere, to press; see Press.
Expulsion; see Expel.
Expunge. (L.) L. expungere, to
prick out , blot out. [In MSS., exptmction
of a word is denoted by dots ttnder il.] - L.
ex, out ; plt1zgere, to prick. Der. expunct-ion, from the pp. expunctus.
Expurgate. (L.) l<rom pp. of L.
expurgiire, to purify thoroughly.-L . ex,
thoroughl y ; purgare, to purge, purify; see
Purge.
Exquisite, sought out, excellent. (L.)
L. exqltisilus, pp. of exqu'-rere, to seek
out. - L. ex, out; qutZrere, to seek.
Exsequies; see Exequies.
Extant, existing. (L.) Late L. extant-, stem of extans, for exsta,lS, pres. pt.
of exstare, to stand forth, exist. - L. ex,
out; stare, to stand.
Extasy; see Ecstasy.
Extempore. (L.) From L. ex tempore, at the moment. - L. ex, from, out of;
tempore, abl. of tempus, time.
Extend. (L.) M. E. extenden. - L.
extetzden, to stretch out ; pp. extelttus,
I!xle1tslls. - L. ex, out; te'tdere, to stretch.
Der. extem-ion, -ive (fr om th e pp.) .
extent. (F.-L.) O. F. extente,
commonly estente, extent.-Late L. exteltta, fern. of extentus, pp. of extend~re
(above) .
Extenuate. (L.) From pp. of L. exte1tuiire, tCo thin, reduce, palliate. - L. ex,
out , very; teltu-is, thin. See Thin.
Exterior, outward. (F. -L.) Formerly exteriour. - M. F. exteriettr.-L. exteriorem, ace. of exle,-ior, outward, comparative of extentS or exler, outward. -L.
ex, out; with compar. suffix -tero-.
Exterminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
exterminiire, to put or drive beyond
bounds. - L. ex, out; terminus, boundary.
ExternaJ., outward. , L. ) From L.
exler1l-IIs, outward, ext ended form from
exterus, outward. See Exterior.
Extinguish. (L.) Coined, with suffix
-ish, from L. ex tinguen, better exsti1tgzure
(pp. extinc/us, exstillctus), to quench. L. ex, out; *stiltgltcre, to prick, also to

176

EXTIRPATE

FABRIC

quench. Der. extinct (from pp. ex/i,lC/US). Exude. (L.) From L. exudare, better
Cf. Distinguish.
exsiidiire, to sweat out, distil. - L. ex, out;
Eztirpate. (L.) From pp. of L . ex- siidare, to sweat. See Sweat.
tiryare, to root out, better spelt exstirp- Exult, to ' ~ p for joy. (F . -L) F .
are, to pluck up by the stem.-L. ex, out ; exu/ter. - L exu/tare, better speJt exsulstirp-s, stirpes, the stem of a tree.
ta"e, to leap up, exult. - L. exsultus, pp.
Extol. (L.) L. extol/ere, to lift or of exsilere, to leap onto- L. ex, ont ; salire,
to leap. See Salient.
raise up. - L. ex, out, up ; tollere, to lift.
Extort. (L. ) L. extort-us, pp. of ex- Exuvim, cast skins of animals. (L.)
torquere , to twist out, wring out. - L. ex, L. ex,mia , things stripped off. -L. exutre,
out ; torquere, to twist.
to strip off. Cf. induuia, clothes.
Extra. (L.) L. extra, beyond, beyond Eyas, a nestling. \,F.-L.) For nias;
what is necessary; O. L. ex/rad, allied to by substituting aft eyas for a nias. - F.
niais, a nestling ; Cot. He also gives
L. exter; see Exterior.
extraneous. (L.) L. exlrane-us, niard, whence j'aulco1t "iard, ' a !lias faulexternal, with suffix -ous; extended from con.' Cpo Ital. nidiace, or nidaso j'alc(lne,
, an eyase-hawk, a young hawk taken ou t
exira (above). Cf. Strange.
Extract, vb. (L.) L . extract-us, pp. of her nest;' Torriano. Formed as if from
of extrahere, to draw out. -L. ex, out; Late L *nidaccm, acc. of *nidax, adj.
traherc, to draw.
from L. nidus, a nest. See Nest.
Extraordinary. (L.) L. extraordi Eye. lE. ) M. E . eye, eighe ; pI. eyes ,
narius, beyond what is ordinary, rare. - L. eyen (whence eytle). O. Merc . ege; A. S.
extra , beyond; ordinarius, ordinary. See eage, pI. eagan.+Du. oog, Ice!. auga, Dan.
Ordinary.
oie, Swed. o'l[a, Goth . attgo, G. auge.
Extravagant. (F. -L.) F. extra- Perhaps allied to Russ. oko, L. ocullls
vagant. - Late L. extriivagant-, stern of (c!imin. of *ocus) ; Gk. OU'JE (dual) ; Lith.
exl1'avagans, extravagant, lit. wandering akis, Skt. akshi. Hrugm. i. 681. Der.
beyond. - L. exira, beyond; uagans, pres. dais-y, q. v. ; window, q. v.
.
Eyelet-hole. ( F. - L.; and E.)
pt. of ttagart, to wander.
Extravasate, to force (blood) out of Eyelet is for M. E. oilet, from M. F .
its (proper) vessel. (L.) Coined from oeillet, 'a little eye, an oi let hole,' Cot. ;
extra, beyond; uns, a vessel; with suffix dimin. of O. F . oeil, from L. oculu11l, acc.
of oculus, eye.
a1e.
Extreme. (F. - L.) O. F . extreme. - Eyot, a little island. (E.) Also spelt
L. extremus, superl. of extet'lts, outward; ait, eyet, eygltl. L ate A . S. jget (Kemble,
Cod. Dip!. v. 17, 1. 30 ) ; for A. S. '-g~,
see Exterior.
Extricate. (L .) From pp. of L. ex- ige~, a dimin. from ig, ieg, an island ; see
Iricare, to disentangle. - L. ex, out of; Island.
Eyre, a circuit. (F.-L.) M.E. eire,
tricO!, impediments, perplexities.
Extrinsic, external. (F . -L. ) It should circuit, esp. of a judge. - O. F. eire,
rather be extrinsec. - O. F . ext,.inseque, journey, way.- O. F. eire,', to journey,
outward. -Late L. acc. extrinsecum, acij.; wander about.-Late L. iterat'e, to journey
allied to L. extrinsecus, adv., from without. (for L. itinerare) ; from L. iter, a journey.
- L. extrin (= "extrim), adverbial form See Errant.
from ex ter, outward; and secus, beside ; Eyry, a nest; see Aery.
so that extrin-secus = on the outside; cf.
interim . Secus is allied to secundum,
according to , from sequi, to follow; see
F.
Sequence.
Extrude. (L.) L. extrodere, to
thrust out. - L. ex, out; trudere, to Fable, a story. (F. -L.) F. jable.L. j'abttla, a narrative. - L. ja-ri, to speak,
thrust. Cf. Intrude.
Exuberant. (L. ) From stern of pres. tel!. See Fate.
pt. of L. exuberare, to be fruitful or Fabric. (F.-L.) F. j'abrique.- L.
luxuriant. -L. ex, very; and uberare, to be jabri((z, workshop, fabric. - L. jab",'. , for
fruitful, from uber, fertile, allied to ttber, j'aber, a workman. From L. Lase *fab-,
to be skilful; cf. Lith. dab -in .. , I adorn,
an udder, fertility; see Udder.
177

FAQADE

FALCHION

clean; Goth. ga-dab-itk, it is fit: Russ. juu,., cleansing fire, purgatory.

See
dob-ruii, good. See Deft. Der. fabric- F&ir.
at~, from pp. of L. fabrictir;, to construct;
Peaces. (L.) L. faces, dregs; pI. of
fromfabriea (above) . Brugm. i. 563. fax, the same. Der. fec ulmt, L. fac","P~e, face of a building. (F.-Ita!. l~n/us, adj. fromfax.
-L.) M. F.facnde (Cot. ). -Ital.faceiata, Pa.If' to rlrudge. (E:?) 'To fag, defiface of a building.-Ita!.faccia, face.- cere: Levins ( 1570' . Theorig.sensewas
Folk-L. facia, for L.facies (below).
'to droop.' Perhaps a corruption ofjlag;
fa.ce. (F. - L.) F. face. - Folk-L. see Flag (I) ; and see below.
facia, for L.facii's, the face, appearance.
Pa.g-end, remnnnt. (E.?) In MasPa.cetious. ( I' .-L.) F. facelieux singer, Virgo Mart. ii. 3. Perhaps for
(Cot.). - M. F.faeetie, ' witty mirth ,' id. - jlag-md = loose end; see above. Cf.' the
L. facllia, wit: common in pI. - L. faci'- ./lagg or thefagg fcdais ' (feathers) ; Book
IUS, witty, courteous; orig. fine.'
of St. Albans, fol. B I a.
Pa.cile, easy to do. ( F. - L.) F. Pa.ggot, Pa.got. (F. - Ita!. -L. 1)
facile . - L.facilis, i. e. do-able. -L.lncere, F. fagot, 'a fagot, a bundle of sticks;'
to do. Der. facility; fawlty.
Cot. Of doubtful origin; perhaps bor
fac-simile. (L.) For fac simile , rowerl from iIta!.fagotto, 'a faggot,' Florio;
make thou like. - L. fac, imp. s. of fac~re, a dim in. from L. fag-tts, a beech-tree
to m"ke; simile, neut. of similis, like; (Korting).
see Similar. ~ We abo find factum Pa.il. (F. -L.) F. faillir; cf. Ital.
simile, i. e. made like. .
fallire. - Folk-L. *jallir~, for L. fallere, to
fa.ct, a deed, reality. (L.) L. factum, beguile, also, to be defective; falli, to err.
a deed; orig. neut. offactus, pp. offacere, Brugm. i. 757.
to make, do.
Pa.in. (E. ) M. E.faYl1. A.S.fagm,
fa.ction. (F. -L.) F .factiol1, a sect. glad.+O. Sax. fagall, lcel. f egi1l1t, glad.
- L. fa ctiollC1Il, acc. of factio, a doing, Cf. A. S. gefe01t (pt. t. gefeak ), to rejoice.
taking part, faction. -L. factus, pp. of Teut. root *jek -, as in A. S. ge-ftoll (for
farere, to do.
*-feh.alt); cf. Goth. faI,-elks, joy.
fa.ctitious. (L.) L.factiti-us, artifi- Pa.int. ( F.-L.) M. E . feillt.-O. F.
cial; with suffix -om. - L. factus, pp. of feint , weak, pretended; orig. pp. of
faar~, to make.
feindre, to feign . - L. jillgere, to form,
fa.ctotum. (L.) A general agent. - feig-n. See Figure.
L.fae(ere) lOlum, to do everything.
Fair (I) , pleasing, beautiful. (E.)
fa.culty, facility to act. (F. -L.) M. E . fayr , A. S. f ager, fair.+Ice!. fagr;
M. E. fawltee. - F. fawltl. - L. fact~ltti- Dan. Swetl. fager, Goth.fagrs, fit, O. H. G.
tem, acc. of facultas (=faci/itas), facility. fagar . Teut. type *jagroz. Cf. Gk. ,,~'Y- L. fadlis, e ~sy; see Facile.
vv/.u, I fa sten. lIrugm. i. 200, 701.
Fad, a folly. ( F.-Prov.-L.) Ap- Pair ( 2), a holiday. (F.-L.) M. E.
parently shortened from F.fat/aise, fiddle- f ein .- A. F.fiire (F.foire). -L.feria, a
faddle; cf. ' fa deu s, follies, toyes, fooleries;' holiday, later, a fair; commoner as pI.
Cot. - Provo fadeza, folly (Hatzfelcl) . - f eria, for *fls-ia , feast-d~ys; allied to
Prov.fat (Gasconfad) ,fooiish. - L.fatillts, Feast. BIl1gm . ii . 66.
Fa.iry. (1'.-1..) M. E.faerie,jayrye,
foolish.
Fade, vb. (F.-L.) O. F.fnder; from enchantment. [The mod. use of the word
F. fade, adj., tasteless, weak, faint. - L. is new; fa iry = enchantment, the old
uaPit/un:, acc. of uafidus, vapid. See word for 'elf' being fay. ) - O. F. fMrie,
Vapid. ~ Vade, rorfade, is from M. Du. enchantment. _ O. F. fae, a fay; see Fa.y.
vadtlm ; from O. F. fada
Futh. (F. - L.) M. E. fe ith; also
Fa.dge, to fit, suit, be content with, f ey . Slightly altered from O. Ffeid, fei.
sl1cceea. (E.) Formed, in some unex- faitb.-L..fidelll, acc. ofjides,faith; all ied
plained way, from the Teut. base fag-, to to fidere, to trl1st. Cf. Gk. ,,[(lTlr, faith.
suit, whence also O. Sax. fogian, A. S. (.vI:lHEIDH.) Allied to Bide. 13rugm.
ftgan, to join, suit, M. E. f ejen, to-adapt, i. 202.
fit, G . jiigm, Du. voegm (see Kluge and Falchion, a sword. (F. -Ital.-L. )
Franck) . Cf. Goth . fulla-fah-ja1l, to M. E. falleholl. - O. F. faueko1l. - Hal.
satisfy, O. H. G. sijag , content, Du. vage- fa/dolle (d pron. as cI, ). - Late L. falcio17 8
o

FALCON

FARCE

tum, ace. of falcio, a bent sword. _ L. grdslt, &c.) from L. fam-is , hunger; cf.
falei- , declo stem offalx , a sickle. Allied O. F. ajamer, to die of hunger.
Fan, an instrument for blowing. (L.)
to }leclere, to bend.
falcon. (F.-L.) M. R fatlCon.- A.::;. faml.-Late L. vattnus, L. uattnUS,
O. F.faltcon,fau!con.-Late L. faleonem , a fan (whence also F. vatt) ; see Van (2).
acc. of falco, a falcon, so named from its Brugm. i. 357.
hooked claws.- L. falr-, stem of falx, a Fanatic, religiously insane. (F.-L.)
F.fatlatiqm. -L.fatuUiws, (1) belonging
sickle.
Faldstool, a folding-stool. (Low L.- to a temple, (2) inspired by a divinity,
O. H . G. ) Low L.faldistolittm.- O.H. G. enthusiastic. -L. fanum, a temple; see
faldan, to fold; stuol (G. stuhr), a stooL Fane.
Cf.F.fattteui/. See Fold.
Fancy. (F.-L.-Gk.) Short for M.E.
Fall, to drop down. (E.) M. E.fallen . fantasie. - 0. F. fanta sie. -Late L. pllattO. Merc. fallan; A. S. feallan.+Du . val- tasia. - Gk. cpo.vraula, a making visible
1m, Icel.falla, Dan.falde (forfalle ), Swed. (hence, imagination).- Gk. </>avra(EIV, to
falla, G. fallm. Teut. *jallatt-. Cf. Lith. display; see Phantom.
pM/i, to fall; and perhaps L. fallert, to Fandango, a Spanish dance. (Span.)
ueceive, falli, to err. Hrugm. i. 757 . Span. fawkittgo, 'a dance useu in the W.
Der. bejall, from A. S. bejeallan, to fall Indies;' Pineda (1740).
Fane, a temple. (L.) L. jtl11tlm, a
out, happen; fell (1) .
Fallacy. (F. -L.) Formed by adding templ e; sh<;>rtened from an earlier form
-y to M. E. fallace, a fallacy, deceit.-F. *jas1tOIll; cf. Oscan /imam, a temple;
fallace. - L. fall(icia, deceit. -L. fallac-, allied to L.flstw,fbia. Brugm . ii. 66.
stem of jtdlax, deceitful. - L. fall,,t, to Fanfare, a flouri sh of trumpets. (F. dcceive. See above.
Span. ?) F . fanfate. Prob. of imitative
fallible. (L.) L. fallibilis, liable origin, or borrowed from Spnn .fanfatria,
to err. -L. falli, to err; fallere, to de- bluster, vaunting, which is of similar forceive.
mation . Der.fattfan.oll-ade, bluster.
Fallow (1), orig. 'harrowed;' of land. Fang, a talon, claw. (E.) A. S.fal1g ;
(E.) A. S. f a iging, fall ow-land. -A. S. lit. a sdzing.-A. S. *jOllan, to seize, only
fealh , a harrow. Cf. R Fries. falgen, to used in the contracted form fOtI, pt. t.
fall ow land; O. H. G.felga, a hatl'ow.
fblg, pp. gifa"gm ; the pp. form baving
Fallow (2), used with reference to alone survived, evolving an infin. mood
colour. (E.) O. Mere. fallt; A. S. f ealu, in dialects.+Du. vangm, to catch; Ice!.
f ealo, pale red , yellowi sh.+Du. vaal, Icel. fa (cf. fang, sb., a catch of fish ), Dan.
foil', pale, G. faM, p~ le, al so falb ; Lith. faae , Swed . ft, Go th. fahan, G . fangen,
palvas; cC. also L. pallidas, Gk. "oAt 6~, to catch, fmlg, sb., a catch, also a fang.
gray, Skt.polita-, gray. See Pale.
Allied to L.po1tgere ; Brugm. i. 421.
False. (F. -L.) M. E. fals . - O. F. Fantastic. (Gk.) Gk. </>avrauTtlj~ ,
fa ls (F . faux). -L. falsltS, false; pp. of able to represent or shew. - Gk. </>avra(EtV,
fallere, to deceive.
to display. See Fancy.
Falter, t o totter, stammer. (E. ?) Fantasy, older form of Fancy. q. V.
M. E. faltrett, to totter; frequentative Faquir, Fakir, an Oriental religious
from a base falt-. Of obscure origin. mendicant. (F.-Arab.) F.faquir,jakir.
Perhaps connected with Icel. refl. vb. -Arab.faqit, one of a religious order of
f altra-sk, to be cumbered, to be puz7.1ed. mendi cants ; lit. ' poor,indigent;' RichardFame, report. (F.-L) F.fame. -L. son's Dict. p. 1096.
fama , report. - L. flirt, to speak; see Far. (E.) M. E.fcr. A. S. feor. +Du.
Fate.
vcr, Icel.Jia1'1i , Swed. Jienan. ad v., Dan.
Family. (F. - L. ) F. famille. - L. fjern, G. fent ; Goth. fairra, ndv. Allied
familIa, a hon ehold . - L. famu llts, a to Gk. "'pav, beyond; Skt. patas, beyond,
servant, Oscan fame!; cf. Osean faamat, para-, f~r. (""PER.) The compo fattltet
he dwells. Der.famili-ar (L.familia1-is ). [for M. E. ferrer (i. e. farer)] is due to
Famine. ( F. - L.) F. famine. - Late confusion with further, compo of Forth.
L. *jamina, unrecorded , but plainly an Farce. (F. -L. ) The orig. sense is
extension from L. fami's , hunger. Der. stuffing'; hence. a jest inserted into a
fam-islt, formed (by analogy with lan- comedy. - F. farce, stuffing, a farce. - F .
179

FARDEL

FATIGUE

jm-cir, to stuff. - L.jarcire, to stuff.+ Gk.

CppCtuu" v (for *cppaK-YfI") , to shut in.
Fardel, a pack, bundle. (F . -Arab.)

M.E.jardel. - O. F. jardd ( F. jardeau).

D imin. of O. F.jarde, a burden. Prob.
from Arab. jardalt, a package ( Devic).
Perhaps borrowed through Spanish ; cf.
Span.jardel, jardo, a bundle.
Fare , to travel , speed. ( E.) A. S.
jaran, to go, travel. + Du. varen, I cel.
Swed . jara, Dan.jm-e, G. jahren, Goth.
jaran , to go ; T eut. *laran- (pt. t. *lor).
Cf. Gk . rrap.valla" I travel ; L. experior,
I pass through, Skt. Pr, to bring over.
(.vPER.) D er. jarewell, i. e. may you
speed well; thoroughfare, a passage
through ; welfare, successful practice or
journey.
Farina, ground com. (L.) L. jarina,
meal. - L.jar, a kind of grain; allied to
Barley. Der.jarinaceous, from L.jariniiceus. Brugm. i. 180.
farrago. (L.) L. j arrago, mixed
food fo r cattle, a medley. - L.jar (gen.
ja,rois), grain (above).
Farm. (L.) M. E . jerme. [Cf. A. S.
jeorm, a feast , food, property, use.] - Late
L.firma, a feast, farm , tribute ; fern. of L.
jirmus, durable. (From the fixed rent;
also food, from its mpport.) See Firm.
Farrier. (F.-L.) Formerly jerrier ,
a worker in iron.- O. F.jerrier (the same) .
- L.jerrarius, a blacksmith. - L. ft rrum,
iron.
Farrow, to Jitter pigs. (E.) From the
sb.jarrow, a Jitter of pigs.-A. S. jea,-h,
a pig ; pl. jearas. + M. H. G. varch, a
pig; G. jerk-el; L. ponus; see Pork.
Farther; see Far.
Farthing, fourth part of a penny.
(E.) M. Klerth,zg. A. S.jlr)i,zg,jeortJing, older form jeo,.) ling. - A. S.jeoriJ-a,
fourth ; with dimin. suffix oing or -l-ing.
Allied to A. S. jlower, four.
Farthintrale, Fardingale, a
hooped pettIcoat. (F.- Span.-L.) M.F.
verdi/galle, 'a vardingaIl;' Cot.-Span.
ve,-dugado, a farthingale, lit . provided
with hoops.' - Span. verdugo, young shoot
of a tree, rod, hoop. - Span. verde, green.
_ L. uiridis, green. See Verdant.
Fascinate. (L.) From pp. of L.
jasci1tiire, to enchant. - L. jascinum, a
spell.
Fascine, a bundle of rods. (F.-L.)
F.jascine. -L.jascina, a bundle of twigs.
-L.jnscis, a bundle.

Fashion.

( F. - L.) O. F. jnceon,
j ac/lOn , make, shape. - L. jactionem acc.
ofjactio, a making; see Fa.c tion. '
Fast ( I ) , firm. (E.) A.S.jalst.+ Dn.
vast, Dan. Swed . jast, Jcel. jastr, G. jest;
Armen . hast. Der. jast (2), jast (3 ).
Brugm. ii. 79.
fast ( 2) , to absta in from food . ( E.)
A. S. j alstan, orig. to make fast, observe,
be strict; fromjalst (above). + Du. vasten,
Dan. jaste, Swed. and Ice\. j asta, G.
jastm; Goth . jaslan , to observe, fast.
fast ( 3), quick. (Scand .) A pecul iar
use of jast ( I ) above; this use is Scand .
Cf. Icel. drekka jast, to drink hard, sofa
jast , to be fast asleep, jastr i ve,-kum,
hard at work,fylgja jast, to follow fast, &c.
It means firm, cl ose, urgent, quick.
fasten. (E.) A. S.j alstnian, to make
fast or fi rm. - A. S.ftest , firm .
fastness. ( E. ) M. E. jestnes, jastness, orig. ' strength.' - A. S.jalstness, the
firmament, a fastness; orig. that which is
firm. - A. S.jalst, fi rm.
Fastidious. (L.) L.jastidiosus, disdainful. - L.jastidium, loathing; perhaps
for *lastutidium (Vanicek). -L. jastu-s,
arrogance; taldium, disgust ; so thatjastio
dium = arrogant disgust.
Fastness; see Fast.
Fat ( I), gross. ( E.) M. E.jatt,jet, jat.
A . S.jitt, orig. a pp., contr. from *fieted,
fattened , enriched. + 0. H. G. ftizit (G.
jeist), pp. of a T eut. vb. *laitjan-, formed
from Teut. adj. *laitoz, which is represented
by Icel. jei"- (Swed. jet, Dan. jeel), fat.
Cf. G k . rriOJv, Skt. pivan, fat.
Fat (2), a vat; see Vat.
Fate, destiny. (F. -L.) M. E.jate. O. F.jat, jate (not common). - L.jiitum,
what is spoken; neut. of pp. of jiirt, to
speak.+ Gk. CPT1I'I, I say. Perhaps allied_ to
Boon (1). Brugm. i. 187. (.vBHA.)
Father. (E.) M. E . jader. A . S.
jalde,.. The pron. with th is due to dialectal
inAuences.+Jcel.jatJir, Du. vader, D an .
Swed . jader, Goth. jadar, G. vater, L.
pater, Gk. rraT~p, O. Irish athir, Pers.
pidar, Skt. pitr. Idg. type *pata--.
Fathom. (E.) M. E. jadme. A . S.
jal6m, the space reached by the extended
arms, a grasp, embrace.+Du. vadem, I cel.
jatJmr, a fathom, Dan.javn, Swed.jamn,
an embrace, G.jaden. Allied to Patent.
Fatigue, sb. (F . -L.) O. F. jatigue;
from jatigtler, to weary. -L.jaligiire, to
weary.

180

FEEBLE

FATUOUS

Fatuous. (L. )

L. fatu.us , silly, the peril of travelling. - A. S. f,zr-, 3rd

feeble; with suffix -(Jus. Der. in-jatuate, stem of farm: , to go, travel. + lcel. far,
from pp. of L. itt/atuare, to make a harm , G. gefa!:r, Du. groaar, danger. Cf.
fool of.
L. pe1ofculum, danger.
Fauces. (L.) L. fauces, pI., the upper Feasible, easy to b~ done. (F. -L.)
part of the throat.
[Also f eisahle.] - M. F . faisible, f aisable,
Faucet, a spigot, vent. (F. - L.?) 'feasible, doable ;' Cot. - 0 . F . fais -, as
F . fausset, 3. faucet ; fa u /set, Cot. in fais-allt , pres. pI. of faire, to do. - L .
Origin unknown; but cf. M. F. fazelsty, facere, to do. See Fact.
to falsify, forge ; also fa ulser tm esm , to Feast. (F.-L.) M. E . f este. - O. F .
pierce a 's hield; hence, to pierce. - L. feste (F.flte). - Late 1.. fesla, fern . sb. - L.
falsare, to falsify.- L. falsus, false.
f esla, lit. festivals, pl. of f estum. See
Fault. (F. - L. ) Fornlerly faut. Festal.
.
M.E . faute .- O. F. faute, a fault. (Span. Feat, a deed well done. (F. -L.) M.E.
and Italfalla, a defect .) - Folk-L. *jallila, Ifeet , fele. - A. F. fet; O. F . fait. -L. fat" a defect, fern. of *jallitus, new pp. of I tum , a deed; see Fact.
fallere , to deceive; cf. F. fa il/ir. See Feather. (E.) M. E. fether. A . S.
Fail, Fallible, False. H ence also O. F. fe~er.
Du. veder, Dan. fiO!de r, Swed .
fauler, Span. faltar, Ital. fa/tare, to be fjiider , I ~e l. fjd~r, G. feder; L. pem:a
lacking.
(for *pet-ma) , Skt. patm -, Gk. TrTfp6v, a
Faun, a rural (Roman) deity. (L. ) L. win g. See Pen. (-v'PET.)
faunus.-.L.faub-e, to be propitious (? )
Feature, make, form. (F. - L. ) M. E.
Fauteuil, an arm -chair. (F. -Low L. f etU1e. - A. F. fettl re; O. F. faiture,
- 0. H . G. ) F. fauteuil, O. F . fa tt/de- fashioll. - L. fact1~ra , work , formation. tueil (Cot.). -Low L.fa/disto/ium, a fald- L. factus , pp. offacere, to make.
Febrile, relating to fever. (F .- L. )
stool; see Faldstool.
Favour, sb. (F.-L.) O. F. favQU1. F.febrile. -L. febrilis.-L.febri-s, fever.
- L. fauiJrem , acc. of fattor, favonr. - L. February. ~ L.) L. febru an'us , the
fauere, to befriend, orig. ' to venerate.'
month of txpiation. - L. feb1-ua , neut. pl.,
favourite. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F . a festival of expiation on Feb. 15. - L.
favorit ; cf. Fo favori , pp. of O. F. favori1, febnm1lt , purification ;febnlare, to expiate.
to favour. But the fina l t is really due to Of Sabine origin.
borrowing from !tal.favonto, pp. and sb. ; Feckless, ineffective. Also fec/less;
orig. pp. of favorire, to favou r. _ Ital. short for ejJi:cl-less; see Effect.
favore, fa vour.-L. fauo1oe11l (above) .
Feculent, foul. (F.-L.) F.feeulmt.
Fawn ( I ) , to cringe to, rejoice servilely - L. f O!Clllentus, full of dregs. - L. f O!ees,
over. (E.) A. S.fahnian,fagniatt, to re- dregs. See Fwces.
joice; variants of f O!genialt, to fawn, from Fecundity. (F.-L.) M. F. feeon.dite
fO!gm, fain, glad.+Icel. fagna, to rejoice, (Cot.).-L. ace. f ecunditatem, fruitful ness.
welcome one ; allied to fegi1t1l, fain. See - L. f &undus, fruitful; allied to fetus,
Fain.
offspring. See Fetus.
Fawn (2), a young deer. (F . -L.) Federal. (F. - L.)
F. federal.
O. F. f an, faott , earlier f ed,:, a fawn ; Formed , with suffix -ai, from L. fOIderanswering to a Late L. form *fitonem (for *jOIdes-), stern of fOIdus, a trea ty.
(not found), acc. of *jeti5, a young one. - Akin to fides, faith.
L.fetus,jt1!tus, offspring. See Fetus.
Fee, a lordship, a payment. (F . Fay, a fairy. (F . -L. ) F. fee , o. F. O. H. G. ?) A. Ffee, O. F.fiu \F . fief),
fae, a fay. Cf. Port. fada, Ital. fata, a a fee, fief. - Late L. fevum, a fief (Dufay. - Late L. fata, a fate, goddess of cange). Prob. from O. H. G. fehu, prodestiny, a fay. - L. fata , pI. of L. /tUum, perty. + Du. vee, l cel. ft, Dan. fO!, Swed.
fii, Goth . faihu, L. pecus; Skt. paru-,
fate. See Fate. Der.fai-ry.
Fealty, true service. (F.-L.) O. F . cattle. (-v'PEK.) So also A. S. f eoh,
f ealle,jeeltet, fidelity. - L.fidelitatem, acc. cattle, whence M. E . fee, cattle, property.
of fidelitas, fidelity. - L. .fidilis, fait hful; now obsolete. ~ We also find Late L .
from .fides, faith.
feudu JJl ; see Feudal.
Fear. (E.) M. E . f mo. A. S. /fer, a Feeble. (F.-L.) M. E.feb/~ . -A . F .
sudden peril, danger, fear. Orig. used of. feble, M. Ffoible , O. F.jleble (Godefroy);

181

FERN

FEED

cf. Ita!' jievole jlevole ), feeble [since Ijdll, a fell. Allied to G. jdJ, a rock
Ital. ji<.flJ. - L. jiebilis, doleful; bence, (K luge).
weak. - L. jlire, to weep. Brugm. ii. Fellah, a peasant. (Arab.) P1.jellahill.
~')o.
- Arab. jeltal}, jallaZ., a farmer, peasant.
Feed" to t ake food , give food . (E. ) -Arab. rootjala(la, to plough, till.
M.E. Jedm . A . S. fidal~; for "fMin1t; Felloe; see Felly.
with vowel-change from 0 to e. - A. S .foda , Fellow, a partner. (Seane!.) M. E.
food.+ Dn voeden, Icel.fa:tl'a, Swed. fOda , ftla we. - Icel.filagi, a partner in a f~l ag.'
Dan.foae, O. H. G.ftlotan, Goth. flt[iatz; - Icel.felag, companionship; lit. a layi ng
Tent. type *JodjfUt-. See Food.
together of property. - Ice!. fi, property;
Feel. (E. ) M. E.felm . A. S.feln1I.+ lag, a laying together, a law; see Law.
Du. voe/m, G. fii hlm . Teut. *joljatz- ; The Icel. fi is cognate with A. S. jeoh,
from Teut. base fal- (2nd grade, fol- ), cattle, property, L. pews, cattle.
whence also Icel. jalma, to grope, A. S. Felly, Felloe, part of a wheel-rim.
folm,palmofthe hand (L.paI11la). Allied (E. ) M.E. jelwe. A.S.felg,felga, a
to Palm ( I).
felly.+Du . vdg, Dan. fmlge, G.felge.
Feese, Feaze, Pheeze. (E.) Pro- Felon, a wicked person. (F. -Late L.
perly to put to flight, drive away, chase - L. ?) M. E. feltllt .- O. F. jelon, a
away, harass, worry'; often misexplained traitor. - Late L. felOnmt, acc. offelo, jello,
bywhil.l" M. E.jum; O.Merc. fisialt, atraitor,rebel. S,eFell (3).
A. S. jjsialt, to drive away quickly, Felt. (E. ) M. E. jelt. A.S. ftlt.+
chase. Cf. Norw. flysa (= Icel. *jeysa ), Du. viii, Low G., Swed., Dan. jilt, G.
Swed. jasa, to drive. From Teut. base jilz. Teut. type *jeltoz, n. ; allied to G.
*jaM- (sense unknown). 4U Distinct from jalzm, to groove, join together. Der.
A. S./ysall, to hurry, fromfiis, prompt.
jilter,jeuter.
FelgD. (F. -L. ) M. E.jeinm.-O. F. Felucca, a ship. (Ital. -Arab.) Ital.
feig1t-, as in jet:I{" 'a1lt, pres. pt. ofjei1zdre. Ifeluca. - Arab. jttlk, a ship. (See Devic.)
-L.ji1tgere, ~o form, feign. See Figure . Female. (F.-L. ) Forjemell, by conDer. (eillt (from F . pp. jti1u).
fmion with male. M. E. ftlllelle. -O.F.
Fe1dspar, a kind of mineral. (G.) j emelle. - L. jemel/a, a yOlmg woman;
Corrupted from G. jeldspatk, lit. field- dimin. offimi1la, a woman (below).
spar.
feminine. (F. -L.) O. F. jemi1till.
Felicity. (F. - L .) O. F.jelicitl. -L. - L. jillli1tlmU, womanly. -L. fimilla, a
acc. jelreiliilem. - L. fiUci-, dec!. stem of woman. Cf. plal'e, to suckle; Gk . lli)"v~,
filix, happy, fruitful; alli ed to Feline.
female, lI'7A~, the breast; Skt. dMilrJ, a
Feline. (L.) L . Jilintts, belonging to nur;e.
cats. - L. files, a cat; perhaps allied to Femoral, belonging to the thigh. (L.)
Gk. 1Ii)"II~, female.
L. jemortilis; adj . from je11lor-, stem of
l'ell ( I), to cause to fall. (E.) O. Merc. femur , thigh.
fi ellml, A. S. jylla11, causal of O. Merc. Fen, a bog. (E.) M. E. jen. A . S.
fa llall, A. s.feal/a1t , to fall. So also Dn. femt . + Du. vem , Ice!. jett, Goth. fnni,
vel/en, Dan.jmlde, Swed .jii!la, Icel.jella , mud. Teut. type *jal1jom, n.
G. jiil/m; all causal forms. Teut. type Fence; short for defence; see Defend.
*jalljan-, causal of jalla,t-, to fall. See Fend; short for Defend, q. v.
F all .
Fender; short for dejender.
Fell ( 2) , a skin. (E.) M.E.je!. A.S. Fennel, n plant. (L.) M.E. jend.
fel, fell. +Du. vel, Ic~l. jell, \ioth. -/ill, A. S.jitzol,jimtgle. - L faeniwlu1Jl,fennel;
M. H. G. vel ; L. pellu, Gk. ,.<M.a, skin. double dimin. offa emulI , hay.
Doublet, pell; cf.jil-lII.
Fenugreek, a plant. ( F . -L.) F .
Fell (3), cruel, dire. ( F. - Late L. - je1tltgrec. - L. jae1tlt11t Gra:cum, lit. Greek
' L. ?) M.E.fel. -O. F .f el,cnl el (cf.Ital. hay.
fello, cruel ). - Late L. jello, je/o, a male- Feoft'; see Fief.
factor, felon, traitor. Perhaps from L.jel, Ferment. (L. ) L. fer-mentllm (short
gall (N. E . D. ) ; cr. Du. dial. fel, sharp, for *jerui-1IIC1tlttJJl\ leaven. - L.jerllcre, to
biting. acrid (Molema). See Felon.
boil. See Fervent.
Fell (4) , a hill . (Scand .1 M. E.fd. Fern. (E.) A. S. jeam .+Du. varm;
Icel. fjnll, jell, a hill; Dan. jield, Swed. G. jarn(krnul) ; Skt. paNJa-, a wing,
182

FEROCITY

FETTER

feather, leaf, plant, the orig. sense bein6

'feather.' llrugm. i. 973. Cf. also
Lith. papa,tis, Russ. paporot(e), I rish
raitlt, \Y . d w i;lIl, fern; Gk. 'TTEptr, fern,
TfTf"oV, a wing, feather.
Fero.city. ( F. - L.) M. F./eroeitl L. acc./erikifatelll, fierceness. _ L./er~i-,
declo stem of / erox, fierce . - L. /erus,
fierce , wild. Brugm. i. .~19 .
Ferreous. (L.) L./erreus , made of
iron; with suffix -ous. -L. /errwJt, iron.
ferruginous. (L .) L./errttgillw,
same as Jcrrliginetls, rosty; with suffix
-ous. - L./crrltgite- , stem of /ernigo, rust
of iron. - L./errlllll, iron.
Ferret (I ). an animal. (F.-Low L.L. ?) O. F./urd, a ferret. - Late L.fttret us, / Ilreclw, a ferret. Also/ttri;; said to
be the same as Late L./ltrO, a thief, from
L. /ttr, a thief. Cf. Gk . tpWp, a th ie f ;
from the strong (i. grade of CPfPftV, to bear,
carry off.
Ferret (2), a kind of silk tape. (Ital.
-L.) From ltal. jioretti, 'little flowers,
fl ourishings; also foret or ferret silke,'
Florio. PI. of jioret/o, dimin. of jio,-e, a
fl ower. - L. jlorem, acc. of jlos, II. /lower;
see Flower. Cf. F. jlettret, ferret ; from
jleur, flow er.
Ferruginous; see FerreouB.
Ferrule, a metal ring at the end of a
slick. (F.-L.) Corrupted spelling (due
to confu sion with / e,-rullt, iron ) of the
older form vi,.,'ol; XV I cent.- O.F. virol
(F . v irole ), a ferrule; Late L. virola, the
same. From L. ltiriola, a little bracelet;
dimin. of *lIiria, an armlet, only found in
]>1. ui1iee. (Diez. ) Doubtful.
Ferry, vb. (E.) M.E.jerim. A. S.
/ crialt, to convey across; causal of A. S.
/ara1t, to go. + Ice!. feria, to carry;
causal of lara, to go; Goth./a1]tt1t, to
travel by ship. See Fare. (N . E . D .)
Fertile. (F. - L .) F.fertile. - L./er lilis, fertile. - L. ferre, to bear. See
B ear ( I).
Ferule, a rod or bat for punishing
children. (L. ) Formerly / entla. - L.
firula, a rod; orig. the plant ' giantfennel.'
Fervent, hot, zealous. (F. -L. ) O. F.
f ervmt. - L. / e,'umt-, stem of pres. pt. of
/ entire, to boil. Allied to O. Irish berbaim, I boil.
Der. jervour, from O. F.
feyvour<L. acc . /e'''t~i5rem, heat; /e1vid,
from L./eruidtts.
F.aa, a horizontal band in heralcl ry.

(I:'. - L \ O. F. /css. (Roquefort) ; mod.

F./asce, a fcs s.-L./nsei", a girth; allied
to /aseis, a bundle; see Fascine.
Festal. F . -L. ) O. F.fistal. Formed
(with F . suffix -al<L. -tilis ) from L./es/tllIl, a feast, orig. neut. of festus, festive,
joyful. Allied to Fair (2) and Fane.
festival. (F. - Late L. - L.) Properly an adj. - O. F. /estival, festive.Late L./estiviflis. -L. fistitttlS (below).
festIve. (L.) L./estittlts, belonging
to a fea st. - L./estullt, a feast.
Fester, a sore. (F.-L.) O.l'.fistre,
also spelt jist Ie , an ulcer; wh ence / estrir,
to fester (Godefroy). _ L.jistula, a running
sore. See Fistula.
Festival, Festive; see F estal.
Festoon. (F .- Ital. - L. ) F./estoll, a
garland, festoon . - l tal. jestone, a garland.
Usually derived from L./estum , a feast.
Fetch. (E.) M. E. /erchen, pt. t.
/eMe,/eeMe. A. S./eccall, to fetch, Gen .
xviii. 4; Luke xii. 20. Prob. /ccc(e)all is
a later form of/etiall , to fetch (Angl ia, vi.
177 ). Allied to A. S./eet , a pace, step,
journey; l cel. l et, a step, foot-measure;
and to L. Pis (gen . ped-is), a foot. ~ Cf.
A. S. gefeccall, O. K T., p. 178. D er .
/etdt, sl.>., a stratagem.
F@te. (F . -L.) Mod. F./ete, the same
as O. F./tsle; see Feast.
Fetich, Fetish, an object of superstitions dread. (F. - Port. - L.) F.
/Itiche.- Port./eiti(o, sorcery,lit.artificial;
also , a name given by the Port. to the
ronghlymade id ols of Africa. - L./actitius,
artificial. - L. fact-us, pp. of /ace,-e, to
make.
Fetid. (F.-L.) O. F. / etide. -L.
/ilidus, /atidlts, stinking. - L. /ifire, to
stink.
Fetlock. (Scand. ) As if the ' lock '
or tuft of hair behind a horse's pastern-joint. Cf. Low G. jitlock (Liil.>ben) ;
M. H. G. vizulock (Kluge). The syllal.>le
-I-ock is due to a double suffix , but was
thought to refer to I ce!. loUr, A. S. locc,
:l lock of hair.
Fef- is prob. allied to
lce! . /et, a pace, step,/tli, a pacer (used
of horses) ; and to lcel. jofr, a foot; cf.
G./essel, pastern; and see Fetch, Foot.
(Kluge, s. v. Fuss.)
Fetter, a shackle. (E. ) M. E./eler.
A. S./efor, a shackle for the foot; from
*jet-, e:.grade of/ot, foot.+Du. vcter, lcel.
/ioturr; cf. L. ped-ica and com-jJis, Gk.
'lfi3q, a fetter. Der./etter, vb.

183

FETUS

Petus, offspring. (L.)

FIELDFARE

L. fitus, a break down. See Flaak. (Origin of

bringing forth, offspring. - L. ~uire. an phrase nnknown.)
obsolete verb, to generate, produce; Piat, a decree. (L.) L. Juzt, let it be
allied to fu-i, I wns; set: Future, Be. done. - L. fio, I become; used as pass. of
Brugm. i. ,,61, ii. 587.
faure, to do, but really allied to fui, I
Peu, a fief; a variant of Fee.
was. Cf. A. S. b;o, ! am. Brugm. i.
Feud (I) , hatred, perpetual hostility. 282.
(F.-O. H. G.) M. E.fede,feid. Modi- Fib. (Low G. ) Allied to fob, fub off,
fied in spelling in some nnexrlained way, to delude (Shak.) ; cf. G.foppen, to banter
perhaps by the influence 0 foe. - O. F. (formerly, to lie); Westphal. Jip-km, a
feide, faide . fede, perpetual hostility. - small lie, fib (Woeste).
O. H . G. fihida (G. fekde), enmity; Fibre. (F. -L.) F. Jibre.-L. Jibra ,
cognate with A . S. fiM, enmity, from a tbread.
Ficlde. (E.) M. E.Jikel. A. S.Jicol;
A. S.fah, hostile. See Foe.
Feud ( 2) , a fief. (Low L. - F. - from *Jician, to deceive, in compo be-)irian,
O. H. G.) Low L. feudum, a Latini -ed to deceive; cf.Jic, sb., raud,facne, deceitform allied to O. F . Jiu, also spelt Jiif; ful; facm , fraud.
see Fee, Fief. (The intrusive d is UD- Fiction. (l'. -L.) F.Jiction. -L.Jicexplained.) Der.fcudal, adj.
liont11l, acc. ofJictio, a feigning. -L.Jictus,
Peuter, to lay spear in rest. (F. - pp .of /ingere, to.fe~gn. See Figure.
Teut.) From M. E. feu/er, a rest for a Fidclle, a vlOlm. (L.) M. E. /ithel;
spear. -0. F. feu/re, older feltre , a piece A. S .Ji(Jele: cf. IceI.Ji(Jla, Dan.Jiddel, Du.
o{felt, also a rcst (prob. at fi rst felted ) for vedel, G.Jiedel. Apparently borrowed from
the lance. Cpo Ital. feltro, felt. Of Teut. Late L. uitula, uidula, a viol; see Viol.
origin; from Low G. Jilt, felt. See Fidelity. (F.-I..) M. F.Jiclelitt. -L.
Felt.
JiMlitiile11l, aec. ofjidilittis, faithfulness.Feuterer, a dog-keeper. (F.-Low L . L. Jideli-, stem of Jidels, faithful.- L.
-C.) In Hen Jonson, Every Man out )ides, faith. See Faith.
of his Humour, ii. I ; see Nares. Older Fidget. (Scand.) A dimin. form of
spelling vewter, for veutr-er. - O. F . jidge, to be continually moving up and
veutre, mod. F. vautre , a mongrel between down, likeJike in North of England, M. E.
a hound and a mastiff. - Low Lat. acc. Jikm, to fidget, t o hasten. Cf. Icel. Jilla, to
vt/lrum; for L. vertagus, vertagra, ver- climb up nimbly, as a spider; Swed. Jika,
traga, a greyhoun d. Said to be Celtic. to hunt after, Norw .Jika, to take trouble,
Perhaps from Celtic ver-, intensive prefi x, Jika etter, to hasten after, pursue.
Fiducial, shewing trust. (L.) From
and trag-, to run; see Fick, ii. 136, 283.
l'ever, a kind of disease. (L.) M.E. Late L.fidi'cialis, adj.-L.ruiUc;a, trust.
fiuer (fever ). A. S.fifer,.fifor; see Matt. - L. fidere, to trust.
viii. 15 ; A. F.fevre.-L. febris , fever.
Fie. (F. -L.) M. E.fy.-F.Ji. -L. ft.
feverfew, a plant. (L.) A. S. fifer- Cf. lee\. fj , Dan. fy, Swed. /y, G. pfu;,
fuge; A. F. feverfue. - Late L. febrifuga, Lat. phu, phy, 1:ikt. phu/, expressions
for L. febrifugia, fever-di spelling.' - L. of dis/!11st.
fibri-s, fever; fugiire, to put to fl ight.
Fief land hrld of a superior. (F. Pew. (E.) M.E. fewe. A.S. p!.fea1C1e. O.H.G.) O.F.Jiej, formerly spelt Jiu
+Icel. far, Dan. faa, Swed. fl; Goth. (Roland). See Fee. Der. J eoff, vb., to
fawai, pI.; cf. L. paucus, Gk. 7JOlipor, put in legal possession; from A. F.jeojfer,
small.
to endow with afcoj or Jicf. Also feoffee,
l'ey, doomed to die. (E.) A. S. f age, A. F.feoffi, pp. offeoffer.
do.omed to die.+Icel. feigr, Du. veeg; G. Fiela. (E. ) M. h. fe/d. A. S. fcld.+
fetge, cowardly; Swed. feg, Dan. feig, Du. veld. G. feld (whence Dan. felt,
cowardly.
Swed.fiilt). Allied to A. S. foMe, earth,
l'ez, a red Turkish cap, without a brim. land. T eut. type ~elthuz. Cf. Russ. poU,
(F.-Morocco.) F. and Turk. fez; a cap; a field; Skt. Prl/zivi, earth. llrugm. i.
so called because madc at Fez. in 502 .
Mo~occo.
.
ti.eldfa.re, a bird. (E.) A. S. fe/deFiasco, Itt. a bottle.' (Ita!.) Ita!' fare rmiswritten fe/deware], lit. 'fieldfar Jiasco, to make a bottle, also, to fail , travelrer ;' see Fare.
18-+

FIEND

FIN

!'iend. (E.) M. E.fmil. A. S.fiOIllI, l'ile (3) , to defile. (E.) A. S. /ylan,

feomi, lit. 'a hating one,' an enemy, the to make foul; for *jii/ian. - A. S. fu/,
enemy; orig. pres. pt. of feog(e )alt, to fonl. See De1Ue ( I) and Foul.
hate. + Du. vijand, Dan. Swed. jimdc; l'ilial. (L.) From L. fili-tlS, a son,
lcel./jtindi, pres. pt. of fjii, to hate; Goth. filia, dnughter; orig. infant: d . L. flltire,
jijands, fromjijalt , to hate; G.feiltd. Cf. to suck. Cf. Feminine. (.vDHE.)
!Skt. Pfy, to hate (Fick). See Foe.
Filibuster,afreebooter. (Span. -Du.)
Fierce. ( F . - L.) M. E. jers. - O. F. Span. jilibuster, a mere corruption of DIl.
ers
f , jiers, old nom. of O. F. fer , jier, vn/b1iifer, a freebooter. - Du. vnjolliten,
herce (F. jier, proud). - L. fenis, wild.
to rob, plunder. - Du. vnj; free; buit,
!'ife. (F.-O. H . G . -L. ) F. fi/re.- booty, plunder. Sec Booty.
O . H . G.p.1ifa, G. pfcife, a pipe. - O . H . G. Filigree. (F. -ltal.-L.) Formerl y
Plilm, to blow, whistle.- Late L. pipiire, jiligr01te ; XVII cent. - F.jiligrane. - Ital.
to pipe; L. pipiire, to chirp (as a bird). jiligralla, filigree-work, fine wrought work.
- Ital. jilo, a thread or row, jilare, to
See Pipe..
Fig. (F . -Prov.- L. ) F .jiglle. _ Provo spin ; grallo, grain or texture; so called
jiga. - Folk-L. *fica, llsed for L. fim s, a because the chief texture of it was wrought
fig. (Cf. O. F . .fie, a fig; immediately in silver wire. From L. JiIUIIl , thread;
from fica .)
grtinullt, grain . 4U The Span .jiligrana is
Fight. (E. ) M. E. jildm,felden , vb. merely borrowed from Italian (Monlau).
O . Merc . fehtall , to fight; / eMe, a fight.+ !'ill, vb. (E.) A. S. D'llm,; formed
Du. vuhten, G. f eeMen, to fight (whence fromfut, i. e. full , by vowel-change from u
Dan .fegte, Swed .fiikla ). Teut. *fehtOlI-. to y.+Du. vu1len, Ice! . fy1la, Dan. jylde,
Figment. (L.) L. jigmm fullt, an in- Swed.fylla, Goth. fu lljal', G.fiillen .
vention. -L. jig-, base of jingere, to feign !'illet, (F. -L.) ?II. E. jilet. - O. F .
jilet, dim in. of jil, a thread. - L. filum , a
(pp. .fic-tus, for *jig-tus).
figure. (F. - L.) F . jigure. - L. thread. See File (I).
Ji.t;'Jra, a thing made. - L. jingere (base l'illibeg, Philibeg, a kilt. (Gaelic. )
jig- ), to make, fashion, feign. + Goth. Gael. f eileadh-bea.f{, the modern kilt.dez:t;an, to knead, Skt. dill, to smear. Gael. feileadh, jeite, a kilt , prob. from L.
\.vDHEIGH.) Brugm. i. 589. Der. uelum , a veil (Macbain) ; and beag, little,
dis-jigure, pre-figure, trans-jigure.
small. Cf. W. bach, little.
Filament. (F.-L.) F. jilamellt. Fillip, to strike with the fIDger-nail,
Late L. filiimClltum, -thin thread. - Late when jerked from the thumb. (E.) Another
1.. fitare, t o wind thread. - L. filum, form ofJlip; see Flippant.
thread; see File (I ).
!'ills, used for thills. (E.) See Thill.
Filbert,frl1itofhazel. (F.-O.H . G. ) Filly, a female foal. (Scand.) Ice!.
Formerly philiberd (G ower) ; short for fylja, a filly, all ied to f oli, a foal, cf.
Philibert! or Philibert Ill/t, from the Dan. Swed. jOl, G./ii/lm . See Foal.
proper name Philibert; (S. Philibert's Film, a thin skin. (E.) A. S. jillllC1l
day is Aug. 22 ) ; North F. 1wix de jilbert (fylmm ), neut., membrane (0_ Fries. jil(~oisy) . -O.H . G.jilu-berllt,verybrig ht; mene, f., skin). For W. Teut. *jilmill-jo-,
from jiltt (G. viel) , greatly, berM, bright. from *jelmm, -mono, as in A. S. iigeJjdma ,
IU Called in Germany Lalllbertmuss, i. e. sk in of an egg. Extended from the base
f el- in A . S.fel, skin, Goth .jilt, skin. See
nut from Lombardy (Weigand).
Filch. (E.) Etym. unknown; possibly Fell (2).
related to M. E.felm, to conceal. Cf. Ice!. Filter, to strain. (F . - O. Low G.) F .
f ela, to hide, bury; Goth. jilhOll, to hide. jiltrer, orig. to strain through felt. - F.
File (I ), string, lint', order. (F. -L. ) jiltre, a strainer, orig. felt (Littfl!). -Low
Partly from O. F . jile, a file, from jiter, to G. jilt, felt; see Felt.
thread; from Late L. filare (see Fila- :Filth, foul matter. (E.) A. S. /yliJ. ment) ; partly from F. jit, thread, from A. S. f ill, foul (by vowel-change of 17 to
L.lilum, a thread_
f l. So also O. Sax. /zUithii., fi lth, from
File (2), a steel rasp. (E. ) O. Mere. fii!, foul. See Foul.
fil ; A.S.ftot. +Du.vijl, O. H.G . fihata , Fin. (E. ) A.S.ji1l11, a fin.+Dl1 . vil1,
G. fdle; as if from a base *jmh-. The Swed. f ma, Dan. jilll1e; L. pill/In. See
Ice!. form is)e/, as if from a base *thenh-. I Pin.
18 5

FINAL

Pinal. (F. - L.)

O. F. fi"al. - L.
j iwilis, final. - L.jiltis, end.
Finance, revenue. ( F . - L.) O. F.
fimmce . - Late L. finantia, payment. L:lte L. finiire, to pay a fine. - Late L.
finis , a settled payment, afinislt or end,
i . e. fina l arrangement; L.jiltis, end.
Finch, a bird . (E.) M. E. fi't ch.
A.S. filu. + Du. vink, Dan. finke, Swed.
and G. ,fink. Cf. W. pinc, a chaffinch;
Gk. U"'''f'Y0t. u"" (a, a finch; provo E.
spi:tk. D er . chafjiluh, q. v., bulljiltch,

FIST

viur, O. H. G. juir. T eu!. type *jiiir.

Cognate with Gk . ..up. Cf. Skt. pnvf!ka(from pit ), purifying, also fire. (V PV.)
Firk, to conduct, drive, beat. (E.)
A. S. jercian, to conduct, support. Prob.
from A.S.jlZr, ajoumey; allied to F are.
Firkin, the fomth part of a uarre!'
( M. Dn.) M. E. jerdekilt. From Du.
vierde, fourth; with suffix -kin (as in kilder-ki,t) answering to the M. Du . double
dimin. suffix -kilt (G. -ch-en in lItiidchen ).
Vierde is from Du. vier, four; see F our.
&c.
Firm ( I), adj . (F.-L.) M. E. finne.
Pind. (E.) A. S.findan. +Du. vi,zden. - 0 . F. and F . jerme. - L. ji"mus, steadDan.finde, Swed. and Icel.fi1tlta (=}ill)a), fast. Der .jarm.
Goth.fin thalt, G.filuien. Teut. "l"mth-alt ;
firm (2), a partnership. (S pan. - L.)
Idg. base *pent, whence O. Irish it-aim, Th e older sense was 'signatme' of the
I find . Perhaps allied to L. petere, to house or (as we call it) the fi rm. - Span .
seek after; see Petition. Brugm. ii. firma, a signature. - Span. firmar, to
634.
confinn, sign. - L . firma,-e, to make firm.
Pine ( I ), exqnisite, thin . ( F.-L.) - L.fimttls, firm (above).
firmament,ceiestiai sphere. ( F . -L.)
O. F . fin, witty, perfect.- Late L. fil11tS,
fine; used in place of L. fi'ti/us, well O. F . finllal1lent. - L. firmiimmtum, a
rounded or ended, said of a sentence support; also, expanse of the sky (Vul(Brachet), ori~. pp. of jinire, to end. - L. gate) . - L. firman, to strengthen; from
finis, end. ~ Finus is a backformation firmus, firm .
fromji nire.
Firman, a mandate. (Pers.) Pers.
Jlne ( 2), a tax. (Law L.) Law L. firman, a mandate, order; O. Pers. jrajillis, a fine, a fi n al arrangement; L. m (,na (Horn ) ; cf. Skt. f>rama~ta-, a
jiltis, end. See F i nanoe (above).
decision, from pra, before (Gk. "'pO) and
Finger. (E.)
A. S. finger. + Du. ma, to measure.
vinger, Ice!. fingr, Dan. Swed. G. finger, First. ( E.) A. S. jyrsl, the super!. of
Goth. figgrs (=fingrs). T eut. type *jin- jore, with vowel-change of u (A. S. 0) to
groz; orig. sense unknown.
y . + Ice!. jyrslr; Dan. flrste ; Swed.forsla.
Finial. (L. ) A coined word; from L. Tent. type "l"un'stoz, super!. from the base
finis, end. Cf. final.
*jllr-; see Fore.
finical. (F.- L.) A coined word; Firth; see Frith.
extellded from F i n e ( I) abO\-e.
Fiscal, pertaining to the revenue.
finish, vb. (F. - L.) M. E. finischm. (F. -L.) O. F. jiscal. - Late L . fisciilis. - O. F.finiss-, base of pres. pt. orfiltir, to L. fiscus, a basket of rushes, also a pnrse.
finish . - L.ji-nire, to end. - L. jillis, end.
l"ish. ( E.) A. S. fisc. + Du. visc!t, I ce\.
finite, limited. ( L.) L.ji"nitltS , pp. fiskr, Dan. and Swed . jisk, G.fisch; Golh.
ofjilli,-e (above).
,
jisks. Tent. type *jiskoz. Cognate with
Fiord, a sea-loch, cle~ p in le t of the sea. L. piso's, Irish al~ d Gae\. iasg, O. Ir. iasc
(Scnncl.) Norw. fjord, Dan. ji.ird, Jjord; (with loss of initial P).
Ice \.jj"~rll"l . See Frith .
Fissure. ( F.-L.) O.F.fismre. - L.
Fir, a tree. (Seand. ) M. E. fir ; answer- fiSS/lra. _ L. jism s, pp. of ji,.,{ere, to
ing to a mutated form cl ue to A. S. f ttrh. cleave. + Skt . bltid, to cleave; A. S. bi/alt,
which oeems in jUl'hwudI4, a pine-tree; to bite. (.v BHEID.) And see Vent
but prob. of Scand. origin.
Cf. Ice\. (I ). Brugm. i. 567.
fy ri-skOgr, a fi r- wood (written jJiriskOgr) ; Fist. ( . ) M. E. jist,jest.jmt. A. S.
from I ce\. jura, a fir; cf. Dan.jyr, Swed. jJisl .+ n u. vuisl, G. jaust, O. H . G. jiisl.
jitra + G.fiihre, W. pyr. Cognate with L. Teut. *jiisliz. ~ If the orig. Tellt. fo rm
quercus, an oak ; and O. Lombardicfi,-elt.a, was fimhstiz. it may be identified with
'resculus.'
Rnss. pias/e, fis t, O. Slav. Nsli; from an
Fire. ( E. ) A. S.J,Yr. + Du. vultr, Ice!. Idg. base *pmksti-, which is allied to
fj ri, Dan. and Swed .Jyr. G.feuer, M.Il.G. Five.
186

FISTULA

l'istula, a deep, narrow abscess. (L.)

FLAMINGO

l'la,g (4), l'la,gstone, a paving-stone.

From the shape; L.jistula, a pipe.

(Seana.) Ice!. jlaga, a flag or slab of
Fit ( I ), to suit; as adj., apt. (Seand.) stone. This might give E. dial.)law (see
M.E-jit/en, to arrange.-Icel. and Nonv. Flaw) , but cf. Icel.)lagna, to flake off,
fitja, to knit together; Swed. dial. jiltja, Dan. dial. )lag-toro, Sc. )lag , a cut turf.
to bind together; cf. G.jitzm, to bind into A weakened form of Flake.
skeins, fromjitze, a skein. From Icel.jit, l'lagellate. (L.) From!:. of L.
a hem, also' web' of a bird's foot; cf. )lage/ltire, to scourge. _ L.
agellum,
M. D an.jidde, to knit; Dan. fid, a skein. dimin. of )lag rum, a scourge. . e Flail.
Perhaps allied to Fit (2). ,Influenced l'lageolet, a sort of flute. (F . -Prov.)
as to sense by M. E.lete, well done; from M. F.Jlageolet, dimin. of )lag-eol, with the
O. F. faif, Lat.facfus; see Feat.
same sense. - Prov.)lajois,)laujols, a flageFit ( l ), a part of a poem, attack of ill- olet; which cannot repreent a Late L.
ness. (E.) M. E. jif. A . S.jitt, ( I ) a song, *)lautiolus, a little flute, as suggested by
( 2) a struggle; which perhaps are the Diez.
same word. Cf. Fit (I ).
FlagitiOUS. (L .) L. )liigitios-us,
Fitch, the same as Vetch, q. v.
shameful; with suffix -ous. - L. )lagitium,
Fitchet, Fitchew, a pole-cat. (F. - a d isgraceful act; cf. L.)liigitiire, to act
M . Du.) FitchclU is from Picardjicheux, with violence. Perhaps allied to Flagrant.
M. F.fissatt, a poleeat; older form,jissd. l'lagOn. (F. - Late L. ) O. F. )lacon,
- M. Du. fose, a polecat; from the smell. another form of )lascon. - Late L. )lascaCf. Icel. jtsa, to make a smell.
nUll, ace. of }lasco, a flask. - Late L.
Fit., son. (A. F. -L.) Formerly fiz )lasca, a flask. See Fla.sk.
(with z as ts).-A. F.jiz (with z as Is ) ; l'Iagrant,glaring,ns a fault. (F.-L.)
also O. F.jilz,jils.-L.jtlius, a son.
O. F . .flagrant, properly burning. - L.
Five. (E.) M. E. jif; sometimes jiue, )lagrant-, stem of pres. pt. of )lagriire, to
as a plural. A. S. fif (for *jimf ). + Du. bUID.+Gk. <!>"f'YflV, to bum; Sk. bl:riij.
vi;f, Dan. Swed. fem, Icel. jimm, Goth. (.vBHLEG. ) Brugm. i. 539 (2).
jim/. G. funl; W. pump, O. Ir. coic, L. Flail. (L.) M. E. )li~/, )leJI, )lei!.
qUi'lque, Lith. pmkl, Gk. l1fVTE (JEol. [Later,)laye/ (from O. F.)lai/>F.)ltau).]
l1/Jll1'), Skt. jaflcha. Idg. type pen'le. From L. )lagellum, a whip, in 'Late L.,
Dar. jif-th, A. S.fifta; jij?em, A. S.JT/- a flail; dimin. of)lagrum, a scourge. See
tine; jif-ty, A. S.ft/tig.
Flagellate.
I'iz. (F.-L.) O. F. jix, fixed. - L. l'la.ke, a thin slice. (Scand.) Norw.
jixus, fixed; pp. ofjtgere, to fix.
flak, a slice, an ice-floe; cf. Icel. )lakna,
Fizz. (Scand.) Imitative; cf. Ice!. )lagna, to flake off, Swed. }laga, a flake.
jtsa, Dan.jise, with the sense of L.peder~. Perhaps allied to Flay.
l'labby j weakened form of)lappy; see l'lambeau. (F. - L. ) F. )lamloeau, a
Flap. Cf. Low G .)labbe, a hanging lip; torch; dimin. of O. F. )la1llb~ (bel ow).
jlabbsig, flabby (Danneil).
flame, sb. ( F. - L. ) O. F . )lame,
l'laccid. (F. - L. ) F. Jlaccide. - L . )lamme; also flambe . - L. Jlamma \*)lag}laccidus , limp. - L. )laccttS, fla bby.
ma ?), a flame; perhaps from the base
l'la.g ( I ), to droop, grow weary. (E.) )lag-, to bum. See Flagrant.
Weakened form of )lack, to hang loosely; l'lamen. (L. ) L. )lii11len, a priest of
M. E. )lakken, to flap about. From the R ome.
Prob. for *)lag- mm, he who
base )lac- of A. S. )lac or, fl ying, roving. hums the sacrifice; cf. )lagrare, to bum.
+Ic.el. )lakka, to rove ; )laka, to flap; Or else allied to Goth. "lotan, to sacrifice.
)ldkra,. jiogra, Dan. )lagre, to flutter; C. l'lamingo. (Span. - Provo - L.) Span.
)lackern , to flutter. All from the imitative flamenco, a flamingo; but said to be a
base )lak-, allied to )lap, flicker. And Provens:al word; the Provo form is
partly from,o. F.Jlaquir, to be limp; from Jlam~nc, where the suffix -enc is supposed
O. F.Jlaqtle, limp, L.)laccus.
to be an adaptati on of the Tent. suffix
fla,g ( 2), an ensign. (Scand.1) Dan . -it/g. The F .form is)la11lant, lit. ' flaming,'
)lag, Swed. flagg, a flag; from base of but it seems to have been confused with F.
Icel.)logra, to flutter (above).
Flamand, a Flemi"g, whence the peculiar
flag (3) , a reed; the same word as)lag form of the Provo form may have arisen;
(2) ; trom its waving in the wind.
Palsgrave has ' Flemmyng, )laIll11la1lt.'
18 7

FLANGE

FLEDGE

Still, the etymology is certainly from L. Fla.unt, to display ostentatiously.

jlalllllltl , a flame; from the flame like (Unknown. ) It seems to have been parcol our of the bird.
ticularly used of the display of fluttering
Fla.nge, a projecting rim. (F.- Teut.) plumes, &c. Of unknown origin; most
The same as prov o E.jland" a projection; words in -atmt are French. Somewhat
d . jland, in heraldry, an ordinary on each similar is Swed. dial. jlankt, flutteringly,
side (or flan k) of the shield. - O. F. jlanehe loosely, from jlanka, to waver; perhaps
(A F.jlanke\, fern. sb. allied to F.jlaJu, allied to jlaMa, to waver, answering to
~ id e.
See belolv.
I Yr. E.jlakken: see Flag ( r).
flank, the side. (F.-Teut.) M.E. I Flavour. (. - L .) The form seems
jlalle. - F. jlane, side. - O. H. G . Man e"a, to have been influenced by that of the
lanka, hip, bend , loin; d. Mid. Dn. 'de word savour. O. Lowl. Sc. jlewoure,
Laneke, t he flancks;' Hexham. Allied jle7.oer. - O. F. jleur, jleiur, jlattr, smell.
to A. S. Mane, slender ; see Lank. (Dis- C I. Ital. fiatore, a bad odour; answering
puted; but probable; see Kluge, S. V . to Late L. acc. *jliitorem. - L. jliitus, pp.
Gelmk.)
ofjlare, to blow. (Korting, 3316. )
Flannel. (W .) Provo E. jlannen, a Flaw, a crack. (Scand.) M. E. jlawe.
bell er form. - \"1. g1.Olanen, fl annel , from - Swed. jlaga, a crack, flaw, also a flake;
gwlan, wool. All ied to Wool.
see Flake. Cf. provo E. jlaw, a flake
Flap, to beat with the wings. (E. ) (as of snow); also, a gust of wind , like
M. E. jlappm, to beat; not in A. S. Du. vlaag.
E. Fries.jlappm. Imitative ; likejlaek, to Flawn, akind of custard. (F. -O.H G.)
beat; see FIl\g ( I '. + Du.jlappm, to flap . M . E.jlamt. - F.jlan, O. F.jla01t, a f1awn;
Der. jlablry ,f1appy) ; jlap, sb .
(cf. Span. jlaon, Ita\. fiadone ). - 0. H. G.
Flare; see below.
.flado, a broad flat cake; G. jladeJt.
Flash, to blaze. (E .) M. E. jlase"m, Allied to Gr. ,,"aT';~ , broad .
to dash ; cf. Swed. dial. jlasa, to burn Flax, a plant. I E. ) A . S. jleax. + Du.
violently; Icel.jlasa , to rush, jlas, a swift vIas, G . jladLS. Perhaps all ied to Goth.
rushing.
jlall-ta , a plaiting, Gk. ""'''-<lV , to weave.
flare. \Scand .) Norweg. jlara, to Flay, to stri p off skin. ( E. ) M. E .
blaze; apparently a variant of Swed. dial. l jlea1l . A. S. jlean, to Ilay. + lcel. jlii, pt .
.flasa (above).
t . jlo, pp. jlegill1l.
T eut. type *jla"anFlask. (Late L. '1 ) A . S. jlaue, J1axe; i ( pt. t. *jlol,) , to strike. Cognate with L ith.
\V ~ also find Icel.Jlaska, Dan.jlaske, Swt!d . . p laki!, 1 strike; cf. Lat. p l{iga, a stroke .
.flaska, G.jlaselle; but it is hardly a Tcut. See Plague. 13rugm. i. 569.
word. - Late L. jlasca, a fla sk; cf. also Flea. (E.) M. E.jl~e, pl..fiem. A. S.
W.J1lasg , Gael.jlasl[ (from E. 1- Remoter jlea", a flea. + Du. vloo, Icel. .fio, G. jloll.
origin uncertain. See Flagon.
Tent. base *jlaull -, or perhaps *fIatt".,
Fla.t. (Scand.) M. E. jlat. - Icel. jlatr, allied to the vcrb to.flee . See Flee.
Swed. flat, Dan. jlad.
Fleam, a kind oflancet. (F. -L. - Gk .)
Fla.tter. (F. - Teut.; or Eo ) M. E. O. F. jlieme, F. jlamme, a fleam; Hamil
.fiaterell, a frequentative form. Either, ton. - Late L. jletoma, a lancet (Vocab.
with suffix -e,--, from O. F .. flat- cr, mod. F . 400. It ) ; shortened from Latc L. jlevojlatter, to flatter; or formed from an E. tOlJlum, pMeboto1ltlt1Jl, a lancet. - Gk.
base J1at-, of imitative origin; cf. M. Du. </,"<{JoT6p.ov, a lancet. - Gk . <f>"<{Jo-, dec!.
.fiatt<frm. to flatter (H exham ) from O. F. stem of <f>"'''', a vein; TOP.- , o-grade of
.fiater, which is from Icel.jlatr, flat; from Tlp.v<lV, to cut. Hence also M. H. G.
the notion of making smooth. Cf. the base jliedeme, G.jliete, Du. vlijm, a Aeam .
.flak-, seen in M. SlVed . .fieekra., to flatter, Fleck, a spot. tScand . ) M. E. jlek. SweeJ. dial. jleka, to caress; also M. E . Icel. .fiekkr, a spot; jlekka, to stain; Swed .
.flakkm , to move to and fro, and G. jlac/t, jliick, a spot. + Du. vlek, G.jleek .
flat; see Flag ( I ) . The sb. jlattery is Flection; see Flexible.
plainly adapted from O. F. jlaterie, F. Fledge, to be furnished with feathers.
jlat/erie.
(E.) The pp. jledged is now used in the
Flatulent, windy. (F . -L.) M. F.jla- place of M. E. jlegge, adj. , ready to fl y.
tlllmt. _ Late L. jlatu/mtus. _ L. jlatus, Flegge is a Kentish form of M. E. jlygge,
breath. -L. jilin, to blow ; sec Blow ( I ). ready to By. From A. S. *jlycge; found
ISS

FLEE

FLIPPANT

in the compound zmjlycge, as in' inplumes, jlexibilis, easily bent. - L. jlexus, pp. of
nnfligge,' Academy, 2 June, x894 (Napier). jleclere, to bend. D er. in jlexible.
E. Fries. jliigge. + Du. vlug (M. Du.
:8.ection, a bending . eL. l Better
vlugge) ; O . H . G. jlucchi. Tent. type jlexion ; from L. ace. jle.riihulIl, a bend*jlugjoz, adj.; from *jlug-, weak grade of ing. - L. jlexus , pp. of jlectere. So also
*jleugan-, to fly . See Fly.
jlex-or,jlex-tt.-e. (Cf. F.jlexi01I. )
Flee, to escape. (E. ) M. E .jlem, pt. t. Flick, a light hlow. (E. ) Imitative;
jleh ,jleih . [The M. E. pt. t. also appears cf.jlip. E. Frics.jlik, a flick; jlikjlakkm,
as jledde, whence mod . E. jled, of Scand . to strike lightl y.
origin.] A. S.jle011 (pt. t.jleah).+ O. Sax. Flicker, to flu tter. (E.) M.Ejlikerm.
jliohan, G. jliehen; also I ce! . jljija ( pt. t. - A. S .jlicoria11, to flutter. Imitative; a
jlo, also jljiJa ) ; Swed. jly (pt. t. jl)'dde) ; weakened form ofjlacker, frequent. of M. E.
Goth. thliuhan. Teut. type *tllieuhan- jlakkm, to flap about. Cf. A. S. jlacor,
(pt. t. t/dauh ) ; so thatjlwas orig. thl, and adj., flying; G.jlackern, to flutter. See
there was 110 orig. connexion with the Flag ( x) .
verb to jly. which has from an early date Flight, act of fl ying. (E. ) A. S.jlyht,
been con fu sed with it.
allied to jlyge , fligbt. + S wed . jlykt, G.
Fleece. (E.) M. E.jlees. A. S.jleos, jlucht, Du. v!ucht. Teut. *jlttllti- ; from
earlierjlius; alsojljs. + Du. vlies, M.H.G. jlug-, weak grade of *j!wgan-, to fly. See
vljlls; cf. G.jliess; also G.jlalls, a woollen F ly.
coat, M. H. G. vliis, a sheep-sk in. Tent.
Flimsy, weak , slight. ( E. ) Modern;
stems *jleusi-, *j!euso-, jliiso-; possibly first recorded in 170 2 (Kersey). Prob.
imitative, and suggested byjilm; note E.
allied to L.pliima. See Plume.
Fleer, to mock. (Scand.) M. E. Fries.jlem,jlim, a fi lm; Dan. d ial.jle1Jls,
jlerim. - Norw. jlira, to titter, giggle; jlims, a skim on milk . 'For the en ding,
also spelt jlisa; Dan. dial. jli,'e, to jeer; d. tipsy, bumpsy; also limps)" given by
Swed jlissa, to titter.
Webster as a U. S. synonym of jlimsy' ;
Fleet ( I ), a nnmber of sh ips. (E.) N. E. D.
M. E. jlete, jleote. A S.jleot, a ship; or Flinch. (F. - Tent. 1)
XVI cent. (collectively) a number of ships. - A. S. O. F. jlmchir, jlainchir, jlecltir, to turn
./flotan, to float. + O. Sax. jliotan, Du. aside , bend. Of unknown origin ; perhaps
vlieten, to flow; O. H. G . jliozzan, to from O . H . G. *hlmca'l, answering to G.
float, flow, G. jliessell, to flow ; Ice!. lenke1t, to turn, bend. The G. lenke11 is
jlfti1a, Swed. jlyta, Dan. jlyde. Teut. from O. H . G . Ma1tea , the side (Kluge) ;
*j!eulan- ( pt. t. jlaut, pp. jlutanoz) ; Idg. see F lank, Flange. ~ The initia l Jl
base *pleud, as in Lith. pliidis, a float of would then be accounted for precisely as
a fishing-net. (-v'PLEU. ) Cf. Gk . 1TAEfLV, in the case ofjlank, viz. from O. H. G. M.
to sail, Skt. pitt, prtt, to swim , float, Cf. L ink (1).
flow.
Fling. (Scand.) Cf. Swed. jliillga, to
:8.eet (2) , a creek . (E.) A. S. jleot, a use violent action, romp, race aLollt; i
creek, a place where water flows; jleote, jlii1tg, at fu ll speed (taking olle's fling ) ;
a st ream . - A. S. jleotan, to float , swim ; M. Swed. jlmga , to strike; Ice!.jleugja ,
see F leet ( 1). Cf. O. F ries. jlet, stream. to whip; Dan. jlmge, to slash; i jlmg,
:8.eet (3), swift. (E.) Cf. A. S .jliotig , indiscriminately. Th ese forms presuppose
swift; Ice!. jljotr, swift. From the ver b; a strong verb *jlil1go , which the E. form
perhaps represents.
see Fleet ( 1).
:8.eet (4), vb., to move swiftly. ( E.) Flint. (E. ) A . S. jli1It. + Dan . jli1tt;
From A. S.jleotan; see Fleet (1 ).
Swed. jli1tta. Perhaps cognate with Gk.
Flesh. (E.) M. E./leseh . A. S. jlrfse, 1TA'v6o~, a brick . l:Irllgm. i. 5i5, 704A e~h .
Ice!. jlesk; bacoll ; Dan . jlesk, Flip ( I ) , vb. , to fill ip, jerk light ly. (E. )
Sweet jliisJ:, bacon; Du. vlusrh; G . Of imitative origin, likejlick. C[ Flap.
jleisch . Teut. type *j!aiskoz, n.
Flip (2), a mixture of l>eer and spirit
Fleur-de-lis, tl ower of the lily. with sugar, heated. (E.) Prob. fromjlip,
( F. - L. ) O.F.jleur de lis. Here lis= to beat up. Moisy (D iet. of Norman
Late L. liliw , corrupt form of L. lilium, patois) spells it phlippe, as if from F.
a lily; see Flower anel Lily.
P hilippe; but wrongly.
Flezible. (F. - 1.. ) M. F. Jlexible. - L. Flippa.nt. (Scanel.) FlipjJant is for
x89

FLIRT
fiippmld, the North. M. E. pres. pt.; jlip
pa1ld = prattling, saucy. Or else, the suffix
allt imitates the French (heraldic) suffix
in ramp-a'lt,&c. Cf. provoE.jlip, nimble,
fli ppant j from the base jlip-, as in Icel.
jleipa, to prattle j Swed. dial. jlepa, to

FLOUNDER
jloralis, belonging to Flora, goddess of
Rowers. - L. jlor-, as the stem of jlos,
a flower j cf. jlorere, to Rourish, allied to

Blow \2 ) and Bloom.

1l0nd. (L.) L. jloridus, lit. abounding with flowers j hence, rosy. - L. jlori-,
talk nonsense j cr. Swed. dial.jllp, the lip. decl. stem ofjlos, a fl ower (above).
Flirt. (E.) Often writtenjlurt, mean1l0rin, a coin. (F. -ltal.-L.) M. E.
ing to mock , gibe, scorn; the oldest sense jlorell (aboot A. D. 1303). - 0. F.jlori1I, a
of jlirt was to jerk lightly away. Of fl orin. - I tal. fiorillO (=jlorino), a coin of
imitative origin j cf. jlip, jlick. So also Florence, so called because it bore a lily,
E. Fries.jlirr,jlirt, a light blow j jlirtje, the symbol of that town. - Ital. fiore, a
flower. - L.jlorem, acc. ofjlos, a flower.
a giddy girl.
Flit, to remove from place to place. 1l0scule. (L.) L. jloreulus, a little
(Scane!.) M. E. jlitlm. - Icel. jlytjll , to Rower j double dimin. of jlos.
~use to flit j Swed. jlytta, to flit, remove;
Floss, rough silk j as in jloss-silk.
Dan. jlytte j causal of Icel. jljota, Swed. (F. - L.) From M. F. jlosclll! j Cot. has:
jly/a, Dan.jlyde, to Roat. See Fleet ( I ), 'soye jlosche, sleave silke.' [So also Ital.
Float.
jloscio, Venetian flosso, soft, weak j jloscia
Flitch, side of bacon. (E. ) M. E. seta, fl oss-silk.] An adj . formation from
jlicche. A. S.jlieee. +lcei. jlikki, a flitch; O. F.jlocher, to form into' flocks' or tufts.
jlik, a Rap, tatter. Perhaps allied to G. - F.jloe j see Flock (2) .
jlick-, a patch j and to E. Fleck.
Flotilla. (Span. - T eut. ) Span. jlo1'10at, to swim on a liquid surface. tilla, a little fleet ; dim in. ofjlo/a, a Reet,
(E.) M. E. jlo/en, jlotien. A . 9. jlotiall . cognate with O. F. jlote, a fl eet of ships,
+Icel.jlota, Du. vloltm . Teut. *.flutojan-, a crowd of people. This O. F.jlote (fern.),
wk. vb. j from *jIut-, weak grade of *jIeu- F.jlotte (whence G.jlotte) is from a Teut.
tall', to float, whence mod. E. jleet. See source; cr. Du. vloot, Icel. jlo/i, a Reet,
Fleet ( I) . ~ Confused with F. jlotter A. S.jlota, a ship. From the base *.flut- j
(0. F. jlo/er), to float, from the same see Float. Cf. M. E.jlote, a Reet. (Kiirting, 3349.)
Teut. base *jIut-.
1'10ck ( I ).' a company of sheer, &c.
1l0tsam, goods lost in shipwreck, and
(E .) M. E.jlok. A. S.jlocc. +lcel.jlokkr, Roating on the waves. (Law F.-E.) An
Dan.jlok, Swed .jlock.
A. F. law-term, formerly jlotson (Blount).
1'10ck (2) , a lock of wool. (F . -L.) A. F. jlo/cson; O . F. jlo/aison, a flooding
of fields (Godefroy). - Low L. type *.flotO. F . jloe. - L. jloccus, a lock of wool.
1'10e, a flake of ice. (Dan.) Dan. tiitio1zem, from *jIottiire, to float, to fl ood
jlage j as in iisjlage, an ice-Roe, lit. 'ice (F. jlotter). From the Teut. base *.flut- (as
fl ake.' Cf. Norw. isJlak, isJlok, the same. above). Cf. .Jetsam.
See Flake.
1'10unce ( 1), to plunge about . (E.)
1'10g, to beat. (L.?) A late word j and Cf. Swed. dia l. and M. Swed. jluma, to
(in 1676 ) a cant term . C f. jlack j or pro- plunge. Of imitative origin.
bably suggested by 'pagellate, q. v.
Cf. Flounce ( 2), a plaited border on a
L ow G.jlogger, a Rair, variant of G.jlegel, dress. (F. -L.?) Changed from M. E.
a flail, from Late L.jlagellum, a flail; see .frounee, a plait. - O. F ..fronser,.froncer, to
Flail.
gather, plait, wrinkle j .fromer le.front, to
1'100d. (E.) A. S. jlOd, a flood j from knit or wrinkle the forehead. Prob. from
jliiwan, to flow. + Du. vloed, Icel. jlolJ, Late L. *./rontiiire, not found, but reguSwed. Dan. jlod, Goth. jlM"s, a river, G. larly formen from .fronti, dec!. stem of
jluth. Teut. *jIo-lJuz, act of flowing , also .from. forehead j see Front. (K iirting,
a Rood j from Teut. base *.flo- j see Flow. 3477. )
Floor. (E.) A. S. jlor .+Dn. vloer, G . Flounder (1) , to flounce about. (E.)
jlur. Teut. *.flOruz j cognate with W. XVI cent. An imitative word j perhaps
Ilawr, Uret. leur, Irish lar. I dg. plarus, suggested by jlounce ( 1) and jlood. Cf.
a floor; from pla-, to spread out, whence Du. jlodderm, to dan gle, flap, splash
through mire j Swed.jladdra, to flutter.
also L. pia-nus, plain. See Plain.
1'10ral, pertaiuing to flowers. (L.) L. Flounder (2) , a fish. (F.-Scand.)
190

FLOUR

FLY

A.F. floundre . -O. F. jlondre (in N ormandy).-Swed. flundm, Dan. flynder,

Ice!.fly6ra; E. ~ ries.flullder.
Flour, finer part of meal. (F. ~L.)
Short for' flower of wheat.' - F. fleur,
short forjleur dcfa rine, fl our; see Flower
below (which is a doublet).
flourish, vb. (F. -L. ) M. E. jlorisshm - 0. F. jloriss-, stem of pres. pt. of
flori,., to flou rish . - FolkL. jlori,'c, for
L. jloren, to blossom ; cf. L. jloresare,
i ncepti ve fo rm ofjlo,ere. See Floral.
Flout, to mock . (F.) Prob. from M. E.
floutm, to play the tl ute. Similarly, M. Du.
jluytm (D u. flu iten ), to pby the flute,
also had once the meaning' to mock, jeer';
Oudemans. See Flute.
Flow, to stream. (E.) M. E. flowen ;
A . S.jlowall , pt. t.jleow ; cf. Du. vloeijm,
to flow; Icel.jloa, to fl ood. Teut. base
*jio.; cognate with Gk . 1T,,"WflV , to fl oa t.
See Flood.
Flower, sb. (F. - L. ) M . E. jlour. O. F . jlour (F. flellr ). - L. jlorelll, acc. of
flos, a flower. See Floral.
Fluctuate, to waver. (L. ) From pp.
of jludulin, to float about. - L. jluetttS, a
wave. -L. flu ctllS, old pp. of fluere, to
1I 0w.
Flue ( I ~ , a chimney-pipe . (F. - L. 1)
Of doubtful origin . [Flue, in Phaer's
Virgil, x. 209, is prob. a misprint for
flute.] Prob. from M. E. flum , to fl ow,
as the p ipe conducts the fl ow of the sm oke;
'To flu e, jluere ,' Cath. Angl. - F. jluer,
'to Row, glide; ' Cot. - L. flu ere, to flow.
Flue ( 2), light, floating down. (E. 1)
Cr. provo E. jluff, lI ue. Perhaps a de ri
vative of the verb Fly (cf. A. S. pt. t. pI.
flttg.ont We find LolV G.jlo.'{, E. Fries.
jliig, jlog, lIue ; cf. G.jlug, Right.
Fluent. (L. ) From stem of pres. pt.
of L.l..uere, to Row.
.
flmd. (F. - L. ) O. F. fllltde. - L.
fluidus , flowing. - L.jluert , to fl ow.
Fluke ( I ), a fish. (E. ) M. E. jloke,
jluke. A. S. jloe, a kind of plaice +I cel.
floki, a kind of halibut. Lit. ' Ra t' tish.
The base *jioc is the strong grade of T eut.
*jiac. , as seen in G.flach, Rat.
Fluke ( 2) , part of an anchor. (E.?)
Also spcltjlook . Perhaps' the flat' end;
and the same word as jluke (1). Apparently distinct from G.jlunke, the hook of
an anch or.
Flummery, a light food. ( W. ) W.
llymru , llymruwd, flummery, sour oat

meal boiled and jellied. Cf. W. llymus ,

shnrp, tnrt.
Flunkey, a footman. (F. - O . H . G.)
Modem . Low!. Sc. flunkie, a servant in
li very. Apparently fwm F. flanqmur, a
scout (see Flanker in N . E. n.). - F. jlanquer, ' to flank, to be at one's elbow for
a hel p at need; ' Cot . - F. jlanc, side;
see Flonk.
Fluor, Fluor-spa.r, 'a mineral. (L.)
The L. jluor , lit. a tlo \\ing) was fonnerly
in use ns a tum in alchemy and cbemistry .
- l..jlllere, to flow .
Flurry, hurry. (E .) Swift hasjlurry,
a gust of wind. From jlun, to whirr
(N. E. D. ). I mitative; cr. Swed. dial.
flurig, disordered (as hair) ; jlu,', disordered hair , whim ; Norweg. jlumtt,
shaj:.:gy, disordered. And cf. E.jlutter.
Flush ( I ) , to inundate. (E .) Apparen tly of imitative origin; cf. flush , to fly
up quick ly (N. E. D.). Perhaps influenced
by J<. flux, 'a flow ing, a flux; also, ajlusll
at cares; ' Cot. See Flux. Cfjlwcll, a
pool of water (G . Dmlglas) ; M. Du .jluy
sm, to gllSh or break out violently (H e)C.
ham ) ; Dan. di al. jluse, to gush out.
Flush ( 2), to blusb , to redden . (E.)
XVIII cent. Perhaps thesame ns Flush ( I) ,
but much influenced by Flash. Cf Swed.
dial. jlossa. to bum, flare; Norwtg. jlosa,
passion , whemence . And see Fluster.
Flush (3) , level. (E. 1) This is a
derived sense; it mean t in full 1I0w ,
abundantly full; hence, level. From
Flush ( I) .
Fluster, to heat with drinking , con fu se. (Scanel.) l cel. jlaustra, to be flus tered; jlllustr, lIuster, hurry ; cf. E. Fries.
jliistern,jlustern, to nlstle (as wind). Cf.
Flush (2) and Flash.
Flute, a musical pipe. (F.) M . E.
flowte, jloite . - O. F.jla1lte ,fleute,jlahute,
fle/ztlte, a Rute (mod. F. jllt/e). Provo
jlattta. Of uncertain origin. Th ejl may
have been suggested by L.jliire, to blow.
Flutter, to fl ap the wings. (E.) M. E .
jloterm , to lIu ctuate. A. S. jlotorian , to
Roat a bout; cf. A. S. flot , the sea; jlo/a,
a ship. - A . S. jlot- , stem of jlot-m, pp. of
jleotan, to 1I0at. Cf. E. Fries. jlt/ltem.
Flux. (F . - L.) O . F. jlux, a flux . L. fliixum, ace. of jlt/xus, a fl owing;
from the pp. ofjlu en , to flow.
Fly ( I), to Roat in air. (E. ) M. E .
jlejC1: ,fli,etz. A. S.jllogall; pt. t . fleah;
pp.flogen .+ Du . v/iegm, Ic pl.Jljiiga, Dan.

19 1

FLY

FOLLOW

j!yve, Swed. jiyga, G. jiiegm. Teut. type

"Jieugr:n-. Cf. L. pliima, a feather.
(.vPLEUGH.) Not allied to Flee. Der.
jiy, an insect, A. S. jieoge,jifge; G.jliege.
Ply (l), a vehicle. (I<:.) A name given
to a kind of four-wheeled vehicle drawn
by men at Brighton, in 1816. Calledjiycoach in 1818 (Scott, Heart MidI. ch. I ).
Fromjiy, vb. See above.
Foal. (E.) M. E.fole, A. S.fola.+Dn.
veulm, Icel. foli, Dan. fole , Swed. fl1le,
Goth. fil la, G. fohlen. T ent. *./ulon ..
Cognate with L. pullus, young of an
animal; Gk. ""'AO~.
Foa.m. (E.) M. E. fome. A. S. /tim.
+Prov. G. faim; O. H. G. feim . Teut.
*[ailllo-. Cognate with Russ. pima, foam;
Skt. phina, foam; and prob. with Lat.
s)n'ma (for spoima), foam , and Lat. pzj11lex, pumice. Allied to Spume.
Fob, watch-pocket. (0 . Low G.) An
O. Low G. word, only preserved in the
cognate H. G. (Prussian)fuppe, a pocket;
for which see Bremen Wort. i. 437.
Focus, a point where light-rays meet.
(L.) L . foms, a hearth; hence, a centre
of fire.
Fodder, food for cattle. (E). M. E.
fodder. A. S. fodor, flddor; extended
form offMa, food.+Du . voeder, Icel.foeYr,
]i)an. Swed. foder, G.ft~tfer. Teut. type
*[Odrom. neut. Allied to Food, q: v. .
Foe. (E.) M.E. foo. A.S.jizh, adj.
hostile. Teut. type *faihoz; Idg. *poiqos
(whence Irish oech , a foe, with loss of
P). From the weak grade *piq. we have
Gk. "'Kp6s, bitter, Lith. piktas, unkind.
Brngm. i. 646.
I'aetus ; see Fetus.
Fog. (E.) In several senses; M. E.
fogge is coarse grass'; hence foggy,
mossy, boggy, murky (whence perhaps
the sb. fog, a mist). Origin unknown; cf.
Dan. fog, as in snee-fog, a blinding fall
of snow, fygt, to drift (as snow); but
there is no clear connexion.
Foible, a weak point in character.
(F.-L ) O. F. foibl~, F . faible, weak,
feeble; see Feeble.
Foil ( I), to defeat. (F.-L.) M. E.
foylen, to trample under foot. - O. F.
fo~~ler, to trample on, al so to oppress,
fOIl, over-charge extremely (Cot.) . -Late
L.fulliire, foltire, to full cloth; see Full
(3) Der. foil, a blunt sword, for practice
in foiling, i. e. parrying ; foil, a defeat.
Foil I. ~), a set-off, as in setting a gem.

(F. -L.) M. F. {mille, a leaf, also the

foyle of precious stones,' Cot.; Norman
foille, fern.; cf. Ital. foglia, Span. hoja,
a leaf. -L. folia, pI. of folium, a leaf;
afterwards used as a fern . sing. See
Foliage. Also O. F. flleil,foil, m.; from
L.folium.
Foin, to thrust with a sword. (F.-L.)
Obsolete. Lit. to thrust with an eelspear or trident.' -0. F. foine, foisne, an
eel-spear. - L . fu schza, a trident, the
weapon used by a retiiirittS, or gladiator
with a net.
FoisOD, plenty. (F.-L. ) O. F.fois01I,
abundance. - Folk-L. fi'tsionem, for L.
(usionem, acc. of fusio, a pouring out,
hence profusion. - L.fiisus, pp. offunder.!,
to pour. See Fuse.
Foist, to palm or put off, to intrude
surreptitiously. (Du.) XVI cent. - D".
vuisten, to tak~ jn the fist or hand; sce
N. E. D. (Low G: viisten, to take in the
hand); hence , to palm' a die, to cheat.
- Du. vllist, fi st; see Fist.
Fold ( I), to double together. ( E.) M. E.
f oltim, O. Mere. falda1t, A. S . ftaldan (pt.
t.flold), to fold.+Dan.folde, Swed.fdln
(=falda ), Icel. falda , Goth. falthan . G .
falten. Teut. type "'/altn.a1t-. Allied to Gk.
a'-"Aau,os, doubled; "AaUUE'V, to form,
mould. See Plaster. Der. fold, sb.,
a plait; -fold, suffix, as in two-fold, &c. ,
Fold (2 ), a pen for sheep. (E.) A.!:i.
fald, also falod, falud. Not connected
with f old ( I ) , but with Dan. fold, a sheeppen; Du. vaalt, a dung-pit; Low G.faal.
I'olia.ge, a duster of leaves. (F. - L.)
Modified from M. F.fueillage, from M. F.
fueille , a leaf. - L. folia, pI. of folium , a
leaf; used as fern. sing. + Gk. </>{,UOV,
leaf. Cf. Foil (2).
folio. (L.) From the L. phr. i1tfOlio,
where folio is the abl. of folium, a leaf,
sheet.
Folk, a crowd of people. (E. ) A. S.
folc.+lcel. folk, Dan. Swed. folk ; Du. G .
volk. Teut. t ype >folkom, neut. ~ Lithuan.
pllikas, a crowd, Russ. polk', an army,
were probably borrowed (at an early date)
from T elltonic.
Follicle, seed-vessel. (F . - L. ) F.
follicule, little bag. _ L. folliClllus, double
dimin. off ollis, a bag.
Follow. (E.) M. E. folwen . A. S.
folgian , also fylgan, weak \'erb, to follow.
+ 0. Fries. folgia, fulia, O. Sax. folgm,
Du. volgen; Icel.fyl.fja, Dan . folge, Swed.

19 l

FOLLY

FORBEAR

fllja; G. folgen. We also find A. S.ful. ped-is); Gk . ..OV~ (JEolic If&ls), foot (gen.
gangan, (pt. t. ful-iode), with the same ..o~6~), Iff'cS~ (="f6y6~) , on foot; ~kt.
sense, bnt derived from A. S.ful, full, and pad, a foot (gen. pad-as). Cf. Fetter,
gangan, to go; and, in like manner, Fetlock, Fetch. Brugm. i. 578.
O. H. G. follegan. Henee the orig. sense Pooty, paltry, mean. (E.) A variant
was, perhaps, 'to go in full numbers,' to offoughry,musty(N.E.D.). Orig.'damp;'
go in a crowd, to accompany; and it is a from A. S.fuht, damp, with suffix -y.+Du.
derivative of Teut. *julloz, full. See Full. voehtig, damp; Swed .fuRtig, Dan.fugtig.
Cf. A. S. fylstan. to assist, fultum, assis- Cf. G.feueht, O. H. G. fuhti,fuht. From
tance; also from A. s. full.
a Teut. type *juhtuz, damp; from Teut.
Polb'. (F.-L.) M. E. folye.-O. F. base *jeuR, as iu Icel. /juka, to drift as
folie,f01Iy.-0.Ffol,foolish. SeeFool ( I ). snow or dust, whence also Norw. fUR,
Poment. (F.-L.) M. F.fomenter. - vapour (Franck).
L. fomentiire .-L. fomentttm, short for POp, a coxcomb. (E.) M. E. fop, a
*jouimentum, a warm application, lotion. fool. Cf. Du. foppen, to prate, cheat;
-L.fouere, to warm.
fopper, a wag; fopperij, cheating (=E.
Pond, foolish. (E.) M.E.fond, more foppery). Cf.fobif,todelude (Johnson).
commonly fonn-ed, pp. of fonnen, to be Por (I ), prep. and conj. (E.) Orig.
weak, to act as a fool; from the M. E. sb. a prep. A. S. for, fore, before, for; see
fon, fonne, a fool. The sb. answers to Fore.+Du. vooy, Ice!. fyrir, Dan. for,
O. Fries. famne, fomne, Fries. fone (see Swed. for, G. fur. Cf. L pro, for; Gk.
Hettema), E. Fries.fone,fOn, a maid, girl, -rrpO, before, Ifapa, near.
weakling, simpletou (see ~oolman) . All Por- (2),prefix. (E.) For- has usually
allied to A. S. fiimne, a virgin. Der. an intensive force, or preserves something
fand-Ie, vb.
of the seuse of from, to which it is related.
Pont (I), basin of water. (L.) A. S. (Quite distinct from fore-, though 11ltifont. -L fontem, acc. of fons, a fount. matelyallied to it.) A. S.for-; reel.for-,
See Fount.
Dan.for-, Swed. jor-, Du. ver-, G. ver-,
Pont (2 ),Pount,an assortment oftypes. Goth. fra-, fair-, Skt. para-. The Skt.
(F. -L.) F.fonle, a casting of metals. - para is an old instrumental sing. ofpara-,
F.fandre, to melt. See Found (2).
far;, perha'ps the orig. sense was .' away'
Pood. (E.) M. E. fode. A. S. filda, or forth. Der. for-bear, for.bid, forwhat one eats. The A. S. fod- is the fenti,for-go (misspeltfore-go),for-get.forst-l'ong grade of the base *jad, corresponding give, for-lorn, for-sake, for-swear; see
to Gk. 1raT- in -rraT-EfUIlC1.l, to feed. From Bear, Bid, &c.
the Idg. root Iii-, to feed, whence L . pa- Por- (3),prefix. (F.-L.) Only infornis, bread, pa-bulum, food, and pa-seere, dose (misspelt foredose), for-/eit, which
to feed. See Pasture. Der.fodder; feed. see.
Pool (I), a jester. (F.-L.) M. E. jOl, Po~e, fodder, chiefly obtained by pilsb. and adj. O. F.fol(F.fou), afool.-L. lage. (F.-LowL.- Teut. ) M. E.forage,
follem,acc. offollis,awind-bag; pl.follis, fourage.-O . F. fourage.-O.F.forrer, to
puffed cheeks, whence the term was easily forage.-O. F:jorre (F.jeurre), fodder.transferred to a vain or foolish person; as Low L. jodrum, fodder. - Teut. type
*jodrom, fodder; see Fodder.
in Late L . follis, a fool. Der. be-/ool.
fool (2), a dish of crushed fruit, &c. Poraminated,perforated. (L.) From
(F .-L.) From Fool (I); named like L. foriimin-, stem of foramen, a small
trifle. Florio has: 'Mantiglia, a kind hole. - L.forare, to bore; see Bore.
of clouted creame, called afoole or a trifle Poray, ~orray, a raid for foraging.
in English.'
(F.-LowL.-Tent.) Foray,forrayare
fools-cap, paper so called from the old Lowl. Scotch spellings, with the sense
of 'foraging expedition.' Apparently
water-mark on it.
Poot. (E.) M. E.fof,foot, pI. fetJed. coined from the M. E. forrier, forreyer,
A. S. fol, pI. fit. + Du. voet, Ice!. jOtr, a forager. - O. F. forrier, a forager;
Dan. fod, Swed. fot, Goth. jOtus, G.fuS!. from O. Fforrer, to forage; see Forage.
Tent. type *./ot (consonant-stem), corre- Porbear (I), vb. (E.) From For- (2)
sponding to Idg. type pOd, with the and Bear. A. S. forberan.
variants .Jed, .pod. Cf. L.pes, foot (gen. Porbear (z), ab., an ancestor. (E.)
193

FORJUDGE

FORBID

M. E. ftlrlltar (Wallace). For forebe-tr,

Forejudge (2); see Forjudge.
Foremost. most in front. (E.) A
one who is before. See Fore and Be.
Forbid. (E.) From For- (2 ) and double superl., the old superl. form being
Bid ( 2). A. S.ftlrbeo~n.+Du. verbitden, misunderstood. For M.E.formest, through
secondary influence of most. - A.S.jormest,
Goth. faurbiudan, G. verbieten.
Force ( I) . strength. (F.-L.) M. E. by-form of the regular fyrmest *furforce , fors. - O. F. f orce. -Late L . fortia, mistoz), through the influence of A. S.
strength.-L. forti-, decl. stem offortis, forma, which is cognate with Goth.
strong; O. L.forctis. Allied to Borough. fruma, first, Gk. ."p6.p.or, ."p6p.or, first.
Further allied to Gk. "'pO, before. Brugm.
Brugm. i. 566, 756. Cf. Fort.
Force (2 ), to stuff fowls; see Faroe. i. 518.
Force (3 1, Foss, waterfall. (Scand.) Forensic, belonging to law-courts.
Dan. fos, Swed. fo.s, Icel. flrs, foss. a (L.) Coined from L. formsis , belonging
waterfall.
to the forum. - L. forum, market place,
FODceps, pincers. eL.) L. forceps , meeting-place; orig. a vestibule or doororig. used for holding hot iron ; for *.for- way. Allied to L. fores, doors, and E.
miceps (Vanicek ). - L. for1ll1ls, hot; door.
caperl!, to hold.
forest. (F. - L. ) O. F. forest. - Late
Fo,l-d. (E.) M. E. ford ; also fo rth. L.forestis, free space of hunting-ground;
A. SIf ord, a ford ,passage.+ G.jurt. Teut. foresta, a wood (mecHeval writers oppose
typ;{ *.furduz. From Idg. *par, weak grade the fons /is, open hunting-ground. to the
of ""PER, to go; see Fare. Allied to L. parcus, enclosed park).-L. foris, out of
por/us, a harbour, O. Welsh (p)rit, Welsh doors; adv. allied to L. foris, doors.
rhy-d, a ford, and to frith ; see Frith and Der. forest-er, also forster, foster.
Por~. Brugm. ii. 108.
Forfeit, a thing forfeited or lost by
FOfe, in front, coming first. (E.) A. S. misdeed. ( F. - L.) M. E. foifete; whence
f ore, !for, before, prep. ; fore,foran, before, foifeten, vb. - A. F. forfeit, O. F . forfait,
adv. Du. voor. G. vor, Goth. faura; cf. a crime punishable by fine , a fine; also a
Ice!. fyrir, Dan. f or, Swed. for. Allied pp. of O. F.foifaire,forifaire. to trespass.
to Gk . ."apor, before; Skt. pteras, before, -Late L.foriifactum, a trespass, fine; orig.
in tron t, Skt. pura, form erly. Also to pp. (nent. ) of foriifaare, to trespass. lit.
For- ( I), prefix, q. v. Der. fO"e-arm, 'to do beyond.' - L. foris facere, to do or
-bode, -cast, -castle, -date, -father, -finger, act beyond or abroad; from foris, out
-foot , front, -go (in the sense ' to go of doors; and facere, to do. See Forebefore only), -ground. -hand, -head, olose.
-judge. -know, -land, -lock, -man, -noon, Forfend, Forefend, to avert. (Hyordain, part , -rank, -ru.t, -see, -ship, brid; E. and F. ) M. E. foifmden. An
-sl/orlm , -show, -sight, -stall (A. S. fore- extraordinary compound of E. for-, prefi x,
sleall. sb. lit. 'a position In front ') , -taste, with fend, a familiar abbreviation of de-tell, thought, -token, -tooth, -top, -warn; fend. See For- (2) and Defend; also
all easily understood.
Fend, F enoe.
Foreclose, to preclude, exclude. (F . Forge. (F. -L.) O. F. forge , a work
L.) Better spelt forclose. - O. F . forclos, shop. - Folk-L. *.fall7'ga, for *favrega
pp. of forclorre, to exclude, shut out. - (Schwan) ; for L. fabrica, a workshop.
O. F. foro, from L . foris, outside; and See Fabrio. D er.forge, vb.
dorre , to shut, from L. claudert. See Forget. (E. ) From For- (2) and
Forfeit and Close.
G et. A. S. forgeta1z (E. E. T. ), fo rgita71.
ForeJo, to relinquish; see Forgo.
Du. vergeten, G. vergessen .
. ForeIgn. (F. - L. ). The g is wrongly Forgive. ( E. ) F rom For (2) and
lnse~ed . . M. E. forazne~ foreym . - O. F. Give. A. S. forgifall. + Du. vergeven, G.
foratn , alien, str_ange. - F.olk-L. *foranus; vergeben; Goth . frag-iban, to grant.
for Late L. f ora7Zcus, adj., from L.fortis, Forgo, Forego, to give up. (E.)
out of doors, adv. with acc. pI. form, allied Better f orgo. A. S. forgii11, to pass over.
toL foris, doors; cf. L.forum, a market- From For- ( 2) and Go.
place, a?d E. d o o r . .
Forjudge, to deprive of by a judgeForejudge ( I), to prejudge. From ment. (F. -L.) O. F.forjugier.-Low L.
Fore and Judge.
forisjudj{(ire. _ L. foris, outside : and iUdi-

rt

194

FORK
dire, to
Judge.

FOTHER

and decl. stem of fortis, strong; peare, for

faure, to make.
Fork. (L.) A . S.forea.-L.furea, a fortitude. (F.-L.) F.fortitude.fork. Der. hifureated.
L.fortitUtio, strength. - L. forti-s, strong;
Forlorn, quite lost. (E.) M . E. for- with suffix -tiido.
M. E. forth.
lorn . A. S. forl01-e1l, pp. of forllosc11l, to Forth, forward. (E.)
lose utterly; from foro, prefix, and Ilosan, A. S. for}, adv.; related to fore, beto lose; see For- ( 2) and Lose. So also fore; see Fore. + Du. voort, from voor;
Dan.forl01en, Du. and G. vcr/arm, simi- G. fort, M. H. G. vort, from vor; cf.
larly derived.
Goth. faurthis, further, from faur.a, beForm. (F. - L. ) O. F. forme. - L. fore. Teut. type *fur-)o-; Idg. type *plr.
forma,shape. Brugm.ii. 72. (""DHER.) too. See Further.
~ O. F. forme also means' a bench,' like Fortify, Fortitude; see Fort.
Kform. Der formula .
Fortmght, two weeks. (E.) M . E .
Former, more in front. eE.) Not fourtmight; also fourten night. - M. E.
early; XII cent.; a false formation, to .fourtw, i. e. fourteen; night, old pI., i. e.
suit M . E. formest, i. e. foremost; see nights. A. S. flowertjne niht. So also
Forem08t. Formed by adding er to the semlight=seven night.
base form- of A. S. form.a, first, really a Fortress. (F.-L.) M. E. fortruse.
superl. form, where om is an Idg. superl. - O. F . forteresce, fortelesce. - Late L. forsuffix. Cf. L. pri-mus, first.
talitia, a small fort. - Late L. fortis
Formic, pertaining to ants. (L.) For (domlts) , a fort; L. fortis, strong. See
formic ic; from L.formica, an ant.
Fort. Fortalice.
Formidable, causing fear. (F.-L.) Fortune. (F.-L.) O. F.fortune.-L.
F. formidable. - L. fo rmidiibilis, terrible. fortuna , chance. - L.fortu-, allied toforti-,
-L.for1llidtire, to dread; formido, fear.
dec!. stem of fors, chance; .orig. 'that
Formula, a prescribed form . (L. ) L. which is brought,' or 'an event'; from
fo rmula, dimin. of forma, a form. See ferre, to bring; see Fertile.
Form.
fortuitous. (L. ) L. fortuit-us,
Fornicate. (L.) From pp. of L. for- casual; with suffix -ous. - L. fortu- (as
nicari, to commit lewd ness, seek a brothel. above).
-L.fornic-, base offornix, a vault. arch, Forty; see Four.
brothel. Perhaps allied to Furna.ce; cf. Forward. (E.) M. E.forward. A. S .
O. L. fo rnus, L. furntts, an oven (of foreweard, adj.-A.S.fore, before; weard,
vaulted shape).
suffix ; see Toward. Der. forward-s,
Forsa.ke. (E. ) M. E. forsaken. A. S. M. E . forwardes , where -es is the suffix of
forsacan, to neglect, orig. to contend gen. case, used adverbially. And see
against, or oppose; fromfor-, prefix, and Further.
sacan, to contend, whence the E. sb. sake. Fosse. eF.-L. ) F.fosse. -L.fossa, a
See For- ( 2) and Sake. So also Swed. ditch. - L. fossa, fern. of fossus, pp. of
flrsa ka, Dan.forsage, Du. verzaken.
fodue , to dig. Brugm. i. 166.
Forsooth. (E.) M. E. for sothe, for
fossil, petrified remains obtained by
a truth. A .S. for so~e; where f or = for , digging. (F.-L.) M. F. fossile, 'that
and sotJe is dat. of sotJ, truth; see Sooth. may be digged;' Cot. - L. .fossilis, dug
Forswear. (E.) From For- (2) and uE- - L..fOSS-ttS, pp. of/odere (above) .
Swear. A. S .forswerian.
Fosset, a spigot; see Faucet.
Fort. (F . -L.) O. F.fort , sb., a fort ; Foster, to nourish. (E .) A. S./osl1'ian,
a peculiar use of F. fort , adj., strong. -L. vb. -A.S.fostor, nourishment; Teut. type
ace . .fort-em, from nom. fortis, strong. *fostrom, for *rod-trom, neut.; allied to
See Force.
filda, food.+lcel. fostr , nursing, whence
fortalice,snlall fort. (F.-L.) O. F. fostra, to nurse ; Swed.fostra, Dan.fostre,
fortdesce; Late L. fortalitia; see For- to rear, bring up.
Fother, a load, heavy mass. (E.) A.S.
tre88 (below).
forte, loud. (Ita!.-L.) ltal.forte.- fotJer.+M . Du. voeder, Du. voer; O. H . G.
L. ace. fort-em , strong (above).
fuodar, G.fuder. Teut. type *fO}-rom,n.
fortify. (F. - L. ) O. F. fortifier, to From *fo)., stron, grade of *fa)-; see
make strong. - L. fortifoare. - L. forti-, Fathom.
195
jUdge.

See

Forfeit

FOUL

FRAME

Poul. (E.) M. E./ ott/. A . S . fiil. + Pox. (E.) A. S. lox. Du. vos, G.
Du. vuil, I cel./"'/, Dan. /ulIl, Swed.fill, fuch s. T eut. type *juh-s-. masc. We also
Goth. fills, G. /aul. Teut. type *jii-Ioz ; tind Ice!. fla, Goth. /auho, fern. a vixen;
cf. Ice1./u-inn, rot ten. Akin to Putri d. Teut. type *juha. A connexion with Skt.
puel.cllIla-, 'tail,' is doubtful. Der. vixen.
( PU.) Brugm. i. 113.
foumart, a polecat. (E. ) M. E./ul- q. v.
mart,/ulmard ; comp o of M. E. /ul, fou l
foxglove. (E. ) A.S.foxes glo/a,i.e.
(as above), and A. S. m~artJ, a marten. fox's glove; a fanciful name. Cf. N orw.
See Mar ten.
rrobjol/a, a foxglove; lit. ' fox-bell.'
Pound (1) , to lay the foundati on of. Poy, a parting entertainment, by or to
(F.-L. ) M. E. /oltndm. - O.F./onder. a wayfarer. (Du.-F. ) From Du./oot'
-L./,mdare, to found. -L./tmdus, a (in Hexham,/oy, 'a banquet given by one
bottom, foundation. See Fund. Der. at parting from his frien ds ') . - F./oi, lit.
/ound-ation .
fai th, from L. acc. fidem; cr. Late L.
Pound (2), to cast metals. (F.-L. ) fides, in the sense of 'payment.' (So
O. F./ondre. - L. fzmd~re, to pour, cast Franck .) But rather from F . voie, a way;
metals.
( GHEU. )
See Fuse (1). L. uia . Cf. Voyage.
Der./oltnd-ry , F./ond.erie.
Pra.cas. (F.-Ital.-L.) F./racas, a
Pounder, to go to the bottom. (F .- crash. - F . /racasser, to shatter. - Ita!'
L. ) M. E./ou1ldrim, said of a horse fall- /racassare, to break in pieces. - lta!./ra,
ing. - O. F . /o1tdrer, chiefly in compo prep., among , and cassare, to break: (imia/ondrer (obsolete), ~.ffimdre,, to fall in tated from L. i"terrumpere). ItaJ./ra is
(still in use); orig. to sink in . - F./ond, from L. infra, below. Cassare=L. quasbottom. - L./ulldus, bottom. See Found sare , to shatter; see Q uash .
Pra.ction. (F. - L. ) F./raction . - L.
(1).
Poundling, a deserted child . (E. ) acc . /ractiOtum, a breaking. - L./ractus,
M. E./tmdling; formed with suffi x -I-ing pp. of /rattgere, to brenk. Cognate with
from A. S. /und-, weak grade of findan, break; see Break.
to find. + Du. vondeling. See Find.
fracture. (F . - L ) O. F./racture.
Pount (1), a spring. (F. -L.) Formed, - L./ractura, a breach. - L . /ractJlS, pp.
by analogy with mount, from F. /ont. - L. of/ra1Jgere, to break.
/ontem , ace. of /o,zs, a fOlmt ain. Der . Fractious, peevish. CE.; and F. -L.)
/o utzt-ain , O. F./ontaim, Late L./on- A prov. E.word,asiffrom North .E./ratch,
Nina.
to sq uabble, chide; the same as M. E.
Pount (2), Pont, an assortment of /racchm , to creak as a cart. But it also
types. (F. -L.) O. F./onte, a casting- of occurs (in 1705) in the sense of refractory,
metals. - 0 . F . /ondre, to cast.-L. /1111- being fo rmed from /"action , in the sense
dere , to pour, cast metal s. See Found ( 2). of' dissension,' a sense now obsolete; see
Pour. (E .) M. E./eowllr,jower,/our. N. E. D. See Fraction.
A. S. jeower. + Ice\. }jorir, Dan. fire, Fr~e. (F . - L.) F. /ragile. - L.
Swed. lyra, D u. vi~,., Goth. fidwor, G. /ragilzs, easily broken. - L./rag. , base of
vier; also W. p~dwar, Gael. ceithir, O. /rangere, to break.
See Fraction.
Irish cethir, L. qua/uDr, Gk. Tf TTapu , Doublet, /rail.
TitftfapH , ""tfIlPU , Russ. chetvero, Lith.
fragment. (F. - L.) F . /ragm~nt .
pcturi, Pers. (hehar, Skt. chatvaras. Idg. L./ragmentum , a broken piece. - L./rag- .
type, "'qetwer-. Der.fou~-th, A. S. jeor)a ; base of/rang~re; with suffix -mentum.
Jour-teen, A. S. /bnv~rl~m; /or-ty , A. S. l'ragrant. (F. -L.) F. /ragrant._
fiowertig.
L./ragrant~m , acc. of /ragrans, pres. pt.
Powl. (E. ) M. E./oul, A. S./ugol, a ofragrar~ , to emit an odour.
.
bird.+Du. vogel, Ice!. /ugl. Dan. {ugl, Prail. (F . -L.) M. E./retl./r~yl.
Swed. /ogel, Goth. /ug/s, G. vog~/. Teut. O. F. /raile, brittle. - L./rngi/em, ace. of
type *jug/oz, rnase.; prob. for *jiugloz, by /rtlgilis; see Fragile.
dissimilation; the form jluglas, pI. occurs Frame, to constrnct. (E.) M. E. /rain Matt. xiii . 33 (Rush worth gloss), and mien; also /remien. A. S ./ramian. to
cf. the adj . jlugo/, tlying. From *jiug., be profitable, avail; cf. also /remien,
weak grade of Teut. "'JIeug-an ., to fl y. /ronman, to promote, effect. do, lit. to
See FUCleman and Fly. Brugm. i. 491. further. - A. S. .f,:am, strong, good, ht.
I~

FRAMPOLD

FRECKLE

forward; cf.fram, prep., from, away; see

From.
Icel. frama, fre11lja, to further,
from framr, adj., for ward, fram, adv. ,
forward, allied tofra, from. Cf. G.jr011l1ll,
good. Der./rame, sb.
F rampold, quarrelsome. (Low G.)
Obsolete. Also/rampald,frompall. Allied
to provo E. rantipole, a romping child. Cf.
E. F ries. frantc-pot, wrmtte-pot, a peevish
man; M. Du. ~lJrallten , to chide, Dan.
vrante, to be peevish, vra1tten, peevish.
Cf. also D an. vramptt, warped ; L ow G.
wrampachtigh, morose (LUbben); E. Fries.
fralttm, wra1ttm, to be cross. Note also
Sc. frampl!, to disorder, and E. frttmp.
Tbe second element is prob. from E. poll,
head.
Fra.nc,aFrench coin. (F.-G.) M. E.
frank. -O.F. franc ; said to be short for
Francorllm Rex (on a coin of 1360) . See
Frank.
franchise. (F. - G. ) M. E. fraltti,lse. - O. F . frallchise, privileged liberty.
- O. F . francltis-, stem of pres. pt. of
frallchir, to free. - O. F. franc , free; sec
Frank. D er. dis-frallchise, m:frallchise.
Fra.ngible. (L.) Late L. frmlgibilis,
breakabfe; a coined word, - L. / ra1lgere ,
to break. See Fraction.
Franion, a dissolute person. (F. - L. )
O. F. fraip tant, one who infringes (law) ;
pres. pt. of fra indre, to break, hence to
in fringe. - L. fra1tgere, to break. See
Fragile.
Frank, free. (F. -Low L.-O. H. G.)
O. F. franc. - Low L. fra/lcus, free;
orig. a Frank. - O. H. G. frallko , a Frank;
perhaps named from a weapon; cf. A. S.
f r01tCa, a javelin. The Frallks were a
Germanic people.
frankalmoign, the name of the
tenure by which most church-lands are
held. (F. - O. H. G. ami L. - Gk.) Lit.
'free alms.' -F. fra1tc, free; Anglo-F.
almoille=O. F. almos1te, alms. See Frank
and Almoner.
fra.nkincense. (F. - G. a1ld L.)
O. F. franc enalts, pure incense; see
Frank (above) and Incense.
fra.nklin, a freeholder. (F. - G .)
M. E. frankdt!i1t. - A. F . fraunkdayn ,
Langtoft, ii. 212; Low L. frattealiinus,
franchiltillUs. - Low L. francus, free; see
Frank (above). The suffix is possibly
from O. H . G. - /iIlC (= E. -I-ing as in
dar-ling) ; precisely as in chamber/ailt.
Frantic. (F. -L. - Gk.) M. E.frelle-

til., shorter form frentik.-O. F. frenatique. - L. plzrer.iticus, pl,reniticus, mad.

_ Gk . CPpEVITI1<6s, mad, suffering from
CPP<VITlS, frenzy. See Frenzy.
Frat ernal. (F . - L. ) O. F. fra ternel.
- Late L. f raterntilis, the same as L.
/riitenms, brotherly. - L. frater, cognate
with E. Brother.
fraternity. (F. -L.) O. F. fraternitee. - L . ace. jraternitiitem, brotherhood.
- L. friitenms, brotherly. - L. frater,
brother. Der. c01t-fraternity.
fratricide ( 1 ) , murderer of a brother.
(F . -L.) O.F .f ratricide. - L.frntndda,
a brother-slayer. - L. fratri-, stem of
frater, brother; -cida, a slayer, from
c(Edere, to kill; see Cresura.
fra.tricide ( 2), murder of a brother.
(F.-L.) O. F. f"otrecide (Littre). - L.
frii/ricitiiulIl, the killing of a brother.-L.
frab.,-, stem of frater, brother; -cidilllll ,
a slaying, from c(Edere, to kill.
Fraud. (F.-L. ) O. F. frottde. - L.
fraudem, ace. of fram, deceit, guile.
Fra.ught, to lade a ship. (Low G. or
Friesic.) v\'e now use frought on ly as a
pp. M. E. frahtm, fragtm, only in the
pp.frought. Cf. Swed.frakta, to fraught or
freight, from frokt, a cargo; Dan. fragte,
from frogt, a cargo; E. Fries. fl'acht,
fragt, (I ) a cargo, ( 2) charge for transport; also Du. bevrachten, from vracht;
G. frachten, from fracht. See furth er
under Freight.
Fray (1), an affray. (F.-L.) Short
for a./!ray, or e.!fray, orig. 'terror,' as
shewn by the use of fray in the sense of
terror, Bruce, xv. 255. See Affray.
fray (2), to terrify. (F . - L.) Short
for a.!fray; see Affray.
Fray (3), to wear away by rubbing.
(F. - L.) O. F. fre ier (also froier), to
rub (Godefroy). - L. friciire, to rub.
Frea.k ( I) , a whim,caprice. (E.) A
quick movement; fr om M. E. frek, quick ,
vigorous. - A. S. free, bold, rash; whence
/ricialt , to move briskly.
Icel. frekr,
voracious ; Swed. friick, impudent. Dnn.
fro:k, audacious; G. freclt, saucy, O. H. G.
f reh, greedy ; Goth. faihttfriks , covetous.
Frea.k (2 ) , to streak. (E .) A coined
word; to streak capriciously (Milton) ;
from F reak ( I).
Freckle, a small spot. (Scand.) W e
find both frekell and freken or f raki1t. Icel. freknur, pI. , freck les; Swed. fralme,
Dan. /reg ilt!, a freckle. Cf. Fleck.
197

FREE

Pree.

(E.) M . E./re. A. S./reo.+

Du. vrij; Goth. /reis ; G. /rei. Teut.
type */J'tjoz ; allied to Skt.priya., beloved,
agreeable ; also to E. Frien d. Orig. sense
, dear, beloved'; hence applied to those
of the house hold who were children , not
slaves ; cf. L. tiberi, free, also' children.'
Der. freedom . A.S./reodom; free-stone ,
trans!. of F. pier re / rmu he.
Pree-booter, a rover, pirate. (Du. )
Borrowed from Du. vrijbuiter, a freebooter, robber. - Du. vrijbuiten , to rob;
vrijbttit, plunder, lit. ' free booty.' Du.
vdj = E. free. And see Booty, p. 56.

FRIEND

entirely.
Goth. /ra-itat/, to devour
entirely, from /ra- , entirely, and itan, to
eat; Du. vreten, G.jressen ( =ver-essen).
See For- ( 2) and Eat.
Pret ( 2), to ornament, variegate.
(F.-L.; ami E.) M. E./rettm, to adorn
with interlaced work. - O. F . f"eler, to
strengthen (as with iron), also to adorn;
also spelt /erter. - O. F. /rete, a ferrule
(Cot.), also a/ret (in heraldry) ; see Fret
(3). Probably influenced by M. E ./relien,
A. S. /rtztwa1l, to adorn; from /ra!twe,
ornament.
Pret (3), a kind of grating. (F . -L.)
Freeze. (E.) M. E./men. A. S. Common in heraldry. -O. F . ./rete, a
/riosan; pp./roren.+lcel./rjOsa, Swed. ferrule; /rettes, pl., an iron grating (Diez) ;
/rysa, Dan./ryse, Du. vriezen, G./rierm. tretter, to hoop; /retN, fretty (in heraldry).
Teut. type *lreUSall .. L. prorire, to itch, [Cf. Span./retts, frets (in heraldry); allied
originally to burn (cf. pruina, hoarfrost), to !tal firriata, an iron grating.] - F . fir,
Skt.ploska , a burning. Brugm. i. 56l ; iron. - L. /en"lIm, iron.
ii. 657. (vPREU.)
fret (of), a stop on a musical instruPreight,acargo. (F.-O. H.G.) M.E. ment. (F. -L.) Frets are bars across the
freyte ;"later /reygkt; an altered spelling neck of the instrument; probably the same
of F. fret, the freight of a ship, the gn word as/ret (3) . See N. E. D.
being inserted by (a true) connexion with Priable, easily crumbled. (F. -L.)
/raugkt, q. V. - F. fret, 'the fraup:ht or M. F./riable.-L. /riabilis.-L./riiire, to
freight of a ship, also, the hire that spaid rub, crumble.
for a ship;' Cot.-O. H . G./riM, 'earu- Priar. (F.-L.) M . E./ren.-O.F.
ings,' hire. This O. H. G./reht is thought frere, freire, lit. a brother.-L./riitrelll,
to be the same as G./raekt, a cargo; and ace. of/riiter, a brother. See Brother.
/riht has been supposed to represent a Pribble, to trille. (F.-L.) Of imitaTeut. type *jra-aihtiz; from /ra-, prefix ti ve origin; but prob. suggested by obso(see Fret), and *aihtiz>A. S. likt, ac- lete f rivol, adj. frivolous, M. E./revol.quisition (from agan, to own). See Own. Ffrivole. - Lfriuolus; see Frivolous.
PrenBy:. (F. -L.-Gk. ) M.Efrenesye. Pricassee, a dish of fowls cut up.
-0. F. Jrenisie.-L. pnrenesis. - Late (F.) F. /ricassle, a fricassee ; fern. of pp.
Gk .tppfv'1(TIS,for Gk. <p/>fVITIS, inflammation of /rieasser, to fricassee, also, to squander
of the brain. - Gk. tpPfV-, base of <ppqv, money. A fricassee is made of chickens,
midriff, heart, senses. See Frantio.
&c. cut up into small pieces. Of unknown
Prequent. (F. -L.) M. F . /nquent. origin. Some have suggested L./rigere,
- Lfrequentem, acc. of/reqllC1ts, crowded, to roast , or L. friciire, to rub (Karting).
frequent; pres. part. of a lost verb *jrequere , Priction. (F. -L.) F./rielion . - L.
to cram, allied to /arcire, to cram; see ace. /rictiot/em , a rubbing. - L. /rietlls,
Farce. Brugm. ii. 713.
contr. pp. of /riC/ire, to rub ; allied to
Presco. (Ital.-O. H . G.) A painting j riiin , to rub; see Friable.
on /reslt plaster. - Ital./reseo, cool, fresh. Priday. (E.) A. S. /rige-dtzg, trans-0. H. G./rise (G./riSe/I). See below. lating L. dies Veneris ; where/rige is gen.
fresh. (E.; alld F. - Teut. ) M. E. of Frig, the wife of Woden. Teut. type
/ resh; also /ersn , representing A. S./erse. *jrija, fern. of *jrijOZ, dear, beloved, al,;o
The form fresh is from O. F. Ires, / reis 'free ' ; Skt. priya, wife, loved one. See
(fem . /resehe) ; cf. mod. F . frais , fresh . - Free, Friend.
O. II . G./rise (G./riseh ), fresh. Teut. Priend. (E. ) M. E. trend. A. S.
type *jriskoz. Allied to Lith. prlskas, /reond, orig. ' loving,' pres. pI. of/reogan,
sweet, unsoured, i. e . unleavened (applied to 10ve.+lceJ./rtztldi, Dan.frlZ1lde, Swed.
/riinde, only in the sense of 'kinsman';
to bread) ; Russ. prieSllllii, fresh.
Pret (I ) , to eat away. (E.) A. S. also Du. vriend, Gfretmd; Goth ./njollds,
iretall, for Teut. *lra-ela", to devour a friend, pres. pt. of /rijUn, to love. Cf.
198

FRIEZE

FRIZ

Skt. pri, to love.

Allied to Free. (F . - L.) Stuff sold by a frip;er. - M. F.
Brugm. i. 567. Der. fn'md-ship, A. S. fripier, 'a fripier, or broker, trimmer up
frlond-scipe.
of old garments, and a seller of them so
Frieze ( I), a coarse woollen cloth. (F. mended;' Cot. -O. F . frepe (also f erpe,
-Du. ?) M. F . frize , frise, frise;' Cot. f elpe), frayed out fringe, old clothes.
Perhaps due to drap de frise, i. e. cloth of Prob. from L.fibra, fibre (Korting).
Friesland; with which Cotgrave identifies Frisk, to skip about. (F.- Teut. )
it. - Du. Vn'esland, Friesland, Vries, a From the adj. frisk, brisk. - M. F.frisq/le,
Frieslander, belonging to Friesland. So 'friske, blithe, briske;' Cot.; O. F.jrique .
also cheval de Fn'se, a horse of Friesland ; -0 . H . G. fneh, greedy, M. H. G. vreclt,
whence chevaux de Frise, spikes to resist bold, lively. Cf. A. S. f ree, bold. See
cavalry, a jesting term. ~ Hence O. F. Freak (I ).
f riser, to cover with a nap, to curl hair, Frith ( 1) , an enclosure, forest, wood.
to frizz. See Korting.
(E.) Obsolescent; M. E.jrilh, peace, also
l'rieze (2), part of the entablature of a enclosure, park. Cf. W.ffridd, park, forest,
column. (F.) M. F. friu, 'the broad and which is borrowed from M. E.-A. S.jri6,
tlat band that's next below the cornish peace; fritJu , peace, security, asylum.
rcorniceJ, or between it and the architrave;' Cf. Ice!. fritJr, Dan. Swed. fred, Du.
Cot. Span. friso , a frieze; allied to Ital. vrede, G . fn'ede, peace. Teut. type
fregio, a fringe, lace, border, ornament. *frithltz ; from *fri., base of *fri-joz, free.
The Ita!. fregio represents L. PhrygitWl See Free. ~ The M. E. fn'th is also
(opus ), Phrygian work .
' wooded country.' This is prob. a different
l'riga.te. (F. - Ital.) M. F. fregate, word; A. S. gefrMe (Birch, iii. 120).
'a frigate;' Cot.-Ital./regata, a frigate. Frith (2), l"irth, an estuary. (Scand .)
Origin uncertain.
M. E. firth. - Icel. fjortJr, a firth, bay;
Fright. (E.) M. E.fryght. O . North- Dan.fiord, Swed . jj"iird, the same. Allied
umbo Jryhto, A. S. fyr hto, jyrhtu, fright, to Ford. Brugm. ii. 108.
allied tojorht, timic[+O.Sax.jo,hta, Dan. Fritillary, a plant. (L.) So named
frygt, Swed. fruktan, G. furcht, Goth. because the chequered markings on the
fallrMei, fright; allied to O. Sax. forht , corolla were in some way associated with
O. H . G. foracht, Goth. fau rhts, fearful.
afritillw. -L.frifillus, a dice-box.
Frigid.. (L. ) L Trigidw. cold, adj. - :Fritter ( I ), a kind of pancake. (F. L.fr;gere, to be cold. -L.jrigus, cold, sb. L. ) M. E. fryfown, frifoure. [Cf. F .
+ Gk. "'''-rOi, cold. Brugm. i. 875.
fritealt, 'a fritter,' Cot.J -O. F . frjfure,
I'rill, a ruffie on _ a shirt. (F. 1) a frying, dish of fried fish.-O. F . frit,
[Frill, vb., was a term in hawking; a hawk fried. - L.frieftls, pp. offrigere, to fry.
that shivered, from feeling chilly, was said Fritter (2 ),afragment ; Shako (F.-L.)
to frill. - O. F. friller, to shiver with O. F. frettere. - L. fractiira, a fracture.
cold. Hence some have deduced ilie ~e Fracture.
sense of a hawk ruftling his feathers; but
fritter away, to diminish, wasfe.
for this there is no authority. The sb. (F. - L.) A derivative from fritter ( 2),
answers, in sense, to O. F. fresel, freisel, a fragment; whence fritter, vb., to cut
a ruffie, frill; cf. mod. F. fra ise, a frill. up into fragments. See above.
It is remarkable that both F. fraise and Frivolous, tritling. (L. ) From L.
E. frill mean 'the mesentery of a calC] jriuol-Its, siHy; with suffix -ouS. The orig.
Perhaps from M. F. vrille; Cot. has : sense seems to have been' rubbed away' ;
, vrilles, hook-like edges, or ends ofleaves, hence frit~ola meant broken potsherds,
. scrois.' F. 7Jn'lle also means a gimlet, &c. - L. friare, fn'care, to nib; see
a tendril; prob. from Dan. vrilde, to twist, Friable.
from vride, to writhe; see Writhe.
p~, Frizz, to curl, render rough.
Fringe, a border of loose th reads. (F. (F. -Du.?) M. F.friztr, 'to frule, crispe,
-L.) M. E. frifts? , -0. F.j1-mge (Pals- curle;' Cot. [Cf. Span.jrisar, to frizzle,
grave), oldest form of F. frange, fringe; raise the nap on frieze, fromfn'sa, frieze.]
the Wallachian form is fn'mbie, for ~m- Similarly the F. fn'ser is fromfrise, friu,
brie (by metathesis). - L.fimbria, fringe; frieze; see Friese (I ). Der.fnz:I-le, freallied to jibra, a fibre; see Fibre.
quent. form, in commoner use; cf: O. Fries.
Frippery, worn-out clothes, trash. Jns/e,fresk, a lock of hair.
199

FRO

FRUMP

Fro. (Scand.) The Scand. form of

frost. (E.) M. E./rost, /orst; A. S.
/rom . -lcel. Ira, Dan, Ira, from. See forst (for /rost ).+Dn. vors/, Icel. Dan.
From.
Swed. G .frost. Teut. types *jrustoz, m. ;
l'rock. (F. -Low L.) M. E. .froll .. Zrus/om, n. From *jrus-, weak grade of
O. F./roc ; Low L./roccus, a monk's frock, ~r~an-, to freeze. See Freeze.
also spelt jloccus (Ducange). Prob. so Froth. (Scand.) M. E. iro/he. - Icel.
called because woollen; see Flock (1 ) . /r06a,/rau(J , Dan./raade [Swed. {radga],
Cf. Port. /roco, a snow flake, from L. froth, foam on liquids. From the Teut.
jloccus. ~ So Diez; but Brachet derives verb *jreu/han-, to froth up; as in A. S.
it from O. H. G. hroch (G. rock), a coat, a-jre06an.

in which the initial k is unoriginal.

l'rounce, to wrinkle, curl, plait.
Frog ( I), ananimal. (E.) M.E ..frogge. (F. -L. ) The older form Of jl01l11Cl; see
A. S. lrogga, /rocga. Also A. S. /rox, Flounce ( 2) .
a frog.
Ice!. / roskr, Du. vorsck, G. Froward, perverse. (Scand. and E. )
/rosck.
M. E. froward, commonly /raUJard
Frog ( l), a substance in a horse's foot. (Northern). From Icel. /1"0. , fro; and
(L.?) It is shaped like a fork; perhaps ward. Cf. A. S./romwlard, only in the
a corruption of/ork, q. v.; the F . name is sense' about to depart'; but we still
fourchette. In any case, it has been con keep the orig. sense of from-ward, i. e.
formed to Frog ( I ).
averse, perverse.
(Cf. wayward, i. e.
Frolic, adj., sportive. (Du.) XVI cent. away-ward.) And see Toward.
Orig. an adj. - Du. vrolijk, frolic, merry. Frown. (F. - Teut.) M. E./ro/men.+G.jro/zlick, merry. :Formed with suffix O. F . /rongllier, whence F . refrogller,
-/ij'k ( = E. like, -/y) from the O. Sax. to frown, look sullen. Cf. Ital. ill/1"0- (as in /ro-liko , adv.), O. Fries . .fro jrigno, frowning, Ital. dial. (Lombardic)
( = G./rok ), merry. Der./ro/ic, sb. and /rignare, to whimper, make a wry face.
\'erb.
Of Tent. origin. From Teut. *jrunjan-,
From, away, forth. (E.) A. S. from, as in Swed. dial./ryna, Norw.jroyna, to
/ram . Ice!. /1"0., from; O. H. G./ram , make a wry face. (Kiirting, 3324.)
forth; Goth./ram, from. Cf. also Icel. Fructif,y .(F.-L.) F.jrUltijier.-L.
/1'a1ll, adv. forward (Swed. jram, Dan. /riictijictire, to make fruitful. _L./riicti-,
/rem); Goth.jramis, adv., further. Allied for /riictus, fruit; -jicare, for lacere, to
to Frame.
make. See fl"uit.
Frond,abranch. (L.) L.jr011d-,stem
frugaJ,thrifty. (F. -L.) F. jrugal.
of/rom, a leafy branch.
-L. jiiiglilis, economical; lit. belonging
l'ront. (F. - L.) M. E. /r011t, fore- to fruits. - L./rug-i, frugal; orig. dat. of
head.-O. F./ront, forehead, brow.-L. /ru.x (pI. /rug-es), fruit of the earth.
/rolltem, acc. of/riins, forehead, brow.
Allied to fruit.
bontalja band worn on the forehead.
fruit. (F.-L.) M. E./ruit.-O. F .
(r . -L.) o. F./rollte!. -L./r011ttile, an /ruit.-L /riiclum, acc. of /nlctus, fruit.
onlaIllent for a horse's forehead. _ L./ron/-, - L jriiClus, pp. of /rui, to enjoy;
stem of/rons, forehead.
allied to Brook (I). (-v'BHREUG.)
frontier. (F . -L.) O. F./rontiere, Hrugm. i. III ; ii 532.
fem.-Late L.jron/iria,/rOtltana, borderfruition. (F. - L.) O. F. fi'uitilJtt ,
land. - L. /rollt-, stem of /rom, front enjoyment. - Late L./ruitionem, acc. of
(hence, border).
jruitio, enjoyment. - L./ruit-us, the same
frontispiece. (F.-L.) For/rotltis- as/nlctus, pp. of/rui, to enjoy.
pice; through the influence of piece. - F.
frumenty, iUrmety, wheat boiled
/ron/ispice, 'the frontispiece or fore-front in milk. (F. -L.) O. F. /romcnlee, f.;
of a house;' Cot. - Late L./rontispicium, ' furmenty , sodden wheat;' Cot. Lit.
a front view. - L. jronti-, dec!. stem of made with wheat; the suffix -Ie = L. -ala,
jrons; specere, to see; see Species.
made with. _ O. F./ romml, wheat. - Late
frontlet. (F. - L.) O. F. jrontd-d, L./rummlulll; L./rUlllentu11I, corn; allied
dimin. of O. F. jron/eI; see frontal to L./n/gis, fruit.
(above).
Frump, an ill-tempered person. ~ E.)
Fron, frozen. (E.) A . S.jrom., pp. Of doubtful origin; but cf. /rampa/d. A
ofjrltlsa", to freeze. See Freese.
frump fQrmerly meant a 'sneer,' or

200

FRUSTRATE

FUN

expression of cuutempt. Cf. Low. Sc. sus, sooty. _ L fiiligilI- , stem 9f fiilIgtJ,
frample, to disorder j frump/e, to crea-e; soot. Cf. Skt. dltu-li-, dust. Allied to
frump, an unseemly fold : Dan. vrampet, Fume. Hrugm. i. .81.
warped.
Full (1 ) , complete. (E.) A. S. ful.+
Frustrate, to render vain. (L.) From Du. vol, Ice!. fullr, Dan. fil/d (for full),
p p. of L. frustrtiri, to render vain.- Swed. full, Goth. fulls , G. voll. Teut.
L.frustra, in vain j orig. abl. fern . of obso- type /ullo% j Idg. type pllnos. Cf. Lith.
lete adj. friistros ( = *fried-fros) , deceitful. pilnas, full, filled; Russ. pol"uii, full;
Allied to Fraud.
O. Irish Ian plan) , full ; ,V. lIawn ;
Frustum, a piece of a cone or cylinder. Skt.puma- , Pers. pur; cf. Gk . Tt"~P1/" L
(L. ) L.friist um, a piece cut off. Cf. Gk. pll nus. Idg. root pll, pll, t o fill. Brugm.
8pavup.a , a fragm ent, from 8pavEtv , to break i. 393, 46 1. Der. fill,fulfil,fulsome .
in pieces. Prellwitz j Hrug m. i. 853.
Full ( 2) , to full cloth, felt. ( F . -L.)
Fry (1\, to dress food. (1-. -L.) M . E. O. F. fuler, F . foule r, 'to full, or thicken
f nen. - O. F. frire - L. fr'gere , to roast. cloath in a mill;' Cot. Also' to trample
Cf. Gk. CPPVyflV , to parch ; SkI. bltraJj, to on.' - Late L. fullare, ( I) to cleanse
fry.
clothes, ( 2 ) to full.-L.ful/o, a fuller.
Pry (2 \, spawn of fishes. (Scand.)
fuller, a bleacher of cloth. (L. )
A . F. fry; M. E. fri, also used ( like the A. S. fullere, a bleacher. - L. ful/o, a
Goth. word) in the sense of ' offspring.' - fuller, bleacher. (See above.)
Ice!. fra, frjP , spawn. fry; Dan. Swed. Fulmiua.te, to thunder, hur1ligbtuing.
fr..;.+Goth. fraiw, seed, offspring. Teut. (L.) F rom pp. of L.fu1miniire, to thunttlJC *fraiwollt, neut. Hrugm. i. 102 9 . der. -L. fulmin- , for fulmm, a thunderFuchsia., a lIower. (G.) Named after bolt ( = fulg'lIletl\.-L.fulglre, to shine.
L. FIICItS, German botanist, abo 154 2.
Fulsome, cloying. (E.) M. E fulsum,
Fudge. (F.) Picard fuelte! ftuclte! from M . E.ful, full; with suffix -slim ( = E.
an interjection of contempt (Corblet) .
-some as in winsome). See Full (I .).
FueL (F. -L.) M. Efewell (Barbour) . Fulvoua,Fulvid,tawny. (L. ) }<'rom
A. F. ftwaile , 0.1". fouaille (Low L. L.fuluus, tawny; Late L fuluidus, somefoallia ), fuel. - Late L foctilia, pI. of what lawny. Cf. Yellow j Hrugm. i;
foetile, fuel. - L. focus, a hearth. See 363.
Foous.
Fumble, to grope about. (Du.) XVI
Fugitive. (F . - L ) O. F . fugitif. - cent. - Du. fommtlm , to fumble. + Swed.
L. fugitiuus, lIeeing away. - L. fugit-ulll , fumla (also famla ) ; Dan. famle . Apsupine of fugere, to lIee. Gk. CPEV'I.'v, parently ",1 is for 1m; cf. Ice!. falma , to
to lIee ; Skt. bltuj, to bend, tum aside. grope about, from the sb. appearing as
Allied to Bow (I). Der. centri-fugal, A. S . fo1m, the palm of tbe band, allied
q. v. ; febri-fuge,fever-few.
to L. palma; see Palm.
Fuglema.n, the leader of a file. (G.) Fume. (F. - L. ) O. F. fum. - L.
For jitlglema1t. - G. jliigelmann, the leader ffmmm, ace. of fumus, smoke.
Skt.
of a wing or file of men. - G.jliigel, a wing, dhuma- , smoke; Gk. 81Jp6., spirit, apger.
from jlug, lIight, from jliegen, to lIy ; (.,tOHEU. ) Allied to FuliginoWl.
1Il01m, a man.
See Fly.
famiga.te. (L.) I'-rom .pp. of L.
Fugue, a musical composition. ( F. - fiim;gare , 10 fumigate. - L. fum-, for
Ita!. - L.) F.fugue. - Ital.fugu, a fugue, fumus, vapour; -igiire, for agere, to drive
lit. a lIight. - L. fuga, lIight. See Fugi- about.
tive .
fumitory, a plant. (F.-L.) Formerly
Fulcrum, a point of support. (L.) fumUlt'. - F. fumeterre, fumitory (for
L.ftllcnml, a support. - L.fu/c'r.,., to prop. fume de terre). - Late L. fUlllus terra,
ruw. (E. ) M. E. fulfil/en . A. S. smoke of the earth; so named from its
fulfyl/an, to fill full, fulfil. - A. S. ful, abundaIlce (and perhaps its curly appearfull ; fyI/an, to fill. See Full, Fill.
ance).
Cf. G . erdrauclt, fumitory, lit.
Fulgent, shiniug. (L.) From stem of 'earth-smoke' j W. cwd y mwg, lit. 'bag
pres. pt. of L. fulglre , to shine. Gk. of smoke.'
CP"'-YEW, to burn; Skt. bltriij, to shine. run, merriment. (E. ) XVIII cent. It
Der. ef-fulgmt (el- = Lex); re-fulgtnt.
orig. meant' a trick'; from an obs. vb.
l'uliginou8, sooty. (L.) L.fuliginO- fun, to cheat, hoax; prob. from M. E.

3.0 1

FUNAMBULIST

FURTHEST

fon, fomu, a foul ish person. See Fond.

Cf. Irish foml, delight, pleasure, song;
Gael. fOlm; prob. borrowed from E.
Funa.mbulist, a rope-dancer. (Span.
-L.) Formerly funa1llbu lo. -Span.funambulo, a fuuambulist. - L.fiin-is, a rope i
ambulare, to waile; see Amble.
l"unction, performance, office. ( F. L.) M. F. function ( F.fonction ). -L.acc.
functiiinem, performance. - L.fund u J, pp.
of fungi, to perform, orig. to use. + Skt.
bhuilj, to enjoy. Brugm. ii. 6z8.
l"und, a store. ( F. - L.) M. F, fond,
a bottom, a merchant's stock;' Cot. L. fundus, bottom i cognate with E.
B.Jttom.
funda.ment, base. (F. -L.) M. E.
fltlldement. - O. F. fondement, foundation.
- L. j undiimmtu11I, foundation. - L. jundare; see Found (1).
l"uneral, relating to a burial. (F. - L.)
o F. juneral. - Late L. jUluriilis, adj..
from L.juner- (for ~U1US- ) , stem ofjiinus,
a burial. Der.junere-al, fromL/ullereus,
funereal.
Fungus, a spongy plant. (L.) L.
lungus. + Gk. (l1r6yyos, a sponge; see
Sponge.
l"unnel. (F.-L. ) M. E.lolul. Prob.
from an O. F. *.fonil, preserved in Bret.
founil, a funnel; cf. Span. jOlti!, Port.
lunil, Provo founil, mfounilh. - Late L.
lundibulu11' (Lewis and Short) ; L. inlundibu!u1JI, a funnel. - L. infmzdere, to
pour in. - L. ilt, in; fundere, to pour.
Fur. (F. -0. Low G.) M. E.forre. O. F. forre,fU<!l-re, a sheath, case, whence
the vb. forrer, to line with fur; Chaucer
translates forree by furred,' R. R. 408.
(Cf. Span. /orro, lining for clothes, Ita!'
jodero, lining, fur, scabbard.] - Goth.fodr,
scabbard, orig . protection;' Icel. fiiiJr,
lining; allied to G. fUt/<!r, a case, lining,
fnr.+Skt. piitra(m ), a receptacle; cf. Gk.
1rg,J.Iil, a cover.
Brugm. i. 174.
Furbelow, a lIounce. ( F.) Provo F.
jlrbala, a lIounce, in the dialect of
Hainault (Diez); the usual form is F.
Span. Ita!. Port. jllbala, a fiounce. Origin
unknown.
Furbish, to polish, trim. (F.-O.H.G.)
O. F. forbiss ., inceptive stem of forbir,
to furbish, polish. _ O. H. G. *jurbjan,
M. H . G. furban, to purify, clean, rub

in a bundle. From fardel, a bundle; see

Fardel. Cf. F. fardeler, 'to truss, to
make into fardles;' Cot. [F. f erler, to
furl, is from E.]
Furlonlf, tth of a mile. (E.) A. S.
furlang, ong. a furro w-long, or the length
of a furrow. - A. S. fu rh, a furrow i lang,
long.
Furlough,leave of absence. (Du.Scand.) Orig. vorloffe. - Du. verlof,
leave, furlough; the same as Dan. forlov,
Swed. flrlof, leave. Cf. G. urlaub, furlough; Dan. or/ov. p. As to the prefix,
Du. ver-, Dan. foro, Swed. foro, are the
same as E.for-; whilst Dan. oro, G. ur- ~
Goth. tIS; out. The syllable Iof, leare, is
shortened from -IOf-, the equivalent of G.
-Iaub-, as seen in G. er-Iaub-ell, to permit,
and in A. S. leal, permission. See Leave
(2) ; also Believe, Lief.
Furmety; see Frument:r.
l"urna.ce, an oven. (F. -L.) M. E.
jormis. - O. F . jornaise. - L. jomacem,
acc. of jornax, an oven. -L. jornus, an
oven; allied to jormus, warm. Cf. Skt.
ghaNlza, warmth, glow. See Warm.
Brugm. i. 146.
l"urnish, to fit up, equip. (F. - O.H.G. )
O. F.joumiss-, inceptive stem of foumir,
to furnish , of which an older spelling is
jornir, the same word as Provo form#',
fromir . - O. H . G. frumjan, to provide,
furnish; cf. O. H . G.fruma, utility, profit,
gain; G.fromm, good. Allied to Former,
Frame. And see Veneer.
l"urrow. ( E.) M. E. forwe. A. S.
lurh, a fllrrow.+Dll. voor, Icel. for, Dan.
fure, Swed. flr<!; G. funhe, a fturaw.
Tent. type *.furk-, f. Cf. W. rhycll, a
fnrrow; L. porco, a ridge between two
fnrrows. Der.fur-Iong.
Further. (E. ) Probably the compo
of fore, but also explained as comp o of
forth . M. E. fi4~er. A. S. furiJra, adj.
m. ; furoor, further, adv.+Du. vorders,
adv., fnrther; O. Fries. forha, adj. ;
O. Sax. forthora, adj.; O. H. G. fordar,
G. vorcler, adj. Teut. type ~urtMro- (i. C.
*.fur-ther-o-) answering to Gk. 1rpO-Up-05,
compo of 1rpO. ~ In this view the compo
suffix is ther (Gk. -up- ). Der lurtMr,
vb., A. S. fy~ra1Z, formed from luriJor
by vowel-change of u to y.
turthest, a late form, made as the
b~ht.
super!. of j01'!k, and due to regarding
Furl, to roll up a sail. (}<'. - Arab.) furtM1' as the compo of the samc. The
}<'onnedy spelt furdle, farthel, to roll up true superl. of fore is fint.
~03

FURTIVE

GABARDINE

Furtive. (F. -L.) M. F.jtwtif. fem. fust, a cask; orig. a stock, tnmk, log.furlive.-L. jttrtltttlS, stolen, secret.-L. L.jtlStem, ace. offustis, a cudgel.
jtlrttUn, theft. - L. fi,riiri, to steal.-L.
fust ( 2), the shaft of a column. (F.filr, a thief. +Gk. cpwp, a thief, allied to L. ) In Kersey (1715). -0. F. fu st, a
CP<PftV, to bear, carry (away). ( .vBHER.) trunk. - L. fiutem, acc. of fitSt is, a cudgel,
thick stick.
Brugm. ii. 160 (3).
l"ury. (F. -L. ) F . furie.-L. jtlria, Fustian, a kind of coarse cloth. (F.rage . -L. f urerc, to rage.
Ital. -Low L. -Egypt. ) M. E. fustane;
Furze. (E. ) M. E. firse. A. S. fyI'S; also fu stiall; A. F. fustiane, fttStai,, ;
older fonn fyres.
o. F . filS/ai,/e . - lta!. fustagno ; Low L.
l"uscous, brown. (L.) L. fiu e-us, filstiineu1ll. - Arab. (ustiit, a suburb of
brown; with suffix -OtIS.
Cairo, in Egypt, whence the stuff first
l"use (1), to melt by heat. (L. ) A late came. ~ Introduced through Genoese
word. Due to jtls-ible (in Chaucer), commerce.
fus-iolt, in Sir T . Browne. - L. filsus, pp. l"ustigate, to cudgel. (L.) From
offimdcre, to pour, melt. Allied to Gk. pp. of L. fustigiire, to cudgel.-L. fust-,
X."v (for x'F-'''')' Goth. 6'ill/an, to pour. stem offilslis, a cudgel; -igiire, for agere,
(.vGHEU.) Der: fits-ible (from O. F. to drive, wield.
fu sible) ; fits-ion. See Gush.
l"usty; see Fust (I ).
Fuse (2) ; see Fusee ; 1).
l"utile, vain. (F_-L.) }... futile.-L.
l"usee (I) l"use. (F. -I..; or Ital.- fiUilis, futtilis, that which easily pours
L.) 'l'im , fiuce, a pipe filled with wild- forth, also vain, empty, futile. From L.
fire, and put into the touch-hole of a *}it- , allied to fundere, to pour; cf. Gk.
bomb;' Kersey (1715). J. Fuse is from X .,V. See Fuse (1 ).
ltal.fitSO, a spindle, a shaft (of a column) ; Futtocks, certain timbers in a ship.
also, a fuse . -L.fi'SltS, a spindle. 2. Fusee (E.) 'Futtocks, the compassing timbers
is from Ii". fusee, a fusee, i. e. a spindle- in a ship, that make the breadth of it ; ,
shaped pipe; see below.
Kersey (1715). Called foot-stocks in
fusee ( 2), a spindle in a watch. (F. - Florio, s. v. stamine. The first syllable
L. ) O. F. jttSee, orig. a spindleful of is for foot ; fitttocks is thought to be for
thread. - Late L. fllSata, the same; fern. foot-kooks , and was so explained in 16 ;
of pp. of fi'isiire, to use a spindle. - L. kook referring to the bent shape of the
films , a spindle.
limbers. Bailey gives the form foot-kooks.
l"usil (I ), a light musket. (F. -L.) l"uture, about to be. (F. -L.) O. F.
Orig. not the musket itself, but the steel futur, fem. futllre. - L. fitturttS, about to
against which the flint struck. From F. be; fut. part. from fU -f, I was; allied to
fitsil, 'a fire-steele for a tinder-box;' Cot. Be. (.v.l:lHEU.)
Also in mod. F., a fusi!. [Cf. Span.fusil, l'uzzball, a spongy fWlgUS. (E.) Cf.
a fusil.]-L.focUe, a steel for kindling fire. provo E. fuzzy, fozy, light and spongy;
- L. focus, a hearth; see Foous. Der. Low G. fussig, loose, weak; Du. voos,
fusileer ,jusillade.
spongy.
l"usil ( 2), a spindle, in heraldry. (L.) l"ylfot, a peculiarly formed cross. (E. )
A. F . fu se! (see O. F. fitise! in Godefroy). Modem; and due to a mistake. MS. Lansd.
Dimin. of L.ftISUS, a spindle.
874, leaf 190, has fyljol, meaning a space
l"usil (3) , easily molten. (L.) L.fijs#is, in a painted window at the bottom, that
easily molten.-L. fiiSllS, pp. of funden , fills the foot. Erroneously connected with
the' gammadion.'
to pour. See Fuse ( I ).
l"uss, haste, flurry. (E.) Probably of
imitative origin, descriptive of spluttering
G.
and puffing. Cf. fuff, i. e. to puff, and
kiss. ~ It cannot be connected with
M. E . fUs, adj., eager; A. S. fus, eager, Gabardine, Gab.e rdine. (Span.prompt.
Teut. ) Span. gabard,na, a coarse ~roc~ .
l"ust (1 ), to become mouldy. ( F. -L.) We also find M. E.ga,wbardY1Ie; w~lch IS
111 Hamlet, iv. 4. 39. Coined from fusty from O. }<'. galvardme, ~ta~v~r1me, a
(A. D. 1398), answering to O. F. filsltf, loose frock. Perhaps a 'pllgnm s frock;
'fusty, tasting of the cask: Cot.-O. F . . from M. H . O. waljart (G. walljallrl),
20 3

GABBLE

GALAXY

pilgrimage. - M. H. G. wallm, to wander;

fart, tra"el, from faran, to go ( E.fart).
Gabble, to prattle. (E. ) Frequent. of
gab. to prattle. Of imitative origin; cf.
jabber. ~ The M. E. gabbm, to mock, is
from O. F. gaber, to mock, wb ich is also
perha ps of imitative origin, or is allied to

gape .

Gabion. (F. -Ital.-L.) F. gabioll,

a gabion, large basket filled with earth. Ital. gabbio/le, a gab ion ; augment. of
gaMia, a cage, also spelt ga&gia , and allied
to Span. gavia , a cage (for madmen).
- L. cauea, a hollow place, cage, den,
coop; see Cage.
Gable, a peak of a housetop , (F. Scam!.) M. E . gable, - O. F.gable. _ Ice!.
gajl, Dan, gavl, Swed. gafvel, a gabl e,+
A. S. geafel, a fork; Du. gaffel, a fork;
G. gabel, a fork . Further allied to O. Irish
gabul, a fork , gallows; W. gajl, the fork
of the thighs. With a different gradation,
we find Goth. gibla, pinnacle, G. gie/tel,
Du. gevt/, gable; O. H. G. gebal, head,
Gk. K'<f>aA~, head (root-form *gheblL-). See
Gaff.
Gaby, a simpleton. (Scand.) M. Dan.
gabe, a fool ; Dan. dia!. !rabmar, a simpleton, allied to Dan. gabe, to gape (Dan.
1zar means 'fool '). Cf. Ice!. gapi, a
heedless man; gapalltulJr (lit. gapemouthed) , the same; I ce!. gapa, to gape;
Norw. gapa, stupid.
Gad ( I ), a wedge of steel, goad. (Scand ,)
M. E. gad, a goad. - I ce!. gaddr, a goad,
spike, ~ting; cognate with Goth. gazds ,
a rod, Irish gath , L. hasta, a spear.
gad (2) , to ramble idly. (Scand.) In
Levins. The or;g. sense was to run about.
- I ce!. gadda, to goad. - Icel. gaddr
(above). Cf. 011 the gad, 'on the move.
Ga.1f, a light fishi ng-spear, a sort of
boom. (F. - Teut.) A ship'sgaffis named
from theforked end against the mast i the
fishing-spear is hooked. - O. F. gaffe , a
gaff, iron hook. - Low G. gaffd, a twopronged hay-fork i E. Fries. gaffel, a fork,
a ship's gaff; Du. gaffel, a pitchfork,
shipsgaff. Allied to G.gabel, a fork . See
Gable .
Gaffer, an old man, grandfather. (F. L. ; (md E .) From g1'llllifer, West E.
form ofgr~lld-falher. See Gammer .
Gag. ( Eo) M. E. gnggm, to suffocate.
Apparently of imitati ve origin; cf. gaggle,
guggle. Also, W. cegio , to choke; ceg,
the mouth.

Gage ( I) , a pledge. (F . -Teut.) M . .Eo

gage. - F. gage, a pledge , Low L . Uadilllll ).
- Teut. *wadjollt, n ., a pledge ; as in Goth.
wadi, A. S. wed, a pledge. See Wed;
and see W a ge. From tbe same source
are Ital. gaggio, Span. and Port. gage,
a pledge.
Gage ( 2) , to gauge; see Gauge.
Gaggle, to cackle as geese. (E ,) A
frequ ent . form from the imitative base gag.
Cf. cackle, gabble; also Ice!. gagl, a wild
goose; gagg, the cry of a fox; Lith .
gagi:ti, to gaggle.
Gaiety. ( F. - Teut.) F. ga iet.!. - F .
gai, {[ay. See Gay.
Galn ( I ), profit . (F. - T eut. ) O. F .
gai1z, F. gapu, from the verb below. [It
partly displaced the M: E. gain, advantage,
which was of Scand. origin; from I cd.
gag1z, gain, advantage ; Swed . gagn, profit ,
Dan, $avll.]
galn ( 2), to win. ( F . -Teut. ) 'Yea,
though he gaine and cram his purse withcrunes;' and again, 'To get a gallie uy
any trade or kinde;' Gascoigne, Fruits
of War, st. 69 and st. 66, - O. F . gaigner,
F. gag1zcr, to gain. This F . gagller, O. F.
gaagnier (Ita!. g1iada.~ 1zare ) , is from
O . H . G. weidenoll > weidenm, to paslure, which was the orig. sense of the F .
word; from O. H . G. weida (G. weide ),
pasture-ground. Cognate with G. weide are
A. S. ~viitJ, Ice!. veilJr, hunting, the chase.
Cf. L. tte-,uiri, to hunt. D er . 1egai1l.
Ga.inly; see U ngainl y.
Gainsay, to speak against. (Scand, alld
E.) The prefix is I ce!. gepz , against; cf.
A. S, gegn, gian ; see Against.
Gait, manner of walking. (Scand.) A
particular use of M. E. gate, a way; see
Gate (2). See also Gantlet (2).
Gaiter, a covering for the ankle. (F. Teut.) F. guet1'C, form erly guestre (Cot.).
The spelling <with gu shews the word to
be Teutonic (gu < G . w). Origin doubtful ; possibly allied to M. H. G. wester,
a child's chrisom-cloth, lit. a covering;
Goth. 1vasti, clothing ; see Vest.
Gala. (F. -Ita!.-M.H.G .) F. gala,
borrowed from Ital. gala, festive attire;
whence di gala. merrily i cf. galante, pay,
lively. See Gallant.
Galaxy,lhe mJkyway. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M, E. galaxie. - O. F . galaxie. - L. galaxiam, aec. of galaxias. - Gk. ,,(aAo{ia<,
milky way. _ Gk. ,,(""OK<-, for ,,(aAoKT' ,
stem of "(elAU, milk. See La.oteal.

~ 04

GALE

GALLOW

Gale ( I), a strong winet. (Scancl. )

XV I cent. Of douhtful origin; but cr.
Dan. gal, furious; Norweg. ei1t galm
Jlorm , a fur ious storm, eit galet veer ,
st ormy weather. Cf. Icel. galinll , furi ous,
from f ala, to cry out. See Y ell . N ote
F . gnlen ze, a north-west wind.
Gale ( 2) , the bog-myrtle. (E.) A. S.
gagel.+ Du. gagel.
Galeated, helmeted. (L.) L. galtti/us,
- L. galea, a helmet.
Galingale, the pungent root of a
plan t. (F. - Span. -Arab.- Pers.) M. E .
galingale. - O. F . galingal, garingal. Span. galrmga, galingale. _ Arab. kha
lm'jn" , galingale. - Pers. kl, jila',:ja1t, galingale : said to be of Chinese origin.
Galiot j see G a.lliot .
Gall ( I ), bi le. (E. ) M. E. galle. O. Mere.
galla. Du. gal, Icel. gall, Swed. galla,
Dan. galde (for galle), G. galle ; L. f el,
Gk. xoA~ . All ied to Yellow. Cf. Russ.
j elch(e), gall U =zh ) ; j e/tuii, yellow.
Gall ( 2), to rub a sore place. (F.- I..)
M. F.galle, ; M. F. galle, a galling, itching.
Cf. Ital. galla, gnla, 'a disease called a
windgalle ; ' Florio. Also Late 1... galla,
a soft tumour; app. the same word as L.
galla, a gall-n ut ; see below. ~ But also
partly E . : cf. A. S. gealla, ( I) gall, bile,
( 2) a gall on a horse. So also Du. gal.
See above.
Gall (3) , a gall.nut. (F.-I... ) O. F.
galle. - 1... galla, a gall.nut, oak- apple.
Gallant, gay, splendid , brave. (F. M. H. G.) O . F . gallanl, better galant,
with one I. Orig. pres. part . of O. F.
galer, to rejoice. -O. F. gale, shows, mirth,
festivity. (Cf. Ital. Span. Port. gala,
festive attire.) Perhaps from M. H. G.
?Val/en, O. H . G. wallon, to go on pilgrimage.
Galleon, a large galley. (Span. ) Span.
galeorl , a galleon. - Late L. galea, a galley.
See Galley.
Gallery. (F.) M. F . grJllen 'e, galerie,
a gallery to walk in.- Late 1... galeria, a
long portico, gallery. Of unknown origin;
possibly from Gk. KiiAOII, wood, timber
(Korting). See below.
Galley, a low-built ship. (F. -Late L.
-Gk.?) M. E.galeie. -O. F. ga/ie; Late
L. galea, a galley ; Late Gk. "(GAia, ")'a)..ata .
Orig. unknown. K orting suggests Gk.
KiiAOII, wood. also sometimes a ship.
Galliard, a lively dance. (Span.-C. ?)
Span. gallarr/a (with II as IJ'), a kind of

lively Spanish dance; perhaps through

F. ; cf. galop gaillard, ' the galliard; '
Cot. - Span. gallardo, gay, lively. M. F.
gaillnrd meant valiant or bold ; perhaps
of Celtic origin ; cf. Bret. galloud, power,
W. gallad, able, gallu, to be able; O.
Irish gal, boldness (Thurneysen).
Gallias, a sort of gaUey. (F . - Ital.Late L. ) O. F. galeaee. - Ital. galeazza, a
heavy galley. - Ital. an d Late L . galea j
see Galley.
Galligaskins, large hose or trousers.
( F. -Hal. - L. ) Corruption of F. ga,'guesques, greguesques, ' slops, gregs, gallogascoi"., venitians;' Cot. - Ital. Grec/useo,
Greekish. - Ital. G"eco, a Greek. - L.
GrO'cus, Greek. The name was given
to a particular kind of hose worn at
Venice.
Gallinaceous. (L.) L. gallinace-us,
belongin g to poultry ; with suffix OZlS. L. gallj,za , a hen. - L. gallus, a cock.
Galliot, small galley. (F. -Late 1... )
O. F. galiote ; Late L galeota, small galley;
dimin . of galea; see Ga.lley.
Gallipot, a small glazed earthen pot.
(F.) From galley and pOl, as being
brought over in galleys. So also galleytile; cf. galy.haljpmy , a galley-halfpenny,
coin brought over by galley -men, who
landed wines a t a place called Galley -key
(T ham es Street).
Gallon. (F.) M. E. galon , galun. O. F . gallon , j alon, a gallon ; orig. 'a large
bowl; ' augmentative form of the wor<l
which appears as mod. F. jale, a bow!..
Orig. unknown.
Galloon. (F. -M. H. G.) F . galan,
'galoon-Iace,' Cot. : cf. O. F. galoner, to
adorn the head (with ribbons, &c.). [Also
Span. galon, galloon.] - O. F. gale, Span.
gala, festivity ; see Gallant.
Gallop. (F. -Scand.) M.E. ga/open;
also spelt walopen. - O. F. galoper, vb. ;
ga/op , 1lJalop (Bartsch), sb. [ H ence was
borrowed O. H. G. walopierm, to gallop;
so that it is not of O. H . G. origin.]
-0. Norweg. *wallhopp, Norw. vallhopp.
a gallop (Aasen) ; lit. a bounding over
a fi eld, 'field-hop.'- Norw. *1lJall- , later
vall, Icel. vijllr, a field, plain (cognate
with E . Wold) : and hoPI, Dan. nap. a
jump, skip, from hopp a, to jump; see
Hop ( I ) .
Gallow, to terrify. (E. ) King Lear,
iii. 2.44. M. E. galwen. A. S. ga lwa,t,
to terrify; in compoagalwan.

205

GALLOWAY

GANNET

GaJ1oway, a nag, pony.

(Scotland.)
Named from Galloway , Scotland.
GaJ1owglas, Galloglas, a heavyarmed foot-soldier. (Irish.) Irish gallo
glack , a servant, a galloglas. - Irish gall,
a foreigner, an Englishman; oglack, a
youth, servant, soldier (f;om og, young,
O. Ir. oac, oe, cognate with E. Young).
It meant ' an English servitor,' as explained
by Spenser, View of the State of Ireland,
Globe ed. p. 640. (See N. and Q. 6 S. x.
145 )
Ga.llows. (E.) M. E.galwes, pI. A.S.
galga, gealga, cross, gibbet; whence mod.
E . gallow, the s being the pI. termination. +lce!. .g tilri, Dan. Swed. gaIge , Du.
ga/g, Goth. galga, a cross, G. galgm.
Teur. type *galgon-; cf. Lith. Olga, a
pole ( = z h ).
Galoche, a kind of shoe. (F. - Late L.
F. ga/oc/It , an swering to a
- Gk.)
Romance type *galopia. *ca/opia; formed
from *calopiis, sing. of Late L. calopodes,
wooden shoes; we also find Late L.
calopdia (see Brachet), a clog, wooden
shoe, and calopodium. - Gk. KaAOlT"atOV ,
dimin. of Ka'\ 6lToll~, Ka'\a "'OIl~, a shoemaker's
last. - Gk. Ka.,\O-V, wood ; lTO "~, a foot.
Galore, in plenty. (C.) Irish goleor,
Gae!. .l[1Ileor,gu leoir, sufficiently. Formed
from Irish and Gael. leor, sufficient, by
prefixing go or g lt , lit. 'to,' but used to
tum an adj. into an ad verb.
Galt (I ), Gault, clay and marl.
(Scand.) Norweg. gald, hard ground,
n place where ground is trodden hard;
I cel. gald, hardtrodden snow.
Galt ( 2), a boar-pig. (Scand. ) M. E .
galt. _ Ice!. gO/lr, galti; ?wed. Dan. gall,
a hog. Cf. O. H. G . galza, a sow.
Galvanism. (Ita!.) Named from
Galvalli of Bologna, Italy; about A. D.

179 2

Gambado, an E. substitution for F.

gambade; see Gambol.
Gambit, an opening at chess. (F.Ita!. - L.) F. gambil. - Ita!. gambetlo, a
tripping up. - ltal. gamba, the leg; see
Gambol.
Gamble. (E.) A late word, put for
gammle or gam-Ie, a frequent. form which
has taken the place of M. E. gammm, to
play at games. - A. S. gammian, to play at
games; from gamen, a game. See Game.
Gamboge. (Asiatic.) A corruption of
Cambodia, in the Annamese territory,
whence it was brought after A. D. 1600.

Gambol, n frisk, caper. (F. - It;II.-L.)

Former! y gam/10M, gambauld, gambaud. _

M . F. gambade, 'a gamboll ;' Cot. -Ita!.
gambata, a kick. - Ita!' gamba, the leg;
the same as F . jambe, O. F. gambe, Late
L. gamba, a joint of the leg. Cf. Gael.
and \\'. cam, crooked, answering to O.
Celt. *kambos (fern. *kambti), crooked;
Stokes-Fick, 78.
Game. (E.) M. E. game, also ga1llC1e.
A. S. gamm, sport. + Icel. gaman, Dan.
gammen, M. Swed. gamman, O. H. G .
gama,t, joy, mirth. See Gammon (2) .
Gammer, an old lady, grandmother.
(F. - L.; and E. ) For grammer, West.
E . form of grattdmolher.
Gammon ( I ), the preserved thigh of n
hog. (F. -L. ) M.E. gambo,t. A . F .
gambon (F. jamb01t), a gammon; from
O. F. gambe, leg. See Gambol.
Gammon (2), nonsense; orig. a jest.
( E.) M . E. gamm, a game; see Game.
And see Backgammon.
Gamut. (F. -Gk.; alld L.) Compo
of O. F . game, galllmc, and ul. Here
gamme represents the Gk. 'Yappa ('Y ) ,
because the musical scale was represented
by a, b, c, d, e, f, g, the last being g = 'Y.
V I is the old name for do, the I st note in
singing, because it began an old hymn to
St. John, ' VI queant lu is,' &c., used in
learning singing. Gamut is the scale,
from 'Y ((") to ul (a).
Gander. (E. ) M. E. gandrc. A. S.
ga,tdra, also spelt g01tra (the d being, in
fact , excrescent). + D u. gander. Cf. also
L ow G. ganle, a gander (see ganla in
Pliny). Teut. type *ga1tron-, m. Allied
to Gannet and Goose.
Gang ( I), a crew of persons. (E.)
A. S. g01tg , a going, progression; but the
sense was affected by the related word
genge, a gang.
gang ( 2), to go. (Scand.) Icel. ga1tga,
to go; cf. A. S. ga1tg, a going, path,
course (whence E. gangway) ; see Go.
Ganglion, a tumour on a tendon. (L .
-Gk. ) L. gattglion.- Gk. 'Yan'\LOV.
Gangrene, a mortification of the flesh.
(F.-L.-Gk.) M. F.ga1tgrene. - L.gangrana. - Gk. 'Yan(JOlva, an eating sore.
Allied to 'YfP-OJv, an old man, from
'YfP, to grow old; cf. SkI. jaras, old
age, jaraya, to consume (see Prellwitz).
Gannet, solan goose, a sea-fowl. (E.)
A. S. ganol.+Low G. gantc, Du. gml, a
gander; M. H. G. gtuU4, O . H . G. ganazo,

206

GANTLET

GARNER

see beller (see N. E. D .), the same as gral>elltr.

tp garble or sort out spices, orig. to sift.
Gantlet (I); see Gauntlet.
The same as Span. garbillar, Ita!. garbtlGantlet ( 2), Gantlope, a military lare, to garble or sift wares.-Span. garpunishment. (Swed.) Formerly gantlope; f.illo, a coarse sieve. - Pers. gharbil, Arab.
corrupted by confusion with gallntlel. ghirbtil, a sieve; Arab. gharbalal, sifting,
Again, gO/ii/ope is a corruption of Swed. searching. Rich. Dict. p. ]046.
gatlopp. lit. < a running down a lane;' to Garboil, a commotion. (F.) M. F.
< nm the gantlope' is to nm between two garbouil, < a garboil , hurliburly;'
Cot.
files of soldiers, who strike th e ofl'encler as Cf. Span. gar/Jlll/o, a crowd; ltal. garhe passes. - Swed. gata, a lane, street (see buglio, a garboil, disorder. Of unknown
Gate ( 2; and lopp, a nmning, from lopo, origin. Prob. imitative. Florio has Ital.
to nm, c0Jr1~te with E. Le~p.
garahul101'e, to rave.
Gaol, Jail, a cage, pnson. (F. -:- L .) Garden. (F. - O. Frankish. ) M. E.
A. F . gaole, geio/e ( F. geOle), a pnson, gardin. - A. F., O. NOIth F . and Picard
hirdcage. - Late L. gabiola, caveo/a, a garditt, F. jardin. _ O. Frank. gardin
cage, dimin. of L. cauea, a den, cave, (0. H. G . gar/itt) , gen. and dat. of gardo,
ca_ge. - L. ,atms, hollow; see Cage.
a yard, cognate with E. Yard, q. v. Cf.
Gap. (Scand.) M. E . gappe. - Icel. and O. H . G. gartin'an, a gardener.
Swea. gnp, a gap, abyss. -lcel. and Swed. Garfish; see Gar ( I ).
gapa, to gape (below).
Gargle. (F . - Late L. - Gk.) Modified
gape. (Scand.) M. E. gapen. - Ice!. from F. gnrgouiller, ' to gargle;' Cot. ana Swed. gapa , Dan. gabe. +E. F ries . and F . g01'gottille, the weasand of the throat,
Du. l:apen, G. g-affin.
Cf. Skt. jabh, also a gargoyle, or mouth of a spout. So
jambh, to gape.
also Span. gargola, a gargoyle; Ita!' garGar ( I). Garfish, a fi sh. (E.) A fish gozza, the gullet. From an imitative base
with slender body and pointed head. garg-, as seen in L.garganzare. to gargle,
From A . S. gar, a spear; cf. Garlic. So from Gk. 'Yap'Y-apt{flV , to gargle; cf. Gk.
also pike, ged.
'Yap-yap<wv, the uvula. Hence also Ital.
Gar (2'. to cause. (Scand. ) Ice!. gprtla gnrgagliare, to murmur, gargot/a, the
( Noreen) , Swed. grim, Dan. gjore, to throat. The parallel L. base is gurg ;
make, cause; lit. to make ready. - Icel. see Gorge, Gurgle.
g/rr,gorr, ready; see Yare.
gargoyle, a spout. (F. -L.) F.gar
garb ( I), dress. (F. - O. H. G.) In gOttme (above) .
Sbak . - O. F. garbe, a garb, good fasbion . Garish, staring, showy. (E.) Also
- O. H . G. gat'awi, gar-wi. dress, prepara- formerly srel t /:aurisn. Allied to M . E.
tion; cf. O. H . G . gara1lJen, M. H . G. gattren, to stare ,Chaucer). Cf. M . E.
garwen, to get ready. - O. H . G. garo , ga1CJc1Z. to stare ; Tce!. gii, to h eed, mark.
ready; cognatewitb E.ya,-e; see G ear.
Ga.rland. ( F.-Teut.?) M.E.ger/ond.
Garb ( 2), a wheatsheaf, in heraldry - 0. F. gark nde. Cf. Span. guirnalda,
(1'.-0. H . G.) .A. F. and Picard garbe. Ita!. gnirlanda (whence Mod . F. guirF. gerbe, a sheaf. - O. H . G. gal'ba (G. lande), a garland. Prob. form ed , with
.[{arbe ), a sheaf. Lit.' what is grabbed' suffix .al1de, from M. H. G . wiettlen,
or caught up into a bu ndle by grasping. frequentative of wieren, to adorn, from
Cf. E. grab, Swed. g-rabba, to grasp; Skt. O. H. G. wiara , M . 1:1 . G. wiere, refined
gran, Vedic graM, to seize. Brugm. i. gold, fine ornament, crown. Cf. W i re.
531 .
Garlic, a plant. ( E.) A. S. gartiac,
garba.ge, refuse . (F. - O. H . G .) lit.' spear leek. ' - A. S. gar, a spear; liac,
M. E gnrbage, entrails of fowls. Thi ~ a leek, plant. See Gore (3) and Leek.
agrees in form with O. F. garnage, gelbage, Garment. (F. - O . l.ow G.) M. E.
a tax paid in garbs or sheaves. Prob. garmmenl. - O. F . garl1emml, gar"imenl,
similarly formed from O. F . garnet in the a robe (defence) . - O. F. ga,."ir, to prosense of ' handful,' small bundle, a sense tect; see Garnish.
whi ch occurs for Low L. garba.
Ga.rner. (F. - L.) M. E. garner. Garble, to select for a purpose; hence. O . F.gernier, variant ofgrenier. a granary.
to co rrnpt nn account. (F. - Span. - Arab.) - L. griinaritlm, a granary. - L.l:riinum,
Orig. to pick out, sort, sift out. - O. F . gar corn ; see Grain.
n gander.
Gander.

From a base gan-;

30 7

GARNET

GAUGE

garnet. (F.-L.) M. E.ganut,also

spi]t gratla/! - O. F. granate; M. F.
grenal, a precious stone called a granat
or garnet,' Cot.; Late L. granalus. So
called from its resemblance to the seeds of
the pomegranate, or lIliiltl1ll griimitu1II,
lit. seeded apple. - L. gr.inum, a grain,
seed.
Garnish. (F. -0. Low G. ) Also 1varnuh. - O. F. gamis-, warn;s-, stem of
pres. pt. of gaY/lir, warnir, to defend oneself, fortify, garnish.-O. Frank. *1vam'
jan; cf. O. H . G. warnon , M. H . G.
1varnttt, to guard against, provide oneself with; cf. O. H . G. wanuz, foresight ,
care. See Warn.
garnitlU"e. (1'.-0. Low G.) F.
gar1l1'ttlre, garnishment. - Low L. gamiI;ira. - Low L. gami/us, orig. pp. of
gamire, to adorn, which is mere!y a
Latinised form of O. F. gamir (ahove).
Garret. (F. - G.) M. E. garile. O. F. garile (F. gil/rite), place of refuge,
watch-tower. - O. F . gan'r, warir , to
preserve. - O. H. G. '/liar/an, to defend.
Allied to Wary.
Ga.rrison. (F.-O.LowG.) Confused
with M. K garisoulI, warisoulI, a reward ;
but the true form is M. E. gantison, tvarnison, defence, stores, supply. - O. F.
ganlUOll, store, supply, -0. F.garnisant,
pres. pt. of gamir, to supply, garnish;
see Garnish. And see Warison.
Garrote, Garrotte. (Span. - C.)
Span. garrote, a cudgel, tying a rope tight,
strangling by means of an iron collar.
Formed, with dimin. suffix -ote, from Span.
garra, a claw, talon, clutch, grasp. Bret., W. , and Corn. gar, the shank of
the leg (Diez). See Garter.
Ga.rruloUS. (L.) L. garrtllus. talkalive. - L. garrfre, to chatter. Brugm. i.
638.
Garter. (F.-C.) A. F. garler; O.F.
garlier (North of France, Hecart), spelt
Jartier in Cotgrave (F.jarretiere ). - 0 , F.
and Norm. ga"et (F. jarret), the ham of
tbe leg; a dimin. form. - Bret. gar, W.
gar, shank of the leg ; Celt. type *garris.
Gas. (Du.) The Belgian chemist Van
Helmont (died A. D. 1644) invented two
terms, gas and bIas; the latter did not
come into use. He tells ns that gas was
suggested by the Gk. xao~. See N. E. D_
Gasconade, boasting. (Gascony_) F.
gasconnade, boasting; said to be a vice of
Gascons; at any rate named from them.

Gaah,tohack,cutdeeply. (F.-LateL.
- Gk.) Formerly garsh, garse. - O. F.
garser, to scarify, pierce with a lancet. Late L. caraxiire, short for i,ua"axnre,
incharaxiire , to pierce, incise. Cf. Late L.
!rarsa, scarification, by making incisions
in the skin, called in G k. ~")'xapa(,~;
whence the Late L. vb. was formed. See
Character.
Gasp. (E.) M. E. gaspm, gaispm.
The latter answers to Icel. ge;spa, Swed.
gaspa, to yawn (cf. Dan. gispe). The
former represents the cognate A . S. *gns.
pan (not found ). Ice!. geispa is for geipsa; cf. Du. gtjpm, to gasp; A. S. gipllllg,
a gaping.
Gastric, belonging to the belly. (Gk.)
Coined from Gk. ")'4UTpO-, from "),a(Jrf7p ,
the belly.
Gate ( I ), a door, hole, opening. (E .)
M. E. !rate, yale. A. S. gat, geat, a gate,
opening (w hence M. E. yate ); pI. gatu
(whence M_ E. gate).
])u. gat, a hole,
opening, gap; O. Fries., O. Sax., Ice!.
gat, an opening.
Gate ( 2), a street. (Scand.) Common
in the North; it also means ' a ' way.'Ice!. gala, Swed. gata, a way, path, street,
lane; Dan. gade; cf. Goth . gatwo, G.
gasse. Perhaps allied to Gate ( I) , and
also to the vb. Go. /3. Gate ( I ) answers
to Teut. type *gat01ll, n., but gate (2) to
Teut. type ~atwon-, f. See Gait and
Gantlet ( 2).
Gather. (E.) M. E. gaderm. A. S.
gaderian, g(1!drian, to collect, get together.
- A. S. gader-, together; also gador-,
geador. Du. gaderen , to collect, from
(te )gader, together. Cf. A. S. gad, a company, society (whence also A. S. g(1!defillg, a comrade ; ge-gada, a companion) ;
Du . gade, a spouse, G. galle, a husban d;
Goth. gadiliigs, a cousin. Perhaps allied
to Good,
Gaud, a show, ornament. (L.) M. E.
gat/de. _ L.gaudillm,gladness,joy; hence.
an ornament. - L. gaudb -e, to rejoice (base
gauid-, as in gauisus SU1ll , lIsed as pt. t. ).
+Gk. ")'118J.cv, to rejoice; allied to ")'al .. 11
(= -yar-I.", ), to rejoice; -yavpos, proud.
Brugm. i. 589 ; ii. 694. Der. gaud-y,
adj.
Gauge, Gage, to measure the cont ent
of a vessel. ( F .-Low L.) Spelt !Jage in
Shak.-O. North F.gauger, F.jauger , ' to
gage,' Cot. - O. North F. !rallge , F .
jallgt,' a gage, inltrument wherewith a

208

GAUNT

GENEALOGY

cask is measnred,' Cot.; Low L. gat~t;i"

(A. D. 1446) . Of unknown origin.
Gaunt, thin, lean_ (Scand.?) An EastAnglian word; perhaps Scand. Also spelt
g-anl ( 1691 ). Cf. N orweg. g-a,uf, :I thin
stick, a tall and thin man, an overgrown
stripling (Aasen) ; Swed. dial. g-attk, a lean,
half-starved horse (Rietz). Doubtful.
Gauntlet. (F. -Scand. ) O. F. g-atttelei, :I double dimin_ of g-ant, a glove. - O.
Swed. wante, a glove; Dan. vante, a
mitten, Icel. votlr (stem vanlu-). a glove.
Cf. Du_ want, a mitten (prob. borrowed
from Scand .). Prob. from Wind, verb
(Noreen) ; cf. G.g-ewand, a garment; Low
G . want, cloth (Liibben).
Gauntlet; see Gantlet (2).
Gauze, a thin silken fabric. ( F.Palestine.) M. F. ga.ze; Span. g-asa. Cf.
Low L . g-azZiiltWl, gauze; gazetum, wine
from Gaza. Said to be from Gaza, in
Palestine, whence it was first brought.
Gavelkind, a sort of tenure. (E. )
M. E. g-auelkynde; answering to an A. S.
form *g-afol-cynd. - A. S. g-nfol, tribute,
payment; and rynd, kind, sort, condition.
The A. S .gaj-ol (whence Low L. ga/Julum)
is from Teut. *g-ab, 2nd grade of Give, q. v.
Gavial, the crocodile of the Ganges.
( F.-Hind.) F.gavial (a corrupt form ).
- Hind. g-llariyal, a crocodile.
Gavotte, a d:lnce. (F .) M. F. gavote,
orig. a dance of the Gavots. Gavot is a
sobriquet, in Provence, of the mountaineers of the Alps (see Hatzfeld).
Gawk, Gawky, awkward. (F.From E. dia!' g-awk-handed,
Scand.)
g aulick-handed, left-handed ; gawk , clumsy.
Here g-n1tJk is short for gaztl-ick, where
-ick is a suffix. Of F. origin; cf. Burgund.
glJle, numb with cold, said of the fingers.
-Swed. Dan. valm , benumbed; whence
Swed. dial. v al-lliindt, Norw. val-ltendt,
having num\YOd hands. ~ Prob. not from
F. gauche (N. E. D .) .
Gay. (F. - 0_ H. G.) O. F. g-ai. O . If. G. wahi, fine, beautiful.
Gaze. (Scand.) M. E. gasm. - Swed.
dial. gasa, to gaze, stare at.
Gazelle, an anima!. (F. - Span. Arab.)
Formerly gaze!. - O. F. gaze/,
gazel/e.-Span. gacela. -Arab. gllazal, a
wild goat, gazelle.
Gazette. ( F_-Ita\.) O . F.gazette, an
abstract of news , issued at Venice.-ItaI.
gazzetta, a gazette; the orig. sense is
either (I) a magpie, from Ita\. gazzella,

a m:lgpie, dimin. of liuzza, a magpil',

when ce it may have meant ' tittle-tattle';
or ( 2) a very small coin (perhaps paid for
the pri vilege f reading the news), from
Ital. g-azzclla, a coin less than a farthing-,
probably from Gk. -ya(a, a treasury.
Gear, dress. harness, tackle. tScand.)
M. E. gere. - Icel. g-ervi, g-orvi, gear,
apparel. Cf. gijrr, g-eyrr, skilled, dressed,
pp. of cOra, to make.+A. S. g-ear-we, fern.
pl., preparation, dress, ornament; A. S.
gearo, ready; see Yare. And see Gar
( l ), Garq, ( 1).
Geck, a dupe. (Du.) In Tw. Nt. v.
351. - Du. g-ek, formerly g-tck. a fool, sot ;
cf. G. g-eck, the same; Dan. g-jek, fool;
Icel. g-ikkr, a pert, rude person. ~ Not
to be confused with A . S. g-eac, cuckoo;
nor with g-owk; nor with g-awky .
Gecko, a nocturnal li zard _ (Malay.)
Also F. g-ccko. - Malay g-ekoq, a gecko;
so named from an imitation of its cry.
Ged, the fish called a pike. (Scand.)
Icel. g-uida, Swed. giidde, D:ln. g-iedde, a
ged; allied to g-addr,a goad; see Gad (I).
Named from the sharp, thin head; hence
al , o called pike.
Gelatine. (F. -Ital. -L.) F . gelaline,
kind of jelly. - Ital. g-elatilta. - L. gelalus,
pp. of g-einre, to freeze. -L. gelu, frost;
see Gelid.
Geld, to emasculate. (SC:lnd.) M . E.
geltktt. - IccJ. gelda, D:ln. gilde, Swed.
giilla (for giilda ) ; cf. I ce!. g-e/d,-, Swed.
gall, barren . Perhaps related to Goth.
giltha, a sickle. Cf. Galt ( 2). Der.
g-e/d-ing, from Ice!. gelding-, the same.
Gelid, cool. (L .) L. gelidw. - L. gelu,
frost. Allied to Cool. Brllgm. i. 48 J.
Gem. ( F. - L.) M. K g-elllme. - F.
gemme. - L. gemma, a bud; also a gem,
jewel. Bmgm. i. 4 1 3 (4).
Gemini. (L.) L. gemini, twins; pI.
of gemill1tS, double.
Gender ( I ), kind. ( F. - L.) M. E.
gmdre ( with excrescent d ). -0. F . gem-e,
kind . - L. ge,w'e, ab\. case of genw, kind,
kin. ~ The unusual deriv. hom the abl.
case is due to the common phrases genC1'C
1Uitus, ltoc genere, O11l1li g-enere ; so also
Ital. genere, kind.
gender ( 2), to produce. (F. - L ')
M. E. gendren. - 0_ F. gendrer ( Godefroy ).-L.gem:rare, to beget.-L. gmer-,
for *genes, stem of ,l{entlS (above). And
see Engender.
Genealogy. ( F. - L. - Gk.) M_ E.

l09

GENERAL

GERUND

gtnea/ogie. - O. F. gtnta/ogie. - L. gtntiigentle. (F.-L.) O.F ..~mtil(above) .

!ogia. -Gk. 'Y'1I,aA.,..,la, an account of a
gent1'J'. ( F.-L.) M.E.gentne,high
family, pedigree (1 Tim. i. 4).-Gk. 'Y.II.a, birth; shortened from M. E. gentrise, the
birth (allied to ,,('lIor, see genus) ; and same.- O. F. genterise, another form of
".,..,Ia, an account, allied to Afryos (see gmtilise, rank ( = Late L. gentilitia).Logic).
L. gent"is; see Genteel.
General, relating to a genus, common. Genuflection, Genuflezion, a
(F. - L.) O. F. general. - L. genertilis, bending of the knee. (F.- L.) M.F. gmubelonging to a genus (stem gener-, for fl~xt'on. - Late Lace. geniiflexiiinem. - L.
*gmts) ; see genus. Hence general, sb., gemt, knee; flex-us, pp. of flectere, to
a leader; general-iuimo, from Ita\. general. bend.
iuimo, a supreme commander, with superl. Genuine. (L.) L. gmuinlls, of the
suffix -iSJimo.
true genus or stock; allied to L. genus
generate. (L.) From pp. of L. (below).
genertire, to prod uce. - L. gener-. declo
genus, kin. (L.) L. genus (gen.
stem of genus.
genen's, for .geneus), kin, race.
Gk.
,eneric, pertaining to a genus. (L.) ,,('IIOS, race; A. S. cyn, kin. See Kin.
Comed from L. gmer-, declo stem of (""GEN.) Brogm. i. 604.
genus.
Geography. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F.
generous. (F. - L.) O. F. genereus, geographie. - L. geographia. - Gk. 'Y.OJlater gtnl rmx. - L. gmero!Us, (properly) ,,(pacpla, lit. earth-description. - Gk. "(.OJ- =
of noble birth. - L. gener-, as above.
"'(110-, a combining form of 'Yil, earth;
Genesis, creation. (L. - Gk.) L. ."(pacpla, description, from "(pOtft'lI', to
gent!i~. - Gk. 'Yfl/.qlr, origin, source; write.
geometry. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
related to 'YfVOS, race; see genus.
Genet, an animal. (F. - Span. - Arab.) geomttrie. - L. geometria. - Gk. ,,('OJpfTpia,
F. gmetle, 'a kind of weesell;' Cot. - land-measurement.- Gk. 'Y.OJ- (as above) ;
Span. ![ineta. - Arab.jameit (Dozy).
-f"Tpla, measnrement, from PfTplOJ, I
Genial. (F. - L.) O. F. genidl. - L. measure, piTPOV, a measure; see Ketre.
gmitilis, pleasant; adj. from genius; see
georgic. (L.- Gk.) L. georgicus,
genius.
relating to husbandry. - Gk. "fOJP'YIJ(6~,
Geniculate, jointed. (L. ) Tn botany. the same.- Gk'''(''''P'Yla, tillage.- Gk. 'Y.OJ
From L. genim!u11l, a little knee, joint in (as above) ; 'P'Yf(JI>lp~fllI, to work. See
a plant; double dimin. of gtnii, a knee. Work.
Allied to Knee.
Geranium, a plant. (L. -Gk.) L.
Genie, a demon ; see Jinn.
geranium, Latinised from Gk. "'pOVIOV, a
Genital. \1". - L.) O. F . genital. - L. geranium or crane's bill (from the shape
gmilti!is, generative. - L. genii-tim, supine of the seed-pod ). - Gk .,IpaIlOS, a crane;
allied to Cra.ne.
of gjgnl1e. to beget.
genitive. (F. - L. ) O. F. genitif. Gerfalcon; see Gyrfa.loon.
L. gmetfuus, hel onging to birth, applied Germ, a seed. (F.-L.) F.germe.in grammar to a certain case of nouns. - L. germen (ste m germin- ), a sprout, germ.
L. genitum (above).
Der. germ,'n-ale (from the stem).
genius, inborn faculty. (L.) L . german, germane, akin. (F.-L.)
ge"ius, the tntelar spirit of anyone; also COIIsi" s-german are cousins having the
wit, lit. 'inborn nature.' Allied to genus. same grandfather. Formerlyspeltge''1flai,z.
Gennet; see Jennet.
- M. F. gemla;'z.-L. germtimml , ace. of
Genteel. (F. - L.) XVI cent. ; F . germtinus, closely akin. Al1ied to Germ.
gtntil.-L.gentilis, belonging to the same Germander. (F . -L.-Gk.) F. ge1"
clan, n gentile (afterwards applied to mean mandrle, germander; O. F. gel'mandru.
well-bred, &c.).-L. genli-, declo stem of gemandree (Godefroy, Supp.); cf. G. gamander. - Late L. gama,u/ria, a popular
gtns, a clan, tribe, Allied to genua.
Gentian, a plant. (F. - L. ) O. F. gen alteration of Late Gk. xapav3p..a, gertiane. _ L.gentitina; named after Cmlius, mander.- Gk. xafLQl3prn, germander; lit.
an I11yriatl king, abt. B.C. 180.
'ground-tree,' i.e. low tree.-Gk. xapat.
Gentile. (F. - L. ) O. F. gtnlil.- L. on the ground; 3pils, tree.
genlr!il, gentiI~; see Genteel.
Gerund, a part of a Latin verb. (I,.)
no

GESTATION

GIBLETS

L. gerllndiulll, a gerund. - L. gerllndtlS,

that which is to be done or carried on ;
a verbal adj. from gerere (pp. gu-Ius), to
carry on, perfonn, bring. ( .vGES.)
gestation, the carrying of the young
in tbe womb. (F.- L.) M. F.gestation.L. ace. gestiilionem, a carrying. - L. geslaIus, pp. of ges"'rl!, to carry, frequent. form
of gere"e (pp. gest-us), to bring.
gesticulate, to make gestures. (L.)
From pp. of gesticulari, to make mimic
gestures.-L. gesticulus, a gesture, double
dimin. of gestus, a gesture.-L. gestus, pp.
of gerere.
gesture. (L.) Late L. gestiira, a
mode of action. - L. geSlllS, pp. of gerere.
Get. (Scand.) M. E. geten, pt. t.gat,
pp. geten. - Ice!. geta, pt. t.gat, pp.getinn.
+ A. S. -geta", pt. t. -gtEt, pp. -geten, to
get, obtain; Goth . gzIan; cognate with
L. -kendere (base kl!d), in prekmdere, to
seize; Gk. Xa"M" .. " (base XaB ), to seize;
Russ . .Ratiatl!, to conjecture. (.vGHw ED.)
Der. beget,for-get. Brugm. i. 632.
Gewgaw, a plaything, specious trifle.
(F.) I'ormerly gugaw, (perhaps) answering
to M. E. giuegtlue, Ancren Riwle, p. 196.
The pron. of M. E. giuegoue is uncertain.
Origin unknown; prob. F . One sense of
E.gl!Wgaw is a Jew's harp; cf. Burgundian
gawe, a Jew's harp (Mignard). Cf. Swed.
dial. gtJva, to blow ; Norw. guva, gyva
(pt. t. gauv).
Geysir. (Icel.) Icel.gqsir, lit. (gusher.'
_ Ice!. geyuz, to gush; allied to gjosa (pt.
t.gaus), to gush. See Gush.
Ghastly, terrible . (E. ) M. E. gustly.
Formed from M. E. gasten, A. S. g{estan,
to terrify; allied to Goth. usgaisjan, to
terrify. See Aghast. Allied words are
gasted, terrified, K. Lear, ii. 1. 57; gast'IUS, Oth. v. 1. 106. See Ghost.
Ghaut, a landing-place, quay, way
down to a river; mountain-pass. ( Hind.)
Hind. gMt, Bengali gka~. See Wilson.
Ghee, boiled or clarified butter. (Hind.
- Skt.) Hind. gki. - Skt. gkrta, clarified
butter ; orig. pp. of gnr, to sprinkle.
Gherkin, small cucumber. (Du. Slav.-Low L.-Gk.-Pers.) Short for
*aglzerkin. _ Du. agurkje, a gherkin (of
which an older form was doubtless
*agurken (=agurk-ken ), because M. Du.
used the dimin. suffix -km where mod.
Du. uses -ie; in fact, the form augurken
is preserved in E. Friesic.). Without the
final n, we have Du. agorke (Sewel). -

Pol. ogurek, ogorek, ogorka, a cucumber;

Bohem. okurka. - M. Ita1. anguria, a
cucumber (Florio); Low L. angUri us, a
water-melon.-Byzantine G!.. dryO':PIOl',
a water-melon. - Pers. angaran, a melon,
a cucumber; Rich. Diet., p. 194Ghost, a spirit . (E.) M. E. grJSt,gtlosl.
A. S. grist. + Du. gust, G. geist. Teut.
type*gaistoz. Of uncertain origin ; perhaps
allied to Ice!. geisa, to rage (like fi re) ,
and to Goth. us-gais-jan, to terrify.
Brngm. i. 816 (l ) .
Ghoul, a kind of demon. (Arab.) Pers.
gnol, an imaginary sylvan demon; Arab.
glmwal, a demon of the woods; from Arab.
ghawl, attacking suddenly.
Giant. (F.-L.-.Gk.) M. E. giant,
geallt, geaunt.-A. F. and O . F. giant,
geant. - L. gigantem, ace. of gzgas. - Gk
'Y''Yar (stem 'Y''Yavr-) , a giant.
Der.
gigant-ie, from L. giganl-, stem of gigas.
Giaour, an infidel. (Pers.) Giaou,' is
an Ital. spelling usual among the Franks
of the Levant (Byron). Pers. gawr, an
infidel , a fire-worshipper; variant of Pers.
gabr, a Gueber; see Gueber.
Gibberish, idle talk. (Arab. 1) The
hard g separates it from the verb gibber,
to gabhle, which is the frequentative of
jibe, and allied to jabber. Fuller has
Geberisk , and Camden Gebrisk; apparently
in allusion to Gebir, an Arabian alchemist
of the 8th century, and to the jargon of
alchemy. Or it may be merely imitative.
Gibbet. (F .) M. E. gibbet, gibl!t. O. F. gibbet (F. gibet), a gibbet. Prob.
allied to O. F. gibet, a large stick, perhaps
a dimin. of O. F. gibe, gibbe, a sort of
stick shod with iron, an implement for
stirring up earth. Or is gib-el a dimin.
from M. Du. 7uippe, ( a gibbet,' in Hexham?
Gibbon, a kind of ape. (F. ) F.gibbon,
in Buffon; of unknown origin.
Gibbous, humped , swelling. (L.)
From L. gibbosus, humped (whence also
gibbose). - L.gibbus,gibba, a hump, hunch;
cf. giMus, bent.
Gibe, Jibe, to mock. (E. ) Of imitative
origin; cf. E. Fries. gibe/n, to moe!., Du.
gijbelen, to sneer. Note also Ice!. gtipa,
to talk nonsense, Ice!. geip, idle tal!.;
Norw. geipa, to make grimacc:s.
Giblets, the intemal eatable parts of
a fowl, removed before cooking. (F.)
M. E. gibe/et.-O. F. gibell!l, which, according to Littre, answers to mod. F

:Ill

GIDDY

GINGER

.t{ibelolle, stewed rabbit. Of unknown

origin; perhaps related to F.gibier, game.
Giddf. ( E.) M. E. gidi, gedy, adj.;
late A. S ..ridig, insane, an swering to earlier
*gyd~r, which would mean 'possessed by
a god '; cf. A. S. gydtn, a goddess. From
A. S. god.
Gier'ea,le, a kind of eagle. (Du. and
F .) The hrst syllable is from Du. gier,
a vulture; cf. G. geier, M. H . G. p ", a
vulture. Allied to G. gierig, greedy, and
to E. Yearn.
Gift. (E.) M . E. gijt, yi(t. - A. S. gzjt,
a g ift (rare ); common in the pI. gzjfa,
nuptials ; E. Fries. gift. - A. S. gif an, to
gi ve.+Icel.gipt, Du. gift,G. gil t ( in mit
gzff, a dowry). ~ The hard g is due to
Sca nd. inRuence. See Give. Der. gzfted.
Gig, a lig ht carriage, light boat. (Scand.)
In Shak. , a g ig is a boy's top. M . E. gzgge,
apparentl y a whirling thing, Ch. H o.
Fame, iii. 852 (whence E. whid igig).
Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. geiga, to
take a wrong direc tion , to rove at random.
Cf. J.ig. Prob. of imitative origin .
Gigantic; see Giant.
Giggle, to titter. (E.) Of imitative
origi n ; cf. gaggle. Cf. E. Fries. giehellt ,
Low G . gigge/1J ( Danneil), G. kiehem , to
gig~le.

Giglet, Giglot, a wanton woman.

(E. ?) Dlmin. of gigle, a Rirt, used by
Cotgrave (s. v. gadrollil/ette) ; from M. E.
gzgge, the same, Plowm. T ale, 759. Per
haps. allied to Gig or Giggle.
Gild, to overlay with gold. (E.) M. E.
gilde1Z. A. S. gyldan, to gild; cf. A. S.
gylden, golden. Formed (with vowel
mutation from Teut. tl ( >A. S. 0) to y )
fr'!..TT}.gold, gold. See Gold.
Gill (1), organ of respiration in fishes.
(Scand.) M. E. gil/e. - Dan.gial/e, Swed.
gal, a gill; M. Dan. gal/e, M. Swed. gel.
Gill ( l), a ravine, chasm. (Scand.) Also
ghyll. - Ice!. gil, ravine; Norw. gil.
Gill (3" with g soft, a quarter of a pint.
(F . -Late L.) M. E.gille.-O. F.gel/e,,,
sort of wine measure, Late L .gella ; cf. Late
L. gil/o , a winevessel.
Gill (4) , with g soft, a woman's name,
a pitcher, ground.ivy. (L.) _ Short for
Gillian, from L. [uliana, a fern. name
due to L. [ulills; see July. Der. flirtgl'/l or gzl/-jlM,jilt.
Gillie, a boy, page. (C.) Gael. g il/e,
fiolla, l-rish giolla, boy, lad; O. Irish
gil/a, a servant.

GillyAower, a Rower. (F.-L.-Gk.)

F ormerly gilofer, geraflour. Formed (by

confusion with flower) from M. F . girojlle,
, a gi\lotlower;' Cot. From F. dou de
girojle, the same.-Late L. {aryophyl/um,
Latinised from Gk. I<apuo</>uAAOV, a clove
tree, lit. 'nutleaf.' - Gk. I<apuo." , a nut;
</>';}.Aov, leaf.
Gimbals, a contrivance for suspending
a ship's compass, to keep it horizontal.
(F. -L.) Formerly gz'mmals ; also called
gemmow or gemmowring, a double ring,
with two or more links. The form s gem
mow and gimmal correspond to M. F.
gemeau , and O. F.gemel, a twin.-L. gemd
Ius, a twin, a di min . form of L. gemintls,
double.
Gimlet, Gimblet. (F. - Teut. ) M.F.
gimbele!, 'a gimlet or piercer ;' Cot.;
gttimbelet , Godefroy ( F . gz'belet ) ; Norman
dia!' gztinblet.
Of M. H. G. origin;
formed from a base wind, to turn or
wind ; cf. mod. G. wm delboJl rer, a
wimble. Note also Ice!. vi1zdla, to wind
up, vindill, a wisp. See Wimble, of
which g imlet is the dimin.
Gimmal-ring; see Gimbals.
Gimp, a kind of trimming, made of
twisted silk, cotton, Ol'woo!. (F . - O.H .G.)
See Bailey'S Dict. vol. ii., ed. 1731. Named
from a resemblance to some kind of
wimple.-M. F.gztimpe, a nun's wimple;
also guimple (see ind ex to Cotgrave, s. v.
w imple ). -O. H. G. wimpal, a light robe,
a fillet for the head; G.wimpel.a streamer;
see Wimple. ~ Prob. confused with F.
guipure, a thread or silk lace. See Guipure.

Gin (1), to begin. (E.) Obsolete; often

needlessly written 'gi", as though be were
omitted. M . E. gznnen. A . S. ginnan,
to begin, commonly on-ginna" (pt. t.
ongan1l, pp. ongunnen).+Goth. ginnan,
in the compo dU'gin1lan, to begin. Bnlgm.
i. 376.
Gin (l ), a trap, snare. (F.-L.) M. E.
gin , short for M. E. engin, a contrivance.
See Engine.
Gin (3), a kind of spirit. (F.-L.) Short
for geneva , corruption of M. F . genevre,
juniper. - L. acc. iuniperum; see Juniper.
Ginger, the root of a certain plant.
IF'. -L.-Gk.-Skt. ) M.E. ginger, gzn
geuere ( =gin,l{evere).-O. F. gengibre (F.
glngembre). - Late L.gingzber; L. zingzber.
_ Gk. ('rri/3.p's. - Skt. (t'flgavera, ginger;

213

GINGERLY

GLAIR

lit. 'horn-shaped,' from the horus OIl it. Skt. frflga, a horn; ve"a , a body.
Gingerly. with soft steps. (F.-L.)
From the adj. *giltger, soft, delicate (with
soft g ). Apparen tl y adapted from O. F .
gm zor, gensor, more delicate, compo of
gent, line, delicate, noble; orig. 'well
born.' - Folk-L. *gentum, L. gwilum,
acc. of gmitw, born (weHborn), pp. of
gignen, to beget. (N.E.D.)
Gingham, a kind of cotton cloth .
(F. - M.alay.) F. glti1lgalz. - Malay gillg,;al1g, striped cl oth, gingham. - Malay and
Javanese gillggattg, striped (C. P. G. Scott).
Gingle; the same as Jingle.
Gipsy_; the same as Gypsy.
Gira1f'e, a long-legged animal. (F. Span. - Arab.)
M. F. giraffe (F.
giraft). - Span. g ira/a. - Arab. zarn/,
zaraCt ).
Gll'd (I ), to enclose, bind round . (li.)
M. E. gttrdm, girdw. A. S. gyrda1t , to
gird.+O. Sax. gtlrdiatt, Du. gordm, l cel.
gyr(Ja, to gird, Dan. giorde, G . gt'irlm.
Teut. type *gurdja1l-; from *gll1W-, weak
b'Tade o~ Teut. *gerdan- (pt. t. *gard), to
enclose; cf. Goth. bigairdalt, to begird.
Allied to Garth, Garden, and Yard.
Gird ( 2), tojestat, jibe. (li.) Apeculiar
use 0:' M. E. girden, gurdell, to strike, cut.
To gird at=to strike at, jest at; a gird
i; a cut, sarcasm; Tam. Shrew, v. z. 58.
Girdle. (E.) A. S. gyrdel, that which
girds. -A. S.gyrdan, to gird ; see Gird ( J).
+Du . garde!, Icel. gyr(Jill, Swed. gordel,
G. gUrte!.
Girl. (E. ) M. E. gt'de, gerle, gurle,
often used to mean 'a boy'; a child.
Answering to an A.S. form gyre/-, Teut.
*g"ril-, a dimin. form from Teut. base
gt~r- . Allied to N. Fries. gor, a girl;
Low G. gor, gore, a child. Cf. Swiss
.~t~rre, g urrli, a depreciatory term for a
gi rl (Sanders, Ger. Dict. ).
Giron, G~n, in heraldry, the eighth
part of a shield, made by drawing a diagonalline from the top comer to the centre,
.and from the centre horizontally towards
the same side; a right-angled triangle.
(F.~O . H. G. ) F.giron , agiron (Littn!) .
-0. H . G. gb'UIt, ace. of giro, a lance,
spear; M. H. G. gb'e, a gore or gusset in
a garment, a triangular piece. - O. H. G.
glr, a spear. coguate with A . S. gar, l\
spear. See Gore (2). (Diez, Schade. )
Girth. (Scand.) M. E. gerth. -lcel.
gjor(J, a girdle, girth; ger(J, girth round

the wabt ; \)an. giord. +Goth. gail'lil' , a

girdle. Teut. type *gerdii. See Gird ( f) .
Gist, the pith of a matter. (F. - L .
The giSt is the point wherein the matter
lies. - O. F. gist ,mod . F . gr/) , it lies;
whence the proverb 'c'est lit que git Ie
lievre,' that is where the difficulty is, lit.
' that's where the hare lies.' From th e F .
verb gesir (now gesir), to lie.-L. iadre,
to lie. (O.F.gisl= L.iacet. ) SeeJet ( f) .
Gittern; see Cithern.
Give. (Scand.) M. E. g iff (Northern) ,
geuen, yet/tit (Southern ) ; pt. t. gal ( N.),
ya/(S. ), pp.gi/m (N .) , yillett, y OllClt (S. ).
-lcel. geJa, Dan. give, Swed . g ifva. +
A. S. gifan , pt. t. gcaj, pp. gi/ett; Du .
gevm; Goth. giball, G. gebCll. Teut. type
*geba,z-, pt. t. *gab. Cf. O. Irish gab-i""
I give, I take.
Gizzard. ( F. -L.) M. E . g iser (the
d being added ). - O. F. gezier, jugier,
jllisier (F. gesier). - L. gig1riu1/I, only ill
pI. gig-eria (Late L. gizlria), cooked
entrails of pOUltry.
Glabrous, smooth. (L. ) From L.
glal>er, smooth. Idg. stem *gladh-,'o-;
see Glad. Brugm. i. 589.
Gla.cial, icy. (F. -L.) F.gla(ial. - L.
glacinlis, icy.-L.glacih, ice.
glacier, a mountain ice-field. (F.-L.)
F.glarier(aSavoyword ).-F.glace,ice.l'- olk-L.$'lacia, for L. glacies, ice.
glaCIS, smooth slope. (F.-L.) F.
glacis. - M. F. glaceI', to cover with ice. F. glace (above).
Glad. (E. ) A. S. glad, shining, blight,
cheerful , glad.+Du. glad, smooth, bright,
Icel. gla(J,, bright, glad. Dan. Swed'I::lad,
G. glatt, smooth, polished. Cf. }{uss.
gladkii, even, smooth; L. glaber, smooth;
see Glabrous.
Gladden, Gladen, a plant; his
pseudacorw. (L.) A. S. glfPdene; altered
from L. gladiolus, a sword-lily. Dimin.
of L. gladitls, a sword; see Gladiator.
Glade, an open space in a wood. (E.)
The orig. sense was prob. an opening for
light, passage through a wood; from A.S.
glad, bright, shining. Cf. Swed. dial.
glad-yppett, completely open, said of a
lake whence the ice has al\ melted away.
Gladiator, a swordsman. (L.) L. gla.
diator. - L. gladius, a sword.
Glair, the white of an egg. (F.- 1,,)
M. E. gleyre. - O. F. glaire. - L . clam,
fern. of clarus, bright; Late L. clam ott I,
the white of an egg.

313

GLINT

GLAIVE

Glaive, a sword. (F.-L.) A.F.glaive, M. E. flede.

a sword; O. F. glaive, a sword, lance.L.gladiulIl, acc. of gladius, a sword.
Glamour; see Gramarye.
Glance, a swift dart of light, quick
look; as a verb, to glide off or from , to
graze, to flash. (F.-L.) The sb. is from
the verb. A nasalised form (infiuenced
by M. E. glm/en, to glance) of O. F.
gltuer, gltuier, to glide. slip, glance. - F.
glace, ice; see Glacial. 2. M. E. glm/en
answers to the causal form of the strong
verb glitz/a, to shine, still found in Swed.
dialects (Rietz) . See Glint.
Gland, a fleshy organ in the body,
secreting fluid. (F. -L.) M. F . and F.
gla,"'e, a gland; O. F. glandre. - L. glandula, a gland; dimin. of glans (stem
gland-), an acorn.+Gk./JOAQJfos, an acorn.
Hrugm. i. 665 ,
glanders, glandular swellings. (F.L.) M.I'. glandres, pl. - Lat. pl. acc.
glandulas. swollen glands; from L. gla"s
(above).
Glare, to shine brightly. (E.) M . E.
glarm; cf. A. S. glb, amber. + Low
G. glarm, to glow. Perhaps allied to
GlaSB. Cf. Dan. glar, Icel. gler, glass'
(below).
Gl&8.. (E.) A. S. glas. Du. glas,
G. glas; cf. Dan. gla,., M. Swed'. glar,
Ice\. gler, glass. Orig. sense prob. ' shininE.' See above.
Glaucoua, grayish blue. (L. - Gk .)
L. glaucus; with suffix -ous.-Gk. -r.\OIlKOS, gleaming. bluish.
Glue, to furnish with glass. (E.)
M. E. glasm. - M. E. glas, glass; see
GlaSB.
Gleam, a beam of light. (E.) A. S.
glilm; Teut. type *glaimis. + O. Sax.
gli1llo, brightness; O. H . G. glimo, gleimo,
a glow-worm (from base *gleim- ). Allied
to Gk. XM-apOf, warm. See Glimmer.
Gleim. (F.) M. E. glenen. - O. F.
glener, glatUr (F. glatur), to glean; Low
L. glenan ( A.D. 561); cC. Low L. glma,
gelina, geli1ll<l, a handful. Of unknown
origin. The A. S. gUm, a handful, whence
provo E. ye/m, to provide handfuls of straw
ready for a thatcher, will not account for
the O. F. fonn. ~ We also find the form
to ii/eame (Levins) , also spelt g/eme.
Glebe, soil. (F. - L.) M. 1". glebe,
, glebe, land belonging to a parsonage; ,
Cot. - L. gliba, soil, a clod of earth.
Glede ~l : , a kite, a bird so called. ~ E.)

A. S. glida, a kite, lit.

'glider, from its smooth flight.-A. S.
~/id-. weak grade of glililm, to glide; see
Glide. Cf. Ice!. g/e6a (the same).
Glede (3), Gleed, a glowing coal.
(E.) A. S. glid (where i is from D, by
vowel-change). - A. S. glowa", to glow;
see Glow. Cf. Dan. Swed. glOd, the same.
Glee, joy, singing. (E.) A. S. glio.
earlier gliu, joy, mirth. music. + Icel. glj.
glee. gladness; Swed. dial. gly, mockery.
Cf. Gk. X.\ftl.], a jest. Brugm. i. 633.
Gleek (1 ), a scoff, jest. See Nares.
Prob. a particular use of Gleek (2 ).
GI8811: (2 ) , a game at cards; in which
a gleek meant three cards alike (as three
kings). (F. - Du.) See Nares.- O. F.
glie, a game at cards; also spelt ghelie'lue
(Godefroy).-M. Du. gelij.k, alike.-M.
Du. ge-, g!ze-, Du. ge-, prefix (=A. S. ge-,
Goth.gu-); M. Du. -lijek, Du. -lijk, cognate
with E. like; see Like. ~ Hexham has
gelijk ofte onge/ijk spelm, to play at even
or odds.
Glenfa narrow valley. (C.) Gael. and
irish gleann, O. Irish glemz; W. glyn, a
valley, glen. Celtic type *glennos.
Glib (1), smooth, voluble. (E.) Cf.
E. Fries. glibberig, slippery; glippm, to
slip.+Du. glibberig, slippery, glibberm, to
slide; Du. and Low G. glippen, to slip
away.
Glib ( 3), a lock of hair. (C.) Irish and
Gael. glib, also Jr. elib, a lock of hair.
Glib (3), to castrate. (E.) The same as
lib, with pre6xoo g- - A. S. ge- , a common
prefix. Cognate with Du. lubbm. to castrate, M . Du. lubbell. See Left.
Glide. (E.) M. E. glidm, pt. t. glood.
A. S. glidatl.
Dn. glijiim, Dan. glide,
Swed. glida, G. gleitm. Tent. type *glei
dan-. pt. t. *glaid, pp. *gluianoz.
Glimmer, verb. (E.) M. E. glimerm. + Low G. glimmern, frequent. of
glimmetl, to shine; Dan. glimre, vb., cf.
glimmer, sb., glitter; Swed. dial. glimmer,
vb., glimmer, sb., glitter. Frequent. of
Dan. glimme, Swed. glimma, to shine. Cf.
Swed. dial. glim, a glance, A. S. glemm
(for *glimu), splendour; from *glim-,
weak grade of *gleim.; see Gleam.
glimpse, a slight gleam. (E.) Formerly glimse; M. E. glimsen, to glimpse ;
formed with suffix s- from *glim (above ).
Glint, to shine, glance. \Scand.) M. E .
glm/m. - Swed. dial. gld,z/a. glitz/a, to
shine; nasalised from lcel. glila, to shine.

GLISTEN

GNARL

+M.H.G. glinzen, to glint, Swed.gli"dra . mouth of the windpipe. - Gk. 'YAwrTa,

See Glitter.
Attic form of 'YAwuua, the tongue. Der.
Gli8teD, Glister, to glitter. (E.) epi-glottis.
Extended from base glis- of M. E. glisien, Glove. ( E. ) A. S. glOj, a glove; cf.
to shine.
A. S. glisian; whenct: also Ice!. glOji, prob. borrowed from A. S. gl6j'.
g/imian, to shine. We also find M. E. Possibly from g- (for gr. ), prefix; and
glisteren, glistrtn , to glitter. Cf. Du. Icel. I6ji, Goth. Mfa, the palm of the hand.
glinsteren, to glitter; Swed. dial. glisa.
Der. foxglove.
Glitter. ( E.) M. E. gluerm , to shine. Glow. (E.) M. E. glo'Wefl. A. S.
A. S . glitinian, to shine; extended from glowan, to be ardent, to shine brightly.+
A. S. glitian, to shine.+lcel. glitra, to Icel. gloa, Dan. gloe, to glow, stare, Swed.
glitter, frequent. of glita, to shine; Swed. g'lo, to stare, Du. glodjen, G. g liihm .
!,'Iittra, to glitter; glitter, sb., a sparkle. Brugm. i. 156. Der. gltde (l ).
Cf. Goth. glit-munjan, to glitter. From Glower, to look frowningly. (E.) K
*glu-, weak grade of *gleit-, as in O. Sax. Fries. gluren. Cf. Low G. glure", M. Du.
glitall, G. gleissm, to shine.
gloeren, 'to look awry , to leare,' HexGloa.ming, twilight. (E.) A Scot. ham; Du. glurm. ~ M. E. glorm, to
form of glooming, i. e. the time of becom- stare, is allied to glare.
ing dusk; A. S. iiftn-glo",mung, gloom of GlOM, to interpret, flatter. (F. - L.eve, Hymn. Surtees, 16. 16. See Gloom. Gk.) M. E. glosen, to make glosses.Gloat, to stare, gaze with admiration. M. E. glose, a gloss; see Gloss (l).
(E.) Formerly glole (XVI cent. ). + Icel. Glue. (F.- L.) O. F. gltt.-Late L.
glotta, to grin, smile scornfully; Swed. gliitem, ace. of glus ', gen. gliitis), glue;
dia1.glolta, glut/a, to peep; G. glotzen, to allied to L. glutm, glue, gliitus, tenacious.
~tare.
Cf. kuss. gliadiet(e), to look at.
+Gk. ,),Ao,os, mud, gum. Allied to Clay.
Globe. (F.-L.) O. F. globe . - L. Hrugm. i. 639.
globum, acc. of globus, a ball; cf. glomus, Glum, sullen. (E.) M. E. glo1lllllelZ,
a ball, clue.
glo1llbm, gloumen, to look gloomy. E.
Glomerate. (L.) From pp. of glo- Fries. glumm, gliimen, to look sullen.+
1IIerllre, to collect into a ball. - L. glolller-, Low G. gluu1Il, a sullen look, glu1ll1llen,
for *glo",es, stem of glom tIS, a ball or to make turbid; Norw. g/yme, a sullen
clew of yam. See Globe.
look, g/yllla, gloma, \0 look sulltn. See
Gloom. (E.) A. S. glom , gloom, twi- Gloom.
light; cf. A. S. -glo",mullg , twilight (see Glume, a bracteal c"vering, in grasses.
Gloaming), and provo E. glum, overcast. (L.) L. gil7ma, a husk, hull. - L. gliibere,
+Norw. glyma, an overcast sky; L ow G. to Eee1, take off the husk. See Cleave ( I ).
Glut, to swallow grt ~dily . (F.-L.)
glum, turbid. See Glum.
Glory. (F. -L.) M . E. glorU.-A. F. M. E. glolien. _O. F . glo.ir, gloutir.-L.
and O. F. glone (F. gloire). - L. gloria. glutfre, glultfre, to swallow; cf. gula , the
Glo ( I ), lustre. (Scand.) Icel. glossi, throat. Der.glutton.
a blaze, glys, finery; Swed. dial. glossa, Glutin01l8, gluey. (L.) L.gliitinOsus,
to glow; Norw .glosa, to glow.+M. H. G. sticky.-L.gluf;n., for gliUen, glue.
glosen, to glow, glos, lustre ; Du. glorm Glutton. (F.-L. ) M. E. gloton.O. F. gloton. - L. gluttmem, gliUOfum,
(Franck), E. Fries. gloren.
Gl08. (l), a commentary, explanation. ace., a glutton. - L. gliitire, to devour.
(F . -L.-Gk.) M. E.glose.-O. F. glose, Glycerine, a viscid fluid , of sweet
'a glosse;' Cot. - L. g lossa, a difficult taste. (F.-Gk.) F. g/yct rine ; from Gk.
word requiring explanation. - Gk. 'YAwuua., ",(AVIC'p6S, sweet; from Gk. ",(AVIC6s, .sweet.
the tongue, a language, word needing ex- Glyptic, relating to carving in stone.
planation. Der. gloss, vb., gloze.
(Gk. ) Gk. 'YAV1I'''ICOS, carving. - Gk.
gl0888.1'7. (L . - Gk. ) L . gltJmiriulll, ",(AtnrTos, carved. - Gk .. "'(A"1>flll, to hollow
a glossary ; formed with suffix Ilriu", ont, engrave. See Cleave (I ).
from L. gloss-a (above).
Guarl, to snarl, growl. (E.) Frequengl0880graj)he1'. (Gk.) Coined.ir.o.!D tative 'of glUlr, to snarl, an imitative word.
glosso-, from Gk. ",(1+..OKTua, a hard word ; Cf. A. S. gnyrrall, to creak; E. Fries.
...".a.,..,,,, to write.
g'lUlJ'1"" , to creak, snarl.+Du. Imorrm,
glottia. (Gk.) Gk. ",(A..nls, the Dan. .#/llurre, to growl, Dan. knarre, to
H5

GOD

GNARLED

creak; Swed. Imorra, G. kmlrrm, to supposition arises that Teut. *gailll, *gais,
growl, G. Jmarrm, to creak.
*gaitk are contracted from the verbal
Gnarled, knotty, twisted. (E.) Gnarled particle ga- and the inherited jm, iz, itk =
is full of gnarls, where g7uzr-1 is a dimin . . Skt. lilli, lski,olh"; cf. Gk .11".' - Kluge.
of g7Ulr or /mar, M. E. knarre, a knot in ' But this is mere conjecture.
J
Goad. (E .) M. E. gode. A. S. gad.
wood. See Knurr.
Gnash. (E.) M. E. gnaslm, to gnash Teut. type *gaida, f.+Lomhardic gaida,
the teeth. E. Fries. g7Ulslern, g7rtislern, a gore (Duc.) ; from the base *gai-, Idg.
to gnash.+Swed. kllas/ra, to crash (be *gkai-, whence also A. S. gii-r, Ice!. gei-rr,
tween the teeth) ; Dan. k1laske, to gnash; O. Irish gai, a spear; see Gore (2) .
Ice\. gltaStalt, sb., a gnashing, g nes/a (pt. t. Goal, the winning-post in a race. (E .)
Kllast), to crack; G. k1uzslern, to crackle. M. E. gal, Shoreham, p. 145. Answering
Imitative; so also Dan. knase , to crackle; to A. S. *gal, prob. 'an impediment;'
Icd. g1lisla, to gnash, E. Fries. gnistn.
whence /t.. S. gii/an , to impede. Goal
Gnat. (E. ) A. S. gntelf. Said to be may have meant stopping-place.'
named from the whirring of the wings; Goat. (E.) M. E. goot. A. S. gat. +
cf. Ice!. gnala, to clash, g1uzl, clash of I Ou. get , Dan. ged, Swed. gel, Ice\. geit.
weapons.
G. geiss, geisse ; Goth. gaits. Teut. base
Gnaw. (E.) M. E . gnawCll, pt. t.gnew, *gait-; allied to L. luzdus.
gll07c/.
A . S. gnagan, to gnaw, pt. t. gnolt, Gobbet, a mouthful, a small piece.
pp.gnagm.+Dll.ktuzgen,LowG.gnaum, (F.-C.) M.E. gobel, a small piece.O. Ice\. knaga , mod. Ice!. 1laga, Dan. O. F . gobel, a morsel of food (see Littn!) ;
Knave, Swed. g7laga. Without the g, we allied to M.F. gob, a gulp (in swallowing).
have G. lIagen; also Dan. 11age, to gnaw, - O. F. gober, to devour. - Gael. gob, .beak,
SWt:d. lIagga, whence provo E. nag, to LiU, mouth; Irish gob, mouth, beak.
worry.
gobble ( 1) , to devour. (F.-C.) FreGneiss, a rock. \ G.) G. glleiss; from quentative, with suffix -Ie, from O. F.
its sparkling. - O. H. G. gmislan , to gob-er, to devour; see Gobbet.
sparkle; g illis/a, a spark. + A. S. gnasl, Gobble (2), to make a gabbling noise.
(E.) Imitative; a variant of gabble.
lee!. glleiSti, a spark.
Gnome, a kind of sprite. (F.-Gk.) Gobelin, a French tapestry. (F.)
1". g'lollle, a gnome; a word due to Para- Named from Giles Gobeli1', wool-dyer of
celsus; from the notion that gnomes could Paris, in the 15th cent.
reveal secret treasures.-Gk. 'Yvwl''1,intelli- Goblet. (F. - L.)
F. gobele/, 'a
gcnce.- Gk. -yviiwal, to know. (~GEN.) goblet;' Cot. Dimin. of O. F. gobel, a
gnomon, index of a dial. (L.-Gk.) cup.-Late L . ciijJe/ltl1ll, acc. of ciijJellus,
L. gnomon. - Gk. -yvWJAl'l", an interpreter a cup; dimin. of L. (tepa , a vat; see
(one who knows); the index of a dial.- Coop. Cf. Picard gobe, a great cup.
Goblin. (F.-L.-G.) O.F. gobeli,l.
Gk. 'YI'WVal, to know.
gnostic, one of a certain sect. (Gk. ) -Low L. gobelintu, a goblin; properly
G\(. -YVOJUT"'OS, wise, good at knq,wing.- 'a household-god'; cf. A. S. cof-godas,
Gk. -YVOJUTOS, from 'YI'orros, known. - Gk. ' penatcs.' - M. H . G. kobel, a hut; dimin.
-yvwval, to know.
of M. H. G. kobe, a stall, cognate with
Gnu, a kind of antelope. (Hottentot.) Ice!. koji, a hut, A. S. cofa, a chamber
}<' ound in S. Africa. Said to belong to the (Kluge). See Cove.
Hottentot language.
Goby, a fish . (L. - Gk.) For L.gobius,
Go, to move about, proc~, ~dvance' l ong: applied to the gudgeon. - Gk. KOJ/JIOS,
(E. ) M. E. golt, goon . A. S. gan.+Du. a klDd of fish, gndgeon, tench. Der.
gaa", Dan. gnae, Swed. g,i; G. gekm;' g udgeon.
O. H . G.g,in,gbl. ~. The Teut.gai- (= I God. (E.) A. S. god.+Du. god, Ice!.
A. S. gti-, O. H. G. ge-) supplanted the I go6, gu6, Dan. gild, Swed. gild, Goth.
Idg . .vI , to go, in Lat. ire, Gk. ilval, I guIll, G. got/. Teut. type -gllillom; Iclg.
Skt. i . Since Teut. goi- ha, no old primi- type *gku/om, perhaps the being wortive noun-deri'iatives in Teut., and takes shipped,' a pp. form; from Idg. root *gku,
the place of Idg . .vI (the Goth. aorist to worship, as in Skt. ku, to sacrifice
idtlja = A.!:l. ,'ode still remains) , and as it (to), whence lluta-, one to whom sacri
is inflected after the -1IIi- conjngation, the fioe is offered. ~ Not allied to good, adj.
316

I
I
I
I
I

GODDESS

GOOSEBERRY

gdess. (E.; willI F.sujJi.r.) M. K

goddesse (godesse ). Made from god by
adding the O. F. suffix -esse (= L. -issa =
Gk. ' 1(1(14).
godfather. (E.) M. E. godJadff,
fatber in baptism; from god andJader.
godhead. (E.) M. E. godhed, also
god/lod; the suffix answers to A. S. had,
office, state, dignity; see hood (suffix;.
Godwit, a bird. (E.) Origin unknown. Can it mean 'good creature'?
A. S. gOd wiht, a good wight, good creatu re (wiht being often applied to animals
and birds). See Wight.
Goifer, Gau1fer, to plait or crimp
lace , &c. (F.-O. Low G.) M. F.gau./I rer, to goffer; orig. to mark like the
edges ofwafers.-M. F. gaujfre, gojfre, a
wafer; see Wafer.
Goggle-eyed, having rolling and
staring eyes. t E.) M. E . gogil-eyid. 'They
gogle with their eyes hither and thither; ,
H olinshed, Descr. of Ireland, c. I. Cf.
Irish and GaeL gogslutileack, goggleeyed ,
having wandering eyes, from gog, to move
slightly, and suil, eye. But gog seems to
be from E., and of imitative origin. Cf.
provo E . coggle, Bavar. gageln, to be UDsteady.
GoItre. (F.-L.) F. got/re, a swelled
throat; from O. F. goitron, the same, esp.
in Savoy. - Late L. acc. type *guttrionem,
from L. gut/ur, throat.
Gold. (E.) A.S. gold.+Dn. goud (for
gold), Ice!. gull, Swed. Dan.guld, G. gold,
Goth. gtlt/h. Teut. type *gul-lhom, n.;
Idg. type *g"11-tom; cf. Russ. wloto, Skt.
kd!aka-, gold; also Pers. zar, gold, Zend
zaranya-, SkI. kira1lya-. Named from its
colour. Allied to Yellow. (.vGHEL.)
Der. marigold, gild.
Golf, a game. (Du.) Mentioned A. D.
r+S7 (Jam. ). The name is from that of a
Dn. game played with club and ball. - Du.
kolf, a club nsed to strike balls with.
Low G. kuif, hockey-stick; Ice!. kOlfr,
clapper of a bell, kyl.fa, a clnb ; Dan. kolbe,
butt-end of a weapon, kolv, bolt, shaft,
arrow, Swed. kolf, butt-end, G. kolbe, club,
mace, knob.
Golollh; the same as Galoche.
Gondola. (Ital. - Gk . - Pers. ?) Ital.
,rondo/a, dimin. of gonda, a boat. - Gk.
KO"~II, a drinking-vessel; from the shape
(Diez). Said to be of Pers. origin; cC.
Pers. kand;;, an earthen vessel.
GoIlfanOJl, GoIlfalOJl, a kind of

banner. (F.-M. H. G.) M.E.gonfanm.

-0. F. gonJanon.-M . H. G. gum/Jan",
lit. 'battle-lIag.' _ M. H. G. gund, gunt,
battle; Jano (G. Jahtll) , a banner, flag.
Here gunt is cognate with A. S. gii{J (for
*gunlh), battle, wa.r; cf. Skt. han, to kill.
Fano is allied to Vane.
Gong. (Malay.) Malay agong or gong,
th e gong, a sonorous instrument.
Good. (E.) M. E . good. A. S. gOd.+
Du. god, Ice!. giJ{Jr, Dan. Swcd. god,
Goth. gods, G. gut. Teut. type *gOdoz;
from *gOd-, strong grade of -gad-, 'fit;'
see Gather. Allied to Russ. godnuii,
suitable, O. Slav. goda, fit season. Der.
good-s, sb. pl., i. e. good things, property ;
good will, &c. A Iso good-t1zan, i. e. master
of thf .house, good1tJi./e, mistress of the
house.
Goodbye, farewell. (E.) A familiar,
but meaningless, contraction of God be
with you, the old form of farewell ;
very common; often written God bw'y.
4U Not 10r God be by y ou; the form God
buy you = God b.-with-Jtou you (you repeated ).
GoodmaD.; see Good.
Goose, a bird. (K ) A. S. gos, pI. geJ
(lengthened 0 caused loss of n, and gos =
gons < *gans). Du. ga"s, Dan. gaas,
Swed. gas, Ice!. gas, G. ga"s. Teut. type
-gans; Idg. type *gham-; cf. L. anser,
Gk. X~"; Skt. ha,psa, a swan; O. Irish
geis, a swan; Lith. Zqsis , a goose.
Gooseberry. (E.; of. F . -M.H.G.)
In Levins. From goose and berry; ce.
goose-grasl, &c. cr.. We also find North.
E. grosers, gooseberries; Burns has grout,
a gooseberry. Apparently from 0.1' .
grose, *groise, a gooseberry, not recorded,
but occurring not only in the O. F'. dimin.
form groisele, grosele,a gooseberry, but also
in Irishgrois' aUi, Gael.grois-eid. W,grwys,
a gooseberry, all borrowed from M.E. The
spelling groise/e is as old as the 13th
century (Bartsch) ; and answers to the
form croula in the dialect of Como
(Monti). fJ. The orig. O. F. *groiu or
*grou was borrowed from M. H. G. krus,
curling, crisped, whence G. krausbetre , a
cranberry, a rough gooseberry. cr. Swed.
krusbiir, a gooseberry, from krus, crisp,
curled, frizzled. The name was first ghen
to the rougher kinds of the fruit , from the
curling hairs on it; similarly, Levins
gives the Lat. name as tlUO crispa (frizzled
grape).

GOPHER

GOSSIP

Gopher, a kind of wood. (Heb.) Heb.

gopker, a wood.
Gorbellied. having a fat belly. (E.)
Compounded of E. gon, lit. filth, dirt (also
the intestines); and belly. So also SwecL
dial. gdrba1g, a (at paunch, from gdr, dirt,
contents of the intestiues, and balg, belly.
See Gore (I).
gorcrow, carrioncrow. (E.) I.e.
gore-crow; see above.
Gordian. (L.-Gk.) Only in the phr.
'Gordian knot,' i.e. intricate knot. Named
from the Phrygian king Gon/ius (r6p3,or),
who tied it. An oracle declared that whoever undid it should reign over Asia.
Alexander cut the knot, and applied the
oracle to himself.
Gore (1), clotted blood. (E.) It (or
merly meant filth. A. S. gor, filth, dirt.+
Icel gor, gore; SwecLgor,dirt; M . Du.goor;
O. H. G. gor, filth. Origin uncertain.
Gore ( 2), a triangular piece let into a
garment, a triangular slip of land. (E.)
M. E . gore. A. S. gara, a gore. projecting piece of land; (rom gar, a dart, a
spear-point. Named from the shape. [So
also Icel. gd"';, a triangular slip of land,
from gei"."., a spear; G. genn, a wedge,
gusset, gore; Du. geer, a gusset, gore.]
p. The A. S. gar (Icel. gei"."., O. H. G.
gn-) is from Teut. type *gaiSOfZ, m. ;
allied to Gaulish L. gruSU11l, a javelin,
O. Irish gai, a spear.
Gore (3), to pierce. (E.) From A. S.
gar, a spear-point (with the usual change
from a to long 0) .
.
Gorge, the throat, a narrow pass. (F.
-L.) O. F. gorge, throat. -Late L. gorga,
variant of L. gurgis, a whirlpool, hence
(in Late L.) the gullet, from its voracity.
Cf. L. g-u,-gulio, gullet.+Skt. gargara, a
whirlpool.
gorgeous, showy, splendid . (F.-L.)
O.r-. and M. F.gorgias, 'gorgeous;' Cot.
The O. F. gorgias also meant a gorget;
the sense of 'gorgeous' was orig. proud,
from the swelling of the throat in pride.
Cotgrave gives F. se rengorg(r, 'to hold
down the head, or thrust the chin into the
neck, as some do in pride, or to make
their faces look the fuller; we say, to
bridle it.' Hence the derivation is from
F. gorge, throat (above).
g01'get, armour for the throat. (F.L.) From gorce, i. e. throat.
GorgOD, a monster. (L. - Gk.) L.
G"'1Jtm, GorgV.-Gk. rOno" the Gorgon.

- Gk. "'(on6s, (e&lful.

O. Ir. garg.
fierce.
Gorilla, a kind of large ape. (0. African.) An old word revived. In the Periplus of Hanno, near the end, some creatures
are described' which the interpreters called
Gon'IIas '-in Greek, "'(opiA>..as.
Gorm.&ndi8e j see Gourmand.
Gorse. (E.) Formerly gorst. -A. S.
gorst, gorse. Cf. Skt. "rs", to bristle.
Gollhawk. (E.) Lit.' goose-hawk.'
A. S. gVsluzfoc. - A. S. g6s, goose; luzfuc,
hawk.
gosling. (E.) Formed from A. S.
gos, goose (M . E. gos), with double dimin.
suffix -I-ing.
Gospel, the life of Christ. (E.) M. E.
gospel. A. S. godspell. - A. S. god, God,
i. e. Christ; spell, a story. Lit.' narrative
of God,' i. e. life of Christ. ~ Orig. gVd
spell, i. e. good spell, a translation of Gk.
fba'Y'Y~}l.lo/l; but soon altered to godspdl;
for the E. word was early introduced into
Iceland in the form g-u6spja/l (where gull- god, as distinguished from g06- = good '.
and into Germany as O. H. G. gotspell
(where got", god, as distinguished from
gllOt, good).
Gossamer. (E. ) M. E . gossomer,
gosesomer, lit. 'goou-summer.' The provo
E. name (in Craven) is summer-goou.
Named from the time of year when it i~
most seen, viz. during St. Martin's summer
(early November); geese were eaten on
Nov. I I formerly.
Cf. Lowl. Sc. gommmer (popular variant) , Martinmas. ~
Also called summercolt (Whitby); also
S111Jlmer-gatJu. Cf. G. sommerfiidm (lit.
summer-threads), gossamer; Du. zomerdradm, Swed. sommertrdd, the same. [But
in G. it is also called madclzmsomlller,
lit. Maiden-summer, der allweibers01Jl1ller,
the old women's summer; which also
means St. Martin's summer.] It would
appear that summer is here used in the
sense of 'summer-film,' so that gossamer =
goose-summer-film. (Better spelt gOJSomer
or gossummer.)
Gossip. (E.) Now a crony; formerly
a sponsor in baptism. M. E. gossib, also
godsib, lit. 'related in god.' - M. E. god,
god; sib, related, from O. Northumb.
sibbo, pI. relatives, allied to Goth. sib/a,
relationship, G. sippe, affinity, sippen,
kinsmen. Cf. Skt. sablJya-, fit for an
assembly, trusty, from sab/uj, an assembly.
Brugm. i. U 12+ (+),567.

318

GOUGE

GRAMERCY

Gouge, a hollow-bladed chisel. (F. - graduale. a service-book of portions sung

Low I::.) F. gouge. - Low L. gobia. in gradilms. i. e. on the steps (of the
gubia, only recorded in the form guv ia choir). - L. 8radus, a step.
(Span. gubia). Cf. Ital. sgorbia, gouge ;
graduate. (L.) Late L, gratiuatus,
Gascon goujo.
one who has taken II degree; pp. of Late
Gourd. (F. - L.) F . gou,'de, formerly L. graduare. - L. gradu-s, degree.
gouhourde and cougourde (Cot.).- L cu- Graft, Gra1f', to insert buds on a stem.
curbita , a gourd.
(F. - L. - Gk.) Graft is a later form of
Gourmand, a glutton. (}<' .) F. gOllr- graff, and due to confusion with grajfid,
mand, 'II glutton, gormand, belly-god;' pp. Shako has pp. graft, Rich. Ill, iii. 7.
Cot. Etym. unknown. Der. ormandise 117. M. E. graffen, to graff, from .f'Yajfi,
(for gourmand-ise).
sb. - O. F. grajfi, a sort of pencil, also a
Gout ( I ) , a drop, disease. (F.-L.) slip for grafting, because it resembled a
M. E. gOtlte, a disease supposed to be due pointed pencil in shape. -L. g"aphium , a
to defluxion of humours. - O. F. goate, style to write with. - Gk. "Ipa<f>lov, "If''
gout/e. II drop. _ L. gutta, a drop.
tpfWV, the same. - Gk. "IpO.tpflV, to write.
Gout (1), taste. (F.-L.)
F. go"I, Gra4l (I ), a gradual, a service-book.
taste. -L.gtlslas, taste; see Guat (2).
(F. -L.) M.E. graile, grayle. - O.F.
Govern. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. E. gOtter- grat-I-Late L. grada/e, also called gra
Iltn. -O.F. gtnJerner.-L. guberniire, to dutile; see gradual.
steer a ship, rule.-Gk. KIJ{3fpviiv, to steer. Grail (1), the Holy Dish at the Last
Cf. Lith. kumbn'ti, to steer.
Supper. (F.-L.-Gk.) The etymology
Gowan, a daisy. (Scand.) North. E. was very early falsified by an easy
,f{owlan, Sc. yellow gowan, com marigold. change from San Greal (Holy Dish) to
Named from the colour. - lcel.gulr, Swed. Sang Real (Royal Blood, strangely taken
.I{II/, Dan. g'u ul, Norw. gul, gaul, yellow. to mean Real Hlood).-O. F. graal, greal,
See Yellow.
grasal, a tlat dish; with numerous other
Gowk, a simpleton. (Scand. ) Ice!. forms, both in O. F. and Late L. It
gaukr, a cuckoo, Swed. giik.+G. gauch, a would appear that the word was corrupted
cuckoo, simpleton.
in various ways from Late L. type crtilalis
Gown,Rloose robe. (C.) M. E.goune. (cf. Late L. griJdale, a bowl ) ; from Late
- W. gum, a loose robe. [Irish gunn, L. crlitus, a bowl, equivalent to L. crater,
Gael. and Com. gun, Manx goon, are from a bowl; see Crater. (Diez.)
E. O. F. goune is Gaulish.] Stokes Grail (3) , fine sand. (F. - L.) In
Fick, p. 281.
Spenser, F. Q. i. 7. 6; Vis. Bellay, st. 12.
Grab, to seize. (E.) Cf. E. Fries. -0. F . graisle, graile (F. grNe) , thin,
grabbig, greedy; grabbelen, to grab at; small. - L. graci/em, acc. of gracilis,
Du. g rabbel, a scramble, graIJbelm, to slender.
scramble for; Low G. g rabbeln, to grab Grain. (F. - L.) M. E. grein. - O. F.
at; Swed. grabba, to grasp.+Skt. grah , grain. - L. gra1lum , a grain, com.+lrish
O. Skt. graM, O. Pers. and Zend graIJ, gran , W. 8 rollyn. Cognate with E. Corn.
to seize. See Garb (2) . Cf. Grasp.
Grallatory. (L.) A term applied to
Grace. (F.-L.)
O. F. grace. - L. wading birds.-L. gra//ator, a walker on
gn'itia,favour.-L. gratlls, dear, pleasing. stilts.-L. gra/la (for gradla), stilts.-L.
Brugm. i. H 52., 632.
gradus, a step; gradi, to walk.
Grade, a degree. (F.-L.) F.grade, Gramarye, magic.
(F.-L.-Gk.)
a degree. - L. gradum, acc. of gradus, a M. E. gramery, skill in grammar, and
degree, step. -L. gradi (pp. gresStlS), to hen ce skill in magic.-O. F. gramaire,
step, walk, go. (-VGHREDH.) llrugm. grammar; see Grammar.
Cf. O. F.
i. 635 ; ii. 707.
8ramaire, ( I) a grammarian, (2) a magradient, a gradually rising slope. gician. ~ The word glamour is a mere
(Ll
L. gradient-, stem of pres. pt. of corruption of gramarye or grammar,
gradE, to walk, advance.
meaning ( I ) grammar. (2) magic.
~uaJ., advancing by steps. (L.)
Gramercy, thanks. (F. - L.) ForOng. gradual, sb. , a service book called merly graund mercy, Chaucer, C. T.
in Lat. graduale, and in E. gradual or 896 . - F . grand merci, great thanks; see
g rayl. - Late L. gradualis, only in neut. Grand and Meroy.
:119

GRAMINEOUS

GRATUITY

GTamineolUl. (L.) FromL.grtimin- , fruit.-M . H. G. krapfe, O. H. G. krapfo,

for griimm, grlLSS; with suffix -e-ous.
a hook. Allied to Cramp. The senses
Grammar. (F. - L. - Gk. ) M.E. of 'hook' and 'cluster' result from that
!,'rammere. - 0. F. gramaire (XIII cent.). of' clutching!
- Late L. grammatica, grammar (Schwan). Graphic, descriptive, pertaining to
- Gk. "(paJloJloaT<lc,,, grammar.- Gk. ,,(paw writing. (L. - Gk.) L. graphic"s, belongl'aT"cu" kn owing one's letters; see below. ing to painting or drawing. - Gk. "(pa</>.,,6.,
grammatical. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. the same. - Gk. ,,(pa</>flJI, to write. Allied
grammatical ; from L.gralll11laticus, gram- to Carve.
matical. - Gk. ,,(paJlop.aT.,,6. , versed in one's Grapnel, a grappling-iron. (F. letters. - Gk . ,,(paI'JIoaT-, stem of "(ptlJlol'a , M. H . G.) M. E. grapmel. Dimin. of
a letter. - Gk. ,,(pa</>f<JI, to write. See M. F. grappin, a grapnel. - O. F. grappe,
Graphic.
a hook. - O. H . G. krapfo, a hook ; see
Grampus, a large fi sh. (F. -L.) Spelt Grape.
grampasse, A. D. 1655. - A. F. grampais;
grapple, to clutch. (F.-M. H . G.)
Elk. Bk. Adm. i. 152. - L . grandem piscem , Properfy to seize with a grapnel. - M. F.
grappil, sb., ' the grapple of a ship;' Cot.
acc. of grandis piscis, great fish.
Granary, store-house for grain. (L.) - O. F. grappe, a hook (above).
L. gnintiria, pI. - L. grtinum, corn. See Grasp. (E .) M. E. graspell, used in
Garner.
the sense to grope.' Also grapse1t, in
Grand, great. (F.-L. ) O. F. grand. Hoccleve. Prob. for *grab-sen, closely
- L. g ra,tdem, acc. of gra,tdis, great.
allied to Grab, q. v.
Cf. E. Fries.
grandee, a Spanish nobleman. (Span. grapsen, to clutch; Low G. grapsen;
- L.)
Span. grande, great; also, a E. Fries. graps, a handful; also Lith.
nobleman. - L. grandem, acc. of grandis, gnJp-ti, to grab (Kluge).
great.
Grass. (E. ) M. E. gras, gres, also
grandeur, greatness. (F. - L. ) F . gers. A. S. gars, gras. +Du. Ice!. Goth.
o)"?'altdmr; formed with suffix -cur (L. G. gras; Swed. gras, Dan. gras. Teut.
-orem), from g ralld, great.
type *gra-som, n.; from *gra-, the sense
grandiloquent, pompons in speech. of whiclI is doubtful; cf. grow.
(L.) Coined trom L. grandi-, dec!. stem Gr&:te (I ), a framework of iron bars.
of grandis, great; and loquent-, stem of (Late L. - L.) M. E. grate . - Late L.
pres. pt. of loqui, to speak; see Loqua- grtita, criita, a grating. - L. crtith, hurdles.
ciou8. The true L. form is grandi- See Crate.
lofJ...uus.
Grate (3), to rub, scrape. (F. - Teut.)
Grange,afarm-honse. (F. -L.) O.F. O.F. grater (F. gratter).-Swed. kratta,
grange, a barn, a farm-house. -Late L . Dan. kratte, to scrape; O. H. G. clzrazaDn
griinea, a bam. - L. grtinum, com.
*kratlon), to scrape.
granite, a hard stone. (Ita!. -L.) Grateful, pleasant. (Hybrid j F. -L.
Ital. granito, granite, speckled stone. - and E.) The first syllable is from O. F.
Ital. gram/o, pp. of grallire, to reduce to grat, pleasing, from L. griitus; with E.
grains (hence, to speckle). - Ital. grano, suffix :fill.
agrain.-L.granum, a grain; see Grain.
gratify. (F. -L.) M. F. gratijier.Grant. (F.-L.) M. E. graunten.- L. griitijiCllre, g ratijicari, to please.-L.
O. F. graanter, graunter, later spelling of griiti- , for gratus, pleasing; and -fictire,
craa1lter, cre-allter, to caution, assure, for facere, to make. Der. gratijicat-io1Z.
guarantee; whence the later senses, to
gratis, freely. (L.) L. gratis, adv.,
promise, yield; Late L. creanttire, for freely ; for grtitiis, abl. pI. of gratia,
*credeltttire. - L. crident-, stem of pres. grace; see Grace.
pt. of cridere, to trust. See Creed.
gratitude. (F. - L.) F. gratitude.
Granule, a little grain. (L.) L. gra- - Late L. gratitiidinem , acc. of grtititiido,
thankfulness. - L. griitus, pleasing.
tzulum, dimin. of granum, a grain.
Grape. (F. - M. H. G.) A. F. grape,
gratuitous, freely given. (L.) L.
M. F.grappe, 'bunch, or cluster of grapes;' gratuitous, freely given; with suffix -ous.
Cot. [In E., the sense has clIanged, from From gratus.
cluster to single berry.] The orig. sense
gratuity, a present. (F. -L.) O. F.
of grai'pe was a hook,' thtn clnstered . J,rratuitl, 'a free gift;' Cot. - Late L .

GRATULATE

GRIDDLE

grti/uitiilefll, acc. of gra/uil4r._L. grnluftus (above) .

gratulate, to congratulate. (L.)
From pp. of L. gra/umri, to wish a person joy. As if for *grali-Iu/ari; from
L. g-ralus, pleasing. Hrugm. i. 986.
Grave ( I) , to cut, engrave. (E.) M. E .
grauen. A. S. gra/a", pt. t. grOf.+Du.
graven, Dan. grave, Ice!. grata, M. Swed.
gra/va, Goth. gra/Jan, G. graben. Teut.
type *grabatz-, pI. t. *grob. Cf. l{uss.
grob', a tomb, grave. Der. grave, sb., a
thing cut or dug out; A. S. griP/.
Grave (2) , sad. (F.-L.) F. grave. L. grauem, acc. of grouis, heavy. + Goth.
kaurus; Gk. ~apvr, Skt. guru-, heavy.
Hrugm. i. 665 .
Gravel. (F. - C.) M. E. grautl.O. F.grave/e , dimin. ofO. F.g,-ave, gravel.
Of Celtic origin; from Celt. base *gravo-,
as in Bret. grouan, gravel, Corn. grow,
gravel, W. g-ro, pebbles.
Gravy. (E .) Formerly greavy, orig.
an adj. formed from greave (for greaves,
q. v.), refuse of tallow. Hence gravy is ( I )
tallowy, ( 2) fat, gravy.
Gray. (E.) M. E . gray, grey. O.
Merc.g-reg, A. S. gr.zg.+ Du.graauw, Icel.
griir, Dan. graa, Swed. g1'l1, G. g-ratt,
O. H. G. gra (gen . griiw-es) . Tent. stems
*grlP.g-. *g-r/Zw-, <*g-r&gwoz.
Graze ( I ), to scrape slightly. (E.?)
Formerly grase. Apparently a peculiar
use of graze, to crop grass; perhaps confused with rase, i. e. to scrape. See Base;
and see Glance. (Doubtful.)
Grue (2), to feed as cattle. (E.) M. E.
grasen, vb. A. S. grasian.-A. S. grces,
grass; see Gr&88.
Der. graz-i-er (cf.
bow-y-er, law.y-er).
Grease. (F.-L.) M.E. grese, grece.
-A.F. greisse, craisse, fatness, Ps. xvi.
lo.-Late L. type crassia.-L. crassus,
thick, fat. See Craaa.
Great. (E.) M. E. grtt, greet. A. S.
great.+Du. groot, G. gross. Teut. type
*grau/oz.
Greaves (1) , Graves, sediment of
melted tallow. (E.) E . Fries. gra/e ; pI.
graftn, weaves.+M . Swed. grefwar, dirt ;
/jlls-greJu'ar, lit. I light-<iirt,' refuse of tallow in candle-making; Swed. dial. grevar,
pl. , greaves; Low G. greven, greaves ; G.
griebe, O. H. G. griubo, griupo.
Greaves (2), leg-armour. (F.) O. F .
greves, , boots, also greaves;' Cot. Cf.
!;pan. grebas, greaves, pI. of gre/la. -0. F.

greve, Picard gr~, the shank, shin ..

Origin unknown.
Grebe, a bird. (F.) F. grebe. Cot.
gives griaibe, 'a sea-mew,' as a Savoyard
word. Of unknown origin.
Greed1. (E .) A. S. grlZdig, grldig.+
Du. gretlg, Ice!. g-ra(Jugr, Dan . graadig,
Goth. gridags; cf. Skt. grdnra-, greedy,
from grdh, to be greedy. The sb. grad,
hunger, answers to Ice!. grii(Jr, Goth.
gredus, hunger; T eut. type *grtiduz.
Green. (E.) M. E. green. A. S. grene.
+ Du. groen, Ice!. gnznn, Dan. Swed.
gron, G. g-riin. Teut. type *gronjoz,
earlier type *gro-niz (Sievers). Cf. A. S.
gro-wan, to grow. Allied to Grow.
Grun is the colour of growing berbs.
D er. greem, pI. sb. See Sward.
Greengage, a green plum. Named
from Sir W . Gage, of Hengrave Hall,
near Bury, before A. D. 1725. There is
also a blue Gage, a y ellow Gage, and a
purple Gage.
Greet ( I ) , to salute. (E. ) M. E.gre/m.
A.S . grelan, to visit, address. + Du. g-roelen,
G. griissm; O. Sax. grulian. Teut. type
*grot-jan- ; from the sb. *grol-, as in Du.
g-roet, G. gruss, a salutation.
Greet (2) , to cry, weep. (E.) M. E.
g-retm. A. S. g-r~/all,grelan. + Icel. g-rilla,
Dan. griPde, Swed. grata, Goth. gretan.
Gregarious. (L.) L. gregiiritts, belonging to a flock. -L. greg-, stem of grex,
a flock.+O. Irish g-raig, a herel of horses.
Grenade, a war-missile. (F. - Span. L.) Formerly also granado, which is like
the Span. form. Named from its likenes
to a pomegranate, being filled with combustibles as that is with seeds. - F.grellade,
'a pomegranet, a ball of wild-fire; , Cot.
-Span. granada, the same; granado, fnll
of seeds.-L.grtinatus, full of seeds.-L.
granum, a grain; see Grain. Der.
grenad-ier.
Grey; the same as Gray.
GreYAound. (E.) M. E.greinound,
grenound. A. S. grignutui; where grig- =
grieg- (Ice!. grey-), for Teut. *graujo-.
Cf. Ice!. g-reyflundr, a greyhound, from
Ice!. grey, a dog, hundr, a hound; grey.
baka, a bitch. ~ Not allied to gray,
which is represented in Icelandic by griir.
Griddle, a pan for baking cakes.
(F. -L. ) Also gird/e. M. E. gredil. O. F. grtd;1 (Moisy, Diet. of Norman
patois), grii/ ~ Godefroy); cf. grediller,
vb., to grill (same). - Late L. *crIUfculum,

~H

GRIOE

GRISLY

for L. crifticula. a gridiron. dimin. of

crlUis. a hurdle. Der. Hence M. E.
pedire. a griddle. afterwards turned into
gridiro". by confusion with M. E. ire=
E. irolt. See Grill and Creel. .
Gride, to pierce. cut through. (E.) See
Spenser. F. Q. ii. 8. 36. A metathesis of
gird, M. E. girden. to strike. pierce; see

GrimaJltin, a cat. (E.; partly O.H.G.)

Prob. for gray Malkin, the latter being a
cat's name. Malkin = Maid-kin. dimin.
of A. F. Maid = Mattd. i. e. Matilda; from
O. H. G. Mahlhilt. Here maht=might;
hill means battle. Cf. Macb. i. I. 8.
Grime. (Scan d.) Swed. dial. grima. a
smut on the face; Dan. grim. griim.
lampblack. soot. grime. cr. Low G.
p'immeln, to become smutty; E. Fries.
gremen. to begrime.
Grin, to snarl, grimace. (E.) M. E.
grennen. A. S. grmnian, to grin.+Icel.
grenja, to howl. Perhaps cf. Du. gn'jnen.
to weep. fret; Dan . grine. to grin. simper.
Swed. irina. G . greinm (Noreen, 149).
See G r oan.
Grind. (E.) A. S. gri,uian, pt. t.
grand. pp. grunden. Allied to L. frmden, to gnash.
Grip, sb. (E.) M. E. gripe. A. S.
gripe, a grip; from the weak grade of
grlj>an (below).
gripe. (E.) A. S. grijJan. pt. t. griiP.
pp. gripen. to seize. + Du. grijpm, Icel.
grlj>a, Swed. gripa, Dan. gribe. Goth.
greipan, G. greiftn. Teut. type *greipan-,
pt. t. *graip. pp. *gripanoz. Cf. Lith.
graibyli. to grasp at.
Grise, Grize, a step. (F. -L.) Also
spelt greece. greese, &c. The proper
spelling is grees, and the proper sense is
'a flight of steps,' though often used as
meaning a single step. Grees is the pI. of
M. E. gne. gre, a step. - O. F . gre. a step
(Roquefort) ; cf. F. degre, E. de-gree.-L.
p -adus. a step . Der. Provo E. (Norf.)
grissens, steps=gne-sen-s, a treble plural.
Grisette, a gay young Frenchwoman
of the lower class. (F. - M. H. G.) F.
p-isette; named from the cheap gray dress
which they used to wear. - F. g1-is, gray;
see Grizzly.
Griskin. (Scand.) The lit. sense is
' little pig,' now spine of a hog. Dimin.
from M. E. gns. a pig. -Ice1. grfss. a
young pig; Dan. griis, Swed. gris , pig.
~ Or is it for grisskin, where ski1z
represents Dan. skimze, a splint? Cf.
Grizzly.
Grisled j see Grizzly.
Grlaly, terrible. (E.) A. S. grisltc,
terrible. Formed with suffix -/ic (like)
from gris-an (pt. t. griis). to shudder. E.
Fries. griselik. terrible. from grisen. to
shudder. + Du. afgri/sselijll. horrible;
af-grijun. horror.

Gird (2) .

Gridiron j see Griddle.

Grief. (F.-L.) M. E. grief, grif.O. F. grief, grif, burdensome. sad. heavy.
-L. grams. heavy; see Grave ( 2). Der.
grieve. vb., O. F. grever. L. grauare, to
burden; from grauis.
Gri1Iin, Gri1fon. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Bettergriffon. M. E.griffon.-F.griffon j
formed from Late L. griffus. a griffon.L. gryphus. extended form of gryps. a
griffon. - Gk. 'YP> (stem 'Ypv .... ). a griffon.
a fabulous animal supposed to have a
hooked beak. - Gk. 'YpV7ros. curved. hook
beaked. ~ Confused with Gk. 'Y>. a
vulture.
Grig, a small eel. a cricket. (E.)
App. of imitative origin. Cf. crick. still
preserved in crickel; Lowl. Sc. crick. a
tick, louse; Du. krick , a cricket. ~ In
phr. 'as merry as a grig, , grig is for G"eek
(Troil. i. 2. 118) ; Mcrygreek is a character
in Udall's Roister Doister; from L. gr{(!carr, to live like Greeks. i. e. luxuriously.
Grill, to boil on a gridiron. (F. - L.)
F. griller. to broil. - F . gril, 'a gridiron;
Cot.; O. F. grdl, grail -Late L. criiti
culum, for craliw/a, a small gridiron
(whence F. grille. a grating).-L. cratis,
a hurdle. See Crate. Creel. and Griddle.
Grilse, the young salmon on its first
return from the sea to fresh water. (C.?)
Said to represent Irish grealsach, the name
of a fish.
Grim, fierce. (E.) A. S. grim; allied
to gram. fierce. angry. furious.
Icel.
grimmr, grim. gramr. angry; 'Dan. grim.
grim, gram, angry; G. grimm , fury. gram,
hostile. From Teut. root grem- (2nd
grade. gram-) . Allied to Gk. XP'Jl"
TIC.tII. to neigh. XPOJl'f/, XpOJlos. noise.
Brugm. i. 572.
Grimace. (F.-Teut.) F. grimace,
'a crabd looke;' Cot. Of uncertain origin.
Perhaps from Icel . grimm".. Dan. grim.
grim. angry (above); cf. E. Fries. and
Low G. grimlachen. to laugh maliciously. Derived by Diez from Icel.grima.
a mask.

UI

GRIST

GROUNDS

Choist, a supply of com to be ground. upper part of the shoulder-blade,' and

(E.) A. S. grist. From the base of groill, 'snowt of a hog.' The O. F.
Grind.
groin also means' extremity, headland.'J1:istle. (E.) A. S. gristel, cartilage ; Late L. type *gru,mitltJl, from L . grunallIed to grist, and A. S. gristbitian, to flire, to grunt.] It answers to provo E.
gnash the teeth. From the base of grind, grain, the place where the branch of a
with reference to the necessity of crunch- tree fork s, the groin (Drayton, Pol. i. 495).
ing it if eaten. So also Du. knarsbee,., - Icel. grein, a branch, arm; Dan. grem,
gristle, from knarsen, to crunch.
Swed. grell, branch, arm, fork. Der. groinGrit, coarse sand. (E.) Formerly greet, ed, having angular curves that fork off.
A. S. greot, grit. + O. Fries. grlt, Ice!. Gromwell, a plant. (F. - L.) Forgtjot, G. gries. Allied to Grout, Groat merly grome/le, grumelle, gromel, gru1lle/'
(1) .
- 0. F. gremil, greni!, 'the herb gromil,
Grizzll, Grizzled, grayish. (F. - M. or graymil;' Cot. Prob. from L. gran/lfn ,
H. G.) From M. E. griscl, a gray-haired a grain; from its hard seeds.
man.-F.gris,gray.-M. H. G.grfs,gray; Groom. (Low G. or F . - Low G.)
cf. G.greis, a gray-haired m:m.+Du.grijs, M. E. grome. Either from M. Du. grom,
O. Sax. gris, gray.
Ice!. gromr, a boy, lad (Egilsson) ; or
Groan. ( E. ) M. E . gronen. A. S. from O. F. grome, in the dimin. gromet,
granian, to groan. Teut. type graino/an-, a lad, boy, servant, valet (whence F.
from grain, 2nd grade of greinan-, as gourmet), which is prob. from the same
in O. H . G. grinan, G. greinen, to weep, M. Du. grom . And see Bridegroom.
grin; Du. grijnen, to weep.
Perhaps Der. grummet.
allied to Grin.
Groove. (Du.) Du. groe/. groeve, a
Groat (I), a particle, atom. (E.) M. E. trench, a channel, a groove. - Du. graven
grot. A. S. grot. From grut-, weak (pt. t. groef), to dig; see Grave (1). +
grade of *greut- (as in A. S. grlot). See M. E. grOfe, a cave.
Grit, Grout.
Grope. (E.) A. S. grapian, to seize,
Groat (2),acoinworth4a. (Dn. -Low handle ; hence, to feel one's way.-A.S.
G.) M. E. grote. - M. Du. groote. - O. grap, 2nd grade of gripan, to seize. See
Low G. grote, a coin of Bremen; meaning Gripe.
great,' because large in comparison with Gross. (F. -L.) O. F. gros (fern.
the copper coins (Sc1utJaren) formerly in grosse), gross, great. - L grossus, fat,
use there; cf. Du. groot, great, cognate thick.
with E.great.
Grot. (F.-Ital.-L-Gk.) F.gro/le,
Groats, grain of oats. (E.) M. E. a cave. - Ital. grOt/fI . -L. crypta.-Gk.
grotes. A. S. gratan, pI. groats; A. S. KPV"T~, a vault; see Crypt.
Leechdoms, iii. 292.
grotesque. (F. - Ital. - L. - Gk. )
Grocer. (F. -L. ) Formerly grosser or F. grotesque, ludicrous. - Ital. grotesca,
engrosser, a wholesale dealer. - O. F. gros- curious painted work, such as was emsier, a wholesale dealer.-O.F. gros, great; ployed on the walls of grottoes. -Ital.
see GrOSB. Der. grocer-y, formerly gros- grolla (above)..
sery.
grotto. (ltal. - L. - Gk.) Better
grog, spirits and water. (F. - L.) grolla. - Ital. grotta (above).
Short for grogram; it had its name from Ground. (E.) A. S. grund. + Du.
Admiral emon, nickna,med Old Grog, gro,td, G. grund; Goth. gmndu-. T eut.
from his grogram breeches (ab. A. D. type .grunduz; also *grunthuz, whence
1745); he ordered the sailors to dilute Ice\. grunnr, Dan. Swed. grund.
their rum with water.
groundling, a spectator in the pit
grOgra.m, a stuff. (F. - L.) Formerly of a theatre. (E.) From ground, with
grogran, so caUed from its coarse grain. - double oimin. suffix -Iing, with a conM. F. grosgrain, grogram. - O. F . gros, temptuous force.
coarse; grain, grain.
grounds, dregs. (E.) So called
Groin, the depression of the human from being at the bottom. Cf. Gael.
body in front, at the junction of the thigh grunndas, lees, from grunnd, bottom,
with the trunk. (Scand.) [Confused with I ground; Irishgruntas,dre2S,frorngrunnt,
f '. Cot. gives' groin de porc, the head or I the bottom.
223

GROUNDSEL

GUANO

gro1Ul.c1sel, a small plant. (E.) Also grobben. Cf. E. Fries. grubbeln, to grope
lrroundswel/ (Holland's tr. of Pliny). A. S. abont. + Low G. gruMeln, the same;
grunderwelge, as if 'ground-swallower,' G. griibel~ O. H. G. grubilOn, to rake, dig,
but really from the older formgundeswelge, grub. Allied to Grave (I).
lit. 'swallower of pus,' from its supposed Grudge, to grumble. (F.) M. E.
healing qualities; from A. S. gund, pus.
groc/un, gruecken, to murmur. - O. F.
grouuc1si1l, threshold. (E.) From groucier, groucker, to murmur; Low L.
ground and sill, q. v. Also spelt grunsel groussiire, A. D. 1358. Probably gru.dge,
(Milton).
gru-nt, grow-l are all from the same imiGroup. (F.-Ital.-G.) F. groupe. - tative base; CC. Gk. "rpv, a grunt.
Ital. groppo, a knot, heap, group.-O.H.G. Gruel. (F. -0. Low G.) O. F. gruel
kropf, a crop, wen on the throat, orig. a (F. gruau). - Low L. *grutellum, dimin.
bunch; Low G. kropp; see Crop.
of gnUum, meal. - O. Low G. grut, Du.
Grouse, a bird. (F.- L. -Gk.) Grouse puit, grout, coarse meal; see Grout.
appears to be a faise form, evolved from Gruesome, borrible. (Scand.) Dan.
the old word grice, which seems to have grusom, cruel. - Dan. gru, horror; with
been taken as a pI. form (cf. mouse, mice). suffix -som, as in virk-som, active. Cf.
- M. F. griescke, gray, speckled; perdrix Dan. pue, to dread, gruclig', horrid.+Du.
griescke, the gray partridge, poule g'riesclze, gruwzaam,G.g'rallsam; M.H. G.g-rUsam,
' a moorhen, the hen of the grice or moor- ' sriiwesam, from M. H. G. g-rUwe, horror.
game;' Cot. The oldest form is greockes Allied to O. Sax.puri, A.S.g'ryre, horror,
(13th cent., in Uttr~, s. v. grUclu), variant A._S. be-grjosan, to overwhelm with terror.
of Griesc1ze, fem. adj., Greek. - Late L. Gndf, rough, surly. (Du.) Du. grof,
Graecisca, f. of Graeciscus, Greekish. - big, coarse, loud, blunt. + G. grob, coarse
L. Graecus, Greek.-Gk. rp<llK6~, Greek. (whence Swed.groj, Dan. grov); O. H. G.
41 The meaning was changed to ' gray' by gerob; E. Fries. gruiJig'.
the influence of F. gris, gray.
Grumble, to murmur. (F. - G.) F.
Grout, coarse meal; Grouts, dregs. grommeler (Cot.). - Low and provo G.
(Eo) M. E. g'rut. - A. S. gnU, coarse g'rummelm, to grumble, frequent. of
meal. Cf. Du. put; Icel. grautr, porridge, g'rummen, grommen, to grumble; M. Du.
Dan. grod, Swed. grot, boiled groats; G. grommeien, frequent. of grommen. From
g-riitze, groats ; allied to Lithuan. grudas, *grumm-, weak grade of Teut. *gremman-,
corn; L. rUdus, rubble. Cf. Grit.
to rage, as in M.H.G. and A. S.grimman,
Grove, a collection of trees. (E.) M. E. to rage. Cf. G. gram, anger, and E. Grim.
grQtu (with u=v).-A.S.grllf, a grove.
Grume, a clot of blood. (F.-L.)
Grovel, to fall flat on the ground. Rare. M .F.grume, a cluster. -L.grumus,
(Seand.) Due to M. E. groveling, pro- a little heap.
perlyan adv., siW1ifying flat on the ground; Grummet, Gromet, a ship-boy, a
also spelt groJlzng', grojlinges, where the ring of rope. (F.- Teut.) O. F. gromet,
suffixes -ling', -linges are adverbial; cf. a serving-boy; cf. Span. grumete, a shiphead-long', dark.ling'.- Ice!. g-rUla , in phr. h()y. _ M. Du. grom, a boy ; see Groom.
lima ii grrifll, to lie grovelling, symja ii 0r1u:uIe1 j see Groundaill.
pUfit, to swim on the belly; cf. also Grunt. (E.) M.E. punten. A. S.
pUla, gruJla, to grovel; Swed. dial. grunnettan, extension of A. S. g'runian,
gntva, flat on one's face, ligga gruve, to to grunt.+ Dan. grymte, Swed. pymta, G.
lie 011 one's face.
punzen; so also L.grunnire, Gk. "rP"(flV.
Grow. (E.) A. S. growan, pt. t. g-riow, AU imitative; cf. Gk. "rpv, the noise made
pp. gr<iwen.+Du. groeijen, Ice!. griJa, Dan. by a p~.
groe, Swed. grD. Esp. to produce shoots. Gua.JACum, a kind of resin, from ligas herbs; allied to Green. Der. grow-liz; num vitae. (Span. - Hayti.) Span. g-uayfrom Ice!. gro~r, growth.
aco, g-uayacan, lignum vitae. From the
~owl, to grumble. (F. -Low G.) language of Hayti.
Picard grouler. - E. Fries. pullen; cC. Guana.co, a kind of Peruviau sheep.
Du. grol/en, to grumble; G. grollen, to (Span. - Peruv.) Span. guanaco (Pineda).
rumble; N orw. pyla, to growl. (See _ Peruv. Izuanacu, a wild sheep.
grol in Franck.)
Guano. (Span.-Peruv.) Span.g'U4no,
Grub, to erope in dirt. (E.) M. E. Izuano. - Peruv. hUll"U, d~i:.

324

GUARANTEE

GULF

Guarantee, sb. (F.-O. H. G.) For- a stranger, also an enemy. Allied to

merly guarattty or garanly, which are Hostile.
better spellings. -0. F. garantU, garran- Guide. (F. - Ital. - Tent.) M. E.
Ije, a warranty; fern. of pp. of garatttir, gyden (also gyen) . _ F. guid~r, to gllide. to warrant. - O. F. garant, warant, a It:Ll. guidare; cf. O. :F. guier, Span. guiar.
warrant; see Warrant. Der. guaratltee, The gu (for w) shows the word to be of
vb.; cf. Y. garantir.
Teut. origin.-O. Sax. wf/alt (A. S. witan),
Guard, vb. (F.- O. Low G.) O. F. to pay heed to; O. H. G. wizan. Allied
ga1'der, earliest form warder, to guard. - to Wit. Cf. Guy-rope.
O. Sax. wardon, to watch; cognate with Guild, Gild. (Scand.) The spelling
A. S. weardian, to watch, from ~/Jeard, guild indicates the hard g. M. E. gilde.
sb.; see Ward. Der. guard ian ; see - Icel. gildi, a payment, a guild; Dan.
Warden.
gilde. - Ice\. g)'alda (pres. t. geld), to pay;
Guava. (Span. - W. Ind.) Span. gllay- cognate with A. S. geldan, to pay, yield;
aba; borrowed from the native name in see Yield.+Du. gild; whence G. glde.
Guiana.
Guilder, a Du. coin. (Du. - G.)
Gudgeon. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. go- Adaptation of M. Du. gulden, 'a gilder,'
jone. - ~'. guujon. - L. gobionem, acc. of Hexham. From Tent. adj. type *gultkfgobio. a by-form of gobitlS.-Gk. KOJ{3.6r, a noz, golden, from Teut. *gultn-om, gold.
See Gold.
gudgeon, tench.
Gueber, Gheber, a fireworshipper. Guile, a wile. (F.-O. Low G.) o. F.
(F.-Pers.) F. GuN/re.-Pers. gabr, a guile. From a Low G. *wtl; cf. A. S.
priest of fireworshippers; Rich., Dict., wi!, a wile (A. S. Chron. 1128). Der. bep.122 8.
guile, vb., with E. prefix be- (~by) .
Guelder-rose. (Dn.) Here gue/der Guillotine. (F.) Named after a
stands for Gueldre, the F. spelling of the French physician, J. I. Guillotjn, died
province of Gelder/and in Holland.
A. D. 1814. First used, 1792.
Guerdon, recompense. (F.-O. H. G. Guilt, crime. (E.) M. E. gilt. A. S.
and L.) O. F. guerdon (Ital. guidar- gylt, a trespass; also, a fine for a tresdone).-Low L. widerdonum, a singnlar pass. Tent. . type *gultiz, m.; perhaps
compound of O. H. G. widar, back, again, related to A. S. geldan, to pay, yield; see
and L. donum , a gift. The word is really Yield.
n half-translation of the tme form O. H. G. Guinea. (African.) First coined of
widarlon, a recompense. Here widar = African gold from the Guinea coast, A. D.
G . wieder, back again; and lim (G.lohn ) is 166". Der. guinea-fowl (from Guinea).
cognate with A. S. leml, Du. 1001l, a ~ The guineapig is from S. America;
reward, allied to L. lucrum, gain; Brugm. so that it may mean Guiana pig.
i. 490. So also A. S. witJer-lian, a Guipure, a lace of cords, kind of gimp.
recompense.
(F . - Teut.) F. guipure. - Tent. *wip-an,
Guerilla, Guerrill&, irregular war- to wind, weave; as in Goth. weipan, to
fare. (Span.-O. H. G.) Span.guernlla, crown (whencewazps,awreath); G. weifen,
a skirmish, lit. ' little war;' dimin. of to reel, wind.
guerra, war.-O. H. G. werra, war; see Guise, way, wise. (F. - O. H. G.)
War.
M. E.gise,guise.-O. F. guise, way, wise,
Guess. (Scand.) M. E. gessm. - Dan. manner. - O. H. G . 7/JtSa (G. weise), a
g'%'sse, Swed. g'%'ssa, to guess.+E. Fries. and wise ; cognate with Wise (2) .
Du. gissen, Icel. g'%'ska; N. Fries. gezze, Guitar. (Y. -L. - Gk.) F . guitare. gedse. Allied to Dan. g;ette, to guess; L. cithara. - Gk. KI6apa, a lyre; see
the !eel. giska may be for *git-ska, a dena- Cithern.
minative vb. from a base *git-isko-, in- Gules, red. (F.-L.) M. E. guules.genious, acute, from geta, to get, also, F. gueules, gules, red; answering to Late
to guess. See Get.
L. gulll1 (pl. of gula), meaning (1) mouth,
Guest. (Scand.) M. E. gut. - Ice!. (l) reddened skin, (3) gllles. (See Cula
gestr, Dan. g'%'est, Swed. gUst. +A. S. gll1st, in Dncange.) - L. gula, the throat.
giest; Du. gas!, Goth. gasfs, G. gast. Gulf. (F. - Ital. - Gk.) Formerly
Teut. type *gastiz; Idg. type *gnostis; guulfe. - F . golfe. - Ital. golfo. - Late Gk.
cr. Rng. gost(e), a guest, alien; L. hos/is, K6~cpor, a variant of Gk. K6>'"or, the bosom,
225

GUY-ROPE

GULL
also, a deep hollow, bay, creek. Der.
en-gulf.
Gull (I), a bird. (C.) Com.gullan, a
~ll; W. gwylan; Bret. gwelan; O. Irish
Joilenn, 'alcedo.'
Gull (l ), a dupe. (C.) The same;
(rom the notion that a gull was a stupid
bird. ~ But cf. Du. gul, soft, goodnatured; M. Du . guile, 'a great wench
without wit,' Hexham.
Gullet, the throat. (F. - L.) M. E.
golet.-M.F. goulet (Cot.); dim in. ofO. F.
gole, goult (F. gueule), the throat.-L.
gula, the throat. Brugm. i. 499.
gully, a channel worn by water. (F.L.) Formerly gullet. - M. F. gould, 'a
gullet, a deep gutter of water;' Cot. The
same word as Gullet (above) .
Gulp. (E.) M. E. gulpett, glopjJen,
glubben. Cf. E. Fries. and Du. gulptn,
to swallow eagerly; Du. gulp, a great
billow, draught, gulp. Prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Swed. glupa, to devour.
Gum (I), flesh of the jaws. (E.) M. E.
gome. A. S. gPma, jaws, palate. Ice!.
gPmr, Swed. gom; cf. G. gaumen, Lith.
gomurys, the palate. Brugm. i. 196.
Gum (l), resin of certain trees. (F. - L.
-Gk.) M. E. gomme. -F. gomme.-L.
gummi. - Gk. KOJ.'JAl, gum. (Prob. of
Egyptian origin; Coptic komi, gum.)
GUn. (E.?) M.E.gonne; whence W.
gwn, a gun (as early as the fourteenth
cent.). Of obscure origin.
Gunny a coarse kind of sacking.
(Hind. - Skt.) Hind. and Mahratti go,!,
go(li, a sack, sacking.-Skt. g01Ji, a sack
(Yule).
Gunwale, upper edge of a ship's side.
(E.) See gullwale or gunnel in Kersey
(17' 5) A walt is an outer timber on a
ship's side; and the gun-wale is a wale
from which guns were pointed. A wale
is a beam'; see Wale.
Gurgle, to purl. (Ital. -L.) In Spenser, Thestylis, 3. Imitated from Ita!'
gorgogliare, to purl, bubble, boil; gorgoglio, gurgling of a stream. - Ital..gorgo, a
whirlpool. - L. gurges, whirlpool; cf. gur
gulio, gullet. See Gorge. So also Du.
gorgd, G. gurgd, throat; from L. gurgu!io. Brugm. i. 499.
Gurnard, Gurnet, a fish. (F. - L ;
with Teut. suffix.) Gurnard is the better
and fuller form. The word means a
grunter,' from the sound which the fish
makes when taken out of the water. -

M. F. grtmgnard (F. grocn<zrd), grunting, grunter, whence M. F. gournaulti,

groucn<zut, gumard (Cot.).-M. F. grognt r, to grunt; with suffix -am (= G. hart).
- L. grunnire, to grunt; see Grunt.
Gush. (E.) M. E. gusthen. E. Fries.
gusen, to gush out.+M. Du. guysen, to
gush out (Kilian); Icel.gusa,allied to gjosa
(pt. t.gauss), Norw. gjosa, to gush. Allied
to Ice!. gjola, to pour, Goth. giutan,
L. fundert. Cf. Du. gudsm, to gush.
( -vlGHEU.) See Gut, Geysir.
Gusset. (F.) F. gousset, 'a gusset,'
Cot. Also' the piece of armour by which
the arm-hole is covered,' id. Named from
its supposed resemblance to a husk of a
bean or pea; dimin. of F. gousse, husk of
bean or pea; cf. Ital.guscio, a shell, husk;
of unknown origin.
Gust (I), a suddelJ blast, gush of wind.
(Scand.) Icel. gustr, a gust. - Ice!. gus-,
weak grade of gjosa, to gush; see Gush.
So also Swed. dial. gust, stream of air
from an oven, Norw.gust, a rst.
Gust (l), relish, taste. (L . L. gustus,
a tasting; cf.guslare, to taste. (.vGEUS.)
Allied to Choose. Der. dis-gust.
Gut, the intestinal cana!' (E.) (The
word is allied to M. E. gote, provo E. gut,
a channel.) M. E. guile. A. S. gut; pI.
gut/as; orig. a channel.' Mone, Quellen,
p. 333,1. 198.-A. S. gut-, weak grade
of Teut. *guttan, A. S. giotan, to pour.
(.vGHEU.) + Dan. gyde, a lane, M. Du.
gote, a channel, G. gosse, a drain. See
Gush.
Gutta.-percha. (Malay.) . The spelling gulla is due to confusion with L.
gutta, a drop, with which it has nothing
to do. -Malaygutah ,gutah, gum, balsam;
pereha, the name of the tree producing it.
Gutter. (F. -L.) M. E. gOlere. A. F. gut/ere; O. F. gutiere, goutiere
(Littre, s. v. gout/iere, a gutter) . Esp.
used for catching drops from the eaves of
a roof. - F. gout/e. - L. gut/a, a drop.
Guttural. (F. -L.) F.gut/ural.-L.
gutturalis, belonging to the throat. - L.
guttur, the throat.
GuY'ra hideous creature, fright. (F.Ita!. - eut.) Orig. used of an effigy of
Guy Fawkes. - F. Guy. - Ita!' Guido; of
Teut. origin. Cf: Guide.
Guy-rope, GUy, a guide-rope, used
to steady a weight in heaving. (F. - Tent.)
O. F. guie, a guide. -0. F.guier, to guide;
see Guide. Cf. Span. guia, a guy-rope.

316

GUZZLE

GunIe. (F.)

Apparently suggested
by O. F . goziller, gosillier, to vomit
(Godefroy), understood to mean' to swallow greedily.' The O. F . desgosilkr had
both senses (Godefroy). Cf. O. F.gosillier,
the throat, allied to F. gosier, the throat.
Remoter source unknown.
Gymnasium. (L.-Gk.) L. gymnasium. -Gk. "'(1J}J"o.(1I0", an athletic school,
where men practised naked. - Gk. "'(V}J"o.""', to train naked, exercise.-Gk. "(VpOf,
naked. Der. gymnast = "(vpaU-rTJf, a
trainer of athletes; gymnast.ie.
Gypsum. (L.-Gk.-Arab.) L. gypsum, chalk.-Gk. "("'!Of, chalk. Prob.
from Pers. jabsin, lime, Arab. jibs, plaster,
mortar; Rich. Dict., p. 49+
Gypsy. (F . -L.- Gk. -Egypt.) Spelt
gip.ren. :jpenser, M. Hubbard,86. Shorl
for M. E. Egypcitn.-O. F. Egyptien.Late L. /Egyptianus; from L . /Egyptius,
an Egyptian. - Gk. Ai-y61rr'Of. - Gk. At"(V1fTOf, Egypt. ~ The supposition that
they came from Egypt was false; their
original home was India.
Gyre, circular course. (L. - Gk.) L.
gyrus. - Gk. -rVPOf, ring, circle. Der.
gyr-att, from pp. of L . gjrllre.
Gyrfalcon, Gerfalcon, bird of
prey. (1". - Teut. and L.) Formerly ger/aulcon; also gire/aueon (used by Trevisa
to translate L.gjrofalco). - O. F.gtifaueon.
- M. H. G. girvalke. - O. H. G. giro, for
giri, greedy (whence also G. geier. a
vulture) ; and L. falco, a falcon. ~ L.
gjro/ alco is a mistaken form.
Gyron; see Giron.
GYves, fetters. (1".) M . E. giUts,
gyues.-A . F. gives, fetters (Godefroy) .
Cf. O. H. G. be-wifen, to fetter.

H.
Ha, interj. (E. ) An exclamatory sound.
Cf. O. Fries. llalla, to denote laughter;
G. he; O. F. hal
Haberdasher, a seller of small wares..
(F. ) So named from his selling a stuff
called llaperlas in A. F.; see Liber Albus,
ed. Riley, pp. 215, 231. The name of
this stuff is of unknown origin.
Haberg80n, armour for neck and
breast. (F. -O. H. G.) M . E . hakr~on,
haubtf'!{eolln. - O. F. ha"ber~on, llaubtrjon, a hauberk; deriv. (treated as dimin.)
of O. F. llaubere; see Hauberk.

HACKNEY

Habiliment, dress. (F. -L.) F. leahillement, clothing.-F. habiller, to clothe,

orig.' to get ready.' - F . habile, ready, fit.
-L. hahi/is, easy to handle, active.-L.
haMre, to have; see Able.
Habit, practice, custom, dress. (F. - L.)
O . F. hahit, a dress, a custom. - L. nabitum,
ace. of Aahi'tus, a condition, dress. - L.
llabitus, pp. of hablre, to have, keep. See
Brugm. i. 638.
habitable. (F. -L.) F.""bitah/e.L. habittihi/is, that can be dwelt in.-L.
nabitare, to dwell, frequent. of habln, to
have.
habitant. (F.-L.) F . habitant,
pres. pt. of hahiter, to dwell. -L. habitllre,
frequent. of Aahln (above).
habitat, the natural abode of a plant.
(L. ) L. habitat, it dwells (there); 3 pres.
s. of nabitiire, to dwell (above).
habitation, abode. (F. - L .) F.
habitation. - L. acc. hah;tiitionem. _ L.
habitiilus, pp. of habitiire, to dwell,
frequent. of hablrt, to have.
habitude. (F. - L.) F . habilude,
custom. - L.AahitUdo,condition. - L . nabit-,
as in habitus, pp. of hablre, to have.
Hacienda, a farm, estate, farm-house.
(Span. -L.) Span. hacienda. an estate,
orig. employment. [The e is pronounced
as Ih in lkin.] O. Span. faeienda. - L .
facienda, things to be done; gerundive
neut. pI. of facere, to do.
Hack (I), to cut, mangle. (E.) M. E.
hakken. A. S. hduian, to cut, in the
comp.to-haecian.+Du.hakken, Dan. nakke,
Swed. hacka, G. haeken, to chop, hack.
Teut. types hakkO.~-, hakkO./an-.
Hack (2) ; see Hackney.
Hackbut. (F.-Low G.) Alsohagbut.
_M. F . haquebule,' a haquebut, a caliver'
(i . e. a sortof musket); Cot. A corruption
of Low G. hakebusse (Du. haakbus) , an
arquebus; due, apparently, to some confusion with O. Y. buttr, to thrust. Lit.
, hook-gun;' 80 called from the hook on
the gun, by which it was hung on to a
support. - Low G. hake, (Du. haak),
hook; busu (Du. bus), a gun.
See
ArquebUs; and see Hook.
Haclr.:le ( I ), Hatchel, an instrument
for dressing flax; see Heckle.
Haclr.:le (2) , long shining feathers on
the neck of a cock. (E.) Prqbably allied
to Hackle ( I ) .
Ha.ckne7. Hack, a horse let out for
hire. (F.) M. E.Aakeney.-O.F.~,

HADDOCK

HAKE

'an ambling horse;' Cot. (Cf. O. Span.

/acanea , Span. lzacanea, Ital. ckima, short
for acckinea, the same.) Extended from
O. F. haque, O. Span. /aca, Span. haca, a
nag, gelding; a word of unknown origin.
'If Hack is short for hackney, and quite
a late form ; hence hack, verb, i. e. to use
as a hack or hackney.
Haddock, a fis h. (E. ) M. E. haddok
(XIV cent.) . Orig. doubtful ; the Irish for
'haddock' is codog-.
Hades, the abode of the dead. (Gk.)
Gk. ~~'1~, aj~'lr (Attic), d.t~'1~ (Homeric),
the nether world; in Homer, the god of
th e nether world. Of unknown origin.
Hadji, Hajji, one who has performed
the pilgrimage to Mecca. (Arab.) Arab.
l;iiji, 'a Christian who has performed the
pilgrimage to Jerusalem, or a Muhammedan [who has performed] that to
Mecca;' Rich. Diet., p. 549. Orig. the
latter.
Hsematite, Hsemorrhage; see
Hematite, Hemorrhage.
Haft, handle. ( E.) A. S. haft, a
handle. - A. S. ha/-, base of Ilebban, to
lift; see Heave. + Du. heft, Ice!. !zepti
(pron. hefti), G. heft, a handle. Lit.
, that which is caught up.'
Hag. (E.) M. E. hagge ; with same
sense as A. S. hag-tis, a fury, a witch,
a hag.+G. !zexe, M. H. G. !zeese, a witch,
O. H. G. hazissa, also hag-azussa, a fury.
Perhaps connected with A. S. hag-a,ahedge,
enclosure ; but this is uncertain .
Haggard (1 ), wild, said of a hawk.
( F . -17.) M. F . hagard, wild; esp . used
of a wild falcon; see Cotgrave. Perhaps
the orig. sense was hedge-falcon; formed,
with suffix -ard 0. H. G. hart) , from
M. H . G. hag- (G. hag-), a hedge; see
Haw.
Haggard (2), lean, meagre. (F. -G.)
Really the same as the word above (Col.).
We also find hag -cd, i. e. hag-like, from
hag. 'The ghostly prudes with hag-ged
face,' Gray, A Long Story, near end.
~ Mod. G. hag-er may be from M_ F .
hagard; for G. hag-etj"alk means a haggard
hawk.
Haggis, a dish of sheep's entrails,
choppeu up, seasoned, and boiled in the
sheep's maw. (E.) M. E. hag-as, hag-eis.
Of unknown origin. Perhaps from hag-,
to cut; see Haggle ( I ) . (The Gael.laig-ds
is from E.)
Hagrle ( I ), to hack awkwardly, mangl e.

(Scand.) Frequent. of North E. hag-, to

cut; as lzackle is of lzack, to cut. The
form hag- is from Icel. hoggva, to hew,
cognate with E. hew; see Hew. Cf.
Norman dial. hatJuer, to hack.
Haggle ( 2), to be slow in making a
bargain. (E.) In Cotgrave, s. v. harceler.
Cf. Du. hakkelen, 'to hackle, mangle,
faulter,' i. e. stammer (Sewel) ; hakketerm,
to wrangle, cavil. It is probably the
same word as Haggle ( I ). Cf. also
higle, to bargain.
Hagiographa, holy writings. (Gk.)
Gk. a"y,6"ypa</>a (fJt{3A,a ) , books written by
inspirati.on. - Gk. a"YtO-r, holy; 'Ypo.</>-f'V,
to write.
Ha-ha, Haw-haw, a sunk fence. (F.)
F rom F. haha , an interjection of laughter;
hence a surprise in the form of an unexpected obstacle (that laughs at one).
The F. word also means an old woman
of surp-rising ugliness, a : caution.'
Hail ( I), frozen ram. (E.) M. E.
hag-lui, hayl. A. S. hag-I, hag-ol. + I ce!.
hag-I, Du. Dan. Swed. G. haeel. T eut.
types *!zag-(a )lo z. m., *hag-(a)lotll, n. Cf. Gk.
ICo.XA'1(, a round pebble.
Hail ( 2), to salute, greet. (Scand .)
M. E. heilm; a verb coined from M. E.
heil, !zail, sb. ; which is an adaptation of
Icel. heill, prosperity, good luck, a sb.
formed from the adj. heill, hale, sound,
fortun ate.
Cf. A. S. hill, safety, luck.
See Hale (I ) .
ha.il (3), an exclamation. (Sca~d. )
Icel. heill, hale, sound; used in greetmg.
This word is common in greeting person"
as/or heill= farewell, kom !zeill, welcome,
hail! The Scand. verb is Icel. heilsa.
Swed. helsa, Dan. Mise, to greet. See
Hale (I).
Hair. (E.; injluenced by F.) The true
E. form was M. E. heer. From A. S. !z!1:r,
Mr. + Du. haar, Icel. hiir, Dan. haar,
Swed. ht'lr; G. haar, O . H . G. hiir . Teut.
type *hlZrom, neut. Further related to
Ice!. haddr, hair, Teut. type *hazdoz; and
t9 Lith. kassa , plaited hair; also to Russ.
chesa/(e). to comb oat, L. carer!!, to card
wool. 13. But the mod. E. form is due
to confusion with A. S. !zare, hair-cloth,
whi ch was replaced by M. E. haire,
borrowed from O . F. haire, with the same
sense; and thi s O. F. haire was from
O. H . G. hiirra (for *hot:jaj, haircloth, a
derivati ve of O. H. G. hor, hair.
Hake, a fish. (Scand.) Cf. Norw.

228

HAKIM

HALT

hakifisk, lit. 'hook-fish ;' from the hooked

und~';;, (See H a.tch (I ) .
H
. ,a physician, doctor. (Arab.)
Arab. /.takim, wise; also, a doctor, physiciano - Arab. root /.takama, he exercised
authority.
Halberd, Halbert, a kind of poleaxe. ( F.- M.H. G.) O.F.halebardc. M. H. G. lzelmbarte, mod . G. hellebarle;
sometimes explained as an axe with a
long handle; cf. M. H. G. halm (?), a hel ve
(helm ), or handle. But it has been better
interpreted as an axe for splitting a helm,
i. e. helmet. 13. The O. H. G. barta, G.
bar/e, a broad axe, or axe with a broad
blade, is from G. bart, a beard. [Similarly
the l cel. skeggja, an nxe, is from skegg,
a beard; and see Barb (I).] Cf. Icel.
ba~a, halberd.
Halcyon, a kingfisher; as adj. serene.
(L. - Gk) Halcyon days = calm days;
it was supposed that the weather was calm
when kingfishers were breeding. - L.
halcyon, alcyon, a kingfisher. - Gk. d'\KVWV,
ciAKvWv, a kingfisher. Allied to L. a/cltio,
the true L. name. ~ The incorrect aspirate
in Gk. was due to a fanciful etymology
from iV.-s, sea, and KVGIV, conceiving.
Hale ( I), whole. (E. ) M. E.hale,hal.
O. Northumb. hal , which became hale,
while the A. S. (Wessex) hal became
M. E. hool, now spelt whole. Cognate
with Goth. hails. See Whole.
Hale ( 2), Raul, todrag,drawviolently.
(F.-O.H. G.) M.E.halien,halen.- F.
haler, to haul a boat, &c. (Littn!). O. H. G. WOn, holon (whence G. holen).
+ O. Sax. halon, Du. halen, O. Fries.
Ilalia, E. Fries. hafen, Low G. hafen, to
pull, haul; cf. also A. S. geholian, to
acquire, get; L. cafare, to summon; Gk.
Ka.\flv, to summon. C.vKAL).
~ Hale
dates from the XIV cent. ; haul is later,
aJll'enring as hall in 1581.
Half, adj. (E.) M. E. kalf. O. Mere.
halj; O. Fries. half; A. S. healf. + Du.
Italf, lcel . halfr, Swed. half, Dan. halv,
Goth.halbs, G.halb. 2 . Allied to half, sb.,
from O. Mere. half, A. S. healf, sb.+lcel.
haifa, Goth. halba, G. halb; in all these
languages the oldest sense of the sb. is
'side.' Der. halve, vb.; be-half.
Halibut, Holibut, a fish. (E.) So
called because excellent eating for holidays; the lit. sense is ' holy (i. e. holiday)
plaice.'
From M. E . hali, holy (see
HolT), and 6uile, a plaice (Havelok, I.

759). So also Du. hdlbot, halibut, from

heilig, holy, bot, a plaice; Swed. helgejlundra, a halibut, from helig, holy,
jlyndra, a flounder; Dan. hellifiytuler,
a halibut, from ht/lig, holy, jlynder,
flounder. See Butt (4).
Halidom, a holy relic. (E.) M. E.
halidom, halidom. A.S. haligdom , holiness, a sanctuary, a holy relic. - A. S.
litilig, holy; -dom, suffix, orig. the same as
dom, doom. See Holy and Doom.+ Du.
heiligdom; l cel. helgidomr, Dan. helligdom, G. heilig/hum. ~ By my halidam
(with -dam for -dom ) was imagined to
refer to Our Lady (dame ).
Hall. (E. ) M. E. halle. O. Merc.
hall; A. S. heal!, heal, a hall, orig. a
shelter. + Du. hal, Icel. hall, Mil, Swed.
hall, Dan. Ilal. Teut. type *hafla, for
*halna, fern . ; from *hal, 2nd grade of
*helan-, to cover (A. S. helatl). Allied to
H elm (2), Hell.
Ha.llel1Jjah, Alleluia, an expression
of praise. (H eb.) Heb. haldii jah, praise
ye Jehovah . - Heb. halt/ii, praise ye (from
halal, to shine, praise) ; jah, Jah , Jehovah.
Ha.lliard see Halyard.
Halloo, Kallow, to shout. (F.)
M.E. halowen.-O.F. hal/oer, to pursue
with shouts. Of imitative origin.
Ha.llow, to sanctify. (E.) M. E. halwen, halewm, hoiowen. A. S. halgian, to
make holy, from lziilig, holy; see Holy.
So also lcel. helga, G.heiligen.
hallowmas., feast of All Hallows,
i. e. All Saints. (Hybrid; E. and L.)
Short for A ll Hallows' Mass, mass (or
feast) of All Saints. Here hallows' is the
gen. of hallows, pI. due to M. E. halowe or
halwe, a saint = A. S. halga, a saint, def.
form of the adj. halig, holy; see Holy
and Mass.
Hallucination, wandering of mind.
(L.) From L. ha/liicinalio, a wandering
of the mind. - L. hallt/cinari, better al/iicinarf, alt/cinari, towanderin mind,dream,
rave. + Gk. a'\vftv, a.\vEtP, to wander in
mind; cf. ~.\.6s, distraught.
Ha.lm; see Haulm.
Halo, a luminous ring. (F . -L.- Gk.)
F. halo. - L. ace. halo, from nom. halos.Gk. iV.GJS, a round threshing-floor, in
wh ich the oxen trod out a circular path.
Halser; see Hawser.
Halt, lame. (E.) M. E. hall. O. Mere.
halt; A. S. healt.+lcel. halty, Dan. Swed.
"all, Goth. hafts, O. H . G. haill. Teut.

319

HANDSEL

HALT
type *""Itoz. Cf. L. c1audus, lame. Der.
halt, vb. , A. S. healtian.
Halt! (F.-G.) F. halte.-G. halt,
hold ! See Hold ( I ).
Halter. (E. ) M. E. halter (an / has
been lost). A. S. /uzljtre, a halter.+M.
Du. and G. haffter, O. H. G. hal/tra;
O. Low G. haliftra (Schade) . Teut. types
*haljtr-, *halijtr- (Franck). From the
base *halb-, app. signifying 'to hold';
see Helve. I . e. ' something to hold by; ,
cf. L. capistrum , a halter.
Halyard, Halliard, a rope for hoisting sallS. (F.-O. H. G.) As if for haleor haul-yard, because it hales or hauls
the yards into their places; but really a
perversion of M. E. halier, meaning simply
that which hales.' See lIale (l).
Ham. (E.) M. E. hamme. A. S. hamm.
+Du. ham, M. Du. hame, Icel. lWm (gen.
hamar) ; provo G. hamme; O. H. G.
hamma. Brugmann (i. 4H) connects
these with Gk. ""'1''1, the lower part of
the leg.
Hamadryad, a wood-nymph. (L.Gk.) L. hamadryad-, stem of hamadryas.
-Gk. dpallpu.h, a wood-nymph; the life
of each nymph depended on that of the
tree to which she was attached. - Gk.
GJ-ll, together with; IIpii-s, tree_
Hame; Hames, pI., the bent sticks
round a horse-collar. (E.) M. E. hame.
+Dn. haam. Cf. Mid. Du. ""mme, 'a
cratch of wood to tie beasts to, or a yoke; ,
Hexham. See Hem (1).
Hamlet. (F.- Teut.) M. E. hamdet,
dimin. of O. F. hamel (F. hameau), a
hamlet. Formed, with dimin. suffix -d,
from O. Fries. ham, him, O. Sax. him, a
home, dwelling; see Home.
Hammer. ( E.) A. S. hamor. + Icel.
hamarr, Dan. hammer, Swed. hammare,
Du. hamer, G. hammer. Thought to be
allied to Russ. kamen(e), a stone ; as if
orig. 'a stone implement;' Icel. hamarr
also means' a rock.'
Hammercloth. (Du. andE.?) Formerly hamer-cloth (1465). The cloth
which covers a coach-box. Origin unknown.
Perhaps orig. a cover-cloth;
adapted from Du. hemel, heaven, also
a cover, tester, canopy. 'Den heme! van
een koetse, the seeling of a coach;' Hexham. Cf. M. Du. hemeien, ' to hide, cover,
adome ;' Hexham.
Hammock, a slung net for a bed.
(W. Ind.)
Formerly hamaca; Span.

hamaca.
word.

A West Indian (Caribbean)

Hamper (1 ), to impede. (E.) M. E.

hampren ; from the same root as Ice!.
hamla, to stop, hinder, Norw. hamla, to
strive against; cf. Swed. dial. hamla, to
be awkward, to grope about. Perhaps
further allied to lcel. hemja, to restrain, G.
hemmen, to check. See Hem ( I). 2. Or
a nasalised form allied to Low G. hapern,
E. Fries. haperen, to stop short; cf. Swed.
dial. happla, to stammer, hoppa, to back
a horse; Dan. kappe, to stutter. See
Hopple.
Hamper (l), a kind of basket. (F. G. )
l'ormerly spelt hanaper. - O. F.
""napier, Low L. hanaplrium, orig. a
vessel to keep cups in. - O. F. ha1Ulp
(Low L. hanapus), a drinking-cup.O. Frankish *knapp., Du. nap, O. H. G.
knapf, M. H. G. napf, a cnp.+A. S. hnt1!P,
a cup, bowl.
ha.nalM'r, old form of Hamper
(above). Hence Hanaper office, named
from the basket in which writs were
d1losited.
Hand. (E.) A. S. hand, kond.+
Du. hand, Ice!. Mnd, Dan. haand, Swed.
kand, Goth. handuJ, G. hand. Teut. type
*handuz, fern. Root unknown.
handed. (E.) A mff for the hand.
~ XVIII cent.; too late for connexion
with A.S. hantkOPJ, a handcuff.
handicap, a race for horses of all
ages. (E. ) From hand " cap, hand in
the cap, a method of drawing lots; hence,
a mode of settlement by arbitration, &c.
ha.Jldicraft. (E.) A. S. kandmz/t,
a trade; the i being inserted in imitation
of handiwork (below).
handiwork. (E.) M. E. handiwere.
A. S. handgeweorc. - A. S. lIand, hand;
geweorc, from weorc, O. Mere. were, work.
The i is due to A. S. ge.
handle, vb. (E.) A. S. ha111ilian;
formed from handle, a handle (below).
Cf. Du. kandelen, Icel. hiindla, Dan.
handle, Sw. handla, G. handeln, to handle,
or to trade.
handle, sb. (E. ) A. S. kandle; Cpo
Glos. 1904.-A. S. hand, hand.
handsel, hansel, first instalment of
a bargain. (Scand.) lcel. handsal, the
conclusion of a bargain by shaking hands;
lit. handgiving,' expressed by handsale' ; so also Dan. handsel, Swed. handsijl,
a handsel. See Sale. .. The late A. S .

HANDSOME
handsekn, glossed 'mancipatio,' occurs
but once; but cf. O. E. Texts, Charter +b
1.8.
handsome. (E.) M. E. handsum,
orig. tractable, or dexterous. - A. S. hand,
hand; sum, suffix, as in 1vyn-SUlll , winsome.+Du. !landzaam, E. Fries. handsiim,
tractable, serviceable.
handy (I), dexterous. (E.) From
hand, with suffix -yo ~ The M. E. form
was !tendi (never handi); A. S. hendig.
skilful; formed from hand, hand, with
suffix -ig and vowel-change. +Du. !landig.
Dan. hiZndig, behiZndig, Swed. hiindic,
dexterous.
handy (1) , near. (E.) From !land,
with suffix -yo ~ The M. E. form was
hende ; A. S. gehende. near, at hand.A. S. !land, hand.
Ha.ng, to suspend, to be sllspended.
(E.) The history of this vb. involves that
of two A. S. and one O. Norse vb. ; viz.
(I) the A. S. him (for *hanhan-) , pt. t.
Mng, pp. hangen; (2) the A. S. weak vb.,
hangian, pt. t. hangode; and (3) the Ice\.
causal vb. hengja, from hanga (pt. t_ hikk,
for *Mnk, pp. hanginn ). Cf. G. hangen,
weak vb., from G. !langen (pt. t. hing, pp.
gehangen ). Allied to L. euncliiri, to delay,
Skt. ra1Jk, to hesitate. Brugm. i. 420.
Ha.nger, a short sword. (E.) So
called oecause hung from the belt.
llaDgna.il; for ang-nail, a form of
Agnail, q. v.
Hank, a parcel of skeins of yarn.
(Scand.) Ice!. hdnk, a hank, coil; hank;,
a hasp, clasp; Swed. !lank, a string, Dan.
hank, a handle, ear of a vessel. Cf. also
Low G. hank, a handle (Liibben), G.
henkel, a handle, ear of a vessel. Prob.
allied to Hang; cf. O. H. G. henkan
*hangian), to hang up.
Hanker, to long after. (E .) Cf. provo
E. hank, to hanker after, of which it is a
frequent. form; cf. the phr. 'to hang
about.' From the verb to hang. Verified
by M. Du. hmgden, to hanker after
(from hangen), honkeren (Du .hunkeren), to
hanker after (Sewel); also Dan. hang, bias,
inclination, E. Fries. !lang, hank, bias.
Hanseatic, pertaining to the Hause
towns in Germany. (F.-O.H.G.) O.F.
hanse, the hanse, i. e. society of merchants ;
with L. suffix -atieus. - O. H. G. !lansa
(G. hanse) , an association; cf. Goth.
ha1lSa, A. S. Ms. a band of men. (From
about A. D. 1140.)

HARDOCK

Hansel; see Ha.ndsel

Hansom, a kind of cab. (E.) From
the name of the inventor (no doubt the
same word as !lamisome ). A. D. 1834Hap. (Scand.) M. E. hap.-Icel. happ,
hap, chance. good luck; cf. A. S. geMp,
fit. [The W. hap must be borrowed from
E.] Der. happ-y, i. e. lucky; Ilap-kss,
i. e. luckless; lzap-Iy, by luck (happily is
used in the same sense); mis-hap " perhaps.
happen. (Scand.) M . E. happenm,
hapncn, extended from !lappen, i. e. to hap.
From the sb. above.
Ha.ra.-kiri, snicide by disembowelment. (Japanese.) From Japan. hara,
belly; kiri, to cut (Ynle).

Harangue. (F. - O. H. G.) O. F.

harangue, an oration; Low L. harenga.
The same as Span. arenga, Ita\. annga.
Orig. a speech made in the midst of a
ring of people; as shown by Ita!. aringo,
an arena, lists, also a pnlpit.-O. H. G.
hrinc (G. ring), a ring, ring of people, an
arena, circns, lists. Cognate with A. S.
hring, a ring. See Bing.
Ha.r&IIB. (F.)
F. harasser, to tire
out, vex, disquiet; Cot. Perhaps from
O. F. harer, to set a dog. at a beast.O. H. G. haren, to call out, cry out (hence
cIL to a dog).
Harbinger, a forerunner. (F.O. H. G.) M. E. herbergequr, one who
provided lodgings for a man of rank.O. F. herberg-er, to lodge, to harbour;
with suffix -our (L. -atorem).-O. F. herberge, a lodging, harbour. - O. H. G.
htriberga (below ).
harbour (I), shelter. (Scalld.) M.E.
hereberJe, herberwe. - Icel. herbergi, a
harbour, lit. 'army-shelter.' - Icel. herr,
an army; barg, 2nd grade of bjarga, to
shelter. So likewise O. H. G. heriberga,
a camp, lodging. from O. H. G. her; , G.
heer) , an army, bergan, to shelter (whence
F. auberge, Ita!. albergo). Cf. Harry and
Borough. Der. !larbour, vb.
Harbour (2), see Arbour.
Hard. (E.) A. S. heard; O. Fries.
herd. + Du. hard; Icel. hariJr, Dan.
haard, Swed. nard, Goth. hardus, G.
hart. Teut. type *!lardus, Idg. type
*karlus; d. Gk. ICp4TVr, strong. Brugm.
i. 792.
Jlardock, Hordock, the corn-bluebottle; Centaurea cyanus. (E.) Hardokes,
pl., is the reading in K. Lear, iv "', ed.

HAROS

HARPY

the quartos have lumlocks. The

same as haudod, used in Fitzherbert's
Husbandry to mean the com-bluebottle;
see Glossary, and pref. p. xxx. Mr. Wright
(note to K. Lear) shows that hardhake
meant the Cmfar~rea 111p-a. Both plants
were called, indifferently, knobweed, k'lOiweed, and loggerheads. Named from the
hardness of the head of the Ceniaurea
'lip-a ; for which reason it was also called
irollweed, ironheads, &c. See Plantnames, by Britten and Holland.
Hards, fib res of flax. (E.) M. E.
henus. A. S. heordan , pJ.+M. Du. Merde,
herde, hards (Kilian), later hide (Hexham) ; E. Fries.llide. Teut type *kizdonor *hezelDn. ; cf. Meed. ~ Distinct from
hard.
Hardy, stout, hrave. (F. - Tent.)
M. E. kardi.-O. Ii. hardi, brave; orig.
pp. of hardir, lit. to harden. _ Teut.
*harljatz, as in O. H. G. her/an, to harden,
make strong. - O. H. G. harti (G. hari),
hard; see Hard.
Hare. (E.) A. S. hara. Dan. Swed.
hare, led. hiri (formerly here); Du. haas,
G. hase. Teut. types *hazon-, .hason-, Idg.
type kason-; cr. O. Pruss. sasins (for
kasins ), W . cein-ach , fern. (Rhys) , Skt.
fafa, for fasa, a hare. The Skt. word
means jumper,' from fOf (Idg. kas-), to
jump, leap along.
harebell. (E.) From hare and bel/.
Harem, set of apartments for females.
(Arab.) Also haram. - Arab. lJaram,
women's apartments, lit. 'sacred,' or ' prohibited.' - Arab. root /J,oramo, he prohibited (because men were prohibited from
enteriug). The initial is the 6th letter of
the Arab. alphabet. Rich. Dict., p. 563.
Haricot (I), a stew of ~utton, (2)
kidney bean. (F.) F. haricot, 'mutton
sod with little turneps,' &c.; Cot. The
senSe 01 'bean' is late; that of ' minced
mutton with herbs,' O. F. hericot, is old.
Origin unknown.
Hark, Hearken. (E.) M. E. herken,
'also het"kllm. Herknen is from A. S.
hercniatz, heormian, to listen to. Herkul
corresponds toa shorter type, A.S. Morcian
(not found), O. Fries. Mrkia; also O. Fries.
harkia (from the 2nd grade), E. Fries.
harken. Teut. type *herkatz-, pt. t. *hark,
pp. *hurkanoz. The O. H. G. hlfrechm,
M. H . G. horcktn, with long 0, must have
been associated with O. H. G. norjatt, G.
!Wren, to hear; cf. G. Iwnllcn. But the

Teut. type herka",. can hardly be related

to Hear.
Harlequin. (F.-Ital.) F. arlequill,
harlequi1Z, a harlequin. _ Ital arlecchino,
a buffoon, jester. The Ital. word seems to
correspond to the O. F. Hellequitt, Her/ekin, Hierlekin; the usual O. "F. phrase
was la maimie Merleki1l (Low L. harle
quini familias), a troop of demons that
haunted lonely places at night A popular
etymology connected the word with Charles
Quint; Max l\fiilJer, Lect. ii. 581. Prob.
of Teut. origin; cf. O. H. G. hella cunni,
the kindred of hell; which may have been
confused with O. F. herie, hierle, tumult.
Harlot. (F.) Orig. used of either sex,
and not always in a very bad sense; equiv.
to mod. E. 'fellow;' Ch. C. T. 649.O. F. heriot, ar/ot, a vagabond; Provo
ar/ot, a vagabond; Ita1. arlotto (Baretti),
Low L. arlotus, a glutton. Of disputed
origin. ~ W. herlod is from E.
Harm, sb. (E.) M. E. harm. A. S.
hearm, grief, also harm.
lce1. harmr,
grief, Dan. harme, wrath, Swed. hann,
anger, grief, G . karm, grief; Teut. type
*karmoz. Cf. Russ. srame, shame. Brug.
ii. 7l . Der. harm, vb .
Harmony, concord. (F.-L.-Gk.)
M. E. harmonie.-F. harlllonie.-L. harmonia. - Gk. app.oJlla, a joint, proportion,
harmony. - Gk. app.o<, a joining. - Gk.
*ap"JI (dpapluItElJl), to fit. (.vAR.)
Harness. (F.) The old sense was
armour.' O. F. harne;s, harnois, armour;
whence Bret. harntz , old iron, armour
(Thurneysen). Of unknown origin; the
G. I,an,isch is from F.
Harp. (E.) M. E. harpe. A. S.
hearpe.
Du. harp, Icel. harpa, Swed.
harpa, Dan. harpe, G. harft. Teut. type
harpon-, fern. ; whence F. harpe.
Harpoon. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly
also karpotl, which is the F. spelling.- F.
harpon, a cramp-iron, a grappling iron ;
whence also Du. harpoen. - O. F . harpe, a
dog's claw or paw, a clamp, cramp-iron;
cf. se harper, to grapple. - Late L. harpe..
a sickle-shaped sword. - Gk. afJ1'T/, a
sickle. Cf. also Span. arpon, a harpoon,
arpar, to claw, rend.
Harpsichord. (F. - Tellt. and Gk.)
Also liarpsechord; with intrusive s. F. harpechorde, a harpsichord;' Cot.
From Teutonic and Greek; see Harp
and Chord. Cf. Ital. arpicordo (Florio) .
Harpy. (F. -L. -Gk.) O. F. karpie.

16~3;

HARQUEBUS

HATCHET

-L. 1Iarpjia, usually in pl.luzrpjia. - Gk. Hashiu, Hasheesh, an intoxipI. iipWVI4&, lit. 'spoilers or' snatchers.'- cating drink. (Arab.) See Aasauin.
Gk. 4ptr-, base of Up1f4(fIJ', to seize ; allied Haslets, Hastelets, Harslets,
to 1:.. r4jJert. See Rapacious.
the inwards of a pig, &c., for roasting.
Harquebus; see Arquebus.
(F. -L.) From O. F. hastdet, meat roasted
HarridaD, a jade, a worn-out woman. on a spit.-O. F. haste, a spit.-L. hasta,
(F.) A v:Lriant of M . F . llaridelle, 'a poor a spit; see Hastate_
tit, leane ill-favored jade,' Cot.; i. e. a Hasp. (E.) A. S. hapse, a fastening,
worn-out horse; also used in the sense of clasp, catch of a door. + Icel. hespa, a hasp,
a gaunt, ugly woman (Littre). The form a skein (of wool), Dan. Swed. G. haspe,
remains unexplained.
hasp; cr. M. Du. hasp, haps, a skein of
Harrier (I ), a hare-hound. (E.) For- wool. Cf. Low G. happen, hapsen, to
merly haner ; from hare. Cf. Ww-yer snatch, clutch; F. happer, to lay hold of.
from bow.
Hassock. (E.) M. E. hassok, orig.
Harrier (2), a kind of buzzard. (E.) coarse grass or sedge; of which the olrl
I . e. harry-e,., because it destroys small hassocks were made. A. S. hassuc, a tuft
birds; see Harry.
of coarse grass. ~ Not from W. hesg,
Harrow, sb. (E.) M. E. harwe. sb. pI., sedges.
North Fries. harwe. Not found in A. S. Hastate, spear-shaped. (L.) L. hasta+Icel. herji, Dan. haru, a harrow; Swed. tus, spear-like.- L . hasta, a spear. Allied
haif, a harrow. Apparently allied to M. to Yard (2).
Dan. harge, Du. hark, Swed. harka, G. Haste, sb. (F. - Teut.) M . E. hast,
harke, a rake. Base har-? Ct: L. car-ere, haste. -0. F. haste, haste (F. htlte). - W.
to card wool.
Germanic *haiCf)st;-, violence; as in O.
Harry, to ravage. (E.) M. E. harwen, Fries.hatsl (Richtofen, s. v. hast),O. H . G.
henen, /zerJien. A. S. hergian, to lay hlisti, adj., violent; A. S. hilsl, violence.
waste, as is done by an army.+lcel. herja, Cf. Goth. haifsts, fem., strife. ~ Du. haast,
to ravage, Dan. harge, O. H . G. harjOn. G. Dan. Swed. hast, haste, are all borrowed
Teut. type *harjOn-, to harry; from *har- from F. Der. haste, vb.; hast-en, XVI
jos, an army (A. S. here, Icel. herr, Dan. cent.
har, O. H . G. hari, G. heer, Goth. haryis). Hat. (E.) A. S. hat. + Icel. hOlt, a
Allied to O. Pruss. karj;s, an army; Lith. hood, later hatlr, Swed. hatt, Dan. hat.
karas, war.
Teut. type -hattuz, m. If it is related
Harsh. (Scand.) M. E. harsk. -Dan . to hood, it stands for an earlier form
harsk, rancid ; Swed. hiirsk, rank, rancid, hOlin,". See Hood.
rusty. + G. harsch, harsh, rough. Cf. Hatch ( I ) , a half-door. (E.) M. E.
Lithuan. karlUs, harsh, bitter (of taste); hacche; a hatch also corresponds to North
E. heck. A . S. hac (gen. hacce), a hurdle
see Hard.
Hart. (E.) M. E. hert. A. S. izeort, (?). + Du. hell, fence, rail, ~te, Swed.
heorot, htrwl.+Du. hert, Icel. hjdrlr, Dan. hitek, coop, rack . . Teut. *hakJa, f. Prob.
hiort, Swed. hjort, G. hirsch, O.H.G. hirus ; so named as being lightly fastened with
Teut. stem -htrut-. Allied to L. ceruus, a hook. Cf. A. S. hac-a, a fastening of a
W. carw, a hart, homed animal; Russ. door; see Hake, Hook. Der. hatch-es,
serna, a chamois; cf. Gk. Itipas, a hom. pI. sb., a frame of cross-bars over an
See Horn.
opening in a ship's deck; hatch-way.
Harvest. (E.) A. S. luzrfest, autumn ; Hatch (2), to produce a brood by inorig. ' crop.' + Du. heifst, G. herbst, cubation. (E.) M.E. hacchen. + Swed.
autumn; lcel. haust, Dan. Swed. hdst hiteka, to hatch; Dan. hakkebuur, a
(contracted forms). Allied to Gk. ltap.,,6s, breeding-cage. Origin unknown.
fruit; L carpere, to gather, Lith. kerpu, Hatch (3), to shade by minute lines,
I shear. Brugm. i. 631. And cr. Gk. crossing each other. (F.-G.) F. hacher,
to hack, also to hatch or engrave; S\.e
ItflPfll', to shear.
Huh, a dish of meat cut into slices, Hash.
Hatches; see Hatch (I).
&c. (F. -G.) [0. F . hachis, hash.] F . hacher, to hack.-F. hache, an ax. Hatchet, a small ax. (F. -G.) F.
O. H. G. *happfa, whence O. H. G. heppa, hachel/e, dimin. of hac"" an ax. See
M. H. G. hepe, a bill, a lickle.
Hash.
0133

HAWSER

HATCHMENT

.atchment, escutcheon.

( F. - L.) Swed. hal1ln.

Shortened from ackiroement, an escutcheon j which was contracted to dtcheament (Ferne, 1586), hachemmt (Hall,
1548) j &c.
.ate, sb. (E.) M. E. hate. A. S. hete,
hate j the mod . E. sb. takes the vowel
from the verb hatian, to hate.+Du. haat,
Icel. hair, Swed. hat, Dan. had, Goth.
hatis, G. hass, hate. Cf. Gk. K'i,3EtV, to
vex j W . cawdd, displeasure. Dar. hale, vh.
hatred. (E.) M . E. hatred, hatmien.
The suffix is A. S. riiden, law, mode, cou'
dition, state, as in hiwriitien, a household j and see kindred.
auberk, a coat of ringed mail. (F.
- O. H. G.) M. E. hauberk. - O. F.
hauberc. - O. H. G. halsberc, lit. neck
defence.- O. H. G . hals, neck j bergan, to
protect. See Collar and Bury.
Haughty. (F.-L.) For M . E. hauttin, arrogant; 'Hawty, haultain;' Palsgrave. Cf. booty, from butin. - O. F.
hautain, 'hauty;' Cot. - O. F. haut;
oldest form halt, high. - L. altus, high;
see Altitude.
Haul; see Hale (l).
Haulm, Halm, stalk. (E.) A. S.
healm. + Du. halm, leel. halmr, Dan.
Swed. halm; Russ. soloma, straw; L.
culmus, stalk, Gk. "all.a!,os, reed; W. calaj,
stalk. Brugm. ii. 7l.
Haunch, hip, bend of the thigh. (F.
- O. H . G.) F. ha1Zche j O. F. /lanciu,
hallke; Low L. hancha (ll7S). OfTeut.
origin; from Frankish ha'lk", represented
by M . Du. ha,uke, 'haunch or hip;'
Hexham . See Korting, 3872 .
.aunt, to frequent. (F. ) M. E. hanten,
hau'ltuz. - O. F .hanter, to haunt, frequent.
Origin disputed .
autboy, a musical instrutnent. (F.L.) F . hautbois. - F. haut. high; bois,
wood. - L. altlts, high j Late L. boscus,
buscus, L. bIlXIlS, box-tree; see Bolt ( I).
It is a wooden instrument with a high
tone. Hence Ital. obot, E. oboe, borrowed
from F. hautbois.
Have. (E.) M. E. hatten. pt. t. /Iadde,
pp. had. A. S. habhan, pt. t. ha/de. pp.
geha/d. + Du. lubbm, Ice! . ha/a, Swed.
Ila/va, Dan. have, Goth. haban, G. haben.
Teut. stem .haM-. If cognate, as usually
supposed, with 1.. habire, to have, the Jdg.
base mu, t be *khabh-.
Ha'Y8n, harbour. (Scand.) A. S.
htE/en, h(J'/me. - Icel. IIOjtz, Dan. havn,

+ Du.

haven, G. halm. a
harbour. Cf. also M. H. G. We, haven j
which seems to be allied to M. H. G. hah,
Icel. Swed. haf, Dan. hav, A. S. heaj, sea.
.aversaca, soldier's provision-bag.
(F. - G.) F. havresac. - G. habersack,
hafersack, lit. ' oat-b:tg: - G. haber, hafer,
oats j sack, a sack.
Havoc, destruction. (F .) Cf. A. F.
crier havok; where havok is for O. F .
havot. - O. F. navol, plunder j whence crier
havol, E. 'cry havoc' (Godefroy). Cf.
O. F. naver, to grapple with a hook
(Cot.); and G. ha/t, seizure.
Prob.
from G. hebm, to lift. ~ The W. hafoe,
destruction, is borrowed from E.
Haw, a hedge; also, berry of hawthorn.
(E.) M. E. hawe, a yard. A. S. haga, an
enclosure, yard.+lcel. hag;, Swed. hage,
enclosure; Dan. have, garden; Du. haag,
G. hag, hedge. Teut. base hag.; Idg.
base kagh-, as in W . cae, an enclosure;
see Quay. Der.luzw-Ihorn. See Hedge.
Hawk (1) , a bird of prey. (E.) M. E.
hauk, hauek (=havek ). A. S. hafoc, heafoe,
a hawk.+Du. havik, Icel. haukr, Swed.
Mk, Dan. Mg, G . habicht, O. H. G. hapuh.
Prob. 'a seizer;' allied to E. hea7Je, L.
capere; see Heave. So also Low L.
capus, a falcon, from capere; and L. lUcipiter, a hawk.
Hawk (l), to carry about for sale.
(0. Low G.) A verb formed from the sb.
hawker; see Hawker.
Hawk (3), to clear the throat. (E.)
Imitative. Cf. Dan. harke, Swed. /larska,
to hawk; W. hocM, to hawk, hoch, the
throwing up of phlegm.
Hawker, pedlar. (0 . Low G. ) Intro'
duced from abroad; Du.Mllker, a hawker,
M. Du. hoecker, hucker; cf. heukeren, to
hawk, sell by retail. So also Dan. hOker,
a chandler, huckster, hOkre, to hawk;
Swed. hOkare, a chandler, huckster. See
further under Huokster.
Hawse, Hawse-hole. (Scand.)
Hdwse is a round hole through which a
ship's cable passes, so called because made
in the' neck' of the ship. - Ice!. hals, hals,
the neck : also, part of a ship's bows.+
O. Mere. hals, A . S. heals j Du. G. hals;
allied to L. collum. neck.
Hawser, a tow-rope. (F.-L.) Cf.
F. haussure, a hawser. Hut hawser is
from M. E. hawse, to lift.-O. F. halcier,
F. hattSser, to lift. raise.-Late L. altiiire,
. to elevate. _ L. altus, high. See AUitude.

lU

HAWTHORN

HEAT

Cf. M.Ital. aizaniere, 'a, halsier [hawser]

in a ship' (Florio) ; from a/zare, to raise.
~ Not allied to Hoist.
Hawthorn; see Haw.
Hay ( I). ~ E. ) M. E. hey. O. Merc.
Mg; A. S. hig. + Du. hooi, Icel. hey, Dan.
Swed. hO, Goth. hawi, grass; G. heu.
Teut. type *hau-jom, n. Properly' cut
grass'; from the verb to hew; see Hew.
Hay ( l ), a hedge. (E.) A. S. hege, m.
Teut. type *hagiz. Allied to Haw and
Hedge. Der. hay-ward, i. e. hedgewarden.
Huard. (F. - Span. - Arab.?) F.
hasard. - Span. azar, a hazard; orig. an
unlucky throw (at dice) ; cf. M. Ita1. zara,
a game at dice.-Arab. al zahr, lit. the
die (Devic) ; al being the Arab. def. art.
But Arab. zahr is of doubtful authority.
Hue, a mist. (E.?) Ray has: 'it
hazes, it misles.' Etym. unknown. We
may perhaps compare the Lowl. Sc. haar,
a sea-fog, a mist.
Huel. (E.) M. E. hasel. A. S. luzse/.
+Du. haulaar, Icel. hasl, lzes/i, Dan.
Swed. IlasSei, G. hasel; Teut. type *haselo-;
from the Idg. type *koselo- we have L.
COrti/us (for *cosu/us), W. and O. Irish
coli (for cosl), a hazel.
He. (E .) A. S. he; gen. his, dat. him,
ace. hine. Fem. sing. nom. MO, gen. dat.
hire, ace. hie, hi; neut. sing. nom. hit,
gen. his, dat. him, acc. hit. PI. (all genders), nom. ace. hie, hi, gen. hira, heora,
dat. flim, 11I:01ll. + Du. hij, O. Sax. he, hi ;
Goth. neut. hita. Allied to Lith. szis, this,
L. ci-tra, on this side, Gk. f-Kfl, there,
K.wor, that one. Brugm. i. 83, 604.
Der. lunee, Iler, here, hither.
Head. (E.) M. E. hed, heed, heued
( = heved) . A. S. hea/od.
Du. hoofd,
Goth. haubith, G. haupt, O . H. G. houbit;
also O. Icel. hau/06. later hOfu6, Dan.
hoved, Swed. hufvud, M. Swed. havud.
Teut. types *haubud-, *kaubid-, neut.;
answering to Idg. types *koupot- , *koupel-,
which are not exactly represented. The
L. caput (with short a) does not correspond
in the vowel-sound, but is allied to A. S.
Ilaft/a, hea/o/a, head. (The difficulties as
to this word are not yet cleared up. )
hea.dlong, rashly, rash. (E.) M. E.
hed/ing, heuedling, hed/inges. Thus the
suffix is adverbial, answering to A. S. suffix
-I-ing, really a double suffix. Cf. A. S.
lKec-;:i.: backwards,for-inga, suddenly.
H
(E.) M. E. helen. A. S. ltiilan, to

make whole; formed from luil, whole, with

i- mutation of ti to ; see Whole. So also
G. lui/en, from hei/; Goth. hai/j(m, from
lllliis.
health. (E. ) A. S. h16, health (Teut.
type *hai/ithti, f. ), from luil, whole; see
Heal (above).
Heap, sb. (E.) M. E. heep. A. S.
heap, a heap, crowd. + Du. hoop (whence
Icel. hopr, Dan. hob, Swed. hop, O. H. G.
hou/) ; cf. also G. haufe, O. H . G. hii/o.
+ Lith. kaupas, O. Slav. kupt'J, a heap.
Brugm. i. 421 (7) . Der. heap, vb.
Hear. (E.) M. E. Mren, pt. t. herde,
pp. herd. O. Merc. Mran; A . S. hjran,
pt. t. hjrde, pp. gehjred. + Du. hoorm,
Icel.lzeyra, Dan. hOre, Swed. hora, Goth.
hausjan, G. hOren. Cf. Gk. d-KOV~&I', to
hear. (Not allied to Ear.)
Hearken; see Harken.
Hearsay. (E.) From hear and say,
the latter being in the inlin. mood. Cf.
A. S. ic stcgan hyrde = I heard say
(Beowulf, 1346).
Hearse. (F. - L.) M. E . herse, hearse.
The orig. sense was a triangular harrow,
then a triangular frame for supporting
lights at a church service, esp. at a funeral,
then a bier, a carriage for a dead body.
All these senses are found . - M. F. herce,
a harrow, a frame with pins on it. (Mod.
F. herse, Ital. erpice, a harrow.) - L. hirpicelll , acc. of hiryex, a harrow. Der.
rehearse.
Heart. (E.) M. E. herte. A. S. heorte.
+Du. hart , Ice!. hjarta, Swed. hje1"1a,
Dan. flierle, Goth. hairto, G. hen; Teut.
type *herton-. Further allied to Lith.
szirdis, Irish cridhe, W. craidd, Russ.
serdtse, L. cor (gen. cordis), Gk. KapOla , Kfip.
Hearth. (Eo ) M. E. herth, herlhe.
A. S. luor6.+Du. htulrd ; Swed . hard,
a hearth, a forge, G. herd ; T eut. tHe
*herthoz, m. Cf. Goth. hamia, pl., Ice!.
hyrr, embers, burning coals. Idg. base
ker-; cf. L. cremare, to bum.
Heart's-ease, a pansy. (E.) Lit.
ease of heart, i. e. giving pleasure.
hearty. (E.) M. E. kerty; also
hertly; from M. E. herte; see Heart.
Heat. (E.) M. E. hete. A. S. hie/u,
hato, from *haitiu, for *haitjo-, f.;
formed from hat, hot, with the usual
vowel-change. + Dn. hille, Dan. hede,
Swed. hetta, Ice!. !titi, G. kitze; all from
the weak grade kit-; see Hot. We also
lind A. S. halan, verb, to heat.

l35 '

HEATH

HEIFER

Heath. (E. ) M. E. hell, . A. S. M6 . +Du. hekd, a heckle; Dan. hegle; Swed.

+Du. G . heide, Icel. l,ei6r, Dan. hede, hiickla; G. hechel, a heckle. T eut. type
Swed. Iud, Goth. Ilaillzi, a waste; Tent. *hakila; from a base hak-, to pierce, bite,
type */lait!'i, fern . Cf. W. coed, 0 . W . as in 0. H. G. hecckm, M. H. G. heckm
coil. a wood.
(for *hakjall), to pierce, bite as a snake;
heathen, a pagan. (E.) A. S.kii8en, cf. A. S. hacod. a pike (fish) , from its
adj. SJ also Icel. keiiJmfl, G. heidm, a sharp teeth. Cf. Hack ( 1).
heathen; Goth.kailkno, a heathen woman. Hectic, continual , as a fever. (F. Lit. a dweller on a heath, orig. 'wild'; Gk.) F. Ilectique (as if from Late L.
cr. Goth. hailkiwisks, wild (Mk. i. 6) ; *hecticus). - Gk. lKTtK6r, hectic, consumpa possession; also, a
A. S. hreJen. a wild creature (Beow. 986) . tive. - Gk.
From A. S. hietJ. a heath (above). [Simi- habit of body. - Gk. <{-OJ, fut. of EX"",
larly L. Eagallus meant (1) a villager, ( 2) to have, hold. ( ~SEGH .)
a ~agan . ]
Hector, a bully. (L. -Gk.) From L.
Heather. (E.) Usually associated Heetor.... Gk. "EKTOJp . the celebrated hero
with lzeatl,; but the Nhumb. form hadder of Troy. Lit.' holding fast;' from 'X.tII,
points to some different origin.
to hold (above).
Heave. (E.) M. E. Muen ( =hmm). Hedge. ( E.) A. S. heeg , f. (dat.
From A. S. he/-, a pres. stem of A. S. hecge) ; Teut. type *hag-fii, allied to haga,
kebbaJI, pt. t. Mj, pp. haftn. + Du. he.l1m, a haw. +Du. !legge, heg , allied to haag,
Icel . heJja, Swed. hajva, Dan. ktZve, Goth. a haw; G. heeke, f., a hedge. See Haw.
',afjan, G . lzeben. Teut. type *hafjall-, Heed, vb. (E.) M. E. keden. A. S.
pt. t. *hOj; corresponding to L. capia, k edan. pt. t. lzidde. Formed as if from
I seize; cf. Gk. K<Anf''1, handle. (D istinct sb. *hOd, care (not found) ; though we find
the corresponding 0. Fries. sb. hUe, hude,
from have.)
Heaven. (E.) M. E. heutll (= heven). and the G. sb. kIll, 0. H . G. IlIIota, care.
A.S. lzeojo fl, heJon. + 0. Sax. hetJall. rIce!. +Du. hoedm, from hoede, care; G. kiilm,
himiml, Goth. himins, G. himmel,O.lI .G. from Illtl (0. H . G. huola), care, guard.
himil, 0. Sax. him;!, Du. I,emel, heaven, Brugm. i. 754. Prob. allied to Hood.
may be from a different source.] Cf. Heel (1), part of the foot. (E.) A. S.
A. S. kus-he%n, a ceiling, so that the and 0. Fric!s. ki la, heel (whence Du. hiel).
sense may have been' canopy.'
+ Icel. htZlI, Dan. htZl, Swed. hiil. The
Heavy. (E.) Hard to heave, weighty. A. S. hila is prob. contracted from "Mhila,
M. E. heui (= I,ev,). A. S. hejig, heavy, dimin. of A. S. /tok , heel. See Hough.
hard to heave.- A. S. kaj-, stem of hebban Heel (2), to lean over, incline. ( E.)
(pt. t. kOj), to heave; with i-mutation Modified from M. E. Mlden, hilden , to in
of a.+lcel. hOjugr, IWjigr. heavy, from cline on one side. A. S. k ieldan, kyldan,
kifja, to heave; Low G. kevig; O. H . G. to tilt, incline; cf. "i6er-keald, bent downhebig. See Heave.
wards.+Du. kel/en (for *heldan, 0. Sax.
Hebdomadal, weekly. (L. -Gk.) L. a/-he/dian), to heel over; Ice!. halla (for
Jlebdomadalis. - Gi<:. U3aoJUl~" stem of "/Ia/6a ). to heel over (as a ship), from
l/3oop.tls, a week. - Gk. Ina, seven ; see hallr "hallk ), sloping; Dan. kelde, to
Beven.
lilt, cf. keld, a slope; Swed. I,iilla, to tilt.
Hebrew. (F. -L.-Gk.- Heb.) F . The adj . is A. S. -Maid, O. Fries. Italtl,
Mbreu (Mbn'eu in Cotgr.).-L. H ebrtZus. Ice!. Itallr, 0 . H. G. haiti, inclined, bent
Gk. 'E/3paios. - Heb. 'ivri, a Hebrew (Gen. forward; Teut. type "hallhoz. Allied to
xiv. 13), a name given to Israelites as A. S. kold, G. hold, faithful, true (to a
coming from E. of the Euphrates - Heb. master), Goth. Itultks, gracious.
'avar, he crossed over.
Heft, a heaving. (E.) In Wint. Tale,
Hecatomb. ( F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. he- ii. 1.45. Formed from keave. just as kaft
ca/ombe. - L. hecatombl. - Gk. lKa'TOJ.l/3f] , a is from IttrVe.
sacrifice of a hundred oxen.-Gk. lKaTo", Hegira. (Arab.) Arab. kijrak. sepa
a hundred; /3oiir, ox. See Hundred and ration; esp. used of the flight of Moham
Cow.
med from Mecca; the era of the Hegira
Heckle, Hackle. Hatchel, an in. begins on July 16, A. D. 6 Z2. Cf. Arab.
slrument for dressing flax or hemp. (E. ) hajr, separation.
M. E. he.kelt, heke/e, E. Fries.lt.a'kel, kekel. Heifer. (E.) M. E. hay/are, kekfere.
236

',tS,

HEIGH-HO

HEMLOCK

A.S. heanjore, a heifer; alsospeltheahjre, Goth. hilms. Teut. type *hel-f110!&, m.;
heah/ro. The form is still unexplained.
lit. 'a covering;' from ht/an-, to coyer.
Heigh-ho. (E.) An exclamation; Allied to Skt. (arman-, shelter, protection.
heigh, a cry to call attention; M, an ex- Lith. szalmas, a helmet, O. Slay. shitmiJ,
clamation.
are prob. borrowed from Teut. Brugm. i.
Height. (E.) A variant of highth 420. Der. helm-et, dimin. form. Allied
(Milton); we find M. E. highte as well to Hell.
as kelle (keghthe). A. S. hiehtJu, heahtJu, Helminthology, history of worms.
height. - A. S. klah, Mh, high. + Du. (Gk. ) Coined from Gk. l"J.IL~90-, decl.
hoagie, Ice\. hatI, Swed. hiijd, Dan. hiiide, stem of J"JUvr, a worm; -"0-YLa, a discourse, from "f-yftV, to speak. The sb.
Goth. hauhitha. See High.
Heinous. (F. - O. Low G.) M. E. ~"pL"r, also ."pLS, means' that which curls
heinous, hainous. - O. F . hainos, odious; about'; allied to Helix.
formed with suffix -as (L. -osus) from Helot, a (Spartan) slave. (L.-Gk.)
O. F. hai"ne (F. haim ), hatred. - F. hair, L. pI. Hilotts, from Gk. " '''CUTfS, pI. of
to hate. From an O. Teut. form, such ,("CUS, a helot , bondsman; fabled to have
as Goth. naljan, O. F ries. hatia, to hate; meant an inhabitant of Helos (a town of
see Hate.
Laconia) , enslaved by the Spartans.
Heir. (F. -L.) M. E. heire, heir, also Help, . vb. (E. ) M. E. helpen, pt. t.
eyr. - O. F. ntir, t ir. - Late L. herem, for halp. pp. holpm. A. S. helpan, pt. t.
L. hlridem, acc. of hires, an heir. Cf. Gk. healp, pp. holptn. Du. helpen, Icel.
XtlPo, a widow (relict). Der. heir-loom, hjtilpa, Dan. hielpe, Sweet hjelpa, Goth.
where loom signifies' a piece of property,' hilpan, G. helfen. Teut. type helpan-.
but is the same word as E. loom. See Allied to Lithuan. szelpti, to help. Der.
Loom ( I).
help, sb., A. S. help. helpe; kelp-mate,
Heliacal, relating to the sun. (L. - suggested by help meet (G en. ii. 18).
Helve, a handle. (E.) M. E. helue
Gk.) From Late L. heliacus. - Gk.
"OS, belonging to the sun. - Gk. 7i"tOs, ( = helve). A. S. hiel/, also nelfe, a
sun ; see Solar.
handle.
M. Du. helve, handle, Low G.
heliotrope, a flower. (F. -L.-Gk.) helft, M. H. G. kalp, handle; allied to
F. Mliotrope . - L. heliolropium. - Gk. ".0- Halter and Helm ( I ).
T pOfTtOV, a
heliotrope, lit. 'sun-turner;' Hem (I ), border. (E.) A. S. hem.
from its turning to the sun. -Gk. 7i"LO-S, Orig. 'an enclosure;' cf. O. Fries. ham,
sun ; TPOfT-, 2nd grade of TPffTfW, to tl1m; hem (dat. hemme), North Fries. ham, an
enclosure (Out zen) ; provo G. hamme, a'
see Trope.
Hel.i%, a spiral figure. (L. -Gk.) L. fence, hedge (Fliigel, 1861). Dar. hem,
helix, a spiral. - Gk . ".[, a spiral, a twist. vb., to enclose within a border, hem in;
- Gk. lJo.lCTCTftl', to tum round. Allied to cf. G. hemmen, Swed. hiimma.
Volute.
Hem (~), a slight cough to call attenHell. (E.) M. E. nelle. A. S. nd, tion. (E.) An imitative word; allied to
gen. helle; orig. 'that which hides,' from Hum. M. Du. himmtn, hemmen, 'to
Teut. he/an-, A. S. he/an, (pI. t. hal), to call one with a hem,' Hexham.
hide.
Du. hel, Icel. nel, G. hOlle, Goth.
Hematite, an ore of iron. (L. - Gk.)
halja. Tent. type *hal/ii, fern. Allied to Named from the red colour of the powder.
Cell, Conceal.
- L. nama/ites. - Gk. aIJ.laTLT'IS, bloodHellebore. (F. - L.- Gk .) Also elle- like. -Gk. alflOT-, stem of aTJ.la, blood.
bort.-O. F . ellebore.-L. helleborus.-Gk. Hemi-, half. (Gk.)
From a Lat.
lJo..Jo..f{Jopor, the name of the plant.
transcription ofGk. J.IL-, half, cognate with
Helm (1), an implement for steering a L. semi-, half; see Semi-. Der. hem;ship. (E.) Orig. the tiller or handle. sphere , &c.
hemistich, a half-line, in poetry.
A. S. helma.+lcel. hjtilm (for *helm-). a
rudder; E. Fries. helm. The provo E. (L. - Gk.)
L. hlmistichium. - Gk. JUndm means' handle'; so also M. E. halm CTTLXIOI', a half-verse. - Gk. JU-, half;
(Gawain, 330). Prob. allied to Helve.
CTTL)(OS, a row, verse.
Helm ( 2), armour for the head. (E.) Hemlock. (E.) M. E . hemlok, numM. E. helm. A. S. helm.+Dn. helm; Icel. 10k. A. S. hem/ie, nymlice; also hymbliea
"/tilmr, Dan. kielm, Swed. n/elm, G. helm, (Ep. Gl.). The origin of nym- is unknown;
237

"La-

HEMORRHAGE

HERESY

the second syll,,:ble.is perhaps an unstressed

form of A. S. tIC, like.
Hemorrhage, a great flow of blood.
(F. -L.-Gk.) M. F. hemorrhag-ie. - L .
hamorrhagia. - Gk. alpoppa.,la, a violent
bleeding. - Gk. oJpo-, for aTpa, blood;
pa-y., a stem of "~-Y"IIJU, I burst, break; the
lit. sense being a bursting out of blood.
Hemorrhoids, Emerods, painful
bleeding tubercles on the anus. (F. - L. Gk.) M. F. hemorrhoi'de, sing., a flowing
of blood. - L. hOlmorrhoida, pI. of hOlmorrhoida. - Gk. alp.oppot6u, pI. of alp.oppot~,
adj., liable to a Row of blood. - Gk. arpo-,
for aTJJ4, blood; po (as in po-o~, a stream) ,
allied to ph"" to Row, cognate with Skt.
snl, to Row; see Stream.
Hemp, a plant. (L. - Gk.) M. E.
hemp (short for hmep). A. S. hmep,
hanep. Borrowed at a very early period
from some Eastern language, whence also
L. cannabis, Gk. Kcivva{31~, Pers. kanab,
hemp, so that the word suffered consonantal
letter change. Cf. Skt. (a1,Za, hemp (prob.
not an Idg. word ). So also Du. IUnlup,
Icel. hampr, Dan. Itamp, Swed. hampa, G.
han!; all of foreign origin.
llen. (E.) A. S. heml, hen, ham; a
fern. form (Teut. type *han-jii) from A. S.
hana, a cock, lit. 'a singer,' from his
crowing; cf. L. canere, to sing.+Du. hen,
fern. of haal', a cock; G. henne, f. of hahn;
Ice!. hOlna, f. of hani; Dan. hihtt, f. of
hane; Swed. Mna, f. of hane. (.vKAN.)
See Chant.
Hence. (E.) M. E. hennes, older form
hemte (whence hennes by adding adv.
suffix os). A. S. heonan , for *hinan, adv.,
closely allied to A. S. hine, masc. acc. of
hi, he. See He.
Henchman, a page, servant. (E.)
Formerly Iteng-estman, henseman, henshman; cf. Hinxman as a proper name.
For heng-est-mal', i. e. groom; from M. E.
heng-est, A. S. hengtst, a horse. Cf. Du.
and G. hengst, Dan. hing-st, a horse, Ice!.
hestr, a horse.
Hendecagon, a plane figure having
eleven sides. (Gk. ) Named from its eleven
angles. _ Gk. ~,,3f1ca, eleven; -YOWla, an
:ulgle ; see Decagon.
Henna, a paste used for dyeing the
nnils, &c., of an orange hue. (Arab.)
Arab. I;.inna-a, [tina, or IJinnaa/, the
dyeing or colouring shrub (LtZTIJsonia inermis); Rich. Diet., p. 581.
.ent, a seizure; see Hint.

Hep, hip; see Hip (1).

Hepatic, relating to the liver. (F.-L.
-Gk.) M. F. lupatique. -L. MpatiClts.Gk. ~ ..aT"co~ , belonging to the liver. - Gk.
~"aT-, stem of ~"ap, the liver.+L. iecur,
Skt. yakrl, the liver. See Liver. Der.
hepalica, liver-wort, a flower.
Heptagon, a plane seven-sided figure.
(Gk.) Lit.' seven-angled.' - Gk. llrTa,
seven; "I.wla, an angle, allied to ,,),0"11,
knee. See Seven and Knee.
heptahedron, a solid seven-sided
figure. (Gk .) From Gk. l"Ta, seven;
~6pa, n base, seat (allied to E. Sit).
heptarchy-, a government by seven
persons. (Gk.) XVII cent.-Gk. l"T-,
for lJrTa, seven; and -apXLa, from apX-ft",
to rule.
Her. (E.) M. E. hire; from A. S. hirt,
gen. and dat. of hio, she, fern. of hi, he ;.
see He. Der. heros, M. E. hirs, hires (XIV
cent.) ; her-self.
Herald. (1'.-0. H . G. ) M. E. heraud.
-0. F. herall (Low L. heraldus); O.H.G.
heroll (G. herold), a herald; note also
O. H. G. Heriold, Han'old, as a proper
name, Harold. fl The proper name is
for *hari-wald, i. e. army-rule. - O. H. G.
hari, an army (G. heer); wald, wall, rule,
power (G. g-l!Wall). ~ The precise history
of the word is very uncertain.
Herb. (F. - L.) M. E. herbe. - F.
herbe. - L. herba, grass, fodder, herb;
prob. allied to O. L. /orbea, Gk. cpop{3.q,
pasture.
Herd (1), a fl ock. (E. ) M. E. herde.
A. S. heord, Mord, a Rock . + Ice!. Itjo1'6,
Dan. Mord, Swed . hjord, G. hcerde, Goth .
hairda. T eut. type herda, f. Cf. Skt.
fardha (s), a herd, troop. llrugm. i. 79i.
herd ( 2), one who tends a herd. (E.)
Usually in compo shep-herd, cow-he/'d, &c.
M . E. Ilerde. A . S. hierde, hirde , keeper
of a herd; from A. S. heord. a Rock. +
lee\. hirtJir, Dan. hyrde, Swed. herde, G.
hirle, Goth. Ilairdds ; all similarly derived.
Cf. Lith. kerdztlS, shepherd.
Here. (E. ) M. E. her, heer. A. S.
her, adv.; related to hi , he. + Du. hie,',
Ice\. her, Dan. her, Swed . hiir, G. hiel',
Goth. her. Cf. L. cis, on this side.
Hereditary, adj. (L. ) L.hirUiliirius.
-L. hiridiliire, to inherit. - L. hiridi,
declo stem of hiris, an heir. See Heir.
Heresy-. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. heresye. - O. F. heresie. - L. type *hOlrcsia;
for L. luzresis. - Gk. ar".'TIf, a taking,

238

HERIOT

HEW

choice, sect, heresy.-Gk. alpEw, to take.

Der. herelic, L. htZrelicus, Gk. alpfTllC6s,
able to choose, heretical (from the same
verb).
Heriot, a tribute paid to the lord of a
manor on the decease of a tenant. (E.)
A. S. keregealu, lit. military apparel;
hence, equipments which, after the death
of a vassal, escheated to his lord ; afterwards extended to include horses, &c. A . S. kere, an army; geattl, gcalwe,
appare!, adornment. See Harry. .
Hentage. (F.-L.) O. F . kentage.
Formed, with suffix age ( =L. 'aticum ),
from O. F. ken'ter, to inherit. - L. hiredi
tare, to inherit. See Heir.
Hermaphrodite, an animal or plant
of both sexes. (L. - Gk.) L. kermapkro
mtus. - Gk. IpJ"a",p6~ITor; coined from
'EpJ"iis , Mercury (representing the male)
and 'Arppo31T'1 , Venus (representing the
female principle) .
Hermeneutic, explanatory. (Gk.)
Gk. lPJ"'1VOVTIICOS, skilled in interpreting. Gk. ~PJ"'1VO~S, an interpreter; also lpJ"'1volis , the same. Allied to L. ser11l0 (stem
sermon); see Bermon.
Hermetic. (Gk.) Low L. hennlticus,
relating to alchemy; coined from Hermis,
from the notion that the great secrets of
alchemy were discovered by Hermis Tris
megistus.-Gk. 'EpJ"iir, Mercury. ~ H er
metically was a term in alchemy; a glass
bottle was /Zermetically sealed when the
orifice was fused and then closed against
any admission of air.
Hermit. (F.-L.-Gk.) [M. E. /zere
mite, directly from L. /zerimfla.] - F.
/,er1llite. - Late L . /zerlmf/a, more commonly elemita. - Gk. ffY'l"uT.,S, a dweller
in a desert. _ Gk. fP'1J"ta, a desert. - Gk.
'piiJ"os, deserted, desolate. Der. /Zermit
age.
Hem i see Heron.
Henua. (L.) L. hernia, II. kind of
rupture.
Hero. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. /zerol.L. ltiroim, ace. of heros, a hero.-Gk.
ijp<vs, a hero, demigod. Der. keroic,
M. F. /zeroi"que, L. lzirOi(us.
heroine. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. herojne.
L. IlirOinl. _ Gk. TJptJJtv." fern. of ijPl>1S, a
hero.
Heron, Hem, a bird. (F. -0. H.G.)
M. E. I,eroun, heiron, /zern. - O. F . /zairon
(F. lzIron, Span. at-rOIl, hal. ag/Ziron~) . O . H. G . /zeig-ir, M. H. G. keiger, a heron ;

with suffixed -on (Ital. -one). + Swed.

kagel', Icel. kegri, Dnn. keire, a heron.
~ Distinct from G. kliker, a jackdaw.
It.eronshaw, hernshaw, a young
heron; also (by confusion) a heronry.
(F. - O. H. G.) 1. Spenser has kemeshaw,
a heron; M. E. keronsewe, a young herou
(still called keromew in the North). From
O. F. kerounreau, later form of herounrel,
a young heron (Liber Custumarum, p.
304), dim. of kairoll (above) ; cf.lionceau,
lioncd, a young lion. The usual form is
F. Mrolmeau, O. F. kaironneau. 2. But
keronskaw, a heronry, is due to a (false)
popular etymology from heron, a heron,
and skaw, a wood; Cotgrave has' hairon
fliere, a heron's neast, a herneshaw, or
shaw of wood wherein herons breed.'
Herrin~, a fish. (E.) M. E. heering.
A. S. IIIznng. [Sometimes said to be
connected with A. S. kere, a host, army;
which seems impossible.]+Du. haring,
G. Mn'llg; O. H. G. kein'ng (Kluge).
Hesitate. (L.) From pp. of L.
htZsitiire, to stick fast; intensive form of
/ztZrere, to stick. + Lithuan. gaiszti, to
tarry. (VCHAIS.) Brugm. i. 627.
Hest, a command. (E.) M. E. /zest,
the final t being excrescent, as in whils-I,
amongs.t, &c. A. S. hres, a command;
Teut. type *haittiz, f. ( >*/zaissiz, with ss
for tt). - A. S./zalan, to command; Tent.
type */zailan . Cf. Icel.lml, a vow, from
/zeita, to call, promise; O. H . G. keiz (G.
geheiss), a command, from heizan (G.
Im"1sen ), to call, bid, command. Cf.
Goth. /zaitan, to call, name. Der. be-hest.
See Hight.
Heteroclite, irregularly inRected_ (L.
-Gk.) L. keteroclitus. - Gk. hOp/"'AlTOS,
otherwise (i. e. irregularly) inRected. - Gk .
hopos, another; -ICAITOS, form ed from
ICA[vflv, to lean (hence, to vary as a case
does); see Lean (J).
heterodo][, of strange opinion, hereticai. (Gk.) Gk. iT.pO.S, another; M{.a,
opinion, from ~OICOW, to think.
heterogeneous, dissimilar in kind.
(Gk.) Gk. ETfPO-S, another; -YEV-oS , kind,
kin, sort; see Kin.
Hetman, a captain. (Pol. - G.)
Polish Ilelman (Russ. alaman' ), a captain (of Cossacks ). - G. kauptmann, a
captain.-G.katlpt, head; mantI, man.
Hew. (E.) M. E. he-wen. A. S. hla
walt, to cut.+Du. /zOl/wen, Ice!. Mgg'Va,
Swed. /z.lIgga, Dan. htl.~ge, G. /zauen;

l39

HEXAGON

HIEROPHANT

Ru ... 1t1f1a1e, to hammer, forge; Lith.

/eauli, to fight; C Lith. kowa, battle.
Brugm. i. 639. Allied to L. ciitkre, to
heat. Der. hay, q. v.
He~oD, a pl~.ne six-sided figure.
(L. - Gk.) L. hexagrmum. - Gk. l[a'Y"",of,
six-cornered. - Gk. ~[, six; 'YQ1JI{a, an
angle, from 'YOW, a knee; see Knee.
hezameter. (L. -Gk.) L. lIexameter.-Gk. i[a,uTpos, orig. an adj., i.e.
having six measures or feet. -Gk. it, six;
IlfTPOII, a measure, metre.
Hey, interj. (E.) M. E. Mi, kay; a
natural exclamation .+G. and Du. lIei.
heyday (I), interj. (G. or Du.) Also
keyda (Ben Jonson). Borrowed either
from G. heida, hey there! hallo! or {rpm
Du. hd daar, hey there! The G. da and
Du. door both mean' there.'
Heyday (2), frolicsome wildness. (E.)
The 'heyday of youth' means the 'high
day of youth.' The spelling key is a preservation of M. E. hey, the usual spelling
of high in the 14tb century.
Hiatus, a gap. (L.) L. kiatus, a gap;
from pp. of hiare, to gape. Al1ied to
Yawn and Chasm.
Hibernal, wintry. (F.-L.) F.hiberna/. - 1.. "'berna/is, wintry (Vulg.) . - L.
kibernlls, wintry; allied to kiems, winter.
Also to Gk. Xflll'P'''OS, wintry, Gk. X.-<f,,,,
snow, Skt. hima., frost. Der. hibern-ale.
Hiccough, Hiccup, Hicket, a
spasmodic inspiration, with closing of the
glottis, causing a slight sound. (E.) The
spelling hiccough seems to be due to a
popular etymology from cough, certainly
wrong; no one ever so pronounces the
word. Properly hiccup, or, in old books
hicket and hickock, which are still better
forms. Hick-et, hick-ock, are dimiuutives
of hick or hik, a catch in the voice, imita
tive of the sound. Cf.' a hackingcoughi'
and see Hitch. + M. Du. huckup, 'the
hick, or hock,' Hexham; M. Du. hick,
'the hick-hock,' Hexham; Du. hik, the
hiccup, hikken, to hiccup; Dan. hikke,
sb. and vb. ; Swed. hicka , sb. and vb. i
Bret. h1k, hak, a hiccough; W. ig, n sob,
igio, to sob. And cf. Chincough.
Hickory, a N. American tree. (Americ.
Indian.)
Formerly fJOhickery; from the
AmericanIndian (Virginian) name.
HiclaJ.go, a Span. nobleman of the
lowest class. (Span. -L.) Span. hidalgo;
O. Span. fidalgo, Port. fidalgo, a noble
man; IOmetimes written hijodalgo (Min

shen). Lit.' son of something,' a son to

whom a Cather has left an estate. -Span.
hijo, son; tk, of; algo, something. - L.
/ilillm, acc. ofj'ilius, son (whence O. Span.
fi!{!" la.~er. hijo); dE, of; alitJ.uo, someth~g.
(So Kortmg. The explanation from /titus
Italicus is baseless.)
Hide ( I), to cover. (E.) M. E. kiden,
hUden. A. S. hydan. + Gk. ".,)(1 ", to
hide i cf. W. cuddio (base *koud.), to
hide. (v'KEUDH.)
Hide (2 ), a skin. (E.) M. E. Mdt,
hude. A. S. hYd, the skin. + Du. huid,
Ice!. hufJ, Dan. Swed. hud, O. H. G. Mit,.
G. haut; L. cutis, Gk. ",)TOf, ITMOf, skin,
hide. (v'SKEU.) .. The roots of Mde
(I) and hide (2) are prob. connected.
hide (3), to flog. (E.) Colloquial;
to 'skin' by flogging. So also Ice!. hyfJa,
to flog, from hufJ, skin.
Hide (4), a measure oC land. (E.)
Estimated at 120 to 100 acres, and less.
(Low L. hida.) A. S. kid, a contracted
form; the full Corm is kig-id. lfigid and
hiwisc were used in the same sense, to
mean enough land for one family or household. They are probably closely allied
words, and therefore allied to hind (2);
for kiwisc is merely the adj. formed from
hiwa, a domestic, one of a household;
see Hind (2). .. Not connected with
Hide (I).
Hideous, ugly. (F. - L. ?) M. E.
hidous. - O. F. hiMs, hidus, later hideux,
hideous; the earliest form is hisdos. Supposed by some to be from L. his/idosus,
roughish; from hispidus, rough, shaggy.
(See Korting, 3363.)
Hie, to hasten. (E.) M. E. hien, llyen,
hi;en. A. S. h;"uian (higian ?) , to stJive
after, be intent on. Cf. Du. hijgen, to
pant; and (pt'rhaps) Skt. pgh.ra., quick.
Hierarch1' (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F.
hierarchie; Cot. - Late L. hierarckia. Gk. IfpaPXta, power of a l.pO.PX'fJs, a
steward or president of sacred rites. - Gk.
Ifp., for l.pOs, sacred; and apXflJl, to rule.
.. Milton has hierarch - Gk. l,pO.PX'fJf.
hieroglyphic. (L.-Gk.) L.hiero
glyphicus, symbolical. - Gk. IEpo-y"1XJ>,,,6s,
relating to sacred writings. -Gk. I'po'f,
sacred; 'Y".xp.f''', to hollow but, engrave,
incise. See Glyptic.
hierophant, a priest. (Gk.) Gk.
IfPO<f>/1VT11s, teaching the rites of worship.
- Gk. 1.p6.s, sacred: ~"f"', to shew,
explain. See Phue.

2~O

HIGGLE

HIP

Higgle, to bargain. (E.) Merely a

weakened form of Haggle.
High. (E.) M. E. Migh, MY, ny.
A. S. heah, Mh. + Du. lwog, Icel. har,
Swed. hog. Dan.lziH, Goth. hauks, G. hock.
T eut. type *haukoz. See How (2) ; and
cr. G. hugd, a bunch , knob, hillock; also
Lith. kaukaras, a hill; kaukas, a boil,
swelling; Skt. kllcha-, the female breast.
('VKEUK.)
highland. (E.) From high and
land; cf. up-land, low-land.
Hight, was or is called. (E.) The
only passive vb. found in E.; M hight=
he was named. M. E. kigitle; also halle,
helle. A. S. halte, I am called, I was
called; pro and pt. t . passive of A. S.htilan,
to call. So also Icel. heili, I am named,
from hdla, to call; G. t"ck Misse, I am
named, from Missm, to call, bid. Il Best
illustrated by Goth. haitan, to call, 3 p.
pres. tense (passive) haitada; as in
Thomas, saei haitada Didymus' =
Thomas, who is called Didymus, John
xi. 6.
Hilarity, mirth. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
hilaml. - L. acc. hilaritiitem; from
hilaris, adj., cheerful; also hilarus. - Gk.
lAap~. cheerful. ~ Hilary Term is so
called from the festival of St. Hilary (L.
Hilarius), who died Jan. 13,367.
Hilding, a base wretch. ~E.) Also
he/ding; XVI cent. Prob. from M. E.
heldm, to incline, bend down. Cf. M. E.
htldinge, a bending aside; Dan. helding,
bias; A. S. hylding, a bending; see Heel

A. S. *nina, a domestic, unauthenticated

as a nominative, and really a gen. pl., so
that hina stands for ltina man=a man of
the domestic. cf. hina ealdor=chief of
the domestics, a master of a household.
Hina=klgna,gen. pl. ofhiwan,domestics;
cf. hiwen, a family, hiwriedm, a household; also G. heiralk, marriage, Goth.
heiwafrallja, master of a household. Cf.
L. cftlis, a citizen. Brngm. i. 609.
Hind (3), adj., in the rear. (E.) We
now say hind feet' ; but the older form
is' hinder feet.' We even find M. E.hynderere (as if hinder-er).-A. S. hilulan,
adv., at the back of, hinder, adv., backwards. + Goth. hindar, prep., behind;
hindana, beyond; G. hinter, prep., behind,
hintm, adv., behind; O. H. G. kintaro,
compo adj., hinder. We also find Goth.
hindumisls, hindmost. In O. H. G. kinlaro, the compo suffix is like the Gk. -TfpO- ;
and in Goth. hin-dum-ists, the super!.
suffix is like the L. -lim-(us) in op-limus,
followed by -isis = E. -est. Extended from
A. S. hin-, as in hin-, heon-an, hence;
from hi-, base of he; see Henoe.
hinder, vb. (E.) M. E. hindren. A. S.
hilldrian, to put behind, keep back. - A. S.
hinder (above).+Icel.hindra, G. kindern;
similarly formed. Der. hindr-ance (for
hinder-ance).
hindmost. (E.) From hind and
most; a late formation. The M. E. form
was himkrest; cf. A . S. hi,t-dcma , hindmost, a superl. form with suffix -dema (cf.
L. op-timus). + Goth. kil/dumists, hindmost (= hin-dum-ists, with double super!.
suffix).
Hinge. (E.) M. E. Mng, tbat on
which the door hangs; from M. E. hengen,
to hang, a later variant of M. E. hangim
(A. S. hangian), to hang; suggested by
A. S. hmgm, a hanging, or by Icel.hengja,
to hang. Cf. A . S. hmge-clij, a steep
cliff; and Stone-henge; Dan . dial. !linge,
hang!, a hinge (Dan. hangsell. For the
sound, cf. sin,t;e, !'Winge. See Hang.+
M. Du. henge, hengene, a hinge.
Hint, a slight allusion. (E.) H int is
apparently' a thiug taken' or caught up;
cf. LowI. Sc. hint, an opportunity ; in a
hint, in a moment ; hint, to lay hold of.
From M.E.Mnten,to seize.-A.S. hmlan,
to seize. Allied to Hunt, and to Goth.
Irahinthan , to seize.
Hip (I), the haunch. (E. ) M. E . kipe ,
hupe. A. S. kype.+Du . heup, Ice!. huPlr,

(2).

Hill. (E.) M. E. kil, hul. A. S. hyll.

+ M. Du. hil; L. (ol/is, a hill; Lithuan.
kalnas. a hill, kelti, to raise; Gk. KoAoJV6<,
a hill. Brugm. i. 633. Allied to Holm
and Culminate. Der. do7vn-hill, up-hill.
_ilt, sword-handle. (E.) A. S. helt,
hilt. Ice!. hjalt, Dan. hialte, N. Fries.
hull, O. H. G . helza. Cf. O. F. helt, from
Teut. ~ Not allied to hold; rather, to
helve. Cf. Low G. he/fl, ax-handle.
Him; see He.
Hin, a liquid measure. (Reb.) Heb.
hin, a hin; said to be of Egyptian origin.
Hind ( I) ,femaleofthe stag. (E.) A.S.
hind. + Du. kinde; IceJ. Dan. and Swed.
hi"d, M.H.G. hinde, O. H.G. hinta, a
doe. Perhaps allied to Gk. ICfJl-6.S, young
deer.
Hind (2), a peasant. (E .) The final d
ia excrescent. M. E. kine, a domestic.

24 1

HIP

HOB

Dan. Mfte, Swed. IWjt, Goth. hups, G.

h"jle, O. H . G. huj. Perhaps allied to
Gk. ".ltJOf, the hollow near the hips of
cattle.
Hip ( 2), Hep, (rnit of the dog.rose.
( E.) M. E. hept. A. S. MOpe, a hip;
Itlopbremd, a hip. brnmble.+O. Sax. hiopo,
M. H. G. hieje, O. H . G. hiujo, a bramble
bush.
Hippish. (Gk.) Equivalent to hypo.
choniJriacal, adj. of Hypochondria, q. v.
Hence hippish = hyp.ish. The contrac
tion hipped ( =hyp'd) was prob. snggested
by hipped, lamed in the hip (an older
word).
Hippopotamus. (L.-Gk.) L.hippo
polamus. - Gk.I ...,,0,,6TaI'0~, the river horse
of Egypt. - Gk. t""o.~, horse; "OTaI'O'f,
river. Gk. ;".,.Of is cognate with L. eqllus ;
see Equine.
Hire, sb. (E. ) M. E.hire. A. S. hyr,
hire, wages.+Du. huur, Swed . hyra, Dan.
kY"e, provo G. heuer, hire, rent; Low G.
ht~rm , to hire. Teut. type hur-,jti, f.
Hirsute. (L.) L. hirsulus, bristly,
rough. Cf. L. ho"&e, to bristle; see
Horrid.
His; see He.
Hiss. (E.) M. E. hissen, hisshen. +
M . Du. hisschen; Low G. hissen, to say
hiss! in setting on dogs; Gascon hissa,
to hiss (Moncant). An imitative word;
like G. zischen, to hiss.
hiat, an interjection enjoining silence.
(E.) Also isl, 'st. Cf. Dan. hys, silence'
hysse, to hush. Milton has hist = summon
silently, II Pens. 55.
Histology, the science treating of the
minute structure of tissues of plants, &c.
(Gk.) Gk. I(TT().~, a web (hence, tissne) ;
'~O")'la, discourse, from }..f'YEI", to speak.
Gk./UT6-~ (also a mast) is allied to tUTTfIlI,
to set, place. ("",ST A. )
History. (L.-Gk.) M.E.hislorie. L. his/oria. - Gk. /uTopla, a learning by
enquiry, information. - Gk. IUTo!>-, stem of
IUTOJP, tUTOJP, knowing; for 13-TOJp. Gk. F13, base of EllS/val, to know.
("",WEID.) Allied to Wit. Doublet,
story, q. v.
Histrionical, relating to the stage.
(L.) From L. histrimicus, relating to an
actor. - L. hislrim, stem of his/rio, an
actor.
Hit, to light upon , strike, attain to.
(Scand.) M. E. hitlen. _ Tcel. kitta, to hit
upen; Dan. llitle; Swed. hit/a, to find.

Hitch, to move by jerks, catch slightly.

(E.) M. E. hiechen, to move, remove.

Cf. Lowl. Sc. halch, Mlch, to move by
jerks; hilcn, a motion by a jerk; provo E.
hike, to toss, hikey, a swing. It describes
a jerky movement; cf. Low G. and E.
Fries. MUm, to peck. ~ Not allied to
hook.
Hithe, Hythe, a small haven. (E.)
M. E. hilhe. A. S. hjtJ, a haven.
Hither. ( E.) M. E. hider, hilher.
A. S. hider. From the base of he, with
Idg. suffix ./(e)r . - So also Icel. hetJra,
O. Ice! . hitJra, Goth. hidrl, L. citnf.
Hive, a house for bees. (E.) A. S. hjf,
fern . ; Teut. type *huj iz. +Du. huif, a hive
(see Franck) ; Dan. dial. hyve ; d. L. ciipa,
a tub, c~. Allied to Cupola.
Ho, HO&, a call to excite attention.
(E.) A natural exclamation. Cf. Ice!.
M! ho ' Ma, to shout out ho !
Hoar, white. (E.) M. E. hoor. A. S.
har.+lcel. hiirr, hoar; G. hehr, exalted,
O. H . G. her, proud, lofty, orig. ' reverend:
Teut. type *hairoz ; lit. 'shining,' hence,
white : = *hairoz. The base *hai occurs
in Goth. hais, a torch. G. heiler, orig.
'bright,' Ice!. heitJ, brightness; cf. Skt.
ketu (s) , a sign, a meteor (Kluge).
Hoard, a store. (E.) A. S. Mrd.+
Icel. hodd, G. hort, Goth. huzd. Teut.
type *huzdo, due to Idg. *kudhdho, 'l\
thmg hidden;' from the weak grade of
'V'KEUDH. as in Gk. Im~lIflv. A. S. hjd.
an; see Hide ( I ) . Hrugm. i. 699.
Hoarding, a kind of fence. (F. - Du.;
or Du.) Not old. Either from Dn . korde,
a hurdle, or from M. F. hourd, a scaffold
(Cot., index), which is the same word
(borrowed). See Hurdle.
Hoarhound, Horehound, a plant.
(E.) The true hoarhound is the white,
Marrubiuffl vulgare. The final d is ex
crescent. M. E. hor(e)koune. A. S. hiir
Mine, also called simply Mine. - A. S.
kar, hoar ; him e, hoarhound, the origin of
which is unknown.
Hoarse, having n rough , harsh voice.
(K) The r is intrusive, but sometimes
occurs in M. E. kors, also spelt hoos,
hoarse. A. S. hiis, hoarse. + Dan. htEs,
Swed. hes, Du. keesch, G. keiser. ~ Tce!.
hiiss seems distinct (Noreen).
Hoary; see Hoar.
Hoax. (Low L. ) Short for hocus, i. e.
t~juggle, cheat.
See Hocus-pocus.
Hob (I), Hub, the nave of a wheel,

HOB

HOIST

part of a grate. (E.) The true sense is river Main, whence the wine comes. It
'projection'; the IuJIJ of a fire-place was means' high home.'
orig. 'a boss or mnss of clay bebind the Hockey, a game. (E.)
Also called
fireplace'; N. E. D. E. Fries. IwMe, a hawkey; because played with ahoqkedstick
rough tnmp of grassy land rising out of so called. See N. E. D.
water; hubbel, a projection.
Du. hobbel, Hocus-pocus, a juggler's trick, a juga knob; G. hiibel, O. H. G. hubd, a hi!- gler. (Low L.) As far as it can be said
lock. Cf. Lith. kup-stas, n tump of grass; to belong to any language, it is a sort of
Du. heuvel, a hill; A . S. hofer, a hump. Latin, hnving the L. termination -us. But
Der. Iwbnail, a nail with a projecting it is merely an invented term, used by
head.
a juggler (temp. James I) in performing
Hob (2), a clown, rustic, a fairy. (F. tricks; see Todd's Johnson and N. E. D.
- O. H. G.) 'Elves, hobs, and fairies;' Cf. L. ioeus, a game. Der. lzoeus, a
Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas, juggler, a trick; hocus, vb., to trick, to
iv. 6. Hob was a common personal name, hoax.
a corruption of Robin (like Hodge from Hod a kind of trough for carrying
Roger) . The name Robin is F., and is bricks. (F.) Modified from M. E. Iwtle,
a form of Robert, a name of O. H. G. F. hotle, a basket, dosser; influenced by
origin. Der. Iwb-goblin; see Goblin.
hod, a provo E. form of hold; see Hold.
Hobble, to limp. (E .) M. E. hobelen. In Linc. and York. hod means' hold'
Equivalent to hop/-Ie; frequentative of or 'receptacle'; as in (Whitby) powderhod, powder-flask; eannlehod, candlestick.
Iwp.+Du. hobbe/en; provo G. hoppe/no
Hobbledehoy, a lad approaching Hodge-podge; see Hotchpot.
manhood. (E.)
Of uuknown origin. Hoe. (1'. -G. ) Formerly howe. - F.
Prob. an invention, perhaps for hobb/edy, houe, a hoe; Norman dial. hoe. -O. H. G.
founded on hobble (above), with the addi- houwa (G. haue), a hoe, lit. a hewer. tion of hoy, an unmeaning suffix. The O. H. G. hOt/wan, to hew; see Hew.
Scottish hoy means 'shout,' both as sb. Hog. (E.) M. E. hogge, ' maialis, est
and vb.
enim porcns carens testiculis;' Cathol.
Hobby (I), Hobby-horse, n toy like AngHc. p. 187. Cf. hogsheep, one clipped
a horse, ambling nag, a favourite pursuit. the first year. Origin uncertain; prob.
(F.-O. H. G.)
Corruption of M. E. from an A. S. *hoeg; perhaps seen in
hobin, a nag [whence F . hobin, 'a hobby;' Hoeges-tun, Cod. Dip!. Moisy gives NorCot.]. Hobin is a variant of Robin; see man dial. hogge, a six-months' lamb, a pig ;
Hob (2). Cf. Dobbin, a name for a and hogastre, a two-year-old sheep; but
horse.
these are prob. from E. ~ Not borrowed
Hobby (2), a small falcon. (F. - from Com. hoeh, W. hwch, a sow; for
O. Low G.) M. E. hobi, hoby. From O. F. which see Bow.
hobel, a hobby; allied to F. hobreau Hogshead. (E.) Of E. origin; for
( = hob.er-e!), 'the hawke
tearmed a hog> shead; but the reason for the name
hobby ;' Cot. - F. hober, to stir, move is nncertain. Hence M. Du. hockshoot,
about. - M. Du. hobben, to toss, move up okshoofd, oxhoofd, a hogshead; M. D an.
and down. Cf. Hop ( I).
hogshoved ; also Dan. oxhoved, Swed. ox
Hobgoblin; see Hob (2) .
hufvud, a hogshead, but made to seem
Hobnail; see Hob ( I).
to mean' ox-head:
Hobnob, Habnab, with free leave, Hoiden, Hoyden, a romping girl.
at random. (E.) Compounded of haband (M. Du. ) Formerly applied to males, and
nab, to have or not to have, hence applied meaning a rustic. - M. Du. heyden (Du.
to taking a thing or leaving it, implying IlCidm), a heathen ; also, a gipsy. See
free choice, and hence a familiar invitation Heathen. ~ The W. hoeden is borto drink, as in ' to hob-nob together: Hab rowed from English.
is from A. S. habban, to have; nab is from Hoist, to heave. (M. Du.) The final t
A. S. nabban, for ne h(J!bban, not to have ; is due to the pp. hoist, used for hoiud.
see Have. Cf. willy-nilty.
The verb is really hoise; spelt hyet in
Hock (I); see Hough.
Palsgrave. (Cf. g,aft for graff.) - M. Du.
Hock (2),a wine. (G.) From Hochheim, hyssen, Du. hijsscken , to hoise ( y sounded
the name of a place in Germany, on the as E. long i ) ; cf. Dan. heise, IziSSI; Swed.
243

HOLD

HOMER

kissa, to hoist (cf. F. hisser, from Teut. ).

~ Not nllied to F. kausser, to elevate.
Hold ( I), to keep. (E.) O. Mere.
haldan; A. S. healdan.+Du. hOUtkn, Icel.
kalda. Swed. h!llla, Dan. holde, Goth.
ha/da1', G. haltm. Teut. type kaldan ;
pt. t. hehald. Der. hold, sb.; also behold, with prefix be- (E. by); up-hold.
Hold ( 2), the cavity of a ship. (Du.)
For hole, with excrescent d, due to
confusion with the verb to hold. - Du.
hoi, a hole, cave, esp. used of the hold of
n ship (Sewel). See below.
Hole. (E.) M. E. hole, hoi. A. S. hoi,
n cave. + Du. hoi, Icel. hoi, Dan. hul,
Swed. hal. Teut. type *hulom, n.; orig.
neut. of *huloz, adj., hollow, as in A. S.
hoi, Du. hoi, Icel. holr, Dan. huul, G.
hohl. Cf. Goth. us-hulon, to hollow out,
hul-undi, a cave. fl. Prob. A. S. hoi is
from hol-, weak grade of str. vb. helan, to
cover; see Hell. Not allied to Gk.
KOIAO<, hollow.
Holibut j see Halibut.
Holiday, a festival. (E.) For holy day.
See Holy.
Holla, Hallo, stop! wait! (F.) Not
the same word as halloo, to shout; but
differently used in old authors. See Oth.
i. 2. 56; As You Like It, iii. 2. 257. - F.
hola, 'an interjection, hoe there ;' Cot.F. ho, interj.; and ltl, there ( =L. iliac).
~ The form hallo is due to a confusion
with halloo.
HollaDd, Dutch linen. (Du.) From
Holland, the name of the province. So
nlso hollands, spirits from Holland.
Hollow. (E.) M. E. hoiwe, adj. A. S.
;,olh, sb., a hollow place, also spelt holg.
Cf. O. H . G. huliwa, a pool, puddle.
Perhaps extended from A. S. hoi, hoUow ;
see Hole.
Holly. (E.) M . E. holin ; so that nn
n has been dropped. A. S. holm, holegn,
holly.+ W. celyn, Corn. eelin, Bret. kelm,
Gael. CIIilionn, Irish euiieann, hoUy ; Idg.
type *kolmno-. Cf. also Du. hulst, G.
h"lst, holly, O. H. G. hutis ~hence F.
hDUX).
Hollyhock, a kind of maUow. (E.)
M. E. holihoe, i. e. holy hock. Compounded of holy, and A. S. hoc, 'mallow.'
rWe also find W. hocys, mallows, hocys
bendigaid, hollyhock,lit. 'blessedmnllow,'
where bend(f{aid = L. benedictus. W. hocys
is from A. S. hoccas, pI. of hoc.] In A. S.
the mallow is abo called hoel/af.

Holm, an islet in a river, lIat land by a

river. (Scand. ) M . E. holm. - Ice!. ItOlmr,
holmi, holmr, an islet, lIat meadow; Dan.
holm, Swed. holme; whence G. holm,
island. Cf. A. S. holm, billow, sea; L.
eulmm, hill-top.
Allied to Hill and
Culminate.
Holm-oak, the evergreen oak. (E. )
Here holm is a corruption of M. E. holilz,
a holly.
'Holme, or holy [hoUy] ;'
Prompt. Parv. ; and see Way's note. The
Quercus ilex, an evergreen plant; the
leaves of which resemble those of hoHy.
Holocaust. (L. -Gk.) L. holocaustum, Gen. xxii. 8. - Gk. oA6KaVUTOJl, a
sacrifice burnt whole; nent. of oAoKavuTo<,
burnt whole. - Gk. OAD-<, whole; and
KaL.IV , to bnrn. See Caustic.
Holster, a leathern case for a pistol.
(Du. - O. H. G. ) Du. holsler; Low G.
holsler, a pistolcase. - G . holfter, a pistolcase (with chan ge of It to st ) ; M. H . G.
hulfter, a quiver; from O. H. G. hulft, a
cover, case (Kluge). Cf. M. Dan. holjte,
a gun case. ~ So Franck; who rejects
the connection with Icel. hulsl,., A. S.
heolster.
Holt, a wood. (E.) M. E. and A. S.
holt. + Du. hout, M . Du. holt; Ice!. holt,
G. holz. Tent. stem *hulto-, lug. stem
*klldo-.
Allied to O. Irish cail/, coi//
(for eaild), a wood; W. celli, a grove,
Russ. kolOda, a log, Gk. KAallo<, a twig.
Holy, sacred. (E.) [This word is equivalent to the M. E. hool. whole, with suffix
-y; and therefore closely allied to whole.]
M. E. holi, holy. A.S. Mlig, holy.+Du.
heilig, holy, Icel. heilagr. helgr, Dan.
heilig, Swed. helig, G. heilig; Goth.
"ailag, neut. (in an inscription). Teut.
type hailagoz, a deriv. of *hailoz (A. S.
hal), whole. or of "ailoz- or hailiz-, sb.,
good omen. Cf. Irish ell, W. coei, an
omen. See Whole.
Homage. (F .-L.) M.E. homa~.
O. F. homage, the sen'ice of a vassal to his
lord. - Late L. homntieum, hominiUieum,
the service of a vassal or man. - L. hom-o
(stem homin-), a mao. See Human.
Home. (E.) M. E. hoom. A . S. Mm.
+ Du. "eim, heem; lcel. heimr, an abode;
Dan. hiem, Swed. hem, G. hei1ll; Goth.
haims, a village. Teut. base *haimo-,
*"aimi-; cf. LithuaD. kimas, a village;
aDd perhaps Skt. kSMma-, safety, from
kshi, to dwell.
Homer, a large measure. (Heb.) Heb.

HOMICIDE

HOP

k/zomer, a homer, also a heap (with initial

honeysuc]de. (E.) Lye gives A. S.
dle/k ). - Heb. root kkiimar, to surge up. kunigsttde, unauthorised; but we find
Homicide, man-slanghter, also a man- A. S. ku1tigsiice, kunigSlige , privet, simi
slayer. (F. - L.) F. /Iomicide, meaning larly named. From A. S. sl;ca11, to suck.
(1) manslaughter, from L. komicidium; Honour. (F. -L.) A. F. h01zur. (2) a man-killer, from L. komicida.-L. L. k01t01'em , ace. of honor, honos. honour.
kom -o, a man; -cidium, a killing, or -cida, Hood, covering. (E.) A. S. Md.+Du.
a slayer, from cadere, to kill.
koed, G. hut, O. H. G. kuot, hot, a hat.
Homily. (L. - Gk.) L. komi lia.- Allied to Heed and Hat.
Gk. cljLlAta, a living together; also con-hood, -head, suffix. (E.) A. S.
verse, instruction, homily. -Gk. iljLlAos, a /urd. state, quality ; cognate with Goth.
th rong, conconrse. - Gk. bp.-os, like, same, haidus, manner, way. Cf. Skt. kitu (s),
together, cognate with E. Bame; and a sign by which a thing may be recognised;
(possibly) LA'1, 'LA'1, a crowd, from .LA ... , from kit , to perceive. Brugm. ii. 104.
to compress, shut in.
Hoodwink. (E.) To make one wiuk
Hominy, maize prepared for food. (\",,' . or close his eyes, by covering him with a
Indian. ) W. Indian aukumi1zea, parched kood.
corn (Webster) ; Trumbull gives appu- Hoof. (E. ) M. E. hoof, huf; pI. !loves.
mi1teonash, with the same sense.
A. S. hij. +Du. koif, lee!. Mfr, Dan. liov,
Swed. ko/, G. ku! T eut. t ype *Mfoz, m .
Hommock; see Hummock.
HomCBo~a.thy. (Gk.) Englished from Allied to Russ. kopuito, Skt. capha, hoof.
Gk. bp.otO'fralJfla, l ikeness in feeling or COll- Hook. (E.) M.E. kok. A.S. hOc. +
dition. - Gk. OP.OlO-S, like; 'fralJ-.;v, aorist Du. hoek; also (with a-grade) Du. haak,
infin. of 'fr<lU x "v, to suffer. See Bame and Icel. !Iaki, Dan. hage, Swed. hake, A. S.
Pathos.
haca, a hook. Allied to Hake.
Homogeneous, of the same kind Hookah, Hooka.. (Arab.) Arab.
throughout. (Gk.) Englished from Gk. 1;1t(jQa(t), a vase, water-pipe for smoking.
op.o"(.v~s, of the same race. - Gk. op.a-s,
Hoop (1), a pliant strip of wood or
same (cognate with E. Bame), and ,,('v-os, other material bent into a band. (E.)
a race (cognate with E. Kin). So also M. E. koop, hope. A. S. hOp. Du. !zoep;
Iwmo ./ogous, corresponding, from A600yOf, a E. and N. Fries. and O. Fries. hOp.
Hoop (a) , Whoop, to call out, shout.
saying, A'''(''v, to say.
Homonymous, like in sound, but (F.) ~. E. lwuPetl, to shout. - O. F .
differing in sense. (L. - Gk.) L. homOnym- houper, to hoop unto; ' Cot. Of imitaus; with suffix -ous. - Gk. clp.4wup.os, having tive origin; from koup t interj.; cf. Goth.
the same name. - Gk. clp.o..s, same; ovvp.a, kwopan, to boast.
ovop.a, name. See Bame and Name.
hooping-cough, a cough accompanied by a hoop or convulsive noisy catch
Der. Iwmonym, F. homonYflte.
Hone. (E.) A. S. luin, a stone (with in the breath. (Formerly called chi,,.
change from ti to long 0, as in ban, bone); cougk .)
Birch, ii. 458. + Ice!. kein, Swed. htn. Hoopoe the name of a bird. (F. - L.)
Teut. stem *kaina, f. Cf. Skt. p, to FormeTly koupe, koope. -F. kuppe, apparently confused with O. F. pupu, another
sharpen. Brugm. i. 300.
Honest. (F.-L.) O. F. kones/e (F. form of the same word. - L. upupa, a
konnete ). - L. !Ionestus, honourable; hoopoe; the E. initial It is due to the F.
for kones-tus, related to konos, honour kuppe. + Gk. IffOl{l, a hoopoe. Of imitaSee Honour.
tive origin. ~ The F. huppe, a tuft of
Honey. (E.) M.E. kuni. A. S. kunig. feathers, is from !zuppe, a hoopoe ~ from
+Du. honig, Ice!. hunang, Dan. konning, its tufted head); not vice versa.
Hoot. (Scand.) M . E. koufm. -O.
Swed. koning, G. konig.
honeycomb. (E. ) A. S. kunigcamb, Swed. kufa , to hoot. - Swed. kut ! interj.
a honey-comb; where comb is the usual begone ! of onomatopoetic origin. So
E. word, though the likeness to a comb is also Norm. dial. kouter, to hoot; W. kwl!
rather fanciful.
Irish ut! expressions of dislike. See
honeymoon. (E.) Wedded love was Hue ( a).
compare<l to the full moon , that soon Hop (1), to leap on one leg. (E. ) M.E.
koppen, kuppen. A. S. Iwppiall, to leap,
wanes; Huloet, 15aa. See N.E.D.
245

HOP

HOSE

dance. + Du. happen, Icel. Iwppa, Swed.

hoppa, Dan. hoppe, G. J,up/m. Brugm. i.
41I (7). Der. hopp-er (of a mill);
hopp-/e, a fetter for horses ; hop-scotch,
a game in which children hap over
scotches. i. e. lines scored on the ground.
Cf. Hobble.
Hop ( 2) , a plant. (Du.) Introduced
from the Netherlands; XV cent_ - M. Du.
hoppe (Du. hop ), hop. + G. hop/en, hop.
We also find A. S. hyme/e, Icel. humall,
Swed. Dan. humfe, M. Du. Iwmme/
(whence Late L. humulus) ; also F.
houb/on, which can hardly be allied words.
Hope (I), expectation. (E.) M. E.
hope. A. S. kapa, hope; whence hopian,
to hope. + Du. hoop, Dan. kaab , Swed.
hopp, M. H. G. haffe, sb.; whence Du.
kapen, Dan. kaabe, Swed. hoppas, G.lwffen,
to hope.
Hope (2), a troop. (DIL) Only in the
phr. 'a forlorn hope,' i. e. troop. - Du.
verloren hoop = lost band, where Iwop=
1<.:. heap; see Heap. 'Een hoop krijghsvalek, a troupe or band of souldiers,'
Hexham j ver/oren hoop (Kilian). (Now
obsolete in Dutch.)
Horde, a wandering tribe. (F. - Turk.
- Tatar.) F . horde. - Turk. ordu, a camp.
- Tatar urdu, a royal camp, horde of
Tatars (Tartars); see Pavet de Courteille,
P54
Hordock; see Hardook.
Horehound; see Hoarhound.
Horizon. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. horizon.
- L. Iwr/zan (stem Iwrizont- ). - Gk.
opi'QJv, the bounding or limiting circle;
orig. pres. pt. of api'''", to limit. - Gk.
opor, a boundary. Der. horizon/-at.
Horn. (E.) A. S. horn. + lcel. Dan.
!;wed. G. horn j Du. horen. Goth. haurn;
W. Gael. Irish corn, L. cornu. Allied to
Gk. ItEp-ar , a horn, and to Hart.
Hornblende,amineral. (G. ) Abfende
named from its hom-like cleavage. G.
hornblende. - G. horn, hom; blende, a
, deceitful' mineral, yielding little ore;
from blenden , to deceive, blind, dazzle j
from blind, blind.
Hornet, a kind of large wasp. (E.)
!;o called from its resounding hum. A. S.
hymel, a hornet. - A. S. lIonz, a horn, to
which the word was later conformed. Cf.
O. Sax. hontO-bero, a hornet, lit. ' hornbearer ;' A. S. lIonzbora, a trumpeter.
Hexham bas M. Dn. hO'rmer, hornte, a
hornet, /lore1Ztore.. , a wasp, from horell, a

hom. ~ It is strange that G. Iwmisse,

O. H. G. hornaz (without vowel-change) is
referred to a T eut. type *hurz-natoz (cf.
Du. Iwrz-e/en, to buzz), allied to L criibro
(for *cras-ro), a hornet, Lith. szirszt~
(gen. szirsz-ens) , a hornet ; see Brugm. i.
626.
Horologe, a clock. (F.- L - Gk. )
O. F. horologe (later hor/oge). - L. IzOrologium. -Gk. WPOAtryIOII, a sundial, waterclock. - Gk. wpo-, for wpo., hour; 'AO'YIOII,
teller, from Af'YflV, to tell.
horoscope. (F. -L. -Gk. ) F. horoscope. - L. /zQroscopus, a horoscope, from
hOrosco,PW, adj., observing the hour. - Gk.
Wpo<Tlto'ror, observing the hour (also as sb.).
- Gk. wpo-, for wpo., hour; <Tlton"" to
consider, allied to tTItEflTO/Mll, I consider;
see Sdeptio.
Horrible. (F.-L) O. F. horribk
- L horribilis, dreadful. - L karrere, to
dread (below).
horrid. (L.) Spenser has it in the
sense of 'rough ' j F. Q. i. 7. 3 I. - L horridus, rough, bristly. - L. horrere (for
*lwrs-ere) , to bristle j also to dread, with
reference to the bristling of the hair through
terror. Cf. Skt. hrsh, to bristle, esp. as a
token of fear or of pleasure.
horrify. (L.) Coined, by analogy
with F. words in -/y, from L horrijiciire,
to cause terror.-L. horri-, for lzorrire, to
dread; -jiciire, for facere, to make.
horror, dread. (L.) L. horror. -L.
horrire, to dread (above).
Horse. (E.) M. E. hors. -A.!;. hors,
pI. lzors, it being a neut. sb.+lcel. hross,
hars, Du. ros, G. ross, O. H. G . hros. Prob.
'a runner;' cf. L. currere (sup. curs-um) ,
to run. Brngm. i. 516, ii. 662.
Hortatory, full of encouragement.
(L.) As if from 1_ *lzortiitoritlS, coined
from lzortiitor, an encourager. -L horliiri,
to encourage; prob. allied to L horior,
I urge, and to E. Yearn.
Horticulture,gardening. (L.) Coined
from L horti, gen. case of hortus, a garden; cultura, cultivation; see Culture
L hortus is allied to E. yard ( I ).
Hosa.nna, an expression of praise.
(Gk. - Heb.) Gk. W<TQIIII' - Heb. lzOshi'
-iih nnii, save, we pray. - Heb. hoshi'a.
save (from y tIsha' ) j and nii, a particle
signifying entreaty.
Hose. (E.) M. E. hose, pI. hosen. A.S.
hosa, pI. hosan, hose. stockings. + Du.
hoos,Icel. /tosa , Dan. hose, G. hose (whencc

~46

HOSPICE

HOUND

O. F. Mse).
law-yer).

Der. Ilos-i-er (cf. bow-yer, hoat (I). SO Korting. The words may
have been confused.
Hos'pice. (I<'. -L.) F. Mspice . - L. Hostel, an inn. (F. -I.. ) O. F. Mstd.
hopittttm, a house for guests. - L. kospiti-, - Late L. kospitaie; see hospital.
holltler, ostler. (F. - L.) Orig.
declo stem of Mspes, a host; see host
(l).
the innkeeper himself, and so named from
hospitable. (F.-L.) M. F.kospit- his Mste/(above).
dble. From Late L. Msp"tare, to receive Hot. (E.) M. E. !zoot (with long 0).
Du. heet, Ice!. heitr,
as a guest. - L. hospit, stem of kospu, A. S. hat, hot.
a host.
Swed. lzet, Dan. )ted, G. keiss. Teut. type
hospital. (F. -L.) M. E. hospital. - *haitolZ. Allied to Ice!. hiti, G. hitu, heat,
O . F. Mspital.-Late L. kospitale , a large Goth. heito, fever; and cf. Goth. nais, a
house, a sing. formed from L . pI. Mspitalia, torch, Lithuan. kaitra, heat. Der. heat.
apartments for strangers. - L. hospit-, Hotch-pot, Hodgepodge. (F . stem of hospes (below).
Du.)
Hodgepodge is a corruption of
host (I ) , one who entertains guests. nolcnpot, a confused medley. - F. hochepol,
(F. - L.) M. E. host, hoste. - O. F. noste. a medley. - F. hocner, to shake; and POt,
Cf. Port. hospetie, a host, guest. - L. pot (see Cot.). Imitated or borrowed
nospitem, ace. cif hospes, (I ) a host , (2 ) a from M. Du. hutspot (lit. shake-pot),
~est.
~ Some make L. nospit- short for hodgepodge, beef or mutton cut iuto small
host;Pot., where hosti- is the decL stem of pieces. - M. Du. kutsen, kolsen , to shake;
kostis, a stranger, enemy, see Host (2); pot, a pot. Cf. E. Fries. not/ell, to shake.
and -pot- means' lord,' being allied to L. See Hustle and Pot.
potens, powerful; cf. Skt. pati-, a master, Hotel, an inn. (F. - L.)
Mod. F.
governor, lord; see P08sible. Thus hOtel, the ~ame as O. F. nostel; see
nosjes = *hostipotis, guest-master, a master Hostel.
of a house who receives guests. Cf. Russ. Hottentot, a native of the Cape of
gospode, the Lord, gosjodare, 'a governor, Good Hope. (Du.) A name given them
master, from goste, a guest, and pode by the Dutch, in derision of their speech,
( = Skt. pati-) , lord. Brugm. i. IS8, which sounded like stammering, or a repe340. Der. kost-ess, from M. F. kostesse, titian of the syllables not and lot. E" is
'an hostesse,' Cot.; F. hOtesse.
Dutch for' and'; hence Du. kot en lot =
Host (2), an army. (F. -L.) The orig. ' hot ' and tot.' Cf. M. Du.katerell, to
sense is ' enemy' or 'foreigner.' M. E. stammer, Du. tateren, to stammer.
kost, ost. _ O. F. kost, a host, army. - L. Houdah, Howdah, a seat fixed on
hostem, acc. of kostis, an enemy (orig. a an elephant's back. (Hind.-Arab.) Hind.
stranger, a guest) ; hence, a hostile army , kaudak. - Arab. nawdaJ~ a litter carried
Russ. gosle, a guest, stranger; by a camel, a seat placed on an elephant's
a host.
A. S. gtZst; see Guest. Doublet, gllest. back.
Host (3) , the consecrated bread of the Hough, Hock, the joint in the hindeucharist. (L.) L. hoslia, a victim in a leg of an animal, between knee and fetlock;
sacrifice; O. Lat. lostia, lit. ' that which in man, the back part of the knee-joint.
is slain.'-L. nostire, O. Lat. *iostire, to (E. ) Now usually Mck; formerly kougn.
strike.
M. E. kougk. A. S. Mk, the heel; Teut.
Hostage. (F. -I.. ) O. F. koslage, a type *kanhoz. Ice!. ha-, the hock, in
hostage (F . otage. Ita!. ostaggio, O. Provo Ita-sin, hock-sinew. See Heel. Hock is
ostalje). We also find Ita!' statico, a a later form; and prob. arose from the
hostage; and (according to Diez) , both camp. 'hough-sinew,' spelt Mllsinu in
ostaggio and statico answer to a Late L. A. S., and koxene, koxne in O. Fries.
form *obsidtiticus, from Late L. obsidtiftlS, (A. S. hs>x). See G. kechse (in Kluge);
the condition of a hostage. - L. obsid., and see HOll:. Der. kough, vb.; nox,
stem of obses, a hostage, one who remains q. v.
behind with the enemy. -L. obsidb'e, to Hound, a dog. (E.) A. S. kund.+
stay. - L. ob, at, on, near; sedb'e, to sit. Du. .kond, Ice!. kllndr, Dan. Swed. G.
~ Another explanation is from Late L. li.und, Goth. kunds. T eut. type *nun-doz,
*kospitaticum, a receiving as a guest; m. Allied to L. canis, Gk. 1tII((,., (gen.
from L. hospi/-, for nopes, a host; see "was), Skt. tvan, a dog; also to Irish cu,

247

HOUR

HUDDLE

W . d, a dog, Russ. suka , a bitch, Lith. Bohemian llallfoice, orig. a sling for c:astsz~ (stem sZlIn), a dog. Brugm. i. S 00g. ing a stone; Jungmann, Bohem. Diet. i.
The final -Ii may have been snggested by 661. Cf. F. obus, from the same.
confusion with Teut. - hmlllan-, to catch. HowL (E.) M. E. houlen. M. Du.
See Hunt.
!'lIyien; Dan. hyie; G. !.eulell, to howl.
Hour. (F. - L. -Gk.) O. F. hore ( F. Of imitative origin; cf. L. ulltlare, to
heure).-L lzOra. - Gk. &pa, a season, howl, whence O. F. huller.
hour. Allied to Year.
Hoz-to hamstring. (E.) Forhocks, which
Houri, a nymph of Paradise. (Pers. - is from hock-si1U'W, sb., O. Fries. Mxene,
Arab. ) Pers. ,-,uri, one virgin of Paradise, Mxne, A. S. "ifl,sinu, hough-sinew.'-'iira, tLter, a virgin of Paradise, black- A. S. M", hough; sinu, sinew; see Hough.
eyed nymph. From Arab. /.Iawra, fem. Cf. E. Fries. " aksene, lit. 'hee\~sinew,' but
of a'-'war, having fine black eyes.
also the hamstri6g (of a horse).
House. (E.) M . E.
A. S. hus. Hoy ( I), a kind of sloop. (Du.) Du.
Du. "uis, Icel. "us, Dan. huus, Swed. "eu, Mude, a flat- bottomed merchant-ship;
hus, Goth. "Us, G. "aus. T eut. type M. Du. hode, "eude ; F lemish "ui, a hoy.
-"usom, n.
Possibly allied to Hut, Hoy (1), stop ! (E.) M.E. hoy. Cf.Du.
Hoard ; from .vKEUDH, to hide. See "ui! hoy J come ! well! Allied to Ho.
Hoard, Hide (I). Brugm. i. 796.
Hoyden; see Hoiden.
Housel, the eucharist. (E.) The orig. Hub: a projection; the same as Hob (I ).
sense is ' sacrifice.' M. E. house/. A. S. Hub Dub. (E.) Imitative. Cf. Gael.
hiisel.+Goth. "unsl, sacrifice. Allied to ub, interj. of aversion. Formerly also
Lith. szwenlas, holy, consecrated; Zend w"ooiJu6, a confused noise. Hub/JuIJ was
spmla-, holy. Brugm. i. 377.
confused with hoop-hoop, reduplication of
Housings, tmppings of a horse. (F. - "oop ; and w"oobub with whoop-hoop. See
Teut.) The old form was "ous; -ings Hoop (1), Whoop.
has been added. - F. "otlsse, a coverlet, Hucbback, a sort of linen cloth.
e a foot-cloth for a horse;' Cot. (Low L . ( Low G.?) The orig. sense was prob.
"ucia, "usia, !,ussia, the same). Low L. e pedlar's ware;' CC. Low G. "ukkebak, G.
type -"ulsli{1 ... 0 . H. G. hulsl, a cover. "uckebak, pick-a-back. See Huoketer.
Icel. I,ulslr, a case, sheath; A. S. Huckle-berry. (E.) The same as
Iaeolslor, Goth. hulislr, a covering. From hurlle-, whor/ie-, hurl-, "arl-l!erry. A.S.
klll-, weak grade of Teut. -helan- (A. S. heorol-bage, i. e. hart-berry.
helan ), to cover, hide; cf. O. H. G. and Huckle-bone, the hip-bone. (E.) A.
Du. hllilen, to cover.
"uckle is a small joint.' Cf. E. Fries.
Hovel,asmallhut. (F.-Teut_?) M.E. kukken, to bend,stoop, crouch; seebelow.
hovd, Iwvil, a shed. Perhaps from O. F . Huckster. (0. Low G.) M. E. "ull-huvd- , as in "_dd, a penthouse. - stere, huesler. Formed with the fem.
O. H . G. "u/Ja (G.llallbe), a hood; M. Du. suffix -sler (for which see 8pin.ater), from
h,.yvt, a tilt of a cart.
M. Du. hucker, Low G. Miler, a hawker,
Hover. (E.) A frequentative of M. E. also a stooper, bender, one who stoops.
IWuen ( = hDvm), to be poised, to stay, fJ. The llawker or "ucksler was so named
tarry, wait. Origin uncertain; cf. Iuove. from his bowed back, bent under his
III" The W . "o/io, to hover, is borrowed burden; from M. Du. "ucllen, to stoop
under a burden. Cf. Icel. hokinn, bent,
from M. E. houtn.
How (I). (E.) M.E. hou, ""; A.S. pp.ofalost strongverb(Teut."eukan-);
ku. Closely related to A. S. "wii, who; see also Ice!. "uka, to sit on one's hams, Low
Who. O. Fries. "u, O. Sax. "wo, Du. G. "uken, to crouch. See Du. "euker,
1Ioe. Cf. Goth. hwaiwa, how; Gk. m.
nlliken in Franck.
How (2), a hill . (Scand.) M. E. hog-h. Huddle. (E.) M. E. hotieren, hotirm,
Ice!. haug-r, a hill; Swed. Mg, a mound; which is an equivalent form, meaning to
Dan. hOi, a hill. Allied to lcel. har, huddle together, as under a covert or
Swed. hOg, Dan. hOi, high ; see Rich.
shelter. Frequentative related to M. E.
Howdah; see Houdah.
hUden, to hide; see Hide (I ) But the
Howitaer, a short cannon. (G. - mod. E. sense of "uJdie seems to be due
Bohemian.) Borrowed from G. kauiJilze, to Du. hoelelen , 'to doe a thing unskilIy,'
a howitzer; formerly spelt llalljfnilz. - Hexham; cf. G. hudel", to bungle.
348.

"011$.

HUE

HUMID

Hue (I), show, appearance, colour. (E.)

M. E. hewe. A. S. IIiw, /uQw, keo, appearance.+Swed. 117, skin, complexion; Goth.
hiw':, form, show.
Hue (2), clamour, outcry. (F.- Teul)
In the phr. 'hue and cry;' A. F . hu et
cri. M. E. hue, a loud cry. _ O. F. hu, a
cry; hUer, to hoot. - M.H .G. hu, interj.;
huu n , to hoot; M. Swed. huta, fo hoot;
see Hoot.
HtUr, to puff, bluster, bully. (E.) The
old sense is to puff, blow hard; hence to
bluster, vapour. An imitative word, like
puff. Cf. Lowl. Sc. hauch , a forcible puff,
hech, to breathe hard; G. hauchm, to
bre/!the. ~ To huff, at draughts, simply
means 'to blow'; it was customary to
blow upon the piece removed; cf. Lowl.
Sc. blaw, to blow, also to huff at draughts;
Dan. bltese en brikke, to huff (lit. blow) a
man at draughts.
Hug, to embrace closely. (Scand.?)
XVI cent. Uncertain. Perhaps of Scand.
origin; cf.Icel. hugga, to soothe, comfort;
hugga bantiiJ, to soothe a child, huga, to
mind; hugna, to please; M. Du. heuge,

IIulu, a husk, lit. 'covering;' from the

same root as G. Aulse, a husk, viz. Teut.
*hul-, weak grade of Teut. *keJan- (A. S.
helan), to cove, See Hell.
Hull (2 ), body of a ship. (Du.) From
Du. hoi, hold. 'Het hoI van een schip,
the ship's hold or hull;' Sewel. See
Hold ( 2). Or the same as hull (I ).
Hum (1), to buzz. (E.) M. E.httmmen;
an imitative word. + G. hUlllmen, Du.
hommelen, to hum. Cf. Hem (2).
hum (2 ), to trick, cajole. CE.) A particular use of hum, to buzz; it also meant
to utter a sound expressive of contempt
(Cor. v. I. 49); also to applaud; see
Richardson, and Todd's Johnson. Hence
it meant to flatter, cajole, trick. So also
Port. zumbir, to buzz, zombar, to jest;
Span. zumbar, to hum, also to jest. Der.
hum, sb., a hoax.
Human. (I<". -L.) Formerly humaine.
-F . .humain, 'humane, manly;' Cot.L. acc. humanum, human. - L. homo, a
man; lit. 'a creature of earth,' from
humus, ground ; see humble. + A. S.
guma, a man.
humane. (L.) Directly from L. humanus, ( I ) human, (2) kind (above).
humble. (F.-L ) F. humble.-L.
llumilem, ace. of humitis, humble, lowly,
near the ground. - L. humus, the ground.
Cf. Gk. XOfUll, on the ground, Russ.
umlia, earth, land. Brugm. i. 604Humble-bee, a humming-bee. (E.)
From the verb humble, for hummle, frequentative of hum. Cf. Du. hommel, a
humble-bee, from homme/en, to hum; G.
hummel, a humble-bee, from hummm, to
hum; Swed. humla, a humble-bee.
Humbug, a hoax, piece of trickery.
(E.) 'Humbug, a false alarm, a bugbear,'
Dean Milles MS. (cited in Halliwell).
'Drolleries,bonmots,andhumbug.r; ' about
A. D. 1740. Compounded of hum, hoax,
and bug, a spectre, ghost, bugbear; the
orig. sense being' sham bugbear'; see
hum (2) and Bug. Der. humbug, vb.
humdrum, dull, droning. CE.) Compounded of hum, a buzzing noise, and
drum, a droning sound; see Drum.
Humeral, belonging to the shoulder.
(L.) Late L. httmeralis, belonging to the
shoulder. - L. llunleyus, the shoulder;
better umerus.+Gk. Wf'O~, Goth. amsa,
Skt. amsa-, the shoulder. Brngm. i. 163.
Humid, moist. (F.-L.) F. lzumide.
- L. humidus, better umidus, moist. - L.

j~

Huge, vast. (F.- Teut.?) M. E. huge,

houge. An initial a has dropped.-A.l'.
ahoge; O. F. ahug-e, ahugue, huge, vast
(12th cent.). Of unknown origin; perhaps
allied to Icel. haugr, a hill, whence O. F .
hoge, hogue, a hill; see How (I ).
Huguenot, a French protestant. (F.
-G.) F. huguenot; as if from the personal name Huguenot. This name was
in use two centuries at least before the
Reformation, and is a dimin. of F . Hugon,
acc. case from the nom. Hugues, Hugh.
-M. H. G. Hug, Hugh. 2. But this form
was due to popular etymology. The orig.
form was G. eidgenoss, a coufederate,
appearing as Swiss Romance einge1lot,
higumo, aprotestant (Wedgwood). From
G . eid, an oath (see Oath), and genoss =
A. S. geniat, a companion. ~ 15 false
etymologies of this word are noted by
Scheler.
Hulk, a heavy ship. (Late L.-Gk.)
M. E. hulke. A.S. httle. -Late L. hulka,
also hu/cu m, ho/Cas, a kind of ship. - Gk.
OAK(ls, a ship which is towed, also a heavy
ship, merchantman. - Gk. EAK"IV, to draw,
drag. Cf. L. sulcus, a furrow. Der.
hulking, i. e. bulky, unwieldy. ~ Distinct
from M. E. hulke, A. S. hule, a hovel.
Hull (I), husk. (E.) M. E. hule. A. S.

249

HUMILIATE

HURRY

Izimur.e, 14mb-e, to be moist; cf. 14ums,

iiuidw, ud"s, moist; Gk. irypOs, moist.
Humiliate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Izumiliare,tohumble. -L.humilis,humble;
see Humble.
humility. (F.-L.) M. E.humilitee.
- O. F. humiliteit, humility. - L. Izumilitii/em. acc. of humiiitas, humility.-L.
Izumi/is, humble.
H1UDD1ocl1:, Hommoc][, a mound,
hillock, rounded mass. (E.) It appears
to be a variant of Izump or hunch.
Humour, orig. moisture. (F. -L.)
See Trench, Select Glossary, and Study of
Words. The four humours, according to
Galen, caused the four temperaments of
mind,viz.choleric, melancholy, phlegmatic,
and sanguine. -0. F. humor (F. humeur).
- L. 14morem, acc. of umor, moisture. _
L. 14mb-e, to be moist; see Humid.
Kump, a lump, bunch, esp. on the back.
(E.) Hump, a hunch, or lump,' ;Vestmoreland;' Halliwell. Not found in
M. E. Cf. E . Fries. humpe, hump, a bit,
lump.+Du. hqmp, a lump, bunch; Low G.
humpel, a heap. Cf. Lithuan. kumpas,
hunched. Parallel to hunch, q. v.
K1U1ch, a hump, round mass. (E. ) A
palatalised form of provo E. hunk, a lump.
Apparently a parallel form of hump;
with nk for mp. Cf. W. Flem. hunke
brood, a hunk of bread (De Bo); and
perhaps Du. ""nk, a starting-post, orig.
a stump;' see Franck.
H1U1dred. (E.) M. E. hundred. A. S.
Ilundred; a compound word. - A. S. !zund,
a hundred; and -red, with the sense of
reckoning' or rate, to denote the rate of
counting. Cf. I cel. hunirah, orig. 120;
G. hundert. This suffix is allied to Goth.
ra)jo, number, L. ratio; see Rate ( I ).
/3. The A. S. hUlld is cognate with L.
centum, answering to an Idg. form *ki1ll~'
tom, perhaps for *dek3mttfm, a decad,
allied to Goth. laihunte.hund, a hundred,
which Brugmann explains as Of!to.OQlJl Ofl<o.S.
Cf. also Gk. E!taT6J1, Skt. (alam, Pers. sad,
Lith. szimtas, Russ. slo, Irish cead, VI'_
cant, a hundred. Brugm. i. f31,ii. I79.
See Ten.
Hunger. (E.) A. S. hungor. + Icel.
ItUllgr, Swed. Dan. hunger, Du. konger,
G. hunger; Goth. huhrus, hunger. Tent.
types *hungruz, *hunhruz, m. Allied to
Lith. kanka, suffering. Brugm. i. 639.
H1U1t, to chase wild animals. (E. )
M. E. hutzten. A. S. hUll/ian, to capture;

cf. hunt, sb., a hunting. Related to

Teut. *huntlz-, weak grade of *hentluzn-,
to seize; see Hent. Cf. Brugm. i. 701.
HlU'dle. (E.) M. E. fmrdel. A. S.
Izyrdel; a dimin. from a Teut. base
*Izurd-; ~e the cognate words. + Du.
""rtle, Ice!. hurlJ, G. hurtle, M. H . G.
hurt, a hurdle; Goth. luzurds, a door.
Allied to L. crlitis, a hurdle, Gk. !to.pTa.AOS, a (woven) basket.
Cf. Skt. krt,
to spin. The sense is a (plaited' thing.
Brugm. i. H 5l9, 633. (vQERT.)
Hurdygurdy, a kind of violin, played
by turning a handle. (E.) From Low!.
Sc. hirdygirdy, a confused noise; also
kirdum-dirdum, the same. Cf. Low!.
Sc. !turr, to snarl,gurr, to growl. Som
vse}1 strange wlaffyng, chytering, harryng
and garryng' = some people use a strange
babbling, chattering, snarling ' and growl
ing ; Spec. of English, ed. Morris and
Skeat, p. 2fl, 1. 163. Formed on the
model of hurtybur/y. See Hurry.
Hurl. (E.) M. E. flurlen, florien. Not
in A. S.; perhaps of Scand. origin. Cf.
E. hurieblast, a hurricane, hurlepool,
whirlpool, hurlewind, whirlwind. Also
E. Fries. hurre/, a gust of wind; hurre/n,
to blow in gusts;. hurre/.wind, a whirlwind. Explained by Swed. dial. hurra,
to whir, whirl round; whence hurre/,
a whirl, hurrelwi,td, a whirlwind. Of
imitative origin; cf. Dan. hurre, to buzz,
lcel. flurr, a noise. So also M. H. G.
hurren, to move quickly ; from the sound.
Cf. Hurly-burly, Hurry.
Hurlyburly, a tumult. (F.- L.) A
reduplicated word, the second syllable
being an echo of the first. [Cf. M. F.
hurluberlu, tumult, in Rabelais (v. prol.).]
The short form hurty also occurs ; see K.
John, iii. f . J 69. - O. F . hurtee, a howling,
outcry, great noise ; orig. fem. pp. of
Ilurler, to howl. - L. ulu/tire, to howl.
Prob. confused with Hurl.
Hurrah. (G.)
From G. hurra,
M. H. G. hurra. Of imitative origin;
see Hurl.
Hurricane, whirlwind.
(Span.Caribbean.)
Span. huracan. - Carib.
huracan (Oviedo).
Hurry. (E.) Not allied to harry.
Formed from an older base hurr; like
scurr-y from skir. M. E. horien, to hurry
(Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 883). +
M. Swed. hun'a, to swing, whirl round;
Swed. dial. hurra, to whirl, hurr, sb.,

350

HURST

HYDRAULIC

hurry, haste. Cf. Dan. hurre, to hum,

whir; Icel. hurr, a noise; M. H. G.
hurrm, to move swiftly. See Hurl;
and cf. whir, whiz, of similar imitative
origin; whence whurry, to hurry (Nares).
Hurst, a wood. (E.) M. E. hurst;
A. S. hyrst.
M. H. G. hurst, a shrub,
thicket; G. !wrst; E. Fries. Mrst.
Hurt, to dash against, to harm. (F .)
M. E. hurtm, hirten, (I) to push, dash
against; (l) to injure. -0. F . hurter (F.
heurter), to strike or dash against. Of
unknown origin. Hardly from Celtic
(Thurneysen, p. 81). The Ital. form is
urtare, possibly from L. *urtum, unnsed
supine of urglre, to press on (Korting) .
hurtle, to dash. (F.) M. E. hurtlen,
fr~uent. of hurten (above).
Husband. (Scand.) Ice!. hUsbQndi,
the master of a house, the goodman;
short for husbUandi. - lcel. hUs, house;
buandi, dwelling in, pres. pt. of bUll, to
dwell; see Boor. So also Swed. husbunde, Dan. husbund. Der. husband man,

Hustings. (Scand.) The mod. use

is incorrect; it is properly husting, sing.,
and means a council, an assembly for the
choice of a candidate. M. E. husting.
A. S. hUsting.-Icel. hiis)ing, a council,
meeting. - Icel. hUs, a house ; jing, a thing,
also an assembly; see Houae and Thing.
Cf. Swed. Norw. and Dan. ting, the same
as Icel. jingo
Hustle, to jostle. (Du.) For huts/e.
- Du. hulse/en, to shake up and down,
huddle together; frequent. of M. Do.
hutsen, Du. hotsen, to shake.
See
Hotchpot. Cf. Du. hotten, to curdle;
hot, curds; provo G. hotu, a cradle, a
swing; Lowl. Sc. hott, to move by jerks,
hotter, to jolt_
.
Hut. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E.holte.-l".
hutte, a cottage; Cotgrave. - O. H . G.
hutta (G. hut/e), a hut. Swed. hydda,
a hut. Perhaps related to Hide (I).
Hutch, a box. (F.-Low L.) M. E.
huche, hueche. - F. huche, a hutch, bin.Late L. hutica, a hutch, box; of unknown
origin. Perhaps Teutonic; cf. O. H . G.
huotan (G. huten), to take care of. See
Het!d.
Huzah., Hurrah. (E.) Huzzah is
also written huzza. Cf. G. IIussa, huzzah!
M. H. G. hun'o, hurrah! So also Swed.
and D an. hurra, hurrah t Cf. M. H . G.
hurren, to move quickly; Dan. Ilurre, to
hum, buzz. See Hurry.
Hyacinth, a flower. (F. -L.-Gk. )
F. hyacinthe. - L. hyacinthus. - Gk. 001<1~6os, an iris, larkspur (not our hyacinth).
Doublet, Jacintll.
HYlBJl&; see Hyena.
Hybrid, mongrel. (L.) L hibrida,
hylJrida, a mongrel, a hybrid. Some
connect it with Gk. IJfjpt~., stem of iJlJpts,
insult, wantonness, violation; but it may
be Latin.
Hydra, a water-snake. (L.-Gk.) L.
hydra. - Gk. v~pa, water-snake. - Gk.
iJ6-QlP, water. Cf. Skt. udra-s, a wateranimal, otter, A. S. otero Doublet, otter.
And see Water. Bntgm. i. 5i2 .
hydrangea., a flower. (Gk.) A coined
name, referring to the cup-form of the
capsule, or seed-vessel. From Gk. v6p-,
for iJ6Q)p, water; a'Y'YfWY, a vessel.
hydraulic, relating to water in
motion. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. hydrau/iqut.
- L. hydrau/icus. - Gk. MpaIlNI<OS, belong
ing to a water-organ.-Gk. V3paIlAIS, an
organ worked by water. - Gk. jj~p-, for

husbandry.

Hush.

'

(E.)

M. E. huskl, whist,
silent; prob. taken to be a pp. cr.
Swed. hyssja, Dan. hysse, to hush; Dan.
hys, hush! A purely imitative word, allied
to kiss.
Husk, shell. (E.) M. E. huske. The
k is a dim in. suffix; from A. S. hUs, a
house. Cf. Low G. huske, a little house;
E. Fries. huske. a little house, core of an
apple, small Case; M. Du. huyskm, a
little house, a case, a husk of fruit (Kilian) .
See House.
Husky, hoarse. (E.) Apparently allied
to provo E. husk, dry, parched; with
reference to the dryness of husks.
Hussar. (G. - Hungarian. -Servian.
-Gk.-L.) Hussars, Husares, , Coles
(I684).-G. Husar.-Hung. Huszar.Servo xusar, hUsSar, robber, se'a-robber
(Popovic'). -Late Gk.l<ollpuaplOs, a corsair,
pirate (Ducange). - Late L. cursdritlS, a
corsair. - L . cursus, a course ; see Corsair.
~ The word is older than the story about
Mathius Corvinus (1458) ; see N. and Q.
8 S. ii. 156 ; Miklosich, p. 148.
Hussif, Hussy. (E.) Short for
huS1tltfe, i. e. house-wife; cf. hus- in
husband; see Husband and House.
~ In the sense of ' case for needles, thread,
&c.,' it mus~ mean honse-wife's compan.
ion '; it is, however, remarkable that
Ic.el. husi means ( a case.'

a6 1

HYDRODYNAM ICS
jj~OJp,

HYSON

water; aVAor, a pipe, tube (allied to L. hypken, for Gk. bIv, lit. ' under one.'
- Gk. b-. for {l7ro, under; (I', neut. of .rr,
hydrodyn&mics, the science relating one (allied to L. sim- in simplex; see
to tlie force of water in motion. (Gk.) Simple).
Gk. iJ6po-, for lJ&Jp, water; and E. Hypo-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. u.,,6, under ;
dynamics, a word of Gk. origin; see cognate with L. sub.
Dyna.mics.
H1Pochondria., a mental disorder inhydrogen, a very light gas. (Gk.) ducmg melancholy. (L.-Gk.) Named
The name means' generator of water.'- from the spleen (which was supposed to
Gk. iJopo-, for lJoOJP, water; and the base cause it), situate under the cartilage of
",(1'-, to produce ; see Genesis.
the breast-bone.-Late L. hypochtmdria,
hydropathy, the water-cure. (Gk.) fern. sb.; for L. hypochondria, s. pI. - Gk.
Gk. jjopo- , for vOOJP, water ; 1Ias-or, snffer- urroxovlJp.a , sb. pI., the parts beueath the
ing, endurance of treatment; see Pa.thos. breast-bone. - Gk. urr6, under; xuvlJpor, a
hydrophobia, fear of water. (L.- com, grain, gristle, cartilage of the breastGk.) Late L. /lydrophobia. Coined from bone (cognate with G. grand, gravel, and
Gk . lJopo-, for iJ&Jp, water; <p080r, fear, allied to E. g rind). D er. hipp -ish, q. v.
fright, allied to <pi{~op.a., I flee. (-v'BHEG.) Hypocrisy, pretence to virtue. ( 1'. hydropsy, dropsy. (F.-L.-Gk.) L.- Gk.) M. F. hypocrisie. -L. hypocrisis,
Formerly dropsie or ydropsie; the form I Tim. iv. 2. - Gk. u"o"ptu.r, a reply,
dropsie being due to loss of YO . - M. F. answer, playing a part on a stage, acting
hydropisie. -L. hydropisis, hydropisla.- of a part. - Gk. u"o"plvop.IU, I reply, play
Late Gk. *ulJp&nr.u.r, not found, from Gk. a part. - Gk. ;',,6, under; Kplvop.a., I conv6ponf , dropsy, extended from 1J6po-, for tend, middle voice of "plvOJ, I judge. See
ii&Jp, water. Der. dropsic-al.
Critic. D er. /lypocrile, F. hypocrile, L .
hydrostatics, the science which /lypocrila, Gk. ;'rrOKp'T.qr, a dissembler,
treats of flui ds at rest. (Gk. ) Gk. iJlJpo-, Matt. vi. 2.
for fJ~OJp, water; and Statics, q. v.
Hypogastric, belonging to the lower
Hyena, Hyena, a hog-like quad- part of the abdomen. (F. - L. - Gk.)
ruped. (L.-Gk .) [ M. E. hyme; from M. F. hypogastrique. - Late L. kypogasO. F. hyme.] L. hycl'1ta. -Gk. iJa.va , a tricus, belonging to the lower part of the
hyena; lit. 'sow-like.'-Gk.
a sow, belly. -Gk. ;,rro"'(QUT(XOV, lower part of the
cognate with E. Sow; with fern. adj. belly; see Hypo- and Gastrio.
suffix -(uva.
H:ypostasis. (L.-Gk.) L. IlYPOHymen. (L.-Gk.) L. hymen.-Gk. s/asts. - Gk. ;,."ouTau.s, a standing under,
up.~v, the god of marriage. Cf. Skt. siv, groundwork, subsistence, snbstance, a
to connect, lit. to sew; see Sew.
P erson of the Trinity. - Gk. ;'''0, under;
Hymn. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.ympne UTQUer, a standing, from -v'STA, to stand.
(with excrescent p).-O. F. ymne (later See Statics.
hymne). - L hymnum, acc. of L . hymnus. Hypotenuse. (F. -L. -Ck.) Also
- Gk. iip.l'or, a song, festive song, hymn.
hYPollzenuse ( badly).-F. hypoUnuse.-L.
Hypallage, an interchange. (L. -Gk.) hypotinusa. - Gk. ;,rroTcLvovua, the subL. kypa/lagl. - Gk. {"'MAaTI, an inter- tending (line); fem. of pres. part. of ;""0change, exchange. - Gk. ilTT-o, under; TElV."', to subtend, lit: to stretch under.
aAAa"'(~, change, from aAAauu v, to change ; (-v'TEN. )
from aA AOr, another. See Alien .
Hypothec, a legal lien on property.
Hrer-. prefix, denoting excess. (L.- (F. - L. - Gk.) Englished from M. F.
Gk. L. hyper-, for Gk. urrjp, above, be- hypotkeque, a mortgage. - L. hypolkk a
yond, allied to L. Sltper. Hence hyper- (the same). - Gk. urroO~Kf'J, lit. 'support; ,
balo", a transposition of words from a pledge, mortgage. - Gk. ;""0, upder; 0,,-,
natural order, lit. ' a going beyond' (from as in TI-077-p.., I place. (-v'DHE.)
8alv"v, to go) ; hyper-bole, exaggeration,
hypothesis, a supposition. (L. - Gk.)
Gk. inrEp8oA.q (from 8ciAA"v, to throw, L. hypothesis. - Gk. ;'rr60(u.r, a placing
cast) ; hyper-borea", extreme northern under, supposition. - Gk. ;'''0, under ; Olu.r,
a placing; from the same root as the above.
(from 8opf.ar, north wind).
Hyphen, a short stroke (-) joining See Thesis.
two parts of a compound word. (L. - Gk.) Hyson, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In
a"p.., I blow; see Air).

v-r.

HYSSOP

IDIOT

the Arnoy dialect called ,""un-I!, lit.

spring, and IE,
orig. from hi
,hhun, lit. e blooming spring,' i. e. early
crop. From Chin. hi, blooming; chhun,
spring.
Hyssop, a plant. (F . -L. -Gk. -Heb.)
M . E.ysope. -O. F. hy ssope.-L. hyssopus.
-Gk . vuuQlJror, an aromatic plant (not
our hyssop). - Heb. hoM , a plant (it is
not exactly kn own what plant).
Hysteric,convulsive, said of fits. (F . L. - Gk.) M . F. hysterique. - L . hystericus.
- Gk. vUTfptlt6r, suffe ring in the womb;
hysterical. - Gk. VUT f pa, the womb. Prob.
from Gk. vUTfpor, latter , lower, comparative from the Idg. base ud, out; see
Uterine and Out.

hekel, isjiikel. 2 . lcel. joktll/ is the dim in.

of lcel. jaki, a piece of ice, cognate with
Irish aig, W. ia, ice. Brngm. i. 305.
Ichneumon. (L.-Gk. ) L. ichneu
mem. - Gk. lxvftiJl4ll', an ichneumon
(lizard) ; lit. 'a tracker,' because it tracks
out (and devours) crocodiles' eggs. - Gk.
lxvftiftV, to track.- Gk. ixvor, a footstep.
Ichor, the juice in the veins of gods.
(Gk .) Gk. lxwp, juice.
Ichthyogra~hy, description of fishes .
(Gk.) Gk. IXlll)o., from lXllvr, a fish;
''Ypa</><a , from 'Y"o.</>flV , to describe. So
also ichthy ology, from A6-.,or, a discourse,
A''YflV, to speak.
Icicle; see Ice.
Iconoclast, a breaker of images.
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. dIt6vo-, from
EiICWV, an image i KACl(I'T'f]S, a vine pruner
(but lit. a breaker), from ItAaftV, to break .
Icosahedron, a solid figure with
I.
twenty equal faces. (Gk.) From Gk.
I, nom. case of first pers. pronoun. (E. ) ffltout, twenty; f6pa, a base, lit. a seat,
M. E. (Northern) ik , i; (Southern) ich, from the base 16-, to' sit; see Bit.
uch, i . A . S. ic.+Du. ik , Icel. ek, Dan. Idea. (L. -Gk. ) L. idea . -Gk. IMa ,
j eg, Swed. j ag, Goth. ik, G. ich, Lith. asz, the look or semblance of a thing, species
Russ. ia, L . ego, Gk.E-yw,l-yWv,Skt.aham. (hence, notion). -Gk. 18Eiv, to see.
Id'g. base, EGH- and EG- ; Brugm. ii. WElD.) See Wit.
434. ~ Me is from a different base.
Identical, the very same. (L.) For1-, neg. prefix; see In- (3) .
merly idmtic, identick. Formed a.~ if
Iambic, a certain metre, a short and a from Med. (scholastic) L. identicus, adj .
long syllable (v - ). (L.- Gk. ) L. iambi- su~gested by idenlilas ; see be!ow.
ldentity, sameness. (F. -Late L . cus..-Gk.loJA{311t6r. -Gk. iop.{3or, an iambic
foot, iambic verse, lampoon. (Origin L.) F. identitt. - Late L. ace. identittitem, sameness. -L. idenli, occurring in
doubtful.)
Ibez, a genus of goats. (L.) L . ibex. idenlidem, repeatedly; with suffix -Ias. Ibill, a bird. (L.-Gk.-Egypt.) L. L. idem, the same. -L. i-, and .dun; from
ibis. - Gk. 1{31S, an Egyptian bird. Of Idg. pronominal bases I and DE.
Egypt. origin; cf. Coptic hippm (Peyron). Ides, the 15th day of Much, May,
Ice. (E.) M.E.ys,iis. A.S.Is.+Du. July, October; 13th of other months.
ijs , Ice!. ISS, Dan. iis, Swed. is, G. tis. (F.-L.) F. idts.-L.ItIUs, ides.
Teut. type 'som, neot. Der. ire.berg, Idiom, peculiar mode of expression.
qoite a modern word; the latter element (F.-L.-Gk.) F. idio",e.-L. idiOma.is the Do., Norw., Swed., and G. berg, Ck. 13<QlJAO, an idiom, peculiarity of lana mountain; cf. Du. ijsberg, Norw. and goage.-Gk. 13160>, I make my own.Swed. iso/erg, Dan. iisbjerg, G. eisberg, an Gk. ialor, own.
idiosyncrasy, peculiarity of temiceberg; (prob. a Norw. word). Also
icebli"k, Dan. iis-blink, a field of ice, perament. (Gk.)
Cf. F. idiosyncrasie.
from Dan. blinke, to gleam .
From Gk. i31Or, own; Ulry-Itpauu, a
icicle. (E.) M. E . isikel, iseyokel; blendiog together, from uti-y (= uti. ), tofrom M. E. ys, ice, and ike!, a point of ice. gether, Itpiiuts , a mingling. See Crasia.
-A.S. is-gt'cel, an icicle; also written
idiot. (F.-L.-Gk.) F . idiot.-L.
ises gicel, where IstS is the gen. case. idiota, an ignorant, uneducated person.Girel, O. Mere. geale (Sweet, O. E. T. ), Gk. llil&n--r,r, a private person ; hence, one
means 'a small piece of ice.'+Icel. iss who is inexperienced ( I Cor. xiv. 16). jokull ; though jOkul/ is gen. used by Gk. 13,6<.>, I make my own. - Gk. i/lcor,
itself in the sense of icicle; Low G. is own.
253
e spring tea,' from chhun,
tea. ~aid to have been

C.v

IDLE

ILLUSTRIOUS

Idle. (E.) M. E. ide!. A. S. idel, logical; for which see legal, legible, &c.
vain, empty, useless. + Du. iJdel, vain; And see illicit.
Dan. idel, Swed. idel, mere; G. eitel, Ili8.c, pertaining to the smaller intesvain, tritling. Origin doubtful.
tines. (F.-L.) F . iliaque, belonging to the
Idol. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. ido/e. -L. tlanks. FormedfromL. Uia,sb.pl.,tlanks,
idolum .-Gk. "'&.1AoII, an image, likeness. groin. See also .Jade (2 ) .
-Gk . r30JUU, I appear, seem; 13."" to Iliad, an epic poem. (L.-Gk.) L.
see. (.vWEID.) Der. itfqlatry, O. F. itfq- lliad-, stem of Ilias, the Iliad. - Gk.
latn'e, Late L. idolatria , shortened form of 'IAI<,3-, stem of 'IAuh, the Iliad. - Gk.
idololatria, from Gk . /1i00Ao-Aarp"a, ser- '1~LOS, Ilios, commonly known as Troy;
vice to idols {where Aarp"a, service, is said to have had its name from (a mythical)
from Aarp's, a hired servant, Aarpov, hire). Ilus, grandfather of Priam, and son of
Hence idolater, &c.
Tros (whence Troy) .
idyl, idyll, a pastoral poem. (L - m, bad. (Scand.) M. E. ille. - Icel.
Gk.) L. My/lium. - Gk. dMAAIOV, a short illr (later illY), ill, adj.; Swed. ilia, Dan.
descriptive poem . - Gk . r30s, form , shape, ilde, ill, adv. ~ Not allied to Evil.
figure . -Gk .r30jJlU, I appear (see above). mapse, a gliding in, a sudden entrance.
If, conj. (E.) M. E. if, A. S. gif.+Icel. (L.) L. iIIapsus, sb., a gliding in. - L.
if, if, O. Fries. iif, gej, if, O. Sax. if; il- (for in ), in; lapsus, a gliding, from pp.
Goth. ibai, interrog. particle,Jabai, if; with of liibi, to glide. See Lapse.
which cf. Du.if, if, whether, G. ob, whether; Illation, an inference. (F. -L.) F.
also O. H. G. ibrt, if, lit. ' on the condition,' illation. - L. acc. illationem, a bringing
dat. of iba, condition, doubt. Cf. also Ice!. in, inference. - L. il (for in), in; latus
if, if, sb., doubt. See Kluge, s. v. ob.
( = tliitus), borne, brought (-Gk. rAfJr6s).
Ignition, a setting on fire. (L ) F. See Tolerate.
ignition. As if from L. *ignitio.-L. ig- micit, unlawful. (F.-L.) F . illicite,
nitlls, pp. of ignire, to set on fire. - L. 'illicitou., ' Cot. - L. illicitus, not allowed.
ignis, fire. + SkI. agni-, fire, base *egni-; -L. il (for in.), not; licitus, pp. of
cf. Russ. ogone, Lith. ugnh, fire , base lidre, to be allowed. See Lioenoe.
*ogni-. Brugm. i. 148. Hence also ignis Illision, a striking against. eL.) From
jaImes, a vain fire; igne-ous, adj.
L. illisio, a striking against. -L. illisus,
Ignoble. (F.-L.) F . ignoble, not pp. of illfdere, to strike against.-L. il
noble. - L. i-g>tobilis, where i- = in, no.t ; (for in), upon; ladere, to strike. See
see Noble.
Lesion.
Ignominy, disgrace. (F.-L.) F. mude, to deceive. (F.-L.) F. illuder,
ignominie. - L. ignominia. - L. i- (for in), ' to illude;' Cot. - L. illudere, to mock
not; g>t5min-, for g>t5men, old form of at. - L. il- (for in), upon, at; /iltkre, to
"omen, name, fame; see Noun.
jest, play. See Ludiorous.
Ignore, to disregard. (F.-L.) F. muminate, to enlighten. (L.) From
ig'1torer. - L. ignariire, not to know. - L. pp. of L. illi(lIlinare. to throw light upon.
i - (for in), not; and base gno-, as in gno- - L. il- (for in ), upon; liilllin-, for lumen,
!Cere =1tOscere, to know; see Know. Der. light; see Luminary. ~ We also use
ignor-ant, -ance; also ignOramus, lit. 'we illumine, illume, from F. illullliner<L.
ignore' that, an old law-term.
illuminare.
Iguana, a kind of American lizard. musion. (F.-L.) F . illusion. -L.
(Span. - W. Indian.) Span. iguana. Of acc. ilb:isionem. - L. illusus, pp. of illUdere;
West Indian origin. - Hayti iuanna,yuana see Illude (above).
(Eden.).
mustrate. (L.) From the pp. of
iguanodon, a fossil dinosaur, with il/ustrare, to throw light upon.-L. ilteeth like an iguana. From iguan-a, and (for in). upon; lustrare, to shine (below).
Ulustrious. (F.-L.; orL. ) Abadly
Gk. cl30v-T-, stem of Mous, tooth.
n. ( I), for in-, prefix, from L. in, coined word; either from F. illustre, or
prep., when I follows. Exx.: ii-lapse, il- from the L. illtlstri-s, bright, renowned.
lusio1t , &c.
(Imitation of industrious. ) p. In L.
n. (2), for in-, negative prefix when illttstris, the prefix il- ( = in), upon; -lustris
I follows. Exx. ii-legal, illegble, il-legiti- stands for *Iou-c-stris, from the bue luc-,
mate. ii-liberal, iI-limitable, il-literatt, il- as in Luoid, q. v. See Brugm. i. 760.
25-4

1M-

IMMUNITY

Im- (I), prefix. (F. -L.) In some

words, i11l' stands for em, the O. F. form
of L. i11l-, prefix. Or for L. in, in, before
1>, m, or p.
Im- (2), prefix. (E.) For E. in; as in
imbed, for in-bed.
1m- (3), prefix. (L.) L. im- (for in ), in,
when b, m, or p follows.
Im- (4) , prefix. ( F.-L.; orL. ) Negative prefix; for L. in-, not. Exx.: im-

Ital. imbroglio, perplexity. - Ital. imbroglare, to entangle. - Ital. im- (for in), in;
bro/{lio, a broil, confusion; see Broil (2).
Imbrue,Embrue, to moisten, drench.
(F. - L.) M. I' . embruer; s'embruer,' to
imbrue or bedable himself with;' Cot.
Variant of O. F. embevrer, embreuver, to
moisten. - F. em- (L. in, in) ; and a causal
verb -bevrer, to give to drink , turned into
-brever in the 16th cent., and then into
bruer; see F. abreuver in Hatzfeld. O. F.
bevrer answers to a L. type *biberiire, to
give to drink; from L. bibere, to drink.
See Beverage.
Imbue, to cause to drink in, tinge
deeply. (F.-L.) O. F . imbuer. - L. imbuere, to cause to drink in; where -buere
is a causal form, apparently allied to
bibere, to drink .
Imitate. (L.) From pp. ofL. imitari,
to imitate; frequentative of *imare, not
found; cf. L. imii-go. See Image.
Immaculate. (L. ) L. im-maculiitus,
unspotted. - L. im- (for in-), not; mawliitus, spotted. See Maculate.
Immediate, without intervention or
means. (F. - L.) M. F. immediat. - L.
im- (for in-), not; mediatus, pp. of L.
mediiire, to be in the middle. - L. medius,
middle. See Medium.
Immense. (F. -L.) F. immense. L. immensus, immeasurable.-L. im- (for
itt), not; mens us, pp. of metiri, to
measure. See Measure.
Immerge, to plunge into. (L.) L.
immergere (pp. im-mersus), to plunge
into.-L. im- (for i1,), in; mergere, to
plunge. See Merge. Der. immers-ion.
Immigrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
immigriin, to migrate to. (1m ~ in, in. )
See Migra.te .
IDllIlinent, near at hand. (L.) 1..
immine1lt-, stem of pres. pt. of im-mi1Zire ,
to project over. - L. im- (for in), upon;
minl re, to project, as in l-minire.
Immit, to inject. (L.) In Kersey
( 1715 ). L. immittere, to send into (pp.
immissus). - L. im- ( = in), in; mittere, to
send . See Missile. Der. illllllission.
Immolate, to offer in sacrifice. (L.)
From pp. of L. immolare, to sncri fice, lit.
to throw meal upon a victim. - L. im- (for
itt), upon; mola, meal, cognate with E.
Meal (I).
Immunity, freedom from obligation.
(F.-L.) F. imf1mnitt, immunity. - L.
immunittftem, acc. of imlilunitiis, exemp-

material, im-matll1't, im-measurable, immemorial, im-moderate, im-modest, immoral, im-mortal, iJll-movable,im-lIllltable,

im-palpable, im-pan'ty,im-partial, impassable, im-passive, im-patient, im-peccable,
impenetrable, im-penitent, im-perceptible,
illl-perftct, im-perishable, im-personal, impertinent, im-perturbable, im-piety, impious, im-placable, impolite, im-politic,
im-ponderable, im-possible , im-potent, impracticable, im-probable, improper, improvidmt, imprudent, im-pure; for which
see material, mature, &c.
Image, a likeness, statue. (F.-L.) F .
image. - L . imiiginem, acc. of imago, a
likeness. Formed, with suffix -iigo, from
the base im- in im-itiiri, to imitate; see
Imitate.
imagine. (F. -L.) F. imaginer, to
think. -1.. imiiginiiri, to picture to oneself,
imagine. - L. imagin-, stem of imiigo, an
image, picture ; see above. Der. imaginary, im.gin-ation.
Imam, ImaUDl, a M uhammedan
priest. (Arab.) Arab. imtim, a leader,
chief, prelate, priest. - Arab. root amma,
'he tended towards.' Rich. Dict., p.
16 3.
Imbecile, feeble. (F. - L.) Formerly
rare as an adj.; but the verb imMcil, to
enfeeble, is found , and was confused with
embezzle. - F. imMcile; M. F. imbecille,
, feeble;' Cotgrave. - L. imblcillll1n, acc.
of imblcillus (also imbicillis), feeble.
(Root unknown.)
Imbibe, to drink in. (F. - L.; or L. )
F. imbiber (16th cent.).-L. imhibere, to
drink in. - L. im- (for in-), in; bibere, to
drink.
Imbricated, bent and hollowed like
a gutter-tile. (L.) Botanical. From pp.
of L. imbricare, to cover with gutter-tiles.
- L. imbric-, stem of imbrex, a guttertile. - L. imbri-, decI. stem of imber, a
shower of rain.+Gk. t1pp6r, foam; Skt.
abhra-, a rain-cloud; Brugm. i. 466.
Imbroglio, intrigue, perplexity. (Ital.)

IMMURE

IMPORT

tion. - L immums, exempt from public

services. -L. im- (for in), not; miinis,
serving, obliging (whence also communis,
common). See Common.
Immure. (F. -L.) For emmure. M. F. emmtlrer, to shut up in prison, lit.
to enclose with a wall.-L im- (=in ),
ill; murus, a wall.
Imp, a graft, offspring, demon. (Late
L.-Gk. ) Formerly in a good sense,
meaning a scion, offspring. M. E. imp,
a graft on a tree (A. S. impe ) ; impm,
to graft. - Late L. impotlls, a graft (Lex
Salica); [whence also Dan. Ympe, Swed .
ympa, G. imtjen, O. H. G. impiton, to
graft ]. - Gk. f/J4>lrror, engrafted ; James
i. 21. - Gk. f/J4>V.,,,, to implant. - Gk.
ffL- (for fV) , in; cpu"", to produce, from
'\I"BHEU, to be; see Be.
Impact, a striking against. (L.).L.
impact-us, pp. of impingere, to impinge.
See Impinge.
Impair, to make worse, injure, weaken.
(F. - L. ) M. E. empeiren. - O. F. empcirer, later empirer, 'to impaire;' Cot. Late L. impnorare, to make worse.-L.
im- (for in), prep., with intensive force;
and plior, worse, a comparative form from
a lost positive. Cf. Pessimist.
Impale, to fix on a stake. (L.) Late
L. impa/are (whence F. tmpa/er).-L. im(forin), on; palus, a stake. See Pale ( I).
Impart. (F. -L.) M. F. impartir . L. impartire, impertire, to give a share to.
-L. im- (= in) ,to,upon;parlire,topart,
from parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part.
See Part.
Impassive. F rom 1m- (4) and Passive.
Impa.wn. From Im- (3) and Pawn (I ) .
Impeach, to charge with a crime. (F.
-L.) The original sense was 'to hinder' ;
as, 'to impeack and stop their breath,'
Holland, tr. of Pliny, b. xi. c. 3. - O. F.
empescker, ' to hinder, stop, bar, impeach; ,
Cot. Older spelling empeescker. where the
s is adventitious. LLittre and Scheler CODnect the mod. F. empecker with Provo empedegar, from Late L. impedicare, to fetter.
- L. im- (for in). on, UpOD; pedica, a
fetter, from ped-, stem of pes, a foot.]
/3. At the same time the usual sense of E.
impeack and some (at least) of the senses
of O. r. empesdler above are due to O. F.
empacker, Span. emjHukar, Ital. impacciare,
to delay; from a Late L. frequent. form
(*impacticare, in Korting, 4110) of L.

impingere (pp. imjHutus), to bind. fasten;

see Pact. See Diapatch.
Impede, to obstruct. (L.) From L
impetlire, to entangle the feet, obstruct._
L im- (=in), in; jed-, stem of pes,
foot. Der. impedi-mmt.
Impel. (L. ) L. im'pellere, to urge on.
-L. im- (for in), on; pellere, to drive;
see Pulsate. Der. impulse, L. i1llpulsus,
sb . from the pp. impulsus.
Impend, to hang over. (L.) L. im.
pendire, to hang over. - L. im- (for in) ,
on l over; pemure, to hang. See Pen.dant.
Impera.tive. (F. -L.) F. imptratiJ,
imperious. - L. imperatiuus, due to a command. - L. imperatum, a command; neut.
ofimperatus,pp. ofimpera,e,tocommand.
See Emperor.
imlM'rial. (F. -L.) O. F. emperial,
later tmptrial.-L. imperia/is, belonging
to an empire. - L. imperium, an empire.
See Empire.
Impertinent. From 1m- (4) and
Pertinent.
Impervious. From 1m- (4) and
Pervious.
Impetus. (L.) L. impetus, lit. ' a falling on ;' a rush, attack. - L. im- (in), on;
petere, to fall, fly, seek. See Petition.
Impinge, to strike against. (L.) L.
impingere, to strike against. -L. im- (in),
on, upon; pangere , to fasten, also to
strike. See Pact.
Implement, a tool. (Late L.-L)
Late L. impllmentum, an accomplishing;
hence, means for accomplishing. - L. impllre, to fill in, execute. - L. im- (for in),
in; pll re. to fill. See Plenary.
Implica.te. (L. ) From pp. of L. implicare, to involve. - L. im (in), in;
plicare, to fold. See Ply.
implicit. (F.-L. ) F. imp!idte.L. implicitus, old pp. of implicare (above).
Implore. (F. - L.) F . implorer. - L.
implorare, to implore. -L. im ( = in). OD,
upon; p!orare, to wail. Cf. de.plore.
Imply. (F. -L.) Coined from L. im(in), and ply; as if from a F. *implier;
but the F. form was i",pliquer, still
earlier emp!oier (whence E. employ). See
Ply.
Import. (F. -L.; or L.) In two
senses: ( I) to signify. - M. F. importer, to
signify. _ L. importare. to import, bring
in, introduce, cause: (,) to bring in from
abroad; directly from the same L. im-

356

IMPORTABLE

IMPROVISE

porliire.- L. im- (in), in; portare, to bring.

Der. import-ant, i. e. importing much.
See Port (1).
importable,intolerable; obsolete. (F.
-L) M. F. importable. - L. imporltilJilis,
that cannot be borne. - L. im- (in-), not;
pmare, to bear.
Import1ll1e,tomolest. (F.-L.) From
M.E. importune, adj., troublesome.-F.
importun, 'importunate;' Cot. -L. importanus, unfit, unsuitable, troublesome.
Orig. 'hard of access;' from L. im- (in- ),
not; portus, access, a harbour. See Port
(2 ). Der. importunate, from pp. of
Late L. imporluntiri, to vex, dep. vo.
Impose. (F. -L. and Gk. ) F. im
poser, to lay upon. - F. im- (L. in), upon;
F. poser, to lay. See Pose (1).
Imposition. (F.-L.) F.imposilion.
- L. acc. impositionem, a laying on. - L.
impositus, pp. of itnponere, to lay on. -L.
im- (in), on ; }Onere, to lay.
impost. (F.-L ) O. F. impost, a
tax.-L. pp. neut. imposilum (above), a
thing imposed.
Imposthume, an abscess. (F. -L.Gk.) Better apostume, as in Cotgrave.M. F. apostume, 'an apostume, an inward
swelling full of corrupt matter.' A still
better spelling is M. F. aposteme, also in
Cotgrave. - L. aposlbna. - Gk. (UrOt1TTJfUJ.,
a standing away from; hence, a separation
of corrupt matter. -Gk. ,bro, away; t1Trh
base 2f rt1TTJJJJ. , I set, place, stand.
(-v'STA.)
Impostor. (L.) L. impostor, a deceiver; from L. impffnere, to impose, also,
to impose upon, cheat. See Imposition.
Impotence. (F. -L.} F . (and O. F. )
impotence. - L. impotentia, inability. - L.
impotent-, stem of impotem, powerless.
See Im- (4) and Potent.
Impoverish. (F.-L.) From O. F.
empovris-, stem of pres. pt. of empovrir,
to impoverish. - F. em- (= L. in), extremely; O. F. povre, poor, from Lat.
}auperem, acc. of pauper, poor. See
Poverty and Poor.
Impreca.te. (L.) From pp. ofL. im
pncari, to call down upon by prayer.-L.
im- (in), upon; precari, to pray. See Precarious and Pray.
Impregnable. (F'. -L.)
The gn
orig. represented the sound of n followed
by a slight glide; cf. M. E. regne, pron.
(ren'ya), whenceE.reign.-F. imprmable,
'impregnable;' Cot. - F. im ( = L. in-) ,

not; F. prendre, from L. prehendere, to

take, seize. See Prehensile.
Impregna.te, to render pregnant. (L.)
From pp. of L. imprlZgnii1'e, to impregnate. -L. im- (fo r in), in; *jmrgnare,
only used in the pres. pt. pragnans; see
Pregnant.
Imprese, an heraldic device, with a
motto. (F.-Ital.-L.) In Rich. II. iii.
1. 25. Also spelt impresa (Nares). -0. F.
imprese. -Ita!. impresa, ' an imrrese, an
embleme; also, an enterprise; Florio.
Fem. of impreso, undertaken (hence,
adopted), pp. of imprmdere, to undertake.
- L. in, in; prehendere, to lay hold of.
Doublet, emprise, an enterprise, Spenser,
F. Q. ii. 4. 12; from F. emprise, fern. pp.
of emprendre, to undertake (Cotgrave) =
Ita!. imprmdere. Der. impresario, an
undertaker, stage-manager; from impresa
an undertaking.
Impress. (L.) L. impressiire, hequent. of imprimere, to press upon.-L.
im- (in), on; premere, to press. See
Press.
imprint. (F.-L.) The verb, in Sir
T. More, is formed as if from im- and
print; but print itself is short for emprint.
-0. F. empreinte,' a stamp, print;' Cot.
Orig. fem. of pp. of empreindre,' to print,
stamp;' id. - L. impn:11Iere, to impress,
press upon (above). See Print.
Imprison. (F.-L.) For emprison. O. F. emprisonner, to imprison. - O. F.
em (forL. in), in; pn'son, a prison. See
Prison.
Impromptu, a thing said off hand.
(F. -L.) F. impromptu. -L. in promplii,
in readiness; where prompta is abl. of
promptus, a sb. formed from promere, to
bring forward; see Prompt.
Impropriate, to appropriate to private
use. (L.) Coined from L. im- (in), in;
propritire, to appropriate, from propn'us,
one's own. See Proper.
Improve. (F.-L.) Formerly emprove,
for late M. E. enprowen (Skelton), which
was itself an alteration of M. E. approwen,
to benefit. -0. F. aproer, apprower, to
benefit.-O. F. a (for L. ad, to), and
prou, sb., profit, answering to Ita!. prode,
sb., benefit. Cf. Ita!' prode, adj., gooU,
v:lliant; see ' Prowess. ~ The O. F .
sb. emprOfJement, improvement, occurs in
Godefroy.
Improvise. (F.-Ital.-L) F. improviser. _ Ital. improvvisare, to ling ex-

l57

IMPUDENT

INCESSANT

tempornneous verses. - IW. imfrwviso, ID.a1lg1ll'ate. (L.) From pp. of L.

ludden, unprovided for. - L. ir"frouisus, inaugurtire, to pmctise augury, to conunforeseen. - L im- (for in- ), not; pro, be- secrate, begin formally. - L . in, in, upon;
fore; Nisus, pp. of uidlre, to see. See augur, nn augur; see Augur.
Vuion.
Inca. a royal title. (Peruv.) Peruv.
Impudent, shameless. (F.-L) F. inca, a title. Cf. Peruv. (tY>ay "apac
impudent. - L. impudent-, stem of im- Inca, king of Peru (apay = only; kajac
pudens, shameless.-L. im- (for in), not; = lord ). Inca was orig. the chief of a
pudens, modest, pres. pt. of pudlre, to tribe (Oviedo).
feel shame.
Incande.cent, glowing hot. (L.)
Impugn. (F.-L) F.impugner. -L From stem of pres. pt. of in-candesetre, to
impugnare, to fight against. - L. im- (for glow; where candescere is the inceptive
in), against; pugnare, to fight, from pugna, form of candfre, to glow. See Candid.
a bat tle; cf. pugnus, a fist.
Incantation. (F. - L.) F. incantaImpulse; see Impel.
Iz'on. - L. incanttiti5nem,acc. of incanttitio,
lmplUlity. (F.-L.) F. impunitt.- an enchanting. - L. incanliire, to enchant.
L. acc. impunitatem, acc. of impiinitiis, - L. in, on, upon; canttire, to sing,
impunity.-L. imp;;ni-s, without punish- frequent. of camre, to sing. See Enchant
ment. - L. im- ( = in-), not; }<rna, punish- and Cant ( I).
ment. See Pain.
Incarcerate, tc- imprison. (L.) L.
Impute. (F.-L.) F . imputer.-L. in, in; and carceriitus, pp. of carcerare,
impulare, to ascribe. - L. im- (in), towards; to imprison, from career, a prison.
putare, to reckon. See Putative.
Incarnadine, to dye of a red colour.
In, prep. (E.) A.S. in.+Du. in, Ice1. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. incarnadin, carnation
i, Swed. Dan. i, Goth. in, G. in, W.yn, colour (Cot.). - Ita!. incarnadino, carnaO. Irish in, L. in, Gk. lv, ivI. L. in is tion colour (Florio); also spelt incarnafor O. L. en (as in endo) - Gk. Iv. Der. tino. -Ital. incarnato, incarnate; also, of
inner, A. S. innera; in-most, A. S. inne flesh colour. -L. incarntilus, pp. of incarmest (i. e. innem-est, a double superl. ntire, to clothe with flesh (below).
form). The form innermost is nlso a corincarnation. (F.-L.) F. incarnaruption of A. S. innemest. Also in-ward, tion. - L. acc. incarntiti5nem, em bodiment
tnere-in, wnere-in, witll-in, in-as-muck, in flesh. - L. incarntitus, pp. of z'ncarniire,
inso-muck, in-ter-, intro-. And see Inn. to clothe with flesh. - L. in, on; and carn-,
In- (I), prefix. (E.) In some words, it decL base of carD, flesh. See Carnal.
is only the prep. in in composition. Exx. : Incendiary. (L.) L. z'ncenditirius,
in.born, in.breatke, in-hrecl, in land, &c. setting on fire. - L. incendium, a burning.
And see Im- (I ).
-L. incendere, to set on fire. -L. in,
In- (~), prefix. (L.) In some words, it upon; and *candere, to bum (not found),
is the L. prep. in in composition. Exx. : allied to Skt. ckand, to shine.
inaugurate, incarcerate, &c. Sometimes,
incense (I ), to inflame. (L .) From
it has passed through French; as in-dica L. incensus, pp. of incendere, to set on
tion, &c. ~ It becomes il- before I, im fire; see above.
before b, m, and p, ir before r.
incense ( 2), smell of burnt spices.
In- (3), negative prefix. (L, ; or F. - L.) (F . -L.) F . encens, incense, burnt spices.
From L . neg. prefix in, cognate with E. - L. incensum, that which is burnt; neut.
neg. prefix un-; see Un_ ( I), An-, A- (9). of pp. of incendere, to set on fire (above).
~ It becomes i- before gn, as in i.gnoble ;
Incentive. (L. ) L. incentitlus, strikil- before I; im before b, m, and p; ir ing up a tune, inciting. - L. *z'ncentus,
before r. Der. z'nability, in accessible, unused pp. of incinere, to sound an instrument. -L. in, into; and canere, to sound,
&c. , &c. ; for which see able, access, &c.
Inane, empty, silly, useless. (L.) L. sing. See Ch&Jlt.
intinis, void, empty. Root unknown. Inceptive. (F . -L.) O. F. inceptif,
adj. , beginning (Godefroy). - Late L. *inDer. inan-i-ty.
inanition, exhaustion from lack of cepli'llus (not found). -L. incept-us, pp. of
food. (F. - L.) F. inanition, 'an empty incipere, to begin; see Inoipient.
ing ;' Cot. From the pp. of intinire, to Incessant, ceaseless. (F.-L.) F.
incessant. _ L. i1tCessant- stem of incessans,
empty: from intinis (above).
258

INCEST

INDEMNIFY

unceasing. - L. in-, not; (llltIN, ceasing,

pres. pt. of cessare, to cease, frequent. of
ciden, to yield. See Ceaae and Cede.
Incest. impurity. (F.-L.) M. E. incest.-F. incesle, sb. m. -L. incestus (gen.
ow), incest. - L. incestus, unchaste.-L.
in-, not; castus, chaste. See Chaste.
Inch (I ), the twelfth part ofa foot. (L.
- Gk.) M. E. incite. A. S. }'nce. - L.
uncia, an inch; also an ounce, one-twelfth
of a pound.-Sicilian oiryKta, the same.Gk. frtltos, bulk, weight. Doublet, ounce
(I ). And see Uncial.
Inch (2), an island. (Gael.) Gael.
innis, an island.+lrish ints; W. ynys;
Bret. enez; Com. enys.
Incident. (F.-L.) F. incident, 'an
incident;' Cot. - L. incidmt-, stem of
pres. pt. of i"cidffe, to fall upon. -L. in,
on; and cadere, to fall. See Cadence.
Incipient. (L.) L. incipiml-, stem
of pres. pt. of incip~re, to begin.-L. in,
upon; capere, to lay hold of. See Capacious.
Incise to cut into. (F.-L.) F.
inciser. - L. incims, pp. of in-cidere, to
cut into. - L. in, in; cO!dere, to cut. See
ClIl8ura.
Incite. (F. - L.) F. inciter. - L.
incitare, to urge on.-L. in, on; citare,
to urge. See Cite.
Incline, to lean towards. (F. -L.)
F. inclimr. -L. inclinare. - L. in, towards; *clinare, to lean, cognate with E.
Lean (I) , q. v. Doublet, encline.
Inclose. (F. - L.) For enclose. O. F . me/os, pp. of enclore, to include. L. includere, to shut in. - 1.. in, in;
claudere, to shut. See Clause.
include. (L.) From L. inclUdere
(above).
Incognito, lit. unknown. (Ital.-L.)
Ital. incognito, unknown. -L. in-cognilus,
not known. - L. in-, not; cognitus, known.
See Cognition.
Income. gain, revenue. (E.) Properly
that which comes in; from in and come.
So also out-come, i. e. result.
Incommode. (F.-L.) F. incommoder, to inconvenience. - L. incomf1lodare,
to inconvenience.-L. in, not; commodus,
fit; see Commodious.
Incony. fine, delicate, very dear. (E.)
In Shako For in-conny; where in- is
intensive, as in M. E. in-ty, very; and
conny (also canny) is North E., meaning
skilful, gentle, pleasant, Ikc. From E.

con, I know (how); ct. Ice!. kunnigr,

knowing, wise.
IncorJ?orate. (L.) L. incorpqriilus,
pp. of tncorpqrar~, to furnish with a
body; hence to form into a body.-L. i",
in; cQrjxJr, stem of corpus, a body. See
Corporal (2 ).
Increase. (F.-L.) M.E. incresm,
~ncresen.-F. en (L. in ) ; and A. F. creiss-,
stem of pres. pt. of A. F. crdstre, o. F .
croislre (F . crotlre), to grow, from L.
crescer~, to grow. See Cresoent. Der.
incr~as~, sb.; A. F. ~ncr~es.
increment. (L.) L. incrbnmtu11l,
an increase. L . in, in, used intensively;
crl-, as in ere-tum, supine of creseere, to
grow, with suffix -mentum. Cf. de'cremente
Incubate. (L. ) From pp. of Lat.
incu/Jiire, to sit on eggs to hatch them. .L . in, upon; cuba.re, to lie down, to sit.
incubus. (L.) L. i"cubus, a nightmare.-L. in-cubare, to lie upon (above).
Inculcate. (L.) From pp. ofL. inmlctir~, lit. to tread in, hence, to enforce
by admonition. - L. in, in; calcare, to
tread. See Calk.
Inculpate. (L.) From pp. of Late
L. inC1llpiire, to bring blame upon. - L.
in, upon; m/pare, to blame. See Culpable.
Incumbent. (L.) L. incumbent-,
stem of pres. pt. of inmmbere, to recline
on, rest on or in (remain in); where
cumbere is a nasalised form ~llied to
cubare, to lie down. So also pro-cum bent,
prostrate; re-mmbmt, lying back npon;
suc-cumb, to lie uncer, yield to.
Incur. (L.) L. incurrere, to n1l1
into, run upon. - L. in, upon; curren, to
run. See Current.
incursion. (F. -L.) M. F . incursion.
- L. incursionem, acc. of incursio , an
inroad. - L. incursus, p.r. of incurrere,
to run into, attack (above).
Incurvate, to crook. (L.) From pp.
of L. ittCUruare, to bend into a curve.L. in, in; curuare, to bend. See Curve .
Indeed. truly. (E.) For in deed, i. e.
in fact; see Deed.
Indelible. (F. -L.) For indeltb/e.
- M. F. inde/ebile, 'indelible;' Cot. - L.
indellbiHs,indelible.-L.in-,not; dllibilis,
destructible, from tillire, to destroy. See
Delete.
Inclemnif,v, to make damage good.
(L.) III coined; from L. ;ndemni-s. un-

269

INDEMNITY

INERT

harmed, free from lOBS; and F. -fi", for

-fic-nr~, for facer~, to make (as in
magni-.fy). L. indemnis is from L . in-,
not; and damnum, loss. See Damn.
indemnity. (F.-L.) F. indemnill.
-L. acc. incklllniliitem.-L. in-ckmni-s,
unharm ed, free from loss (damnum).
Indent ( I), to cut into points like
teeth. (Law L.) A law term.-Law L.
ind~nlare, to notch. - L. in, in; d~nl-,
stem of delIS, a tooth. Der. indenture
(F. endentun); so called because duplicate
deeds were cut with notched edges to fit
one another.
Indent (l ), to make a dint in. (E.)
From E. in, prep. ; and dent, a dint.
See Dint. Suggested by indent (I ), but
quite a di stinct word.
Index. (L.) L. index (stem indic-) , a
discloser, something that indicates. - L.
indicare, to point out. - L. in, in, to;
dicare, to appoint, declare, allied to
dicere, to say; see Diction.
indica.te. (L.) From pp. of L. indican, to point at, point out (above) .
indict. (F. - L. ) For indite (which
is the French spelling), and so pronounced.
See Indite.
indiction, a cycle of fifteen years.
(L.) O. F. indiction, an appointment of
tributes arranged for fifteen years; the lit
sense is merely 'appointment.' -L. indiclianem, ace. of indiclio, an appointment,
esp. of a tax. - I.. indictus, pp. of indicere,
to appoint, impose a tax. - L. in, upon;
dicere, to S3y. See Diotion.
Incligenou, native. (L.) Late L.
illdigen-us, native; with suffix -(IUS. - L .
indio - O. Lat. indu, within (cf. Gk.
1,,3cw); and gen., as in gen-i.tus, hom, pp.
of gil[!!tre, to beget; see GenUl.
hdigent, destitute. (F.-L.) M.F.
indigent. - L. indigent-, stem of pres. part.
of indigire, to be in want. - L . ind-, for
indu, an O. Lat. ~tension from in, in
(d. Gk. 1"30,,, within); egire, to want, be
in need; cr. L. indigus, needy. Cf. Gk.
dxil", poor, needy (Tbeocritus).
Indigo, a blue dye . (F. - Span. - L.
-Gk.-Pers. -Skt.) F. indigo. -Span.
indico. - L. indicum, indigo; neut. of
Indi{us, Indian (hence Indian dye). - Gk.
1.. &,,6 .. , indigo; neut. of 'b&,,6., Indian. Pen. Hind, India ; a name due to the
river Indus. - Skt. sindllu , the river Indus ;
a large river. - Skt. syand, to flow . ~ The
Penian chanres initial s into h.

Indite. (F.-L.) Forendite. M.F.

endicter, O. F. enditer, to indict, accuse;
also spelt inditer.-Late I.. indidare, to
point out, frequent. of indicere, to appoint_
See Indioate. Doubtless confused with
the closely related L. indicare, (0 point out.
Indolence. (F.-L.) F. indolence. L. indolentia, freed om from pain; hence,
ease, idleness. -L. in-, not; dolent-, stem
of pres. pt. of do/ire, to grieve. See
Doleful.
Indomita.ble. (L.l Coined from in-,
not; domitare , to subdue, frequent. of
doman , to tame. See Daunt.
Indubita.ble. (F. -L.) M.F. indubitable. - L. indubitiibilis, not to be doubted.
- L. in-, not; dubitabilis, doubtful, from
dubilare, to doubt; see Doubt.
Induce. (L.) L. indiicere, to lead to.
- L. in, in, to; diicere, to lead; see
Duke.
induct. (L.) From L. induct-us, pp.
of i"diicere, to bring in (above).
Indue (I), to invest or clothe with,
supply with. (L.) In Spenser, F . Q. iii.
6. 35. - L. indttere, to put into, put on,
clothe with. The prefix is ind-, not
in- (for this prefix see Indigent); cf.
ex-uuia, spoils, ind-uuia, clothes. See
Exuviee.
Indue (l ), a corruptionofEndue,q. v.
Indulgence. (F.-L.) F. indulgmce.
- L . indulgentia. - I.. indulgtnt-, stem of
pres. pt. of indulgire, to be courteous to,
indulge. (Of unknown origin.)
Indura.te, to harden. (L.) From ppof L. indiirllre, to hardeu. - L. in, intensive; dl~riire, to harden, from durus, hard.
See Dura.
IndUlltrT. (F.-I..) F. industm.L. induslna. - L. industrius, diligent.
Origin uncertain.
Inebria.te. (L.) From L. inibriatus,
pp. of ,nibriare, to make drunk. - I.. in,
in, very; ibriare, to make drunk, from
ibrius, drunk. See Ebriety.
Ine:fra.ble. (F. -L.) F. ineffable.L. ineffiibilis, unspeakable. - L. in-, not;
if- (for ex), out; /a-ri, to speak; with
suffix -bilis. See Fate.
Ineut, foolish. (F. -L.) XVII cent.
- M.l'. ine/fe. - L. ineptus, improper,
foolish. - L. in-, not ; and aptus, fit. (Also
inapt, from in-, not, and apt.) See Apt.
Inert. (L.) L. inert-, stem of iners,
unskilful, inactive. - L. in-, not; ars, skill.
See Art ( 2) .

L.

160

INEXORABLE

INGLE

Inezorable. (F. -L.) F. inexorable. to blow into, puff up. -I... in, in; Jilire, to

-I... i,:exoriibilis, that cannot be moved blow. See F latulent.

by intreaty. - I... i,,., not; exortire, to I ID1lect, to modulate the voice, &c.
gain by ill treaty, from L. ex, out, greatly, (I...) L. iltjiectere, lit. to bend in. -I...
and orare, to pray. See Oration.
in , in; Jieclere, to bend. See Flexible.
Infamf-. (F. - L.) F. inJamie. - L. Inilict. (L. ) From L iltjiicltts, pp. of
illfamia, 111 fame.-I... infami-s, adj., of inJiigere, to inflict, lit. to stIike upon.-I...
ill fame. - I... ill-, not, bad; f ama, fame. ill, upon; and jligere, to strike. See
See Fame.
Aftlict.
Infant. (I...) I... illfant- , stem of in- ID1lorescence, mode of flowering_
fans, not speaking, hence, a very young (F.-I...) F. i'tjiorescence. From the
ba be. - I... in-, not; faIlS, pres. pt. of pres. pt. of L. injloresu re, to burst into .
/dri, to speak.
blossom. - I... in, into; and jlOrescere,
infantry. (F .-Ita!'-I... ) F_ itlfall- inceptive form ofjlorire, to bloom. See
terie. - Ital. i'ifallten 'a, foot-soldiers; orig. Flourish.
a band of ' infants,' as young men were Infiuence. (F. -I...) O. F. i,tjiumct.
called. - Ita!' ilifanle, an infant. - L. a flowing in, esp. used of the influ ence of
ilifalttem, acc. of ilifam (above).
planets. - Late L . i1tjiumtia. - L. i,tjiumt.,
Infatuate. (I... ) From pp. of L. stem of pres. pt. of i,tjiue,'e. to fl ow into.
ilifa/udre, to make a fool of. - L. in, in, - I... in. into; jluere, to flow. See
greatly; fatuu s, foolish. See Fatuous.
Fluent.
Infect, to taint. (F. -I... ) M. E.
infiuenz&. (Ital. -L.) Ita!' injluenza,
i'ifecl , as pp. ; also i'ifee/en, vb. - O. F , influence, also used of a severe catarrh. A
infoct, infected.- I... i'ifectus, pp. of in- doubl et of Influence (above).
j icere, to put in, dye, stain. -L. ill, in ;
infiuz. (F.-I...) O. F. injlux.-I...in.
facere, to put. See F act.
Jiuxus, a flowing in. - I... in, in; Jiuxus,
Infer, to imply. (F. -I... ) M. F. in' , pp. ofJiuere . to flow.
flrer; F . i'iftrer. - L . info"e, to bring in, Inform, t o impart knowledge to. (F.
in troduce.-L. in, in; ferre , to bring. -I... ) F. i1iformer. -I... informiire, to
~ee Fertile.
put into form, mould; also, to tell. inform.
Inferior. (F.-I... ) M. F. i,ifeneur. - - L. in, into ; fonna, form. See Form.
L. j11/eriorem, acc. of i1iferior, lower, Infraction, violation of law. (1".compo of illforttS, low, nether, Strictly, I...) F. i'if,'action . - I... acc, infractionem,
inferus is itself a compar. form, which a weakening, breaking into. - L. i,t/ractus,
some connect with Skt. adhara, lower ; pp. of in-fn'1tgere (below).
which is doubtful. See Brugm. i. 589
iD.friDge. (I...) I... infn'"g-ere, to
(note).
break into, violate law. - I... in, into;
infernal. (F. -I...) F. infenUlI. -L. /rangere, to break. See Fragile.
i"ftmiilis, belonging to the lower regions. Infuriate. (Ita!. - L. ) Ita!' infuriato,
- L infornus, lower; extended from in- pp. of infun'are, to fly into a rage. - Ita!'
f erus (above).
i1l furia, in a fury, ragingly;' F lorio.Infest, to harass. (F. -I... ) F. infester. L. i1l, in; fun'a, rage. See Fury. ~ Or
-I... infestare, to attack . - I... i,t/eslus, from Late L. pp. i,t/uriatus (Ducange).
attacking, hostile ; orig. unsafe. Origin I Infuse. (F. - L ) F . infuser. - I... i,,
doubtfu!'
/fm~s, pp. of i,t/undere, to pour in . - I...
InfideL (F . -I... ) M. F . i"fide/e, ' in- . ilt , in; fundere, to pour. See Fuse ( I ).
fidell;' Cot.-I... itifidilis, fait hless. -L. I Ingenious. (F. -L. ) M.F . i':gmieux
in-, not ; fidilis, faithful, from fidi.s, faith. I '. Col.) . - L. iltgmiostts, clever. - I... ingm
See Fa.ith.
, ;um, natural capacity; see Engine.
Infinite. (F.-L.) O. F. ;,ifinit (F. ingenuous. (I... ) L. i,zgenu-us, in;nfim) . - I... ;nftni/us, uneuded. - I... ill-, born, free -born, frank; with suffi x -ous. not; /initllS, pp. of ffnfre , to end, from L. in, in; gen , as in gen-i-tus, born, pp.
f illis, end. See F inal.
of g;g,zere, to beget. See Genus.
Infirm. (L.) L. i1ifirmus, not strong, Ingle ( I) , fire. (C. ) Low!. Sc. ingle,
weak. - L. in-, not; firmus, firm . See fire. Perhaps from Gael and Irish aingeal,
Firm. Der. i'zjirm-ar-y, infirm.i.ty.
: fire. Allied to Irish ong-, Russ. ogone, fire.
In:O.a.te. (L.) From pp. of L injlare, See Ignition.

z61

INGLE

INN

Ingle

(2), a darling, paramour. (Du.

or Fries.-L.-Gk.) . Also engle (Nares).
M. Du. ingel, engel, an angel (hence, a
term of endearment) . KooIman notes E .
Fries. engel, an angel, as being commonly
used as a term of endearment and as a
female name. - L . angelus. - Gk. If.YYEAOf.
See Angel.
Ingot, a mass of unwrought metal.
( E.) M. E. ingot, Chaucer, C. T. 16677,
&c., where it means a mould for molten
metal. But the true sense is 'that which
is poured in,' a mass of meta!' - A. S. in,
in; and got-en, poured, pp. of geotan, to
pour, fuse metals. Cf. Du. ingielen, Swed.
ingjuta, to pour in. Also Du. gieten, G.
giessm, Ice!. gjota (pp. gotinn), Dan. gyde,
Swed. gjuta, Goth. giutan, to pour, shed,
fuse; coguatewithLIundere. (.y'GHEU. )
Hence F. lingot, (or (ingot.
G. tinguss, a pouring in, also an ingot; Swed.
iffffott, th: neck of a mould for metals.
~, to dye of a fast colour. (F.L.) M. E. engrtl)'ntn. - M. F. engrainer
(Palsg.). - F. en graine, in grain, with a
fast colour.-F. en, in (L. in); Late L.
grana, cochineal dye, from granum, a
grain. See Grain and Cochineal.
Ingrate, ungrateful. (F.-L. ) :F. ingrato - L. ingrtilus, not pleasing. - L. in-,
not; grit/us, pleasing. See Grateful
Ingratiate, to commend to the favour
oJ: (1,.) Coined from L. in, in; gratia,
favour, grace. See Graoe.
Ingredient, that which enters into a
compound. (F.-L.) F. ingr{dient (the
same).-L. ingredient-, stem of pres. pt.
of ingredi, to enter upon, begin (hence to
euter into). - L. in, in; gradi, to go. See
Grade.
ingress. (L.) L. ingressus, an enter
ing. - L. ingressus, pp. of ingred; (above).
InguiD.a.l, relating to the groin. (L.)
L. inguinalis (the same). - 1.. i1tguin-,
stem of inguen, the groin.
ID.ha.bit. (F. - I..) M. F. inhabiter.I.. inhabitare, to d well in. - L. i1t, in; habitare, to dwell. See Habitation.
ID.ha.le. (L.) L. in/wlare, to breathe
in, draw in breath. - I.. in, in; halart, to
breathe. Cf. Exhale.
Inherent. (L.) L. inhtZrmt-, stem
of pres. pt. of in-htZrere, to stick in. Hence
inhere, as a verb. See Hesitate.
Inherit. (F. -L.) O. F. enheriter.Lite I.. inherCditare. - L. in, in; hered-tm,
ace. of heris, an heir. See Heir.

Inhibit,

to check. (L.) From L. inhwitus, pp. of inhibere, to keep in, hold

in. - L in, in; habere, to have, keep.
See Habit.
Inimical. (L.) L. inimicalis, extended from inimicus, hostile. - L. in.,
not; and amicus, friendly. See EneDl7
and Amiable.
Iniquity, vice. (F.-I..) M. E. in
iquitee. - P. iniquitl. - L. iniquitdttm,
acc. of iniquitas, inj~stice.-L. in-, not;
tZ'1uitas, equity. See Equity.
Initial, pertaining to the beginning.
(F.-L.) F. initial.-L. initiiilis, adj.
from initium, a beginning.-L initum,
supine of in-ire, to go in, to enter into or
upon. - L in, ill; ire, to go.
initiate, to begin. (L.) From pp.
of I.. initiare, to begin. - L. initiUl11
(above).
IDject. (L.) From iniectus, pp. of
L . inicere, to cast in, throw into. - L. in,
in; iacere, to throw. See Jet (1).
IDjunction, command. (L.) From
I.. iniunctio, an order.-L. iniunctus, pp.
of iniungen, to bid. See Enjoin.
IDjure. (F.-I..) F. injurier.-Late
L. iniuriare; for L. initlriari, to harm. L iniuria, harm. - L. iniurius, wrong. L in-, not; iur-, for ius, law, right. See
Just.
Ink. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. enke.O. F. enque (F. encre). -Late L . i1tCaUstum; L. encaustum, the purple-red ink
used by the later Roman emperors; nellt.
of encaustus, burnt in. - Gk. lyltaliUTOS,
burnt in.-Gk. iv, in; "alGi, I bum. (Cf.
Ita!. inchiostro, ink.) See Encaustio.
Inlde, a kind of tape. (Origin unknown. ) Perhaps from M . Du.enckel, Du.
enkel, single, as opposed to double; but
there is no obvious connexion.
Inldbur, a hint, intimation. (Scand.?)
M. E. inliing, a whisper, murmur, low
speaking. Alexander, when in disguise,
feared he was discovered, because he' herd
a nyngkiling of his name'; Allit. romance
of Alexander, 2968; where a ny1tgkiling
stands for an yngkiling. To incle the
truthe' = to hint at the truth, Alisaunder
(in app. to Wm. of Paleme), 616. Origin
unknown; perhaps allied to Swed. enkel,
single; cf. et enkelt ord, a single word;
M. Du. endlelinfe, 'a falling or a diminishing of notes I Hexham.
InD., sb. (E.) M. E. in, inn. - A. S.
in", in, ab., room, dwelling.-A. S. in,

a6a

INNING

INSTEP

i"n, adv., within, indoors. - A.S. itt, prep., sectum, lit. 'a thing cut into,' i. e. nearly
in. +Ice1. inni, an inn; inni, adv., indoors. divided , from the shape. - L. ituectus, pp.
See In.
of inseeare, to cut into. - L. itt, into;
inning. (E.) Properly the securing seeare, to cut. See Secant.
or housing of grain, from iml, vb., due to Insert. (L. ) From L. insertus, pp.
inn, sb. (above ).
Also innings, at of inserere, to introduce, put in. - L. in,
cricket, invariably used in the plural, in; serere, to join, put. See Series.
because the side which is in consists of InsidiolUl. (F.-L.) F. insidieux.
several players.
deceitful.-L. insidiosus, treacherous.-L.
Innate, in-born. (L.) L. inniitus, in- insiditZ, pI. troops of men who lie in wait,
born. - L. in, in; natus, born; see Natal. also cunning wiles. - L. insidire, to lie in
Innocent. (F.-L.) F. imuuent.-L. wait, lit. 'to sit in.'-L. in, in; sed"e, to
innoeent-, stem of i1Znoeens, harmless. - sit. See Sedentar:v.
L. in-, not; noeens, pres. pt. of noeere, to Insignia.. (L .) L. insignia, marks of
hnrt. See Noxious.
office; pI. of insigne, which is the neuter
innocuous. (L.) L. innocuous, harm- of inslgnis, remarkable. - L. in, upon.
less; with suffix -cus. - L. in-, not; noe"e, signum, a mark. See Sign.
to hurt.
Insinuate. (L.) From pp. of L. inInnovate, to introduce something new. sinuare, to introduce by winding or
(L.) From pp. ~f 1:-. innouare, to renew, bending. -L. in, into; sinus (gen. sinUs).
make new.-L. In, ID; nouus, new. See a bend. See Sinus.
Novel.
Insipid. (L.) L. insipidus. -L. in-,
Innuendo, an indirect hint. (L.) Not not; sapidus, savoury. See Sapid.
to be spelt inuendo. From L. i""uendo, Insist. (F.-L. ) F. insister.-L. inby intimating; gernnd of innuere, to nod sistere, to set foot on, persist. - L. in, in;
towards, intimate. - L. in, in, at; nuere, sistere, to set, stand, from stare, tp stand.
to nod. See Nutation.
See State.
Inoculate. (L.) In old authors it Insolent. (F.-L.) M. E. insolent.
means 'to engraft.'-L. inoeulatus, pp. of -F. insolent, saucy._L. insolent-, stem
inoculare, to engraft, insert a graft.-L. of insolens, not customary, unusual, insoin, in; oculus, an eye, also a bud of a lent. - L. in-, not; solens, pres. pt. of
plant. See Ocula.r.
so'"e, to be accnstomed, be wont.
Inordinate. (L.) L. i,wrdiniilus. Inspect. (L.) L. inspeetare, to obL. in-, not; ordinatus, ordered, controlled, serve; frequent. of insp;cere, to look into.
pp. of ordinare; see Ordain. And see - L. in, into; spectre, to look. See
Order.
Species.
Inquest. (F . -L.) Later spelling of Inspire. (F. -L.) O. F. enspire,..,
M. E. enqueste. O. F. mqueste. -Late L. M. F. inspirer (Cot.). - L. inspirare, to
inquesta, sb., from inquesta, fem. of Late breathe into. - L. in, into; spirare, to
L. inquestus. - L. inquisitus, pp. of in breathe. See Spirit.
quireye, to search into. - L. in, into; Inspissate, to make thick. (L.)
quaerere, to search. See Query.
Fro.m pp. of .L. ins~ssiire, to thicken.inquire, late spelling of Enquire, L. "', ID; SPlSSUS, thick, dense.

. .. Instance. (F.-L.) F. instance, 'inq. y.

mquUlltion. (F.-L.) F. Inqum- stance, urgency;' Cot.-L. itlStantia, a
tion. - L. acc. inquisitWnem, a search being near, urgency. - L. instant-, Item
into. - L. inquisitus, pp. of inquirere ; of pres. pt. of instare, to be at hand, to
see Inquest (above).
urge. - L. in, upon, near; stare, to atand.
Inscribe. (L.) L. inscribere, to See State.
write in or upon; pp. insenptus (whence Instead. (E.) For in stead, i.e. in
inscription). - L. in, upon; scribere, to the place. See Stead.
write. See Scribe.
Instep, the upper part of the foot,
ID.8crutable, that cannot be scrutin- where it rises to the front of the leg. (E.)
ised. (F. -L.) F. inscrutable.-L. in Formerly instup and instop (Minsheu).
scrl4tiilJilis. - L. in., not; serUlari, to These forms may be related to A. S. stop-.
scrutinise. See Sorutin7.
as seen in stop-~l, a footprint, O. Sax.
Iaseot. (F.-L.) F. inste.-L. in- stop-(). a Itep (c!. Do. sl()ej, a set of &tepI,
363

INSTIGATE

INTERCOURSE

G. stuje, a step, stair) ; from stop, strong

grade of stapa1Z, to advance (whence the
secondary verb st~ppan, to step). The
reference seems to be to the movement of
the foot in walking. See Step.
InstiJate, to urge on. (L.) From
pp. of ,nstigare, to goad on.-L. in , on;
and base *stig-, to prick, allied to L.
stinguere, to prick; see Distinguish.
See Brugm. i. 633.
Instil_ (F. - L.) F. instiller. - L.
instillare, to pour in by drops. - L. in,
in; stilliire, to drop, from stit/a, a drop.
See Still (2).
Instinct. (F. -L.; or L.) F. insti"ct,
sb. - L . instinctum, acc. of instinctus, an
impulse. - L. imtindus, pp. of instinguere,
to goad on. - L. in, on; stinguere, to
prick. See Distinguish.
Institute. (L.) From L. institutu.f,
pp. of imtituere, to set, establish. - L. ill,
in ; statuere, to place, from statu-s, verbal
sb. from stare, to stand. See State.
Instruct. (L. ) From L. i1Zstructus ,
pp. of instruere, to build into, instnlct. L. in, in; struere, to pile up, build. See
Structure.
instrument_ (F.-L. ) F. i1lstrument. - L. ittst,-umultum, an implement,
tool. _ L. instruere (above) ; with suffix

a cO\'ering, skin. - L. in, upon; tegere, to

cover; see Tegument.
Intellect. (F. -L.) M.F. intellect.L. itl/ellectus, perception, discernment. L . inlellecttlS, pp. of intelligere, to discern . - L. intel-, for inter, between; legere,
to choose. See Legend.
intelligence. ( F. -L.) F. itttelli
genet. - L. intelligentia, perception. - L.
intelligent-, stem of pres. pt. of intelligere,
to discern, understand (above).
intelligible. (F.-L.) F. intelligible. - L. i.ttell~l{ibi!is, p erceptible to the
senses. - L. illtel/igt1"C, to d iscern (above) ;
with suffix -bilis.
Intend_ (F.-L.) M. E. entmdm. F. entendre. - L. itttmdere, to stretch to,
bend or apply the mind to, design . - L. in,
to; tende,'e, to stretch. See Tend ( I ).
intense. (F.-L.) O. F. illteme. L. intens-us, stretched out, pp. of intendere
(above).
intent, design. (F. -L.) M. E. entente. - F. mtmte, intention; participial
sb. from F. entetttire, to intend; see Intend.
And see below.
intent, adj . (L.) L. intmtus, bent
on; pp. of intendere ; see Intend.
Inter. (F . -L.) M.E. enlerren. -F.
enterrer, to bury.-Late L. interriire, to
put into the ground. - L. in, in; terra,
grol1nd. See Terrace. Der. inter-mm!,
F. enterrement.
Inter-,prqfx, amongst. (L.) L. inter,
among; a comparative form, answering to
Skt. antar, within; closely allied to Interior, q. v. Also Intel- (before I).
Intercalate, to insert. (L.) From
pp. of L. intercaliire, to proclaim that
a day has been inserted in the calendar,
to insert. - L. inter, amongst; caliire, to
proclaim. See Calenda.
Intercede. (F.-L.) F.interdder.L. illtercldere, lit. to go between; hence,
to mediate.-L. iltter, between; cldere, to
go. See Cede. Der. intercessio1t, from
the pp. interuss-us.
Intercept. (F. - L.) F. ilttercepter. L. i"tercepl-us, pp. of intl!1"Cipere, lit. to
catch between.-L. inter, between; capere,
to take. See Capacious.
Intercourse. (F. - L.) Formerly
entercourse. - F. entrecours, intercourse,
commerce. - Late L . intercursus, commerce; lit. a running amongst. - L. inter,
amongst; cursus, a running, course, from
the pp. of curnre, to run. See Oourse.

-mentum.

Insular. (L.) L. insularis, insular.L. insula, an island. Cf. Isle.

Insult, vb. (F.-L.) F.insulter. -L.
insultiire, to leap upon, scoff at, insult;
frequent. of insilere, to leap upon . -L. in,
on ; sali,.~, to leap . See Salient.
Insurgent. (L.) L. insur.t:m!-, stem
of pres. pt. of insurgere, to rise up or on,
to rebel. - L. in, on ; surgere, to rise. See
Surge.
insurrection. (F. -L.) F. insurrection . - L .acc. i1lsurrectiomm,fromnol11.
insurredio. - L. insurrectus, pp. of insurgere, to rebel (above).
Intaglio, a kind of carved work. (ltal.
- L. ) lta1. intaglio, a sculpture, carving.
- Ital. intagiiare, to cut into. - Ital. in
( = L. i1l), in; taglian = Late L. taliare,
taleare, to cut twigs, to cut, allied to
lalia, tiil~a, a slip, twig.
Iuteger, a whole number. (L.) L.
integer, whole, entire; lit. uutouched, i. e.
unharmed. - L. in-, not; *tag-, base of
tangere, to touch. See Tangent. Hrugm.
i. 2 (3) ; ii. 632 .
Integument. (L.) L.integIJtncntuln,

l6..

INTERDICT

INTERSPERSE

Interc1ict, ab. (L.) Law L. inter- L.) F. intenur.-F. i'lterne, internal,

dictum, a kind of excommunication; in kept within.-L. intemw, inward; from
Latin, a decree. -L. interdictus, pp. of inter, within, IlDd suffix -",IS. See Inter-.
interdteere, to pronounce a jUdgment
internal. lL.) Cf. O. F. intenu/.
between two parties. -L. inter, between ; From L. intern-tIS (above); with suffix
dfeere, to say. See Diction.
-at (L.-tilis ).
Intereat (I ), profit, advantage. (F.- Internecine, thoroughly destructive.
L.) M. F. interest (F. in/(rlt), an interest (L.) L. internecfnus, thoroughly destrucin a thing, interest for money (Cot.). - L. tive. _ L. internecio, utter slaughter. - L.
interest, it is profitable; 3 peTS. sing. of inter, thoroughly (see Lewis) ; and neetire,
.:nteresse, to concern, lit. 'be among.' - L. to kill, from nee-, stem of nex, death. Cf.
mter, among; esse, to be. See Inter- Gk. "fICVS , a corpse. Brugm. i. 375.
Interpellation. (F. -L.) F. inter
nnd ElI8ence.
interest ( 2), to engage the attention pellalion.-L. acc. i,tlerpelltitiiinelll. - J..
of another. (F.-L.) A curious word ; interp/latw, pp. of illterpelltire, to drivc
formed (by partial confusion with the verb between, to hinder, interrupt.-L. inter,
above) from the pp. interess'd of the between; pellere, to drive. See Pulsate.
obsolete verb to interess, uSed by Massinger Interpolate. (L.) From pp. of L.
and Ben Jonson. -M.F. interesst, 'in- interpo/tire, to furbish up, patch, interpoteressed, or touched in;' Cot.-L. in- late.-L. interpo/us, interpo/is, polished
teresse, to concern (as above). Der. up. _ L. inter, in, between; polin, to
Hence dis-interested, from the verb dis- polish. See Polish.
interest,orig. a pp. and spelt disinteress'd. Interpose. (F. -L. and Gk.) F. inInterfere. (F. - L.) Formerly enter- terposer, to put between. - L. inter, beftir, to dash one heel against the other tween ; F . poser, to put; see Pose (1 ) .
(Blount). O. F . lentrifen'r, to exch:mge Interposition. (F. - L. ) F. interblows. - F. entre, between; flrir, to strike. position. - L. acc. interpositiol1em,a putting
-L. inter, between ; jerire, to strike. between.-L. interyosittfS, pp. of interj>OSee Ferule.
nerl, to put between. - L. inter, between;
Interior. (F.-L.) O. F. interior.- !Onere, to put. See Position.
L. inten'6rem, acc. of inten'or, compo of Interpret,toexplain. (F.-L.) M.E.
intenu, within. In-terus itself was orig. interpreten. - M. F. interpreter. - L. intera comparative form, answering to Skt. pretari, to expound. - L. inte,.p,.et-, stem of
anta,.a-, interior. The positive is the L. interprls, an interpreter, properly an agent,
in; in; see In. Bru~m, i. 466.
broker. The latter part of the word is
Inter;jacent. (L.) From pres. pt. of perhaps allied to L. pret-;u"" price; see
L. intenacit-e, to he between. - L. inte,., Price.
between; iael,.e, to lie. See Jet ( I).
Interregnum. (L.) From L. inter,
interjectiOn. (F.-L.) F.interjee- between; regnl4m, a reign, rule, from
tioll, an interjection, a word tnrt1Wn in to "ege,.e, to rule. See Regent.
express emotion.-L. ace. interiectiOtIml, Interrogate. (L.) From pp. of L.
a throwing between, insertion, interjection. inte,.,.ogii,.e, to question. - L. inter,
- L. interieetus, pp. of L. il1terice,.e, to thoroughly; ,.oga,.e, to ask. See Rogacast between; (-ice,.e = iacere, to cast).
tion.
Interloper, an intruder. (Du.-F.-L. Interruption. (F.-L.) F. interrupand Du.) Low G. and Du. enter/oper tion . -L. acc. interruptiiinem, a breaking
(Brem. Wort.). Lit. ' a nmner between;' into. - L. interruptus, pp. of interrumj>ere,
coined from F . entre ( <L. inter) , between; to break into. - L. inte,., amongst; rumpen,
and Du. looper, a runner, from loopn, to to break. See Rupture.
run, cognate with E. /eap; see Leap.
Intersect. (L.) From L. inte,.seclus,
Intermit, to interrupt, cease awhile. pp. of interseeii,.e, to cut between or apart.
(L.) L . inte1'1nittere, to send apart, inter- - L. inte,., between; secare, to cut. See
TUpt; pp. intermissus. - L. inter, between; Secant.
mit/ut, to send. See _iseile. Der. in- Intersperse. (L.) From L. interlenniss-ion, F . intermission, L. acc. in- spersw, pp. of intnsperge,.e, to sprinkle
termisniinem; from the pp.
.
amongst. - L. i,tler, among; sparger" to
IntenL. to confine within limits. (F.- scatter. See 8pane.
265

INTERSTICE

INURE

Intentice. (F.-I...) J!".interstice.- Intricate, perplexed, obscure. (L.)

L. illtentilium, an interval of space. - L. From the pp_ of I... intricare, to perplex.inter, between; sttUus, pp. of sis/ere, to L. itl, in; trietZ, pI. sb., hindrances, vexations, wiles. See Extricate_
place, from stare, to stand. See State.
Interval. (F.-L.) M.F. i,uervaiie,
intrigue to form secret plots. (F.intnguer, (also M.F. i,.
interval. - L. interuailuf1l, lit. the space Ital.-L.;
between the rampart of a camp and the triquer, 'to intricate, perplex, insnare;'
soldiers' tents. - L. inter, between; uallum, Cot.). -Ital. intrigare (also intricarc), ' to
rampart. See Wall.
intricate, entrap;' Florio. - L. intricare
Intervene, to come between. (F. - L. ) (above).
F. intervenir; Cot. _ L. i1ueruenire, to Intrinsic, inherent. (F. - L_) For
come between. - L. inter, between; uenire, *intritlSec. M. F. intrillseqlle, ' inward;'
to come. See Venture.
Cot. - L. intn'm ccus, lit. 'following inIntestate, without a will. (F. - L.) wards.' - L. *i,urim, allied to intra,
M. F. intestato- L. intesttitus, that has within (cf. in/erim ) ; scc-us, lit. following,
made no will. - L. ill-, not; testatus, pp. from sequi, to follow. See Sequence.
of testari, to make a will. See Testa- Intro-, prefix, within. (L.) L. intra;
an adv. close[y allied to L. i,zlra; from
ment.
Intestine. (F.-L.) F.ilztestin ,adj ., in/erus, inner. See Interior.
'intestine, inward;' Cot. - L. intestinus, Introduce. (L.) L. intriJdiicere, to
inward. Formed from L. i1uus, within, bring in. - L. intra, within; diicere. to
cognale with Gk. EVTOS, within; extended bring. See Duke. Der. imroduct-ion
(from thepp. introduct-us).
from L. in, in. Cf. Entr&i.ls.
Intimate (I), to announce, hint. (L.) Introit, an antiphon sung as the priest
From pp. of L. i,ztimtire, to bring within, approachesthealtar. (F.-I...) F.introi"t.
to announce. - L . intimus, inmost, superl. - L. acc. i,ztroitum, from introitus,
corresponding to compo interior; see In- li t. ' entrance.' - L. itztroitus. pp. of
terior.
introire, to enter. -L. ;"tro, within; ire,
intimate (2 ) , familiar. (L.) This to go.
form is due to confusion with the word Introspection. (L.) Coined from
above. It is really founded on M. F. in- L. introspect-us, pp. of ;ntrospictre, to
time, inward, 'secret,deer,entirelyaffected;' look into (with suffix -iotz). -L. i,zlri5-,
within; spectre, to look. See Speoiell.
Cot.; from L. intimus (above).
Intimidate. (L.) From pp. of Late Intrude, to thrust oneself into. (L.)
L. intimidare, to frighten. - L. in, inten- L. itltriidere, to thrust into. - I... in, in,
sive prefix; timidus, timid. See Timid. into; triidere (pp. triisus). to thrust. AlInto, prep. (E.) M. E. into; orig. two lied to Threaten. Der. in/rus-ion, from
words. A. S. in 10, in to, where in is the pp.
used adverbially, and to is a preposition; Intuition. (F.-L.) J!-. intuition.
see In and To.
Formed, by analogy with lui/ion, from L.
Intone, to chant. ~Late L. - L. a,zd intuitus, pp. of ;n/ulri, to look upon.
Gk.) Late L. intonare, to sing according - L. in, upon; /ulri, to watch. See
to tone. - L iIJ tonum, according to tone; Tuition.
where tOllltlil is acc. of tOIJUS, borrowed Intumescence, a swelling. (F . -L.)
from Gk. Tuvor; see Tone.
F. i"tumescencc. I'rom stem of pres. pt.
Intozicate. (Late I... -L. and Gk.) of L. intutnt!scere, to begin to swell.From pp. of Late L. intoxicarc, to make L. in, very; tttmescere, inceptive form of
drunk.-L. i", into; toxicum, poison, tumlrc, to swell. See Tumid.
bouowed from Gk. To6urov, poison for InlUldation. (F.-L. ) Imitatedfrom
arrows. Gk. TO{IICOl' is dl\!". from TO{Ol', a F. itlOndatioll. - I... inunda/ionem, ace. of
bow, of which the pI. T6ia is used to mean ilzulldatio, an overflowing. - L. i1lUndiire.
arrows. With Gk. T6iov cf Gk. TJX-VfJ, to overflow.-L. in, upon, over; utufa,
art, or perhaps L. laxus, a yew.tree. a wave. See Undulate.
See Technical.
Inure, to habituate_ (F. -I...) Also
Intrepid. (L) L. intrcpidus, fear- spelt enure, i. e. en urc; the word arose
less, not alarmed.-L. in-, not; trepidus, from the phrase in (F. m ) urc, i. c. in
alarmed. See TrePldawon.
operation, in work, in cmployment, for-

F.

~66

IPECACUANHA

INVADE

Here it, is the E. prep. inuestire, to clothe in or with. - I.. ill,

See Vest.
O'lire, work, action; from L. opera, work. Investiga.te. (L.) From pp. of L.
(Cf. mallure .. mall,o!llvn.) See also illuestIgtire, to track out. - L. ill, in, uVOn ;
tllallUre, malllzuvre. See Operate.
uesliitire, to trace, allied to uesligltim,
Inva.de. (F.-L.) M. F. ;nvader.- a foottrack. See Vestige.
L. ;nuMere (pp. immsus), to enter, in Inveterate. (L.) L. inue/ertiim, pp.
vade.-L. in, in; wlt/en, to go. Der. of ;nue/ertire, to letain for a long time.invas.ioll, from the pp.
L. itl, in; ue/er, for *ue/es-, stem of
Inveclted, Invected, in heraldry, uelm, old. See Veteran.
indented with successive cusps, with the Inviclioua. (L.) From L. inuidiDsus,
points projecting inwards. (L. )
Lit. causing odium or envy.-L. inuidia, envy.
'carried in.' - L. ;mlte/tlS, pp. of inuelure, - L. ;tluidire, to envy, lit. to look upon
to carry inwards. -L. ill, in; uenere, to (in a bad sense). -L. in, upon; uidire, to
carry. See Vehicle.
look . See Vision.
Inveigh, to attack with words, rail. Invigorate, to give vigour to. (L.)
(F.-L.) From F.envalzir, O.F. envai'r, As if from pp. of Late L. *inuigurtire, to
ellvti'r, to invade, from L. illutitkre (see give vigour to.-L. in, towards; uigor,
Invade); but popularly connected with L. viJ:'our; see Vigour. Cf. Ita1. invigorire.
illuelure, to carry into or to, to introduce, Invincible. (F. -I..) F. inv;ndbk.
attack, inveigh against. _ L. ill, against; - L. ;nuincibilis. - L. j1l-, not; uinc;uekere, to bring. fJ. The latter etymology bilis, easily overcome, from uin~ere, to
was suggested by the use of E. invective, conquer; see Vanquish.
borrowed from F. illvu/ive, 'an invective;' Invite. (F. - L.) F. i,roiier. _ L.
Cot.; from L. inuec/iuus, adj., scolding, ;nui/tire, to ask, request, invite. Allied
due to ;"uectus. pp. of i"uenere. Hence to *uilus, willing, in in,uilus, unwilling.
Cot. has 'invectiver, to inveigh.'
Brngm. i. 343. Doublet, vie, q. v.
Inveigle. (F.-L.) InSpenser, F.Q. Invoca.tion. (F.-L.) F. invocation.
i. n. 31. [Indirectly from F. aveugkr, -L. inua~titiOnem, ace. of inua~titio, a
to blind; cf; E. aveug/e, to cajole, seduce, calling upon . - L. inua~titlls, pp. of inA.D. 1547, in Froude's Hist. v. 13l; and ua~tire, tocallupon.-L.in, upon; ua~tin,
A.D. 1543, State Papers, ix. '247.] It to call. See Vocation.
precisely answers to Anglol". enveoglir,
invoke. (F.-L.) F. invoquer.-L.
to blind, in Will. of Wadington's Manuel inuoctire, to cnll upon (abo~e) .
des Peches, 1. 10639; spelt also enveogler Invoice, a particular account of goods
in N. Bozan. These are mere (ignorant) sent out. (F.-L.) A corrnption ofmvois,
variants of F. aveugler, to blind (like im- pI. of F. envoi, O. F. envoy, a sending;
postkmlle for apostume), from F. aveugle see Envoy. Cf. E. wice, from O. F. vois.
(A. F. enveog/es in Bozon), blind.-Late Involve. (F.-L.) F. involver, 'to
L. *aboctdunz, acc. of *abocu/us, blind involve;' Cot.-L. inuo/uere, to roll in,
(Ducange has avocu/us,alsoabombs, adj.). roll up.-L. it"~ in; uoluere, to roll. See
- L. ab, without; oculus, eye. ~ Baret Voluble.
Der. involul-ion, involute,
(1580)has: 'invn'gleonesminde,o(C(:e~are from the pp. inualutus; also iniJo/~e,
aninzum.'
from L. inuo/~III, an envelope.
Invent. (F.-L.) F. invmter, to de- Iodine, an elementary body. (Gk.)
vise. Formed, with suffix -er (L. .tire), Named from the violet colour of its
from L. inuent-us, pp. of inuenire, to vapour. [Cf. F. itXie, iodine.]-Gk. 1&'3come upon, fiud out. - L. ;~" upon; uenire, 'IS, contr. form of iOf'3!7S, violetlike; with
to come. See Venture. Der. invent- suffix -ine. - Gk. io." a violet; f13-0S,
itm, &c.
appearance. See Violet.
Inverse, opposite. (F. -L.) M. E. Iota.. (Gk. -Heb.) Gk. lein-a, a letter
inwrs.-M. F. i,roers.-L. iiluersus, pp. of the Gk. alphabet. _ Heb. yOd, the
of inuertere (below).
smallest letter of the Heb. alphabet,
invert. (L.) L. illuer/ere, to tum with the power of y. (Of Phrenician
towards or up, to invert. - L. ill, towards; origin. ) See Jot.
uerlere, to tum. See Verse.
Ipeca.cua.nha., a medical root. (Port.
Invellt. (F.-L.) F. ;Iroeslir. - L. , - Brazilian.) Port. ipe~tKUa,.1ta (Span.
merly common.

ill; ure is from O. F.e"re, also spelt uevre, ill; tlesli"e, to clothe.

l67

ISOLATE

IRipecacuana). Fr0!D. the Bruz.ilian name of

the plant; Guarani iPlkatz-guaiia. Ip/~ '
p~b, small; kaa, pfant; guafla, causing
sickness.
Ir- ( I) , prefix. (L.; or F.-L.) For
L in, in, prep., when r follows.
Ir- (2), pnfix. (L.; or F.-L) For
L. neg. prefix in-, when l' follows.
Ire. ( F.-L.) F. ire.-L. ira, anger.
irascible. (F. -L.) F. irascible. L. irnscibilis, choleric; from irasci, to
become angry i with suffix -bilis. -L ira,
anger.
Iris, a rainbow. (L. -Gk.) L. iris. Gk. TPIS, a rainbow. Der. irid-esc-ent,
irid-ium; from irid-, stem of iris. And
see Orril.
Irk, to weary. (Eo) M. E. irken, erken,
to tire; also irk, erk, adj. weary. Not in
A. S.+M. H. G. ~rken, to loathe i "klick,
loathsome; Bavarian erkel, sb., nausea
(Schmeller) .
IroJl, a metal. (Eo) M. E. iren, also
in. A. S. iren, older forms isem,
isaem, adj. and sb. + Du. ;.fur i O. Ice!.
isarn; O. H. G. uam, G. eisen; Goth.
tisa,.", sb. (whence eisa~ins, adj.). And
CC. W. kaiam, Com. Mern, Irish iarann,
O. Ir. iam, Bret. kouam, iron. fJ. The
Celtic forms answer to an O. Celt. form
*isanIQ' (*eisanIQ' , Stokes, in Fick, ii. 25);
from which the Germanic forms may have
been borrowed. At any rate, Icel. jarn
and Dan. Swed. jem are from O. Ir. jarn .
Remoter origin unknown.
iroJlJlLoJlger, a dealer in iron goods.
(Eo) From iron and monS"; see Konger.
iroJl-mould. (E.) See Kould (3).
IroJl7. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. ironie
(Minsheu). _ L. ironia. - Gk. tipowfia,
dissimulation, irony. - Gk. ffp.."" a dis
sembler, one who says less then he thinks
or means. Allied to Ionic ffpofUll, Attic
fpop.az, I ask, enquire, seek out (cf. dp<TlOJ,
Ion. for Ipo>T40J, I ask), IpftlYa, enquiry,
search ( ~ase *reu; Prellwiu).
.
Irra.diate. (L.) From pp. of L. 'TTIIdiare, to shine upon. -L. ir-, for in, on;
rndiare, to shine, from radius, a ray. See
Radius.
Irref.!a.Ja.ble, not to be refuted. (F.
-L.) F. ,rrtjragable. - L. irrifragabilis,
not to be withstood. -L. ir- (= in-, not);
rifragiiri, to oppose, thwart, from re-,
back, and (probably) L. trag-, base of
jrangere, to break. (For the long a, cf.
L sujfrtigium, prob. from the &aIDe root.)

Irriga.te, to water.

(L.) l'rom pp. of

L. irrigiin, to flood. -L. in, upon; rigar"
to wet, moisten.
Irritate. (L.) From pp. ofL. irritiire,
to incite, excite, provoke, tease. App.
related to irrire, kirrire, to soarl as
a dog i which is prob. an imitative
word.
Irru~tiOJl. (F.-L.)
F. irruption,
' a forcible entry;' Cot. -L. acc. irruptio~m, a breaking into. -L. ir. (for in),
into; rupt-us, pp. of rump~re, to break.
See Rupture.
Is. A. S. is; from .vES, to be. The
general. Idg. form is ES- TI, as in Skt.
asti, Gk. fU-Ti, L es-t, G. is-t; also
O. lcel. es, E. is. See also Be, Was.
IsiJlgla.ss, a glutinous substance made
from a l'ish. (Dn.) A corruption ofM. Du.
kUJunblas (mod. Du. huisblad), isinglass,
lit. ' sturgeon-bladder,' whence isinglass is
obtained; see Sewel. - M. Du. k"ys, sturgeon; blaese, bladder (Kilian).
G. kausenblase,sturgeon-bladder, isinglass; from
G. kausen , a sturgeon, blase, a bladder,
from blasen, to blow. Cf. O. H . G. kmo,
a sturgeon.
IIIla.m, the religious system of Muham
med. (Arab.) Arab. islO"" lit. '6ubmis
sion.' - Arab. root sa/ama, he was resigned.
See KOllem.
Isla.Jld. (E.) The s is inserted by confusion with F. isle. M. E. iland. A. S.
igland. - A. s. ig, an island i land, land;
perhaps by confusion of A. S. ig, island,
with A.S.lal_d, island, lit. 'water-land.'
The A. S. ig is also ieg, O. Merc. 19 (cf.
Angles-ey); cognate with lcel. t7, Dan.
Swed. 0, island; G. aut, meadow near
water. The orig. Teut. form was
fern. of
belonging to water, an
adj. formed from -akwa, water, represented
by A. S. la, O. H. G. aka, Goth. a/.wa, a
stream, cognate with L aqua, water.
Isle, an island. (F. - L.) O. F. isle
(F . lie). - L. insula, an island.
See
In.ular.
IsochroJlOUII, performed in equal
times. (Gk.) Gk. iuo.s, equal; XP6J101,
time (see Chroniole). Brugm. i. 3.. 5 c.
iaosceles, having two equal legs or
sides as a triangle. (L. -Gk.) L. isosce/es.
- Gk. luouKf""", isosceles. - Gk. ruo-s,
1ual; UKfll.-os, a leg, side of a triangle.
solate, to insulate. (Itnl.-L.) Suggested by Ita!' isolato, detached, used as
a term in architecture (whence also F.

268

ce.

-agwio.,

-acwiii,

JACKE1'

ISSUE
isolt'). - Ita1. isola, an island. - L. insula,
an island. See Insular.
Issue. progeny, result. (F.-L.) M. E.
issue, sb. - F. issue, O. F . issui (eissu~),
the issue, end, eyent;' Cot. Fem. of issu,
pp. of irsir, to depart, go out. - L. exire,
to go onto - L. ex, out: ire, to go.
Isthmus. a neck of land connecting a
peninsula with the mainland. (L. - Gk.)
L. islkmus. - Gk. la9pof, a narrow passage:
allied to t9pa , a step. ( VEl, to go.)
It. (E.) M. E. MI. A. S. kil, neut. of
he, he.+lcel. kit, neut. of kinn : Du. ket,
nent. of kij ; Goth. kita. The old gen.
case was nis, afterwards ii, and finally ils
(X VII cent.). See He.
Italics, a name for letters printed
thus-in sloping Iype. (L.) . Named from
Aldo Manu zio, an I talian, about A. D.
1501. -L. Italicus. -L. Italia, Italy.
Itch. (E.) North E. yuke. M. E.
ikm, iccllen, fuller form Jiken, Jicllen.
A. S. gicca1t, to itch, for *gyccan; cf. A. S.
gykIJa, an itching. + E. Fries. j oken, Du.
jet/ken, G. jucken, to itch; O. H. G.
jucckan. T eut. type *jukjan..
Item, a separate article or particular.
(L.) L. item, likewise; in common use
(or enumerating particulars; closely allied
to ita, so~ Cf. Skt. itlham, thus, iii, thus.
iterate. to repeat. (L.) From pp. of
L. iterare, to repeat. -L. iterum, again;
a compar. form (with snffix Ier) from the
pronominal base I, as in i-Iem, i-Ia. Cf.
Skt. i.lara(s), another.
Itinerant. travelling. (L.) From
pres. part. of O. Lat. itinerare, to travel.
- L. niner, stem of iler, a journey. - L.
itum, supine of ire, to go. (.vEl, to go.)
Ivo!'7. (F.-L.) M.E.iflQru( =iwrie).
-0. F. ivurU, later ivoire.-L. eboreus,
adj., made of ivory. -L. ebor-, stem of
eOur, ivory. Perhaps allied to Skt. wha-,
an elephant.
Ivy. an evergreen. CE.) A. S. ijig: also
ifegn. + O. H. G. ebahewi (G. epAeu) ;
The A. S. if-ig seems to be
Kluge.
a compound word. The syllable if- is
equivalent to Du. ei in ei-too!, ivy (where
1001= E. leaf): and to ebaCII). in O. H. G.
tban: but the sense is unknown.
lwia, certainly. (E.) M. E. ywis, iwis.
A. S.ge-.uis, adj., certain (whencegewislice,
adv. , certainly). +Du.gnuis, adj. and adv.:
G. gewiss, adv. Cf. Ice!. viss, certain,
sure. From Teut. type *1uissoz (for *wi/
loz, Idg. *wid-Ios), pp. from the base wil.

in wit-an, to know; see Wit. C.vWEID.)

~ The M. E. prefix i (A. S. gt-) is
sometimes written apart from the rest of
the word, and with a cnpitalletter. Hence,
by the mistake of editors, it has been
printed I wis, and explained as' I kn ow.'
This is the origin of the fictitious word
wis, to know, given in some dictionaries.

J.

Jabber.

to chatter. (F.?) Formerly

jaberandjab/e, of imitative origin: similar
to gabber and gabble. Godefroy gives
O. F. j aber as a variant of gaber, to mock.
Cf. Du. gabberen, to jabber; Sewel. See
Gabble.
Jacinth. a precious stone. (F.-L.Gk.) F . J acinthe. - L. kyacintllus, a
jacinth. - Gk. vWtlv90f, a jacinth: Rev.
xxi. 20. See Hyacinth.
Jack (I), a saucy fellow, sailor. (F.L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E. Jacke, Jakke,
often nsed as a term of reproach, as in
'Jakk( fool,' Chaucer, C. T . 3708. Gen
erally nsed formerly (as now) as a pet
substitute for Jolin , and perhaps due to
the dimin. form lankin. Jokn is from
A. F. Johan . - L. Iohannes. - Gk. 'IaxlVV1Jf.
- Reb. Yehiikhaniin, Yok/ulnan, lit. 'God
is gracious.' fJ. Apparently confused with
F. Jacques, a common name in }<'rance.
Jaques is from L. Iacobus.-Gk. 'Ia..c",pof.
- Heb. Ya'oqob, Jacob: lit. one who
seizes by the heel. - Heb. root 'aqob, to
seize by the heel, supplant. ~ The name
was extended to denote various implements,
such as a smoke-jack, a boot-jack; so also

Jack-o'lent,Jack.o-lontern,Jack.pudding,
Jack-an-apes( =Jack qn apes, with qn = of).
jack (2),a coat of mail. (F.-L.-Gk.
-"lIeb.) O. F. Jaque, James, also a Jack,
or coat of maile;' Cot. Cf. Ital. paco, a
coat of mail, Span. jaco, a soldier's jacket,
G.jacke, a jacket. Of obscure origin; but
prob. due to the Jacquen"e, or revolt of the
peasantry nicknamed Jacques Bonkommes,
A. D. 1358; and hence due to F. Jaques,
James; see above.
Jackal. a kind of wild animal. (Turk.
- Pers.) Turk. cnakal. - Pers. shaghtil.
Cf. Skt. rrgala- , a jackal, a fox.
Jackanapes. For Jack qn apes, i. e.
Jack of ar.s, See .Jack (I).
.Jacke, a short coat. (F.-L.-Gk. Heb.) O. F . jaquelle, a jacket; dimin. of
O. F.jaqtle, a jack of mail ; see jack C~).

269

JACOBIN

JAR

jacobin. (F. -L.-Gk.-Heb.) M.E.

jacobin. - F.jacobi,:. -Late Lat.JacObinus,
adj., formed from Jacobus, and applied to a
friar of the order of St. Dominick. See
Jack (I). I). Hence one of the Jacobin
clnb in the French Revolution, which first
met in the hall of the Jacobi,: friars in
Paris, Oct. 1789. Also the name of :l
hooded (friar-like) pigeon.
jacobite, an adherent of James II.
(L. - Gk. - Heb.) From L. Jacob-us,
James (above).
.Ja.de (I), a sorry nag, an old woman.
(Scand.?) M. E. iade (Ch.) The initial
j is perhaps from y. Cf. Lowland Sc.
yaud,yawd, a jade; Dunbar hasya/t/. Of
unknown origin; perhaps from Icel.
ja/da, a mare; provo Swed. ja/da, a mare
(Rietz).
.Jade ('), a hard dark-green stone. F.
-Span. -L.) F.jade. The jade brought
from America by the Spaniards was called
piedra de iiada, because it was believed to
cure pain in the side; for a similar reason
it was called mphn"/is (from Gk. ".<ppU~,
kidneys). - Span. ijada, also iiar, the'flank;
cf. Port. ilhal, ilharga, the flank, side. L. ilia, pl., the flanks.
.Jag, a notch, tooth. (Unknown.) Perhaps a variant of dag. ' Jagge, or dagge
of a garment;' Palsg. 'I iagge, or cut
a garment;' ib. Cf. Tag. ~ Or perhaps
cf. Icel.J"aki, a piece of ice.
.Jaggery, a coarse brown sugar. (Cana
rese - Skt.) A corruption of Canarese
sharkare, unrefined sugar; H. H. Wilson.
-Skt. farkarii; see Sugar.
.Jaguar, a beast of prey. (F. - Brazil.)
'Ja.f1ta in the Guarani [Bruilian] language is the common name for tygers and
dogs; the generic name for tygers is
ja'luante : ' Clavigero, Hist. of Mexico,
tr. by Cullen, ii. 318. It should be written
yagoar; for there is no j in TupiGuarani
(Cavalcanti). The spelling jaguar is F.
(in Buffon). The Dict. of Trevoux has
janouare (error for jattouare) ; for Brazil.
yauara, a dog. Spelt jaguara, His!. Nat.
BrasiJire, p . 235.
.Jail; see Gaol.
.Jalap, the root of a plant. (Mexican.)
Named from Jalapa or Xalapa, in Mexico.
Orig. Xalapan, sand by the water.' Mex. :cal(H', sand; a(tl), water; pan, on,
near; where -Ii, -II are suppressed.
.Jam (I). to press, squeeze'. (E.) Prob.
a variant of ella"" to chew, to champ;

provo E. champ, to mash, crush, also to

chew; so also champ, hard, firm, i. e.
cka"ww/ or pressed down. See Champ.
~ But Ashe (1775) has: 'Jamb, to confine
as between two posts;' as if from Jamb,
q. v.
jam (2), a conserve of fruit. (E.) A
soft substance, like that which is chewed.
'And if we have anye stronger meate, it
must be chammed afore by the nurse, and
so put into the babes mouthe;' Sir T.
More, Works, p. '41 h. See above
.Jamb, sidepost of"a door. (F. -L)
F.jambe, a leg, also a jamb (see Cotgrave).
- Folk-L. gamba, a leg. See Gambol.
Der. (perhaps) jamb, vb.; see Jam (I).
.Jane, .Jean, a twilled cloth. (F.Ital.) Also' gl'ne fustian,' 1580; d. M. E.
Gene, Genoa. - M. F. Gems. - Ital. Genova,
Genoa.
.Jangle, to sound discordantly. (F.Scand.) M. E. janglen. - O. F. janglcr,
to jangle, prattle. Of Scand. origin. Swed. dial. and Norw. jangla, to quarrel;
cf. Du. jange/en, to importune, frequent.
of janken, to howl, yelp. An imitative
word; cf. L. gannire, to yelp.
.Janizary. (F. -.Ital. - Turk.) F .
Janissairu, 'the Janizaries;' Cot. _ M.
Ital. ianizzen", 'the Turkes gard; Florio.
Of Tnrk. origin; it means' new soldiery';
from Turk. yelli, new; and cheri , soldiery
(Devic). And cheri is from Pers. cha,JIt,
auxiliary forces (Zenker).
.January. (L.) Englished from L.
]tinuiin"us, a month named from the god
Iiinus, who was supposed to have doors
under his protection; cf. L. iiinua, a
door.
.Japan, a name given to certain kinds
of lacquered work. (Japan.) Named from
the country. Der.japan, vb. , to polish.
Jape, to mock, jest, befool. (F. )
Obsolete. M. E.japen. Apparently from
O. F . japer (F.japper), to yap (as a dog).
Imitative; cf. E. yap.
.Jar ( I ), to make a harsh noise. (E.)
Imitative; cf. M. E.ga,-ren, to chide, M. E.
jirren,A. S .georran, to creak; Du.gicren,
to cry; Bavar. garren, to jar. Parallel
to provo E. cltar, to chide, M. E. charken,
to creak (prompt. Parv.) ; cf. A. S. aorian.
cerian, to murmur; M. Du. karren, kerren, 'to crake [creak] like a cart,'
Hexham; O. H. G. /terran, to give a loud
harsh sound. Cf. Jargon and GarroloWl.
.Ju: (3), an earthen pot. (F.-Arab.)

'10

JARGON

JEOPARDY

M. F.jarl!, a jarre,' Cot.; F.jarre. [cr.

Span. jarra, jarro, Ital. giara.] _ Arab.
jarra, a jar (Devic).
Jargon, a confused talk. (F .- L.?)
F. jargon, orig. the chattering of birds,
jargon; O. F . gargon, gergon. Cf. Spa n.
gerigrmza, jargon; Ital. gergonl!. Prob.
from an imitative base garg (cf. garg-le,
gurgle) ; cr. L. garrire, to prate, croak.
Cf. M. E . charken, to creak. See Jar (I).
Jargonelle, a kind of pear. (F. - Ital.
-Pers.?) F. jargonelle, a kind of pear,
very stony (Littre) ; formed (acc. to Littre)
from F. jargon , a yellow diamond , small
stone. -ltal. giargone, a sort of yellow
diamond. Perhaps from Pers. zarg'Un ,
gold-coloured (Zend zain'-grtona-); from
zar, gold, and ,(Un , colour ~ Devic) .
Jasmine, Jessamine, a plant. (F.
-Arab. - Pers.) F. Jasmin. (So also
Span. jazmilt. ) - Arab. ytisemin (Devic) .
_ Pers. )"rsmin, jasmine; ytisamin, jessamine.
Jasper, a precious stone. (F. - L. - Gk.
-Arab.) O. F. jasp,e (Littre), an occasional spelling ofjaspe, a jasper. -L. iaspidem, acc. of iaspis. - Gk. rat11rI - Arab.
yasb, yas/, yashb, jasper; whence Pers.
yashp, yash/. jasper. Cf. Heb. ytishpheh ,
a jasper.
Jaundice. (F.-L.) M.E.iattnis; the
d being excrescent. - F . jaunisse, yellowness; hence,thejaundice.-F. jaune (oldest spelling jalne), yellow. - L. galbiltus,
greenish yellow. - L. galbus, yellow; (perh~s of Teut. origin; d. G . gelb, yellow).
Jaunt, to ramble. (F . ?) Of doubtful
origin. Cf. M. F.jallcerun cheval, 'to stirre
a horse in the stable till he swart [ sweat]
wilhan; or (as OUI ) to jaunt (an old word) ; '
Cot. Der. jaunt, sb. , an excursion.
Jaunty. Janty, fantastical. (F. -L.)
Also janty, j anlet, variants of jalltyl, old
spe lling of gentle or genleel. Cf. Burgundy
janlais, 'gentil;' Mignard.
Javelin. (F. -C. ?) M. F.javelin,' a
javeling,' Cot. ; allied t o javelo/, 'a gleave,
dart ,' id. Perhaps Celtic. Cf. O. Irish
gabul, a fork ; gablach , pointed, Irish
gaM /a, a spear, gabhlalt, a fork of a tree;
Gael. gobhlalZ, a prong; W . .ftlji, a fork,
gajiorh, a dart . See Gaff.
Jaw. (F . -L) M. E. iowe (jo'/t'e). O. 1'. (and F .) jout, ' the cheek, the jowle; '
Cot. (Cf. Provo gaula, Ital. gota, cheek,
jaw.) - Late L. gabala, gavata, a bowl;
from the rounding of the jaw. (Diez,

Korting.) ~ Perhaps influenced byckaw.

chew; Palsgrave has dlawebone for jaw.
bone.
Jay, a bird. (F.) O. F. jay, a jay (F.
gl!ai). Cf. Span. gayo, a jay. Of doubtful
origin; perhaps from O. H. G. g,rhi (G.
jahe), quick, lively (Diez).
Jealous. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. Kjalous,
gelus. - O. F. ja/ous (later ja/oux). - Late
L. zilosus, full of zeal.-L. zllus, zeal. Gk. (1j~o< , zeal. See Zeal. Der.jealous.y,
F.jalousie.
Jeer. (Du. ) D oubtful; perhaps from
M. Du. phrase dmgek scl/uren, lit. to shear
the fool, hence to jeer at one; whence the
word gekscheeren, or simply scheeren, to
jeer. Now spelt schel'm. Cf. G. scheren,
'to shear, /leece, cheat, plague, tease;'
Fliigel ; K Fries. scheren, the same.
Jehovah. (H eb.) Heb. yahiivah, or,
more correctly, yahwell, a proper name,
rendered in the A.V. by' the Lord:
Jejune. hungry, meagre. (L.) L. iiiiinus, fasting, hungry, dry.
Jelly. (F.-L.) Formerly gelly. -F.
gellr,' gelly;' Cot. Orig. fern . of pp. of
geier, to freeze. - L. geltire, to freeze. See
Gelid.

Jennet, Gennet, a small Spanish

horse. (F .-Span. -Arab.) M.F.gmettl!,
'a genet, or Spanish horse;' Cot. -Span.
ginele, a nag; but orig. ' a horse-soldier.'
Of Moorish origin ; traced by Dozy to
Arab. zeniila, a tribe of Barbary celebrated
for its cavalry.
Jenneting, a kind of early apple.
(F. - L. - Gk. - H eh.) Prob . for jea,tneIon; a dimin. from F . pomme de S . J eall,
an early apple, c~ lled in Italian melo de
San. Giovanni, i. e. St. John's apple. So
called because, in France and Italy, it
ripened about June 24, SI. John'S day.
So also, there is an early pear, called AlIIirt
Joannel or Jeanette, or pelit SI. Jean; G.
Joha1t1tisbirne . 1'. Jean<Lat. acc. Johatlnelll; from Gk. 'IQlovv'7<, John . - Heb.
Yokhtfntin, the Lortl is gracious.
Jeopardy. hazard. (F.-L.) M. E.
jupartie, later jopardye, jeopardie. - O. F.
jeu parli, lit, a divided game ; a game in
which the chances were equal, hence, a
risk, hazard. - Late L. ioms partitus, the
~ame; also an alternative.-L. ioms, a
game; partilm, pp. of partiri, to part,
divide, from parti-, decl. stem of pars, a
part. ~ The diphthong eo = F. tit; cf.
. people ( = F. peuple). See Joke.

27 1

"ERBOA
"IB
Jerboa, a rodent quadruped. (Arab.) about. M. E. ,ellm, to strut. -0. F.jettw

Arab.yarbu, (I ) the flesh of the back or

loins, an oblique descending muscle; ( 3)
the jerboa, from the use it makes of the
strong muscles in its hind legs, in taking
long leaps.
Jereec1, a wooden javelin used in mock
fights. (Arab.) Arab.Jarid,apalm-branch
stripped of its leaves, a lance.
Jerk. (E.) We findjerk,jerl, andyerk
all used in much the same sense, orig. to
strike with a lash, whip or rod. Of these,
Jeri was regarded as equivalent to gird
(Index to Cot.) ; see Gird (3).
Jerked beef. (Peruvian.) A singular
corruption of cclzarqui, the S. American
name for' jerked' beef, or beef dried in
a particular way ; see Prescott, Conquest
of Peru, ch. v. From Peruv. eelzarqui, a
slice of dried beef. Also called jerkin
beef; from Pemv. cckarquini, vb., to make
dried beef.
Jerkin, a jacket, short coat. (Du.)
Dimin. of Du. jurk, a frock (Sewel), by
help of the once common Du. dimin. suffix
-ken, now supplanted by -je or -tje. Cf.
Westphal. jurkm, a sort of overcoat; E.
Fries.jurkm, a child's frock. Cf.Jir-kin ,
ki/der-kin.

Jersey. fine wool, a woollen jacket.

(Jersey.) From.lerslY, one of the Chatmel
Islands.
Jessamine; see Jasmine.
Jesses, straps round a hawk's legs.
(F. -L.) Double pI.; from M. E. ges,
jesses. -0. F. ges, gies, pI. of get, gzit, a
short thong, for throwing off the hawk;
orig. 'a cast.' Cf. M. F. ject, a cast; les
jects tl'un oyuau, 'a hawkes Iesses,' Co t.
-0. F. geter, to cast. - L. iactare, to
cast; see Jet (I).
Jest. a joke. (F.-L.) Orig. a story,
merry tale. M. E. gest~, a story. -0. F.
gute, an exploit, romance, tale of exploits.
-L. gesta, for rls gesla, a thing done,
an exploit. - L. gestus, pp. of gerere, to
carry, carry on. See Gesture, Gerund.
Jesuit; see below.
Jesus. the Saviour. (L. - Gk. - Heb.)
L. lisus. - Gk. 'I7)lToVr. _ Heb. Y7slzu a,
Jeshua \ Nehem. viii. 17); contr. form of
YeMslzua, Jehoshua (Numb. xiii. 16)
signifying saviour, lit. 'help of Jehovah:
- Heb. root yaska', to be large, t o save.
Der. Jesu-it, one of the society of Jesus.
Jet ( I), to throw out, fling about, spout.
(F.-L) Fonnerly, to jel was to strut

geter, getter, to throw, fling, push forth . ..'

L. iactare, to fling; frequent. of iaare to
throw. Der.Jet, sb., formerly in the ~se
of guise or fashiou, &c.
Jet ( 2), a black mineral. (F . -L.-Gk.)
O. F. Jel, j oel, also j ayel, guide, jet (F.
Jais). -L gagatem, acc. of gagatls, jet. Gk. -ya'Y(IT1]f, jet ; so called from rC-yaI, a
town in Lycia, in the S. of Asia Minor.
Jetsam. ( F . - L.) Alsojettison. An
old term in Law F. for things thrown overboard from a wrecked vessel. - A. F. gttteson, a casting ; O. F . getaison.-L. acc.
iaclatiiJnem. - L. iaetare, to cast; see
Jet ( I ).
jetty. a kind of pier. (F.-L.) M. F.
jellte (I": jeUe) , a cast, throw, , also a jetty
or jutty;' Cot. Orig. fem. of pp. of
M. F. Jetter (F . Jeler), to throw; see
Jet ( I).
Jew. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E.
lewe, a Jew. - A. F . l eu, Geu (F. juif).
- L lUt/tZUs, a Jew. - Gk. 'Iov3cuor,
an inhabitant of 'Iovooia, Judrea. - Heb.
Yelzudiilz, Judah, son of Jacob, lit. 'illustrious.' - Heb. root yadalz, to throw, praise,
celebrate. Der. J ew-ry, M. E. lewerie,
O. F . luede, lit. a Jews' district; also
Jews'!zarj, a name given in derision; cf.
'the harr. of David.'
Jewe , a valuable ornament. (F.-L.)
M. E. iowei, iud-O. F . joel, joiei, jl>Uei,
juel (Iaterjoyau ).-Late L. iocale, usually
in pI. iocalia, jewels (lit. trinkets).-L.
iocnri, to play (0. F . joer, joutr). - L_
iom s, play. See Joke . (Toynbee, 76,
143)

Jib ( I), the foremost sail in a ship.

(Dan.) So called be<--tuse easily shifted
from side to side; see l b (3) below.
jib (2), to shift a sail from side to side.
(Dan.) 'Jib, to shift th : boom-sail from
one side of the mast to another; ' Ash
( 1775) . Alsospeltjibe,gybe.-Dan.gzbbe,
to jibe, jib ; Swed. dial. gzppa, to jerk up.
Allied to Swed. guppa, to rock; see
Jump. ~ The form gibe answers to Du.
gijpen, E. F ries. gipen, to tum suddenly,
said of a sail.
jib (3), to move restively, as a horse.
; F . -Scand.) O. F .giber,to strugglewith
the hands and feet (Roquefort) ; whence
O. F. regiber (F. regimber), to kick as a
horse. Cf. also O. F . giper, to jib, as a
horse (Godefroy). -Swed. d ial. gippa, to
jerk up (above).

27 2

JIBE

JOURNEY

Jibe. the same as Gibe, q. v.

joint, sb. - O. F . j oinct ,jt1int, pp. ofjdndre,
Jig, a lively tune or dance. (F . - M. H. to join; see Join (above).
G.) O. F. !{ige, gig-lie, a fiddle, dance.Joist. one of a set of timbers to supM. H. G. gige (G. gdge) , a fiddle.
Jilt, a flirt. (L.) Formerly jillet, dimin.
of jill, a flirt, orig. Jill or Gillian, a personal name. - L. Juliana. See Gill (4).
Jingle, to clink. (E.) M. E. ging/en;
a frequentative verb from the base jink,
allied to chink; see Chink (2) . Also
a Ilied to Jangle.
JinD., a demon. ( Arab.) Formed from
Arab.jitzna(t ), demons, pI. ; the sing. form
beingjinnry, Englished asji1tnee or genie.
Job (I), to peck with the beak. (E.?)
Perhaps imitative. M. E. iobbt1l. Cf.
Gael. and Irish gob, mouth, beak.
Job ( 2), a small piece of work. (F.?)
M. E. iob, a piece, lump. 'Gob, a lump;
also, to work by the gob; ' Halliwell.O. F. gob, a mouthful; gobd. a morsel.
Perhaps of Celtic origin. See Job (1).
Jockey. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) A
North E. pron. of Jackey, dimin. of Jock
as a personal name. See Jack (1).
Jocose. merry. (L. ) L. iocosus, sporti ve.
-L. iocus, sport. See Joke.
jocular. (L.) L. ioculiiris.-L. iocuIus, a little jest, dimin. of iocus, a jest.
Jocund. (F. -L.) M. E. joconde. O. F. jocond, pleasant, agreeable (Gode
froy). - L. iOeutulus, iiicundtlS, pleasant;
orig. helpful. -L. iuuare (supine iii-fum) ,
to help; see Adjutant.
Jog. to push slightly, jolt. (F . - Teut. ?)
M . Eo ioggm. Cf. W . ysgogi, to wag, stir,
shake, E. shog, M E. schoggm, to shake
up and down; Kentish jock, to jolt. All
apparently from M. E. schokken; see
Shock. ~ We also find Norw. and Swed.
dial. jukka, to jump up and down, as in
riding.
John Dory, the name of a fish. (F.L.) John dory is the vulgar name of the
fish called the dory. J ohn appears to be
a mere sailor's prefix,like the jack in jackass; it can hardl), be from an alleged F.
jaunt dorle, which would be tautological
nonsense. Dory is borrowed from F . dorIc,
a dory; lit. 'gilded,' dorle being the fern.
of the pp. of dorer, to gild. - L. deaurare,
to gild. - L. dl aU1'o, of gold; see Aureate.
Join. (F.-L.) o. F. and F.joign., a
stem ofjomdre. - L. iu1tgere (pp. iultctus),
to join. Gk. CnryvwCll; Skt.yuj, to join.
Allied to Yoke.
joint. (F.- L.) O. F. joillct, joi1tt, a

port the bo~.Js of a Roor. (F. - L.)

Sometimes pronounced ji'st (with i as in
mice). M.E. giste. -O. F. giste, a bed,
couch, place to lie on, a joist; because
these timbers support the Roor.-O. F.
gesir (F.glsir), to lie, lie on.-L. iacere,
to lie. Cf. Gist.
Joke, a jest. (L.) From L. iOCIIS, a
jest, game. Brugm. i. 302.
Jole; see Jowl.
Joll;V. (F . - Scand.) M . E. ioo/,earliest
form tolif. -0. F. jolif, later joli, jolly,
gay, trim, fine;' Cot. Orig. sense' festive.'
- Icel. jol, a great feast in the heathen
time; cognate with A. S. geo/a, yule. Sec
Yule.
Jolly-boat. (Port. and E .) We find
'grete bote and joo/wal' in 1495; but it
was also spelt gal/evat and galleywat
(Yule). - Port. galeola, a ga\liot; seC!
Galliot. Perhaps the form of the word
has been influenced by F.joli. See Jolly.
Jolt. to jerk. (E.) From joll, vb., to
knock the jole or head; cf. All's Well,
i. 3. 59. Cf. jolt-head, a stupid fellow;
one whose head has beenjoll'd or knocked
about. See Jowl.
Jonquil, a Rower. (F. -Span. -L. )
F. jonquille. - Span. ju1tquillo; named
from its rush-like leaves. - Span . junco, a
rush. -L. itlnms, a rush. See Junk ( 2) .
Jordan. a pot. (Unknown.) M. E.
iordmz, iurdan, t'ordeyne; Late L. iurdii1lUs
(Prompt. Parv. and Vocab.). It was orig.
an alchemist's bottle (Halliwell, Way) ;
perhap. once used for keeping water from
the J ordan.
JoSS. a Chinese idol. (Port.-L.) Not
Chinese, but corrupted from Port. Deos,
God. Cognate with Span. Dios, God;
O. F. dms.-L. Deus, nom., God.
Jostle, Justle, to push against. (F.L.; witlt E. suffix .) A frequent. form,
with suffix -Ie, from M. E. jousten, to tilt,
pu, h against. See Joust.
Jot. (L.-Gk.--Hcb.) Englished from
L. iota, Matt. v. 18 (Vulgate). - Gk. lWTa,
a letter of the Gk. alphabet. -Reb. yOd,
the smallest letter of th ~ R eb. alphabet,
with the power of y . See Iota.
Journal. (F.-L.) Properly an adj. ,
signifying ' daily.' - F.;immal, daily.-L.
dill1'1uilis, daily; see Diurnal.
journey. (F.-L.) M. E. iournet. a

173

JOUST

JUMP

day's travel. - F. j01,mle, a day, orig. a

judica.ture. (F. - L.) F.jlltiica/ure.
day's work. - L'lte L . *diurmita, orig. -Late L. iudicatura, office of a judge,
the fern. pp. of Late L. diurnare , to judll'ment. - L. iudiclitllS, pp. of iudicare,
sojoum.-L. diurnus, daily.-L. diis, a to Judge.-L. iudic- , stem of iudex, a
day.
judge.
Joust, Just, to tilt. (F. -L.) O. F.
judicial. (F.-L.) M. F . judiciel. jomtcr ( F.jouler), to tilt. - Late L. iuxlare, L. iiidicitilis, pertaining to courts of law.
to approach (hence, to approach with - L. iiidicium, a tria!. - L. iudic., stem
hostile intent, as in tilting). - L. iuxta, of iudex, a judge (above).
close to, hard by (whence O. F.jouste, close
judicious. (F . -L.) F. judicieux;
to). ~ . The form iuxlti is short for *iug- as if from a L. form *iudiciiisus. _ L iudic-,
is fli, fern. abl. of the superlative form of stem of iudex, a judge.
L. iugis, continual. From the base iug
Jug, a kind of pitcher. (Heb.) Drinkof ;u1'gere, to join. (-V\'EUG.) Brugm. ing-vessels were formerly calledjacks, jil/s,
i 760. Der.joslle.
and jugs, all of which represent Christian
Jovial. (F. -L.) O. F.jovial,sanguine, names. Jug and fudge were usual as pet
ht. born under the lucky planet Jupiter.- female names, and equivalent to J emty or
L. 10llialis, pertaining to Jupiter. - L. Joan ; seeJannellc.Jehannelle in (:otgraye.
/ou;-, decl. stem. of O. Lat. 100tis, Jove, Cf. Jock for Jokn; fern . form Jacquetta.
whence L J,ipiter ( = Jove-father). louis Of Heb. origin; see .reuniting.
represents Diouis (cf. Oscan dat. Ditlv-d ),
Juggerna.ut, the name of an Indian
allied to dies, day, and to dms, god; cf. idol. ("Skt.) Skt.jagunnalka- , lord of the
Gk. 410f, gen. case of Zfl/S. See Deity, universe, monarch of the world (Benfey,
Tuesday. Drugm. i. no, 123.
p. 46S) .-Skt. jagat, world; ntilka-, proJowl, Jole, the jaw or cheek. (E. ) tector, lord.
M. E. jolle; all the forms are corruptions
Juggler. (F.-L.) M. E. iogelour.of M. E. ckol, ckaul, which is a contraction O. F.jogleor,jougleor ; laterjongleu,'. -L.
of M. E. ckautl (chavel), the jowl.-A. S. ioculatiirem, ace. of ioculator, a jester. - L.
eeajl, the jaw; pI. aajlas, the jaws, chaps. iocular;, to jest. -L. ioculu!, It little jest,
Cf. O. Sax. kajluJ , pl. , the jaws; Du. dimiu. of ioeus, joke. See Joke.
kevcls, pI. the gums; G. kiefer, jaw, jaw- Jugular, pertaining to the side of the
bone; also Ice!. kjaplr, Swed. kiijt, Dan. ueck. (L.) From L. iugul-um, or iugul'1Is,
kia/I, jaw. ~ The successive spellings are the collar-bone, which joins the neck and
A.S. ceajl, chaJle (Layamon ),chaud,challl, shoulders; dimin. of iugum, a yoke. See
chol,jole, jowl (all found ) .
Yoke.
Joy. (F.-L.) M. E . ioye.-O. F.ioye, Juice. (F. - L.) M. E. iuc(, iwt'. joye; oldest form goye (F . joie) ; cf. ltal. O. F.jus , juice, broth. -L. iiis, broth; lit.
gioja, joy, also a gaud, jewel, Span.joya, , mixture.' +Skt. yushn-, soup. ( ~YU. )
a gaud. - L. guudza, pI. of guudium, joy ; Brugm. i. H 911, 922.
Jujube, a fruit. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pers. \
afterwards turned into It fern. sing. - L.
gaudbe. to rejoice. See Gaud.
M. F. jujubes, pI. (Cot. ). -L. zlzyphuJJl, a
Jubilation, a shouting for joy. (L.) jujube; fruit of the tree called :izypkus. From L. iiibiltiNo, sb. - L. i,ibiltitus, pp. Gk. (i(v</>ov, fruit of the tree (i(v</>o of iiibiitire, to shout for joy. - L. iubilum , Pers. zayzajtin, zlzjiin, zluzjti1t, the jujube.
a shout of joy. ~ Quite distinct from tree.
Julep,adrink. (F.-Span. -Pers.) F.
jubilee.
Jubilee, a selilson of great joy. (F. - L. jttlep. - Span. j ttlepe. - Pers. juMb, julep, a
- H eb.) M. E.jubilee.- M. F.jubilt, 'a sweet drink; also guMb, rose-water, also
jubilee;' Cot.-L iubiltZUs, the jubilee julep. - Pers. gul, a rose; nb, water. For
(Levit. xxv. II ) ; mase. of adj . iubil0!1IS, Pers. gul, see Rose. Pers. tib is cognate
belonging to the jubilee (Levi t. xxv. 28). with Skt. a/,' , water.
Heb. yiibel, a blast of a trumpet, sh out of July. (F . -L.) O. F.Julie.-L.luHus,
a month (formerly ca lled Qttinclllis) named
joy. ~ Distinct from the word above.
Judge. : F.-L.) F.j1lge.-L.ilidicem, after Julius Cresar, who was born in July.
Jump (I) , to leap, spling, skip . (Scand.)
ace. ot ilidex, a judge, lit. ' one who points
out law.' - L. ;,i-s, law ; die-nre, to point Swed. Gia!. g"llfllpn, to spring, jump, gillljJa.
to wag about; allied to Swed. gup/'a, to
out. See.rury and Diction.
274

JUMBLE

JUSTIFY

move up and down; Dan.gumpe, to jolt;

Icel. goppa, to skip.+M. H. G. gumpm,
gampen, to jump, gumpdll, to play the
buffoon; provo G. gampen, to jump, hop,
sport (Schmeller); M. Du. gumpm, to
dance, leap. From a Teut. str. vb. *gimpan- (for *ge11lpan-); whence Dan. dial.
gimpe, to swing, wag, Lowl. Sc. jimp, to
jump.
jumble, to mix together confusedly.
(SCand.) We also find M. E.jombren, Ch.
Troil. ii. 1037; and jumper, to mix harmoniously (More). In fact,jumb-/e,jombren,jump-er are all frequentative forms of
the verb to jump, used transitively. Thus
jumb-/e= to make to jump, jolt together,
make a discord; or, otherwise, to shake
together, make to agree. See Jump ( I).
jump (2), exactly, pat; also, as a verb.
(SCand. ) From the verb above; cf. Hamlet, i. I. 6!i. Also lIsed in the sense to
agree or tally, esp. in the phr. /0 jump
witll. ' They jtm:p not;' Oth. i. 3. 5;
cf. Tam. Shrew, i. I. 195.
Junction, a joining. (L.) From L.
ittnclio, a joining. - L. iunelus, pp. of
iungere, to join. See Join.
juncture, a union, a critical moment.
(L. ) The sense' critical moment' is astrological , from the 'union' of planets.-L.
iunctura, a joining. -L. iunclus (above).
June. (F.-L.) O. F . aDd F.Juitt. L. Iiinius, the name of the month and of
n Roman gms or clan.
Jungle. (Hind. -Skt.) Hind'Jtmga/,
waste land. - Sk t.jaI7ga/a-, adj., dry ,desert;
hencejungie ~ waste land. ~ The Hind.
short a sounds like u in mud.
Junior, younger. (I... ) L. tumor,
compo of iuuenr:s, young; short for
*iuumor. See Juvenile.
Juniper, au evergreen shrub. (L.) L.
iimipert/s, iiinipirus, a juniper.
Of
doubtful origin.
Junk (I ), a Chinese vessel. (P ort. Malay.-Chin. ?) Port. (andSpan. )junco,
a junk. - Malay/ong; also aJong. Said to
be borrowed from Chinese eMu'alt, a ship,
boat, bark, junk; Williams, Chinese Dict.
p. 120.
Junk (l ), pieces of old cordage. (Port.
-L. ) POIt.jUncO, a rush; also junk, as a
nautical term; i. e. rush-made ropes. - L.
iuncum, acc. of iuncus, a rush. ~ Junk
also means salt meat, tough as old ropes.
ButJimk, alump, is for cllunk. )
juDket, a kind ofsweetmeat. (I<'. - Ital.

-L.) F. jo"rncle (Cot.). Orig. a kind

of creamcheese, served up on rushes,
whence its name. _ Ital. giuneala, a kind
of creamcheese on rushes, alo a junket
(Florio) . _ Ital. giunco, a rush. - L. iuncum, ace. of iuncus, a rush.
Junta, a council. (Span.-L.) Span.
jU,t/a , a congress; a fem. form of junlo
(below).
junto, a knot of men, a faction . (Span.
- L.) Span. ju,,/o, united, conjoined.L. izmelus, pp. of iungere, to join. See
Join.

Juridical, Jurisdiction, Jurist,

Juror; see Jury.
J~, a body of sworn men. (F . - L.)
O. F. jtm!e, a jury, a company of sworn
men; orig. the fem. pp. ofjurer, to swear.
- L. iurare, to swear, bind by an oath.L. iur-, for ius, law.+Skt. )'U, to bind.
juridical, pertaining to courts of law
or to a judge. (L.) From L. iuridre-us,
relating to the administration of justice;
with suffix -alis.-L. iuri-, decl. stem of
iits, law ; dieare, to proclaim. See Just
.:1) below.
jurisdiction. (F . -L.) M. F.jurisdie/ion (F . juridic/ion). - I... ii"irisdie
/iiinem, acc. of iursdictio, administration
of justice. - L. iuris, gen. of ius;law (see
Just ( \ ) below) ; and see Diction.
~ So alsojttris-prudmee.
jurist, a lawyer. (F.-L.) F.juriste
(Cot. ). - Late L. it'risla, a lawyer. - L.
iur-, for iits, law ; with su ffix ista ( = Gk.
-HTT1)<) .

juror,oneofajury. (F.-I...) Imitated

from F. jureur, a swearer, a juror.-L.
iuralorem, acc. of iurator , one who swears.
- L. iin-a"e, to swear; see Jury (above).
Jury-mast, a temporary mast. (F.L.) Short for ajury.mas/ ; wbere ajuryO. F. ajl/ine, aid, succour (Godefroy).
From L. adiuta,'c, to aid; see Aid.
Cf. M. E. iuwere, assistance; Prompt.
Parv.
Just (1) , upright. (F. - L.) M. E. iust.
-F. jrts/e. -L. iuslum, ace. of iustus,
just, according to right; with suffix -tus.
- L. iiis, right, that which is fitting; cf.
Skt. .l'U, to join.
justice. (F. -L.) F. justice. - L.
iustitia, justice; Late L. iUstilia, a trio
bunal, a judge. - L . iusti-, for iUs/us, just;
see Just (1) above.
j~. (F.-L.)
F. justiJier.-L.
it~stilieare to shew to be just. - L. iusti-

'75

JUST

KEN

for ,'ustus, just; -jkiire, for lacere, to

make.
.J1UIt (1), to joust; see Joust.
.Justle; see Jostle.
.Jut, to project. (F. -L.) Merely a corruption of jet ; in the same way ajell)' or
pier was formerly called a JUII), j see
Jetty.
jutty, a projection. (F.-L.) For
jell)'; see above. Der. jutl)', vb., to project beyond.
.Jute, a substance resembling hemp.
(Bengali.) Bengali jul, the fibres of the
bark of the Corckorus olitorius (Wilson ).
From j Mlo, vulgarly jkuto, the native
name in Orissa (Yule).
.Juvenile, young. (F.-L) M. F.
juvenile; F.juvmil. - L. iuuenilis, youthful.-L. iuumis. young. See Young.
Juxtaposition. (L. and F. - L.)
Coined from L. iuxtii, near j and position.
See Joust and Position.

kytirr. Cf. provo E. cadg)', cheerful: and

perhaps Dan. kaad, frolicsome; M. Dan.
kade, joy; Swed. kiitja, to be wanton .

E.
J[ail., Kale, cabbage. (L.) Northern
E. form of cole; see Cole.
Ea.ils, ninepins. (Dn.) Formerly also
ke),les; see quille in Cotgrave. These kails
were cone-shaped. - Du. kegel, a pin, kail;
l1Ut kegels spelen, to play at ninepins.
Dan. kegle,a cone, kegler, nine-pins; Swed.
kiigla, a pin, cone; G. kegel (whence F.
quille). Apparently a dimin. of Du. keg,
a wedge.
EaleidollCope, an optical toy. (Gk.)
From Gk. KaA.-Of, beautiful; fi30-r, form;
CTK01r-fW, to behold; because it enables one
to behold beautiful forms.
Ealencla.r; see Calends.
Eangaroo, a quadruped. (Australian.)
Said to be not the native Australian name,
but to have ariJen from some mistake j but
even this is doubtful (see Moms).
Ea:7:1e8; see Kalli.
Eecbie8 hemlocks. (C.) For kICkses; and kecks is also written kex. See
Kex.
EecUre (I), to warp a ship. (F. - L. 1)
To keJie is to drag a ship slowly forward,
by help of a kedge-anchor, against tide.
A kedge-anchor was formerly called a
catch-anckor or catch (N. E. D .). Hence
lIe!'ge may represent ketck; for catck.
K~e (1), Eicige, brisk, lively. (E. )
An East-Anglian word. M. E . k),gge,

Keel (1), the bottom of a ship. (Scand.)

Icel. "jolr, Dan. kwl. Swed. "01, the keel
of a ship (whence G. Du. kiel, a keel).
Teut. type *kiluz. Cf. A. S. alae, the
beak of a ship (0. E. T. ) . Distinct from
A. S. ceol, O. H. G. kiol, M. H. G. kiel,
a ship.
keelhaul. (Scand. andE. ) Also keelkale , 'to punish in the seaman's way, by
dragging the criminal under water on one
side of the ship and up again on the
other ;' Johnson . From ketl and kaul or
kale. Cf. Du. kie/-kalen, G. " ie/kolen.
keelson, kelson, a set of timbers
next a ship's keel. (Scand .) Formerly
kclsine (Chapman) .-Swed. kiilsvin, Dan.
kiolsvii" (Norweg. kjolsvil!), a keelson;
E. Fries. kolswin .+G. kitlsckwein. Lit.
, keel-swine j ' but this can hardly have
been the orig. sense. A better sense is
given by Norw. kjOlsvill, where svill
answers to G. schwtlle, E . sill; see Bill.
This suffix, not being nnderstood, may
easily have been corrupted to swine, and
afterwards, in English, to -son.
Keel (1), to cool. (E.) To keel a pot
is to keep it from boiling over, lit. to cool
it. _ A. S. ellan, to cool; for *cvljan.A. S. cvl, cool. See Cool.
Keelson; see Keel (I).
Keen, sharp. (E.) M. E. kene. A. S.
clnc, where l is dne to an older v; O.
Merc. cvene. The orig. sense is' skilful,
experienced: + Du. kom, bold, daring;
Icel. kann (for katm), wise, also able;
G. kUhn, bold. O. H. G. ckuoni. Tent.
type *kUnJo_, able; from Teut. root *Iu,.
(vGEN), to know; see Can (I).
Eeep. (E.) M. E. kepen. A. S. cipan,
to observe, notice, attenu to,keep.+M.Du.
kepen, to keep, retain (Hexham). Teut.
type *kQpjan-; cf. A. S. ge-cvp, fit, suitable.
Eeg, a small cuk. (Scand.) Formerly
also cag. - Icel. kaggi, a keg; Swed. kagge,
Norweg. kagge, a keg, a round mass or
heap. Der. kails.
Kelp, calcined ashes of sea-weed. Origin
unknown. Also spelt kilp.
Ken, to know. (Scand.) M. E. kennen.
- Icel. kenna, Swed. kanna, Dan. kitnde,
to know; so also G . kemlen; A. S. annan
(to declare), Goth. kannjan. Teut. type
*kannja1l-. Causal form of cu,man, to

276

KIDDLE

KENNEL
know, derived from Teut. base kattn (cf.
can) by vowelchange of a to t. See
Can (I).
KeDJ1el (I). a house for dogs. (F. -L.)
M. E. kmel. A Norman form of O. F.
deni!. a kennel. - Late L. 'canile, domus
canis' in Wrt. Vocab. 198. 29. - L. canis,
a dog, with suffix -ile, as in ou-i!e, a sheepfold. Cf. Norman F. ken, O. F. dun (F.
chien), a dog, from L. acc. catum, a dog.
KeDJ1el (2) , a gutter. (F. -L.) A corruption of M. E. (anti, a channel. - A . F.
cat,d, Charlemagne, ed. Michel, 1. 556;
O. F. chanel; see Channel.
Kerbstone_ (F.-L.; andE. ) Here
kerb is for curb; so called because the
stone was sometimes placed, as round a
well, on a curved edge. See Curb.
Kerchief. (F. -L.) M . E. curchief,
couercJlef (coverchef). - O. F. covrec/uj,
lit. a head-covering. - O. F. covrir, to
cover; che/, the head; see Cover and
Chief.
Kermes, the dried bod ies of insects used
in dyeing crimson. (Arab. -Skt.) See
Crimson.
Kern (I), Kerne, an Irish s.)ldier.
(Irish.) Irish cea/harnack, a soldier.O. Irish ee/hern, a troop. See Cateran.
Kern (2); see Quern.
Kernel. (E.) A. S. cymel, a grain :
dirnin. of A. S. corn, a grain (with the
usual change from Teut. u (A. S. 0) to ),).
Teut. stem *kurni/o-. See Corn.
Kersey, coarse woollen cloth. (E. )
Named from Kerst)' (of A. S. origin), a
village three miles from Hadleigh, in
Suffolk, where a woollen trade was once
carried on. ~ Not from Jerse)" which
is also used as the name of a material.
Kerseymere, a twilled cloth of fine
wool. (Cashmere.) A corruption of Caskmere or Cassimere, by confusiou with
kersey above.
Kestrel, a base kind of hawk. (F.-L.)
For kurd; the / is excrescent. as in
whils-t, &c. - M.F .quercerel/e, ' a kastrell;'
Cotgrave; F . cr!cerel/e. Extended from
O. F. creceie, cereel/e, M. F. quercellt, a
kestrel. Of imitative origin ; cf. O. F.
cercelle, F . sarce"e, a teal, from L. querquedula, a kind of teal.
Ketch, a small yacht or hoy. (B.)
M. E. cache. Prob. from the verb to
catch; see N. E . D.; s. v. Catch. ~ The
Du. kils, F . quaiche, a ketch, are borrowed
from E. ~ Distinct from caique, q. v.

Ketchup, a sauce. (Malay.) Malay

keckap, k/chap, a sauce; soy. (Tn Dutch
s~elling, ketjap. )-C. P. G. Scott.
Kettle. (Scand.-L. ) M. E. keld.
Icel. ketill ; borrowed from L : (atil/us, a
small bowl (whence also Goth. kati/s,
A. S. cetel, Du. ketel, G. kessel, &c.).
Dimin. of catinus, a bowl, deep vessel
for cooking food. Perhaps allied t o Gk.
K6TVAOS, a cup (Prellwitz); see Cotyledon.
Ke:.:, hemlock, a hollow stem. (W. - L.)
M . E. kex .- W . eecys, pI., hollow stalks,
hemlock, allied to cegid, hemlock; Corn.
cegas, hemlock; prob. borrowed from L.
cicuta, hemlock. ~ Kex = kecks, and is
properly a plural form.
Key. (E. ) M. E. keye. A. S. ciig, a
key ; O. Fries. kai, ka, a key.
Khan, a prince. (Pers. - Tatar.) Pers.
khan , lord, prince ; of Tatar origin. Cf.
Chingis Khan, i. e. great lord, a Tatar
title (Chaucer's Cambuscan).
Khedive, a prince. (F. -Pers.) F.
khedive. - Pers. khad/w, khidiw, a great
prince, sovereign; khidlwi, the khedive,
viceroy of Egypt (Palmer). Cf. Pers.
klzoda, God.
Kibe, a chilblain. (C.?) W. cibwst, chilblains; explained by Pugh as standing for
cib-gwsl. - W. cib, a cup; gwst, a humour,
malady, disease ; hence'acup-likemalady,'
from the rounded form . The E. word has
preserved only the syllable db, rejecting
the latter syllable. (Doubtful.)
Kick. (Perhaps Celtic.) M. E. killen.
Cf. W. cicio, to kick (colloquial) ; O. W.
tic, a foot j as in W. cic-wt, footman.
(Doubtful.)
Kicbhawa, a dainty dish. (F.-L.)
A sing. sb. ; the pI. is kickshawses (Shak.).
A curious corruption of F. quelq.1t chou,
something, hence, a trifie,a delicacy. Spelt
qudquechose by Dryden. - F . que/que chose.
-L. qual-is, of what sort, with suffix
-quam; caussa, a cause, a thing. ~Moisy
gives Norman F . quiquechose.
Kid, a young goat. (Scand.) M. E. kid.
- Dan. kid, Swed. kid, Icel. ki{J, a kid.+
G. kilu.
lddnap, to Iteal young children.
(Scand.) Kid, in Tudor E. slang, means a
child; nap is our nab. - Dan. kid, a kid;
nappe, to nab; see Nab.
Kiddle, a kind of weir formed of basketwork placed in a river to catch fish. (A.F.)
Anglo-F. kidel, pl. kUl~; O. F. (uUkI

377

KIDNEY

KIPPER

(liodefroy) ; later form 'illideal', ' a wicker natural, ill-born; allied to Goth. -kUllds,
engine whereby fish is caught;' Cotgrave. of such a nature. Allied to Kin.
Late L. kidellus; Breton kide/.
kindle ( I ), to bring forth young. (I<:.)
Kidney. (E.? and Scaud.) Corrup- M. E.ki1uilm, kundlm; from M. E.ki1lfiel,
tion of 1(. E. kidmre, kidm:er; Ilen is ktmdd, sb., a progeny; from the A. S.
also used alone. 1. Here kid answers to cynd, nature, or from the adj. cYluie,
A. S. *cyd-. perhaps related to A. S. codd, natural.
a bag, pod, husk, M. E. cod, belly. 2. Kindle (2) , to inflame. (Scand.) It
M. E. nere is a Scand. word. - Icel. njra, appears to be the same word as Kindle ( I ) ;
Dan. nyre, Swed. Iljun , a kidney; cog- see Anc. Riwle. But it can hardly be
nate with Du. llier, G. lliere, and allied separated from Ice!. kynda, to inflame,
to Gk. I'f'/JPOS, kidney. ~ The former kindle, Swed. dial. kYllda, kiluia, a sense
element is doubtful.
which seems to have been suggested by
Kilderkin. (Du.) A corruption of M. lee!. kYlldill, a torch. And Ice!. kYlldill
Du. killdekm , also kimzeken, the eighth is a mere borrowing from A. S. caJufel;
part of a vat. The lit. sense is 'little from L. calldi/o, a candle. See Candle.
child,' because the measure is a small one Kindred. (Eo) The former d is exas compared with a tun, vat, or barrel. crescent. M. 10:. killrede. - A. S. CYIl, kin ;
Formed, with dimin. suffix -km (now -radell, signifying law, state, condition (so
nearly obsolete) , from Du. kiluf, a child; also Iuzt-red from kate). Rildm is allied
allied to Ice!. kundr, a son, and to E. to the adj. ready; cf. Goth. ga-raideins,
Kin.
The mod . Du. name is kinnel/e, an ordinance.
Kine, cows; see Cow.
by substitution of -Ije for -ken.
Xill. (E.) M. E. killm, more com- King, a chief ruler. (E.) A. S. 'Yllillg,
monly ctlllm. Thc M. E. mllm prob. a king; lit. ' a man of good birth;' (d.
answers to an A. S. type *cyllaJI, from A. S. cyne-, royal , Icel. kOllr, one of gentle
the weak grade C(111)ul- of ewe/-all, to die. birth) ;-A. S. cyll, a tribe, kin, race; with
Cf. E . Fries. kiillm , to vex, strike, beat, suffix -illg, as in A!/fnd A!}elwuljillg =
a parallel form; O. H. G cnollen, by-form }Elfred the son of A':thelwulf. + O. Sax.
of qtUllOII, to vex, kill, martyr. Thus kutting, fromkulli, tribe; O. }<ries. kim'tlC;
kill is closely related to Quell, q. v. For Ice!. kOIlUllgr; Swed. kOllung; Dan.
the loss of w, d. dull, which is related to konge; Du. k(mi1lg; G. kiim"g', O. H. G.
dwell.
CkUllillg (from O. H. G. ckumli, a kin,
XilD.. (L.) A. S. cyllz, also cylen; race). Teut. type *kunillgoz, m.
kingdom. (Eo ) Late M. E. killgdom;
merely borrowed from L. culilla , a kitchen
(hence, a drying-house) ; whence also W. not really a compound of killg' and suffix
cylyn, a kiln, a furnace. !:iee Culinary.
-dOIll, but a substitution for early M. E.
Kilt. (Scand.) The sb. is derived from kinedom, A. S. cpudom, a kingdom. The
the verb kill, to tuck up. - Dan. kilte, to A. S. cym- signifie; , royal,' very common
truss, tuck up; !:iwed. dial. killa, to in composition, and is allied to A. S. CYII,
swaddle. cr. Ice!. killitlg, a skirt. Per- a tribe.
haps related to Swed. dial. kilta, the lap, Kink, a twist in a rope. (Scand.) A
Icel. kjalla, lap.
Northern word. _ Swed. kitzk, Norweg.
Ximbo; see Akimbo,
killk, a twist in a rope. (So also Du.
Kin, genus, race. CE.) M. E . ki", kutz. kink.) Allied to Norweg. kika, kil1ka, to
A. S. 'JJnn, orig. a tribe.+lcel. kyn , kin; writhe, Ice!. kiklJa, to sink at the knees
O. !:iax. kunlli, O. H. G. ckuntli; Goth. under a burden, Icel. keikr, bent back;
kuni, tribe. Teut. type *kulljom, neut. Norw. keika , to bend aside, to twist.
From the weak grade of Teut. root (Teut. base *keik- , to bend. )
*ken- , Idg. gm-.
Allied to Genua. Kiosk,a small pavilion. (Turk.-Pers.)
(.vG EN.)
F. kiosque. - Turk. kuskk , kUsllk (prokind ( I) ,sb" nature, sort. ( Eo) M. E. nounced with k as k,) , a kiosk.-Pers.
kund, killd. A. S. cynd, ge-'Ylld, nature; krtskk, a palace, villa, portico.
whence the adj. below. D er. killd-ly, Kipper, to cure salmon. (E.) This
natural.
meaning IS all accidental one, arising from
lrind ( 2) , adj., natural , loving. \ E.) a habit of curing kzpper-salmoll, i. e salmon
M. E . kIlJzt/e, killde. A. S. 'Yllde, .re-,yntie. I rlurin/,; the spawning season, which were
2jS

KIRK

KNEE

cured because ofinferior quality. A sal mon,

after spawning, was called a kipper (Pen.
nant). A. S. cypera, a kipper-salmon.
Kirk, a church. (Scand. - E.-Gk. )
M. E. kirke. - Icel. kirkja; borrowed from
A. S. cirice, circe, a church. See Church.
Kirtle, a sort of gown or petticoat.
(L. ; witl. E. suffix.) M. E. kirte!. A. S.
cyrtel, a tunic; Icel. kyrtill, Dan. kiorld,
Swed. kjortel; evidently dim in. forms. All
from L. curtus, short, which appears also
in Du. korl, G. kUN, short. See Curt.
Kias, a salute with the lips. (E.) The
vowel i is due to the verb, which is formed
from the sb. by vowelchange. M. E . coss,
sb.,akiss; whencekissen,verb. A.S. coss,
sb. ; whence cyssa1Z, verb.+Du. ktts, Icel.
koss, Dan. kys, Swed. kyss, G. kttss, a kiss.
Teut. type *kttssttZ, sb. Cf. Goth. kttkjatt,
to kiss; E. Fries. kuk, a kiss.
][it ( I), a milk-pail, tub; also , an outfit.
(0. Low G.) M. E. kit. - M. Du. kitte, a
wooden bowl, a tub; Du. kit. Cf.
Norweg. kit/e, a corn-bin.
][it (2),11 small violin. (l'.-L-Gk.)
Shortened from Norman F. qui/erne
(Moisy); answering to O. F. guitcnlt
(Godefroy). From L. ci/hara. - Gk.",/lap",
a kind of lyre. See Cithern.
][it (3), a brood, family, qnantity. (E.)
A variant of kith. 'The whole kit' = the
whole kith. See Kith.
][i1i-cat, ][it-kat, the name given to
portraits of a particular size. (Personal
name.) The size adopted by Sir G. Kneller
for paintiug members of the KitKat club,
which used to meet at a house kept by
Christopher Kat (Haydn). Kit is for
CIlristopher (G k. XI'I(ITO-<!>OPO~, lit. 'Christbearing ').
][itchen. (L.) M. E. kidlene. A. S.
cycme, f. - L. coquina, a kitchen. - L.
c0tLuere. to cook; see Cook.
][ite, a bird. a toy for fiying. (E. ) M.E.
kite. A. S. cjta, a kite.
Kith, kindred, acquaintance. (E.) M.E.
ClltI/1e, kith. A . S. cjiJ, native land, relationship.-A. S. ciUJ, known, pp. of kunnan,
to know. See Can ( I ) .
][itten. (Scand. ; with F. suffix.) M.E.
kitoun, where the suffix oun is F., Sl1ggested by O. F. chattolt, a kitten. Kit is
a mutated form of cat, appearing in the
E. form kit.ling, from lcel. ketlingr, a
kitten; and in (ob . ) kittle, to produce
kittens.
Enack, a map, dexterity, trick. (E.)

Imitative. like Knap. Cf. Du. kltakkm,

G. ktwckm, to crack. [The Gael. cnaL',
Irish cllag, a crack, \\'. cnec, a snap, are
borrowed from E. crack. ] It meant (I ) a
snap, ( ~ ) a SIlap with the finger or nail,
(3) a jester's trick, piece of dexterity, (.)
a joke, trifie, toy, &c. Cf. Knock.
Xnacker, a dealer in old horses.
(Scand. ) It formerly meant a saddler and
harness-maker (Ray). _ lcel. hnakkr, a
saddle.
)[nag, a knot in wood, peg. (E.) M. E.
knagge, a peg, a knot in wood . Not in
A.S. LowG.k~law,akindofpeg; Swed.
knagg, a knag, knot; Dan. k"ag, a peg,
cog. 'We find also Irish mag, a knob,
peg, cnaig, a knot iu wood, GaeL mag,
knob, pin, peg (all from E.).
Knap, to snap. (Du.) Du. kllappm. to
snap, crack. crush, eat (whence k1lapper,
hard gingerbread, a lie). Cf. Dan. kneppe,
t~ snap; Swed. knitpp, a snap, ktt~p, a
tnck. A parallel word to knack, and of
imitative origin. Cf. Gael. enap, to strike,
beat, thump, Irish cnapaim, I strike; from
E. See Knop.
knapsack. (Du.) Du. knapzak, a
knapsaCk , lit. a provision-bag. - Du. knap,
eating, knappen, to crush, eat; zak, a sack
(a word of Hebrew origin); see Sack.
)tnapweed, Knopweed, a weed
with a hard head or knop; see Knop.
Knar; see Gnarled.
Knave, a boy, servant, sly fellow . (E.)
M. E. knaue (klIove ), a boy, servant. A. S.
cna./a. older form cnapa, a boy. + So also
Du. knaap, a lad, servant; Icel. knapi,
servant boy ; G. knabe, a boy. It is
probable tbat the initial kn- represents
the weak grade of Teut. *ken- (Idg. gen-),
to produce; cf. Knight. But the rest of
the word remains unexplained.
Knead, to mould by pressure. (E.)
M. E. klleden. A. S. medan (pt. t. *cutZd,
pp. cneden). a strong verb. to knead.+
Du. kneden, lcel. kno(ia, Swed. knlida , G.
kneten ; (all from Teut. base*kneil'-) . Allied
to Russ. gnetate, ptesti, to press, squeeze ;
from the corresponding Idg. root *gnet.
Knee. ( E.) M. E. kne, pI. knees; also
cneo, pI. mean. A. S. cnio. +Du. knie, .
Icel. hll, Dan. kna!, Swed. hzii, G. knie,
O. H . G. rhniu, Goth. kniu . Teut. type
*kne-.vom , n. Cf. L. gmu; Gk . .,.6",,;
Skt. jattu. The Idg. related bases are
*gmtt. ~as in L.), *gonu- (as in Gk),
*gneu. (whence Tent. *Imeu.). Cf. Gk.

~79

KNEEL

KNUAR

on the knees. See

Genu1l.ection, Pentagon, &c.
kneel, to fall on the knees. (E.)
M. E. meO'lien , knilen; A. S. 1le(ywlian.+
Du. knidm ; Low G. knelen (Lubben) ;
Dan. !male (formed from !ma, knee).
][nell, ][noll, to sound as a bell, toll.
(E.) M. E. !millen, !mo/lm. A. S. enyllan,
to knock, beat noisily. Cf. Du. knallen, to
give a loud report, Dan. knalde, to explode;
Swed. knalla, to resound, G. knalletl, to
make a loud noise; Ice!.gmlla, to scream;
M. H. G. knill/en, to beat. Perhaps of
imitative origin, to denote a loud noise ;
cr. Du. knal, Dan. knald, Swed. knall,
G. kna/I, a loud noise. From Teut. base
*knel- (*knal, *knul- ).
][nickerbockers,looseknee-breeches.
(Du.) Named from DiedJich Ktdcker
bO'eker, the pretended author of W. Irving's
Hist. of New York; taken as the type of
a New York Dutchman.
][nick-knack, a trick, trifle, toy. (E. )
A reduplication of knack , in the sense of
trifle, toy. Cf. Du. knikken, to snap,
weakened form of knakken, to crack.
See Knack.
Xnife. (E.) M. E. kllif, pI. kniues
(with u = v ). A. S. mif, a knife. + Du.
kni;/, Ice!. knifr, Dan. kniv, Swed. knif,
provo G. kneif; Low G. kni/, kntp, a knife
(Lubben) . (Cf. F. canif, from G.)
Possibly related to Nip and Nibble.
XnUrht, a youth, servant, manat-arms.
(E.) ?1'. E. knigkt. A. S. cnikt, O. Merc.
enekt, a boy, servant. + Du. kneckt, a
servant j Dan. knegt, manservant, knave
(at cards) ; Swed. kmkl, soldier, knave (at
cards); G. kneekt. 8. Perhaps enekt=
*enekt, belonging to the kin or tribe; cf.
Gk. "y"-~UlOs, legitimate, from "yl,,os, kin
(where 'Yl'- is the weak grade of "yf~-);
see Kin. The suffix ehl, -ihl is adjectival;
as in)O'YltiM, thorny, from)O'rn, a thorn.
Xnit. CE.) A . S. enyttan, to form into
a knot, to knot; formed (by vowel-change)
from Teut. *knut., the base of cnotta, a
knot (Teut. type *kllu/tO'n). Allied to
Ice!. knjta, Dan. knylte , Swed. knyla, to
knit; and to Ice!. knl,tr, Dan. knuae,
Swed. knul, a knot . See Knot.
][nob, a form of knop. M. E. knobbe.
Cf. Low G. knobbe, Du. !mobbel, a knob.
See Knop .
Xnock, to strike, rap . (E.) M. E.
kllotkm. A. S. Ctlucian; Ice!. knoka. Cf.
Irish magailll, I knock; W. mO'eiO', to

knock; Com. C1llNcye, to knock. An

imitative word, from Teut. */mUR-, weak
grade of Knack.
][noll ( 1), a hillock. (E.) M. E. !mol.
A. S. cnol.+Du. !mol, a turnip, from its
roundness, Dall. knold, a knoll, Swed.
knijl, a bump, G. /mO'l/en, a knoll, clod,
lump. Cf. W . at()l, a knoll, hillock;
Swed. dial. knall, a knoll.
Xnoll ( 2) ; see Knell.
][nOP, Xnob, a bump , protuberance,
boss. (E .) M. E. !mop, a rose-bud.
O. Fries. ersknO'p, the rumpbone.+ Du.
and Dan. kIlO'P, a knob, bud; Swed. knO'pp,
a bud, knO'p, a knot, G. knop/. knob,
button, knot. Apparently allied to M. E.
knap, a knob ; A. S. CttIZp, a hilltop,
Ice!. knappI', a knob; whence Gael. enap,
a knob, button, boss, stud, hillock, also
a slight blow; also the verb enap, to
thump, beat (hence, to raise a bump) ; W.
map, a knob; Irish cnap, knob, bunch,
hillock, mapaim, I ~trike. See Knap.
][not. (E.) M. E . knotte. A. S.
cnotta, a knot. + Du. knot. Cf. also
O. H. G. dmO'dO', G. k1lO'ten, a knot (with a
different dental sound). Also (with a long
vowel) Ice!. k'IUlr, a knot, Dan. knude,
Swed. knut. And (with orig. a ) Icel.
knottr (Teut. *knottu.), a ball.
knout, a scourge. (Russ. - Scand.)
Russ. knllte, a whip, scourge. - Swed.
knut, Icel. knutr, a knot.
Know, to be assured of. (E.) M. E.
knowen. A. S. eniiwan (pt. t. cnlow, pp.
cnQwen). + Ice\. kna, O. H . G. eknaatl.
Further allied to Russ. !lnale, to know j
L. noseere (for gnO'scere) ; Gk. "y1-'Yl'U,UltfIV j
Pers.farzan, knowledge; O. Irish ptath,
known, accustomed, W.gnawd, a custom;
Skt. jna, to know. An from a base *gnD,
a secondary form of ""GEN, to know.
knowledge. (E. ) M. E. knowlege,
knattlecke; from ~O'wleeken, vb., to acknowledge. Here -lichen = A. S. '/fican
(as in M. E. 1likllehen, A. S. niaklfican, to
approach). And lfican is from the A. S.
.liic, the same word as A. S. liic, a game,
sE()rt, play. See Wedlock.
Knuckle, the projecting joint of the
fingers. (E. ) M. E. knO'kil; O. Fries.
knoke/e. + M. Du. knO'kel, Du. knettkel,
Dan. knokkel, G. knOchel, a knuckle. A
dimin. form ; the shorter form appears
in M. Du. knoke, a bone, knuckle, G.
ktt()cken, a bone, Swed. knoge, a knuckle.
][nurr, ][nur, a knot in wood,

'Yl''''lI'fTfiv, to fall

380

KORAN

LACQUER

wooden balL (0. Low G.) M. E. hwr.

Not in A. S.-M. Dn. knorre, a hard
swelling, knot in wood. + Dan. knorl,
a knot; G. knorren, a lump. Allied to
M. E. knarre, a knot. See Gnarled.
Koran, sacred book of the Mohammedans. (Arab.) Arab. 'luran, reading aloud,
recitation; also, the Koran. - Arab. root
'lara-a, he read. (The a is long.)
alcoran; the same word , with the
Arab. def. art. al (the) prefixed.
Xra.a.l, an enclosure, a collection of huts,
an African vi llage. (Du. - Port. - L .) D u.
kraal, an African village. - Port. curral,
an enclosure; the same word as Span.
corral. See Corral.
Kythe, to make known. (E.) A. S.
cjilJan, to make known. - A. S. culJ , known,
pp. of cunnan, to know. See Can (J) ,
and Uncouth.

L.
La.bel, a small slip of paper, &c. (F. )
M. E. label. - O. F . label, lambel, a label
(in heraldry), a shred; mod. 1'. lambeatl.
Of uncertain origin ; cf. O. Lat. lamberare,
to tear ill pieces (Ascoli).
Labial. (L .) Late L. labialis, pertaining to the lips. - L. labium , the lip. See
Lip.
labellum, a pendulous petal. (L.)
L. labdlum, dimin. of labium, a lip.
labiate. (L.) A botanical term .-L.
labi-um , a lip; with suffix -ate (L. -atus).
Laboratory. (L .) Formerly elaboratory (Blount). - M. F. elabora/oire (Cot.).
F ormed from L. ilaboratus, pp. of Haborare, to elaborate, work out. - L. 1, out;
laboriire, to work, from labor, labour.
laborious. (F. - L.) M. E . laborious. - F. laborieux. - L. labiin'osus, toilsome. - L. labor., for labor, labour; with
suffix -osus.
labour, toil. (F. -L.) M. E. labour .
- O. F. labour (later labeur). - L. labiJrem,
acc. of labor, labiJs, toil.
Laburnum, a tree. (L.) L.laburnum,
in Pliny, xvi.. 18.
Labyrinth, a maze. (F.-L.-Gk.Egypt.) F. labyrinllte. - L. labyrintltus.
-Gk. Aafjup.v(Jor, a maze, a place full of
lanes or alleys.
Of Egyptian origin
(Maspero).
LaC: (I), a resinous substance. (Pers. -

Skt.) Pers.!d, gumlac, whence crimson

lake is obtained for dyeing.-Skt. Il1kslul,
lac; also laktaka, rak/aka, lac; rallj, to
dye. Der. gum-llU, sltel-Iac.
Lac (2 ) , a hundred thousand . (Hind.Skt.) A llU of rupees = 100,000 rupees. Hindustani lak (also laM), a lac. -Skt.
lakslta, a hundred thousand; originally,
'a mark.'
Lace, a cord, tie. (F.-L ) M.E. las,
laas.-O. F. las, laqs (F. lacs), a snare,
noose. - L. laqueus, a noose, snare, knot.
Allied to L . laclre, to allure ; cf. E. elicit,
delight. See Lasso , Latchet.
Lacerate, to tear. (L .) From pp. of
L. laceYlire, to tear. - L. lacer , mangled,
tom.+ Gk. Aa".po<, tom; Aa",<, a rent.
Lachrymal, Lacrimal, pertaining
to tears. (L.) The spelling lacltrymal is
bad. - L.lacryma, better lacruma, lacrima,
a tear; O. L. dacn'ma, a tear. Cognate
with Gk. """P", a tear, and E. lem' ; see
Tear (I). Der. (from L.lacri11la) lachrymose, tea rful; lacltrymatory, a tear-bottle.
Lack ( I), want . (E.) The old sense is
often' failure' or ' fault.' M. E. lak , lac.
Not in A. S., but cf. O. Fries. lek, d?-mage,
harm, lakia, to attack.+Du. lak, blemish,
stain, laken, to blame; Low G. Iq.k, defect,
blame , Ice!. lakr, defective, lacking.
lack (2 ) , to be destitute of. (E.) M. E.
lakken; weak verb; from lak, sb. See
above.
Lacker; see Lacquer.
Lackey, Lacquey, a footman , menial
attendant. (F. -Span . ?-Arab.?) From
M. F. laquay, 'a lackey, footboy;' Cot.
(F. laquais) . There was also an O. F.
form alacay; littre shews that, in the
15th cent., a certain class of soldiers (esp.
crossbow-men), were called alaguu, alacays, or lacays. (The prefix a- is prob.
due to Arab. ai, the def. article.) Prob.
from Span. lacayo, Port. lacaio, a lackey;
Port. lacaia , a woman-servant in dramatic
performances. - Arab. luka', worthless,
servile; as a sb., a slave; lak'a, fem., mean,
servile. Cf. laka~ , lak', servile, laka'i,
slovenly. ~ This is a guess; it is much
disputed; Diez connects it with Ita!.
leccare, G . lecken, to lick.
Laconic, brief and pithy. (L.-Gk .)
L. LacOnicus, Laconian. -Gk. AaxOJv."or,
Laconian. - Gk. M"OJv , a Laconian, Spartan. These men were celebrated for their
brief and pithy locution.
Lacquer, Lacker, a sort of varnish.

l81

LACTEAL

LAMMAS

(Y. - Port. - Pers. - Skt.)

M. F. lacre
(Cot.). - Port. lacre, sealing-wax. - Port.
laca, gum.lac.-Pers. laR, gum-lac; see
Lao (I).
Lacteal, relating to milk. (L) From
L. lacte-us, milky. - L lad-, stem of lac,
milk.+Gk. 'YMClMT-, stem of 'YcL\a, milk.
Allied to lettuce.
Lad, a youth. (E.) M. E. ladtlt. Prob.
the sense was one led,' i. e. a follower,
dependant. From M. E. lad, led, pp. of
Ildm, to lead. See Lead (I ). (H. Bradley, in Atluntzum, June I, 189+)
Ladanum; see Laudanum.
Ladder. (E.) M. E. ladtIre. A. S.
Mader, hladder, a ladder. + Du. ladder,
ladder, rails of a cart; O. H. G. Met'tra,
G. leiter, a ladder. Cognate with Gk.
JtA.i-/Ult, a ladder; see Climax. Named
from sloping; see Lean (I). (.vKLEI.)
Lade (I ), to load. (E.) Formerly a
strong verb; we still use the pp. ladm.
M. E. laden. A. S. Madan (pt. t. hiM,
pp. Maden), meanin~ ( I) to load, heap
up, heap together, (~) to draw out water,
lade out, drain.+Du. laden, Icel. IIIa6a,
Dan. lade, Swed. ladda, Goth. -k/atkan
(in afolatkan ), G. laden, to lade. Teut.
base .klad (not Matk), to lade (Kluge) .
Allied to Russ. Idade, a lading.
lade (~), to draw out water, drain.
(E.) The same word as Lade (1 ).
ladle, a large spoon. (E.) M. E.
ladd; A. S. Madel; so named from being
used for dipping out or lading water from
a vessel; from M. E. ladm, A. S. Mada",
to lade out; see above.
Lacl:v. (E.) Perhaps' loaf-kneader.'
A. S. Ila/dige, a lady.-A. S. klaf, a loaf;
and (perhaps) A. S. *dige, a kneader, from
the root seen in Goth. deiglln, to knead; see
Dike, and see Dairy. ~ Lady was specially used to mean the Virgin Mary;
hence lady-bird, lady's-slipper, &c.
Lag, late, sluggish. (C.) W. /lag,
slack, loose, sluggish ; Com. lac, loose,
remiss; Gael. and Ir. lag, weak, feeble,
raint; O. Irish lac, weak.+L. laxus, lax;
see Lax, Languid, Slack.
Lagan, goods cast out in a shipwreck.
(F.) A law-term; usually explained so
as to force a false connexion with L.
ligare, to tie. - O. F. lagan, lagand,
wreckage cast ashore (Godefroy). Low
L. laganulIl. Origin unknown. Perhaps
from O. Ice!. loginn, 'positus,' old pp.
pus. of leggia, to lay, place (Egilsson),

also, to be driven (Vigf.) . Cf. also O.F.

alagane (Godefroy).
Lagoon. (Ital.-L) Ita1. lagune, a
pool; also laguna.
[Or from Span.
laguna.] The former is an augmentative
of L. lacus; the latter is from L /a,una,
extended from lacus. See Lake (1).
LaiC. (L.-Gk.) L. laicus, belonging
to the laity.-Gk. AtUJtos (the same). See
La;y (3).
Lair, den or retreat of a wild beast.
(E.) M. E. leiI'. A. S. lepr, a lair,
couch, bed. - A. S. stem Ieg-, as in A. S.
leg-, base of licgan, to lie down, rest.
See Lie (1).+Du. leger, a bed, lair, from
liggen; G. lapr, O. H. G. legal'. a couch,
from O. H. G. liggan, to lie; Goth. lips,
a couch. Doublet, leaguer.
Laity, the lay people. (F.-L.-Gk.;
witk F. suifix. ) A coined word; from
lay, adj.; cf. gaie-ty from gay, &c. See
La;y (3).
Lake (1), a pool. (L.) A. F.lac.-L.
locus. a lake. + Gk. A.4JtJtOS. a hollow,
hole, pit, pond; O. Irish lock, A. S. lagu.
Lake (2), a crimson colour. (F.-Pers.
-Skt.) F. loque (Cot.). -Pers.lak, lake.
-Pers. lak, gum-lac; see Lao (1).
La.kh; the same as Lao (2).
Lama. (1), a high priest. (Thibetan.)
We speak of the grand lama of Thibet.
i. e. chief or high priest (Webster).
Lama. (~); see Llama.
La.mb. (E.) M. E. Iamb, lomb. A. S.
lamb, pI. lambru.+Du. lam, Ice!. Iamb,
Dan. lam, Swed. and G. lamm, Goth.
lamb, a young sheep. Teut. type *Iamboz,
neut.
La.mbent, flickering. (L. ) 'A lambent
flame.' - L. lambent-, stem of pres. pt. of
lambert, to lick, sometimes applied to
flames. Allied to Lap (I ).
La.me, disabled, esp. in the legs. (E.)
M. E. lame. A. S. lama. Du. lam, Ice!.
lami. Dan. lam, Swed. lam, G. lahm.
The orig, sense is bruised, maimed; from
a base *Iam -, to break. Cf. Russ.lomate,
to break; Ice!. lama, to bruise; provo E.
lam, to bruise.
Lament, vb. (F.-L.) F. lammter.L. lammtari, 10 wail. - L. ltimentum, a
mOllmful cry ; from the base lii- , to utter
a cry; cf. la-trare, to bark. Cf. also
Russ. laiate, to bark, scold.
loa,mina.. (L.) L.lamina, a thin plate
of metal. Cf. Omelette.
Lamma.s, a name for Aug. 1. (E.)

28~

LAMP
A. S. "'tif-mlZsu, lit. 'loaf-mass;' later
spellings hlammasse, lammasse. A loaf
was on this day offered as a first -fmits of
harvest. See Mass ( ~ ) .
Lamp. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F.lampe.L. lampas. - Gk. Jl.al'"o.r, a torch , light. Gk. Jl.1i1'''flY, to shine. Cf. Lantern.
Lampoon. (F. - Teut.) F . tampon,
orig. a arinkingsong; from the exclamation lampons! = let us drink (Littn!). - F.
lamper, nasalised form of O. F . lapper, to
lap up; of Teut. origin.-M. Du. lappen ,
, to lap or licke like a dogge;' Hexham.
See Lap (I).
Lamprey, an eel-like fish. (F. -L.)
A. F. ]ampreie, O . F . lamproie (ltal.
lampreda). - Late L. lamprida; once
spelt lampdra, as if 'licker of rocks,' because the fish cleaves to them, from L.
lambere, to lick, petra, a rock; but this is
doubtful. Cf. Limpet.
Lance. (F. -L.) F.lance. -L. laneea.
Gk. Jl.frrX1J , a lance. Der. lance, vb.,
to pierce; lanc-cr.
la.ncegay, a kind of spear. (F. -L.;
and F. - S'pan. - Moorish.) Obsolete. A
corruption of laneezagrzye, compounded of
lance (as above), and F. zagaye, a kind of
Moorish pike. The latter word answers
to Span. azagaya (= alwgaya), where al
is the Arab. def. article, and zagaya is an
O. Span. word for 'dart,' of Moorish
origin. So Port. azagaia, whence E.
assegai.
lanceolate, lance-shaped. (L) L.
lanceo/atus, furnished with a spike.-L.
la1leeola, a spike; dimin. of lancea (above) .
lancet. (F.-L.) M. E. launcet. F . lancetle, dim in. of lance, a lance
(above).
la.nch, another spelling of lance, vb.,
to pierce; also of launch (below) .
launch, la.nch, to hurl a spear, send
(a ship) into the water. (F.-L.) M. E.
launehm, launcm, to hurl. - O.F.lanchier,
lancier, Picard lancher, F. lancer, to hurl,
fling, dart, also to prick. pierce. - 1..
laltceiire, to wield a lance. - L. laneea, a
lance.
Land. (E.) M. E. land, lond. A. S.
land. Du. lcel. Dan. Swed. Goth. G.
land. T eut. type *latzdom, neut. Allied
to Celtic type *landa, fern., whence Ir.
lann, land, W . llan, a yard, churchyard,
Corn. lan, BreI. lann (whence F . lande, a
plain). See Lawn. Der. up-land, outla,td-ish.

LANTERN
la.ndau, a kind of coach. (G.) Said
to be named from La" dau, a town in
Bavaria. Land is cognate with E. land;
G. aN is allied to i - in M. E . i-land; see
Island.
la.ndnave, a count of a province.
(Du.) l1u. landgraaj. - Du. land, land;
graaf, a count. Der. landgravine, from
Du. landgrav in, fern . of landgraaf; see
Margrave.
landraU, a bird ; see Bail (3).
landscape. (Du.) Formerly landskip; borrowed from Dutch painters. Du. landschap, a landscape, a province. Du. land, land ; and -scllap. a suffix corresponding to E. -ship in friend-ship,
allied to the E. verb snape. ~ The Du.
sch sounds to us more fike sk than sh;
hence our spelling with se.
Lane. (E.) M. E. lane, lone. A. S.
lane, lone, a lane; O. Fries. lana, lona.+
Du. laan, a lane, narrow passage.
La.ngua.ge. (F.-L.) M. E. langage.
- M. F. language (Cot.), now langage. - }'.
langue, the tongue.-L. lingua, tongne.
See Lingual.
Languish. (F. -L.) M.E.languishen .
-F. la1Zguiss-. stem of pres. part. of languir, to languish. - L. languire. to be
weak. Allied to Gk. Jl.a-rapor, slack;
Ice!. lakra, to lag; and to Lag. See
Brugm. ii. 633. (.vSLAG.)
la.nguid. (L.) L. languidus, feeble.
- L. la"guire, to be languid or weak.
languor, dullness. (F.-L. ) M. E.
lang7lor.-F. la,tgueur. -L. la1lguarem ,
ace. of languor. -L. langulre (above).
Laniardj see Lanyard.
Laniferous, wool-bearing. (L.) From
L. lana, wool; fetTe, to bear. L. /tina is
allied to Wool
Lank, slender, thin. (E.) M. E. lank.
A. S. hlane, slender.
Lanner, L&D.D.eret a kind offalcon.
(F. -L.) F . lanier, 'a ianner;' Cotg.L. lanilirius, a butcher, one that tears and
. rends. - L. lanilire, to rend. (So Diez.)
Der. Hence perhaps lanyard.
Lansquenet, a German foot-soldier,
a game at cards. (F.-G.) F.lam quenet,
'a lance knight [a mistaken form] or
German footman ; ' Cot:- G. landsk1teeht,
a footsoldier. _ G.lallds, for landes, gen. of
land, country ; knecht, a soldier (E. knight).
Thus lansquenet = land'sknight; orig. a
soldier from Germany.
Lantern. (F.-L -Gk.) M. E. Ian-

LASH

LANYARD

term. - F. lan/er"e. -L. lanferna, laterlla, emptiness. The steersman formerly stood
a lantern (not a true L. word ). Lanterna on the starboard (steer. board) side; the
<*lamterna<*lampterna, borrowed from other side was free.
Gk. Aafurn,p, a light, torch. -Gk. Aa!'..... JI, Larceny, robbery. (F. -L.) The-y
to shine. ~ Sometimes spelt lantlwm, is an E. addition. - O. F. larreei1: (F.
because Iwrn was used for the sides of lardn), larceny. - L. latrod"ium, robbery;
lanterns.
formed with suffix cinium (as in tirtJLanyard, Laniard, a certain small einium) from latro, a robber. Allied to
rope in a ship. (F. - L.) Forme!ly spelt Gk. AaTp<r, a hireling, used in a bad
lannier, l\f. E. lainere; the final d being sense; and to AclTPOJl, hire.
ellcrescent ,orduetoyard. _M.F. laniere, Larch, a tree. ( F . -L.-Gk.) O.F.
'a long and narrow band or thong of larice (Godefroy), also larege, ' the larch; ,
leather;' also lat:ieres, pI. 'hawks' lunes; ' Cot. - L. larieem, acc. of lan'x , a larch.Cot. Perhaps from F. lanier, a kind of Gk. AaPt" a larch.
Lard. (F . -L.) O . F./ard.-L. lardum,
hawk . See Lanner.
Lap ( 1), to lick up with the tongue. also liirida, lard. fat of bacon. Cf. Gk.
(E. ) M. E. lappen. A . S. lapian, to lap. Aiip6r, nice, Aiipi,,6s, fat. Der. lard-er,
+ M. Du. lappen (Hexham) ; Icel. lepja, from O. F . lardier, a tub to keep bacon in
Dan. labe; O. H. G. lajfan, to lap up.+ (Cot. ), hence a room in which to keep
L. lambere, to lap with the tongue . bacon and meat. Also inter-lard.
(""LAB; Brug. ii. 632. ) Allied to Large. (F.-L. ) F . large._L. larga,
fern . ollargus, great. Cf. O. F. lare, m.
lambent.
Lap ( 2), the loose part of a coat, an
largess, a liberal gift. (F. -L. ) F .
apron, part of the body covered by an largesse, bounty. - Late L. *largitia, not
apron, :l fold. (E.) M. E. lappe. A. S. found, for L. largitio, a bestowing. - L.
lappa. a loosely hanging portion. + Du. largitus, pp. of largiri, to bestow. - L.
lap, Dan. lap, Swed. lapp, G. lappen. a largus, large, liberal.
patch, shred, rag. Cf. Ice!. lapa, to hang Lark ( 1), a bird, (E. ) Another form
down; Lith. 10pas, a patch, rag. ~ Hence is lavroek (Bums). M. E. larke, also
lap-d, a flap of a coat, dimin. of E. lap; laveroek. - A. S. liiweree, later liiuerce,
lapp-et, also dimin. of E. lap; also the liiferce. + Icel. llZVirki. a larIC; Low G .
lewerke, O. H. G . ,"eklta, G . lerelte, Du.
verb to lap over. Cf. Limp (I).
Lap ( 3), to wrap. (E.) M. E. lappen, leeuwrik, E. Fries. tnJerke, Swed. larka,
also wlappen, another form of wrappm; Dan. larke. A compound word, of unknown origin.
see Wrap. Quite distinct .from lap ( 2).
Lapidary, one who sets precious Lark (2), a game, fun. (E.) The same
stones. (L. ) Englished from L. lapidti- word as the above; from the cheerful note
rius, a stonemason. - L. lapid-, stem of of the bird. The fuller form lavrocR
lapis, a stone. Allied to Gk. A....ar. a (whence larrieR) produced the form larbare rock, A."is, a flake, Ai""JI, to peel n'kin' for larking, now used as a slang
(Prellwitz). See Leper.
adj. , in the sense of rollicking or rowdy.
Lapse, vb. (I..) From L. lapsiire, to See N. and Q , 7 S. vii. 345.
slip, frequent. of lab; (pp. lapsus ), to glide, Larum; short for Alarum.
slip, trip. Der. eol-, e-, il-, re-lapse.
Larva. (E.) L. lart/a, a ghost, a
Lapwing, a bird. (E. ) M. E. lappe- mask; used as a scientific name for a caterwinke. A."S. hllapewinee, as if 'one who pillar or grub.
turns about in running'; from A.S. Miap I.a.rynx. \ L.-Gk.) L. larynx.-Gk.
an, to run; *wince, one who turns; see Aapv..,' (gen. Aap1l')''Yor), throat, gullet,
Winch. ~ But the older form is laepae- larynx. Der. laryng-itis.
uinea (0. E. T., p. 504); the sense of Lascar, a native E. Indian soldier.
which is unknown.
(Pers.) Pers. lasltkari, a soldier; from
Larboard. (E.?) Cotgrave has ; lashkar, an army.
'Babort. the larboard side of a ship.' Lascivious. (L.) Corruptly formed
Hakluyt (Voyages. i. 4) has the spelling from L. laseiuus. lustful. Cf. Skt. laslt,
leereboord; where !eere answers to provo E. to desire.
leer, empty, A. S. *ltZrt (cognate with G. Laah ( I ), a thong, stripe. (E.) M. E.
leer, O. H. G. Mri) ; whence A. S. I/)rltes, : lass}u, the flexible part of a whip; cf. E.
~84

LASH

LATHER

Fries. laske, a bit of wood fastened on,

Low G. laske, a fI~p, G. lasche, a flap,
groove for scarfing timber; M. Du. lassche,
'a peece of cloath sowne into a garment,'
M. H. G. lasche, a shred, strip; Norw.
laske, a strip, shred , bit of wood. Lash
in the sense of thong is from its use in
lashing or binding things together ; Swed.
laska, to stitch; N orw. lask, a seam. The
verb lash, to scourge, is to use a lash .
Lash ( 2), to bind firmly together.
(E. ) Cf. D u. lassc/un , to join , scarf together ; lasch, a piece, joint, seam. So
also Swed. laska , Dan. laske, to scarf ;
Swed. Dan. lask , a scarf, joint. The verb
is from the sb. ; see above.
Lass, a girl. (Scand.?) M. E. lasSt,
laset (Matzner). Cf. lcel. laskr, weak;
M. Swed. lask, a person having no fixed
abode_ Vigfusson cites O. Swed. loska
kona, a spinster. (H . Bradley ; in Ath.
June 16, 1894.) Cf. Bavarian lasch, a
woman (a term of contempt); Schmeller.
Lassitude, weariness. (F.-L.) F.
lassitude. - L. lassitudo, weariness. - L.
lassus, wearied; for *Iad-tus, and allied
to E. Late.
Lasso, a rope wi th a noose. (Span. L.) From Mexican Span. laso; O. Span.
laso, Minsheu. - L. laqutUs (Folk L.
lactus), a noose, snare , knot. See Lace.
~ The mod. Span. has lazo (with s sounded
as E. voiceless I").
:r.a.t (I), latest; see Late.
:r.a.t (2), II. wooden mould of the foot
for II. shoemaker. (E.) M. E. last, lesl.
A. S. Illst, lilsl, a (oot-track, path, trace
of feet (whence the mod. sense follows). +
Du. leest, a last. form; Ice!. kistr, the
foot below the ankle; Swed. liisl, Dan.
lasl, G. kislen, a shoemaker's last; Goth.
/aisls, a foot-track.
The Teut. base
appears in Goth. /aist-, with orig. sense
foot-track'; from lais-, 2nd grade of
Teut. *Ieisan-; cf. Goth. lais, I know
(find or trace out). Cf. L. lira, a track;
see Delirious. Akin to Learn.
1ut (3), to endure. (E.) M. E . lasten,
Itslen; A. S. liis/an, to observe, perform,
last ; orig. 'to follow in the track of;'
from llisl, a foot-track (above). + Goth.
laisljan, to follow after; G. leis/en, to
follow onto Cf. Goth. laists, G. leisten,sb.
:r.a.t (4) , a load, large weight, ship's
cargo. (E. ) M. E. last. A. S. Most, a
burden. Formed from A. S. Madan , to
lade,load.+Dan. lasl, cargo ; Swed. Du.

and G. Inst , a burden. See Lade. ~ A. S.

Mast is for *hladsto ( > *hlasto-) ; from
Illad-, with snffix -sto-. Cf. Ice!. hlass
*hlad-to-), a cart-load .
Latch ( I ), a catch, fastening. (E .)
M. E . laeche, a latch, from laechal, to
catch. - A. S. laeca'l , to seize , catch hold
of.
Latch ( 2), vb ., to moisten. (E .) In
Shak. M. N . D . iii. 2. 36. Cf. M. Du.
laken, to flow (Ondemans); Swed. laka,
to distil, fall by d rops, laka pa, to pour
on to; from lak , 2nd grade of l cel. leka,
to drip: see Lea.k. Also provo E. letch ,
a vessel for making lye; A. S. lu can,
to moisten : Low G. lake, bri ne.
Latchet, a li ttle lace, thong. (F.-L.)
M. E. lachet. - o. F. lachet, Norman and
Picard form of O . F . lacet, a lace; dimin.
of O . F. laqs, F. lacs; see Lace.
Late. (E .) M. E. lat; compo later,
latter, super!. latest, latst (Ormulum ,
41 68) , last. A. S. lat, slow, late. + Du.
lant, Ice!. latr, Dan. lad, Swed. lat;
Goth. lats, slothful, G.lass, weary. Allied
to L. lassus (for Iad-tus), weary. From
the weak g rade of the verb to ItI, i. e. let
go; late orig. meant slothful, slow. See
Let ( I). Brugm. i. 197.
latter, another form of later (above).
last ( I ), latest ; contracted form of
latest.
Lateen; see La.tin.
Latent, hidden . (L.) L. latenl-, stem
of pres. pt. of latin, to lie hid.
Lateral. (L.) L. lateralis, belonging
to the side. -L. later-, for *Iates-, stem of
lalus . side.
Lath. (E.) North E. lat. M. E. lat/e.
A. S. lat/, a lath; pI. lat/a. + Du. lat;
G . latte (whence F. lalle) ; allied to G.
laden, a board, plank, shutter. The mod.
form lal" seems to have been influenced
by W. lIath, a rod, staff, Ir. slat, a rod;
which is cognate.
Lathe ( I ), a machine for turning wood,
&c. (Scand. ) Icel. lalJ (gen. /olJ-ar), a
smith s lathe; Dan. dreie-Iad, a turninglathe.
Lathe (2), a division of a county. (E.)
A. S. liitJ, M. E. mI, a lathe, province;
Thorpe, Ancient Laws, i. 184, 455. Perhaps allied to Ice!. leitl, leitJangr, a levy.
Lather. (E. ) M. E. lath". A. S.
liatlor, lather ; whence IjlJran, to anoint.
+ Ice!. latdJr, froth , foam , soap; Swed.
lader, lather.
For the form, cf. Gk.

28 5

LATIN

LAW

lovrp6r, a bath. Allied to L78 and L.) Formed by adding F. suffix us to

Lave.
M. E. launder or lavander, a washerLatin. (F.-L.) F. Latin. -L. Lati woman.-O. F. lavandiere, 'a la1Jllderesse
nus, belonging to Latium. Der.latim-er, or washing.woman;' Cot. - Late L.lauanan interpreter; for Latiner.
dOria, tibia, (same). - L. lauand-, gerunlateen, triangular, applied to sails. dial stem of lauare, to wash. See Lave.
(F.-L.) F. laline, as in wile latine, a Der. laundr-y=launder-y.
lateen sail; latine is the fem. of Latin, Laurel. (F.-L. ) M. E. lord, lorer,
Latin (i. e. Roman).
laurer. - O. F. Iorier (F. laurier), a laurel.
Latitude, breadth. (F.-L.) M.E. tree. -O. F. lor (the same); with suffix
latitude. - F. latitude. - L. latitudo (stem -ier (L. -arius). - L. laurum, acc. of
latitUdin-) , breadth. - L. latus, broad; laurus, a laurel-tree.
short for O. L. stlatus. Brugm. i. 5'9'
laureate. (L) L.laureatus, crowned
Latten, a mixed metal, like pinch- with laurel. - L. laurea, a laurel; orig.
beck. (F.) M. E. latoUrl.-O. F. laton fem. of laureus, adj. from laurus (above).
(F. laiton), latten. Origin unknown. Cf. Lava. (Ital.-L.) Ital./ava, a stream
Low L. lato, latifnus; Span. laton; Port. (esp. of molten rock). - L. lauare, to wash,
latiJo; Ita\. ollone, ~atten.
lave. See Lave.
Latter; see Late.
Lave, to wash. (F.-L.) F./aver.Lattice. (F. -G.) Formerly lattis. L. lauare. Gk. '\OVEII', to wash. Der.
M. E. latis. - F. latlis, lathwork, lattice- laver, M.F.lavoir, a washing. pool (Cot.);
work. - F. latte, a lath. - G. latte, a lath; lav-at-or-y, F. lavatoire, L. /autitorium,
see Lath.
neut. of lauatUrius, adj., belonging to a
Laud, to praise. (L.) M. E.lauden. - washer. And cf. La.ther.
L. laudiire, to praise. - L. laud-, stem of Laveer, to tack. (Du. - F. - Du.)
laus, praise.
In Dryden. - Du. laveeren; M. Du./averen,
Laudanum. (L. -Gk.-Pers. ) Now loeveren, 'to saile up and downe,' H exa preparation of opium, but formerly a~ ham. - M. F. loveer (Littre); F. louvoyer.
plied to a different drug. Thus Minsheu s - F . Iof, luff, weather-side. - Du. loej.
Span. Diet. (16'3) has: 'Laudano, the See Lu1f.
gum labdanum vsed in pomanders.' Lavender, a plant. (F.-Ita\'-L.)
'Laudanum, Ladanum, Labdanum, a M. E. lavendre, the l' being an E. addition.
sweetsmelling transparent gum gathered -F. lavande, lavender; Cot.-Ita!' lafrom the leaves of Cistus Ledon, a shrub, vamia, lavender ; used for being laid in
of which they make pomander, it smells freshly washed linen. - Ital. lavamla, a
like wine mingled with spices;' Blount, washin$' - L. lauare, to wash. See Lave.
1674.
(Laudanum has a like strong LaVIsh profuse, prodigal. (E.) Forsmell.) - L.ltidanum, lidanum, resin from merly spelt lavish, laves; also lavy.
the shrub lada (Pliny). - Gk. AiJ3avov, Formed with suffix ish CA. S. -ise) from
A400VOV (same). - Gk. '\ij30v, a certain the obsolete verb lave, to pour out, lade
shrub. - Pers. lad(J1I, the gum.herb lada out water; M. E. lauen, to bale out
(Richardson) .
water, whence the llutaphorieal use of
Laugh. (E.) M. E. laughen, lehghen. lauen, to rve bountifully. 'He lauet:
O. Merc. hltZkhan, A.S. hlihan (pt. t. hlok), hys gyftez = God lavishes His gifts;
to laugh. +Du. lagehen, Ice\. hlaja, Dan. Allit. Poems, A. 607. It answers to
lee, Swed. Ie, G. lac/len, Goth. hlahjan A. S. laJian, to lave, wash, pour. Cf.
(pt. t . hloh). (Base *klah = Idg. *klak; Du. laven, G. laben, to refresh. ~ The
cf. Lith. kltgeli, to laugh, Gk. /t'\WqqUV, Teut. verb was perhaps early borrowed
to cluck.) Of imitative origin. Der. from L. laulin ; see Lave. Cf. Norman
laughter, A. S. "'tahlor.
dial. laver, to spend lavishly. Der.
Launch (1) ; see Lanch.
lavisll, vb.
Launch (2), a large ship's boat. Law, a rule of action, edict. (Scand.)
(Span.) Span. laneha, ' the pinnace of M. E . law~. A. S. lagu (not common;
a ship;' Pineda (1740). Port. lanella, the the usual A. S. word is ii) ; borrowed from
same. Cf. P.ort. lane/uz"a, a kind of ship; Scand. Cf. O. Sax. lag, law. - Ice!. log,
perhaps of Malay origin (Yule).
pt, but in sing. senle, a law, from lag,
Laundreu, a washerwollWl. (F. - a stratum, order; Swed. lar; Dan. In.
a86

LAWN

LEAGUE

From Teut. lag, 2nd stem of ./igjan, to

lie; see Lie (I). The sense is ' that which
lies,' or is fixed (cc. Gk. I<fiTa, ,,6,.Of, the
law is fixed, from I<fi,.al, I lie). Der.
law-y-er (cf. saw-y-er). See Lie ( I) .
Lawn (I ) , a space of grass-covered
ground, a glade. (F. -C.) M_ E . laund
(the d has been rlropped) .-O.F. lande,
, a land or laund, a wild, untilled, shrubby,
or grassy plain;' Cot. Cf. Ita1. and Span.
landa, a beath. /3. Of disputed origin;
referred by Littre to G. land ( = E. land),
open country; but by Diez (rightly)
to Bret. fann, a bushy shrub, of which
the pI. lamwu, like F. landes, means
'waste lands.' It comes to the same
thing; for E. and G. land are cognate
with Irish lann, a piece of land. Cf. W.
IIan, Gael. lann, an enclosure, piece of
land. See Land.
Lawn (2), fine linen. (F. place-name.)
Palsgrave has Laune /ynm, prob. for Lan
/ynen, where Lan is the 16th cent. spelling of Laon, to the N. W. of Rheims.
Lawn was also called' cloth of Remel,'
i. e. Rheims; see Baret's Alvearie.
Laz, slack. (L) L. laxus, slack,
loose. Allied to Slack. Brugm. i. 193.
lazati.ve, loosening. (F. -L.) F.laxatif. - L. laxtitiuus, loosening. - L laxlltus, pp. of laxiire, to loosen.-L. laxus,
lax.
Lay (I ), to cause to lie down, set. (E.)
M. E. leien, leggen, pt. t. leide, pp. leid.
A. S. leegan, pt. 1. legde, pp. gelegd;
causal of liegan, to lie. Du. leggen, lcel.
leggja, Dan. liZgge, Swed. liigga, G. legen,
Goth.lagjan. Teut. type *Iag-jan , causal
verb; from *lag, 2nd grade of *figjan-. to
lie; see Lie (1). For the modem forms,
see Sweet, E. Gr. 1293.
layer, a stratum, tier, bed. (E.) Different from lay-~, he who lays; a graphic
variant of M. E. leiI'. a lair, couch,
place for lying down in ; hence a bed,
stratum, &c. See Lair.
Lay ( l) , a song, poem. (F.-C.) M.E.
lai.-O. F. lai. said to be a Breton word.
Not preserved in Breton, but it answers to
Irish laoj, laoidh, O. Ir. Itkd, a song.
poem, Gael. laoidn, a verse, hymn, sacred
poem.
Lay (3) , pertaining to the laity. (F. L. - Gk.) M. E. lay. - O. F. la" secular.
- L. laicus. - Gk. Juu ..6s, belonging to the
people. - Gk. ~a6f (Attic ~f""), the people.
See Laic, Laity.

Lay (4) , as in Lay-figure. (Du.)

The old word was lay-man (Richardson).
Lit. 'joint-man,' i. e. man made with
joints. _ Du. leeman, a lay-man.
Here
ue- is for lede-, in compounds (Sewel);
and Du. /eden is the pI. of lid, a joint,
cognate with A. S. #6, Goth. litkus, G.
g-lied, a joint. Prob. allied to Limb
(Kluge).
La.yft j see Lay (I).
LaZar, a leper. (F . -L.-Gk.-Heb.)
M. E. lazar. - F. lazare. - L. Lazarus.Gk. M,apos, the name of the beggar in
Luke, xvi. 20; contracted from Heb.
name Eleazar.-Heb. Etazar, he whom
God helps. Der. lazar-etto, a plaguehospital, ltaI. lazzaretto.
Lazy. (Low G.) Laezie (Spenser).Low G. lasiek , variant of lonek, languid,
idle (Lubben); liiosig, lazy (Danneil) ;
Pomeran.ldsig, cf.laassam, lazy (Bremen) ;
Du. leuzig, lazy. Allied to Loose.
Lea, Lay, Ley, a meadow. (E.)
M. E . lay, ley, untilled land. A. S. Ilan,
lla (gen. liage) , a lea; d. rIlzd-llan, i. e.
Hadleigh. Cognate with provo G. lon , a
morass, low plain, Low G. loge, Flem. 100
as in Water-loo; also with Lithuan. laukas, an open field, L. lucus, a glade, open
space in a wood. Orig.' a clearing.'
Allied to Lucid. Brugm. i. 221.
Lead (I), to conduct. (E.) M. E.
leden, pt. t. ladde, pp. lad.-A.S.liidan,
to lead. Icel. lei6a; Swed. leda; G.
leiten; Du. leiden. Teut. type laidjan- ;
from *Iaith (by Verner's Law), 2nd grade
of *leithan- (A. S. lilJan), to travel. See
Lode.
Lead (2 ). a metal. (E.) M. E. Iml.
A. S. ll'ad.+Du. lood, Swed.lod, Dan. lod,
G. loth, M. H. G. lOt. Teut. type *laudom,
neut. cr. O. Irish luaidke, lead.
Leaf. (E.) M. E. let/, pI. leues
( =Ieves). A. S. lla/, neut., pI. lea/+Du.
looj, foliage; lcel. lau/, Swed . Iii/, Dan.
liiv, Goth. laufs, G. lau/J. Teut. stem
*Iaubo-.
League (I ) , a bond, alliance. (Ital.L.) Ital.lega ,' a league;' Florio. - Late
L. liga, a league. - L. Iig4re, to bind. See
Ligament.
League (l ), about three miles. (F.L. - C.) O. F. leg-ue (Roquefort); F.
lieut (Gascon lega). - Late L. llga, leuca;
L. ieuga. leuca, a Gallic mile; a word of
Celtic origin. Cf. Bret. leo ll'U a league;
abo leu (in Vannes).

287

LEAGUER

Leaguer, a camp. (Du.)

LECTERN

In All's Leasing, falsehood. (E.) M. E. lesing.

Well, iii. 6. 27. - Du. leger, a lair,:l camp. A. S. leaS/mg, falsehood; from teas, false.
See Lair, Lie ( 1). Der. beleaguer.
Cf. Icel. lausung, falsehood; Du. loos,
Leu. (Scand.) M. E. lekm. - Icel. false. See Loose.
leka, to drip, dribble, leak as a ship, str. vb. Least; see Leas.
(pt. t. lak) ; cf. the causal forms seen in Leat, a conduit for water. (E.) A. S.
Swed. Meka, Dan. lakke, Dli. lekken, G. ge!t2te, a course, direction. From llZIan,
luken, ro leak, drop; A. S. lucan, to wet. to let, permit. Cf. in-let, ()U/let. See
~ The mod. E. word is Scal)d.; not from L et (I).
A. S. Iman. [We also find A.S. hlee, Leather. (E.) M. E. kther. A. S.
leaky.] Der. leak, sb., from Icel. leki, letJer. + Du. leder, Ice!. letJr, Dan. lader,
a leak. Prob. allied to La.ck (Franck).
Swed. liider, G . leder, leather. Tent. type
Leal, loyal, true. (F.-L.) M. E. lil. *Ieth"om, neut.; ldg. type *Ielrom, as in
- A. F . leal, O. F. leial, legal, hence just, O. Irish letkar, W. lIedr. Der. leather-n.
loyal.- L. legalzs, legal. Doublets, legal, Leave ( 1) , to forsake , quit. (E.) M. E.
loyal. See Legal.
leuen (/even). A. S. lie/an, to leave a
Lean (1), to incline, stoop. (E. ) M. E. heritage, leave behind one.+Icel. leija, to
Imen . A. S. Manan, to make to lean, leave. Teut. type *laibjan, to leave;
weak verb; (cf. A. S. Minian, to lean, from *laib-, as seen in A. S.laf, a remainder,
weak verb). + Dan. lrent, Swed. liina, Ice!. leif, a heritage. And *Iaib is the
cansal forms; G. lekn.:n, intrans. Allied 2nd stem of Teut. *Ieiban-, to remail).asin
to L. -dinan, in inclinare, to incline; A. S. be-Ii/an, O. H. G. bi-liban (whence
Gk. /C)..'Vf(V, to cause to lean, make to G. bleiben). Idg. root *Ieip, as in Gk.
bend. (-v'KLEI.)
)..r~s, persistent; the weak grade *Iip
lean (2), slender, frail. (E.) M. E. appears in Skt. lip, to smear, Gk. )..["0<,
lene. A. S. Miine, lean; orig. bending, grease, Russ. lipkii, sticky, Lith. lipti, to
stooping, hence thin; cf. L. dediuis, adhere to. See Live. Bmgm. i. 87.
declining. Teut. type *Mainjoz. Cf. O. Leave (2), permission, farewell. (E.)
Irish eMen, sloping, bad. Allied to A. S. To take leave' = to take permission to
hia nan, to lean (above).
go. 'By your leave' = by your permission.
Leap. (E. ) M. E. lepen, pt. t. lup, pp. M. E. /eue (/eve). A. S. lenf, permission.
lopen. A. S. hleapan , pt. t. Meop, to run , From the same root as A. S. leof, dear,
jump. + Du. 10opClt , Ice!. Maupa, Dan. pleasing. The orig. sense was pleasure;
lobe, Swed. lopa, Goth. Maupan, G. hence a grant, permission. +Dll . . Iof, as
lau/en, chiefly in the sense' to rnn.' Teut. in 001'10/, permission, ver-Io!, leave; Ice!.
type *Maupan-.
leyji, leave, lofan, permission, lob ( 1)
Learn. (E.) M. E. lemen. A . S. praise, ( 2) permission; Dan. lw, Swed.
Icornian. + G. lemen, to learn. Tellt. lof, praise, leave; G. tlr-laub, ver-Iaub,
type *liznon; from *liz (a)noz , pp. of leave, er-Iaubm , to permit, lob, praise.
*leisnll-, to trace out, of which the pt. t. From Tent. base *Ieub- (whence A. S.
lais occurs in Goth. with the sense' I leo/), 2nd grade */Club ( > A. S. lea/) ,
know,' i. e. have found out. Hence also weak grade *Iub- (>A. S. Ili/-U, love)
Teut. *laizjan, to teach, as in A. S. laran See Lief, Love, Furlough. (-v'LEUBH. )
M. E.
(G . lehren ), to teach. Brugm. i. 903 (c). Leaven, ferment. (F. -L.)
leuain (levain). -F. levain.-L.leuamen,
And see Last (2) , Lore.
Lease (1), to let a tenement. (F . - L.) an alleviation; here used in the orig. sense
F. laisser, to let go. - L.laxar~, to slacken, of' that which raises.' - L. lcuare, to raise.
let go. - L. laxus, loose. See Lax.
- L. leuis, light. See Levity.
Lease ( 2), to glean. (E.) M. E. lesen. Lecher. (F . - G .) M. E. leekur,
A. S. lesan, to gather. + Du. lezen , to lec/lOttl'. - O. F. lu htor, leeke"r, lit. one
gather, to read; G. lesen; Goth. lisan, who licks up, a m.1.n addicted to gluttony
pt. t. las, to gather; Lith. lesti, to snap up. and lewdness. - O. F. leeker (F.llc/ltr), to
Leash, a thong to hold in a dog. (F . lick.-O. H. G. leeeMn (G. leekm), to
- L.) M. E. lees. - 0. F. lesse (F. laim), lick. See Lick.
a leash. - Late L. laxa, a thong, a loose Lectern, Lecturn, a reading-desk.
rope. - L. laxus , slack. See Lax. ~ The (F. - Late L.)
M. E. Ie/erone, lee
number usually leashed together was three. lome, leetrone, leetnm ( Prompt. Parv.).
l88

LECTION

LEGAL

- O. F. letrun (Godefroy) ; lectrun,letrin Sweu. liikare. Also A. S. liicnian, to heal,

(Littre, s. v. lutrin). - Late L. lectrilZlt11l, Ice!. lmkna, Dan. Imge, Swed. liika, Goth.
a reading-desk, pulpit. - Late L. leetrulll, 11kinon, to heal. Also O. Irish liaig, a
a pulpit. Prob. from Gk. A'''''POV, a couch, leech.
support; akin to Gk. AfXO<, a couch, bed ;
leech (l ), a blood-sucking worm. (E.)
cf. L. lectus, a couch. But other forms, A. S. Ilcee, lit. 'the healer;' the same
like Late L. tectffrinum, teclUrium, shew word as the above.
that it was popularly connected with L. Leech (3), Leach, the border or edge
lectio (below).
of a sail at the sides. (E.) Cf. Ice!. Uk,
LeCtiOD, a reading, portion to be read. a leech-line; Swed. lik, Dan. lig, a bolt(L.) From L.leetio, a reading.-L.lectus, rope.+M . Du. lykm, a bolt-rope (Sewel) ;
Du. lijk (see Franck).
pp. of legere, to read. See Legend.
lecture,a discourse. (F.-L.) F.tec- Leek. (E.) M.E. leek. O.Merc.lec;
ture, a reading. - Late L. Itctiira, a com- A . S. leac. + Du. look, Icel. laukr, Dan.
mentary. - L. lectus, pp. of legere, to read. log, Swed. 10k, G. laud,. Teut. type
Ledge, a slight shelf, ridge. (E.) "Iauko-; cf. A. S. lucan, str. vb. (pt. t.
Palsgrave has ledge (i. e. support) of a leac = Teut. "lauk), to weed. Der. gar lie,
shelf. Cf. Norfolk ledge, a bar of a gate, char-lock, hem-lock (latter syllable).
rail of a chair; M. E. legge. Allied to Leer, a sly look. (E.) The verb is a
Swed. lagg, the rim of a cask, Ice!. logg, development from the sb., which is an old
the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask; word. M. E. lere, the cheek, face, comNorweg. logg ( pI. legger), the lowest part plexion, mien; usually in a good sense,
of a vessel; M. H . G. lekke. Cf. also but Skelton has it in a bad sense. A . S.
Norw. lega, a couch, lair, bed, snpport on hleor, the cbeek; hence, the face, look,
which anything rests; lege, a ledge, as of mien.+Icel. hljr, pl., the cheeks.
rock. All from Teut. "lag, 2nd stem of Lees, dregs of wine. (F.) PI. of a sing.
"Jigjan-, to lie. Cf. A. S. licgan, Icel . form lee, not used. - F. lie, 'the lees;'
Iiggja, Swed. ligga, Dan. ligge, to lie. Cot. (Gascon lio, 'lie de vin.')-Late L.
The sense is ' support.' .See Lie (I).
lia, pI. lim, lees (lOth cent.). Origin
Ledger, a Rat slab; also, a book in unknown.
which a summary of accounts is preserved. Leet, an assembly of a township. (E.)
(E.) (We also find leger ambassat/Qrs, M. E . lete. Prob. from A. S. lfRtan, to let,
i. e. such as remained for some time at a permit , canse. See Let (I ).
foreign court.) A ledger-book is one that Left, the weaker hand. (E.) M. E.
lies always ready. Similarly, in Middle- left, lift, luft. A. S. left ; Dr. Sweet
English, a large book was called a liggar points out that' inanis, left,' occurs in a
(that which lies), because not portable. gloss (M one, Quellen, i. 443), and that the
From M. E. liggen, A. S. licgan, to lie; same MS. has smne for symte (sin ) ; so_
see Lie (I). Cf. Du. legger, one that lies that left is for lyft, with the sense' worthdown (the nether mill-stone is also so less' or ' weak'; cf. A. S. lyft-iidl, palsy.
called) ; from Dn. leggen, to lie, a common + North Fries. leift, leeftcr hond, left
corruption of liggen, to lie (like lay for lie hand; M. Du. luft, lucht, left; E. Fries.
in English). ~ Howell uses leger-book for liicltter, left, lu/, weak. /3. The form of
'portable book,' which is from O. F. legier, the base is "lub; cf. Du. lubbm (Franck).
light. See ledger in Richardson.
See Lib.
Lee, a sheltered place; part of a ship Leg. (Scand.) M. E. leg (pI. legges).away from the wind. (Scan d.) M. E. lee, Ice!. leggr, a leg; Dan. lmg, the calf of the
shelter.-Icel. Me, lee (of a ship) ; Dan. leg ; Swed. liigg (the same). Brugm. i.
la, Swed. la.+Du. Ii}; A. S. hleo, Meow, 647 (5).
a covering, a shelter (distinct from provo Legacy. (L.) M. E. legacie ; a coined
E.lew, warm; see Lew). ~ The peculiar word (as if = L. "legiitia, not found) from
use is Scan d.; the pronnnciation Ie-dJ-ard L. legalum, a bequest, nent. of pp. of
is due to the w; cf. steward for sty-ward. legare, to appoint, bequeath; allied to lex
The Teut. type is "hlewo- (Franck).
(stem 11g-), the law (below).
Leech ( I ), a physician. (E.) M. E.
legal, pertaining to the law. (F.-L.)
leche. A. S. l;ece, one who heals. + Goth. M.F. legal. - L. legalis, legal. - L.llg-, stem
Ilkeis, a leech; cf. Ice!. lf1'knir, Dan. Imge, I of lex, law. Allied to L. legere;. Gk.
289

LEGATE

LENIENT

Brugm. i. 134. pulse,a'pod. - L.leg-umnt (s!em IegUmin-).

(""LEG.)
pulse, bean-plant. Brugm. I. 667. Der.
legate, a commissioner. (F. - L.) l~gumi"-(lUS.
M. E. legate. -O. F. legat (F . IIgat), a Leisure, freedom from employment.
pope's ambassador. -L. ligatus. a deputy; (F. -L.) M. E. Ie7ser. - A. F. leisir (F.
pp. of ligare, to appoint. - L. lig-, stem of loisir), leisure; orig. an infin. mood,
/ex, law. See legal.
meaning' to be permitted.' - L. lidre, to
legatee. (L.; with F. suffix.) A be permitted. ~ The form is bad; it
law term; coined from L. legal-lis, ap- should be leiser or leisir; pleasur~ is in
pointed, with F. suffix -I (= L. -iitus). the same case. The suffix has been
See above.
changed from -er or -ir to -ure (as in
legend, a marvellous story. (F . - L.) meaS1lre ).
M. E. legmde. - O. F. legmde \ F. IIgende ), Leman, Lemman, a sweetheart.
a legend, story. - Late L. legenda, a legend; (E. ) 1. e. lief man. M. E. lemman, also
fern. sing. from L. legmda, neut. pl., things leofman. - A. S. leof, dear; mann, a man
to be read. - L. legendus, fut. pass. part. of or woman. See Lief.
!eger~, to read, orig. to gather, collect.+
Lemma, an assumption. (L. - Gk.)
Gk. Af'Y"I', to tell, speak. (""LEG.)
L.lemma. -Gk. AT]/l/la, a thing taken; in
Legerdemain, sleight of hand. (F. - logic, a premiss taken for granted; allied
L .) O. F. legier de main, lit. light of to Gk . r-ATJ/l/lOl, perf. pass. of lI.a/ll3Q."fll',
hand. (Cf. Ital. legKiere, leggiero, light.) to take (base AafJ- ) . Brugm. 1. 852.
The O. F. legier answers to a Late L. Lemming, Leming, a kind of Nortype *leuiarius, made by adding -arius to wegian rat. (Norweg.) Norweg. lemende;
L. leui-s, light. F. de = L. di, of. F. also occurring as lemmi1lg, limende.lome/main = L. manum, acc. of mantlS, a hand . dre, lomund, lomhund. Cf. Swed. Imlt/,
See Levity.
a lemming; Icel. lomundr. Origin ohleger-line, ledger-line, in music, scure; Aasen derives it from Norweg.
a short line added above or below the lemja, to strike, beat, maim, lit. ' lame,'
staff. (F. - L.)
Properly leger-line; and explains it to mean 'destroying';
where leg" = F. Itger (formerly legier), from the destruction committed by them;
light; because these lines are small and see Lame. But this is popular etymoshort.
See the word above. ~ So logy.' The word may be Lapp; the
usually explained ; but mod. F. employs Lapp name is loumek.
the phrase ligms additionnelles.
Lemniscate, a curve like the figure 8.
Legible, readable. (F.-L.) O. F'. (L.-Gk. ) FromL.lbm';scal-us,adorned
legibTe. -L. legibilis,legible.-L.legere,to with a ribbon. -L. lemniscus, a pendent
read. See legend.
ribbon. - Gk. ATJJAVI"KOS, a fillet. Said to
legion, a large body of soldiers. be from Gk. AT]VOS, wool; which is allied
(F. -L.) M. E. legioun. - O. F. legion. to Wool.
- L. l~giOnem, acc. of legio, a Roman Lemon. (F. -PeTS.) Formerly limon.
legion, body of from 4200 to 6000 men. - F. limon. _ Pers. limun, limuna, a
- L. legere, to gather, select a band.
lemon, citron.
Legislator. (L.) L.llgislalor, a pro- Lemur, a nocturnal animal. (L.) L.
poser of a law. - L. ligis, gen. of lex, a Imlur, a ghost; so nicknamed by naturallaw; liitor, a proposer, lit. bringer, from ists from its nocturnal habits.
lfitum (for I!alum), to b ~ar, bring, from Lend. (E. ) The final d is excrescent.
""TEL; see Tolerate. Brugm. i. 585 M. E. lmen. A. S. lanan , to lend. - A. S.
(2 ) . Der. l~slale, &c. See legal.
lien, a 10an.+Icel.lana, Dan. taane, Swed.
legist. (F.-L.) O. F. legiste (F. liina, G. lehnen, derivatives from the sb.
ltgisle). - Late L ligista, one skilled in See Loan.
the laws. - L. lig-, stem of lex, law (with Lenllth. (E.) M. E. lengthe. A. S.
Gk. suffix -isla= -,,,T'TJ<)'
leng6, Tern.; for *langi6a, with mutation
legitimate. (L.) Late L. ligili- of a to e.-A. S. la,zg, 10ng.+Du. lengte;
matus, pp. of ligilimiire, to declare to be Dan. lamgde; Swed. liingd; Ice!. lengd.
lawful.-L.ligilimus, according to law.- See Long. Der.length-en.
L. ligi-, for lex, law; with suffix -ti-mus.
Lenient, mild. (L.) From pres. part.
Lerume, a pod. (F. - L.) F. IIgrmle, ofL.lblire, to soothe. - L lenis, soft, mild.
A/'YfI", to

collect.

290

LENITY

LETHE

lenity. (F. - L.) O. F. Imill, mildness \obsolete). - L. Ifnillitem, ace. of

Ilnilas, mildness. - L. Ibtis (above).
Lens, a piece of glass used in optics.
(L.) So called from the resemblance of a
double-convex lens to the shape of the seed
of a lentil. - L. Ims, a lentil.
Lent, a fast of 40 days, beginning with
Ash-Wednesday. (E.) The fast is in
spring-time; the old sense is simply spring.
M. E. lent,lenlen. A.S. lenelen, the spring;
supposed to be derived from lang-, long,
because in spring the days lengthen; Kluge
suggests that it represents a Teut. form
*Iang-i-tino-, 'long day,' where -tftto- is
allied to SkI. dina-, Lith. dina, a day.+
Du. lenle, spring; G. lenz, O. H. G. lenzo,
lenzin, leng-izen. Der. lenten, adj., from
A. S. lenclen, sb.
Lentil, a plant. (F. - L.) M. E.lmlil.
- O. F. (and F.) Imtille. - L. lenlicula, a
little lentil; double dimin. of lent-, stem
of lens, a lentil. See Lena.
Lentisk, the mastic-tree. (F. -L.)

word, from the adj. lefrl1Us; which is

from M. F. lefreux = L. leprosut, afBicted
with lefta, i.e. l<:p~osy. See Leper.
Lemon, an IDJury. (F. - L. ) M. F.
lesion , hurt; Cot. - L. /(uionem, ace. of
lasio, an injury. - L. Iast4S, pp. of ladere,
~ hurt. Der. (from laden) col-lide, e-lis

F. lenlisque. - L. lentiseum, lentiseus,

named from the clamminess of its resin. L. lenlt4s, sticky, pliant.
Leo, a lion. (L . -Gk.-Egypt.!) L.
leo. - Gk. A'ON, a lion. We also find Du.
leeu1v, G . liYwe, Russ. lev', Lithuan.
lavas, a lion; all borrowed forms. Cf.
Heb. lavi', a lion. Probably of Egyptian
origin; see Lion.
leopard. (F .-L.- Gk.) O.F.leopard.
- L.leopardus. - Gk. A06tr1l~os, a leopard;
supposed to be a mongrel between a pard
(panther) and a lioness. - Gk. 1..00-, for
AEON, a lion; .a~as, a pard.
Leper. (F . -L.-Gk.) The sense has
changed; lepre formerly meant the disease
itself; and wh at we now call a leper was
called a leprous man. 'The lepre of him
wasclensid;' Wyclif, Matt. viii. 3. - M. F.
lepre, 'a leprosie;' Cot. - L. lepra. - Gk.
A<"pa, leprosy; so called because the skin
scales off. - Gk. AE.,pas, scaly, scabby. Gk. A'.os, a scale; Ab,.,v, to peel. Cf.
Russ. lupile, Lithuan. lupli, to peel.
lepidoptera, a term applied to
insects whose wings are covered with
scales. (Gk.) Gk. "o.[&.-, for A.o"'s, a
scale; rTopa, pI. of .TOpOV, a wing (allied
to E featker).
Leporine, belonging to a hare. (L.)
L. lepor'-1II4S, adj., from lepar-, for *!epas,
stem of lepus, a hare.
Lepro_,.. (F.-L.-Gk.) A coined

ion.

Less, smaller. (E.) Used as compo of

lill/e, but from a different root. M. E.
less~, lass~, adj ., lu, adv. A. S.lressa, less,
adj.; liis, adv. + O. Fries. Ilssa, less.
f3. The form liis-sa is for -Us-ra, by
assimilation. The Teut. ty~ is -'ais-izon,
from a base *Iais-; cf. Lith. /lsas, thin,
small. The Teut. type of the ad~. is
-Iaisiz. D er . !ess-er, a double comp.;
less-ut, vb.
least. (E.) M. E. lute, adj., lut, adv_
A. S. liisest, whence liist by contraction;
a superlative form from the same base
*lais-.
lest, for fear that, that not. (E. ) Not
for leasl, but due to A. S. phrase tJj liis tJe
= for the reason less that; wherein by (for
the reason) was soon dropped, and liis tJe
coalesced into lesl. Here liis = less, adv. ;
and be is the indeclinable relative.
-le._, suffix; see Loose.
Lessee. (F.-L.) O. F. lme (Imt),
pp. of lesser, later laisser, to let go (lease).
See Lease ( I).
LeSSOn. (F.-I,.) M. E. lesson.-F.
le(01'. - L leclime"" ace. of !eetio, a read
ing; see Leotion. Doublet, lection.
Lest; see Le...
Let (I), to permit. (E.) M. E. leten,
strong verb, pt. t. l,u, leet, pp. laten, leten.
A. S. ItZlan, Iltan, pt. t. let, Ilorl, pp. lizlen.
+Du. lalen (Iiet, g-elaten); Ice!. liila (Ill,
llitinn) ; Dan. lade, Swed_ lata, Goth.
Iilan (lailo~. IEtans); G. lassen (liess,
g-elassen).
Teut. type *Iata!}, pt. t.
*Ie/ot, pp. *Ialanoz. Idg. ""LED; weak
grade LAD, whence E. Late. Brugm. i.
~78.

Let (2), to hinder. (E.) M. E. letten;

A. S. lettnn, to hinder, make late. - A. S.
la/, late, slow. + Du. letten, Icel. letja,
Goth. latjan, to tarry; from the adj. Late.
Teut. type tlat-i an.; from *Ial-, slow.
See Late.
Lethal,deadly. (F.-L. ; orL.) M.F.
letltal, 'deadly;' Cot. - L_ Iltnti/is, for
IEtiilis, mortlil.-L. IlIum, death.
Lethe'A0tiUvion. (L.-Gk.) L. Utkl_
- Gk. "f/fh1, a forgetting; the river of

LETHARGY

LIBATION

oblivion: allied to Aa9-, base of Ao"9a,,.,v,

to lie hid.
letharQ, a heavy sleep. (F. - L. Gk.) M.l<. lethargie, a lethargy; CQt.L. lithargia. - Gk. AT}6afYYta, drowsiness.
- Gk. A~6afYYos, forgetful. - Gk. A~9T},
oblivion (above).
Letter, a character. (F.-L.) M. E.
let/re. - F. letlre. - L. hi/era, for older
litera (al so leitera), a letter. See Brugm.
i. 930.
Lettuce, a succulent plant. (F. - L.)
M. E. let/tee. - O. F. *Ietuce, only found in
the fo rm lcell,s (Palsgrave, S. V. Let/es) ;
and in the Latinised form 11tusa, Wrt.
Vocab. 787. 15.-L. *Iactiicea, fern. adj .
from L. lac/iica , a lettuce (whence F.
lailue, Ital.lattuga). -L. lact-, stem of lac,
milk, succulen t juice. See Lacteal.
Levant, the E. of the Mediterranean
Sea. (Ital. -L.) Ital. 1t7)ante, E. wind,
eastern country or part (where the snn
rises). - L. leuant-, stem of pres. part. of
ltuare, to raise; whence slleuiire, to rise.
- L. leuis, light.
levee, a morning assembly. (F. - L.)
For F. Ie !evtr (Littn:). - F. lever, to raise.
- L. ltullre (above).
Level, an instrument for determining
that a thing is horizontal. (F.-L.) M.E.
iiue/, leuel (live!, level). -0. F. live!, later
spelling liveau; mod. F. niveau, a level.
- L. libella, a level; dimin. of libra, a
balance. See Librate. ~ Hence the
adj. level.
Level.'. (F. - L.) M. E. /evour. - F .
/ev~r, a raiser, lifter. - L leuiilOrem, ace.

-igare, for agtre, to make.

Gk. Afios,
smooth.
Levin, lightning. (Scand.) M. E.
leyfnyng, lightning; Wrt. Voc. 735.42.
Prob. Scand.; not found in A. S. Cf.
Icel. leiptr (pro ounced leiftr), lightning.
Levite, one of the tribe of Levi. (L. Gk. - Heb. ) L. Leui/a. - Gk. lI..vtTT}S,
Lu. x. 32 . - Heb. Levi, one of the sons of
J acob.
Levity, lightness, frivolity. (L.) From
L. leuitas, lightness. - L. leuis, light.
levy, the act of raising men for an
army; the force raised. ( F.-L.)
F.
levie,' a levy, or levying of an army;'
Cot. Fern. of pp. of lever, to raisc.-L.
leutfre, to raise. - L. leuis (above) .
Lew, Lew-warm, tepicl. (E. ) M. E.
lew , Wyclif, Rev. iii. 16. A. S. hl101lJe,
warm (found once).+ Du. lain/), warm;
Icel. hlar, hljr; G. lau, O. H . G. Ino
(/liw- ). Teut. base (perhaps) *hl1w, hl~1IJ-.
Lewd, ignorant, base. (L. - Gk. ?)
M. E. !ewed, ignorant. A. S. liiwede, adj.,
ignorant, also lay, belonging to the laity.
[It may have been confused with the pp.
of ltiwan, to betray; cf. Goth . Ilwjrl1t,
to betray, from 11w, occasion, opportunity.] Bnt it is supposed to be of
Latin origin; answering to L. type *Iiiiclitus, belonging to the laity, parallel to
Late L. cl1riciitus (whence E. clergy). If
so, it is formed from L. liiicus, a word of
Gk. origin. See Laic. (Sievers, 173;
Pogatscher, 340.)
Lencon. (Gk.) Gk. A.Eo,o", a dictionary; neut. of A.EII'os, adj., belonging
to words. - Gk. AI(I-s, a saying. - Gk.
AI"'(flJl, to speak; see legend.
LeI:, a meadow; see Lea.
Liable, responsible. (F.-L.) Formed,
with suffix -able, from F. Ii-er, to tie. - L.
liglire, to tie. See Ligament.
Liane, Lia.D.a, a climbing tropical
plant. (F.-L.) F. /ialte (the snme); from
Norman and Guernsey /ian , a band.-L.
liglimen; see Lien, Limehound.
Lias, a formation of limestone. (F.)
F . lias, liais, O. F. liois, a hard freestone.
Lib, to castrate. (E.) Answers to an
A. S. type IyMan ; only found in the
cognate Du. lubben, with the same sense;
E. Fries. and Westphal. lubben. Der.
g-lib, vb., the same (ohsolete) ; cf. O. Dn.
gtlubt,' ~elt ,' Hexham. Also Ief-I, q.v.
Libation, the pouring forth of wine in
hononrofadeity. (F.-L.) F.libaliQn.

ofleutilor,alifter.-L.leuiire,tolift.-L.

/euis, light.

Leveret. (F. - L.) A. F. /everel (pI.

leveres, Gaimar, Chron. I. 6239); O. F.
/evrault, ' a leveret, or young hare; , Cot.;
with change of suffix. [The suffix -aull =
Late L. -aldus, from O. H. G. wald, power,
common as a suffix.] The base /ever- is
from L. lepor- for Iepos, stem of lepus, a
hare.
Leviathan. (L.-Heb.) Late L. leviathan, Job xl. 20 (Vulgate). - Heb.
livyiJIhan, an aquatic animal, dragon,
serpent; named from its twisting itself in
curves. - Heb. root lliviik; Arab. root
/awa' , to bend, whence /tl'IVii, the twisting
or coiling of a serpent.
Levigate, to make smooth. (L) Out
of use. _ L. lluigalus, pp. of Iluigare,
to make smooth.-L. llu-is, smooth;

29 2

ce.

LIBEL

LIEF

_I... acc. libiUiUnem.-I... IibittllS, pr.. of - Gk. AttX'Jv, lichen, treemoss j also. an
libtire, to taste, sip, pour out.+Gk. l<. tt/3ttV, eruption on the sk in. Generally connected
to pour out, shed, offer a libation. Brugm . with Gk. A.iX v. to lick up j from its encroachment. Cf. Russ. lisnai, a lichen. a
i. 553.
Libel, a written accusation. (F . -I...) tetter.
M.E. libel, a brief piece of writing j A. F . Lichgate, a churchyard gate. (E.) So
libel. - I... libellum , acc. of libel/us, a little called because a corpse (in a bier) may be
book, a notice (Matt. v. 31 ) j dim in. of rested under it. Th e former syllable is
tiber , a book. See Libra.ry.
M. E. licl" a corpse. but orig. the living
Liberal. (F .- I...) M.E. liberal.- body j from A. S. lie, a body ; see Like
O. F. liberal.- I... libernlis, befi tting a free ( I ) .
man , generous. -I... liber , free.
Lick, to lap. (E.) M. E. liHen . A. S.
libera.te. (L.) F rom pp. of I... liceian. D u, likkm , G. luketz. A
liberiin , to set free. - I... liber, free ; Brugm. secondary verb allied to the primary forms
i . 102.
seen in Goth. bilaigon (be-lick) j Russ.
libertine. (I...) Cf. Acts vi. 9. -I... lizate, O. Irish ligim, I lick, L. lin/(ere,
libeltinus, adj. , belonging to a freed man, Gk. AE'XEtv, Pers. lisMatz, Skt. lin,
also sb., a freed man j later applied to rih , to lick. (.vLElGH.) Brugm. i.
denote the licentious liberty of a certain 604sect ( Acts vi. 9). - I... libertus, a freed Licorice,Liquorice. (F . -L.-Gk.)
M. E. lieor;s. _ A. F . lyeorys. Liber Albus,
man. - I... liber, free.
liberty. (F. - L.) M . E . libertee.- p. 234; M. F . liquerice , ' lickorice j ' Cot.
F . liberte. - L. libertiitem, acc. of libel'tiis, - L. It,
' uiritia, liquorice j a corrupted
form 0 glyey rrhiza (Pliny, N at. Hist.
frectlom. - I... liber, free.
Libidinous, lustful. (F. - L.) F . xxii. 9. 11 ) . -Gk. -yA IlK,j~p.(a, liquorice,
libidi,teux. - I... libidi,tusus, lustful. - L. lit. 'sweet root.' - Gk. -yAIlK,j.r, sweet;
libidin-, stem of libido, lubJdo, lust, pl(a , root. See Wort.
pleasure. - I... libet, lubet, it pleases. Cf. Lictor, an officer in Rome. (L.) I...
Skt. Ittbk , to desire. All ied to Love.
lictor, perhaps 'binder' ; from the fasces
Library. (F. -I...) F. libl'airie.-I... or ' bound ' rod s which he bore. or from
lib/'iiria, a book-shop j fern . of libriiriw, binding culprits. Allied to lignre, to bind.
belonging to books. - I... libr-, stem of See Liga.ment. (Doubtful.)
tiber, a book, orig. the bark of a tree (one Lid, a cover. (E.) M. E. lid. A. S.
of the earliest writing materials) . Allied hlid, a lid. - A. S. Mid-, weak grade of
to Gk. AI,rE/v, to peel j Brugm. i. 499.
hHdan, to cover.+Du. lid, a lid j Ice!.
Librate, to balance, be poised, move liIifJ, a gate, gateway, gap, breach;
slightly when balanced, (I...) The verb is M . H. G. lit, lid, It cover (obsolete).
rare, and due to the sb. libration (Kersey ). Lie ( I ), to rest, abide. (E. ) A strong
- 1... acc. libratiunem, a poising. - L. libra- verb. M. E. /yen, also liggm, pt. t. lay,
tus, pp. of librare, to balance. -I... libra, a ley, pp. leien, lein. A. S. licgan, pt . t .
balance, a level; also a pound of 12 oz. + lag, pp. legen.+Du. liggen, Ice1. Itggja,
G k. Ahpa, a pound of 12 oz. Brugm. i. n an. ligge, Swed. ligga, G. liegell, Goth.
ligan. Related to Russ. leiate j Lat. base
5 89.
Licence, License, leave, abuse of leg- (in leetus, bed ) ; Gk. base AEX- (in
freedom_ (F. -I...) M. E. Iyetltee. - F. l<.Jxos, bed). (.vLEGH.) ~ On the
licence. - L. licentia, freedom to act. - L. mod. E. form see Sweet, E . Gr. 129~ .
!iemt-, from liel re, to be allowable. See Lie (2). to tell a falsehood. (E. ) M. E.
Brugm . ii. 587. Der. licence, more li3en , 113en, pt. t. leh, pp. lowen. O. Merc.
Ilga n ; A. S. Ilogan , pI. t. Ilag, pp. logm.
usually Hcense , vb.
licentia.te, one who has It grant to +Du. liegen ,lcel. Ijuga. Dan. /;'ve, Swed.
exercise a profession. (I...) En~lished from /juga, Goth. /iugall, G. lugett . Teu!. type
L ate I... lieentintus, pp. of luentiare. to *Ieugan-, pI. t. *Iaug, pp. *Iuganoz. Cf.
Russ. /gate, luigate, to lie; loie, a lie.
licence.-L. liuntia, licence (above) .
licentious. (F . -I...) F.lieencieux. (.vLEUGH. )
- L. luentiusus, full of licence. - L. Lief, dear. (E. ) M. E. lee.f. A. S. llot.
+Du. liif, Ice!. Ij;;'fr, Swed. liu/. Goth.
licentia, licence (above).
Lichen, a moss. (L.-Gk.) L . lie/,in. liubs, G. lieb. Teut. type *Ieuboll. Cf.
293

LIEGE

LIGHTS

Russ. Hoboi, agreeable, liobile, to love ; away. The same as Lift (I ). .. Not
L. It#hel, libel, it pleases : Skt. luM, to allied to Goth. hliftus, a thief.
desire. (.",LEUBH.) All ied to Lov e.
Ligament, a band, band of tis ue
Liege, faithful, subject. ( F . -0. H . G.) connecting the moveahle bones. (F. - L .)
[ T he sense h3s been altered by confusion F . ligammt. - L. ligamenlum , a tie, band.
with L. ligdttlS, bound. In old use, we -L. ligiire, to tie ; with suffix -lIlm/UIIl .
could speak of ' a lege lord' as meaning a
ligature, a bandage. (F. -L.) F.l~f{a
free lord, in exact opposition to the im- lure, a tie, bandage. - L. ligaliira, a bindported notion. J M. E. lige, lege ; lege in~.- L. ligiilus, pp. of ligare, to tie.
pOllslee = free sovereignty, Bruce, v. 165. .loight ( I ), illumination. (E.) M. E.
O. F. lige, liege, liege, leal; also, free; a lighl. - O. Mere. lihl ; A . S. Il okl, light. +
liege lord was a lord of a free band, and Du. and G. liehl ; cf. Goth. lillk -ath,
his liegu were privileged free men, faithful light, shewing that th e I is a suffix. Teat.
to him, but free from other service. - type *Ieuhtom, neut. sb. ; related to the
M. H. G . led;e, /idic (G. ledig), free, esp. adj . *Ieuhtos, as seen in E. ligkl, i. e. bright,
from all obligations of service. Cf. Icel. adj., G. Il!ld Du. lieht. C o-radicate with L.
li6ugr, free, M. Du. ledig, free. (Disputed; lux (stem liic), light, Gk. AfIJ~ -Or, white,
see Kiirting, 4 i 36.)
Skt. rue", to shine. ( VLEUQ.) See
Lieger, Leiger, an ambassador; see Lucid.
Ledger.
lighten (I), to illuminate, flash. (E.)
Lien, a legal claim, charge on property. I. I NTRANS., to shine as lightning; 'it
(F. -L.) F. lim, a band, or tie, anything lightms.' M. E.ligklenen, more correctly
that fastens or fetters. - L.ligii1lltn, a tie. - ligkl-n-en, where the -n- is formative,
L ligiire, to tie. See Ligament.
and gives the sense' to become light.' 2 .
Lieu, place, stead. (F. -L.) F. lieu. TRANS. This is only the intrans. form
-L. locu"" ace. of locus, a place. See incorrectly used with a trans. sense. The
LocUlI.
correct trans . form is simply to light =
lieutenant, a 'locum tenens,' deputy, O. Merc. I;htan, from Ilokl, sb.
&c. (F . -L.) F . lieu tenant.-L. locumlightning, an illuminating flash.
tment-, stem' of locum tmens, one who (E.) Formed with suffix -ing from M. E.
holds another's place. - L locum, ace. "~
. htnen, to lighten (above) .
o( locus, a place; tenens, pres. pt. of tenere,
- ht ( 2), not heavy. (E.) M. E. ligkl.
to hold. See Tenable.
A. . leohl (for *Ii"t). + Du. liekl, ligl;
Life. (E. ) M. E. Iif, 171; gen. lyues Icel. Illtr, Dan. let, Swed. liilt, Goth.
(lives), dat. /yue (live). A. S. Iif, gen. leikls, G. leienl, O. H . G. liht , lihli.
lifes, dat. life. From the base of Teut. Teut. type *Iikloz, for *Iinxtoz, *lenxloz.
*Ieiban- (pt. t. *Iaib, pp. *libanoz), to Allied to Lith. lengwas, light; and to
remain; as seen in Goth. hi-Ieihan, A. S. Lung. See Brugm. i. 684; Sievers,
be-lifan , G. bleiben, Du. blijven, to remain. 84
+Icel./if, lifl, Dan.liv, Swed. lif, O. H. G.
light (3), to alight, settle, descend.
lip, lif\! (whence G. leib, the body). The (E.) M. E. lihtm. A. S. lihlatl, vb., to
weak grade appears in Live, q. v. And alight from , lit. to make light, relieve
see Leave ( I). (VLEIP 1)
a horse of his burden. - A. S. liohl (liM )
lif.nard. ( E.) From life and g uard. (above). The sense 'to descend upon'
~ Cf. <i. leibgarde, a body-guard, which (the earth) is secondary, due to the comis a cognate word,. with the orig. sense of pleted action of descending from a horse.
'life-guard,' from O. H. G. liP, life.
lighten (2), to alleviate. (E. ) The -en
lifelong; better livelong, q. v.
is merely formative , as iu slretlgth-en. Lift ( I), to elevate. (Scand.) M. E. A. S. lihtan, to make light (above) .
liftm.-Icel. fypta (pron. fylla ), to lift.
lighten (3), to alight on. (E.) Exexalt in ai., from 10pl, air; Dan. lofte, tended from light (3) above.
Swell. fylta . from luft, air. The lcel.
lighter, a boat for unlading ships.
y results , by mutation, from Teut. u; see (Du. ) Borrowed from Du. figter, a
Loft. Der. up-lift.
lighter, i. e. unloader.-Du. I(({t, light.
Lift ( 3) , to steal. (E.) We speak of lights, lungs. (E. ) So narned from
a sMp-lifter, a thief; see Shako Troil. i. their lightness. So also Russ. legkiia ,
3. 139To take up; hence, to take lights ; from legkii, light.
394

LIGHTEN

LIMN

~hten (I), to flash, Lightning;

Limb (I), a member, branch of a tree.

(K) M. E. lim. A. S. lim.+Icel. limr,
Dan. Swed. lem. Allied to A. S. li-~,
Goth. /i.thus, G . gIie-d, a joint. Cf.
Lith. 1l1llU, stature, growth. See Lay (4).
Limb (2), the edge or border of a
sextant, &c. (L. ) L. limbus, a border,
edging, edge.
limbo, limbus, the borders of hell.
(L.) The Olig. phrase is in limbo, where
limbo is the abI. case of limbus, a border;
the limbus palrum was a supposed place
on the border of hell, where the patriarchs
abode till Christ's descent into hell.
Limbeck, the same as Alembic.
Limber ( I), active, fl exible. (E.) In
Baret ( l s80). ApparentiyalliedtoLimp(I).
Limber (3), part of a gun-carriage, a
frame with two wheels and a pole. (F. 1)
Cf. provo E. lillllllers, thills, shafts (the b
being excrescent). G. D ouglas has lymnaris, shafts. ProbablyfromO. F. limonier,
adj., belonging to the shafts; from li1llon,
a shaft. Cf. F. limoni~re, part of a carriage including the two shafts . Etym.
unknown; perhaps allied to Icel. lim (pI.
lima.), branches of a tree.
Limbo, Limbus; see Limb ( 2).
Lime (I ), hird-lime, mortar. (E .) M.E.
ly1ll, liim, viscons su bstance. A. S. lim,
bitumen, cement.+Du. Ii}m, Ice! . lim,
Dan. fiim, Swed.fi1ll, glue; G . leim, glue;
L. limus, slime. Idg. type lei1llo. See
Loam.
Lime ( 2\ the linden-tree. (E.) Limeis
a corruption of line, as in Shako Temp. v.
10; and line is a corruption of lind,
the lengthening of i having occasioned
the loss of d. (Sweet, E. Gr. 1607. )
See Lind.
Lime (3), a kind of citron. (F. - Pers.)
F. lime. -Pers.limu, (also limt,n), a lemon,
citron. See Lemon .
Limehound, adoginaleash. ( Hybrid;
F. -L., and E. ) Short for liamhou1ld,
used by Turberville. The M. E. liam or
lyam means 'a leash .' - O. F. liem, now
spelt lien. a band ; Guernsey liam, !ian.
- L. figamen, a tie. See Lien, Liane.
Limit. (F .-L.) F. limile, a limit._'
L. limilem, acc. of limes, n boundary;
akin to limen, a threshold . Cf. L. 1i1llUS,
transverse.
Limn, to illuminate, paint. (F. -L.)
M. E. limnen, contracted form of lUfm'nen,
to illuminate (Prompt. Parv.). Again,
IUlIli.un is for enlumill1n. - O . .1'. enlu-

see ight ( 1).

LUn1eous, woody. (L. ) L. 1ig1le-us,
wooaen; with suffix ous. - L. lig1lum,
wood.
lign-aloes, a kind of tree. (F. - L.
and Gk.) O. F. lignaloes (Godef.) . -L.
lignum alois, lit. ' wood of aloes.' Aloi s
is gen. of aloi, from Gk. d.l.61], aloe. See
Aloe.
Ligule, a strap-shaped petal. (L.) In
botany. - L. ligula, a little tongue, also
spelt lingula, dimin. of lingua, tongu e.
See Lingual.
Li~, a precious stone. (L. - Gk. )
L. ltgurius. -Gk. >....,uP'"If, a sort of gem
(amber or jacinth) ; Exod. xxviii. 19.
Like ( I) , similar. (E.) M.E.lyk ,lik.
A. S. gl -/ie; as suffix, Iie. + Du. ge-/tik,
Icel. likr ,g-likr, Dan. lig, Swed. lik, Goth.
ga-Ieiks, G . g-Ieieh , O . H . G. ka-lih. /3.
Lit' having the same form,' and derived
from the sb. meaning' form, shape,' viz.
A. S. lie, form, body, Icel. lik, Goth. leik,
the body, Du. lijk, a corpse, Dan. lig,
Swed. lik, a corpse, G. leiche, O . H . G.
lih . See Lichgate. Cf. Lith. lygttS, like.
like (2),10 be pleased with. (E.) The
construction has altered ; M. E. likelh, it
pleases, is impersonal , as in mod. E. ifyou
like=if it may please you. -A. S. lician,
to please, orig. to be like or suitable for. A. S. -lie, ge-lic, like ; see Like (1). +Du.
lijken, to suit; Icel. liRa, to like; Goth.
Idkatt, to please (similarly derived).
liken, to compare. (E.) M. E. liknen,
to liken; but the true sense is intransitive,
viz. to be like. Cf. Swed. likna, ( 1) to
resemble, (2) to liken, from Ik, like; Dan.
li8"'e, the same, from fig, like.
Lilac, a shrub. (Span. - Arab. - Pers.)
Span. lilac.-Arab. lilak, a lilac. -Pers.
lila}, liIan}, liIang, of which the proper
sense is indigo-plant. The initial I stands
for n, and the a bove forms are from ntl,
blue, whence nilak ( >Arab. Itlall ), bluish.
The plant is named from the ' bluish '
tinge on the flowers in some varieties.
(Devic). Cf. Skt. nita- , dark blue.
Lilt, to sing, dance. ,Scand.) M. E .
lilting-horn, hom to dance to; cf. M. E.
lullen, to resound. Formed (with added -I)
from Norweg. lilla, to sing in a high tone.
CE. O. Swed. lylta, to lull to sleep (Rietz).
Allied to Lull.
~,aplant. (L.-Gk. ) A.S.lilie.L. liltum.- Gk. Jl.Elp.O/l, a lily.

19S

LIMP

LINNET

miner, to illuminate, burnish, limn. -L.

illuminare; see illuminate.
Limp (I), flaccid, pliant. (E.) Not
in early use. Apparently related , by gr~
dation, to Bavarian lampukt, flaccid,downhanging, from the verb lampen, to hang
loosely down; cf. Skt. lamba, depending,
lamb, to hang down.
Limp (2) , to walk lamely. (E.) In
Shako Mer. Yen. iii. 2. 130. We find
A. S. lemp-kealt. earlier laempi-halt (Ep.
G\. ), adj. , halting; and a cognate form
in M. H. G. limphin, to limp. Cf. Low
G. lumpm, to limp.
Limpet, a small shell-fish. (L.)
Formei'ly lempe! (Phillips, 1706). A. S.
lempedu, orig. a lamprey, which also
sticks to rocks. - Late L. lemprida, for
L. lampedra, a lamprey. See Lamprey.
Cf. ' Lemprida, lempedu;' Wright's
Vocab. 438. 17.
Limpid, pure, bright. (F. -L.) F.limpitle. - L. limpidus, clear. Allied to
Lymph. Brugm. i. 102.
Linch-pin, a pin to fasten a wheel on
an axle. (E.) Formerly lins-pin, lit.
, axle-pin.' - A. S. lynis, an axle-tree.+
Du. luns, a linch-pin, O. Low G. lunisa,
Low G. lunse, G.lunse, a, linch-pin. Teut.
base *Iu/lis (cf. Goth. akw-izi, an ax) ;
from *lun-, as in O. H . G. lun, a bolt,
peg, pin. Perhaps from Idg. root. *leu,
(cf. Gk. A!l'fII'). to loosen.
Lind, Linden, the lime-tree. (E.) The
true form of the sb. is lind, and lind.etl
is the adj. from it. Hence lind-en Irte=
lind; the same thing. M. E. lind. A. S.
lind, the tree; also a shield, commonly
of this wood.+Du. linde, Icel. Dan.
Swed. lind, G. linde. Cf. Lith. lenta, a
board. Doublet, lime (1).
Line, a thread, thin cord; also a stroke,
row, rank, verse (L.; or F.-L.). In the
sense I cord,' we find A. S. line, directly
from L. linea. In the other senses, it is
from F. ligne. also from L. linea. IJ. The
L. linea meant orig. a string made of flax,
being fern. of adj. lineus, made of flax. L. linum. flax. Cf. Gk. AtVOV, flax; whence
perhaps the L. word. Der. out-line.
lineage. (F. -L. ) F. lignage, a lineage. -F. ligne, a line, rank. -L. linea. a
line (above),
lineal. (L.) L. linealis, belonging to
a line. -L. linea, a line (above).
lineament, a feature. (F. -L.) M. F.
lineament. Cot. - L . lineti1lUlltum, a draw

ing, delineation. -L. lineiire, to draw a

line. -L. li1ua, a line (above).
linear. ( L.) L.amaris, belonging to
a line. - L. lrnea, a line (above).
linen, cloth made of flax. (L.) Used
as a sb., but really an old adj., A. S.
lin-en; the old sb. being M. E. lin, A. S.
lin, flax. - L . linum, flax. (Cf. gold-en
from gold.) See linseed.
Ling (I ), a fish. (E.) M. E. lenge
(HaveTok). Named from its long slender
shape. Cf. A. S. lengu, length. + Du.
leng, a ling, from lang. long; Icel. langa,
Norw.langa, tonga, a ling; Swed. longa;
G. lange, a ling, also called langfisch,
lon~ fish. See Long.
Ling (2), heath. (Scand.) M. E. lyng ..
- Ice\. lyng, ling, heather; Dan. ling,
Swed.lju1tg.
Linger, to tarry. (E.) Frequent. form
of M. E.leng-en, to tarry.-A. S.lmgan, to
prolong, put off.- A.S.la'lg, long. Cf.lcel.
leng/a, to lengthen, Du. le1Jgen , to lengthen,
G. verliingern, to prolong. See Long.
Lingo, a language. (Port.-L.) Port.
lingua (also lingua), a language. - L.
lingua, a tongue, language (below).
linual, pertaining to the tongue.
(L.) Coined from L. lingua, the tongue,
O. Lat. dingua, cognate with E. longue.
linguist, one skilled in languages.
(L.) From L.lingua, a tongue, language;
with suffix -ista ( =Gk. -1<1T'1S).
Liniment, salve. ointment. (F.-L.)
F.lini1llent.-L.linimentum,ointrnent.L. limre, to smear; ef. Skt. a, to melt.
Erugm. i. 476 (5) ; ii. 608.
Lining. (L.) Formed. with suffix .ing,
from the verb to line, i.e. to cover the inside of a garment with line, i.e. linen; see
linen.
Link ( I). a, ring of a chain. (Scand.)
O. Ice!. *hlenkr, whence Ice\. hlekkr (by
assimilation); Dan. lanke. Swed. kink;
G. g~lenk, a joint, link, rin g. Cf. A. S.
hlence. or Menca (which would have given
linch). Also M. H. G. lenken, to bend,
O. H. G . Manca, hip, loin (whence
perhaps Flank).
Link (2 ), a torch; see Linstock.
Linnet, a bird. (F. -L.) M. E.li1ut.
[A. S. li1UOce.] O.F. linelte ; cf. F. linot/e,
I a linnet,' Cot.
Named from feeeling on
flax-seed and hemp-seed (ef. G. Mnjling,
a linnet, from han/, hemp).-L. Unum,
flax. We also find A. S. linetwige, a
linnet (whence Low!. Sc. lintwhite ).

196

LINSEED

LITANY

linseed, flax seed. (L. aI/dE.) From liqumr, moisture. -L. liquorcm, ace. of

M. E. lill = A. S. li11, flax, borrowed from liquor , moisture. - L. liqtllre, to be moist.

L. !inum, flax; and E. seed.
I ~ Now accommodated to L. spelling; we
linsey-woolsey, made of linen and ' also use mod. F . liqt<ettr.
woollen mixe?' ~L. and E.). Made ~p J4quorice; see L~corice:
from M. E. 1m, lmen, and E. wool. !::iee , LiSp. (E.) M. E. ltspen, Ilpsm. A. S.
linen, under Line.
i *wlispia11, to lisp, not found; regularly
Linstock, Lintstock, a stick to formed from A . S. wlisp, also wlips, adj.,
hold a lighted match. (Du.) Formerly lisping, imperfect in utterance.+Du. lispm,
linlslock (Coles, 1684) ; but properly IUlII Dan. ltespe, Swed. l{ispa, G. lispetn. (lmi.
slock, from IU11I, a match to fire guns tative.)
with,' Phillips. - D u. lonlstok, a lin t- Lissom; see Lithe.
stock ,' Sewe1. - Du. lont, a match; slok, List ( I ) , a border of cloth, selvage.
a stick (see Stock ) ; cf. Dan. IUllleslok; (E.) 1\1. E . list. A. S. Iisl. + Du. lijst,
from lImle, a match, slok, a stick. Du. I cel. lisla, Dan. lisle, Swt d. lisl, G. leisle,
lonl seems to have been formed fro m O. H . G. lisla. (The i was orig. long.)
list ( 2), a catalogue. (F.-G.) F.
M. Du. lompe , 'a bundle of linnen,'
Hexham; lit. a lump. See Lump.
lisle, a list, roll; also, a list or selvage.
link ( 2) , a torch. (Du .) A corruption It meant (I) a border, strip, (2) a roll or
of lint, as it appears in litll_stock (above). list of uames. - O. H. G. lisla, G. leiste, a
Cf. Low!. Sc. lunt , a torch , Du. 101lt, a border ; see List ( I ).
match (whence Dan. IU1t1e, !::iwed. IUllta).
List (3) ; see Lists.
Lint, scraped linen. (L.) Cf. Late L. List (4), to please. (E.) M. E. lusten,
linta, from L. li,tleum, a linen cloth; listen; 'if thee lisl' = if it please thee,
Ch. C. T . 1183. A. S. /yslant to desire,
neut. of li,lleus, linen. -L. linum, flax.
Lintel, the headpiece of a door. (F. - used impersonally. - A . S. lusl, pleasure.
L.) M. E.linlel. -O. F. lilllel (F.linteau; . +Du.luslen, Icel.fysla, Dan. /ysle, Swed.
-Late L. litllel/us, a lintel, for *Iinti fysla , Goth. luslol', G. geluslen; all from
lelltls, dimin. of L. lillles (stem limil-), a the sb. See Lust.
List (5), to listen; see below.
boundary, border; see Limit.
Lion. (F.-L.-Gk. -Egypt. ) F. lion. Listen. (E. ) We also find lisl; also
-L. leJnem, ace. of leo, a lion. -Gk. AlOJv. M. E. lustnen and lust.en, the former
Cf. Heb. liivi', a lion. Prob. of Egypt. being deduced from the latter by a formaorigin; from Egypt. labai, lawai, a lioness tive n , as in Goth. flll/-It .an, to become
(wflence Gk. AEaeva) ; see Leo.
full. A. S. h/ystan, to listen to. - A. S.
Lip. (E.) M. E. lippe. A. S. lippa, hlysl, hearing; Teut. tYI;e *h!usti, from
lippe, the lip. + Du. lip, Dan. labe, Swed. a base *hius, weak grade of Teut. base
lilPp, G.lippe, le.fie. Also L. lab-Mlm, lab- *h!eu-s. Cf. A. S. hiQsnian, to hearken;
ium, lip; Pers, lab, lip. But the relations Ice!. hiusla, to listen, from hiust, the ear ;
W . clust, the ear; also L. c/uere, Gk.
are not clear. Brugm. i. 563.
Liquefy, Liquescent; see Liquid. "'~V"IV, to hear, SkI. p-.I, to hear.
Liquid, moist. (F . -L.) F. liquide. (.vKLEU.) See Loud.
-L. liquidus, liquid.-L. lirub'e, to be Listless, careless. (E.) The same as
clear.
lusi-less; Gower has lustles, C. A. ii.
liquefy, to become liquid. (F.-L.) I l l . From lusl, q.v. And see List (4).
M. F . lique.fi~r (see Cot.). Asif from Late Lists, ground enclosed ,for a touenaL. *Iique.ficiire, to make liquid; but we only ment. (F.) M. E. lisles, sf>. pl., the list s.
find L. lique.fieri, to become liquid.
The I is excrescent; and lisle stands for
liquescent, melting. (L.) L. liques- *lisse. - M. F. lisse (F. lice) , a list or
cent-, stem of pres. part. of liquescel'e, in tilt yard ;' Cot.
Cf. Ital. lizza; Span .
liza, Port. lita , a list for tilting; Late L.
ceptive form of liqulre, to be wet.
liquidate, to make clear; hence, to licia, sb. pl., barriers; licia due/li, the
clear off an account. (L.) From pp. of lists. Origin disputed. Cf. Late L. licia,
Late L.liquidtire, to clarify, make clear. - a stake; perhaps from Late L. liciw,
L. liquidlls, liquid, clear.
oaken<L. iliceus (from ilex, holm.oak).
liquor, moisture, strong drink. (F . Litany, a form of prayer. (F. -L. L ) ""M. E. lic(lUr, licur. - A. F . lieur; F . Gk .) M. E. letatlie, afterwards altered to
197
L .~

I
I

LITERAL

LIVER

O. F. Idanie. - L. tilania. - Gk.

A,Tavfla, a pmyer. -Gk. AITaivfl", to pray.
_ Gk. AiTOP.CU, I beg, pray, AI-nI, prayer,
entreaty.
Literal. (F. -L.) O. F.li/eral.-L.
literalis, according to the letter. - L.li/era;
see Letter.
literature. (F.-L.) M.F.literaiure.
_ L. iiterlilura, scholarship. - L. literlitus,
learned, skilled in letters. - L. litera, a
letter; see Letter.
Litharsre, protoxide of lead. (F. - L.
Gk.) M. Eo lilarge. - F. litluzrge, 'litargie,
white lead;' Cot. - L. litltargyrus. - Gk.
AI96,nvpor, lit. 'stone-silver.' - Gk. AI9-or,
a stone; ap"'(Vpor, silver; see Argent.
Lithe, pliant, flexible, active. (E.)
M. E. litke. A. S. lifJe, lifJ, gentle, soft
(for *linfJe, the lengthened i causing loss
of n).+G. gelinde, O. H. G. lindi, soft,
-tender. Allied to Ice!. linr, L. Unis ,
soft ; L. lentus, pliant. Der. lissqm, i. e.
litlte-sqme.
Lither, pestilent, stagnant, dull. (E.)
In 1 Hen. VI. iv. 7.ll, 'Iit1tersky' means
pestilent or dull lower air j cf. 'Iullter
eir,' pestilent air, P. Pl., C. xvi. 220.
M. E. lutlter, litlter. - A. S. IjtJre, evil,
base, poor (hence, sickly, dull). Not to
be confused with litlte, pliant.
Lithography, writing on stone. (Gk.)
Coined from Gk. Al90-r, a stone; ~I",
to write.
lithotomy, cutting for stone. (L.Gk.) L. litMtqmia. - Gk. AI90Top.[a.Gk. Al9o-r, stone; TOP.-, lnd grade of TfP.-,
as in TEP.VEI", to cut; see Tome.
LitUr.tion, a contest in law. (L. )
From 1,. litigatio, a disputing.-L. litigatus, pp. of litiglire, to dispute. - L. liI-,
stem of lis, strife; -igare, for ager~, to carry
on. L. lis =0. Lat. sllis, strife.
litigious, contentious. (F. -L.) It
also once meant debateable. - F. litigieux,
'debatefull ;' Cot. - L. liligiOms, adj.;
from litigium, contention. -L. litiglire, to
dispute (above).
.
Litmus, a kind of dye. (Du.) Cor
rupted from Du. lakmqes, a blue dye-stuff.
- Du. lak, lac; mqes, pulp; (whence G.
lackmus, litmus). See Lac (I ).
Litter, a portable bed. (F . - L.) M.E.
litere. - O. F . liliere. - Late L. *Iecllcdria,
formed from ledrca, a litter. - L. leclus, a
bed; see Lectern. Allied to Gk. AfX-Of,
a bed; and to Lie (1).
~, materials for a bed, heap of

straw to lie on, confused mass of things

scattered. (F . -L.) The same word applied to a straw bed for animals, &c.
litter, a btood. (F.-L.) The same
word; see the various senses of M. E.
/yter~ in the Prompt. Parv.; and cf. F.
accouclter, E. ' :0 be in the straw.'
Little. (f ) M. E. litel, lutel. A . S.
Ijte! (or /ylei J, little; we also find Ijt (or
Iyt). + Do. lutlel, little, IUlje , a little;
O. Sax. luttil; O. H . G. lusil, luzzil,
/iusil. Compare also A. S. Iytig, deceitful, Iqt, deceit; Goth . liuts, deceitful,
luton, to betray. All from Teut. base
*Ieut, orig. to stoop; see Lout. ~ Not
allied to less. The Ice!. !ilill, Swed.
Ii/en, Goth. leitils, little, seem to be from a
different Teut. base *Ieit. It is difficult
to see how they can be related.
Littoral, belonging to the sea-shore.
(L.) L. littqralis, adj., from littQr- (for
*Ii/tqs-) , stem of littus or litus, sea-shore.
LiturU, public prayer. ( F. -L.- Gk. )
O. F. liturgie, Iyturgie. -Late L. liturgia.
- Gk. AflTOVnla, public service. - Gk.
Afrro-r, public; <nOli, work, cognate with
E. wQrk.
Live (I), to exist. (E.) M. E. liuien
(livien). O. Mere. lifgan, A. S. liMan, to
live, dwell; orig. to remain, be left
behind.+Du. koen, to live; Ice!. lifa , to
be left, to live; Dan. leve, Swed. lefta,
Goth. liban, to live; G. leben , to live,
O. H. G. Ilben. From Teut. *Iib-, weak
grade of *leiban-, to remain. See Life.
live (2), adj., alive. ( E.) Short for
alive, which is not a true ~rig. adj., but
due to the phrase a /iue (a live) = A. S. q1t
life, in life, hence, alive. Life is the dat.
case of Iif, life; hence the i in live is

/ilani~. -

lon~.

livelihood. (E.) Corruption ofM.E.

liudlXie (/iveltxie), i.e. life-leading, means
of living; older spelling lijllXie, lijlade.
From A. S. Iif, life; lad, a leading, way,
provisions to live by, a course, a lode;
see Life and Lode.
livelong, long-lasting. (E.) The
same as life-long, L e. long as life is; but
live/tmg is the older spelling'.
livel)". (E.) M. E. lijiy, Le. life-like.
Liver. (E.) M. E. liuer ( = liver).
A. S. liftr. + Du. lever, Ice!. lifr, Dau.
lever, Swed. lefter, G. leber. Cf. Russ.
IiveY, the pluck of animals (from Teut. ).
Allied to Armen. leard, liver; but not to
L. ucur. Brugm. i. U l80, 557 (l).

l!)8

LIVERY

LOCK

Liveryl a delivery, a thing delivered,

uniform a lowed to servants. (F . - L.)
M. E. liuet'e (= livere, three syllables). A. F. liveree ; F. livrle, a delivery of
a thing that is given, the thing so given,
a livery; 'Cot. Orig. fem. of pp. of livrer,
to deliver, give freely. _ L. liberare, to &et
freel give freely; see Liberate.
Livid, discoloured. (F.-L.) F./ivide.
- L. liuidus. bluish. _ L. liulre, to be
bluish. Cf. W. lliw, O. Irish Ii, colour,
hue. ~rugm . i. 94.
Lizard, a four-footed reptile. (F.-L.)
M.E. lesarde.-O. F. lesarde.-L.lacerla,
a lizard. Cf. Alligator.
Llama, a quadruped. (peruvian. )
Llama is a Peruvian word, meaning
, flock' ; Prescott. But the Peruv. Diet.
gives' llama, camero de la tierra,' sheep of
the country.
Llano, a level steppe or plain. (Span .
- L.) Commoner in the pI. llanos. Span. llano, pI. llanos, a plain; from
llano, adj., plain, flat.-L. planus, flat.
See Plain.
Lo, behold! (E.) M . E.Io. A.S. la,
an interjection.
Loach, Loche a small fish. (F.) F.
loche, 'the loach,' Cot. ; whence also
Span. loja, loena. Cf. Norman loque, a
loach, a slug (Le Herieher). Origin unknown.
Load, a burden. (E.) The Sense .of
, burden' seems to be due to confusion
with the verb Lade (I ) ; but cf. provo E .
lead, in the sense' to carry.' M. E. /tide,
a course, way, lode; also, a load. A. S.
/tid, a lode; als~ carriage. See Lode.
Load-star, .a..oad-stone; seeLode.
Loaf. (E.) M. E. Ioj. loof. A. S. hliif
+Icel.hlei/r,Goth.klaifr,hlaibs,G.laib.
Cf. Lithuan. klepas, bread (from Teut.).
Loam, clay. (E.) M. E. lam. A . S.
lam.+Du. leem, G. lehm, O. H. G. leim,
lei1llO. -Teut. type *lai1llOz. Cf.lce!.l(ir
(Teut. type *Iaizom), loam. Akin to
Lime ( I ).
Loan, a lending, money lent. (Scand.)
M. E. lone- ( = lane). This corresponds to
the rare A. S. lan, borrowed from Norse.
[The true A. S. form is liEn, a 10an.J- Ice\.
lan, a loan; Dan. loan, Swed. Ian, a loan.
+ A. S. liEn, a loan; Du. leen, a grant, a
fief; G. lehn, lehen , a fief. ~. All from
the verb seen in A. S. lion (pt. t. lah), to
grant. lcel. Ijii, G. leiken , to lend, Goth.
leihwan; akin to L. linquere (pt. t. liqui),

Gk. 1..d"E.". Skt. rick. to leave, O. Irish

leci"" I leave. ('V'LEIQ; Brugm. i. 463.)
Hence the Teut. verb *leikwan- (as in
Gothic) ; and the sb. *Iaikwniz, *Iaihw noz, a loan, from the second grade *laihw
with suffix -niz or -noz.
Loath. (E.) M. E . loth. A. S. la3,
hateful , hostile.+Icel. lei(Jr, Dan. Swed.
led, odious; O. H. G.- leit, odious, orig.
mournful. Teut. type *laithoz, where
-thoz is prob. a suffix. Allied to G.
/eiden, to suffer; but prob. not allied to
A. S. li(Jan (pt. t. MtJ), to travel, sail; as
usually said (Kluge) . Der. loath-ly;
-some, suggested by M. E. wlatso"" detestable ; also loathe, vb.
Lobby', a small hall, passage. (Ital.G.) Probably from N. Ital. (Piedmontese)
lobia (see Diez) ; the Ital. form is loggia
(see Lodge) . Cf. Late L. lobia, laubia,
10biu11l, a portico, gallery, covered way;
as if from a Germ. form *laubjii.M. H. G. loube, an arbour, bower, open
way along the upper story ofa house (as
in a Swiss ~halet) ; mod. G. laube, a
bower. Orig. madewithfoliage.-M.H .G.
loub (G. laub) , a leaf; see Leaf.
Lobe, flap of the ear,&c. (F.-Low L.
-Gk.) F. lobe. - Late L. lobus. - Gk.
1..o/3os, a lobe of the ear or liver. Brugm.
i. ~ 667.
Lobster, a kind of shell-fish. (L.)
A. S. loppes/re, a corrupter form of A . S.
lop"S/, a corruption of L. locusla, ( I) a
lobster, (3 ) a locust. It was perhaps confused with A.S. loppe, a flea.
Local, .Locate;- see LOCU8.
Loch,aJake. (Gaelic.) Gael.loch,alake.
+ O. Irish loch, Corn. and Bret. lagen;
L.lacus; Stokes, p. 237. See Lake ( I).
Lock ( I), a fastening. (E.) M.E.
lORe. A. S. loe, a fastenin g. + Ice!. loka,
a lock; Swed. loek, a lid; G . loch, a
dungeon. From Teut. base *luk, wellk
grade of Teut. root *leuR, to fasten , whence
also A. S. lucan , Du . luiken, Jee\. IfiRa,
to shut, Goth. galfiRan, to shut up.
locket, a little hinged case worn as an
ornament. ( F. -Scand.) Orig. a fastening
(Hudibras, pt. ii. C. i. 808). - F. IQque/,
the latch of a door, dimin. of O. F . loc, a
lock, borrowed from IceI. loka, a lock.
Lock (2), a tuft of hair or wool. (E. )
M. E. 10k. A. S. loec. + Du . 10k, Icel.
loUr. Dan. 10k, Swed. lock, G. locke..
Orig.' a curl;' cf. Ice\. lyUr, Il loop,
bend, crook; also Lith. lugnas, pliable.

299

LOCKET

LOLL

Locket j see Lock ( ).

Lockram. a kind of cheap linen.

down. So called from its lying ou the

( li. ground, as distinguished from the living
-Bret.) F.locremllZ, a sort of unbleached tree. From the 3rd (pt. pl. ) grade, viz.
linen; named from the place where it was Mg-, of Icel. liggia, to lie; see L ie ()
made, viz. Loc- A'uUltl, or S. Rellafz, near and Low. Der.logg-als, logg-els, a game
Qllimper, in Brittany. -Hret_ Lok-Ronall, . with bits of wood; log-wood, so called
cell ofSt. Ronan; from BreLlok ( L.lo<us), I because imported in fogs, and also called
blockwood (Kersey).
a cell.
Locomotion j see Loous.
log ( 2) , a piece of wood with a line,
Locus. n place. (L.) L. locus, a place. for measuring the rate of a ship. (Scand.)
O. Lat. st/ows, a place.
The same word. The Swed. fogg. as a sealocal. (F. -L.) F. local. - L. loailis, term, whence 10g-lilla, a log-line,log-bok.
belonging to a place.- L. locus , a place.
a log-book, logga, to heave the log, Dan.
locate. to place. (L.) From pp. of log, log-line, log- bog, lo.t;:ge, vb., seem to
L. Iodin, to place. - L. locus, a place.
have been all borrowed back from E.
locomotion, motion from place to
logger-head. a dunce, a piece of
place. (L.) Coined from loco-. for locus, timber ( in a whale boat ) over "which a line
a place; and moti01J.
is passed to make it run more slowly.
Locust. a winged insecL (L.) M. E. (Scand. and E.) A similar formation to
locuste. - L. locusta, a shell fish, also a blockhead. Cf. I cel. /agar, gen. of lag .
locllst.
Log (3), a liquid measure. (Heb.) In
Lode. a vein of ore , a water-course. Lev. xiv. 10. - H eb. log, a liquid measure,
(E.) The true sense is 'course.' A. S. 12th part of a hin; orig.' a basin.'
lad, a way, course, journey; cf. A. S. Logarithm. (Gk.) Coined from Gk.
liitian, to lead, conduct.+lcel. leiiJ, lode , AO-Y- , skm of Ao-yor, a word, a proportion,
way, course; Swed. led, n course. T eut. ratio; and ap,SjAor, a number; the sense
type *laid,i, fern. From the lnd grade being' ratio-number.' See Arithmetic.
of Teut. *leilhan- ( A. S. liiJan), to travel. LoglIerhead j see Log ( I).
See Lead (I). Der.lode-slar. .. And see Loglc. the scienc~ of reasoning corLoad.
rectly. (F. - L. - Gk. ) O. F. IDgiqtu.lodestar, loadstar. the polar star. L. Iogica , for ars logica, logic lut.(E. ) Lit. ' way-star,' star tbat leads or Gk. "o-ytl'~' for A0-Y'"'' TfX"'I, logic art;
guides; see Lode above.
where A0-Y'ttI, is fem . of AO"f,,,6r, reasonlodestone. loadstone. a magnet. able. -Gk. M-yor, a speech. -Gk. Ai-Yfl",
(E.) Compounded of lode and stone, in to say.+ I ... le~re, to speak; see Legend.
imitation of lodestar; it means a stone Hence all words iu -logy, the chief being
that leads or draws.
aSlro-logy, bio- , chrono-, concho-, doxo- ,
Lodare, a small house, cot, resting-place: en~omo-, etymo -, gmea-, geo-, 1Jlete~ro-,
(F. -d:) M. E. ID~, logge. -0. F. lo~, 1Jltnera-, mylllO- , necro- , noso- , omzllzo,
cf. Ital. loggia, Late L. IDbia, a gallery. - osteo-, patho- , philo-, phraseo- , phreno-,
O. H. G. *Iaubjti, allied to loubii, M. H . G. physio, psycJlo-, tauto-, IlleOo, zoo-logy; see
loube, an arbour, mod. G. laube, a bower. these in their due place;;.
-0. H. G. Ioub, G.laub,a leaf; see Leaf. Loin. (F. -L.) M. E. loine. -O. F.
logne, also Ionge.-Late L. *lumbea , fern.
DOUblet, lobby.
Loft. an upper room. (Scand.) M . E. of an adj . *lulllbet4s (not found), from L.
loft, properly' air' ; the peculiar sense is IUlIlbus , loin. See Lumbar.
Scand. - Icel. 10pl ( pron. loft ), ( I ) air. sky, Loiter. to delay. (Du. ) M. E . loilren,
(l ) an upper room ; Dan . Swed. lofl, aPr. Parv. - M. Du. and Du. leuteren , to
garret. Allied to A. S. Iyft, air, sky, Goth. linger, loiter, trifle, M. Du. lolerm, to
luftus, Du. luchl (for luft ), G. luft, the delay, deceive, vacillate; cf. E. Fries.
air. Der. a-lofl; also lofty, i. e. 'in the lolerell , Idlern , to loiter. Allied to M. Du.
air ; ' lift, vb.
hdsen , with the same sense (Hexham).
Log ( I ), a block , piece of wood. Perha ps allied to Lout.
(Scand.) The vowel has been Shortened . , Loll, to lounge about. (E. ) M. E.
Cf. N orw. laag, a fallen trunk ; Icel. /r'g. !ollm, lullell. Cf. Icel. lolla, 'segniter
a felled tree , log; Swed. dial. Idga, a agere,' Halldorsson; M. Du . lollen , to sit
felled tree, a tree that has been blown over the fire; the orig. sense was prob. to
300

LOLLARD

LOOSE

doze; M. Du. lolfe-banek, 'a sleeping

seate,' Hexham. Allied to Lull.
Lollard, a name given to the followers
of Wyclif. (M . Du. ) It was confused
with M. E. loller, i. e. one who lolls, a
lounger, lazy fellow; see Loll above; hut
the words are prob. related. Latinised as
Lo//nrdus from M. Du. lolltUrd, ( I) a
mumbler of prayers and hymns, ( 2)
a Lollard , lit. ' God-praiser' or ' singer' ;
first applied to a sect in Brabant. Formed
with suffix -aerd (same as E. -nrd in
drtmk-ard) from M . Du. lollen, lullen,
to sing; see Lull.
Lone, short for alone; see Alone.
Long ( I) , to desire, yearn. (E.)
M. E. !ongen. A. S. lnngian, impers. vb.
with acc., to long after, crave, desire;
(distinct from langian, to grow long).+
O. Sax. langon , impers.; Icel. langa,
impers. and pers.; O. H. G. Inngth"
impers. Perhaps allied to G. gelinge1/., to
sncceed. Cf. G. ver- Iangen, to wish for.
Der. he-long.
Long (l ) , extended. (E. ) M. E. long.
A. S. /ang, long +Du. lang, Icel. langr,
Dan. Imlg, Swed. lan.l{, Goth. laggrs
( = langrs),G.la1Ig; L longus. Brugm. i.
6.p .
longevity, length of life. (L.) From
L. longauitas, long life. -L./ong-us, long;
(eui/as, usually ii/as, age ; from flui-, a
stem formed from iiuum , life. See Age.
longitude. (F. -L.) F./ongitude. L. longi/utlo, length; in late Lat., the
longitude of a place. - L. longi-, stem
formed from /ongtls, long; with suffix
-I;;-do. Der. long-itud;n-nl, from stem
longi/Uti;n-.
Loo, a game at cards. (F.) Formerly
called lanterl()(1. - F. fan/ure/u, lanturlu,
interj., nonsense! fudge ! also a game at
cards. The expression was orig. the
refrain of a famous vaudeville (ab. 1630) ,
afterwards used to give an evasive answer.
Being purposely nonsensical, it admits of
no further etymology.
Loof; see Lu1l'.
Look, to see. (E.) M. E. loken. A. S.
locian, to look. + O. Sax. lUkOn, to look;
cf. M. H. G. luogen, to mark, behold, G.
lugen, to look out. Brugm. i. 421 (7).
Loom ( I) , a machine for weaving cloth.
(E. ) M. E.lome, a tool, implement. A. S.
ge./oma, a tool, implement, instrument.
Der. heir-/()()m, where 1()(1111 meant any
implement, hence a. piece of furuiture.

Loom (2) , to appear faintly or at a distance. (E. ?) Orig. sense doubtful. (Not
= M. E. lumen, to shine, as that has a
different vowel.) If it meant orig. 'to
come slowly towards,' it amwers exactly
to E. Fries. lUmen, Swed. dial. /oma, to
move slowly; cf. M. H. G. It/omen, to be
weary, from the adj. luomi, slack. Kilian
has M. Du. lome, slow, inactive. The
Teut. base of the adj. is */om-, connected
by gradation with E. L ame. See Loon
( 2). Cf. Low!. Sc. loamy, dull , slow; E.
Fries . IOmig.
Loon ( Il, Lown, a base fellow. (0.
Low G.) M . E. lown (spelt IO'wm, but
rhyming on oun). St. Cuthbert, 7957.
Cf. M. Du. /oen . homo stupidns,' Kilian.
Loon (l ), a water-bird , diver. (Scand.)
A corruption of the Shetland name loom.
- Ice!. lomr, Swed. Dan. 10m, a loon.
Prob. from the lame or awkward motion
of diving-bi! ds on land; cf. Swed. dial.
I011la, E. Fries. 10m en, to move slowly;
see Loom (l ) above.
Loop, a noose. (Scand. ) G. Douglas
has l()'lllpknot (tEn. xii. 603). -Ice!. Maup,
lit. 'a leap' ; cf. Swed. lop-knut . a runningknot; Dan. lob, a course, /obknude, or
lobaie, II running-knot. - Ice!. Maupa, to
leap, run. See Leap. Thus the orig.
sense was ' running knot'; hence, loop of
a string, &c.
Loop-hole, a small aperture in a wall.
(1< .-LoW G.) M. E.1()Upe, P. PI. -0. F.
-Ioupe (not found); Languedoc loup, a
sma.ll window in a roof (Wedgwood).M. Du. /upen , Du. luipen, to lurk (see
Franck); Low G. Ilipen, in the same
sense as Low G. glupen , to peep (Liibben).
Hence, the sense wns Feep-hole.' Cf.
Low L. IDupus (unexplained).
Loose, slack. (~cand.) M. E. l()Us,
los; Prof. Zupitza shews (in Anglia, vii.
Ifil) that it is due to the Scand. form.
[The true M. E. form is lees, answering to
A. S. lEas, ( I ) loose, (l) false.J -lcel.
lauss , Swed. Dan. los , loose ; O. Sax. los,
M. Du. l()(1s, ( I ) loose, (2) false (where
mod. Du. has /os , loose, loos, false); G.
los , loose ; Goth. laus , empty, vain. Teut:
type -Iaus()z; from -/aus-, 2nd grade of
Teut. -Ieusan , to lose. See Lose.
-les., ~uffix . (E.) M. E. -Ius, -les;
A. S.. lias, the same as "as, loose, frte
from (above).
loose, loosen, vh. (E.) The true
form is l()(1se, later loosen by analogy with

301

LOOT

LOUD

sfrmgtllen, Bee. A late derivative from

the adj. above. Other languages derive
the verb directly from the adj.; thus Du.
lossen, Icel. leysa, Swed. losa, Dan. wse,
G. /osen, Goth. lausjan, to loosen, are
derived (respectively) from Du. los, Icel.
lauss, Swed. and Dan. los, G. los, Goth.
laus, loose, vain.
Loot, plunder. (Hindi.-Skt.) Hindi
Iii! (with cerebral f), loot, plunder. The
cerebral I shews that r is elided. - Skt.
lotra, shorter form of loptra, booty, spoil.
- Skt. lup, to break, spoil; allied to L.
rumpere, to break. See Rupture , Rob.
Loot = that which is robbed. (Cf. Hom,
Pers. Diet. 608.)
LoOTer j see Louver.
Lop. (M. Du.) M. Du. luppen, to
maim, castrate, mod. Du. lubben. Cf.
Lithuan. lu/ti, to peel. See Lib.
Loquaclous, talkative. (L.) Coined
from L . loquiici-, dec!. stem of loquax,
talkative. - L. loqui, to speak.
Lord, a master. (E. ) Lit.' loaf-keeper.'
A. S. klaford, a lord; early form klafard,
for *klafw!!ard, a loaf-ward; see Loaf and
Ward. ~ For the loss of w, cf. A. S.
julluht, fromjulwiht, baptism.
Lore, learning. (E.) M. E. lore; A. S.
liire, gen., dat., and acc. of lar, 10re.+Du.
leer, G. lekre. O. H. G. lira, doctrine.
Teut. type */aiztf, fern .; cf. Teut. *laizjan
(A. S. Ireran, G. lekrm ), to teach; from
*Iais-, 2nd grade of *Ieisan-, to trace out;
see Learn, Last (2).
Lorel j see losel.
Lorimer, a maker of horses' bits, spurs,
&c. (F.-L.) Alsoloriner. - O.F.lori"jer , loreinier, M. F . lorimier, later
lonnier, 'a spurrier;' Cotgrave. - O. F.
lorein, lorai1t, rein, bridle, bit. - Late L.
lor-blum, 100'anum, a rein, bit.-L.lo..u11l,
a thong.
Loriot, the golden oriole. (F. -L. )
F . loriot, corruptly written for roriot,
where oriol is another form of on'ol; see
Oriole.
Lorn, lost. (E.) M. E. loren, pp. of
/lsen, to lose; see Lose.
L01'1', a bird of the parrot kind.
( Malay.) Also called Ittry ; and (formerly)
1'Dry, nury. - Malay liiri, nuri, a lury or
lory.
Lose. (E.) The form formerly in use
was lese; M. E. lesen. [The mod. form
lose has got its sound of (uu) from the
inftuence of M. E. losen, to loose, con-

fused with M: E. lon'm, to be lost] The

M. E. lesen IS from A. S. Ilosafl, strong
yerb, to lose .(pt. t. -Ila~, pp. -loren). This
IS co~ate WIth I?u. -ltezen (only in compo
v~r-ltezen), G . /~eren (only in compo verIteren), Goth. -Itusan (only infra-liusan,
to loose). Teut. type -'eusan-. Cf. L.
lu-ere, Gk.
to set free. Der. lum,
lost, A. S. pp. -Iorm; also forlorn , q. v.
loss, sb. (E. ) M. E. los. A. S. los,
destruction.
Allied to Lose; being
derived from Teut. -Ius, weak grade of
-Ieusan-, to lose (above).
losel, lorel, a worthless fellow, reprobate. (E.) One devoted to perdition;
cf. A. S. los, destruction, losian, to be
lost, to perish. From lus- (A. S. los-) ,
weak grade of the strong verb feosan, to
lose, pp. lor-en (for older -Ios-m). J.or-el
is formed from the base 101'- of the pp. in
use, and losel from the older form of the
same. For the suffix, cf. A. S. wac-ol,
watchful.
Lot, a portion, share. (E.) M. E. lot.
A. S. klot -hlulom), lot, share. - A. S.
kluf-, weak grade of hllotan (pt. t. Meat ).
to obtain by lot. + Du.lot; Icel. Muti,
allied to str. vb. k{jofa, to obtain by lot;
Dan. lod, Swed. loti. All from the weak
grade of Teut. -kleutan-, to obtain by lot;
cf. A.S. kliet , kljt, G. /oos, Goth. Maltls,
a lot, from -klaut, 2nd grade of the same
verb.
Loth j see Loath.
Lotion, a washing, external medicinal
application. (L. ) L. 15tiiitHI1t, acc. of
lotio, a washing. - L. lOtus, pp. of lauiir!!,
to wash. See Lave. Brugm.i. 352 (3).
Loto, Lotto, a game. (JtaL- Tent.) F .
1010; a F . form of the Ital.lollo, a lottery,
a word of Teut. origin; see Lot.
lotte1'1'. (E.; wilk F . suffix .) In
Levins, ed. 1570. Formed by adding -ery
to E. lot; cf. brew-try, fok -cry. The F.
10lerie is borrowed from English or from
Ital. lotteria (Torriano).
Lotus, the Egyptian water-lily. (L.Gk.) L.lotus, lotos. -Gk. AQIT<Sr, (I) the
Gk. lotus, (2) the Cyrenean lotus, the
eaters of which were called lotopkap, (3 )
the lily of the Nile.
Loud. (E.) M. E. loud. A. S. klUd.
+ Du. luid, G. laut. Teut. type *hliidoz,
for earlier klutMs (with the accent on 0) ;
allied to the Idg. type *lIlulos (with weak
grade *lIlu) as seen in L. -clutus, in
inclut,lS, renowned, Gk. KAIITOr, renowned,

303

Av-.""

LOUGH

LUBRICATE

Skt. p-ula-, heard, from (1"U, to hear.

(""KLEU.) Brugm. i. 100, 113.
Lough, a lake. (Irish.) Ir. Ioen; see
Loch.
Lounge, to loll about. (F. -L.) From
lungis, an idle fellow or lounger, not an
uncommon word in the 16th and 17th
centuries. - }<'. longis, an idle, drowsy, and
stupid fellow (Cot.). Littre supposes that
this sense of longis was due to a pun,
having reference to L. longus, long, hence
a long and lazy man; for, strictly speaking,
LOllgis is a proper name, being the O. F.
form of L. Long-ius or Longinus, the
name (in the old mysteries) of the centurion who pierced the body of Christ.
This name first appears in the apocryphal
gospe! of Nicodemns, and was donbtless
suggested by Gk. l\O,,(X'l, a lance, in John
xix. 34.
LouseJ. an insect. (E.) M . E. lous, pI.
/ys. A. S. Ius, pI. ljs (lice). + Du. itlis,
D.an. luus, Swed. Ius, Icel. IUs, G. laus.
Teut. type *Ius, fern.
Lout, a clown. (E.) The lit. sense is
, stooping,' from M. E. 1011ten, to stoop,
bow. - A. S. lulan, to stoop.+lcel. lulr,
stooping, bent (which prob. suggested our
use of the word), from luta, to stoop; cf.
Swed . lufa, Dan. IlIde, to stoop, lean.
Louver, Loover, an opening in the
roofs of ancient houses. (F. ) M. E. Iwer
(used to translate O. F. louverl in the
Romance of Partenay, 1175), but really
from O. F. lwier, /wer, used as a gloss to
Late L. lOdium, a word also explained by
M. E. lover. - Romanic type 'Odiirium,
adj. form due to Late L. !Odium, a loover.
(For the intercalated v, cf. F. pouvoir,
from O. F. pooir = Span. poder.) Prob.
an opening over a fireplace; from Ice!.
MolJ, n. pl., a hearth. (Academy, Dec. '94')
Lovage, an umbelliferous plant. (F.L )
M:- E. louacne (Al,Phita). - O . F.
leveseke, luveseke ( Wright s Voc. i. J 39).
Cf. Ita!. levis/ico, lovage. - L. ligustieum .
lovage, a plant of Liguria. - L.Ligusficus,
belonging to Liguria, a country of Cisalpine Gaul.
Love, affection. (E. ) M. E.loue (love).
A. S. lufu, love. From the weak grade
(/ub) of Teut. base *Ieub. + Goth. lubo;
O. H . G. luba; cf. also G. liebe; Russ.
liobov'; Skt. lobka, covetousness, lubk, to
desire. Closely alIied toLief. (""LEUBH. )
Der. Iwe, vb.; belove, first appearing in
M. E. /!ilujien, to love greatly.

Low (I), humble, inferior. (Scand_)

M. E. 101ln, also fah. - Ice!. lagr, low;
N. Fries. leeg; Swed. lag. Dan. lav. The
orig. sense is that which lies down, or lies
low (as we say) ; from Ice!. lag- , stem of
pt. pI. of Hggja, to lie. See Lie ( J). Der,
be-low ( =.by low) ; also lower, vb., i. e.
to let down, from low-er, comparative of
low, adj.
Low ( 2), to bellow. (E. ) M. E. fowtlZ.
A. S. MUwa1Z, to bellow, resound . + Du.
loei/ en, O. H. G. I,fo/ml. Cf. L. clii-mare.
Low (3) , a hill. (E.) In place-names.
A. S. Maw, Maw, a hill; properly a slope.
+ Goth. Maiw, a grave; Maim, a hill;
Lat. eliuus, a hill. From a Teut. base
Mai-, 2nd grade of the Teut. root Mei(Idg. ""KLEI), to lean, incline. Allied
to Lean (I).
Low (4), flame. (Scand.) Ice!. logi,
flame; cf. L. lu.r. Allied to Lucid.
Lower (I), to let down. (E.) From
low-er, comparative of adj. low.
Lower (2), to frown. (E.) M. E.
louren, lflrm, to lower, frown . Cf. M.
Du. 10ere1z, ' to leere, to frowne,' Hexham ;
Low G. and E. Fries. htren, to lower.
frown, peer; M. H. G. luren, G. lauem.
Cf. Ice!. Iura, to doze.
LoWUj see Loon (I).
Loyal, faithful. (F. -L.) F . loyal
(Cot.). - L. /egalis, legal (hence, just,
l~al ); see Legal.
Lozenge, a rhombus; a small cake of
flavoured sugar, &c., orig. of a diamond
shape. (F.) Formerly losenge, esp. a
shield of a diamond shape (in heraldry).O. F.losenge, lozenge (F. losa1zge),alozenge.
Origin disputed; prob. from 0 : F. lauze,
a flat stone. Cf. Span. fosanje , a lozenge,
rhombus; prob. from losa, a square stone
for paving (whence fosar, to pave). See
lausa, lauza, a flat stone for buildings
(Ducange).
Lubber, a dolt. (E.) M. E. fobre,
lobur. Cf. M. Du. lobben, ' a lubbard, a
cJowne,' Hexham; Low G. lobbes (the
same) ; Norw. lubb, lubba, one of round
thick figure; lubben, short and thick.
Also W. /lob, a dolt, lubber, !labi, a
stripling, looby. Cf. lob in Shakespeare,
M. N . D. ii. I. 16. Allied to Lump; cf.
E . Fries. lobbe, lob, a flabby lump.
Lubrica.te, to make slippery. (L.)
From pp. ofL.lubrieare, to make slippery.
-L. IUbricus, slippery. Allied to Goth.
sliujan, to slip. See Slip.

30 3

LUCE

LUMBER

Luce, tbe pike; a fisb. (F.-Late L. to pull, pull by the bair; A. S. li4ctin,
-Gk.) Lit. 'wolf.fish.'-M.F.lucs,lus,a to pull up weeds; Dan. luge, to weed.
pike; Cot. - Late L. lucius, a plke. - G k. 13. Tbe A. S. lucan is a strong verb
AUltos, a wolf; also a (ravenous) fish. Cf. allied to a Teut. type Ieuk-an-, to puJi
Pyke, fysche, dmtrix, lucius, lupus;' (pt. t. lauk, pp. Iukanoz). Lttg is from
Prompt. Parv. 'Luce, fysche, lucius;' id. the weak grade Iuk. Der. luggage with
Lucid, bright. (L.) L.IUcidus, bright. F . suffix as in bagg-age.
'
- L. Ii4cZre , to shine; cf. lux, light.+Gk. Lugsail, a sort of square sail. (Scand.
A.IIKOS, bright; Skt. ruek, to shine. Allied and K ) Prob. from the verb to lug ; the
to Light ( I). (-VLEUK.) Der.lu ci-fer, sail is easily boisted by a pull at the rope
i. e. light bringer, morning-star, fromftrre, attached to the yard. Or named from
to bring.
lugger, its apparent derivative, as if a ship
Luck, fortune. (Du. - M. H. G.) M. E. furnished with lugsails; but cf. Du.logger,
lukke (15th c.). Not found in A. S.; and which seems to mean 'slow ship,' from
Fries. lttk is late. - Du. luk. From M.H.G. Du. log, slow, E. Fries. lug. (DoubtfuL)
ge-lucke, good fortune; G. gluck (for Lugubrious, mournful. (L.) From
ge-Iuck ). The Fries. luk, Swed. lycka, L.lugubri-s, mournfnl; with suffix -ous. Dan. lykke (like Du. luk) are borrowed L. lugZre, to mourn. Cf. Gk. Aorypos, sad.
from G. (Kluge). Perhaps akin to G. Lukewarm, partially warm. (E.)
locken, to entice, allure.
M. E. luke, leuk , tepid. (Luke.warmLucre, gain, profit. (F . -L.) F . lucre. tepidly warm.) Cf. Du. leuk , luke-warm;
-L. lucrum , gain. Allied to Irish luach, E. Fries. luk, luke, tepid, weak, slack.
price, wages, G. lokn, reward, Gk. AEia ~ Distinct from lew-wm'm.
(for AaFia), booty, Russ . lovite, to take Lull, to sing to rest. (E.?) M. E.
as booty. Der. lucr-ative, F. lucra/if, lullen. N ot in A. S. + Swed. lit/la, Dan.
L. lucr,iliuus, from pp. of lucrari, to gain, lulll!, to hum, lull; M. D u. lullen, to sing
in a humming voice; E. Fries. lollen, to
from lucrum, gain. Bmgm. i. 490.
Lucubration, a production composed sing badly, howl, cry. From the repetition
in retirement. ( L. ) Properly, a working of lu lit, in lulling children to sleep. This
by lamp-light; from L. lucubratio, the is a drowsier form of la I la! used in
same. - L. lucubratus, pp. of lumbnire, to cheerful sing ing; cf. lilt; and see Lolbring in lamps, to work by lamp-l ight. - lard. Cf. Gk. AaA.Iv, to speak.
L. liicubrum, prob. a faint light; at any Lumbar, relating to the loins. (I..)
rate, obviously formed from liic-, stem of L. lumbaris. adj .; whence Ittmbare, an
liix, light; cf.ludre, to shine. See Light apron (Jerem. xiii. I ). - L. IUlllbw, the
(I ) , Lucid.
10in. + A. S. lendenu, pI., the loins, Du.
Ludicrous, laughable. (L.) L. htdi- Imde1lC1t , pI.; Swed. liind, Dan. lend,
er-us, done in sport; with suffix -ous. - L. loin; G. Imde, baunch. Brugm. i. 360.
It-.di-, for ludus, sport. -L. lz-.dere, to play.
lumbago, pain in the loins. (L.) L.
Luff, Loof, to tum a ship towards the lumbago, pain in the loins. - L. lumlms,
wind. (E.) F rom M. E. 10j, a contrivance loi o.
for altering a ship's course; see Layamon, Lumber ( I), useless furniture. (F. iii. 476. It seems to have been a sort of G.) Formerly lombor ( 1487) ; lumbar
large paddle, used to assist tbe helm in (Blount) . Perhaps the lumber-room was
keeping the ship right. Prob. named from orig. Lombard-room , where the Lombard
the resemblance of a paddle to the palm of broker bestowed his pledges. Cf. L01Jltbe band; cf. Lowl. Sc. looj, Ice!. 10ji, bardeer, a broker, Lombard, a bank for
Goth. IO/a, palm of the hand. Cf. also usury or pawns; Blount. - F. L ombard, a
Du. loej, Dan. luv, Swed. 10/, weather Lombard (who acted as pawnbroker in
gage; Dan. lllve, to luff; and perhaps the 14th century). - L. LOllgobardtts,
Bavarian lafft1t, blade of an oar, flat part also Langobardus. - G. LallgOart, a
of a rudder. See E. Fries. 10j, "if in name given to the men of this tribe.
Cf. A. S. Langbeardas, the Lombards.
Kooiman. Der. laveer.
Lug, to drag. (Scand.) Swed. lugga , See Ducange. (Etym. disputed.)
to pull by the hair; cf.lugg, the forelock; Lumber (2), to make a great noise.
Norw. I"W , to pull by the bair; cf. lttgg, (Scand. ) In Palsgrave. A frequent. verb
hair of the bead. Also cf. Low G. lullm , of Scand. origin . - Swed. dial. lomro, to
30 4

LUMINARY

LURK

resound i d. Swed. ljUllltll, a great noise, LlUlI'e, 11 thrust , in fencing. (F. - 1'..)
Icel. klfomr, a sound, a tune. From Teut. FormeiIy longe. The E. a lon~ is a misbase "kletl-, to hear, whence also Goth. taken substitute for F. allonge (formerly
k/iutnG , hearing. See Loud.
alonge), a I ~ :;Ihening; i.e. an extension
Luminary, a bright light. (F.-L.) of the body in delivering the thrust. - F.
O. F. /uminane, later luminaire, a light, allonger, to lengthen (formerl y alonger).lamp. - L. /iimintire, a light i neut. of F . a (from L. ad), to; nnd L. *Iongare, only
luminari!, light-giving. - L. lumin-, for nsed in compo e-longare, to lengthen, from
lumm, light. Lumen = "lik-men i from 10tZgus, long. See Long.
likire, to shine. See Lucid.
Lupine, 11 kind of pulse. (F.-L.) F.
luminolUl, bright. (F. - L.) F. lupin. - L. lupinum, a kind of pulse;
lumineux. - L. luminosus, bright i from orig. neut. of lupinus, wolfish, though the
lumin-, for lumen, light ( above).
reason is not clear.-L. ltl/JUS, a wolf; see
Lump. \ (Scand.) M. E.lompe, lumpe. Wolf.
-Swed. dtai. and Norw. lump, a block, Lurch (I), to lurk, dodge, pilfer. (E.)
stump, piece hewn off a log; Swed.lumpor, Allied to Lurk. Cf. birch, birR. The
pl., rags; Swed. Dan. lumpen, paltry. cr. senses are ( I ) to lie in wait, lurk, ( 2) to
Du.lomp (whence G.lumpen), a rag, lump, pilfer, steal. Der. lurch-er, 'one that
lamp, clumsy; E. Fries. lump, clumsy, lies upon the lurch, or upon the catch,
thick, vile, lumpy.
also 11 kind of hunting-dog; , Phillips.
Lunar. (L.) L. liinliris, adj.; from Lurch (2), the name of a game. (F.)
liina, moon. L. irina = "Ioucsna, giver of 'To leave in the lurck' is due to an old
light. - L. Iiicere, to shine. Rrugm . i. game. - M. F. loureke, 'the game called
liS. Der. lun-elle, inter-lunar; and lurche, or lurch in a game; il demouta
lourcke, he WllS left in the lurch ;' Cot.
see below.
lunatic. (F.-L.) F.luttatif/ue. - Cot. also gives ourche, ' the game at tables
L. IUniilicus, mad; lit. affected by the called lurch.' P erhaps from L. orca, a
dice-box. Cf. Ita!. lureia, 'the game
moon. - L. l1itta, moon.
Lunch, a large piece of bread, &c. lurch,' Torriano. Cf. Low L. lurculus,
(E.?) Lunck, ' a gobbet, or peece;' , parvus lusus;' Ducange.
Minsheu.
Connected with lump, like Lurch (3) , to devour; obsolete. (F . ?
kunck with kump, llUnch with bump. See -L.) 'Tolurek,devour,oreategreediIYi'
Lump.
Raret. -0. F. "Iureher (?) ; cf. Ita!. lutluncheon, lunch, a slight meal. care, 'to lurch or devour greedily,' Tor(E.?) Lunck is now used as short for riano. - Late L.lurCliri, lflreare, to devour
lunekeon, though luncMon itself is an ex- greedily.
tension from lunch, alump. Cot. gives M .F. Lurch (4), a sudden roll sideways.
earibot, ' a luneMo1t , or big piece of bread,' (1:.?) A lee lurek, a sudden roll (of a
&c..; also 'hori01t, a cuff, thump, also a ship) to the leeward;' Webster. Obscnre;
lunckeon or big piece.' Lundtion appears perhaps merely lurek (I) in the sense to
to be for /lInskin, as in ' a huge lunshin stoop or dodge; see Lurch (I).
of bread,' Thoresby to Ray (1703), which Lure, a bait. (F.- G .) M . E. ItI1e.is prob. merely short for lunch in (g). At O. F. loerre, loirre, later lellrre, 'a faulany rate, luncheon is clearly from lunch, a coner's lure;' Cot. - Teut. *lotlwo1Jl, neut. ;
large piece (above). ~ Quite distinct as seen in M. H . G. luoder (G. !tlder), a
bait, decoy, lure. Perhaps from Teut.
'rom nuncheon.
Lung. (E.) M. E. lunge, pI. IU11ges, "loth, 2nd grade of *Iatl,-, to invite? Cf.
langes, A.S.lungen, pI. lungena.+ Du. long, A. S. la/Han, Icel. latJa, Goth. lathOtt, G.
lee!. IUngll, pl., Dan. lunge, Swed. lunga, laden, to invite, weak verbs.
G. lungen, pI. Allied to A . S. lungre, Lurid, wan, gloomy. (L.) L.ltIridus,
quickly (orig. lightly), also to Gk. '''ax';', pale yellow, wan.
Skt. laghll-, light. The lungs are named Lurk, to lie in wait. (Scand.?) M. E.
from their lightness; cf. E. ligkts, i. e. lurken, 10rken. -NoTW. lurka, t o sneak
lungs; Russ. legkoe, lung, as compared away, go slowly; Swed. dial. lurka, to do
with Russ. legkii, light; Port. teves, lungs, anything slowly i E. Fries. 1lIrken, to
from Port. leve, light; see Light (2). shume along. Perhaps extended from
l;;r-, as in NOTW. lura, Dan. ltlre, to lie in
Rrugm. i. 691.

30 5

LURY

MACARONI

wait, Dan. lure, (al!lO) to listen, S",ed.

lura, to lie in wait; G. lauem, to lurk.
See Lowe-r (l ) .
Lury; see Lory.
Luscious, delicious. (F.- L.) Of
doubtful origin. Still, we find in T he
Anturs of Arthur, ed. Morton , st. 36,
'with lucius drinkes ;' and in Sir Amadace, st. 27, 'with liciw drinke.' The
latter form is short for delicious; so that
luscious may be the same, but confused
with lusty. Also lushious (Spenser) ;
lussyouse (Palsgrave) .
Lust. (E.) The usual old meaning is
pleasure. A. S. lust, pleasure.+ D u. lust,
Icel. lys/, losti, Dan. lys/, Swed. and G.
lust, Goth. llutus, pleasure. Allied to
Skt. lash, to desire; Gk. },..)..alo,..a.
Brugm. i. 51S (2). Der. lust-y, formerly
, E.leasan t.'
Lustration; see Lustre ( 2).
Lustre ( I), splendour. (F . - Ital. -L.)
F. lustre. - Ital. lus/ro, ' a lustre, a glasse,
a shining,' Florio; cf. Late L. lustrum ,
a window. - L. Ius/rare, to shine. Proh.
from a lost adj. -Ius/rus (for -Iucs/rus),
shining; from lucere, to shine.
Lustre (2), Lustrum, a period of
five years. (L.) L. Ius/rum, an expiatory
sacrifice j also a period of five years,
because every five years a lustrum was
performed. The orig. sense is a purification' j from luere, to wash, purify.
lustration, a purification by sacrifice. (L.) From L . lus/ra/io, an expiatiou. - L. lustriUus, pp. of Ius/rare, to
purify. - L.lus/rum, an expiatory sacrifice
(above) .
Lute ( I), a musical instrument. (F.Arab.) M. E.lute. - M. F.lu/ (Cotgrave) ,
mod. F . luth . We also find Provo lau/,
Span. laud, Port. alaude, Ital. liulo, Du.
tuit, Dan. lut, G . laule. The Port. form
shews the Arab. origin j since al- in alaude is for ai, the Arab. def. art. - Arab.
ai, the; 'Uti, wood, timber, a staff, stick,
wood of aloes, lute, or harp.
Lute (2), a kind of loam. (F. -L.)
O. F. lUi, clay, loam. - L. lutum , mud,
that which is washed down. -L. lu(Ye, to
wash. Allied t o Lave.
Lutestring, a lustrous silk. (F.Ital. - L ) A curious corruption of lustring,
a sort of shining silk (Kersey) . - F.lustrine,
lutestring,lustring. _ Ita1.ltutrino, lustring,
tinsel j from its gloss. - L. luslrare, to
ahine; see Lustre (I).

LU%1lr1", (F.-L.) M. E. luxurie._

O. F . luxurie ( Hatzfeld), F. luxure. 1. luxiiria, luxury. - L . lux us, pomp, excess, luxury.
-11', a common suffix. (E.) A . S. -lie,
adj. suffix j -lice, adv. suffix j from lie,
like; see Like ( I).
Lye, a mixture of ashes and water, {or
wasbing. (E.) M. E. ley. A. S. lealt. +
Du. /oog, G. /al~ge, O. H. G . louga, lye.
Perhaps a llied to Icel. laug, a bath j and
to L. lawire, to wash. Cf. Lather.
Lym, a lime-houud: K. Lear, iii. 6. 72.
Short for Limehound.
Lymph, a colourless fl uid. (L.) L.
lymplta , O. L. lumpa (Brugm. i. 10 2) ,
water, lymph, also a water-nymph. The
spelling with y is prob. due to a su pposed connexion with Gk. vu,..cp'l, a
nymph (prob. false) . It is rather allied
to Limpid.
Lynch, to punish by mob-law. (E.)
From Charles Lynch, a Virginian planter
(1736-96) j Cent. Diet. The name is
(rom A. S. kline, a ridge of land. See
Link ( I ) .
LYJUt, a keen-sighted quadruped. L.Gk. ) M. E. lynx. -L.lyllX.-Gk. )...ryE,
a lynx ; allied to },.fV,,6~, bright, and named
from its bright eyes. Cf. Skt. ruch, to
shine, loch , to see. Cognate forms are
A. S. lox , Swed. /0, G. !tuM, Lith. /uszis,
a lynx; and (probably) Russ. ruise , Pers.
riis, Zend raozha j Stndent's Pastime,
P393Lyre. (F. - L . - Gk .) F. lyn - L.
lyra. - Gk. },.upa , a lyre , lute. D er.

lyr- ic.

II.
lIa.cada.mise, to pave a road with
small broken stones. (Gael. and Heb. ;
with F. suffix. ) Named after Mr. J ohn
Macadam, A. D. 18 19. Maratfam = son of
Adam. - (; Re!. iliac, son; H eb. adam, n
man, from root adam, to be reel.
lIa.caroni,lIa.ccaroni. ( I ta!' - L. )
Ita!. maccaroni, 'a kind e of paste meate ; .
Florio. Prob. from Ita!' macrare, 'to
bruise, batter, to pester,' Florio; i.e. to
reduce to pulp. - L. mac-, base of
macera"e, to macerate. See Macerate.
Der. macaronic, i. e. in a confused or
mixed state (applied to a jumble of
languages).

306

MACAROON

MAGGOT

macaroon. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. maca

ron, pI. macarons, 'macarons, little fritterlike buns, . also the same as macaroni; ,
Cot. - Ital. maccaroni (above). ~ Now
ajlt>\ied to a kind of biscuit.
Macaw, a kind of parrot. (Caribbean.)
Said to be the native name in the Antilles
(Webster). Brazilian macao (Cent. Diet.).
Mace (I), a kind of club. (F. - L.)
O. F. maCt! (F. masse). -Folk-L. mattea,
a heetle, only preserved in dimin. mateo/a,
a little beetle. See Korting. ~ But see
Franck (s. v. lIutselen).
Mace (2 ), a kind of spice. (F.-L.Gk. - Skt.?) F. maeis, mace (0. F.
maceis, mads, Godefroy). It seems to
have been confused with M. F. macer,
which 'is not mace, as many imagine,
but a reddish, aromaticall, and astringent
rind of a certain Indian root' ; Cot. Hoth
prob. from L. macer, mac;r, i. e. the 'rind
of a great root, which beareth the name of
the tree itself,' Holland, tr. of Pliny, xii. 8.
- Gk. P.6./cEP; doubtless of Eastern origin.
Macerate, to soften by steeping. ( L.)
From pp. of L. maCl!rarl!, to steep; frequent. from a b "mac-.
Machine. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. machine.
- L. miichina. - Gk. p.f}XavTt, a ~evice,
machine; cf. JAfiXOf, means. (""MAGH.)
Allied to May (I).
Mackerel, a fish. (F.-L.) O. F.
makerel (F . maquereau). From Late L.
nUlfjlu,-e//us. Of unknown origin.
lIIac1ril1tosh, a waterproof overcoat.
(Gael.) Gael. Mack-j"tosh, the name of
the inventor.
Macrocosm, the whole universe.
(Gk.) Gk. JAalCp6-f, long, great; /C6"p.o~,
the world. Cf. microcosm.
Maculate, to defile. (L.) From pp.
of L. macultire, to spot. - L. macula, a
spot, dimin. of a form maca, not used.
Der. immaculate, orig. a pp.
Mad. (E.) The vowel was formerly
sometimes long. M. E. maad, mad. The
M. E. mad is from A. S. (ge )-miUed, maddened, shortened to (ge- )miidd (cf. fat ) ;
pp. of ge-miidan, to drive mad. The
M. E. maad answers to A. S. mad; cf.
A. S. ge-maad, Corp. Gloss. 2105 ; hence
miid-mOd, madness (Grein).'" O. Sax. gemid, foolish; O. H . G. gimeit, vain; Icel.
meiddr, pp. of meilJa, to maim, hurt;
Goth. ga-maids, maimed. The orig. sense
seems to be severely injured'; the prefix
gr-, ri-, goa- is unessential.

Madam, my lady. (F. - L.) F.

madame, i. e. ma dame, my lady. - L.
mea domina, my lady; see Dame.
Madder, a plant. (E.) M. E. mader,
madir. A. S. nltzddre; also nltzdere.
Icel. matJra, Du. nude, mee.
Madeira, a sort of wine. (Port.-L.)
Named from the isle of Madeira, i.e. the
well-wooded.' - Port. madeira, wood, timber. - L. materia, stuff, wood, timber.
See Matter (I).
Mademoiselle, miss. (F.-L.) F.
ma, my; demoiselle, damsel; see :!>amael.
madonna, my lady. (Ital.-L.) Ital.
ma, my; donna, lady, from L. domina;
see Dame.
Madrepore, coral. (F. - Ital. - L.
and Gk.) F . madrlpore. - Ital. madrepora. The lit. sense is 'motherstone,' a
fanciful name, due to the existence of such
terms as madre-selva, honeysuckle (lit.
mother-wood ), madre-boseo, woodbine (lit.
mother-bush), madre-perla, mother-ofpearl. Here madre is from L. nUltrem,
acc. of mater, mother; see Mother.
Pora is from Gk . ."EiJp o~, a light friable
stone, also a stalactite. ~ Hut the word
has certainly been understood (prob. misunderstood) as connected with pore, when ce
numerous sc~entific terms such as eate1zipora, tubi-pora, denti-pora, gemmi-pora.
, Scientific' etymology is usually clumsy,
and frequently wrong. We may conclude
that F . and E. pore have been understood
in the place of Gk . ."EiJpo~, by confusion of
ideas. See Pore.
Madrigal, a pastoral song. (Ital.L.-Gk.) Ital. madrigall!, a short song,
pastoral ditty ; for *mand,.igale. Florio
also gives mandria/e, mand,.iano, a herds
man, also a madrigal. - Ital. mandra,
a herd , flock. - L. ma1zdra, a stall,
stable. - Gk. pav3pa, a fold.+Skt. mandura, stable. (The suffix -ig-ale = L. suffix
-ie-alis.)
Magazine. (F.-ltal.-Arab.) O.F.
magruin (F. magasin). - Ital. magazzino,
a storehouse. - Arab. makhazin , pI. of
makhzan, a storehouse. - Arab. kham, a
laying up in store.
Maggot, a grub. (C.) M. E. magot,
magat. Cf. W. maceiad, macai, a maggot;
magiaid, grubs. Allied to W. 1nagiad,
breeding, magad, a brood; from magu , to
breed. Cf. Bret. and Com. maga, to feed ;
O. Celtic *mak9, I feed. See Maid.
~ Hut if the W. word is from E ., mag:gtll

30 7

MAGI

MAIL (BLACK)

must be referred to Norw. makk, Icel.

maD'kr; see Mawkish.
Magi. priests of the Persians. (L. - Gk.
- Per:;.) L. ma"oi, pI. - Gk. po:YOt, pI. of
pa-yo< , a Magian, one of a Median tribe ;
also an enchanter, properly a wise man
who interpreted dreams. - O. Pers. ma"ou-,
Pers. mugh. miigh, one of the Magi, a
fire-worsh ipper (Horn, 984).
Der.
mag ie, short for ma","1c art; mag-ie-i-an.
Magistrate. (F.-L.) F . magistmt ,
a magistrate, ruler. _ L. magistnitus, : I) a
magistracy, ( 2) a magistrate. _ L. magister,
a master.
L. m(lg-is-ter is a double
co mpar. form; cf. mag-mls, great.
Magnanimity, Magnate; see
under Magnificent.
Magnesia j see Magnet.
Magnet, the lodestone. (F. - L. - Gk.)
M. E. magnete. - O. F. magnete, also
manete (13th cent.) . - L. marnetem, acc.
of maples, for Maglles lapis ~ Magnesian
stone, the loclestoue. - Gk. Ma-yv,]< (stem
Ma)'v']T- ) , also Ma-yv~T']<, Ma-yv~O'IO <, belonging to Magnesia , in Thessaly; whence
}..180< Ma-yv~O"o< (or Ma-yv~T']<), Magnesian
stone, lodestone, or a metal like silver.
Der. magnesia, an old name (in Chaucer,
C. T. 169l3, or G. 1455). for a mineral
brought from Magnesia; now differently
n~~ied . See Schade, p. 1395..
Magnificent. ,L.) L . magniJicent-,
stem of magnijieens, lit. doing great
things, hence. grand. - L. magni-, for
magnus, great; jieens, forfaciens, doing,
from fatere, to do. See magnitude.
~. (F. -L.) M. E. magniJien.
- F. magnifier. - L. magniJictire, lit. to
make large. - L . magni-, for magnus,
great; jica,.e, for farere. to do.
magniloquence. (L.) L . malrniloquen#a. elevated language. - L. magni-,
for map'us, great; loquen!-, stem of pres.
pt. of 10'111;, to speak; see LoquacioWl.
magnitude, greatness. (L.) L. magnitiido, size.-L. magnus, great.
Gk.
pf-ya<, great; Skt. mahant-, great; A. S.
micel. See Mickle.
m~a.nimity, greatness of mind.
(F. - L.) F. mapuz1timitt. - L. acc. magnanimitiitem. - L. magnus, great; animus,
mind.
magnanimous, high-minded. (L.)
L. magnanim-IIs; with suffix - OilS (L.
-ostlS). -L.magnus, great; animus, mind.
magnate, a great man, noble. (F. L.) F. magnat. - L. magnatml, acc. of

mapzJs, a prince (Judith v. 26). - L.

mag nus, great. ~ Mapuzte is due to the
use of L. magnas in Hungary and Poland.
Magnolia. (F.) A genus of plants
named after Pierre Mapwl, of Montpellier,
in France ,; died A. n. 17 15.
Magpie, a bird. (F. - L. - Gk.; and
F . - L.) Also ca lled magot-pie, maggotypie. Mag is short for Magot = F. Margot,
a famili ar form of F. Marguerite, also
used to denote a magpie. This is from L.
Jlargarlta, Gk. f'OnapIT']<, a pearl ; cf.
Pers. murwarJd, a pearl, from Skt. mail'
jari, a pearl. P ie = F. pie, from L. pica,
a magpie; see Pie (1).
Maguey, the American aloe. (Cuba).
Of Cuban origin (Oviedo ). Not Mexican,
wh ich has no g; the Mex. name is metl.
Maharajah, great king. (Hind. Skt.) From Sk t. mahti.rllja-, great king.
Cf. L. magnus rex. So also mahti-rani,
great queen ; from Hind. rani, Skt. raj1ii,
queen.
Mahdi, a spiritnal director. (Arab.)
Arab. mahdt, the guided one; from ma,
prefix, and hady, to gnide. Cf. hadf, a
guide. (Rich. Dict. pp. 1661, 1670.)
Myogany, a tree. (Hayti.) From
mahagonz, in the old Carib dialect of
Hayti. (Garden and Forest, no. 438,
July 15, 1896,)
.ahometan; see Mohammedan.
.ahout, an elephant-driver. (Hind.)
Hind. mahtiwat.
.aid, .aiden. (E.) M. E. mayde,
merely short for earlier maiden, meiden.
A. S. magden , a maiden, cognate with
O. H . G. magatin, a maiden (with fern.
suffix -in). The form without this suffix
is A. S. mlZgdJ, a maiden, cognate with
Goth. magaths, a virgin, G. magd. Related
to A. S. magu, a son or kinsman, cognate
with Goth. magus, Icel. mogr, and perhaps with Corn. maw, a boy. See Stokes
(in Fick, ii. 198). Kluge compares O.
Irish mace, W. mab, son. Der. maiden
hood, also spelt maiden-head.
.ail (I) , steel network for armour.
(F.-L.) O. F. maille, mail, also a mesh
of a net. - L. macula, a spot, speck, hole,
mesh of a net; see Maculate,
.ail ( 2), a letter-bag. (F. -0. H . G.)
M. E. male. -O. F . male (F. malle), a bag,
wallet. -0. H. G. malana, a leathern
wallet. Cf. Gael. and Irish mala, a bag
(from K); Gk. po}..-y" <, hide, skin.
Mail (Black), a forced tribute. (F.-

308

MAIM

MALINGER

Ician,mac/leIl.t. macodc,

L. ) Alail is a Scottish term for rent.

Bla..kmail or black rent is the rent paid iu
cattle, as distinct from white 11Iomy or
silver. - F . maille, a French halfpenny;'
Cotgrave. O. F . meaille. 1Itaar:tl~. - Folk L. *fIletall~a, Late L. nudalia, lit. 'medal.'
See M edal.
]ll[aim, a bmise, hurt. (F. - G.?) Also
speltmakim in Law -books (Blount ). M.E.
11Itlilll.-A . F. makaYIll, Liber Albus , p .
281 ; M. F. lIleliaing, 'a maime, or abatement of strength oy hurts received;' Cot.
Cf. Ital. magagna, a defect , blemish. Orig.
uncertain; cf. Bret. mac/latl , mutilation,
lIIac/wila, to mutilate. Some derive I ta!'
magaplare, to maim , from G. 11Iall, man,
and O. H . G . *ha11ljall, to mutilate,
from the O . H . G . adj . Ilam, maimed
(Korting).
.ain ( I ), sb., strength. ( E.) M. E .
maill . A . S. lIlagell, strength. + Ice! .
megill, O. Sax. m egill, streng th. Allied
to May ( I) and Might ( I).
]ll[ain ( 2) , adj ., chief, principal. (1'. L. ) O. F. 11Iaille, 11lagne, chief. - L.11lagllUS, great. ~ Distinct from main, sb.,
which is of A. S. origin; sec above.
]ll[ainour. ( F. -L.) In thephr.' taken
with the mainour' or 'taken in the manner'; i. e. caught in the act. Anglo-F.
11Ieinoure, lIIailloure, O. F. mailleuvre, lit.
manreuvre; hence, act. See Manamvre.
Wc find also 'to be taken with the
manner,' i. e. with the stolen chattel ill
hand; A. F . ove mainoure.
]ll[aintain, to keep in a fixed state,
support. ( F.-L.) M . E.mailztme11. - F.
maintenir. - L. ma1l1t tellire, to hold in
the hand ; or more likely (in late L. ) to
hold by the hand, to abet. - L. manu,
abl. of 1lzanus, hand; letlCre, to hold; see
Manual and Tenable.
]ll[we, I ndian com. (Span. - W .
Indian.) Span. matzo - W. Indian makiz,
mahis, in the old Carib dialect of the isl e
of Hayti.
]ll[a.Jesty. (F.-L.) M. E. lIIagestte.
- 0 . F . "zajestet ( F. majestl ). - L. maiestatem, acc. of maiestas, dignity, honour.
Here ma-itS- is related by gradation to
maior, comparative of mag-llus, great.
See Magnitude. Brugm. ii . 135.
major, a title of rank . (L.) L . maior ,
greatcr ; ~omparati~e.of mag1lus, ~rea t .
Der. major.domo, lmltated from Span.
mayor-domo, a housesteward .
Kake. (E. ) M. E. maken. A . S. ma-

to make.+Du. makm;
Allied to Match (1) , q. v.
]ll[al-, prpx, bad. (F . -L.) F. mal.L. malus, bad; see Malice.
]ll[alachlte, a green stonc. (Gk.)
Named from its colour, which resembles
that of mallow-leaves.
Formed with
suffix -ilis ( Gk. -'T11S) from l'aAax-'1, a
mallow. See Mallow.
]II[&lady. (F. -L. ) }<' . 1IIaladie. - F.
malade, sick; oldest spelling malabde.
Cf. O. Provo malaptes, malaudes, sick . - L.
male ltabitus, out of condition (hence sick,
ill ) ; cf. male "abetIS, sick, Matt. iv. 24
( Vulgate ). - L. male, badly, from lIIalus,
bad; kabi'us , pp. of Ila bire, to have ;
see Habit. ~ So Schwan. Not from
male aptus ( Diez) ; this would mean
'foolish.'
malapert, saucy. ( F . -L.) '0. F.
mal apert. - O . F . mal, ill ; ap~l-t, aspert,
open, also expert. ready, sk ilful. The sensc
is 'badly expert ,' i. c. mischievous. -L.
male, oadly ; experttts, skilful, confused
with apfftus , pp. of aperire, to open;
see E x p ert and Aperient.
malaria, noisome exhalation. (Ital.L. alldGk. ) ltal. mal'aria, for mala aria,
bad air. - L. mala, fem . of malus, bad ;
and Ital. aria, air, which represents Late
L . *aria, for aeria, fern. of aen'us, adj .
from air, air. See Air.
]ll[ale. (F . - I..) O. }<'. masle (later
male) ; F . male. - L. lIlasculus, male.
See Ma.sculine.
]ll[alediction, acurse. (F.-L. ) M. F.
maledidion. - L. acc. maledictiollelll, a
curse. - L. maledictlls , Pl'. of 1Ilaledicere,
to speak evil of. - L. male, adv., evilly;
dicere, to speak. So also male-jactor, an
ill-doer, from factor, a doer; from facere,
to do. So afso Il1alevolml , lit. wishing
ill; from tlolmt., stem of UOlCIIS, pres. pt.
of tteile, to will, to wish.
]ll[alice, ill will. (F . - L.) M.E. malice.
F . malice. -L. malitia, badness.-L. maIus, bad .
malign, unfavourable. ( }<' . - L.) O . F.
mali1lg , fern. maligne (F . malill ). - L. malignus, ill-disposed, for *maligmus, illborn (like betlignus for *belligmus). L. mali-, for malus, bad; gm-, base of
.fI:r:nere, to produce; see Genus.
m~lin,er, t.o feig!l sickne~ . ~ F. - L.
alui G.) }< rom }< . lIlall1lgre, adj ., diseased,
formerl y ugly, loathsome (Cot. ). -F. 1IIa/,
badly; O. F. kaillgre, heitlgre, thin , erna
pt.

G.

30 9

MALISON

MAMMOTH

ciated . - L. male, adv., badly; G. Itager,

thin, lean (Korting).
m&lison, a curse. (F. -L.) A. F.
tltaleison ; O. F . malistm, popular form of
malediction; see Malediction above. (So
also benison for benedictio1J. )
.a.lkin, a kitchen-wench. (F. O.H.G. ) Malki" is for MaId-kin, the
dimin. of MaId, Mold, or Maud, i. e.
lJIlatilda. See Grimalkin. ~ Not the
dimin. of Mary; cf. ' Malkyne, or Mawt,
Molt,Mawde,Matildis,Matilda;'Prompt.
Parv.
(I ), a large wooden hammer. (F .
-L.) M. E. malle. -0. F. mal, mail,
F.mail, 'a mall'; Cot. -L.malleum, acc.
of malleus, a hammer.
mall (2), the name of a public walk.
(F.-Ital.-G. and L.) In Pall Mal/,and
the Mall in St. James's Park. Named from
E. pall. mall ; M. F. pale-maille, because
the game so called was played there; this
game of pall-mall was like the modern
croquet, which is imitated from it. - M.
Ital. palamaglio, 'a stick with a mallet at
one end,' for playing the game of pallmall; Florio. Also spelt pallamaglio;
lit. 'mallet-ball: - Ital. palla, a ball;
maglio, a mall. A hybrid word.-O. H. G.
palla, M. H . G. balle, G. ball, a ball; L.
malleum , acc. of ",alleus, a hammer. See
Ball.
malleable. (F.-L.) M.F.malleable,
' malleable, hammerable, pliant to the
hammer; ' Cot. From obs. L. mallean,
to hammer, of which the pp. malleatus
occurs.-L.malleus, a hammer.
mallet, a small mall. (F. - 'L.)
M. E. maillet. - F. maillet, 'a mallet';
Cot. Dimin. of F. mail; see Ma.ll (I )
above.
.allard, a wild drake. (F.-L.) M.E.
malard. - O. F. ",alard; formed, with
suffix -a1-d (of G. origin, from G. Itart ),
from O. F. male, male. See Male. / The
suffix -ard was particularly applied to
males, so that the idea of' male appears
twice.
.alleable, .allet; see Mall.
.allecho, malefaction , mischief.
(Span.-L.) Hamlet, iii. 2. 147.-Span.
malkeclto, 'misdone ; an euill deed;'
Minsheu. - Span. mal, ill; Iteelto, done,
pp. of kacer , to do. - L. male, ill ; jactus,
pp._of jacere, to do. See Fact.
allow, a plant. (L.) M. E. malwe.
- A. S. malwe; borrowed from L. mallia,

a mallow. Gk. pall.4)(T1 ( = *p.alI.F4X'I) , a

mallow; named from its emollient pro
perties; cf. Gk. }lall.4u.TflV, to make soft,
}loll.aIC6s, soft, mild. Cf. Malachite.
.almsey, a strong sweet wine. (F.Gk.) A corruption of M. E. malvesie,
malmsey.-A. F. mahJesy (Ducange); F.
malvoisie,' malmesie ' ; Cot. From Malvasia, now called Napoli di Malvasia or
Monemvasia (f'0v-f}l{Jaula), a town on the
E. coast of Lacedremonia in Greece.
.alt, grain steeped in water. (E.)
M. E. and O. Mere. malt. A. S. mea",
malt. - Teut. -malt-, 2nd grade of meltan-, to melt, hence to steep, soften.
Du. mout; Icel. Dan. Swed. malt; O_H.G.
malz, malt, also soft, allied to Skt. mrdu-,
L. mallis, soft. See Melt.
.altreat. (F_-L.) F. maltraiter, to
treat ill. - L. male, ill; tractare, to handle,
treat; see Trea.t.
malversation. (F.-L.) F . malversation, l misdemeanor;' Cot. (Hence
fraudulent behaviour.) - F. malverser, to
behave ill. -L. male, ill ; uenari, to be
engaged in, from uersare, frequent. fonn
of uerlere, to turn; see Verse_
.amaJ.uke, .ameluke, an Egyptian light horse-soldier. (1.<' . - Arab.)
M. F. lIlamaluc; Cot. - Arab. mamlt'ik, a
purchased slave or captive, lit. possessed.'
-Arab. root malaka, he possessed.
.amma. (E.) Also mama; for ma
ma, a mere repetition of ma, an in"
fan tine syllable. Many other languages
have something like it; cf. F. ma11la1t,
Span. Du. and G. mama, Ital. and L.
mamma, a child's word for mother.
.ammalia, the class of animals that
suckle their young. (L.l From L. mammalis (neut. pI. mammalia), belonging 10
the breasts. - L. mamma, the breast.
Brugm. i. 587 (3).
ma.mmiUAry, pertaining to the
breasts. (L. l From L. mammlllans,
adj.; fonned frolD L. mamma, the breast.
.ammon. (L. - Gk. - Syriac.) L.
mammma.-Gk. Jlll}lOJvas , Matt. vi. 24.Syr. mamma, which occurs in Chaldee
Targums, and in the Syriac version of
St. Matthew, and means 'riches.' cr.
Heb. matmon, a hidden treasure, from
tama1l, to hide.
.ammoth. (Russ. - Tatar.) Russ.
mama,,!', a mammoth, species of elephant
- Siberian ma"mttmi. From T&tar malllma, the earth; because the Siberian

.all

3 10

MAN

MANGE

peasants thought the animal burrowed in

the earth like the mole, as they could not
otherwise account for the finding of the
remains of these animals.
.a.n. (E.) M. E. man. A. S. mann.
+ Du. man, Icel. malln-,malJr,Swed . man,
Dan. malld, Goth. manna, G. "wlm;
aJlied to Skt. manu-, a man .
Ma.nilrjD, ma.nalrin, a dwarf, small
man. (F. - Du.) M. F. ma1t4quin, 'a
puppet.' - M. Du. mD.1l1Ieke" (Hexham);
double dimin. of Du. malt, a man.
mankind, the race of men. (E.) A. S.
mallcynn, mankind. - A. S. man, man;
Cylt1l, kind, race; sec Kin.
.a.nacle, a handcufl'. (F.- L.) M. E.
mallade, also maltyde. - F. mauie/e. - L.
mallicula, dimin. of manito , a long sleeve,
gauntlet, handcufl'. _ L. manus, the hand.
See Manual.
ma.nage, government of a horse, control, administration. (F.-Ita\.-L.) Orig.
n sb., but now superseded by managemwl.
See Rich. II. iii. 3. 179.-M.F. manege, 'the
manage, or managing of a horse;' Cot. Ita\.malleggio, 'a managing, a handling;'
Florio. -Ital. mono , the hand. - L. manus,
the hand. Dar. manage, vb.
.a.natee, a sea-cow. (Span. - W.
Indian. ) Span. malza/i, n sea-cow. From
its name in the language of Hayti.
.a.nchineel, a tree. (F.-Span.L.) So called from its apple-like fruit.F. mallcmille, the fruit of the manchincel
tree. - Span. manzanilla, the samc; also
mallZaniilo, a little apple tree, the manch ineel tree; dim in. of Span. mammla,
an apple; O . Span. mazana (Diez).-L.
ii/aliano, fem. of lJ-fatiihIUS, adj., the
epithet of a kind of apple; lit. ' Matian.'
-1,. illatius, the name of a Roman gens.
.a.nciple, a purveyor, esp. for a
college. (F.-L. ) M. E. ma1lCiple. -O.F.
maltcipe, mallciple, a slave, servant; cf.
M. Ita \. maluipio, a slave, farmer, mand pie.
- L. mallcipiwll , a slave; orig. ' possession.' - L. maneip-, for manceps, a taker in
hand. - L. man us , hand; (ap-ere, to take.
.a.nda.ri.u, a Chincse governor of a
province. (Port.-Malay.-Skt.) Not a
Chinese, but Skt. word (through the
Portuguese). - Port. mantiarim , a mandarin. - Malay (and Hindu) man/ri, a
counsellor, minister of state. - Skt. manIn'n-, a counsel1or; mahtimalltrill-. the
prime minister. - Skt. mall/ra-, advice,
counsel. - Skt. 1IIa1l, to think.

.a.ndate, a command. (F.-L.) M.F.

mandai. - L . mandalum, a charge. - L.
mom/OIus, pp. of "zand4n, to enjoin;
lit. to put into one's hand. - L. man-us,
hand; dare, to give; see Manual and
Date. Brugm. i. 589 (2, b).
Ka.ndible, a jaw. (L.) L. mandibula,
jaw. - L. mandn-e, to chew.
.a.ndilion, a soldier's cloak. (Ital.Span. - Arab. - L.) See Nares. Ital.
manJiglitme, 'a mandillion, souldier's
iacket;' Florio. - Span. mandil, a coarse
apron. - Arab. mal/dil, a table-cloth,
towel , mantle. - L. manli/e, a napkin.
.a.ndolin, a guitar. (F. - It31. - Gk. )
F. mmtdaline. - ltal. mandolino, dimin.
of mandola, ma1/dora , a kind of guitar.
Variants of ltal. patu/qra. See furth er
under Ba.njo.
.a.ndrake, a narcotic plant. (F.-L.
-Gk.) M. E. malldralie, ma11drage;
funer form malldragores; cf. mandragora,
Othello, iii. 3. - O. F . 111andragore (ltal.
and Span . mandragura) . - L. mandra goras. - Gk. pav6pa"'(6pas, the mandrake .
a.nelrel, the revolving axis to which
turners fix their work in a lathe. (F .Gk. 1) From F. mandrin, a punch , a
mandrel. Perhaps from Gk. p.av6pa, an
enclosed space, sheepfold, also used to
mean 'the bed in which the stone of a
ring is set,' much like E. ma'ld,el. See
Madrigal. But cf. O. can mamphu1-, part
of a lathe; Brugm. i. 57', 757.
.a.ne. (E. ) A. S. manu ; cf. Icel.
miilt (gen. man-or), a mane ; Swed. and
Dan. man.
Du. moan , M. Du. "lane;
G. miihne, O. H . G. mana. Cf. W.
myllgen, mane, from mW1t, neck; Irish
1Il1lincc, collar, from 11111ilt, neck; SkI.
lIlall)'d, the tendon forming the nape of
the neck; L. monile, neck-lace. Orig. sense
, neck'; hence' hair on the neck.'
.a.nege, the same as .a.nage.
.anga.nese, a metal. (F. -Ita\.Gk.)
An old term , newly applied.
.. Manganese, so called from its likene,s in
colour and weight to the magnes or load stone, is the most universal material used
in making glass;' Blount, ed. 1674. M.F. manganese (Cot.). - Ita I. manga1tes~,
'a stufl'e or stone to make glasses with;
also, a kind of mineral1 stone;' Florio.
A perverted fonn of magllesia, as shewn
in the Cent. Diet.; d. maltgllet for magllel
in Palsgrave; see Magnet.
Kange, scab or itch in dogs. (F.-L.)

3 11

MANGER

MANSE

Made out of adj. mangy, an older word. F. mange, eaten, fed on ; pp. of ,nanger,
to eat. - L mantiucilre, to eat. - L mandi4cus. a glutton. - L . mandere, to chew.
Cf. M. F. mangeson, an itch.
manger, a feeding-trough. (F. - L)
M. E. mall1zgeur, Cath. Ang!. - O. F.
ma,zgeure ; F. mangeoire. - F. 'Iltwger, to
eat (above).
Mangelwurzel, (properly) a kind
of beet. (G.) Corrupted from G. mangold.7IJur.;e!, lit. 'beet-root.' - G. mang old
1M. H . G. mangolt), beet, derived by
Schad e from the personal name l lla" egold;
2/Ju r=el, root, allied to E. Wort ( I).
Mangle ( I) , to mutilate. (Perhaps
F . - G.) In Sir T . More. Works, p. 538.
We find Anglo-F. mang ler, to mangle
(Godefroy) ; and mahangler, to maim, in
Langtoft' s Chron. i. 254. Frequent. form
of O. F . lIIahaig ner, to maim. - O. F.
lIla/lain,f{, a maim, hu rt. See Maim.
Mangle ( 2) , a roller for smoothing
linen; to smooth linen. (Du. - Late L.Gk .) Borrowed from Du. mange/en, to
mangle, roll with a rollingpin; mangelstok, a rolling-pin, cylinder for smoothing
linen. The corresponding Ita!. word is
1)la1lgano, ' a kind of presse to presse
buckrom ; ' Florio. Both Du. and Ital.
words are from Late L. manga1zum, mallgona, a military instrument for throwing
stones, worked with an axis aud winch.
Indeed, the Ital. ma7tgano also means a
mangone!. - Gk. ,.w.navov , a machine for
defending forts, also the axis of a pulley.
mangonel, a war-engine. (F.- Late
L.-Gk .) O. F . mangonel (later mang"01meau ), a mangonel. - Late L. mangOllellus, dimin. of mango7ta (above).
Mango, a fruit. ~Po rt. - Malay. Tamil. ) Port. manga . - Malay mangga,
formerly 1Ilangka , the mango-fruit. The
Malay word is of Tamil origin. - Tamil
mankay , i. e. ' ma n-fruit,' the tree being
milmarum, i. e. matt-tree ' (Yule).
Mangonel; see Mangle (2) .
Mangosteen, a fruit. (Ma la y.) Formerly mangostall. - Malay ma1lggttstatt
(Scott); manggista (Marsden) .
Mangrove. Hybrid; Malay and E. '
, A sort of treel> called mallgroves ; ' Eng.
Gam er, vii. 37 1 ; A . D. 1689. Meant, as I
suppose, for lIlang -gyoves from the peculi ar growth in groves or thickets. - Malay
mal~f{gi- lJlall&oi, the name for the tree
,Craw fu rd) .

.~,

frenzy. (L. - Gk.) L. mania.

- Gk. pDJIla, frenzy, orig. mental excitement ; cf. IlVOS, mind. Der. mania-c,
F. ma,ziaque.
M anifest, apparent. (F. - L.) F.
manifeste. - L. 7Ilanifes/us, evident. The
lit. sense is doubtful. - L mani-, for
ma.zus, hand; :fistus, apparently the same
as in in-festus, hostile. It has been doubtfully connected with -jm dere, to strike, as
in ol-fettdere.
manifesto, a written declaration.
(Ital. - L.) Ital, manifesto, sb. - Ital.
m anifesto, adj., manifest;-L. ma"ifeslus
(above).
Manifold ; see Many.
Manikin j see Man.
Manioc, the cassava-plant. (Brazil.)
BraziI. manioc; whence Port. ma1tdioca.
Maniple, a handful, small band of
men. priest's scarf. (L .) L. 7Ilanipulus, a
handful, a wisp of straw used as an ensign,
a band of men rouild such an ensign. L. mani-, for 7flfZ1lt1S, hand; -pulus, lit.
filling, from the weak grade (pul) of the
ruot ple, to fill; cf. L. pli-nus, full. Cf.
L. disci-pttlus, a disciple.
manipulate, to handle. (L.) A
coined word, and ill coined. Cf. L.
manipulati17l , adv., by troops; but it was
rather made directly out of the sb. manipulttS (above).
Manit o, a spirit, fetish. (Algonkin. )
Algonkin manito, manitu, a spirit, demon.
(Cu oq.)
M ankind; see Man.
Manna.. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) L. manna.
- Gk. pavva. - Heb. mall , manna. {3.
Hardl y from Heb. mall hu, what is this?
Exod. xvi. 15; but from mall, (it is) a
gift; cf. Arab. malltl, favour, also manna.
Manner, way. (F . -L.) M.E.manere.
- A. F. manere , M. F. malliere, manner,
habit (Cot.) ; Late L. ma7leria. - L.
mantis. the hand .
manmuvre. (F. -L.) F. manauvre,
properl y, handiwork . - Late L.manuopera,
also manopera. a working with the hand.
- L. mantt, abl. of manus, hand; opera ,
work; see Operate.
Manor, (forme rly) a residence for a
nobleman . ( F. - L.) O. F . manoir, a
mn nsion. -0. F . munoiy, maneiy, to dwell.
- L. manere; see Mansion.
manse, a clergyman's house, in Scotland . ' L. ) Late L . mama, a farm , dwelling. - L. JIlaIlSIIS, pp. of mallere (below) .

3 12

MANSION

MARAVEDI

mansioD. (F . - L.) O. F. l1,ansion,

a dwelling-place. - L. ma1tsianem, acc. of
ma1uio, an abiding, abode. - L. mamus,
pp. of manire, to remain, dwell.
Gk.
J.'fVEtV , to stay, remain. ( ~ MEN .)
M antel , a shelf over a fire-place.
(F . -L. ) The same word as matltle below;
in old fire-places, it projects like a hood ,
to catch the smoke. Der. mantel-shelf,
matltd-piece.
mantilla, a long head-dress. (Span.
- L. ) Span. man/ilia ; dimin. of manto,
a cloak, veil (below) .
ma.ntle, a cloak, covering. (F. -L.)
M. E. manttl.- O. F. mantel, later matiteall , 'a cloke, also the mantle-tree of a
chimney;' Cot. - L. ?!Iantellum, a napkin ,
also a cloak; cf. L. mantile, a towel.
We also find Late L. matzlum, a short
cloak, whence Ital. ann Span. manto, F.
mattte, a mantle. Der. matI/Ie, vb., to
form a covering upon, to gather a scum
on a surface. Brugm. i. 134 (1) , 483 (7 ).
Mantua, a lady's gown . (Ita!.) 'Mantoe or Mantlta gown; a loose upper garment,' &c.; Ph illips (1706) . Manto is
from Ita!. ma1tio, a mantle (see mantle) ;
but Mantua gown must refer to Mantua
in Italy, though this connexion arose from
mere confusion. Der. mantua-maker.
Manual, done by the hand. (F.-L.)
Formerly manuel. - L. manuiilisL adj.,
from mattus, the hand'. ( ~M E, to
measure; Brugm. ii. 106.) .
manufacture. (F. - L.) F. manu(actu1"C, M. F. manifacture, lit. a making
by the hand. - L. mattii-, ab!. of manl/S,
hand ; factum, a making, fromfacere, to
make.
manumit, to release a slave. (L.)
L. manumit/ere (pp. manumissus), to release, lit. to send away from one's hand . L. mani" ab!. of manus, hand; mittere, to
send; see Mission. Der. mammzissiotl,
from th e pp.
manure, vb. (F . - L.) Formerly
sim ply 'to till, ' or to work with the
hand; Othello, i. 3. 328. A contracted
form of man<uvre; which see.
manuscript, written by the hand.
(L.) Properly an adj., but a]"o as a sb. Late L. manuscripttllJl, a thing written by
the hand. - L. manit, ab!. of lIIattUS, hand;
scriptum, neut. of pp. of scribere, to writ e ;
see Scribe.
Many. (E. ) M. E. many, moni. A. S.
manzg,lIIOllig, many; see Sweet N. E. Gr.

1608. + Du. menig; Dan . matlge, Swed.

mdnge, (perhaps) Ice!. margr (Noreen,
359), Goth. manngs, G. ma1lCh, O. H . G.
manac. Teut. type *managoz. Allied
to Irish minic, Gael. mitlig, W. mynych,
frequent, R uss. lIInOgie, pI. many. Der.
lIIatti-fold ; see Fold.
Map. (F. -L.) The oldest maps represen ted the world, and were called mappemO/lnde. This is an O. F. form of L. mappa
mundi, map of the world. L. mappa
meant a napkin, hence a painted cloth.
See M op. Der. apron, 1Zapltr)', napkin.
Maple, a tree. (E.) M. E. maple,
mapul. A. S. mcepet- , mapul-; whence
lIIapul-treo, mapulder, a maple tree.
Mar, to injure. (E.) M. E. lIWTe1,.
O. Merc. '?!Ierratl, in compo amen-all, to
hinder j A. S . amyy,'an, to obstruct, waste,
hinder; cf. gemearr, an impedimen t.
M. Du. men-ett, Du. man'en. to retard;
O. H . G. man-jan, to hinder, vex; Goth.
marzjan, to cause to stumble. Teut.
base *marz-. Brugm. i. 903 b.
marline, a small cord used for binding ropes. (Du.)
Du. marbin, also
marlit'g, a marline. - Du. 11Ia1'1"&1', to
bind, tie; and li.;:." -Hug, fr om F. ligne,
a line. See Moor (2 ) ; and Line. Der.
marline-spike.
Marabou, Marabout, a kind of
African stork ; also, its downy feathers.
(F.-Port . -Span. - Arab.) F . mambout.
- Port. mambuto. - Span. morabito, a
Mahommedan sage. - Arab. mtlriibit,
quiet, still; a hermit, sage ; a rel igious
sage among the Berbers (whence the bird's
name came '. Cf. M araved i.
Maranatha, our Lord cometh .
(Syriac.) Syriac mara" aI/Iii , our Lord
cometh; cf. Arab. mar, lord (from Syriac) .
Maraschino, a cordial. (Ita!. -L.)
I tal. maraschiftO. - Ita!. tIlQ1'asca,amarasca,
a black and sour cherry. - L. amarus,
bitter.
Maraud, to wander in quest of plunder.
(F.) M. F. marauder, 'to play the rogue,
beg;' Cot. - F. maraud, a rogue, vagabond. Etym . disputer!. Bugge connlcts
it with F. mal, evil; as if for *malaud
(Lat e L. *ma/aldm) .
Maravedi, a vcry smnll coin. Span.
- Arab.) Span. maravedi, the smallest
Spanish coin; orig. a gold coin first
stmck during the dynasty of the Almoravides at Cordova, A. O. r094-1 rH. Cf.
Port. maravedilll, marabitino, a marayedi .

31 3

MARK

MARBLE
_ Arab. Murilbilfn, the Amb. name of the
above-mentioned dynasty; pI. of murabit j
see Marabou.
Karble. (F. - L.) M. E. marbel;
also marhre. - 0. F. marbre. _ .L . marmorem, acc. of marmor, marble, considered as a mase. sb.; bnt it is commonly neuter. + Gk. pO.p,..a.pos, exp1ained
as a j:"listeuing white stone, as if from
,..a.PiADJPf,,,, to sparkle j cf. JlQJPa, dog-star,
lit. 'sparkler.' See Marmoset.
Karcasite, a kind of iron pyrites.
(F.-Span. - Pers.) F. mareassile.-Span.
marquesita. - Pers. marqaslJisna (Devic,
Viillers).
Karcescent, withering. (L.) L.
mareeseent-, stem. of pres. pt. of mareesare, inceptive form of mareire, to wither,
lit. to grow soft. Brugm. i. . p 3 (8).
Karch (I), a border, frontier. (E.)
M. E. marelte. A . S. meare (gen. dat. acc.
mearee), a mark, boundary. Cf. A. F.
",areM. See Mark (2).
Karch (2), to walk with regular steps.
(F.-L.? or G.?) F. mareker, to march.
Of disputed origin j perhaps from a Late
L . mareare, to beat (hence to tramp),
from marms, a hammer (Scheler).
Karch (3), the name of a month.
(F.-L.) A. F. Man (pron. marts). L. MarHus, the month dedicated to

Mars.

KarchiOneBB. (Low L. - G .) The

proper F. form is marquise; the E.
marekioness answers to Low L. marekiollissa , formed with fem. suffix -issa ( Gk.
-,uua) from Low L marekionem, acc. of
marekio, a prefect of the marches. - Low
L. mareka, a boundary.-O.H.G. marcka,
a boundary. See Mark (2).
Karchpane, a sweet cake, made with
almonds and sugar. (F. - Ital. ) 0 . F.
marapain; now massepain. - Ital. marciapane, manapam, a marchpane; Florio.
Origin of marcia unexplained, but prob.
from a proper name (such as L. M arlia) :
pane is from Lat. acc. panem, bread.
Ka.re. (E.) M. E. mere. A. S. mere,
fem . form of meark, a horse.+Icel. merr,
fern. of marr, a steed; Dan. mar, Swed.
marr, E. Fries. mare, Du. merne; G .
miinre, 0. H. G. merika, fern. of 0. H. G.
maran, a battle-horse. Cf. Irish and Gael.
marc, \V. and Corn. marek , a horse, a
stallion. Idg. mase. type "markos, a horse.
Cf. Marshal.
Xargin. (L.) L. mar!,rilt-, stem of

margo, a border, brink;

cognate with

Mark (2).

Kargra.ve,

a lord of the marches.

Du. markgraaf, a margrave. - Du.
mark, a boundary, march; graaf, a count.
So also G. markgraf. (That the word is
Du. appears from the fem. form margravine, which answers to Du. markgravin,
not to G. markgrajin.)
Ka.rigold, a plant. (Heb. and E.)
Compounded of Mary (from the Virgin
Mary) and gold (from its colour) .
Karine. (F.-L.) F. marin. - L.
marinus, belonging to the sea.-L. mare,
sea; cognate with Mere (I) .
Der.
(Du.)

mariner.

Karish, a marsh. (F.-L.) M. E.

maris, marais.-A. F. mareis.-Late L.
marensis, adj. from L. mare, lake, sea.
Prob. confused with Late L. marisms,
from Low G. marsen, a marsh. See
Marsh.

Karita.l, belonging to a husband. (F .

- L.) F. marilal. - L. marilalis, adj.
formed from maritus, a husband. This
is a masc. sb. made to accompany L.
marita, a woman provided with a husband. - L. mari-, for mas, a man, husband j
see Masculine.
Karitime, pertaining to the sea. (F.
- L. ) F. maritime. - L. maritimus,
formed with suffix -timus from mario,
for mare, sea.
Ka.rjoram, a plant. (F. - L. - Gk.)
M. E. majoran (without r).-O. F. majorane (Godefroy); F. mariolaine. Cf.
Ital. majora1la, Span. mayorana, Port.
maiora1ta, marjoram, Late L. majortitw,
majoraca; vario\lsly corrupted from L.
amtiracus. - Gk. dl-'aplllCos, marjoram.
lIIlark ( I ), a stroke, sign. (E.) M. E.
merke. A. S. meare, fern ., mark, sign. +
Du. merll, Icel. mark, Swed. marke, Dan.
mlZ1-ke, G. marke, M. H . G. marc, a
mark. Cf. also Lith. margas, marked,
variegated. Perhaps related to Mark (2),
which seems to be an older word.
Kark (2), a march, limit, boundary.
(E. ) A . S. meare, fem.+O. Sax. marka ;
Du.mark; G. mark, fem.,O.H.G . mareM;
Goth. marka, confine, coast. So also Icel.
mOrk, f., a forest (orig. a boundary). Teut.
type, marka, fem . Allied to L. margo,
a margin, Zend merezu, Pers. man, a
border; 0. Irish mruig.
Kark (3), a coin. (E.) M. E. mark,
A.S. meare, marc, a coin; a weight equal

3J 4

MARKET
to half a pound; O. Fries. merk.+Du.
mark; G. mark, a weight of silver, a
coin; Ice\. mOrk. fJ. Orig. a particular
weight. There is nothing to connect it
with Mark ( I).
lIIarket. (F.-L.) Late A. S. market,
from Picard F. market. [Cf. Du. G.
markt; F. marchi , O. Provo mereatz, Ita\.
merea/o, a market.) - L. mereatus, t raffic,
also a market (whence G . markt, &c.). L. mereiUus, pp. of mereari, to trade; see
M ercantile. (Pogatscher.)
lIIarl, a rich earth. (F. -L.-C.)
O. F. marle (F. manu) ; Picard marie.
-Late L. margila, dimin. of Late L.
1l1arga, marl; of Celtic origin (Pliny) .
lIIarline; see Mar.
lIIarmala.de. (F.-Port.-L.-Gk. )
F. marm~lade, Cot. - Port. maYme/ada,
orig. a conserve of quinces. - Port. mnrm e/o, a quince. - L. melimilum, lit. honeyapple; also a quince. - Gk. flfA(fI"AOII, a
sweet apple, apple grafted on a quince.Gk. flEAl, honey; l'ijAOII, an apple; see
Melon.
lIIarmo8et, a small American monkey.
(F.-L.) Mnch older than the discovery
of America; M. E. marmoset/e, a kind of
ape (Maundeville, p. 210). -M. F. marmoset, F. marmouset, the cock of a cistern
or fountain, any antick image from whose
teats water trilleth, any puppet or antick ;'
Cot. Thus it meant a grotesque creature,
orig. a grotesque ornament on a fountain .
Formed, by a Parisian change of r to s, as
in chaise for ehaire (a chair) , from Late L.
marmori!tum, a thing made in marble, applied to fountains. [Thus the rue des marmousets in Paris was called in Late Latin
vieus marmorltmtnz; Littn!.) - L. marmor, marble; see Marble. ~ This seems
to be correct; at the same time, the
transference in sense from image' to
, ape' was certainly helped on by confusion with F . marmot, 'a marmoset, or
little monkey; 'which is a different word
from E. marmot (see below).
Marmot, a mountain-rat. (1'. - Ita\.
-L.) F. marmot/e. -Ita!. marmot/a, an
ape , substituted for marmo/ana, the
mountain-rat, a marmotan' (Torriano), a
marmot. From the Romansch (Grisonsl
name murmont; O . H. G. 1J/urmunti.
mUYe11ltmto, a marmot . - L. miir-, stem
of mus, mouse; and mont-, stem of motzs,
mountain. Thus the sense is' mountainm ouse.' (See Diez.)

MARROW

lIIa.roon (I ) ,

brownish crimson. (F. )

F. marron, a chestnut (hence, chestnutcolour. Cf. Ita!. marrone, M. Ita!' marone,
a chestnut (of unknown origin).
Maroon ( 2), to put ashore on a desolate island. (F. -Span.) From F. marro1t,
adj., fugitive, applied to a fugitive slave
who takes reflige in woods. [Hence E.
maroon, to treat as a fngitive, cause to
be fugitive.) A clipped form of Span.
cimarron, wild, unruly; hence, savage.
Of unknown origin. ~ Negro ei11larr01l
or cimarron was :m everyday phrase for
a fugiti ve slave hidden in the mountains,
in Cuba, about A. D. 1846.

Marque, letters of. (F. - G.) A

leIter of marque was a pelmissiou by a

ruler to make reprisals on the country of
another ruler; it had particular reference
to l?a5sing beyond the march or limit of
one s own country. - O. F. marque, a
ooundary.-M. H.G. marke, a boundary;
see Mark (3) above. See mareha (I) in
Ducange.
marquee, a large tent. (F.-Low L.
- G.) }/or marquees; the s being dropped
because it was thought to be a plural
fonn. An E. spelling of F. marquise, a
large tent; orig. a tent for a marchioness
or lady of rank . - F. marquise, a marchioness, fem. of marfjuis, a marquis ; see
marquia below.
marquess. (Span. -Low L.-G.)
Span. marques, a marquis; see marquis.
marquis. (F.-Low L.-G .) M. E.
markis. - 0.1". markis, later marquis, a
marquesse, governour of a frontire town;'
Cot. - Low L. 11larehensis, a prefect of the
marches. - O. H. G. mareha, a march or
boundary. See Mark (2). ~ The true
O. F. form was marehis; altered to
markis by the influence of Ital. 11larehese.
Marquetry, inlaid work . (F. M. H . G.) F. marque/erie, inlaid work.
- F. marfjucter, to inlay, diversify, orig.
to mark slightly with spots; iterative
form of marquer, to mark. - F. marque,
a mark. - M. H. G. mark, G. marke, a
mark. See Mark ( I ).
Marrow, pith. (E.) M. E . 1IIarow,
mary. O. Mere. merg, A. S. mearh (dat.
mearge)
Du. merg, Icel. mel'gr, Swed.
mag, Dan. marv, G . mark, o. H. G.
1J1arag; also W. 1IIer, Com. maru. F urther
allied to Russ. 1II0Zg', Zend mazga, marrow; Skt. ma//tw, marrow of bones, pith of
trees. ldg. type lIlazg/zo ; llrugm. i. 642.

MARRY

MASCULINE

K&rr7. (F.-L.) M. E. marien.F . marier.-L. maritare, to marry.-L.

marftus, a husband; see Marital.
lII[a.rsh, a swamp. (E.) M. E. mersch .
A. S. mersc, a marsh; early form merisc<
*1Ilar-isc, lit. mere-ish, i. e. full of meres or
pools.-A. S. mere (for .mar,) , a mere,
lake. See Mere (I).
lII[a.rshal, master of the horse. (F . O . H. G.) Lit.' horse-servant,' a groom;
it rose to be a title of honour. _ M. F.
maresehal (F. martchaf), 'a marshall, a
farrier,' Cot. - O. H . G. marascalh, lit.
horse-servaut, agroom.-O.H .G. marah,
a horse; sealh, a servant; cf. Goth. skalks,
a servant. See Mare.
lII[a.rsnpial. (L. - Gk.) Applied to
animals that carry their young in a sort
of pouch. - L. marsiipitlm, a pouch. - Gk.
/UlPlJ.nrIOV, a little pouch, dimin. of
p.aprJlJ1for, a bag.
lII[a.rt, a shortened form of market.
(F. -L.) In Hamlet, i. 1.74. Prob. inIluenced by Du. markt, market (of Latin
origin). See Ma.rket .
lII[a.rtello tower, a watch-tower.
(Ital.-L.; IJ.nd F.-L.) So called be
cause the watchmen gave the alarm by
striking a bell with a hammer ; see
Ariosto, Orlando, x. 51 ; xiv. 100. From
Ital. martello, a hammer ; Late L. martel/us. Dimin. of Late L. martus ~ L.
marcus, a hammer. See martus in Ducange.
lII[arten, a kind of weasel. (F.-Low
L. - Teut.) Short for martern ( 16th cent. );
M. E. martrin (Lydg.), adj. made of mar
ten's fur; from O. F. martrin, the same.
The M. E. sb. was marter, marln. - F.
martre.-Low L. pI. marttlres. Of Teut.
origin; cf. Du. marter, G. marder, a
marten; A. S. 11lear~, Icel. mor(Jr, Swed.
mard, Dan. maar (for *maard), a marten.
lII[artia.1, brave. (F. -L.) F. martial.
-L. Marlialis, dedicated to Mars, god of
war.
lII[artin, a bird. (F. -L.) F . martin, (I)
a proper name, Martin, (2) the same nome
applied to various birds and animals. Thus
martin-pecheur is a kingfisher; oiseau de
S. Martin is the ring-tail, and martinet
is a martin (Cot.). A nickname, like our
robin, jenny-wren, &c.; so that the bird
is named after Martin as a proper name.
From L. Mart-, stem of Mars.
ma.rtinet, a strict disciplinarian. (F.)
So called from a F. officer named Marlinet

(temp. Louis XIV); dimin.

Martin.

form

of

martinmas, martlemas, the {east

of St. Martin ; Nov. II . (F. a,ui L.)
Martlemass is a corrupt form of Marli,,
mass, suggested by Barlle for Bartholomew.
See Mass (2).
martlet (I), a kind of bird, martin.
(F. - L.) Variant of M. E. martnet, short
for martimt. - F. martinet, 'a martlet or
martin,' Cot.; dimin. of F . .Martin. Cf.
Picard marti,tel, called 1Ila1telot in the
dep. of the Meuse (Corblet).
lII[artinga.1e, a strap fa stened to a
horse's girth to hold his head down. ( F . Span. -Arab . ~) Also applied to a short
spar, in ships, under the bowsprit; but
this is only due to a supposed resemblance
to a horse's martingale. - F . marlingale,
' a martingale for a h orse;' Cot. [Referred by Littre to the wearing of breeches,
called ehausses a la martingale (Rabelais) ; but this is quite auother word.]
- Span. al-martaga, 'a kinde of headstall
for a horse,trimmed,g ilt, and embroidered; '
Minsheu ( 162 3) ; where at is merely the
Arab. def. article. The sb. may be derived
from Arab. rataka, in the sense' to cause
to go with a short step' ; see Yule. I find
Arab. rataka given by Richardson as a
verbal root, whence ,atak, going with a
short quick step.
lII[artinmas, lII[artlet (1 ) ; see
Ma.rtin.
lII[artlet (2), the bird called the swift,
as depi cted in heraldry . (F.- L. ) An E.
substitution for F. mer/ette, ' a martlet, in
blazon,' Cot. Lit. ' a little blackbird';
dimin. of merle, a blackbird. - L. merula;
see M erle. We find O. F . merlos, martlets; R oll of Caerlaverock, p. 7.
Kartyr. (L. - Gk.) A. S. martyr. - L.
ma1tyr. - Gk. p.a(YTvp, ,..aPTVS, a witness, lit.
one who remembers, records, or declares.
Cf. Skt. smr, to remember.
Marvel. (F.-L.) M. E. mervaile. F. merveil/e. - L. mzrabilia, neut. pI.,
wonderfulthings. - L.mirabilis, wonderful.
- L. mirart, to wonder. See Miracle.
lIIascle, in heraldry, a perforated
lozenge. (F. - L.) M. E. 11lascu/e, mascle.
- O. F. mascle, erroneous spelling of
mac/e, a mesh of a net (hence, a lozenge
perforated). - L. macula, a mesh; perhaps
confused with O. H. G. masea, a mesh.
Doublet, mail (I), q. v.
lII[asculine. (F.-L.) F. mascu/in.3 16

MASH

MASTIFF

L. masculinus, extended from masculus,

male. -L. mas, stem of mas, a male; with
double dimin. suffix -culus.
.ash, to beat into a mixed mass. (E.)
A mask is properly a mixture; and to
mash was, formerly, to mix, the M. E. form
of the verb being mesken, as if from A. S.
*miiscan, from a sb. *masc. (The vo\\"el
has been shortened.) We find A. S. max
wyrt (for *masc-wyrt), mash-wort, new
beer; so that the word is English; but it
is commoner in Scandinavian, whence
Lowl. Sc. mask. Cf. Swed. dial. mask,
Swed. miisk, brewer's grains, whence
maska, to mash; Dan. and North Fries.
mask, grains, mash , Dan. mtEske, to mash ,
fatten pigs with grains; Nonv. meisk, sb.,
meiska, vb. + G. meisch, a mash, meischen,
to mash. The sb. form appears to be the
original. Cf. also Lithuan. maisz-yti, to
stir things in a pot, from misz-ti, to mix.
The form of the Teut. base is *maisk -, so
that it may be connected by gradation
with mix. See Mix.
lII[ask, lII[asque, a disguise for the
face; maskedentertainmelll. (F.-Span.Arab. ) The sense of 'entertainment ' is
the true one; the sense of 'disguise' is
secondary. 'A jolly company in maner of
a maske ; ' F. Q. iii. 12 . 5. 'Some haue
I sene daunce in a maske; ' Sir T. More,
Works, p. 1039. More uses maskers in the
sense of' visors' (correctly , according to
the Spanish use). -F. masque, a mask,
visor; aclipped form,duetoF. vb.mosquer,
really short for *masquerer; the fuller form
comes out in M. F. masquarizl, masked,
masquen'e, masquerade, a mask or mummery ;' Cot. - Span. mascara, a masker,
a masquerader; also a mask. - Arab. maskkarat, a huffoon, jester, man in masquerade,
a pleasantry, anything ridiculous.-Arab.
root sakkira, he ridicnled (Dozy). Dar.
masquerade, M. F . masquerade, F. mascarade, Span. lIlascarada.
lII[ason. (F. - G.?) O. F . massm; F.
mll(on; Low L. macio, a mason; we also
find the forms machio, macko, maco, mactio,
mat/w, matw. From Tent. stem *lIlatjon-, i.e.cutter; fromabase*mat-, tocutor
hack, whence also E. mattock. Cf. O. H. G.
mezzo, a mason, whence G. stdnllletz, a
stonemason.
lII[asque; see Mask.
lII[ass (I) , a lump. (F.- L. -Gk.) F.
masse._L. massa.-Gk. p.a(a, a barley
cake; allied to JJ.4'Yp.a, any kneaded mass.

-Gk. p41T1T(IV, to knead. Dar. mass.;ve,

mass-y; also a-mass.
lII[ass (2) , the celebration of the Eucharis!. (L.) M. E. messe. O. Merc. messe,
(Matt. viii. 4); A. S. 1Ilame, (I) the mass,
(1) a church-festival. - Folk-L. messa (Ital.
messa) ; Late L. missa, ( I) dismissal, ( 1)
the mass. Usually said to be from the
phr. ite, missa est (go, the congregation is
dismissed) used at the end of the service ;
in any case, the derivation is from L.
misstlS, pp. of mit/ere, to send away. Cf.
Du . mis, mass. ~ For the change of
vowel from i to e, cf. Ice!. messa, Swed .
messa, Dan. messe, O. H . G. messa (as well
as missa), all in the sense of ' mass'; also
O. F. messe, Ital. messa. And see Missal.
Der. Candle-mas, Christo, H al/ow- , Lam-,
Ma1t~n-, Michael-mas, which see.
lII[assacre. (F. - O. Low G.?) F.
massacre, a massacre ; massac1'er, to massacre. Of disputed origin; it may perhaps
be referred to Low G. matsken, to cut,
hew, D n. matsen, to manl, kill. Cf. G.
metze/ei, a massacre; from metzeln, frequellt. of metun, to cnt, kill. And see
Mason.
lII[ast (I), a pole, to hold the sails of a
ship. (E.) M. E. mast. A. S. mtEst, stem
of a tree, bough, mast. + Du. mast, Swed.
and Dan. mast, G. mast. Probably coguate
withL.malus *maztios),amastj Brugm.
i. 587.
lII[aat(l),fruitofbeech-trees.(E.) The
orig. sense is' edible fruit,' used for feeding
swine. A. S. mast, mast.+G. mast, mast j
nliisten, to fatten. Prob. allied to Skt.
mida(s), fat; Brugm. i. 698.
lII[aster. (F. - L.) M. E. maister.O. F. maistre. - L. magistrum , acc. of
magister, a master ; see Magistrate.
Der. master-y, O. F. maistrie.
Jlaatic, Kastich, a kind of gum
resin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.11lastic, 'mastich,
a sweet gum'; Cot. - L. 11lastick~. - Gk.
JU1.t1TIX1], the gum of the tree UXIvOf, called
in Lntin lentiscus. So cnlled because used
for chewing in the East. - Gk. P.aoT- , base
of p.aITTa! , mouth, JU1.t1Ta(.. v , to chew; cf.
Gk. p.4lTaOJlD.l, I chew.
masticate. (L. - Gk.) From pp. of
L. masticare, to chew, quite a late word;
properly, to chew mastic. - L. mastiche,
mastic (above). ~ The true L. word for
to chew is lIlandere.
lII[asti1f. ( F.-L.) The A. F. form wns
maslin, as in O. F.; hence F. lIltit", a

31 7

MASTODON

MATRIMONY

mnstiff. The O. F. mastin also meant ' a

,lomestic'; see Godefroy. Hence the Late
L. mastimts, a mastiff, has been conjectured
to st:lI1d for *masnat imts, housedog ; as
if from Late L. lIlasnllta, a household (see
MeDagerie). The Late L. mastinus seems
to have been mistaken for mastluus
(Duc:lI1ge) ; and confusion set in both wit h
M. E. masty, fat, large (adj. formed from
fIlast ( 2 . and with O. F. mesti/, mongrel ,
Late L. *mixtivus, from L. miscere (pp.
mixtm), to mix. See Mix.
Mastodon, an extinct elephant. (Gk.)
Named from the nipple-like projections on
its molar teeth. - Gk. J.IIlfIT-6r, the female
breast ; DOOV-, short for O/) Ol'T-, stem of
Mour, a tooth; see Tooth.
Mat. (L ) M. E. matte. A. S. meatte.
- L. matta (Late L. "atta). a mat; whence
Du. mat, G. matte, F. natte, &c.
Mata,4or, the slayer of the bull in a
bull-fight., (Span. - L. ) Span. matador, lit.
slayer. - Span. matar, to kill. -L. mac/lIre,
to kill.
Match, (I), an eqnal, a contest, marriage. (E.) M. E. macche, mache. Olig. a
comrade.~A.S. mtl'cca, whence gefllO!cca ,
a comrade, companion, spouse; from the
more origi\lal form -maca, Durh. Rit. 165
(whe.nce Mi.,E. make. C h.), gemaca.
Tcel .
makt, Swea . 1JIake, Dan. mage, O. Sax.
gimako, ri lIl ate, comrade. 11 All closely
related tf> the adj. seen in Icel. makr,
suita ble, . M. H. G. gemach, suitable; and
further to A. S. madan, to make, or 'fit
together:
~ Mate, as used by sail ors,
is prob. Dutch; see Mate ( I) .
Match ( 2), a prepared rope for firing a
can11011. (F. -L.- Gk.) M. E. macche. O. F. mesche, mei,he (F. mec!ze), wick of a
candle, match to fire a gun, match of
a lamp;' Cot. - Late L. myxa ( = Gk.
jl v[a); Late L. myxus, the nozzle of a
lamp, through which the wick protntdes;
also, a wick. - Gk. jlv[a , the nozzle of a
lamp; older senses being ( I ) mucus ( 2)
nostril. Allied to Mucus. Der. matchlock, the lock of a gun holding a match;
hence, the gun itself.
Mate ( 1) , a companion. (0. Low G.)
M. E.mate, a fellow (Prompt. Parv.) ; Low
G . mate, mate (Lubben) ; maat (Bremen) ;
M. Du. maet, 'a mate,' Hexham; Du.
maat. O. H. G. gi-mazzo, a meat-companion, mess mate. Cf. Goth. matjan, to
eat, mats, food. See Meat.
Kate (21, to check mate, confound. (F.

- Pers. & Arab.) From the game of chess.

e/leck-mate means 'the king is dead' ; cf.
M. F. esr/tec et mat, 'check.mate'; Cot.
[Here et is not wanted.] Godefroy has
, mat dn roi,' i. e. death of the king. - Pers.
shah mat, the king is dead, check-mate.
-Pers. shtil" king (see Check) ; mat, he
is dead, from Arab. root mtila, he died.
Cf. Heb. mUth, to die. ~Hence Turk. and
Pers. ""it, aston ished, confounded, amazed,
receivi ng check-mate; F. mat, 'mated,
quelled, sulxlued,' Cot.; M . E. mate, confounded.
lIIaterial, substantial. (F. - L.) O. F.
materiel. - L. miUerialis, adj., formed from
miileria, matter. See Matter.
Maternal. (F.-L.) F. maternel.Late L. mtiterna/is. - L. miife1'1'US, belonging to a mother. - L. mater; mother; cognate with Mother.
Mathematic, pertaining to the science
of number. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. matl,ematique. - L. mathematicus. - Gk. jlall'ljlanl<or, disposed to learn , belonging to
the sciences, esp. to mathematics. - Gk.
J.IIl9'lJ.lllT-, stem of jlb.9'lJlQ, a lesson. - Gk.
J.IIlIl~- "ojla" futnre of jlOI'6o.vflI', to learn.
Matins, Mattins, morning prayers.
( F. -L.) F. matins, a pI. sb. from F.
matin, morn ing, ori!;. an adj. - L. mat,,
linllm, acc. of matiifi'nus , adj., belonging
to the morning. Gf. Ital. mattino, morning.
- L. Mal,lta, the gocdess of dawn, as if
from a mas.:. *matiilus, with the sense of
' early,' or ' timely.'
Matrass, a long-necked glass bottle;
in chem istry. (F .) F. matras ; also (in
Cot .) matrac, matraz, mate/as; Span.
malra.. Perhaps Arabic; see Devic.
Matricide, murderer of a mother. (F.
- L.) F . maln'cide, adj., 'mother-killing';
Cot. - L. matriclda, a matricide. - L.
mlltri, decl. stem of mater, mother;
caclere , to slay; see Mother, Coosura.
~ \\' e also use matricide to represent L.
mtitricidiu1ll, the slaying of a mother.
ma.triculate, to enrol in a college.
(L. ) From pp. of Late L. matriculare,
to enrol; a coined word. - L. mtitrict~/a , a
register; dimin. of ""ltriX (stem miifric- ),
meaning ( I) a breeding animal, (2) womb,
matrix, (3) a public register, roll , list, lit.
parent-stock. See matrix (below).
matrimony. (F.-L.) O. F. matri11101%ie. - L. 11Iiitri11lOttiu1ll, marriage, lit.
motherhood . - L. mtitri-, decl. stem of
milter, mother; with suffix mii,,.,iJ-.
3 18

MATRIX

matrix,

MAXILLAR

the womb, cavity or mould.

(L.) L. IllatriX, a breeding animal, the
womb.- L. matri-, for miittr, mother.
matron, a married woman. (F. - L.)
F. matrol1e. - L mtitrol1a; extended from
mtitr- , stem of maler, a mother.
Matter ( I ), substance. ( F. - L. ) M. E.
mater~, malerie. - O. F. malere, matiere
(F . matiere). - L. materia, stuff, materials,
usefu l for build ing, &c. Brugm. i. 407.
matter ( 2), pus, a fluid in abscesses.
(F.-L. ) The same word as matter ( I ) ;
see Liltn! , s. v. maliere, 8.
Mattins j see Matins.
Mattock. ( E.) A . S. mat/tic. Cf. W.
malog, a mattock, hoe; Gael. madag, a
pickaxe ; Russ. fIlo/ttika, Lithuan. matikkas,
mattock (from Teutonic) ; see Mason.
Mattress. (F.-Arab. ) O.F. materas; Picard and Walloon matras; F.
mate/as. Cf. Span. al-madraque, a mattress; where al is the Arab. def. art. Arab. malrah, a situation, place, a place
where anything is thrown; this word came
to mean also anything hastily thrown down,
hence, something to lie upon, a bed (Devic).
- Arab. root laraha, he threw prostrate .
ature, ripe . (L.) L. maliirw, ripe.
Matutinal, pertaining to the morning.
(L.) L_ mtitutinus, adj., belonging to the
moming_ See Matins.
Maudlin, sickly sentimental. (F. L.-Gk.-Heb. ) Orig. 'shedding tears of
penitence,'like MaryMagdalen. From M.E.
Maude/ein , the same as Magdelaine. - 0_ F.
Miwdeleine,Magdeleine. - L.Magrialene. Gk. Ma"y~jL\'1v~ , i.e. belonging to Magdala;
Luke viii. 2. - Heb. migdol, a tower;
whence Magdala as a proper name.
Maugre, in spi te of. (F. - L.) The
proper sense is ' ill will,' as in P. Plowman,
B. vi. 242. - O. F. malgre, maugre, lit. ill
will; but also with sense' in spite of.'O. F. mal, ill; gre, grel, a pleasant thing.
- L. malus, bad; gralum, neut. of griilus,
pleasing.
Maul, to beat grievously. (F. - L. )
M. E. mallelt, to strike with a mall, or
mace; from M. E. malle, sb., a mall, mace;
see Ma.ll ( I ) .
aulstick, a stick used by painters to
steady the hand . (G.) G . malerstock, lit.
, painter's stick.' - G. maler, a painter, from
malen, to paint; stock, a stick. Malen was
orig. to mark, from G. mah!, O . H. G.
mtil, a mark, point of time; see Meal (l)
and Stook.

Maund (I), a basket.

(E.) A . S. maud,
a basket; in MSS. of the 8th century.
Du. malld; provoG. lIland, mandt, mmme
(whence F . manne ) ; E. Fries. maltde.
Maund ( 2) , a ( very variable) weight.
(Arab.) Arab. mann; Pers. matl. Cf.
Heb. maneh, Gk .
See Yule.
Maundy Thursday, the clay before
Good Friday. ( F. - L.; and E. ) Mmm dy
is M. E. maundce, a command, usecl with
esp. reference to th e text 'lV/a1ldatlll1l
nouum; J ohn xiii. 34. The ' new commandment ' is ' th a t ye love on e an other ' ;
but in old times it was applied to the
particular form of devotion t o others exemplified by Christ, when washing Hi s
disci pIes' feet (on the first Afmmdy
Thursday)_ See my note to P. Plowm an,
B. xvi. 140. Tbis M. E. maundee=O. F .
mandt, that which is commanded; from L.
mandtitum, a mandate, comm and. ~ Not
connected with maund. C f. O. H. G.
mandai, the washing of feet (Otfrid) ; from
L. mattdtitum_
lIIausoleum, a magnificent tomb. (L.
- Gk.) L 11Ia/lSollum, a splendid tomb,
orig. the tom b of Maus6lus. - Gk. Mav/1Q1A"OV; from MaV/1Q1AOS, Maus6lus, a king
of Caria.
Mauve, mallow colour. ( F.-L.) F _
mauve, a mallow. - L. maltla, mallow.
See Mallow.
Mavis, the song-thrush. (F. - C. ?)
M.E. mavis.-F. mal/vis, a lhrostle ; cf.
Span. mnlvis, a thrnsh. Perhaps Celtic;
cf. Bret. miijid, milvid, a mavis, also 1IIilchouid (at Vannes) ; Corn. me/hues, 0_
Corn. melhuet, a lark.
Ma.vourneen, my darling. (Irish.)
From Irish mo, my; and mhuirnin, mutated form of muirnin, darling, from
muint, affection. (Mh = v. )
Maw, stomach. (K ) M . E . mawt. A.S.
maga. + Du . maag, Ice!. magi, Swed.mage,
Dan. mave, G. magett.
Mawkish, squeamish. (Scand.; 1vitlt
E. suffix. ) The older sense is loathsome,
lit. 'maggoty.' F ormed , with E. suffix -ish,
from M. K mawk, lIlauk, a maggot, a
contracted form of M. E. 1IIatJek, a maggot.
- Ice!. matJkr, Dan. maddik, a maggot
(whence Norw. makk=E. mawk). Derived
from the foml which appears as A. S_ matJa,
Du. G. made, maggot. See Moth.
Ma.zilla.r,
belonging
to the jawbone. (L.) L. maxillan's, adj_;
from maxilla, jaw-bone.

319

p..".

.a.nnary,

MAXIM

Kaxim,

maxime. - L
untentiarum, an opinion of the greatest

importance, chief of opinions, hence a

maxim (Duc.). Orig. fem. of maximus,
greatest, superlative of magnus, great.
maximum.. (L.) Neut. of maxim"s,
greatest ( above).
Kay (I ) , I am able, I am free to do.
(E.) Pres. t. may, pt. t. might; the inlin.
(not in use) should take the form mow.
M. K mowen, infin.; pres. t. may; pt. t.
migkte. A. S. mugan, to be able; pres. t.
mOlg; pt. t. mihle. (H ere mag is the old
perfect of a strong verb.)+O. Sax. mugan,
pres. mag, pt. makta; lcel. mega, pres. ma,
pt. matH; Du. mogen, pres. mag, pt. mogt ;
Dan. pres. maa, pt. maatte; Swed. pres.
mfl, pt. mfitte; G. mQgen, pres. mag, pt.
moehte; Goth. magan, pres. mag, pt. mahta;
Russ. moeM, to be able, pres. mogu; cf.
Gk . I''1X4viJ, means.
Kay (2), the fifth month. (F. - L)
O. F . Mai. -L. Maius, May.
Kayor. (F. -L) M. E. main. -F.
maire. - L . maior, nom. greater; see
Major (above). ~ Mayor is a late
spelling, introduced in the middle of
the 16th century; it answers to O. F.
maior, from L. maiifrem, acc.; cf. Span.

mayor.

MEAL

(F. - L.) F. other languages, as in M. H. G. ,nase,

maxima, for maxima a ~j>Ot, and in E. Me&lllell, q. v.

a proverb.

Kayweed, Anthemiscotula. (E.) Formerly matlle-weed; from A. S. mOlya.

Kaze. (E.) M. E. mase; we also
find M. K masen, to confuse. The A. S.
*masian appears in the compo pp. a-masod.
Cf. Norweg. masa-sl (where -st is reflexive),
to lose one's senses and begin to dream,
masa, to pore over a thing, also to prate,
chatter ; Ice!. masa, to prate, chatter;
Swed. dial. masa, to bask in the sun, to be
lazy, lounge about. Cf. E. in a maze =
in a dreamy perplexity. The orig. sense
seems to have been' to be lost in thought,'
dream or pore over a thing, whence the
idea of' perplexity' for the sb.
Kaser, a large drinking-bowl. (F. O. H. G.) M. K maser.-A. F. mazer
(Bozon) ; O. F. masere, a bowl of maplewood, also of meta!. - O. H. G. masar,
mark in wood, also maple. +Icel. mom rr,
a maple-tree, spotted wood; whence
masur-bolli, a mazer-bowl, so called
because made of maple-wood; the maplewood was called mQsurr or ' spot-wood'
from its being covered with spots. But
the word for spot is only preserved in

Kasurb. a dance. (Pol.) From Po!.

Mazurka, lit. a woman of Massovia or

Mazovia, a province of Poland containing
Warsaw. Similarly, polka means 'a Polish
woman' ; and secondly, a dance .
auard, the head. (F. -O. H. G.)
From mazer, a bowl; see Mazer.
e. (K) A. S. mi ( also mee, in the
accnsative only). +Du. mij ; Icel. mir,dat.,
mik, acc.; Swed. Dan. mig; Goth. mis,
dat., mik, acc. ; G. mir, dat., mien, acc.
For the stem, cf. Corn. and Bret. me;
Irish, Gael. W . mi; L. miM, dat., me, acc. ;
Gk. p.o', "1'01, dat. , I'f, ll'f, ace.; Skt. manyam, me, dat., mam, ma, acc
ead ( I), a drink made from honey.
(E. ) M. E. medt. A. S. medu, mcodu.
Du. medt, Icel. mjotJr, Dan. miOd, Swed.
mjod, G. metn; also Irish mid, W. medd,
Lith. middus, Russ. med', Gk. p.f9v; Skt.
madnu , sweet, also as sb., honey, sugar.
Idg. type *met/hu, Brngm. ii. 10+ Cf.
Lith. mtdus, honey.
ead (2 ), a meadow. (K) So called
because 'mown.' M. E. mede. A. S.
mted, a mead. [Allied to provo E. main, a
mowing, as in aftermath, and A. S. mawan,
to mow; G.maM,amowing,M.H.G.mat,
a mowing, a mead.] Cf. M . H . G. mate,
a meadow, Swiss matt, a meadow (as in
Zermalt, Andermatt). Also Gk. a -I''1TOr,
a harvest, afUlfll', to mow. See Mow (I).
meadow. (E.) This fnller form is
dne to the inflected form (dat. mfEr/we) of
A . S. meed, a mead.
.eagre. thin. (F.-L.) M. E. megre.
- F. maigre. - L. macrum, acc. of macer,
thin, lean ; whence A. S. mager, Ice!.
magr, Dan. Swed. G. mager, thin, were
perhaps borrowed at an early period
\nnless cognate). Cf. Gk. 1'4KpOr, long.
( I), ground grain. (E.) M. E.
mele. A. S. melu, meolo.+Dn. meel, Ice!.
mjol, Dan. meet, Swed. mjol, G. meMo
Teut. type *melwom, neut. All from Idg.
root MEL, to grind , as in O. Irish mel-im,
Ch. Slav. mel-j~, I grind; the 2nd grade
is Teut. *;'lal, to griml, as in Ice!. mala,
Goth. malml, O. H. G. malan , to grind,
cognate with Lith. malti, L. molere .
eal (2\ a repast. (E. ) M. K mele.
A. S. mal, ( I ) a time, portion of time,
stated time; (hence a common meal at a
stated time, not a hastily snatched repast).
+ Du. maal, ( I) time, (l) meal; Icel. ma.',

.eal

MEAN
measure, time, meal; Dan. mMl, Swell.
measure, meal; Goth. mil, a time;
G. malll,.! meal, mai, time. From Idg.
.vME(ME) ; cf. Mete and Moon. See
Prellwitz, s. v. lli30JUlI.
Jlean ( I ), to have in the mind, intend.
(E.) M. E. menen. A. S. manan, to intend.
Du. meenen, Dan. mene, Swed.
"una, G. meinen. Cf. the. sb. seen in
O. H. G. meina, thought, allied to minni,
memory. See Mind.
Jlean (2), common. (E.) M. E. mene.
A. S. milne, usually ge-miine, common;
O. Fries. mene, common. See Common.
~ The peculiar sense of base, vile, may
be dne to A. S. milne, wicked, false, evil;
from A. S. man, wickedness. Cf. Ice!.
meinn , mean , hurtful, from mein, a hurt;
M. H. G. mein, false (cf. G. mein-eid,

MEDLEY

mechanical. - L. mechanica. - Gk. ll'1xavscience of machines.-Gk. Il'lXal'iJ, a

device , machine. See Machine .
Jledal. (F. -Ital.-L.- Gk.) O. }o' .
medaille. - Ita!' medaglia (Low L. mediilia,
medalla, a small coin). -Late L. -metiil/ea,
adj. fem. - L. melalltlm, metal. See
Metal.
Jleddle. (F.-L.) M. E. medlen,
simply in the sense 'to mix.' - A. F.
medler; O. F. meller , mesler, to mix
(F . me!er).-Late L. misculare, to mix;
cf. L. miscellus, mixed. - L. misclre, to
mix. See Miscellaneous.
Jlecliate, adj ., acting by or as a means.
(L .) From L. mediiillls, pp. of l1udiare,
to be in the middle (Palladius). - L.
medius, middle. See Medium. Der.
medial-ion, medial-or.
p~riury) .
Jledic, a kind of clover. (L. -Gk.)
Jlean (3), intermediate. (F.-L.) A. F . L. mldica. -Gk. M'1""Jn7, Median grass;
meien (F. moyen). -L.mediiinus, extended fern. of M'1l1l1c6s, belonging to Media.
form from medius, middle ; see Mid. JlediciDe, a remedy. (F. -L.) O. F.
Der. mean, sb., common in pI. mcans.
medecine.-L. medicina.-L. medicus, a
Jlean (4), to lament. (E.) In M.N. D . physician. - L. mederi, to heal. Cf.
v. I. 330 (ed. 16l3). A. S. milnan, to Zend madk, to treat medically. Der.
bemoan; see Moan. So also, probably, medical, Late L. medicalis, from l1udicus
in Merch. Yen. iii. 5. 82 .
(above) ; medicale.
Jleander, a winding course. (L. - Gk.) Jlec1ieval, relating to the Middle Ages.
L. MOlander. - Gk. Maiavllpos, a winding (L. ) Also written mediaval. Coined
stream ; Pliny, v. 19.
from L. 1Iledi-us, middle; OIu-um, age;
Jleasle8, a contagious fever accom- see Medium and Age.
panied by small red spots on the skin. Jlediocre, middling. (F . - L.) F.
(E. ) 'Rougeolle, the meazles ;' Cot. mediocre. - L. mediocrem, acc. of medioc,.is,
M. E. maseles (14th cent.). From A. S. middling; formed from medi-us, middle.
masle- , a spot (Toller). Cf. Du. maze/en , See Medium.
measles; also called masel-suck!, ' measell- Jleditate. (L .) From pp. of L.
sicknesse,' Hexham. The lit. sense is 1Ileditari, to ponder. Cf. Gk. IlfIl0JUlI,
'small spots'; cf. M. Du. maescke, mascke, I attend to. Brugm. i. 591.
masckel, 'a spot, blot,' Hexham. The Jlediterranean, inland, said of a
orig. word occurs in M. H. G. mase, sea. (L.) L. mediterrane-us, situate in
O. H . G. miisa, a spot. See Mazer. the middle of the land. - L. medi-us ,
~ Wholly unconnected with M. E. mesel, middle; terra, land ; see Medium and
a leper, which merely meant orig. 'a Terraoe.
wretch,' from O. F. mesel, L. mise/Ius, Jledium. (L. ) L. medium, the midst,
also a means; neut. of medius, middle.
from L. miser, wretched.
Jleasure. (F. - L. ) M . E. mesure. - Allied to Mid.
O. F. mesure. -L. mensura, measure.-L. Jledlar. (F . -L:-Gk.) The name
mensus, pp. of metiri, to measure. See of a tree, bearing fruit formerly called
medles. M. E. medler, the tree, also
Bmgm. ii. 771.
Jleat. (E.) M. E. mete. A . S. mete called medle-tree (A. F. medle = O. F.
(for -matiz).+Icel. matr, Dan. mad, Swed. mesle ). - O. F. mesle, a medlar (whence
mal, Goth. mats, O. H. G. malt, food. Cf. mulier, the tree); Gascon mesplo.L. mandere, to chew.
L. mespilum. - Gk. J.lft11r1AOJl, a medlar
Jlechanic. pertaining to machines. (whence also F . neJle).
(F.-L.-Gk. ) M. E. meckanike, in the Jledley. confusion, mixture. (F. -L.)
sense 'mechanic art.' - O. F . meckanique, M. E. metllee. - A. F. medlee ; O. F. medle,
pi
M

mat,

1"1"

MEDULLAR

MEMENTO

melle, merle (fern . medlee, mellee , meslet ),

pp. of the verb medler , to mix, confuSJ:.
See M eddl e. The fern. fo nn medlet =
mdlle .
Medullar, belonging to the marrow.
(L.) L. medu llaris, adj. - L. medulla,
marrow.
Meed. (E.) M. E. mede, meed. - A. S.
mid, besirle meord (with r for older z).
+ G . m iellu, hire; Goth . mizrfij; Russ.
m z la , Gk . pH,96s, pay, Pers. muzd, wages.
Idg. types *meizdhii, *mizdhii, *misdhos.
Brugm. i. 226.
Meek. (Scand .) M. E. meke , meek ;
spelt meoc, Ormulum, 667. -Icel. mjiikr,
sort, agil e, meek, mild; N. Fries. mjock ,
Swed. mjuk , Dan . myg , soft. cr. Ou.
m ll ik ; Goth. *miiks, in compo miik<1modei, gentleness. Teut. types *meukoz,
*mliko2.
Meerschaum, a substance used for
making pipes. (G .) G. meerschaum. lit.
sea-foam (because it is white and light).
- G . meer , lake, sea; schaum, foa m, lit.
scu m ; see Mer ) ( I) and Bourn.
Meet ( I), fit. M. E. mete. A. S. gemet,
meet , fit (the prefix ge- making no differeoce). - A.S.melan, to mete. Cf. G.miissig,
fr~gal, from messen, to mete. See Mete.
Meet (2) , to encounter, find, assemble.
(E. ) M. E . meten O. Merc. moetan; A. S.
mila", to find, meet (for *molian ). Formed
hy mutation from A.S. 1II0t, a meeting,
assembly.+lcel. ma la, mala, from mot;
Goth. gamotjan, Swed. mOta, Dan. mo'de,
to meet. See Moot.
Megatherium, a fossil quadruped,
(Gk. ) Lit. ' great wild beast.' - Gk. pl-yas.
great; 9'1piov, dimin. of 9qp, a wild beast.
mega.losaurus. (Gk.) Lit.' great
li zard.' - G k. Pf.,tiAO-, dec!. stem allied to
jlf-ya-s, great ; O'afipos, a lizard.
Megrim, a pain affecti ng one ~ ide of
th e head. (F. - L. - Gk. ) F. migraine,
, the megrim;' Cot. - Late L. hfmigriinea,
megrim. - Gk. r,JIoll(pO.VtOV, half of the
skull. - Gk. ;'P', half; KpaVIOV, cranium.
Melancholy, sadness. (F . -L.-Gk.)
Supposed to be due to an excess of' black
bile.' M. E. melancolit. - O. F. melan(olie . - L. melancholia. - Gk. pf)"a., X0)"ia,
melancholy. - Gk. PfAQ')'XOAOS, jaundi ced.
- Gk. pIAav-, stem of piAas, black; XOAq,
bile, gall, cognate with E. gall.
Melilot, a plant. (F. - L. -Gk .) M.F.
melilol (Cot.). - L. melilotos. - Gk. p.)"i.
AQJTc.<, Pf>'(AQJTOV, a kind of clover, named

(rom the honey in it.-Gk . piA' , honey;

AQJT6s, lotus, clover.
Meliorate, to make bet ter. (L. )
From pp. of Late L. melioriire, to make
better. - L. melior, better. + Gk. paAAOJl,
ratber, compo of ptiAa, adv., very much.
Mellifluous, sweet. (L. ) Lit.' Rowing sweetly,' ' Rowing like honey.' - L.
melli, dec!. stem oT mel, honey; -Jiuus,
Rowing, from jluere, to Row; see Fluent.
Cf. Gk. p. ' A" Goth. milith, Irish mil,
W . met, honey.
Mellow, fully lipe. (E.) M. E. mehue,
orig. soft, pulpy. Pegge notes that. in
Derbyshire, a mellow apple or pear is
called a mealy one; and mtllow may be
an adjectival use of meal. The M. E .
me/we may represent A . S. me/w-, as in
me/we, dat. of melu, meal. Cf. Du.
maisch, Low G. mals , soft, mellow; from
T eut. *malan-, to gn nd; see M eal ( r ) .
Note also Du. molmen , to moul<ler, mul,
soft; Goth. gama lwiths, crushed; Du.
11UJllig, soft. See Franck, s. v. mollig.
~ Perhaps confused with O. Merc. merwe,
tender (Mat. xxiv. 31 ) ; A. S. meant, G.
miirbe, mellow.
Melocotone, a qtlin c ~, a pear grafted
on a quince. (Span. - L.- Gk.) In Nares.
Span. mtlocoton (Pineda) .- Late L. milum
cotoneum (Ducange). - Gk. Pl1Aov KII&;,VIOV, a quince. See Quinoe.
Melodrama. (F. -Gk.) Formerly
me/orlrame. - F. m!lorlrame, acting, with
songs. - Gk. pIAO-S , a song; ~pO.pa, an
action, drama; see Dra.ma..
melody. (F.-L.- Gk. ) M.F.me!odie.
- L. melodia. - Gk. pf)"tp ~ia, a singing. Gk. PfAtpMs, adj , musical. - Gk. piA 'OS, a
song ; rP~q, a song, ode; see Ode.
Melon, a frui t. (F .- L.-Gk.) O. F .
melon. - L. mflOnem, acc. of milo, an
apple-shaped melon. - Gk . p;j)"ov, an
apple, also applied to other fruits. Cf. 1..
malum , apple, prob. borrowed from Gk.
Melt. (E. ) M. E. mellm, pI. t. mall ,
pp. molten. A. S. meltan, pt. t. ,nealt. +
Gk. pIAaf"'. to melt. Allied to Skt.
mrdu, O. Slavonic mladtt, soft; Brugm.
i. 580, ii. 690. (""MEL.) See Mild.
Member. (F. - L.) F. membre. - L.
membrum, a mem ber. Brugm . i. R75.
membrane. (F. - L.) F. membra11t.
_ L. membrlina , a skin covering a mem ber
of the body, a membrane.-L. membrum.
Memento, a memorial. (L.) L. '11(mt'tlii (Luke xxiii ..41) , remember me ;

r.

321

MEMORY

MERE

imperative of lIItllli"r, I remember; Brngm.

ii. 8+6. (vMEN.)
Memory. (F. -L. ) M. E. mtmorit.
- A .F.memorie; F . mlmoire. - L .mtmoria,
memory. - L. memor, mindful, remembering. This L. memor appears to be a reduplicated form; cf. Gk. fl'P-fl'p-os,anxious,
flfp -'flJla, care, thought. Allied to Skt.
smr, to remember. ( v'SMER.)
memoir, a record. (F.-L.) Commoner in the pl.mt11loirs. - O. F . mtmoirts,
notes for remembrance, records; pI. of
memoi"e, memory (above).
Menace. ( F.-L.) O. F . mmace. L. pI. minocilZ, threats. - L. minac-,
stern of minax, full of threatenings, also,
projecting forward. - L . milllZ, things
proj ecting forward, hanging over and
ready to fall , hence threats. -L. -minere,
as in e-minert, to project, jut out.
Menagerie, a place for keeping wild
animals. (F. - L.) F. mlnagerie, orig. a
place for keeping 110lluhoid animals ( Brachet).-F. 1IIlnager, to keep house.-F.
millage, O. F. mema,f{e, a household.O . F. mtsllee, meisnee, maisnee, a family;
the same word as Late L. ma"s'lada,
maisnada, masnata, Ital. masnada, a
family (answering to a Lat. type *mansio'lata). - L. ntm,sioll-, stem of ma1lsio, an
abiding, abode; see Mansion.
Mend. (F.-L.) M. E. mendm, short
for M. E. nlllendm , to amend, by loss of a ;
see Amend.
Mendacity. ( L.) From L. mendii
citiis, falsehood . - L. lIIe11diic-, stem of
mendax, false.
Mendicant, a beggar. (L.) L. ntt1Zdicanto, stem of pres. pt. of nundicare, to
beg. - L mendicus, beggarly, poor.
Menial, one of a household, servile.
(F. - L .) Properly an adj . ; M. E. mlyneal, as ' her meyne,,! chirche '= the church
of their household, WyC\if, Rom. xvi. 5.o F. mesnee, nuiS1ue, a household;
whence M. E. mt inee, ntainee, a household, troop, retinue, once a common
word; with suffix -al. See Menagerie.
Meniver, lIIiniver, a kind of fur.
(F. - 1..) M. E. meniuer (meniver). O. F . menu vel', multi vair, miniver; lit.
, little vair.' - O . F . menu, small, from L.
minutlls, small; vair, a fur, from L.
tlan'lIs, variegated . See Minute and Vair.
Menses. ( L.) L. menses, monthly
discharges; pI. of mm.sis, a month.
Allied to Month.

menstruous. (L.) From I .. mm

slru-us, monthly. - 1.. lIIuzsis, a month.
menstruum.. (L.) Late L. mt1tstrlltllll, a solvent; a word in r.lchemy ;
from the Dotion of some connexioD of its
action with' the phases of the moon.
lIIensuration, measuring. (L.) From
L. mensuriitio, a measuring. - L. mel/siiratus, pp. of mensuriire, to measure. - L.
ntensura, measure; see Meuure.
Mental. (F.-L.) F. mmtnl. -Late
L . mentiilis, mental.-L. mellt-, skm of
mms, mind. Brugm. i. +31 (2 ).
mention, a notice. ( F. - L. ) F. menlio1l. _ L. acc. melltiollem. - L. me"Ii-,
declo stem of mens, mind (above).
Mentor, an adviser. (Gk.) Gk. Mi,,TOJP, Mentor ( Homer, Od. ii) ; explained
as 'adviser '; cf. L. monitor (Vanicek).
See Monition.
Mephitis, a pestilential exhalation.
(L. ) L. lIIepMtis (Vergil).
Mercantile, commercial. (F.-L.)
M. F. lIler(antil,' merchantly;' Cot. - Late
L. lIIercalltilis. - L. mercant-, stem of pres.
pt. of meruir/, to trade . - L. merc-, stem
of 11ltrx, merchandise. Cf. Gk. JUJfTf ... ,
to seize (Prellwitz).
mercenary. ( F.-L.) F. merretlaire.
- L. merceniirius, older form mercem'iirillS, a hireling. For *merctd-1Io,.i,.s;
from merced-, stem of mercis, pay.- :~ .
merc- , stem of merx, merchandise.
mercer. (F. - L.) F. mercier, lit. ' a
trader.'-Late L. merceriltS, a trader. -L.
mere , stem of merx, merchandise.
merchandise. (F. - L. ) M. E. marrhandise. - F . marchandiu, merchant's
wares. - F . marchand, a merchant
(below).
merchant. (F.-L.) M. E. marchant. - M. F. ma"chant (F. marchalld). L. mercnnt-, stem of pres. pt. of merror/,
to trade ; see Mercantile.
mercury, quicksilver. (F.-L. ) M.E.
merrun'e, quicksilver, named after the
planet Mercury. - A. F. Afercurie; F .
mercure . - L. Mercurium , acc. of Mercur
ius, Mercury, god of traffic. -L. men -,
stem of "le"X, merchandise.
mercy. ( F. -L. ) F .merri;O . F.
mercit. - L. merc(dem, acc. of mercis; see
mercenary.
Mere ( I ) , a lake. (E.) M. E. mere.
A. S. mere, sea, lake, m.; orig. type *mari.
n.+Du. met1'; Ice!. mart', sea; G. metr,
sea; Goth. marti, Russ. more, 1.ithuan.

MERE
mares,

pl~

METAL

W. fIIBr, Gael. Irish muir, L.

sea.
( 2), pure, simple. (L.) L. mems,
pure, un mixed (as wiDe) .
Kerelles, a game. (F.) From F.
mtrd le, a counter; Low L . merellus. Of
unknown origin.
Meretricious, all uring by false show.
(L. ) L. meretricitts, pertaining to a courtes3n; with suffix - OilS. - L. meretric-, stem
of meretrix, a courtesan,- L. 1Ilerere, to
gain, recei ve hire.
Merge, to sink, plunge under water.
(L.) L. lIIerg(r~, to dip.
SkI- mal], to
dip, bathe. Brugm. i. 816.
Meridian, pertaining to mid-day. (F.
-L. ) O. F. 1IIeriJim. -L.meridiamls. L. meridies, midday; formed from the
old locati ve meri-die, as if meaning' in the
clear day ,' from L. merus, clear, dies, day;
but really for *medf-die, from medius, mid .
Brugm. i . 587 (7).
Kerino, a variety of sheep. (Span. L.) Span. 11Ierino, roving from pasture to
pasture. - Span. merino, an inspector of
sheep-walks. - Late L. majorinus, a majordomo, steward of a household; cf. Late L.
majoriilis, a head-shepherd. From L.
maior, greater; see Major.
Kerit, excellence, worth. (F.-L. )
M. E. merite. -0. F. merite. - L. meritlllll,
a thing deserved; orig. neut. of lIlerittts,
pp. of merire, to deserve; orig. 'to receive
as a share,' if it is alIied to Gk. I'Jpor,
a share, IldpoJl.'l" I receive a share.
Kerle, a blackbird. (F. -L.) O. F.
merle.-L. merIda, a blackbird. Cf. W.
mwyalch, a blackbird. See Titmouse.
merlin, a kind of hawk. (F.-L.?)
M. E. mer/ion. - M . F. esmn-illon, emeri/ion, 'the hawk termed a marlin;' Cot.
Cf. Ita!. smer/o, a kind of hawk. Prob.
from L . merula, a blackbird; the initi,al s
being unoriginal (Diez).
Kerma.id. (E.) M. E. mermaid.A. S. mere, sea, lake; 1II0!gden, maiden.
Kerry. (E.) M . E. merie, mirie.
A. S. lIIyrge, myrige (m;rige ), merry. Cf.
O. H. G. murgfa7'i, fragile, transitory;
Gk. f3po.XrJr, short; so that A. S. myrg-e
(for *murgjoz) means 'lasting a short time,'
and so ' making the time short.' Cf. Goth .
.f[rI/JIaurgjan, to shorten. Brugm. ii. 104.
Der. mirth.
Kesentery. (L.-Gk.) L. mmnterillm . - Gk. IlfafJ'T'pIO", a membrane in
the midst of the intestines. - Gk. ilIa-os,
1llart,

Kere

midc1le, cognate with L. 1IIedius; f"T'PO",

entrail. See Mid and Entra.il.
Mesh, the opening between the threads
of a net. (E. ) M. E. maske. A . S. max
( = *masc, by the common interchange ol
sc and cs = x ) ; cf. A. S. mascre, a mesh,
dimin. form.
Du. 1IIaas, lce!. lIIijskvi,
Dan . maske, Swed. maska, G . lIIasc/le, \ V.
masg . Orig. sense 'a knot,' from the
knot,; in a net; cf. Lithuan. 1IIazga.f, n
knot, mag" /as, a knitting-needle, alli ed to
lIIegsti, verb (pres. t. mezg' u ), to knot,
weave nets. From an I dg. root *1/Iezg, to
weave. Brugm. i. 816 (2).
Mesmerise, to operate on the nervous
system of a patient. (G.) Named from
M esmer, a German physician (about 1766) .
Mess ( I) , a dish of meat, portion of
foo d. (F.-L.) M . E. messe.-O. F .lIIes,
a di ,;h, course at table (now spelt 1IIels,
badly) . Cf. Ital. messo, a course at table.
-0. F. mes, that which is sent, pp. of
mettre, to send. - L. missttm, ace . (or nellt. )
of misstts, pp. of mitten, to send; in late
Lat., to place. See Missile .
. Kess (2 ) , a mixture, disorder. (E. )
A corruption of the older form mesh,
which again stands for mash , sb. lI-lesco/are, to mixe, to maslt, to mesh;' Florio.
, Mesco/anza, a medlie, a mesh, a mixture;'
id. See Mash.
Kessage. (1'.- L.) F . message. Late L. missaticum, a message. - L.
misSlts, pp. of mit/ere, to send. Dcr.
messenger, with inserted n, for M. E.
messager, formed from message with
suffix -~r.
.essia.h, tbe anointed one. (Reb.)
Reb . maskfakh, anointed. - Reb. mashaklt ,
to anoint.
Kessuage, a dwelling-house with
offices. (F.-L.) M. E. memage.-A. F.
mesllage, a manor-honse; Low L. messuagillm , mansuagium. - Late L. mallsio1WtiCltm, a mansion; prob. shortened by
confusion with mansiiticum, acc . of matts
iiticus, a mansion. - L. mansiUnem , ncc.
of mansio, a mansion; confus~d with
Late L. mansa, with a like sense nnd
origin. See Ma.nsion and Ma.nse.
Keta-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. Ilha, prep ..
among, with, after ; as a prefix, it comGoth. fIIil/,
monly signifies' change.'
A. S. mid, G. mit, with; Ice!. lIIetJ.
Ketal ( F. - L. -Gk.) M. E. metal. O. F. m~/a/. -L. 1Iuta/lUtll, a mine , metal.
-Gk. IlfTaUOV, a cave, mine, mineml

METALLURGY

MEW

metal. Allied to ",oTaAAaOJ, I sean;h ,jYl/call , to seent + 0 . Sax . tilUl/kial/, k el.

jykkja, Goth . th /lgkjall, i. e. *thtmkjall , G.
after, explore.
metallurgy, a working in metals. diil/km, to seem. Allieu ( uy grad at ion)
(F. - L.-Gk. ) O.F. metallll rgie.-Late to A . S. j anc, a th ough t, and jeucall, to
L. *metallttrgia. - Gk. ",oraAAol1p..,or, adj., thi nk. See 'I'hank, Think.
working in mt tals. - Gk. ",fraAAo-v,metal; Method. ( F . -L.-Gk .) M.F. lIIethode,
'nov, work; see Work. ~ L. It = Gk. 'a method ;' C ot. - L . methodlls. - Gk .
011<00 .
,.. .eo~or, an enq uiry into, meth ocl, system.Metamorphosis, transformation. (L. G k. ,..oe, for ,...r-a , among, after; tlMr, a
- Gk.) L. metamorphosis. - Gk. ",om,..up- way; the lit. sense is ' a way after,' a fol.pOJutr, a change of form. - Gk. ,..OTa , here lowing after. (.vSED.)
denoting 'change ' ; and 1l0p<f>uOJ, I form,
Methylated, used of spiJits of wine
when mi xed with met hy l to make it unfrom ,..op<f>r" sb., shape.
Metaphor. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. meta- d rinkable. lL. - Gk .) F ormed with suffix
pl,on, , metaphor; ' Cot. - L. lIIetaphora. ated from methyl, mean ing a gas procured
- G k. ,..om</> opa, a transferring of a word by the destructive distillat ion of wood.
from its literal signification . - G k. ,..ora- Methyl is a Latinised spelling coined from
</> .PEtV, to transfer. - Gk. ",<To. , sign ifying Gk. ,..oe' ( = ,..fTd, by means of), and vA""
, change' : </>fPEtV, to bear; see Bear ( I ). wooci .
Metaphrase. (Gk.) From Gk. ""Ta- Metonymy, Ihe putting of one word
</>pautr , a para phrasing; lit. change of for another. \L. - <, k.) L. metollymia.phrase. - G k. ,..oTa, signifying 'change ' ; G k. ,..fTOJVl1pia , change of name. - Gk.
and </>pO.utr, a ph rase ; see Phrase.
,..fTa, implying' ch nnge ' ; ovo,..a, name.
Metaphysics, the science of mind. Metre, Meter, rhythm , verse. (1:'. (L. - Gk .) F ormerly also metaphysic. - L. - Gk .) M. E. melre. - M. F. metre,
L. lIIetaphysica, neut. pI. metaphysics.- , llleeter;' Cot. - L. mef1'1111l . - Gk. ""rpov,
Gk. ,..'To. TO. </> I1Ut"a, after physics ; because that by which anyth ing is measured, a rule,
the study was supposed to follow that of metre. Lit.' measure;' cf. Skt. mo, to
physics or natural science.
measure. See Brugm . ii. 61 . Der.
Metathesis. (L.-Gk.) L. metathe- barometer, chrollo-meter, geo-metr)', hexasis. - G k. ,..orae'Utr, transposition. - Gk. meter, hydro-meter, I')'grometer, petlta,..'Ta, im plying ' change ' ; e'Utr, a placing; meter, thermo- meter, tngonometl'Y, trisee Thesis.
meter, &e.
Mete, to measure. (E.) M. E . melm . Metropolis, a mother-city. (L. - Gk.)
A. S. meta", to measure. + Du . meten, Ice!. L. metropolis. - Gk. "''1rpo7roA/r, a mother
meta (to value), Swed. mata , Goth. mita1l, state; the city ofa primate.- C k. ,..r,TpO,
G. messe1l. Cf. L. modus, measure , Gk. for ,..~r",p, a mother; .6Atr, a city. See
,...~ - opat, I provide for. (.vMED.)
Mother and Police.
Metempsychosis, transmigration of lIIettle, spirit , ardour. (F.-L.-Gk.)
souls. I Gk .) Gk. ,..fTf,..I{IvXOJulr. - Gk . ,..OT- Another spelling of metal; in Shakespeare,
op!fI1XoOJ, I make the soul pass from one no distinction is made between the two
body to another. - Gk. ,..fr.a, den oting words in old editions, either in spelling or
' change ' ; ''''- (for lV), in, into; 1{1I1X'r" the in use (Schmidt). With special allusion to
soul. See Psychical.
the metal (or 1IIettle) of a sword-blade.
Meteor. (F.-Gk.) M. F. 11leteore,' a Mew ( I ) . to cry as a cat; a word of
meteor;' Cot. - Gk . ,..orfOJpov, a meteor; imitative origin. (E.) M. E. 11lawen.
neut. of adj. ,..fT'OJpor, raised above the Pers. lI~a w, Arab. 1IIua , mewing of a cat.
earth, soaring in air. - Gk. ,...ra, among ; Der. ml!1tJI, from F. lIIiauler, to mew.
*iiFopor, prob. from af'PO"', to lift (see Mew ( 2), a seagull. (E.) M. E.1Ilawe.
P rellwitz) .
A . S. 11Idw, 1Iliaw, mitt, a mew. + N.
Metheglln, mead. (W.) W. medd Fries. mlwe, E. Fries. lJIeve, Du. 11leeuw,
yglyn , mead , lit. mead liquor. - W . 11udd, Icel. mar, Dan. maage, Swed. make, G.
mead; Ily1t , liquor. See M ead ( I).
tIliiwe. Cf. O. H. G. lIlih, a mew.
Methinb. (E.) Lit.' it seems tome ;' Mew ( 3), a cage for hawks, &c. ( F .
here tile is the dat. case, and tkiuks is an L. ) The pI. 1Ile'W$ now means a range of
impers. verb, from M. E . jinkm, to seem. stabling, because the royal stables were
A. S. mi }Y1Ue4, it seems to me; from rebuilt l Ao D. '534) in a place where the

MIGHT

MEWL

royal falcons had ueen kept (Stow j. / midditzg .-Dan. llliidding l for *miigdynge).
M. E. lIuwe, mile, a .:age where hawks : - Dan. mog- (Icel. myk. , muck; Dan.
were kept when moul ting. - O. F. 11ltU , a dynge, a heap; lit. muck-heap'). Dan.
moulting, also a mew for hawks; G uernsey I dytzc4'"e=S werl . dynga, dung; allied to E .
mItt, :t mew. - F. mIter, to change, mou lt. ) dU1lg.
Anrl see Muck.
- 1,. mlttlire, to change. Der. mew-s, as
Kiddle, adj. , intervening; also as sb.
(E. ) M. E. mitidel, adj. ; mirldel, sb.
above. See Mutable .
lIIewl; see Mew ( I).
A.S. m iddel, adj. and sb.-A. S. midd,
Mews; see Mew (3).
adj. , middJe.+Du. middd, adj. adv. and
Mezzotinto, a mode of engraving. sb.; G. mittel, sb., means; O. H. G.
(Ita!' -L.) Ital. mezzo tinto, half tinted. mittil, adj. Cf. Icel. me6al, prep. , among.
- Ita!' mezzo, mid ; tin to, pp. of tingere, to D er . lIliddl-ing; middlemost, an iIlcoined
tint. - L. medius, mid; lillgere, todip, dye. supe rl ative, on the model of alter-most,
Kiasma., pollution , infectious matter. loremost.
(Gk.) Gk. l'i(J(fJll1, a stain. - Gk. I'lcU"Wf,
midri1f, the diaphragm separating the
to stain.
heart from the stomach, &c. (E.) M. E.
Kica., a glittering mineral. (L.) 'Mica, midnf. A. S. midril, also midhrif.a crum, little quantity of anything that A. S. mid, middle ; hn/, the belly. +
breaks off; also, a glimmer, or cat-silver, O. Fries. midrif, from mid, midrlle, t-ef,
a metallick body like silver, which shines t-i/, the belly; Du. mitidel-nf. With A . S.
in marble,' &c.; Phillips (1706) . -L. mica, hrif cf. L. corp us, body.
midship, short for amid-ship ; hence
a crumb; cf. F. and Span. mica, mica.
Hut it seems to have been applied to the midship-man.
mineral from the notion that this sb. is
midst, the middle. (K ) b. lIlitidesl,
related to L. ",icare, to shine, which is Spenser, F. Q. vi. 3. 25; formed, with
probably not the case.
added t, from M. E. in middes, equivalent
lIIich, to skulk, play tmant. (E.) M. E. to amiddes: see Amid.
muchen, to pilfer. A. S. *myccan ; not
midwife. (E.) M. E. lIlidwz/; rarely
found , but allied to G . lIleuchlings, insidi- medewif (Wyclif), from a false etymology
ol1sly. Der. mich-t!r, mich-ing (Shak.) .
which connected it with M. E. mede or
lIIicha.elmas, the feast of St. Michael. meed, reward. - A. S. mid, prep., together
(F. - H eb. ; alld L.) M. E. 1Ilichelmesse; with; ttJif, a woman. Thus the lit. sense is
where Michel = F. Michel, from Heb. 'a woman who is with another,' a helper.
jj,fikhiiel, lit. ' who is like unto God?' Cf. A. S. mr:d-wyrcall, to work with. So
The suffix -Illas - M. E.messe = A.S.m<zsse; also Span. co-mad/-e, lit. 'co-mother,' a
from 1.. missa; see Mass (2) .
midwife. Cf. Du. mede1lt/pen, to assist
lIIickle, great. (E.) M. E. mike!, (from mede, with, he/pm, to help) ; G.
m"kel, michel.mtlchel. _ A .S.micel (mycel). mit-heifer, a helper with, assistant.
+ Ice\. mikill (mykill), Goth. mikils : Gk. Kidge. (E. ) M. E. 1Iligge, lIlygge.
1"'Ya~f/. great. Cf. also Gk. 1"'Yos, great, A. S. micg, better mycg, a mirlge, gnat.
+ D u. mug, Low G. 11t"gge, Swed. mygg,
L. magnus. See Much.
lIIicrocosm, a little world. (F. - L. - Dan . my/{, G. mucke. Teut. type mugja,
Gk.) F. miaocosme. -L. microcosmus.- f.,or mul:joz, m. ; prob. 'buzzer;' cf. Gk.
Gk. I'lltp/"'O<1I'OS , a little world. - Gk. I'v("" , to mutter, I'vi'a, a fly (Prellwitz) ;
fUllpO-S, littl e, for UJlIltpOS, little; IC/'UI'OS , also leel. mj, a midge;
world ; see Cosmetic.
Kidri:ff, lIIidship, Kidst, Kidmicroscope, an instrument for view- wife; see Mid.
ing small objects. (Gk.) Gk. l"ltpO-S, lIIieD, look. (F . -C.) F. I1lit'c. 'the
little; UltO,,-."', to see; see Scope.
look;' Cot. (Whence Ital. milla ; HatzlIIid, middle. (E.) M. E. mid . A. S. feld .) Prob. from Hret. mitt, muzzle,
mid, midd, adj. + Du. Dan . Swed. mid- beak (also used of men). Cf. W . ,"itz,
(in compounds) ; Ice!. mitJr, Goth. mid/is, lip ; Ir. men, mouth; Com. meitz. men ,
O. H . G. mitti, L. medius, Gk. I" UOS, lip, mouth (Thumeysen). Celtic ty pe
rEolic Jlluuos, Skt. madhya-, adj., middle. makna (mekno- ), open mouth (Stokes).
Cf. Ir. mid-, as in mid-,tOg(, midnight. ) Kight ( I ), strength . (E. ) M. E. mi jt.
See Medium, Middle .
A. S. millt; O. Mere. maht. + Du. ma,l{t,
KiddeD, a dunghill . (Scand.) M. E. I Ice!. //Ilillr. Dan . Swed. magi, Goth.
3 z6

MINCE

MIGHT

lIlah/s, G. mad,t. Teut. type *mah -tiz, Lit.' bread sopped in milk;' her.ee, a soft
f.; from the verb *mag-an-. See May ( 1). fellow. - M. E. milk, milk ; soppe, a sop;
Kight (2) , pt. t. of may. (E. ) See see Sop.
May ( I ).
lIIfill. (1..) M.E.miln , myl,t,mulne;
lIIignonette, a plant. (F. ) F. whence mille, mulle, by assimilation of n .
mig1toltelte, dimin. of mt"g1tOn, darling; A. S. myln, mylm. - Late 1.. lIlulina, for
molina, a mill; extended from mola, a
see Minion.

Kigrate. (L.)

Frompp.ofL.migrar~,

Cf. Gk. all.18.,,,, to chauge.

JIilch; see Milk.
JIild. (E.) M. E. mild, milde. A. S.
milde.+Du. mild, I ce!. mildr, Dan. Swed.
G . mild; O . Sax. mildi, O.H.G. milti.
Goth. -milds, in wI-millis, without natural
affection. Perhaps allied to Gk. p.aJ.6ruc6r,
soft, mild, O. Irish meld, pleasant. Brugm.
i. 591.
lIIfildew. (E.) M. E. me/dew. A. S.
me/edlaw, mildlaw, lit. honey-dew. - A. S .
mele, mil, allied to 1.. mel, honey; dlaw,
dew. So also Irish milceog, mildew j from
mil, honey. And cf. Gk. Il""" honey.
lIIfile. (1..) M. E . mile. A. S. mil.1.. pI. milia, commonly mil/ia, a Roman
mile. - 1.. mille, sing., a thousand; whence
mille (pI. millia ) lassullm, a thousand
paces, a Roman mile. Cf. Du. mijl, G.
lIleile, Swed. mil, Dan. miil; all from 1..
milfoil, yarrow. (F.-I..) Lit.' thousand- leaf.' - F. mille, thousand; A. F.
joil/e, Ffeuille, leaf. - Late L.lIIillifolitl7n,
mil foil. - L. mille, thousand; folium, leaf;
see Foil ( 2).
JIilitate, to contend. (L.) F rom pp.
of L. militare, to serve as a soldier. - 1..
milito, stem of miles, a soldier.
militia, troops. (1..) 1.. militia, ( 1)
warfare, (2) troops. - 1.. milit-, stem of
miles, a soldier.
Kilk. (E.) M. E. milk. O . Mere. mile
(Sweet, O . E. T.) ; A. S. meolc, meolue.+
Du. me/k , O. Sax. milttk; Icel. 1iljolk,
Dan . me/k, Swed. 71I:fOlk; Goth. miluks,
G . milch. Teut. stem *meluk-, fern. Allied
to the old strong Teut. vb. *me/k-an-, as
seen In A. S. me!can, Du. and G . melkm,
to stroke a cow, milk; allied to Gk.
all."'Y.... , 1.. mulglre, to milk, Lith. milszIi, to stroke, to milk; O . Irish bHg-im, I
milk. (.vM EL G .)
milch, milk-giving. (E.) M.E milche,
me/ehe, adj.; cf. A. S. mile-en, adj.,
milky. + Icel. milkr, mjolkr, adj., milkgiving, from mjalk, milk. So also G.
me/k, adj., milch.
milksop, an effeminate man. (E.)
M.E. milksoppe,Ch.C. T. 13916 (B3IOO).

mill.

See Molar.

lIIfillennium, a thousan d ye:m. (L. )

to wander.

1.. millennium. - L. mille, thousand j

a,mus, year j see Annual.
lIIfillet, a plant. (F . - L.) F . lJIillet j
dim in. of mil, millet.-L. milium, millet
(whence A. S. mil, millet).+Gk. Il''';'''' ,
millet.

lIilliner.

(ltal.)

Formerly

also

millamr (Ben Jonson) . Disputed j but

certainly for Milaner, a dealer in gom's
brought from lI-lilatt, in Italy.

Killion,a thousand thousand. (F. - 1..)

F. millio,.; Late L. 1IIi/lio, lit. 'great
thousand,' an augmentative form. - L.
1IIille, thousand. Der. Hence b-il/ioll,
tr-illiolt, quadr-illioll are formed , by a
sort of analogy, in order to express shortly
the ideas of bi-milliolt, tri-lIIillion, &c_;
where bi- means ' to the second power,'
not' twice.'
JIilt (I ) , the spleen . (E.) M. E.lIlilte.
A. S. milte. + Dn. milt, Icel. milti, Dan .
milt, Swed. mjiille, the spleen; G. milz ,
O. H . G. milzi, milt. From the verb to
melt in the sense to digest; cf. Ice!. melfa
( I) to malt, (2) to digest. See Melt.
'
JIilt ( 2) , soft roe. (Scand.) A corrnption of milk,due to confusion with milt (1).
M. E. mylke of fyshe; Vocab. 591. 16. Swed. mjolke, milt, from miolk, milk;
Dan. fiske71lelk, soft roe of fi shes, lit. ' fishmilk; ' G. fisehmilch, milt. Cf. M. Du.
melcker vatt un viseh, , the milt of a fish,'
H exham.
Kimic. (L .-Gk.) L.mimieus,farcical.
- Gk. 1l'I.ltlc6r, imitative. - Gk. IlIp.OS, an
imitator, actor, mime.
Kinaret, a turret on a mosque. (Span,
-Arab.) Span. minarele, a h igh slender
turret. - Arab. manarat, a lamp, lighthouse, minaret. - Arab. manar, candlestick, lamp, lighthouse. Allied to Arab.
1wr, fire.+Heb. manorah, a candlestick;
from ttiir, to shine.
Kince, to cut up small. (F.-I..)
M.E. lIlinctn.-M.F. mincer, O .F. mincier,
to mince; cf. mince, adj., small. _ Late 1..
*lIlilliilil'1"e, to mince (Schwan, 199);
from Late L. miniitia, a small piece.-L.

32 7

MINUS

MIND

mimi/us, small. Cf. A. S. miltsiall, to I small. - L. mht-ima, very small ; superl.

diminish. See Minish. D er.minet-pie, for- ,I fern. allied to mitt-or, less. See M i nor.
merly 1IlitlCCd-/,ie, i.e. pie of minced meat. lIIinion, a favourite. (F.) F. mignon,
Mmd. ( E.) M.E.mind. A .S.gemynd, sb., a fav ourite. - F . m igtW1t, adj., miuion,
memory. _ A. S. t/tlmall , to think ; gelllull- dainty, also pleasing, kind . Of doubtful
an, to remember (whence gemynd for *ga I origin. Cf. G.1Il;'me, love; see Minikin.
1IlImdi-, by mutation) .+ Goth. ga-tmmds, Or from Celt. min-, small (K arting) _
f., remembrance. T eut. type *mundi-, Minish, to lessen. (F. -L.) M. Efor *11l1mt/Ii-, by Verner's law; Idg. type lIIenusen. - F. mem,iser , to mini sh (answer1IJ3ntf- (cf. L.lIIenl-is,gen. of mens, mind; ing to Late L. *1Ililliiliare). - L. milllitus,
Skt. mati-, mind ) . From the weak grade small; sec M inute. Doublet, minu.
of .vMEN , to think. Brugm. i. 431minister. (F . -L.) M_ E. mittistre.
Mine (I ) , belonging to me. ( E.) M. E. - F. minis/re. - L. acc. minis/mill; nom.
lIIill, pI. mille; often shortened to my. minister, a servant. L. min-is-ter is
A. S. 1JIln, poss. pron . (d<!clillablel , from formed with suffix -ter from *min-es,
111'n, gen . of 1st pers. prononn . + Goth. allied to mitt-or, smaller ; from the base
meills, poss. pron ; allied to meilla, gen. min- , small; see Minor.
case of 1st pers. pronoun; so in other Tent. Miniver; see Meniver.
tongues. C f. L. metlS. See Me.
Minnow, a small fi sh. (E.) M. E.
m y. (E.) M.E. mi. my; short for 1JIC1l0W. A.S. 1JIyne, a minnow; cf.O.H.G.
lIIin (above), by loss of final 1:. Der. tlltmiwa, a minnow (Kluge).
~ We
Illy-self, M. E. mi-selj, form erly me-self.
find another word, viz. M. E. 1IlC1lttSe ,
Mine (2), to excavate. (F.-C.) F . a small fish; from O. F. mem,ise,:t small
1IJiller. Of Celtic origi n. Cf. Bret. mett- fish. - L ate L. type *millidia. - L.1JIimitlls,
glmz, a mine (cf. c/euz, hollow) ; \ V. minute, small; see Minute.
1J/WIl , ore, a mine, 1J/7Cm-glawdd, a mine Minor, less. (L .) L. mht-or, less; the
\cf. clawdd, a pit) , O. W. mwyn, ore positive form occu rs in A. S. mitt (?), Irish
(Da vies) ; Irish 1JIein, ore ; Gael. mein, min, small.+Icel. mimtr, adv., less; Goth.
meill1t, ore, a mine (Thurneysen) . Celtic lI:i1tniza, less . Drugm. i. 84.
type *1IICi1ti, ore (Stokes) .
Minster. (L. - Gk.) A . S. mymler;
mineral. (F. - C.) M.F.lIlineral, I a cf. O. H . G. 1Il/1nis/ri. From L. 1/Ionasterminerall; ' Cot. - F . tlliner,tomine (above) . it/til; see Monastery.
Cf. Span. tIIine1'a , a mine.
Minstrel. (F. -L.) M. E . ministral,
Minever; see Meniver.
or menes/ral. - O. F. lIlelles/1'el, 1/Icms!1'al.
Mingle, to mix. (E.) A frequentative - Late L. 1Iiinist1'iilis, :t se n'ant, retainer,
form of ming, to mix (Surrey) ; M. E. hence one who played instruments or
II/engen , mingell, to mix. A. S . 1I11ugan, acted as jester. - L. minister, a servant;
to mix, to become mixed; a causal verb. see Minister. Der. lIlinstrel-cy, M. E.
- A. S. 1/Iang, a mixture, usually gemang, minsI1'alcie.
/fell/o1tg . a mixture, crowd, assembly. + Du. Mint ( I ) , a place where money is coined.
lIlmgelm, to mingle, from lIlengen, to mix; (L.) M. E. mi11/, myl/t. A. S. lIlyne/ ;
Icel. mel/ga, G. me1Ig<!1t, to mingle_ See cf. O. H . G. 1l11mizz(I (G . 1ltiillzc). From
Among, Monger.
L. moneta, (1) a mint, (2) money (PogatMiniature, '. small ?ainting_ (Ital. - scher) . "Iollita was a surname of ] uno ,
L.) Ital. miniatu1'a, a miniature. - ItaL in whose temple at Rome money was
1IIillialo, pp. of mi1tiare, to dye, paint, cointd. -L. mOllin , to warn; Brllgm. ii.
I to colour or limne with vermilion or red
79 See Money.
lead;' Florio. - L. minium , cinn abar, red Mint (2), a plant. (L. - Gk ,) A. S.
lead; sai d to be of Iberian origin.
min/e. - L. men/a, melll/la. - Gk. p.lvOa,
Minikin, a little darl ing. (Du.) Used mint.
b)' Florio, to translate Ital. lIIignolle. - Du. Minuet, a dance. (F. - L. \ So called
milluekyn, a cupi d . (Se wel ) ; M. Du_ 1from the small steps taken ill it. - M.F.
1JIillnekell, my darl ing, dimin. of 1IIi1111e, l mcl1uiit, smalli sh, little, prett)';' Cot.
love , llexham !. Cf. O. H. G. milll/a, love; Dimin. ofM . F. mC1lU, small. - L. mimi/liS,
allied to Mind. (.vMEN.1
I small; see Minute.
Minim, a note ill music; 1J'"D'th of a
minus, less. (L.l Neut. of minor,
drachm. (F. -L.) O. F . miltilll':, lit. very less ; see Minor.

3 28

MINUTE

MISPRISE

minute, sb. (L. ) M. E. miltute, sb.

- I . ",illllla, a small part; orig. fern . of
milllillls. sm, l1 , pp. of 11li1ltJere, to make
small. - L. min-, small; base of m in-or,
kss . See M inor.
Jll[in%, a pert wanton woman. (Low G .)
Low G. minsk, ( I ) masc. a man , ( 2) neut.
a pert femal e. Cr. G. lIlensdl, neut ., a
wench . The G. mensch was orig . an adj.,
from 1IIam" a man. Cr. A. S. mmnisc,
human; from maWI . a man. Sec Man.
Miocene, less r ecent. (Gk.) Gk'I'Eio-,
for pAOl" . less; Itruv-6" new, recent.
Miracle. (F.-L.) F. mirac/e. - L.
III idim 111111 , a wonder. - L. m,rar" to
wonner at. - L. mirtlS, wonderful. Cr. Skt.
s",aya-, wonder, from smi, to smile. Allied
to Smile. Brugm. i. 389.
mirage. (F.-L. )
F. mirage, an
opt ical il1usion. - F. mirer, to l ook at. L. mi,.ar: (ahove).
Mire, <leep mud. (Scand.) M. E. mire,
lIIyre. -Icel. 1IIyrr, m od. mjri, a bog;
Swcd. myra , Dan. myre, ",yr, a bog-. +
O. H. G. mios, M . H . G . mies, moss,
Teut. base *lIleIIS' > *1Ileuz-.
swamp.
Allied to Moss.
Mirror. (1'.-1..)
M.E. mirour. O . F. mireDI', later miroir, a looking-glass,
mirror (answerin g to Late L lIliriitorium ).
- Late L. mirare, to behold; L. mlriiri .
!)ee Mira.cle.
Mirth. (E. )
M. E. mirtlze.
A. S.
1IIyrgd, mi"htJ, mingu, mirth. - A. S. myrge,
merry. See M erry.
Mis- ( I ), prefix. (E.) The A. S . misoccms in mis-diM, a mi, deed, and in
other compounds. It answers to Du.
Dan . Ice!. mis-, Swed. G . miss-, Goth.
1IIissa. , with the sense of 'w rong.' T eut.
t ype "misso- ; Idg. type *mit-to-; allied
to O. H . G. midan (G. meiden), to avoid;
Lat. mitten, to send away, 1'1'. misms.
]~ rl1gm. i. 79+. D er . mis-become. -behave,
-believe, -deed, -deem, -do, gve, -lay , -lead,
-like, -lIa1lle, -shape, -tillie, -tmderstalld.
Also prefixed to words of F. and 1,. ori gin,
a5 in lIIis-appty, -rakulale, -cm'"ry, -{o1lcdve,
-(olldllct. -collstrue, -date, demeal/our. -elllplo), , ~!orlllJ/ e. -gave,.,l. ~!(llide, -i11/orlll,
-illterprel, jurlge, -pla,-e.-prilll, -/,rolloll1ue,
-,/llole, .rep,-esellt, -rllle, . spend, -Ierm. -tlse,
&-c . Also to Sca nd. worus, as in mis-call,
-ha/" -lake . !)ee M iss ( I ) .
Mis- ( z), prefi x. 11'. _ 1..) The proper
~pell jn ~ is M. E. lIUJ-. a" in IIles-t"h i ej.
Illis.:h ief. The same as O. F. meso , Span.

mell<)s-, from L. mi""s, less ; with the

sense of' bad.' Fre<:luently confus~d with
tbe prefix above. Der. m is-advenlure
(q. v.), -al/ianr~, -dlalll"e (q. v.l, -chief
(q. v. ), -COUllt (q. v. ), -creant (q. v. ), -1l01ller
(q. v. ), -pn'se (q. v.\
Misadventure. (F. - L.)
O. I' .
lIlesavutlure; see Mis- ( z) and Adventure.
Misanthrope. (Gk. ) Gk. fUl1uv9pru 1fDr, adj., hating mank ind. - Gk. fUl1 -'IV,
to hate, from 1'111-0', hatred; o.V9POl1fOS, a
man . D e,r., lIIisant/l1'op-ic, -ist, -y (Gk.
I'tl1aV9pOlTrw .

Miscellaneous, various. ', I..: L

misce/liine-tls; \I ith suffix -Otis. - J . 1IIiscellus, mixed. - L. lIlisclre, to mi x; see
Mix.
Mischance. ( F. -L.)
M. E. and
O. F. meschance; see Mis- ( z) and
Cha.nce.
Mischief. (F . -L. ) M. E. mesrhie/
- 0 . F . lIIeschiej, a bad result. Cr. Span.
menos -cabo, diminution, loss. See Mi s(z) and Chief.
M i scount. (F.-L.) O. F . 1IICS(01lt&r;
see Mis- ( z ~ and Count.
Miscreant,a wretch . (F . -I..) Orig .
an unbeliever, infidel. - M. F . mescrea'lt,
' misbelieving ;' Cot.
Here mes- < J ,.
m illus; see Mis- ( z) . C,ta"t is from L.
rrldent-, stem of pres. pt. of cri dere. to
believe. Cf. Tt a1.miscredmte, misbelieving;
and E. re-creant. See Creed.
Miser, a niggJird. (1..) Also 'a wretch ';
Spenser, F. Q. ii. I. 8. - L.miser, wrekhed .
Cf. Ital. and Span. misero ( I) wretched, (2)
avaricious.
miserable. (F.-I.. ) M .F . 1IIiserab/e.
- L. miserifbilis, pitiable. - L . miserari, to
pity. - 1.. miser, wretched.
Mishap. (Scand .) M. E. mishappm.
" erb, to fall out ill; see Mis- ( I ) and
Hap.
Mishna, a dige't of Jewish tradi tions.
( Heb.) Heh. 111 ish'Ulh , a rCI 'etition, a
second part. - Heb. root slziiniih, to
repea t.
Misnomer, a misnaming. (F. - J .. )
It answers to an O. French lIlCS1l0m1llcr,
to misname ; used as a 5h. wit h the sense
'a m isnaming.' - O . F . 1IIes-, hadly ; 1101111IIer. to nam e. See Mj ~ - (2) and Nominal.
Misprise, Misprize, to sl ight. (F.
- 1.. \ Tn A, You Like It. i. I. 1/7. ~f. F. Il1lspri.'t'r. 'to (~i<>;est "(' m, contemn: '
Cot. - 0. F. 1IICS-, badly; Late L. prdia r~,
3 39
M .)

MISPRISION

MITRE

to prize, esteem, from L. pretiulII, price. taka, to take by error, make a slip.- lcel.
See Mia- (l ) and Price.
mis-, wrongly; taka, to take. See MilllIIiaprision, a mistake, neglect. (1".- (I ) and Take.
L.) M. F. mespris(m, ' misprision, error, lliater, Kr., a title of address. (1'.offence;' Cot. Cf. F . mipn'u, a mistake. L.) A corruption of master, due to the
-0. F . mes-, badly, ill ; Late L. prmsiiJ- inflnence of mistress, which is an older
,tem, ace. ofprensio(short for L. prehensio), word than mister; see below.
a seizing, IRking, apprehending, from L.
mistress, a lady of a household. (1<'.
pre"entkre; to take. ~ Quite distinct - L. ) O. F. maistresse, 'a mistress, dame ;'
from misprise.
Cot. (F. mattresse.) Fem.ofO.F.1IIaistre,
llias (I), to fail to hit. (E. ) M.E. a master; see Master.
missen. A . S. missa1J, to miss; also, to lliatery, Kystery, a trade, handiescape one's nolice (rare). From a base craft. (F. -L.) The mystery plays (better
"mith-, weak grade of "meith-, as in A. S. spelt mistery plays) were so called because
and O. S. 1IIi6an, to conceal, avoid, escape acted by craftsmen; from M. E. mistere, a
notice (as well as in G. meitien, O. H. G . trade, craft, Ch. C. T. 615.-0. F. mestier,
midan, to avoid). See Mis- (1).+Du. a trade, occupation (F. mttier). -Late L.
missen, lcel. missa, Dan. miste (with ex- misteriu1II (also writtelllllysteriu1II by concrescentl), Swed. missa, O.H.G. missan, to fusion with that word in the sense of
miss i also Du. mis, Icel. mis, adv., amiss; , mystery'), short form of L. ministeriulIl,
also Du. 1IIis-, Icel. mis-. Dan. mis-, Swed. employment. - L. minister, a servant; see
G. miss-, wrongly. Allied to L. mit/ere, Minister.
to send; see Missile. (.vMEIT.) Der. llistle-thrllah. (E.) So called from
miss, sh., a fault, M. E. misse, Will. of feeding on the berries of the mistletoe;
Paleme, 532; miss-ing.
from A. S. mistd, mistletoe (below). + G.
llias (3), an unmarried woman. (F.- miste!drossel, mistle-thrush.
L.) A contraction of 1IIistress; Evelyn's
mistletoe. (E.) A final n has been
Diary, Jan. 9, 1663. See Mistress.
lost. A. S. misteltan. - A. S. miste!, nlso
Missal, a mass-book. (L.) Late L. llike G. miste!) with the sense of mistletoe;
missa!e, a mass-book. - Late L. missa, ttln, a twig, cognate with Icel. teinn, Du.
mass; see Mass (2) .
teen, Goth. tai1Js, Dan. tem, Swed. te1l,
ll:issel-thrush; see Mistle-thrush. (wig, spindle.+lcel.miste!teinn, mistletoe.
lIIiasile, a weapon that may be thrown. Perhaps mistel is relakd to G. mist, dung.
(L. ) Properly an adj., 'that may be Cf. M. Du. m;stel, bird-lime (Kilian ),
thrown.' - L. missi!is, tbat may be thrown . , glew' (Hexham ).
- L. missus, pp. of millere, (perhaps for Kiatress; see Mister.
"milere), to throw, st'nd; pt. t. 1IIisi.+ lliaty ( I), adj. formed from Mist.
O. H . G. midan, to avoid; see Miss (I ). lIIisty ( l), doubtful. ambiguous, as apllrugm. i. 930.
plied to langUage. (F.-L.-Gk.) In the
mission. (L.) O. F. and F. 1IIissio1J. phrases 'misty language' and 'mistil/lSs
- L. missiollelll, ace. of missio, a send- of language,' misty is not from E. mist,
ing. - L. miSS-liS, pp. of mittere, to send. but is short for mystic; see Palmer, Folkmissive. (F.-L.) F. missive, 'a Etymology. See Mystic.
letter sent;' Cot. Coined from L. miss-us, ll:ite ( I) , an insect. (E.) M. E. mite,
PE,--of millere, to send.
A. S. mite, a mite. + Low G. mile, Du.
Il:iBt. eE.) A S. mist, gloom, darkness. mijt, O. H. G. miza, a mite. Teut. type
+Icel. mistr, Du. Swed. mist, mist. Teut. "milan, f. The word means' cutter,' i. e.
type "mih s/oz. Apparently formed from biter; from Teut. base MElT, to cut ; c ~.
the base "mig- (>lIIih- before st), Idg. Icel. meita, to cut. See Emmet.
"mig"- (weak grade of root "meigh); as
mite (2), a very small portion. (Du.)
seen in Lithuan. mig!a, Russ. mgla, Gk. M. E. mite. - M. Du. mijt, mite, a very
6p1xA'I, mist, Skt. mihira-, a cloud ; also small coin, mite, bit cut off. See above.
Skt. migh-a-, a cloud, from the stronger ll:itigate. (L.) From pp. of L. miti
grade. (.vMEIGH, to darken; perhaps giire, to make gentle. - L. mit-is, gentle;
distinct from .vMEIGH, ns appearing in -ig'ire, for agere, to make.
L. lIli1Jgere. )
ll:itre, a headdress, esp. for a hi.hop.
~, to err. (Scand.) lcel. mis- (F.-L.-Gk.) 0.F.1Iljtre.-L.lIlitm,a
330

MITTEN

MODERATE

cap. -Gk. jliTpa, a belt, girdle, head band, (some edd. 1IIlIatlS) in Shako M. N. D . v.
fillet, turban.
330. Der. bWloa1l, vb., substituted for
Etten. (F.-G. or C.?) M. E . ,ni M. Kbimmen, A.S.bimihta" , to bemoan.
!aim. - F. milaine, ' a mittain, winter Jloat. ( F. - Teut.) M . E. mote. -O. F.
glove,' Cot.; Gascon mitano. Origin dis mote, an embankment, dike; Nonnan dia!'
puted; see Hatzfeld, Korting, Scheler.
motte, a moat, foss . [As in the case of
JIiz, to mingle. (E. ) For misk, like dike, the same word means either the
ax for ask. A. S. mixian (C. Hall), trench cut out or the embankment thlOWll
1Iliscian, to mix (not borrowed from Latin, up, or both together; cf. Low L . mola ,
but allied to it).+G. mischen; . aIsoW. ( I) a mound, (2) a mound and moat
mysgu. Gael. measg, O. Irish mucaim, I together; also spelt motta. ] The same
mix , l{uss. mieshate, Lithuan. ntaiszyti, word as F. molle, ' a clod, lump, sOOd,
L. misdre, Gk. jli(I'YfW (for *jli",('l1ltft,,) , to turfe, little hill, butt to shoot at;' Cot
mix. Cf. Skt. mirra, mixed. Extended grave. Cf. also ltal. motta, a heap of earth ,
from -VMEIK; cf. Gk. 1-"",(JlvJ.II, I mix. also a hollow, trench (like E. moat) , Span.
Brugm. i. 707, 760. Der. mash, mota,amound; Romansch muotta, rounded
q. v.
hill. Of Teut. origin; from Bavarian moll,
mi%ture. (L.) L. mixtiim, a mixture. peat, heap of peat (Diez). Prob. allied to
- L. mixtus, pp. of miscere, to mix Mud; cf. Du. modder, mud.
(above).
Jlob (I ). a disorderly crowd. (L.) A
Jlizen, a dunghill. (E.) M. E. lIlixen, contraction of mobile Uti/gus, i. e. fickle
A. S. mixen, 1IIeoxe" , the same. From crowd. Both mob and mobile were in use,
A. S. mix, meox, dung-. - A .S. mig, weak in the same sense, A. D. 1692-5. -L.mobile,
grade of migall , to urine. Cf. G . ,nist.
neut. of mobilis, moveable; fickle. - L
lIIfizen, lIIizzen, a sail in a ship. (F. mouere, to move. See Move.
- Ital. - L.) F . misaine. explained by Jlob (2) , a kind of cap. (Du.) From
Cotgrave as 'the foresaile of a ship.' - Ita!' Du. mopmuts, a woman's nightcap (where
1Ilezzana, 'a saile in a ship called the poope lIluls means cap) ; M. Du. mop, a woman's
or misensaile ; , Florio. Cf. Ital. mezzano, coif (Sewe1); Low G. mopp, a womall'S cap
, a meane man, between great and little;' (Danneil) .
id. The orig. sense seems to have been Jlobile, easily moved. (1<. -L.) F.
, of middling size,' without reference to its mobile. - L. 1IIobilis; see Mob ( I).
position. - Late L. meditinus, middle, also JlOCca88in, Jlocasin, a shoe of
of middle size (whence also F. moym, E. deerskin. (N. American Indian.) From
mean). - L. medills, middle. See Medium. the Al/!,onquin makisj" (Cuoq) .
lIIfizzle,toraininfinedrops. (E.) For Jlock, to deride. (F.-L.)
M.E.
merly mis/e, M. E. mise/en, Cath. Angl. ' lIlokken. - O. F . 1Il0cquer, later moquer.
Cf. M. Du. mieselm, to drizzle, Hexham ; According to Korting, it is the Picard form
Low G. miseln (Berghaus); E. Fries. of moucher, to wipe the nose ; and Cot
misig, damp, gloomy. Cf. Mist.
grave has moucher, ' to snyte, or make
Jlnemonic8, the science of aiding the deane the nose; a lso, to frump, mocke,
memory. (Gk. ) Gk.I-'''''J.II'I'IItc:l, mnemonics ; scoff, deride;' for which Corblet gives
neut. pI. of I-'lITJl-'oJll1t6s, belonging to me the Picard form mOl/ker. cr. Ital. lIloccare,
mory. - Gk. J-II'TJI-'O"-, stem of 1-'vT,J.U", 'to blow the nose, also to mocke ;' Florio.
mindful. - Gk.I-'"c:loI-'QI, I remember. (From - Late L. mUCCiire, to blow the nose. - L.
the weak grade of -VMEN.)
muccus, mucus, mucus. See Mucus.
Jloan, sb. (E.) M . E. mo,ze, a com Jlode. ( F.-L.) F.lIlode.-L.modum,
munication, also a complaint; correspond. ace. of modus, measure, manner, way. AI
ing to A. S. *man (not found ), supposed lied to Mete. Brugm. i. 412 .
to be cognate with O . Fries. mbte, an
model. (F.-Ital.-L.) M.F . modelle
opinion, O. H. G. meilla, an opinion, (F. modele). - Ital. modeI/o, 'a modell,
thought. Hence was formed A. S. mc'btan, frame , mould ; ' F~orio. From dimin. of
to mean, intend, relate, also to complain, L. modulus, a standard, measure, which is
moan, lament, M. E. menen, to lament. again a dimin. of modus, measure. Der.
now obsolete, its place being supplied by remodel.
the form of the sb. , used as a vb. See
mode~te, temperate . (L.) From pp.
further under Mean ( I ). ~ Cf. mealu . of L. modernrf, to regulate. From a stem

I
I
I

33 1

MODERN

MOLECULE

moder. lor modes , extended from modttl, ! This verb answers to a Late I .. *mo/{itire,
a measure. !::iee modest.
to soften; not fonnd . - L. molli,. soft.
modern. (F. - L.) }'. moder,u. - L. ' Thus the senses were , to soften, moisten,
lJIodenms. belonging to the present mode; dirty . soil oneself. drndge.
extendeel from a stem moder (above).
Moire, watered silk. ( F. ) From J'.
modest, moele rate, chaste. decent. (F. 1II0ire. used in two senses. In the 'ense
- L. ) F. modeste. - L. modestus, modest, mohair, it is borrowed from E. 1II0hair
lit. 'keeping within measure.' From a ( Hatzfeld ). In the sense of watered silk .
neuter stem modes, with suffix tus ; see , it may represent L. 1IIannoreus, sh ininl:
moderate (above) . Brugm. ii. 13 2.
like marble. from marmor, m"rblc
modicum, a small quantity. (L .) I ( Ko rting); bu t this may be only a trans
Nenl. of L. ",adieu s, moderate. - L. modus, I {erred.sense of the form er. .
.
MOlst. (F . -l..) M. I~ . 1II01sle, oftell
measure.
modify. 'Yo - 1..) F. modifier. - L. with the sense' fresh '; C h. C. T. 459.
modifieare. - L. modi, fOT modus. measure, 122 49. - O. F. 1IIoisle, later fIloile. Etym.
moder, tion; -jiclire, for .facere, to make.
disputed; ( I ) from L. muslws, new, frc-m
modulate, to regulate. (1..) From L. mustum . must; (2) from 1.. flltla i
pp. of 1.. moduMri, to measure by a I dllS, 1Il1/eidtlS, mould y, from I .. ,It/IeUS
standard. - L . modulus, dimiu. of modus, : ( Korting l ; ( ~ ) from L. fIllISeidlls , m os~y,
a measure; see model.
, from fIIuseus, moss ( Hatzfel d). Der.
Mogul, a Mongolian. (PeTS.) Pers I moisl.ure. O . F. moisteur.
j~/ogh ol, a Mogul; another form of kIa,,
~olar, used for grinding. (L.) 1.. "'a
gal.
larts, adj. , from fIIola. a mIll. Cf. molere,
Mohair, cloth of fine hair. (Arab.) to (!rind. (-v'MEL. ) Brugm. ii. 690 .
A changeel spe ll ing (hy confusion with Molasses, syrup maele frnm sugar.
ltait) 01 1Iloekaire ( Hakluyt, ii. 273) ; (Port. - L. ) Formerly ",e/asses. - I'mt.
whence F. mouai"e ( 16~0), mod. F . moire ; fllelafo , molasses ; cr. Span. me/aza (!'ame .
also F. m01lcayar. - Arab. fIlttkha yya,', a - L . mel/aeeus, made with hon cy. - L. ",el,
kind or l:oarse cam let or hair-cloth; l{ieh. honey.
Mole ( I ) , a spot or mark on the boely.
Dict., p. 1 :\69 .
Mohammedan. ( Arab. ) A follower ( E.) M. E. molt. A . S. miil,a srot (whence
of Mohammed. - Arab. lIIUI,alltlllad,praise mole by the usual change from d to long ~).
worth \,. - Arab. hamada , he praised.
+ 0. H . G. mell, Goth. mail, a , pot.
lII[ohur, a gold coin. (Pers.) Pers. Mole ( 2) , an animal. ( E.) M . E. ma1/e.
M. Du. and Du. mol; Low G. mull
IIItlhr, lItuhar , a gold coin \\ orth 16 rupees
(\\,ilson) ; mukr, mull/w, Rich. Diet., (Berghaus).
Prob. related to M . Du.
p. 15 34.
fIlttl, 'the dust or crumblings of turf,'
Moidore, n Portuguese gold coin. Hexham; M. E. fllIIl, A. S. my/, dust;
(Port.-L.) See Bailey's Dict. - Port. which are furth er related to Mou ld ( I ) .
1II0eda d'oll1'o, a moidore, 1 7s.; lit The sense may have been ' earthgrubber,'
, money of gold .' - L. monita, money ; de, or 'crumbIer,' from the weak grade of
of : aU1'1t1ll , ~,)lel. See Money.
-v'MEL, to pound. Cf. E. Fries. mullen,
Moiety, half. <Y. -L. ) F. moitit, a to grub ; mulle acbildtbatgnlbsin the
half. - L. medietatelll, ace. of mediettfs, I g round ; mulle, mul, a mole; Low G .mulln middle course, a half. - L. medittS, worm, a mole (Danneil). ~ Another name
mid el le. See Medium.
was formerl y moldwarp ( 1 Hen. IV. iii . I.
Moil, to toil , d rudge. (F. -L.) For 149), lit . ' the animal that casts IIp mould.'
merly maile, to defi1e with elirt; later moil, M . E. 11l0ldwerp; from mold, mould,
' to dawbe with dirt. to drudge; 'Phi llips. werpm , to throw up. See Wa.rp. Cf.
The older sense was to dirty, hence to Icel. moldvarpa. a mole , O. H . G . multo
drudge. from the dirt consequent on toil. wurf. G. maulwtt1f.
Spenser has moyie. to sully, H ymn of Irole (3), a b reakwater. (F. -Ital. - L. )
H eav. Love, st. 32. Still earlier. we have F. mile. -Ital. m% , mole , ' a great pile;'
M. E. moillen , to moislen. wet. -O .F. ffl oil- F lorio. - L. fIlolem, ace. of moles, a great
ler , moiler (J.ittn!) . .latcr mouiller, to wet , heap .
moisten : orig. sense, to soften, which (in , molecule, nn atom. (1..) Formerly
the case of clay) is effected by wettmg it. I moleeula ; Hailey. Coined from L. moles,
33<1

I
I

MOLEST

MONTH

a heap; the true form would have been of mixed breed; cf. rock-er-d, tirl.-er-el
m oliatla .
(smal\ pike). - A. S. mang , a mlxtllll:'.
Molest, to annoy. (F . - L. ) F.1Jlolester . See Mingle.
- L. JIIolestare. - L. 1Jlolesfu>, trout;lesome ; Monition, a warning, notice. (F. - L. )
formed with suffix tltS, from a "tem m oles- , F. monition. - L. acc. m01litionem. - L.
ext ended from mol-, as seen in 1J/ol-ere, to mottilus, pp. of m(mire, to advise , lit. [ 0
grind. Set! Molar.
make to think. (-v'M EN.) Brngm. ii.
Mollify,tosoft en. \F . -L. ) M. F.11l01 794
lijit!r. - L. molliJiclfre. - L. moll-is, so l"t ; Monk. (L.-Gk .) M. E. monk. A.S.
jieiire, for lacert!, to make. Cf. Skt. munlle. - L.m01Iaclllls. - Gk. JA ovaxos , adj. ,
1Jl!'dtt-, soft. Allied to Melt; Brugm. ii. solitary ; sb., a monk. - Gk. JAOV- OS, alone.
69 0 .
Monkey, an ape. (Low G.-F.mollusc. (F.-L.) F . lIIollusqtle.-L. ltal. - 1...) Borrowed from M. Low G.
1II0l/IIsea, a soft-shelled nUL ; which Some /Ilonek e, the name of the ape's son in
molluscs were supposed to resemole. - L. Rei nke de Vos (where -ke is for -km,
lIIoli- is, soft.
dimin. suffix; so that the F . version has
Molten, old pp. of Melt, q. v.
Momteki1t ; Godefroy).
Formed with
~ol.1' a plant_ (L.-Gk. ) L. moly.- Low G. dimin. suffix -km = G. -dun, from
Gk. JAwAv; Homer, Od. x. 305.
M. F. 1Il01lne, an ape. - M. Ital. 11I0na,
Moment. ( F.-L.) F. moment. - L. monlla, ' an ape, a munkie, a munkie1ItOlllt'1ItUlIt, n movement; hell t.:t:, an instant face; also a nickname for women, as we
uf time; short for *moui1Jlentum. - L. say gammer, goodie;' Florio: MOllna is
lIIouire, to move. See Move. Doublets , a familiar conuption of madonlla, i. e. my
lady, mistre:;s ; Scott introduces M01ma
momentum, movement.
Monad, a umt , &c. (L.-Gk. ) L. Paula in the Fortune:; of Nigel. See
monad-, stt!m of 1II011as, a ullit. - Gk. JAo~as , Ma.donna.. ~ From the same source is
M. Ital. 11I01ticchio, 'a pugge, a munkie,
a unit. - Gk. JAu.os, alunt!.
monarch, a sole ruler. (F.-L.-Gk.) au ape;' Florio. This is the Ita!. equivaF. lIlo1larllue. - L. lIlonarclla. - Gk. fWvap- lent of the Low G. word.
Mono-, prefix, sole. (Gk.) Gk. JAovo,s,
X1]S, a sovereign , sole ruler. - Gk. JAOV- (for
single.
JA~"os) , alone ; and iipX"., to rule.
monastery. (L. - Gk.) L. lIlonaslirmonochord, a musical instrument
ium. - Gk. p.ovaoT~plo~, a minster.-Gk . havillg Lut one string ; see Chord. So
JAOVaOT~S, dwelling alone, a monk. - G k. also 1JI01l0'eotyledolt, molt ocular, mOil-ode,
JAO~a'fI., to be alone. -Gk. p.U~os, alone. mono-Iogue (hom Gk. )..,,'"(OS, a speech ),
Der. monast-ie,from Gk. JAOvaOTIKOS, living mono-syllable, 1110tlo-tone; "ee Cotyledon,
Ooular, Ode, Syllable, Tone.
in solitude.
monopoly, exclusive sale. (L. -Gk. )
Monday. (E.) M. E. monmday, later
lIIolleday, monday. A. S. 1II1Jnan dieg, day L. monopoliu1lt. -Gk. flOVcnrW)..IOV, right of
of the moon; where mOnan is the gen. of monopoly; JAo.".,01Aia, monopoly. - Gk.
mona, moon. See Moon. A translation p.UIIO-S, sole; .,01)..0;", to sell, barter.
of L. dils lunO! .
MonsooD, a periodical wind. (Ital.Monetary, relating to money. (L. ~ Malay.-Arab. ) Ital. monsone. - Malay
L. 1II01Utdrius, lit. belonging to a mint.- 1II1isim, a season, monsoon, year. - Arab.
L. monlta, ( I) a mint, ( 2 ) money. See mawsim, a time, season. - Arab. was1ll
(root wasalllo ), marking.
Mint ( I ) .
money. (F.-L. ) M.E.moneie. -O.F. Monster, a prodigy. (F.-L.) F .
mOlleie (1' . l1umnaie). - L. 1IlO1uta, ( I ) mint, 11I0nstn. - L. monstrum, a divine omen,
portent, warning. ( For *moll -es-trIl11l. ) . 2) money; see Mint tI ).
Monger, a dealer, trader. ( L ) Hence L. m01t-ere, to warn.
irOll-1Il01tgu-,eoste1--monger. M.E. monger ; Month. (E. , M. E . m011e/h , later
A.::; . 1Jla/~!{ere, a deala, merchant; A. S. 1II0nth. A. S. 1Il01tatJ , a month; from
1II0na, moon . See Moon. +Du. 11Iaalld;
1Ilangiall, to traffic. - L. mango, a dealer.
kel. ma1l1uJr, Dan. moalled, Swed. mClllad;
Mongoose; see Mungooae.
Mongrel, an animal of a mixed breed . <.~ . monat, Goth. 11Iinoths, a mon th. Teut.
(E.) Spelt 1mmgril in Levins ( 1570). It stem *1/I(e,loth-. Cf. also Litbuan. minesis,
stands for *m01lg-er-el, i. e. a Ilmall animal I{uss. lJIiesialJ"', J.. IJIPIlS;S, Irish and W
333

MONUMENT

MOROACITY

",is, Gael. mios, Gk. ,...q", Skt. mlis, 11

month; all connected with Moon, q.v.
lIIonument, n memorial. (F.-L.) F.
",on/munt. - L.1IIOntlmentulIl, a memorial.
-L. m01lu ,for moni-, as in 1II0ni-tus, pp.
of mOltere, to advise, remind; with snffix
-men-tum.
Mood ( I), disposition of mind. (E.)
Prob. sometimes confused with mood (~),
but properly distinct. M. E. mood, mind,
also temper, anger, wrath. A. S. mOd,
mind, courage, pride. +Du.moed, courage;
Icel. m08r, wrath, moodiness; Dan . Swed.
mod, G. ml/lh, cOhrage; Goth. mUs, wl1ilth.
Teut. type *mo-a'o- (where -do is a suffix).
Cf. Gk. ,..aio,..al, I strive after. Brugm. i.
196. Der.1Ilood-y, A. S. 1IIOdig; Sweet,
N . E. G. \1)::>8.
Mood ( 2), manner, grammatical form.
(~ .-L. )
The same word as Mode, q.v.;
hut confused with 1IIood ( [).
Moon. ( E.) M. E. mOllt. A. S. mona,
a mase. sb.+Du. lIlaan, Icel. mani, Dan.
1IInallC, Swed. maIze, Goth. mena, G. 1I10tUI,
O. H. G. 1Ila1lO. Teut. type *miCIlOft-,
mase. Cf. also Lithuan. mbtlt., Gk. ,...q"1J;
~kt. mas, moon, month. Perhaps it meant
the 'measurer' of time. (.y'ME.) See
Rrugm . i. 132. ii. 132.
Moon.hee, a secretary. interpreter.
(Amb.) Arab. 1mlnshi, a secretary, a
language-master or tutor.
Moor (\), a heath . (E.) M. E. more.
A. S. mar. + M. Du. moer, moor, mud;
moerlalldt, peaty land; Icel. mar, Dan.
11101", Low G. 111001"; O. H. G. muor, marsh,
pool, sea. Teut. type *moro- ; perhaps
related (by gradation) to Goth. marti,
sea, lake; or to SkI. martt, a desert,
mountain. See Mere.
Moor ( 2), to fasten up a ship. (Du.)
Du. marl'm (M. Du. merren), to tie ,
bind, moor a ship; also to retard. Cognate with E. Mar.
Moor (3), a native of N. Africa. (F.L. - Gk.) F. More. 'a Moor;' Cot. - L.
Mau1"1ts. _ Gk. Majjpo~, a Moor. Der.
black-a-moo1, corruption of blackmoor
(Minsheu), i. e. black M oor.
lIIoose, the American elk. ( W. Indian.)
The native W. Indian name; 'Knisteneaux
mous1l1ah, Algonquin musu;' cited in the
Cent. Diet. Cuoq cites Algonquin mons
(with n ).
lIIoot, to discuss a point. (E.) Chiefly
used in phr. 'a moot point.' Minsheu
gives mool as A verb, to discuss. The

proper sense of 1II00t is 'meeting,' as in

moot-hall, hall of assembly; hence, to
1II00t is to discuss at a meeting, and' a
moot point' is one reserved for public discussion. M.E. motien, to discuss. A.S.
m~tian, to converse, address a meeting,
discuss; from A. S. mot, a meeting, also
gtmot, esp. in phr. wilma gemot =
meeting of wise men, parliamcnl.+lcel.
mol, M. H. G. 11ltlOZ, a meeting. Tent.
base *mot-. Der. meel.
lIIop ( 1), an implement for washing
floors. (F. - L.) In a late ed. of Florio's
Ital. Diet., pannatore is explained by 'n
maulkin, a map of clouts or rags to rub
withal.' Halliwell gives mop, a napkin;
Glouceslershire. Prob. from O. F. mappe,
a napkin (afterwards turned into nappe). L.mappa, a napkin (of Punic origin '. See
Map. ~Cf. st1"OP, sl1"ap; knop, kttap.
The Celtic forms are from E.
lIIop (2), a grimace; to grimace. ( E.)
The same word as mope ( below).
mope, to be dispirited. (E.) The same
word as mop, to grimace; cf.' in the 1II0PS,'
i. e. sulky , Halliwell). + Du. moppm, to
po lIt, be sulky; M. Swed. 1Il0pa, to mock
(lhre); Westphal. mopen, to grimace;
G. mujJig, sullen, pouting (Fliigel) , Bavar.
11lt4fi1t, to growl, pont. And see 1II0'l/J (3 ).
Moraine, a line of stones at tbe edges
of a glacier. (F. - Tellt.) F. moraine ; cr.
Ital. mora, a pile of rocks. - Bavarian
1IIU1", sand and broken stones, fallen from
rocks in a valley; the lit. sense beingperhaps 'crumbled material.' Cf. (;.
miirbe, soft, O. H. G . 1l11tr1l7l1i ; kel.
muja, to crush.
Moral. (F.-L.) F.moral.-L.1Ilo1"alis,
relating to conduct. - L. 1IIiir-, from nom.
1IIOS, a manner, custom.
Morass, a bog. (Du.-F. -Low G.)
Du. moeras, marsh, fen; M. Du. 1Il0e.-nsrh,
adj., belonging to a moor, "5 if from the
sh moer, moor, mire, but really an altered
form of M. Du. marascn, maerasc!t, a
marsh (Kilian) .-O.F.ma1"esque,mnresr!u,
adj. , marshy ; also, as sb., a marsh; Low
L 1IlnriSCtls. - Low G. marsch, a marsh.
See Mariah, Marah. Cf. G. morast (for
morask), Swed. moras, Dan. momds, :l
morass; al! from Du. or Low G.
Morbid, sickly. (F. - L.) F. morbide.
- L.morbidtlS, sickly. - L. morbm, disease.
Allied to mor-i, to die; Brugm. ii. 70 1.
lIIordacity, sarcasm. (l".-I..) Little
used. - F. mordadll!. - L. ace. mo,dad334

MORE

MORTAR

la/elll, from lIIon/aeilas, power to bite. - L. morwm (above) by adding the substantival
moniac-, stem of mordax, biting . _ L. (not participial) suffix -i1tg ( = A. S. -tmg).
mordere, to bite. Cf. Skt. mardaya, to So also even-i,tg, from even.
rub, break in pieces, from mrd, to rub. Morocco, a fine kind ofleather. Named
Brugm. ii. 794. (-v'MERD. )
from Morocco, in N . Africa; which was
More. (E.) T his does duty for two named from the Mo01's dwelling there.
d istinct M. E. words, viz. (1) mo, more in Morose. (L.) L. monjm s, self-willed ;
num ber, (2) m ore, larger. Q. T he former (1) in a good sense, scru pulous ; (2) in a
is fro m A . S. ma, morc in number, OIig. bad sense, peevish. - L. mor -, nom. mos,
an adv. form , like G. mekr, Goth. m ais. ( 1) self-will , (2) custom, use. ~ Confused
Il T he latter is from the corresponding wit h L. mora, delay, in the 1 i th cen t.
adj . A. S. mnra , greater; cognate with Morphia, Morphine, tbe narcotic
Icel. meir i . Goth . maiza , greater. See principle of opium . (Gk.) From Gk.
Most.. ~ T he notion that 1110 is a posi- MOfXl>E U<, Morpheus, god of dreams (Ovid);
tive form is quite wrong; the positive lit.' shaper,' i. e. creator of dreams. - Gk.
forms are muck , mickle, ma"y. The l' /-I0fXl>~, a shape, form. Der. m e/a-morp/, in mor e represents an earEer -z-, which in osis, a-morpkottS; from /-Iop<p{/.
the adv. (being final ) was regularly lost. Morris, Morris-dance. (Span.Brugm. i. 200.
L. - Gk.) Tbe dance was also c,'llled a
Morganatic. (Low L. - G.) Low L. morisco, i. e. a Moorish dance. - Span.
morganalira, in the phrase ma/ri11l0"iu11l Morisro, Moorish. - Span. M o,'o, a Moor.
ad morgnncilicam, a morganatic marriage. - L. Maun~s, a Moor. See Moor (3
Coined from G. morgm, here short for Morrow. (E. ) M. E. 71l0rwe, from an
1II0rgengabe, lit. morning-gift, orig. a pre- older form mOrUlm (from A. S. 1II0':l{m ),
sent made to a wife on the morning after by loss of final 1l. See Morn. Thus
marriage, esp. if tbe wife were of inferior M. E. morwcn gave rise ( 1) to morrow , by
rank. See Morn.
loss of n; ( 2) to monl, by loss of 11J , and
Morian, a Moor. (F. -L. - Gk.) In contraction; cf. M. E. morMm, Gawain,
Pss. Ixviii. 31; lxxxvii , 4 ( P. B. version) .- 120 8. [Or else mome, dat., is from A. S.
O.F. lJIfor im,1I10rinine (Godefroy).-Late morgene, short form 1/Iorne.) Der. 10L. *Maurilti1ltls, for L. 1I1nurrtam'cus, a mon'01IJ = A. S. 101/l0rg me, i. e. for the
Moor.- L . Mauri/ania, the land of the morrow, where 10 is a prep. (E. 10) , and
Moors. - 1.. Maw"ur, a Moor. - Gk , morlJffle is dat. case of morlJ&II, morn.
Mavpo<. See Moor (3).
Morse, a walrus. ( F. - Finnish. ) F.
Morion, an open helmet. (F. -Span.) 1IIorse. - Finnish 1/IurS1l, a mor~e; whence
F . lIlorion. - Span. mo",,;01l; cf, Port. also R uss. mor}', a morse (with ) sounded
morrill0, Ital. mon'01le, a morion. The as F.J) . Tbe tme Russ. name is lJIorsknia
word is Spanisb, if we may accept the korova, the sea-cow.
prob. derivation from Span. morra, the Morsel, a mouthful, small piece. (1".
crown of the head; a word of unknown - L. ) M. E. mOlset. - O. F . morsel ( F.
origin. Cf. Span. morro, anything round; morant~ ) . Cf. Ital. morseI/o . Dimin. from
1II01'0" , a hillock.
L. lJIorStttll, a bit. - L. morsus, pp. of
Mormonite. The Mormo1tites are mordi re, to bite. See Mordacity.
the fullowers of Jo~eph Smith, who in MortaJ, deadly. (F. - L. ) F. morlnt.
Ifl27 said be bad found the book of 11101'- - L. lIlor M/is, adj. ; from mo,'I-, stem of
1JI01t.
An invented name.
1II0rs, death . From I.. lIlor-i, to die ; ef.
Morn. (E.) M. E. mOrll, a Northern SkI. mr, to die, mrla, dead; Russ. mer/form. Short for M. Eo mor well, Ancren vuii, dead; Lithuan. mirl;, to die; Pers.
Riwle, p. 22.
A. S. mOlgen, whence lImrdan, to die; Gk . /3POTOS, mortal.
monllm by the usual change of rg to 1"1U. Allied to Murder. Rrugm . i. 500 .
O. hies. 11101'11. + Do. Dan. G. morlJe1l ; Mortar ( I ), Morter, a vessel in
lcel. morg inn, Swed . mO''lJOn; Goth. which substances are pounded with a
maurgins. Teut. type *lIlllrlJellOlt:, m. pestle. (1,. ) M. E. morler. A. S. mor
C. Lithuan. merkli, to blink. Orig. sense (ere. - L. 1Il0rtiirt'ulIl, a mortar.
prob. 'dawn.' Doublet, mOrr01IJ, q. v.
mortar (2" cement. (F . - L.) M. E.
mOrninf' (E. ) Short for lJIor1lJellillg. mo,lier. - F . morlier, 'mortar;' Cot.Ch. C. T .,
106 1; formed from M. E . \ 1" lIIM"liirillm, mortar ; lit. stuff pounded

335

MORTGAGE
together;
above.

:l

different use of the word

MOTHER

.oaque, a Mohammedan temple. (F.

-SI,au . -Ara b. )
I'. mosqule ; Cot._
mezquila. a mosque. - Amb. masjad
( .... -L.)
U. F. marlgage, lit. a dead masjid, a temple, place of pray~r. - Arab:
pledge; because, whatever profit it might : root sajada , to adore, prostrate oneself.
yield, it did not thereby redeem itself, but i Kosquito, a gnat. tSpan. -L.) Span.
became dead or lost to the mortgagee on 1II0sqllito, a little gnat; dimin. of mosca,
breach of the condition. - F. murt, dead; ally. - L. musca. ally. Cf. Gk. Jou'la
gage, a pledge. - L . mortuus, dead, pp. of Lithuan. mUJe, a dy.
'
mori, to die; gag-e, a pledge; see Mortal Koss. (E.) M. E. fIlOS; A . S. mas, a
and Gage ( I). Der. ,fI()rtgagee. where swamp. +Du. mas; I ce!. mosi, moss, also
ee answers to the F . . , oi the pp.
a moss or moorland; D an. mos. moss,
mortify. ( F.-L.) M . F.mortiJier. - mose, a bog, moor; Swed.lIlossa; G.1Il00S,
L. mortificiire, to cause death. - L. morli., moss, a swamp , O. H. G . mos. Teut. base
ded . stem of mors, death; -JiCiire, for *fIlttS ; allied to M. H . G . lIliu, O. H . G .
laure , to mak e.
mias, A. S. meos, moss (Teut. bas<: *"leus, ) ;
.ortise, a hole in a piece of timber to and to Mire. Cognate with kuss. mokk' .
receive the tenon. (F.) SpeIt mar/esse in moss. L. 1Ims",s, moss. ~ Note E. moss
Palsgrave.-F. mortaise, 'a mortaise in a in sense of bog-, moorland; hence '/lOSS,
piece of timber;' Cot. Cf. Span. mortaja, trooper. Brugm. i. 105.
a mortise. Orig. unknown; Devic sug- Kost. (1<:. ) M.E. most, mls f. -A. S .
gests Arab. murlazz, fixed in the mark m tl1sl. +Du. 1IIust, Ice!. muIr. G . 1IIdst.
(said of an arrow ). very tenacious (said of ('oth. maists; the superlative form corre
sp<>ndi ng to compo more.
See More .
a miser).
ortmain. (.... -L.) Property trans ~ The 0 (for early M. E. e) is due to the
ferrd LO the church was said to pass into 0 in "lOre.
lIwrle main, lit. ' dead hand ,' because it Kote, a particle of dust. speck. (E.)
could not be alienated. - L. mortuam , M. E. 'fI()t. A. S. mot, a mote.+ Du. mot,
ace. fern. of mortults, dead ; lIlamlm , acc. sawdust; E. Fries. 1IIut, grit.
of manllS, hand. See Mortal.
Kotet, .otett, a short piece of
mortuary, belonging to the burial of sacred music. , F. -Ital.-L.) F. motet,
the dead. \L. ) Ch ie.,y in the phr. 'a ' a verse in musick;' Cot. - Ital. motteI/o,
1ilOrluary fee ; which was also called 'a dittie, a wiltie saying; 'Florio. Dimin.
morlttary for sbort. - Late L. 11I0rtuarium, of motto, a saying. - L. mutlum, a murmur;
neut. of lIlortuarius, belonginl{ to the dead. see Motto.
-L. mortu us. dead; pp. of muri, to die.
Koth. ( E.) M. E. motke. A .S.m08lJe,
KOS&ic-work, ornamental work made mokJe. + Du. mot, Icel. motti, G. motte. a
with small piect!S of marble, &c. (F.- moth; Swed. matt. a mite. 13. Perhaps
Ital.-L. -Gk.) F. mosaique, 'mosaicall rel ated to A. S. malJa, a maggot, Du. G .
work;' Cot. - ltal. mosaico. 'a kinde of made, a maggot, Goth. matka, a worm.
curious stone worke of diuers colours;' Kluge allies these forms to the verb
I'"lorio.-Late L. musaicus, adj., an ex to mow, i. e. to cut as if the sense were
tended form from L. musO!UIIt (opus). 'cutter.' Cf. E. after mall,.
mosaic work . - Late Gk. /U>VUf"'V , mosaic .other ( I ), a female parent. (E. )
work, lit. artistic, neut. of I'0VUfWr, belong- M. K moder.
A. S. 1IlOdn', modor, a
ing to the muses, artistic. - Gk. /U>vua, mother; the change from d to 1/, is lale,
a muse. Cf. Museum.
after A. D. 1400.+Du. 1Il0edu', lcel.m06ir,
.'lslem, a Mussulman. ( Arab.) Arab. Van. Swed. mode,', G. mulle,' : Irish and
1Illls/im , ' a musulman, a true believer in Gael. matkair; kuss. male, Lilhuan. mote,
the Mohammedan faith; , Richardson. Cf. L. mater, G k. I'~T"'P, Pers. madar, Skt.
Arab. musa/li11l, one who acquiesces. A matn, malr" Orig. sense uncertain.
mus,u/man is one who professes isliim , i. e.
mother ( 2), hysterical passion. (E.)
submission to tbe will of God and to In King Lear .. ii. 4. 56. Spelt modn' in
the orthodox faith. _ Arab. salama, to be Palsgrave: and the same word as the
resigned . ~ The E. words moslem. mm I above. + Du. moeder, a mother, womb,
su/man, islam, and salaam are all frolll , hysterical passion ; d. G. 1Ilulterbndnlltr
the same Arab. root salama.
; 1mg. mother-fit . hysterical passion.
336

.ortgage, a kind of security for debt. Span.

MOTHER

MOURN

Mother (3), lees, mouldiness. (0 . Low.! mole defaceth the whole peece of lawne,'
G ) CJribinally "mudo'er. - M. Du. modder,
mud or mire, also the lees, dregs, or 'lhe
mother of wine or beere'; Hexham.+ G.
moder , mud, mould, mouldering decay
(fro m Low G . moder) ; which is sometimes
called muller las if 'mother'; from Low
G. mudder, mnd). Extended from Mud,
q . v.
Motion. (F. - L.) F. motion. - L.
miiliolJem, ace. of ))Iolio, movement. - L.
1Jlolus, pp. of moult'e, to move. See
Move.
motive. (F . -L.) M. F. molif, 'a
mo\ ing reason; ' Cot. - Late L. 1Jtotivus,
moving. - L. motus, pp. of mouere, to
mOve.
motor. (L.) L. mol-or, 11 mover.
Motley, of different colours. (F.) M.E.
mollelee, Ch. C. T. 271. Of uncertaiu
origin.
Perhaps from O. F. matteI!,
' clotted, curdled;' Cot.
Cf. M. 1-.
mattomtl, as in ciel mattomzt, 'a skie
full of small curdled clouJs; ' id. [Thus
the orig. sense of motley was merely
' spotted.'] - Bavarian
malte, curds
(,Sehmeller). 2. Or from O. F. mOlel,
M. F . motteau, ' a clot of congealed moisture,' Cot.; app. a deriv. of M. F . motte,
a clod, lump; see Moat. Der. mottl-ed,
for O. F .llIallel! above , by substituting the
E~JlP ' suffix -cd for the F. pp. suffix -t.
Motto. (Ilal.-L.) Ita!. motto, a saying, a motto. -L. mitt/ulll, a murlllnr,
muttered sound; d. L. muttire, 11lutire,
to mlirmur. (.vMU.) Allied to Mutter.
Mould ( I) , earth . (E. ) M. E. molde.
A. S. moUe, dust, soil, earth.+Icel. mold,
Dan. muid, Swed. mull (Cor *muld),
mould; Goth. muldd, dnst; O. H .. (;.
molta, mould. Allied to the shorter forms
seen in Du. 1IIul, G. mull, A . S. my/, dust ;
d. O. H. C;. lIluljan, Icel.m,,[ja, to crush.
The lit. sense is ' crumbled.' From Teut.
mu/, weak grade of
EL, to grind. See
Meal, Mill. Der. mould!!r, to crumble;
al so 1Il0uld-y (wh ich seems to have been
confused with Mole ( I) , q. v.).
Mould (2), a model, form. (F . - L.)
~ 1. E. molde, with excrescent d. - Norman
dial. moUe, O. F . mole, molle (F. mOille),
a mould; once spdt modle in the 121h
cent. ( Littrc~) . - L. 1II0dululll, ace. of mod,,Ius, dirnin. of modus. a measure. See
Mode.
.ould (,,), a spot. (E.) For mole;
mold in Spen!'er, F . Q. vi. 12.7 . 'One yron

.vM

Lyly, Ellphues, p. 39. Thi;; is now called

iron mould \.wit h added d ). V,e also find
j\'!. E. 1Jio/ed, spotted; hence mod. E.
mouldy (in some senses) ; by confusion
wilh mould ( I ). See Mole ( I ).
Mouldy, musty. (Scanel.) Orig. distind from mould, ground; also from
mould as used in iron mould. Formed
from the sb. mould, mustiness, in which
the final d is excrescent. F'rom the M. E.
verb moulc.z, mowlen, to grow musty ;
formerly very common, and much used in
the pp. mouled. Note abo the M. E. moul,
mould, mouldiness, answering to Dan.
))luI, Swed. dial. mul, mud, mujel, Sweet.
mogel. Cf. also Dan. mullen, mouldy,
IJJttine, to become mouldy; Swed. dial.
1Jwlas, Swed. miiglas, to grow monldy;
Lt!. mygla, to grow musty. l' rom mug-,
as in 1ce l.mugga, mugginess. See Muggy.
Thus mould is ' mugginess ' in lhis use.
Moult, to cast fe .th ers, as Lirds. ( L )
The I is m!rll sile. M. E. moulCIt. A. S.
mftlia1l (in com po bi-mlltia1l ,. _ L. mi'illlre,
to change. See Mutable.
Mound, an earthen defence, a hillock.
(E. ) M. E . lJJou8li, a protection. A. S.
mund, protection, chiefly as a Jaw-term;
but also 1lI111td-beorh, a protectiug hill, a
mound.+O. l' ries. 1mmd, O. H . G. mlmt,
a protector; cf. G. vormll1td, a guardian.
Mount (I ) , a hill. (F.-L.) M. E.
mou,zt, monl. - F. 'llonl. - L. mont-, stem
of mo.u, a hill. -.vMEN, to jut out; see
Mound. Cf. A. S. 1)lIIltt (borrowed from
L.).
mount ( 2) , to ascend. (F.-L.) F.
monter. - F. 1))Ollt, a hill. l The verb is
due to O . F. a mo1tt, up-hill.) -L. montelli,
ace. of moltS \above).
mountain. (1'. -L.) O. F. moutaine
( F . lJlo.z/aglle). -Late L. m01ttiima, L) fonnol montana, a mountain. -L.mOl1la.za,
nent. pI., mountainous regions; from mo,'liillUS, adj. from mons (stem mont-;, a
mountain.
mounteba.nk, a quack doctor. ( Ital.
-L. and (;. ) Lit. one who mOlmls a
bench, to proclaim his nostrums. - Ital.
J1)onla11lbanco, a mountebank; M. Ital.
monta i.t /Janco, the same. - Ital. 1Il01ltar!!,
to mount; in, on; banco, a bench. Here
mOIl/m'e i;; the same word as F. 1II01l1er, to
mOllnt; in = L. i1z , on; and ba1uo is from
II. G . /Ja1tc , a Lench; see Bank (2) .
M01U'Jl. ( E. ) M. E. mttmen. A. S.

10.

337

MOUSE

MUFF

mlll"7Um, to grieve.+lcel. m4rM, Goth. out or a stable: Dan. mOg, dung: Norw.
maur;nan, O . H. G. ~n. Cf. A. S. "",k-dunge, a muck-heap, allied to mukkn.
meornan, to care, Gk. P.'P-1iU'4, sorrow. a heap Not allied to A. S. mtox, dung.
(.v'SMER.)
Kuclt, Amuclt, a term applied to
Mouse. (E.) M. E. m(IUS. A. S. miis malicious rage. (Malay.) Only in phr.
(pI. mys). + Du. muis, lcel. mus, Dan. to run amuck,' where amuck is all one
"'UIIS, Swed.
G. maliS, Russ. muislle, word: yet Dryden actually has' runs a"
L . mUs, Gk. JoIiis, Pers. mUsil, a mouse; Indian muck,' Hind and Panther, iii. 1188.
Skt. muslla-, a rat, a mouse. Perhaps from T o ru" amuck = to run about in a rage..v'M EUS, to steal; Skt. musil, to steal. Malay amllk, rushing in a state of frenzy
See Muscle (I).
to the commission of indiscriminate murKoust&ehe, Kustache. (F. - Ital. der;' Marsden.
-Gk.) F. mous/aclle.-Ital. mos/accio, Kucus, slimy fluid. (L.) L. miictls,
a face, a snout, a mostacho;' Florio. - slime. + Gk. JoIuf4, mucus; JoIultf/s, snuff oi
Gk. JoIU(fTaK-, stem of JoIrJ(fTa(, the upper a wick. Cf. Skt. mucll, L. 1IIu"gere, Gk.
lip, a moustache, Doric form of ",,(fTa{ , a1TO-pU(f(fflV, to cast or wipe away.
the mouth, upper lip. See Mastic.
Kud, wet soft earth, mire. (E.) M. E.
Kouth. ( E. ) M. E. mou/II. A. S. mud (not common). Not found in A. S.
1Jl,w.+Du. monti. Tce1.mttl",r, Dan. mund, Cf. E. Fries. muddt, Low G. mt/dde, mud:
Swetl. mun, G . 1II111ui, (ioth. munths. M. Swed. modd, mud (Ihre). + Bavarian
Teut. type *mlmthoz, masc.; ldg. type mott, peat; whence E. moat, q. v. Hence
*mantos; cf. L. mmtum, the chin.
mother (:\), q. v.
Kove. ( F.-L.) M.E. mouen (tt=v).
muddle, to confuse. (E.) Lit. to
-0. F. movoir ( F. mouvoir). - 1.. 1Il0uere, dabble in mud; frequentative from mild.
to move, pp. moltlS. Der. molioll.
Muddle, to rout with the hill, as geese
Kow (n, to cut grass. ( K) M. E. and ducks do; also, to make tipsy ami
//lowen, pt. t. mew. A. S. miiwan, to unfi t for business;' Kersey. + Dan. lIIuddre,
mow, st rong vb. + De. maaijen, Dnn. to stir up mud , 1m/dde,., mnd (from Du.) ;
meie, G. miillen, O. H. G. mllen. Teut. E. Fries. mttddelm , to dirty ; M. Du. mot/base mIC-. Allied to Gk. Ii-Joitl-.., I reap, delm,' to mudd water,' Hexham; Pomeran.
L. me-Iere, to reap. Brugm. ii. 680.
11I11ddtltt, to disorder.
Kow (2), a heap, pile of hay or com. Kuezzin, a Mohammedan crier of the
( K ) M. E. mowe, A. S. muga, a mow. + hour of prayer. (Arab.) Arab. mu-azzin,
Tcel. 1mig''', a swathe, also a crowd; Norw. 11Itl-zin, lhe public crier, who assembles
1Il11ga, mila, a heap (of hay). Cf. Muck. people to prayers. -Arab. aza1l, the call to
Kow (3), a grimace; obsolele. ( i". - prayers (Palmer); u zn, tbe ear.
M. Du.) F. moue, 'a moe, or mouth;' Ku1f ( I), a warm , soft cover for the
Cot.; Norman dial. ,noe.-M. Du.11I0uwe, hands. (Walloon. -F. -Low L.) A late
the protruded under-lip, in making a word. Formerly mttffe; Minsheu. Proh.
grimace (Oudemans). Cf. Mop ( 2).
from Walloon mouffe (Sigart). Cf. Du.
Kuch. (E.) M. E. moclle, muclle, adj., 1110/; Low G. mlif (Berghaus) ; E. Fries.
laler forms of M. E. mocllel, 11Iuclle/, mickel. 1mif. The word m"JIle is founel earlier,
For the loss of finall, cf. E. wetlcll , from and is more widely spread; so that Wall.
A. S. 1/Jenal. The cbange of vowel (from mouffe is merely a short form of F . mOllfie;
micllel to muclle/) seems to have been due see below.
to association with M. E. Itttel, little, from
mu1Be, to cover up warmly. (F. A. S. Iyte!. The orig. A. S. form was Low L. ) 'I muffyll;' Palsgmve. 'A
mice! (cf. Low Sc. mickle ), great. + lcel. ,miflle;' Levins ( 1570). - O. F. "toJle,
mikill, great: O. H. G. millMI; Goth. moufie, a kind of muff or mitten. - Low
mikils. Cf. Gk. p.f'YD.A-fJ, fern . of p.f'YOS, L. muffllla, (occurring A. n. 817) ; also
great.
spelt "m!foln. Cf. M. Du. moffe/, a muff,
KucUa.ge, a slimy substance, gum. mitten. ~ The late appearance of Du.
( F. - L. ) .... lIltlci/~. - L.miicililgo (stem mof, and the Low L. form mu!foln, remain
ml<ciliigi1l-), mouldy moisture (4tb cent .) . unexplained. Cf. M. H. G.1Il01lwe, a sleeve.
- L. miieire , to be mouldy.
K11ft' (2), a simpleton. ( E. ) Lit.' a
Kuclt, filth. (Scam\.) M. E. 1I/1uk.- mumbler,' or indistinct speaker; hence a
Ice\. lIlyki, dung; moka, to shovel dung stupid fellow. Cf. provo E. ""tj[, ""ifIle,
338

",us,

MUFFLE

MULTIPLY

to mumhle; also mojJle, 11Ia.fJle. Du. Mule. (F. -L.) F.mllle. - L. m171us,
muffin, to dote; provo G. 11IUjfitl, to be a mule (whence also A. S. ttliil).
sulky. Allied to Mumble.
Mulled, applied to ale or wine. (E.)
Mu1B.e; see Muff (1).
Mulled ale is a corruption of mu/d-ale or
Mufti, a magistrate. (Arab.) Arab. moldale, a funeral ale or feast . M. E.
ttlufti, a magistrate. Allied to Arab. molde-ale, a mould.ale,' a funeral feast;
jalwd, a judgment, doom, sentence. ~ The from molde, the earth of the grave, and
phr. ill mufti means in a civilian costume, ale, a feast (as in bride-ale ). The sense
not in military dress.
being lost, 1lltt//ed was thought to be a pp.,
Jlng. (Scand.) In Levins (1570). Cf. anel a verb to 11IUl/ was evolved from it.
Irish ttlugan, a mug. -Norw. 11Iugga, mug Jlullein, the verbascum. (E.) M. E.
ge, an open can; Swed. mugg, a mug. - E. moleyn.
A. S. 11I0Ieg", mullein? The
Fries. 11Iukke, a cylindrical earthen vessel; sense is doubtful; but see the Cent. Diet.
(jroningen moUe (Molema, p. 543) ; and Cockayne, Leechd. iii. 339. (Cf. A. S.
whence also Norm. dial. 1I10que, a cup, holegil, holly, whence provo E. holli",
(;uernscy moguc.
holly.)
lIIuggy, damp and close. (Scand.) Jlullet ( I ), a fish. (F .-L.) M. R.
From lee!. 11lt1gga, soft drizzling mist ; molet, 1I1111el. - F. 11Iulet; Cot. Dimin.
whence 1111tCJ{1lvelJr, muggy, misty weather. from L. 11ltt/lUS, the red mullet.
Cf. Norw. mugg, fine rain; ttltlggen , moist, Jlullet (2) , a five-pointed star. (F.muggy; Dan. muggm, musty, mouldy, 1..) O. F . moletle, a rowell, whence it
1Il11gne, to grow musty.
came to mean the mullet' of heraldry ;
Jlugwort, a plant. (E.) M. E. mog- also M. F. 11I0//elte, 'a mullet, rowell of
7vort.
A. S. mttcg7vort. For the latter a spur;' Cot. Dimin. from L. mola, a'
syllable, see Wort ( 1) . The sense of mill, whence Ita!. 11Iola , a mill.stone, millA. S. 11l1lcg is unknown, unless it be a by- wheel, 1110110, a clockwheel with cogs.
form of A. S. mycg, a midge; cf. Norw. 1See Mill.
1JllIg, O. Sax. 1Jluggia, Du. "mg, a midge;
JlulligataW1lY', a hot soup. (Tami!.)
O. H. (;. 1II11cca, a midge. [Like Jlea- Tamilmilagtt tamw, lit.' pepper water ; ,
bam.l
Yule. Cf. Malayalam 11m/aka, pepper.
Jlulatto, one of mixed breed. (Span. Jlullion, an upright division between
-Arab.) Span. 1Jlulalo, a mulatto. Usually lights of windows. (1'.) A corruption of
derived from Span. milIa, a shemule, as mumtt'otl, which occurs with the same
being one of a mixed breed. But the true sense. The lit. sense is 'stump,' because
forms for 'young mule' are muleto, m., the mlillion is, properly, the stump or
1I11Ilela, f. Hence der. by De Sacy from lower part of the division below the
Arab. 11l1t7Vallad, lit. 'begotten'; also tracery. - F. moigmJ1l, :l stump. (Cf. E.
used to mean' one who has an Arabian 'run7lion=M.F.trolgnoll,dimin.ofF.t1'01lf
father and a foreign mother'; allied to = Ital. Ironco. ) - O. F. m oing, maimed
(Sup pI. to Diez). Cf. Bret. moun, mon,
Arab. 7valad, a son. See Devic.
Jlulberry-. (L. and E.) M. E. mool- maimed, also occurring in the forms mank,
bery. Here the I stands for an older 1-, monk, mons. Also Span. 1IIt1nOI1, the stump
by dissimilation; and M. E. 00 answers to I of an arm or leg; Ita!' mllgnom, 'a car
A. S. 0, as usual. Thus the M. E. mool penter's mlmion or tTUnion,' Torriano.
is the same as A. S. mOr', in 11101'- Jlultangular, &c.; see Multitude.
beam, a mulberry tree. Again, the A. S. Jlultituo.e. ( F. - L.) F. mullilude.
11101' is borrowed from L. morns, a mul- - L. 111111Iitiit!inelJl , ace. of 11Ittltif1'ido, a
berry. tree. The word b~rry is E.; sec multitude. - L. 1IIulli- , for 1IIU1/1IS, many,
Berry. Cf. also Gk. pwpov, popov, a mul much; with suffix Nido. From 1.. 111ullus
berry, popia, a mulberry-tree. ~ Similnrly, come also mull- a/~f[ll/ar, mttlli-Ialeral,
G. malllbure, a mulberry, is O. H. (;. &c.
miirberi, from L. m01-US and O. H, G.
multifarious. f L. ) L. mullifarius,
beri, G. been.
manifold; with suffix OtfS. The orig. ~ense
Jlulct, a fine. (L.) 1.. 1IIulrta , a fine ; seems to be 'many.speaking,' i.e. speaking
also speJt 11Iulla. Perhaps orig. 'damage;' on many subjects. - L. 11/ulti, for mull,lS,
from L. 1I1tt/c'(irc , to injure. Brllgm. i. many; far;, to speak \. see Fate.
756. Der. muM, verb.
I multiply. , F.-L.) F. multiplier.

339

MUM

MURMUR

- L. mlt/lipHeare. - L. lIlulliplic-, from L. mundus, clean, adorned . Der. supramany-fold; cf. pHe-tire, to fold. mundam; from L. supra, nbove; tmmdus,
See 1'l&it.
the world .
Jlum, a kind of beer (Low G.). In Jlung008e, a kin(l of ichneumon.
Pupe. Said to have been so named after (Telugu.)
T elugu mangisu; ' Jerdon
Chr. Mllmm, a brewer of Brunswick (ab. gives mangtls, however, as a Deccani and
14)0;7) . Cf. Du. mom in Franck; G.mumme. Mahratti word; ' Yule.
lIIum! silence! (E. ) M. K mom,mUIII, Jl1ll1icipa.l. (F .-L.) F. municipal.
to express the least sound made with clooed - L. ""I1Jieipiilis, relating to a township.
lip; . Cf. L. mu, Gk.
(the same).
- L. mtl1JicipiuIII , a township which had
mumble, to speak indistinctly. (E.) the rights ot Roman citizenship, whilst reFor mUIII11lle. M. E . mome/en, manu- taining its own laws. - L. munidp., stem
1m, to speak indistindly; frequ~nt. form of munieeps, a free citizen, one who
due to M. E. mom, mum (above). + E. undertakes duties. -L. mllni-, for mu1tus,
Fries. 1JtII"l1Itele1J; Du. mommelelt. .
obligation, duty ; eap ere, to take. See
mummer, a masker, buffoon. (F. - Brugm . i. 2 0 R.
))u.) M. F. mommeur, 'a mummer, one
m1U1Uicence, liberality. (F . - L.)
that goes a -mumming;' Cot. - M. D u. F. munificence. - L. mllm'jiee1Jlia; formed
mOmlllelJ, to go a.mumming; cf. 'mom- from 11l11ltijiells, bountiful. - L. m'lni-, for
aellsiehi, n mummer's mask; Low G. munns, a duty, also a present; -fie-, for
lit/limite, a mask. fJ. The word is imi ta- jaeere, to make.
live, [rom the sound tIlum or mom, used lIIuniment, a defence, title-deed. (F.
by nurse3 to frighten or amuse children, nt - L.) M. F.1mmilllettl. - L. munfmenlum,
the same time prdending to cover their a defence. - L. lIlfmfre, to fortify; old form
faces.
Cf. G. mumme!, a bug-bear. . moenire. - L . 1JIoenia, neut. pl., walls,
Der. mummer-y, M. F. mommerie (F. ramparts, defence,;. Brugm. i. 208.
II/oll/erie .
munition. (F.-I..) F. tIluttili01l.
Mummy. ( F . -Ital.-Arab.-Pers.) - L. a~c. lIut1tilioltem, a dcfending. -L.
F. 1Il0mie ,mllmie in Cotgrave). - Ital. 11lt11l1/us, pp. of 1Julllire (above) . Der.
lIlullllllia,
1Ilt1mia
(Florio) . - Ara b. all/muni tio1l.
1Itumiyti, a mUlllmy; the substance with
Jlunnion, old form of Mullion, q. v.
which mummies are preserved. (Cf. Per,;. Jlura.l. J'. - 1..) F. mural. - L.
lIlumayi,t, a mummy.) - Pers. tIlllm, mom, mi,ralis, Ileionging to a wall. - L. miinls,
wax; much used in embalming.
a wall .
Mump. to mumble, sulk, beg. (Du.) Jlurder, Jlurlher, sb. (E.) M. E.
A mumper was a cant term for a beggar. m01'dre, mort/we. A. F. mttrdre, sb. ; mur- Du. mompell, to mump, cheat (Sewel) ; dn'r, vb. A. S. moriJor. + Goth. matn-tll.r.
cf. momme/ett, mompe/en, to mumble /3. We also find A. S. 1Il0riJ, Du. lIIoord,
(Hexham ). Thus mump is merdy an ice!. m011J, G . mord, murder, death, cogemphatic form of 1JltIm, M. Du. mommett, nate with L. m01'S (stem mort- ) ; see
to say mum, also to mask. C f. Norw. Mortal. Der. murder, vb.
1JltIlIlpa, to munch. See Mwnble.
Jluriatic, briny. (I .. ) L. mu1'iiilicus,
mumps. (Du.) 'To have the mumps' lying in brine. - L. mun:a, brine, sa lt
or ' to b~ in the mumps' was to be sulky li9\1or.
or sullen; hence it was transferred to the Jluricated, prickl y. (L.) L. mf,ridisease which gave one a sullen appear- CtiIIU, prickl y. - L. tIlurie-, stem of ,mi"ex,
ance. From mump (nbove).
a prickly fish , a spike. + Gk. I'Vat (for
MUliCh, to chew. (E.) M. E. monehen *I'vuo!) , a sea muscle ; from I'''~ ' n mouse,
(Chaucer). DoulJtless an imitativt: word , a sea-muscle. See Muscle ( 2 ) .
like mump. Kilian has M. Du. monekm , Kurky, Jlirky. (Scand .) They
mompele1t, 'mussitare.' Cf. E. Fnes. and is a modern addition. M. E. lIIirke , merke.
Low G. mllnkeln , to mumble; and see - Icel.lIlyrkr (for *lIli1'kwoz, Noreen ), Dan.
14wnp. ~ It cannot be from F . manger Swed . mii"k, dark, mirky.+A . S. llIiree;
mandiicor(\ .
O. Sax . lIlirki. ~ The A. S. form would
Kundane, worldly. (F.-L.) M.E. have given1Jli1'ch .
mondai11-. _ F. mOttriain. _ r.. mundt/liltS, I Jlurmur, sll. ( ~' . - 1..) F. lIturlJ/llre.
adj. from 'Illmdus, the world (lit. order) . - I - , .. 1JIU"mur, a murmur; lIlltrIJ/II,.,ire, to
mul'ip/~x ,

1''

L.

HO

MURRAIN

MUSTACHIO

murmur.+Skt. marmara-, rustling sound

of wind. A reduplicated fnrm; cf. (; .
murren, Ice!. murra, to murmur. Of
im itn ti,'c origin . Brugm. i. 499 .
Kurra-in, cattle-disease. ( I'. - L .)
M. E. moreitu, also morin_ - 0 . F. mori,u,
a carcase o f a beast, also a mmTain;
Norm. dial. murine. Cf. Span. murrina,
Port. morrinha, murrain. _ O. F. morir
( F. mourir), to die. -L. mori, to die. See
Mortal.
Kurrey, dark red; heraldic. (F . -L.)
]n Palsgrave. - M. F. morle, 'a kind of
murrey, or Clark red colour;' Cot. [Cf.
Ital. morato, mulberry coloured.l - L.
morum, a mulberry. See Mulberry.
Kurrion' see Morion.
Kuscadei, K1UIcatel, K1UIcacline. (1'. -1tal.-L.-Pcrs. ) M.F. muscadel. - M. 1tal. moscade/lo, moscatello,
moscali,w, names of wines, from t heir perfume. - M. Ital.mosralo, scented with musk.
- M. Ital. musco, musk. - L. museum , acc.
of musCtls, musk; see further under Musk.
And , ee Nutmeg.
Kuscle (I ), the fleshy part of the boCly.
(F.-L. ) F. f1m scle.-L. 1llttscttlllm, aCe.
of musCt/lus, ( I) a little mouse, (2) a
muscle, from its creeping appearance
when moved. Dimin. of L. mus, a mouse;
see Mouse. (Cf. F. souris, ( I) mouse,
(2 ) muscle.)
muscle, ( 2), mussel, a shell-fish.
( L.) In earlier use. M. E. muscle, A.S.
muxle, muscle (Wright) , a muscle (fish ).
- L. lIlusculus, a sea-muscle, also a little
mouse (as above) .
Kuscoid, moss-like. ( L. with Gk.
suiJix.' L . ,mlsco- , for muscus, moss ;
and Gk. suffix -f'~'1~, like, from f160~, form.
See MOilS.
Kuse ( I), to meditate. (F.-L.) M.E.
1llttsen. - F:. museI', . to muse, dreame;'
Cot. - O. F. muse, the mouth, muzzle
(Godefroy) ; see Muzzle. The image is
that of a dog sniffing the air when in
Clonbt as to the scent; cf. Ital. lIlltsare, to
muse, also to gape .about, ' to hould ones
musle or snout in the aire,' Florio, from
1tal. mil so, snout.
K1UIe (2) , a goddess of the arts. (F . L - Gk.) F. muse. - L. miisa. - Gk.
1'0;'<10. a muse.
m1Uleum. (L . -Gk.) L. muslttm. Gk. 1'011<1101', temple of the muses, a study,
a sr hool. -Gk. po;;<1a, a muse.
U8hroom. (1'.- O. H. G.) M. E.

IIlttscluroll. _ M . F. mouse/lerOll, mOtISstrtln,

a mushroom; extended from F . 1II01/SSe,
moss ( Hatzfeld ). -0. H. G .1Il0S (G. moos ),
moss; see MOM.
KUBic. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. 1Ilusik.
- F. musique. - L f1lttsiea. - Gk. P.OIlUCK."
musical art, fern . of POIIU'KO< , belonging to
the mnses. - Gk. l'oVuo. a muse.
Kusit, a small gap in a hedge. (F.C.1) M. F. mussel/e, a little hole;'
Cot. Dimin . of O . F . musse, a secret
corner. - F. tIlttsser. to h ide. Perhaps of
Celt. origin ; cf. O. Irish miich-aim, I hide
(Thurneysen, p. J08).
Kusk,aperfume. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pers.)
F. musc. - 1.. museum . acc. of museus.
- Gk . P.O<1Xo~. - Pers. musk, misk. Cf.
Skt. 1Ill/shka, a testicle, because musk
was obtained from a bag behind the muskdeer's nayel; it also means' little mOl1se,'
from mush , to steal. See MOUBe.
Kusket. (F . - Ital. -L.) M . F . mOIIS<juet, a musket, orig. a kind of hawk;
(another sort of gun was called a falconet,
another a saker, a kind of hawk ). -Ital.
mosquelto, a musket, orig. a kind of hawk,
so called from its small size. Deriv. of
1Ial. mosca, a fly. - 1.. musca, a fly.
Doublet, mosqllilo.
Kuslin. (F. - Ital. - Syriac.)
F'.
mousseline; O. F. moso/in. - ItaI. mussolitUJ, dimin. of mussolo, muslin.-Syriac
Mosul, a city in Kurdistan, whence it tirst
came; Arah. Mawsil (the same).
Kusquito; see Mosquito.
Mussel; see Musole (2).
Kussulman, a true believer in the
Mohammedan faith. (Pers. -Arab. ) Pers.
musulmiin, an orthodox believer. _ Arab.
moslim , muslim, a moslem ; see Moslem.
Kust (I ), part of a verb implying
'obligation.' (E.) Only the pt. t . remains,
which is DOW only used as a present.
M . E. mol, moot, preterito-pres. t., J am
ahle , ] am free to, I ought ; pt. t. f1wsle,
musle, I was able, I ought. A. S. ie mot,
preterito-pre'. t . ; ic mOSie, I must, new pt.
t.; infin. molan.+O. Sax. molmt, pro t.
ill mot, pt. t. ik mosta; Du . moeten , to be
obliged; Swed. masle, I must (compare
the E. use) ; G. mussen, pro t. ich mllSS, pt. t.
ie" musste ; Goth. pro t. ik ga-mot, pt. t.
i/t..ra-mosla, lit. ' I find room.'
Kust ( 2), new wine. (L. ) M. E. musl.
A. S. mllst. - L. mustum, new wine; neut.
of musltts. fresh, new .
.ulltachio; see llouAaoh,.

MUSTANG

MYRRH

.ustang, a wild horse of the prairies.

(Span.-L. ) Span. ",estelio (with n as
tty), formerly lIustellgo (Pineda), in the
same sense as ",ostruuo, adj., stray, having
no owuer. The adj . 1IIesleno also means
belonging to a 'mesta: -Span. ',lesla, a
body of proprietors of cattle, a company of
graziers. -L. mixla, fern . ofpp. of misc~re ,
to mingle. Cf. Span. l1leslura, a mixture.
Kutard. (F. - L.; wilk Teut. sufo. )
M. E. 1Il0slara.-0. F. moslartie (F. moulartie). Cf. Ital. moslaria. It took its
name from being mixed with musl or
vinegar (Littre).-L. muslulII,must; with
suffix -ard G. karl ).
Jluster. (F. - L ) M. E. mouslre, a
muster of men, lit. display. -0. }<'. ",oslre,
anotlier form of monslre, 'a pattern, also
a muster, view, shew;' Cot. The same
word as F. mOILSlre, a monster; see
Monster. Cf. O. Norm. dial. muslrer,
Gascon "mstra, to shew.
Jlusty, mouldy, damp. (L.) A doublet
of fIloisty, used by Chaucer in the sense of
'new,' but by Aschnm in the sense of
'moist.' -L. "lIIsleus, like must, new.-L.
lIIustUlII, must. See Must (l). Perhaps
influenced by F. l1lOisi, 'mouldy. musty,
fusty,' Cot.; from which, however, it
cannot possibly be derived.
Jlutable. (L.) M. E. l1lt1la/Jle. -L.
lIliiltfIJilis, changeable. -L. multire, to
change. Prob. for *moiltire; allied to
fIltlltttLS, mutual, and to Gk. flOCTOS, thanks,
favour (Prellwitz).
.utc'hkin, a pint. (Du.) From
M. Du. mudseken (for *mutsckm), 'the
halfe pint of Paris measure,' Hexham.
Lit. small cap;' dimin. of M. Du. lIlulse
(Du. muts), a cap. Cf. G. 11lUlu, a cap.
See Amice ( l).
.ute ( I ), dumb. (L.) From L. mutus,
dumb. Cf. Skt. lIluka., dumb. ~ The
M. E. muel, ",ewet, mute , is from a
Romanic form *muletlus, formed from L.
mut-us (0. F. fIlU ) by adding -eltus.
Jlute (l ) , to dung; used of birds.
(F. M. Du. ) M. F . mutir. to mute as
a hawke;' Cot. Short for M. F. esmeulir, the same; oldest spelling tsmellir.
- M. Du. smdten, smilten, to smelt, to
liquefy; also to mute (Hexham) . See
Bmelt.
Jlutilate. (L.) From pp. of L.
111tttiliire,l0 maim. -L.mulilus, maimed.
+Gk. I'VTIAOf, p4TV1..0S, curtailed, dochd.
Jlutin;y. (1'.- L.) Formed from the

old verb to muti,lt; Ham!. iii. + 83.F . IImti,ler, ' to mutine;' Cot.-O. F.
lIJUlill, tumultuous. - O. F . IImle, a
sedition; (cf. Low L. mota, a pack
of hounds = mod. F. lIlettle ) - Folk-L.
*mwila, (lit. moved , hence, a movement,
bustle), fern. of *movilus, new pp. of
1Il01dre, to move. Cf. mod. F. elllcule.
See Move.
Jlutter, to murmur. (E.) M. E. ",ulIren, moleren. A frequentative verb, from
a base mul-, to express inarticulate mumbling, as in E. Fries. moljm , to mutter;
Swed. dial. lIIut/a, ",ultra, Norw. lIIulm.
So also L. mfttlire, miilire, to mutter, provo
G. mustern, to whisper.
Jlutton. (F. - C.?) M. E. moloun. O. F. molon (F. mouton ), a sheep; Low
L. mullo, a sheep. Cf. Ital. mon/olle (for
*mollone), a sheep. Prob. of Celtic origin,
froID Celt. type *lIIollos, n sheep; whence
Irish and Manx moll, Gael. mull, W.
mollt, Corn. mols, Bret. maout, a weIher
sheep. '1 Diez cites Provo moul, Como
mot, Grisons mult, castrated, and derives
all from L. muti/us, maimed; but this is
not now accepted.
Jlutual. (F. - L.) O. F. l1l1tluU.
Extended from L. mulu-us, mutual, reciprocal, orig. ' exchanged.' - L. mut4re, to
change. See Mutable.
.usle, snout. (F.-L.) M. E. "lOse!
- O. F. musel (Burguy), lIIusel (A. D . 1521,
Godefroy) ; later 11luseau, 'muzzle,' Cot;
Norm. dial. lIlusel (Do Bois). Diez
shews that the orig. F. form was
morsel (slill preserved in Bret. morsul or
muul, a muzzle, forms borrowed from
O . F.) . This O. F. morse/is a dimin. from
Late L. morsus, a morsel, also a snout,
beak . ~L. morSlLS, a bite; from morsus,
pp. of mord~re, to bite. See Mordacity.
Cf. Ital. muso, snout, morso, a sname
(Florio). ~ Disputed.
:117. (E.) M. E. mi, my; short for lIlin,
mine, .by loss of final n. See Mine. Der.
my-self, M. E. . misdf, formerly me-self.
Jlpi:a.d. (Gk.) Gk. fllJP'&.~" stem of
fllJp,as, the number of 10,000. - Gk. fllJP[OS,
numberless.
Jlyrm.idon. (1.. - Gk.) Gen. in pI.
Myrmidons. - L. Myrlllid01zes, pI. - Gk.
MlJP""U~ES, pl., a warlil.."C people of Thes-salr, formerly in .lEgina ~Homer).

Jlyrrh. (F.-L.-Gk.-Arab.) M.E.

1Ilirre. - 0. F . mirre ( 11th cent.) ; F.
lIl)'1-r"e. - L . t1tyrrka. -Gk. f<,lppa . -Arab.

H3

MYRTLE
(1) bitter, (2) myrrh, named from
its bittemes~. +Heb. mor, myrrh.
Kyrtle. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pers.) O.F.
myrlil, <limin. of myrle, 1Ileurte, the myrtletree.-L. mllrlus, myrlus.-Gk.pvpTos.Pers. murti, the myrtle.
IIYstery (I), a secret rite. (L. -Gk.)
M. . myslene. - L. mysUrillm. - Gk.
pUCTT~PCOII (Rom. xvi. 25). - Gk. PVCTT'1S,
one who is initiated. - Gk. pw;", to initiate.
Kystery ( 2). llistery, a trade,
hanaicrnft; see Kiatery.
Kystic, secret, :lllegorical. (l'.-L.Gk.) F. mystiqlle.-L. mysticus.-Gk.
PIJCTTIICOS, mystic. - Gk.pVCTT'1S, fem.pvCTTls,
one who is initiated; see Mystery ( I).
mystif.v. (F.-Gk. anti L.) F. myst;fier, a modem and ill-coined word; coined
from Gk. PIJCTTHC/'S, mystic, and F. -fier,
from L. -jicare, for faure, to make.
Kyth, a fable. (Gk.) Gk. pv90s, a
fable.
mythology. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. mythofqgie . - L. mjthologia. - Gk. l'u9o"-o-yia,
legendary lore. - Gk. I'v90-s, a fable j
1I.o"(-os, a discourse, from "-',("JI, to tell.

NAP

"agen, 'laJJlie'l, to gnaw, vex, nag; 1J'1t1Kgm, to nag (Be;ghl1us) . See Gnaw.
lII'a.iad, a water-nymph. (L. - Gk.) L.
'laiati-, stem of ,uzias. - Gk. IIQUi<. a
water nymph. - Gk. reif'", to _flow.
Cf. O. Irish snaim, I swim . C.vSNA.)
lII'ail. (E.) M. E. Myl. A. S. 'Iffgel.
+Du. nagel, Dan. Mg-Ie, Swed. 'Iaget, G.
Mgel j Icel. MgI, the human nail, nagli,
a nail or Sfiike j and cf. Goth. ganag(;im,
to nail.
. The Teut. type is *nagloz,
mase. AI 'ed to Lithuan. nag-as, a claw,
Russ. nogole, a nail, Pers. niikhun, Skt.
nakha-, nail of the finger or toe; and
further, to Gk. 01111[, L. unguis, O. Irish
inga, V,,' . twin, a nail, with a different
gradation.
lII'aive, artless. (F. - L.) F. ,/ai've,
fem. of naif, native, natural. - L. 1IlltiZ/tts,
native. - L. lliilus, born j see Natal.
lII'aked. (E.) A. S. 'lacoti.+Du. naakl,
G. nackt, Goth. 11akwatlzs, Icel. tliikvi'6r j
cf. Dan. 'tOgen, Swed. "Mm, mod. Icel. 11akinn. All these are pp. forms j cf. Itake,
to strip, in Chancer, tr. of Boethius, bk.
iv. m. 7; which is a back-formation.
Teut. type *nakwallioz > *nakwadoz ; Idg.
type *tuJg(w)olos. Allied to SkI. ,/aC'IO-,
Russ. 1lOgoi, L. tludus, Irish nochd, W.
lII'.
noeth, stripped, bare. Brugm . i. i 165.
lII'a.b, to seize. (Scand.) Provo E. ,zap See Nude.
(North ). From Swed. and Norw. nappa, lII'aker, a keltle-drum. (Arab.)
In
Dan. 'IOPpe, to catch, snatch at, nab. Der. Chaucer. Arab. Mqqtiralz, a kettle-drum;
kitiMp.
see Palmer's Pers. Diet .. col. 659.
lII'a.bob, an Indian prince. (Hind. lII'a.me. (E.) A. S. 1Iama.+Du. lIaam ;
Arab.) Hind. nawab or 1zawwab, orig. a Icel.nafn, nanm, Dan .navtl,Swed.lIanmj
pi. sb., but used in the sing. as a title of Goth. l1amo, G. name. Further allied to
houour. Pl. of Arab. ,ulib, a vice-gerent, L. nOlI/elt , a name j Gk. oJlopa, Pel's. 1zom,
deputy. viceroy. Cf. Arab. nawb, supply. Skt. naman ; and to Ir. ainm, W. emu,
ing the place of another.
name. ~ Not allied to Know j sec
lIa.clir, the point of the sky opposite Prellwitz. Brugm. i. 399, -4l5.
the zenith. (F. - Span. - Arab.) F. 1lOdir. lII'a.nkeen,lII'a.n1rlD, a kind of cotton
-Span. nadir.-Arab. nazir, short for cloth. (China.) So called from Nallkin,
lIaziru's 'samt, the nadir; lit. correspond- in China. - Chin. nat/-king, south court j
ing to the zenith.' -Arab. 'Iazir, alike, cf. pe-king, north court (Yule).
corresponding to; as'samt, the azimuth, lII'ap (I ), a short sleep. (E.) M. E.
also the zenith. See Azimuth, Zenith. nappen, verb, to doze. A. S. Imappian,
(The z is here the 17th letter of the Arab. verb, to doze. Cf. O. H . G. h1IaJ1eZetl, to
alphabet. )
nap.
lII'a.g (1), a horse. (M. Du.) M . . E. lII'ap (2), the roughish surface of cloth.
'lOgge. -M. Du. negglte, negge, Du. 1tegge, (M. Du.) M. E. tuJj>pe, nap (Prompt.
,leg, a small horse; Dn. dial. knagge Parv.). Prob. introduced by Du. cloth(Molema). Cf. Low G. nikkel, a nag. workers. [A. S. htuJjJpa is unauthorised.)
Origin unknown.
- M. Du. nqppe, 'the haire or nap of
lII'a.g (2) , to worry, tease. (Scand.) wooll or cloath;' Hexham. Du. tuJjJ. Cf.
Non". Swe(l. tla.s:..~a. to nibble, peck; d. M. Du. tuJppen, , to sheare of[1 the n~p;'
Dan. 11Oge, Ice!. glUZgn, to b'IULw; Low G. Hexham.+Norw. napp, nap j 'IIlPpa, to
3-43
tIlurr,

NAPE

NAUSEOUS

give a nap to; Dan. ''''!fe, nap ; ""ppe, to

lriz; Low G. nobbt, mtbbe, nap. Allied
to Norw. nllppa, to pluck off with the
fingers; A. S. IlIIappian, to pluck, Voc.
~80. l3; Goth . dis-hnupnan, to be torn to
pieces, tlis-httiupatl, to tear to pieces.
Teut. root *hlleup.
Jl'ape, the joint of the neck behind.
(E.) 'M. E. 1Iape; also naupe (Palsgrave).
The same as O. Fries. hals-knap, nape of
the neck; which links it with A. S. ettap,
the top of a hill; and with Knop.
Jl'apery, linen for the table. (F . -L.)
O. F. 1l<lperie. - Late L. ,tiiparia, mappiiritz, the office in a household for supVlyiug tablelinen. - Late L.,tiipa, a cloth,
for L. mappa, a cloth. See Map, Napkin.
Jl'aphtha. (L. - Gk. - Arab.) L ltap!tIha. - Gk. vacp6a. - Arab. nalt, ,tift, naphtha , bitumen.
Jl'apkin, a small cloth. (F. -L.; willt
E. StiJIix.) M. E. naptkitl, also 'tapet,
both dimin. forms of O. F. ,zaPt, a cloth,
from Late L. niipa ; see Napery.
Jl'arcissus, a flower. lL.-Gk.) L.
I/arcisstts. - Gk. vapICHttro<; named from
its narcotic properties. See below.
narcotic,producingstupor. (F.-Gk.)
F. Ilarcotique. - Gk. vapICOIT'lCo<, benumbing. - Gk. vapKoOJ, I benumb; vaplCaOJ, I
b>TOW numb. - Gk. vaplC1J, numbness, orig.
<.:ontraction; for *trvaplC'1, i. e. contraction.
Allied to Snare ( Prellwitz), .
Jl'ard, an unguent. ~F.- L. - Gk. l'ers.) F.nard.-L.,zardus.-Gk."apoo<,
Mk. xiv. 3. - Pers. ,zard (whence Skt.
tlalada-) , s~ikenard.+Skl. ,zaqa-, a reet!.
Hom, 1060. Der. spike-nard.
Jl'a.rgil~h,
Jl'argili, Jl'a.rgile,
a pipe or smoking-apparatus in which the
smoke is passed through water. (Per. )
- Pers. mirgil, a coco-nut, becanse these
pipes were originally made with a coconut, which held the water.
Cf. Skt.
tlarikera-, ,tiirikela-, a coco-nut. (Devic,
Yule.)
Jl'arration. F . - L.) F. ,.arrlltio1l.
- L. acc. ttarriitio'UiIJt, a tale. _ L. ,tarraIt4s, pp. of ,tarrare, to relate, lit. to make
known._ L. narlts, gttarltS, knowing, acquainted with. - .vGEN, to know; see
Know. Brugm. i. 457 (2).
Jl'arrow. (E.) M. E. narowe, ,zarewe,
,zar-we.
A. S. nearn, narrow, closely
drawn.+O. Sax. ttaro; Du. ,zaar, dismal,
san. Perhaps allied to Nerve (Franck) .
lIKWhal, seaunicorn. (Scand.) Dan.

Swed. ,zar/tVa'; Ice!. ttahvalr, a uarwhal.

The lit. sense is ' <.:orpse-whale; the fish
being (often) of a pallid eolour; perhaps
a ' popular etymology.' - kel. mi-r, corpse ;
hvalr, whale.
Jl'asal. (F.-L.) F. ,.asal.-Late 1..
wisa/is, belonging to the nose. - L. tlasus,
nose. See Nose.
Jl'ascent, springing up. (L.) L. 'tascent-, stem of pres. pt. of nard, to be
born, arise, spring up, inceptive verb with
pp.:. mitus. See Natal.
.a.sturtium, a flower. (L.) Lit.
' nose-wring;' from the sharp smell. - L.
,zaslurlium, cress; better spelt nastllrcium. - L. 1Ias-us, nose; torquere, to twist,
torment; see Torment.
Jl'asty. (Scand.) Formerly also ,zasky;
see Mau-lavi in Cot. Cf. Swed. dial.
' 1Iaskug, nasty, dirty, abo spelt snarkig;
Swed. muskig, nasty.-Swed. dial. marka,
to eat like a pig, be slovenly; Dan. maske,
to eat like a pig.+Low G. nask, nasty;
Norw. nark. greedy, tlaska, to champ;
E . Fries. narkm, G. naschen, O. H. G.
,zaSCOtt, to eat dainties.
Jl'atal, belonging to one's birth. (1'. L.) F. nalal (0. F. 1tOiil).-L. "iiliilis.
- L. 1IiiJus (for gtliilus), born (d. Gk .
lCatrl'Y"TJ1:o" a blood relation) ; pp. of nasci,
to be born. - ",GEN, to beget. See
genus, Kin. Brugm. i. 452.
Jl'atation, swimming. (L.) From the
ace. of L natalio, a swimming. - L. tIIlld/us, pp. of 1latare, to swim, frequent. of
nare, to swim. Cf. Gk. v~X"'" to swim,
O . Irish s,tii-im, I swim. See Naiad.
Jl'ation. (1'. - L.) F. nation. - 1..
'tiiliiinem, ace. of tliilio, a nation. - L.
miltts, born. See Na.tal.
native. ( F. - L. ) F. nalif, 'native;'
Cot. - L. tliiliulIS, natural. - L. tlalus,
born. Doublet, naiv~.
nature. (F.-L.) F. nature. - L.
natura, nature. - L. ttiitltS, born.
Jl'atron, native ..:arbonate of soda.
(F. - Span. - Arab. - Gk. - Heb.) A
donblet of ,titre; see Nitre.
Jl'aught, Jl'ought. (E.)
M. K
tlaught. A. S. ,tiiwiht, also 'ziiht.- A. S.
"ii, not; wiht, a whit; see No and Wbit.
Der. naught-y {lit. naught.like, worthless) .
Doublet, ,wi.
Jl'alUieOUS. (L . - Gk.) L. nallseosus ,
adj.; from nausea, sea-skkness. - Gk.
vauoia, sea-sickness. - Gk . au., a ship.
See Nave (2 ).

3H

NAUTCH

NECK

!lautch, a kind of ballet dance by Nay. (Scand.) M. E . ,ay. -Icel. nei,

women. (Hind.-Prakrit.-Skt.) Hind. Dan. ttei, Swed: nej, lIay. Negative of
(and Mahratti ) ,weh, a dance; Prakrit Aye, q. v.
'laeheha. - Skt. nTtya, dancing, acting; Na.za.rite, a Jew who made vows o f
orig. [ut. pass. part. of 'tTt, to dance, to act. abstinence, &c. (Heb.; with Gk. suffix. )
Der . tauteh-girl, a dancinggirl (Yule).
Heb . wzar, to separate oneself, vow,
!lautical. (L.-Gk.) From L. ,tau- abstain; with suffix ite ( = L. ita, Gk .
tie,"s, nautical. - Gk. vavTtI,6s, pertaining tT'Jt).
to ships. - Gk. vauT'Is, a sailor; from vav.s, Neap, scanty, very low! said of a tide.
a ship. See Nave (2) .
(E.) M. E. neet; A. S. net (or ttet).
nautilus, a shellfish. (L.-Gk.) L. Near, nigh. (E.) Now used as a
nautilus. - Gk. vavTI}"os, a seaman; also positive, but orig. the comparative of m'gh.
the nautilus (from its sailing). - Gk. vauT- (The form "earer is a double compara.
tive.] M. E. nerre, adj., ner, adv., nigher;
'IS, a sailor ; from vavs, a ship.
!laval. (F.-L.) F. noval.-L. na A. S. near, comparative adv. from neah,
ualis, belonging to ships.-L. miuis, a nigh.+lcel. nar, adv., both positive and
comparative; orig. the latter. See Nigh.
ship. Cf. Gk. vavs. See Nave ( 2) .
Nave (I), the hub of a wheel. (E. ) Neat ( I) , black cattle, an ox. (E. )
M. E. naue (tt =v). A. S . ta/u, .tabu. + M. E. neel, both sing. and pI. A. S. neat,
Du. naaf, I cel. niif, Dan . tav, Swed. nof, pI. neat, cattle. + Icel. naul, pI. naul,
G. nabe, O. H. G. naba. Teut. type cattle; Swed. nOt; Dan . wd; M . H. G.
"nabti, fem. Cf. Skt. nabki, the nave of nO'z, cattle. Teut. type *nalilom, neut.
a wheel, navel, centre, boss. See Navel. fl. U suall y explained as 'domestic' or
'useful'; from the lud grade (nau/) of
Der. auger.
Nave ( 2), the body of a church. (F.- Teut. *tlCulan, to employ; seell in A . S.
L. ) }<' rom O . F. nave (Y. 1tej) , a ship, 7llotan, to use, employ, Icel. njota, G.
also the body of a church; said to be named geniessen , Goth. niulan, to enjoy, gel
from its lengthy shape. - L. niiuem, acc. of benefit from. Cf. Lithuan. ,uzudil, useIWllis, a ship. + Gk. vails, a ship, O. Irish fulness. (-v'NEUD. ) Brugm. i. 221.
Der. neatherd.
ItaU, Skt . taU-. Brugm. i. 184.
Navel. (E.) M. E. nauel (tt~v) ; A.S. Neat (2 ) , tidy. (F. - L.) F. uel,
ua/eta, nabllla, navel. + Du. navel, Icel. masc., nette, fern., neat, pure. -L. "ilidus,
1tajli, Dan . tavle, Swed. najle, G. nabel. shining, neat.-L. nitlre, to shine.
Teut. type *nab3Ion ; from the form seen Neb, beak, nose. (E.) M. E. mb, face.
in Lettish ,taba, navel; see Nave (1) . A. S. nebb, face. + Du. neb, bill, nib, mouth;
Cf. also Pers. naJ, navel; Skt. nablli-, ( I) leel . tel, nose; Dan. llab; Swed . nabb.
nave, ( 2) navel; related (with a difference (1 Further allied to Du. meb, bill , beak,
of gradation) to Gk. op.~(,s, navel, Lat. mavel, bill; G . S<'hllabel, bill, M. H. G.
umbilicus, O. Irish imoliu. Similarly, .,ave mabel, allied to M. H. G. snaben, to snap.
(I ) is allied to L. umbO', boss (of a shield). And cf. Lith. snapas, bill.
Nebula., a misty patch of light. (L.)
llrugm. ii. 76.
Navigable, that can be traversed by L. ,zebu/a, mist. + Gk. v*.p(},,'1, cloud; Du.
"hips. (F.-L.) F. navigable.-L. naui nevel, Icel. nijl, G. nebet, mist. Allied to
gabilis. - L. ,wuiglire, to navigate. - L. Gk. V(.pos, cloud, W. nej, O. Jr. nem,
"lize, for nauis, a ship; -igare, for agere, heaven, Russ. nebo, heaven; also SkI.
to drive.
nabkas, sky, rether. Brugm. i. 554.
navigation. (F. - L.) F. naviga Necessary. (F.-L.) O. F. neces
tio,t, sailing-. - L. acc. niiuigationelll; from sa ire. - L. neeessiirius,needfui. - L . necesse,
nellt. adj., necessary.
pp. of L. niiuigiire (above) .
navvy, a labourer employed on rail- Neck. (E. ) M. E. ,ukke. A. S. hnecea,
ways, &c. (L.) Short for navigator, for- neck, orig. nape of the neck.+Du. llek,
merly used to mean a labourer employed G. geniek; Teut. type *hnekkon-. Cf. also
on canals for navigation; first used, ac- Icel. hnakki, Dan. nakke, Swed. nacke, G.
nacken, O. H. G. (h)nach, nape of the
cording to Haydn, about 1830.
navy, a fleet. (F. -L.) M. E. ,uzvie. neck, back of the head; from Tent. type
- O. F. ,tavie, orig. a single ship.-L. */makkon-. fl. Orig. sense ' projection',
further all ied to Irish moe, hill .
wuia, a vessel. - L. ttiit4is, a ship.
345

NECROMANCY

NEPHEW

lIec1'OmaDcy, divination by com- lzegligent-, stem of pres. part_ of 1teglimunion with the dead_ (F. -L.- Gk.) M.E. gen. to neglect (above).
lligromaltcie (since altered). - O. F. nigro- lIegotiate, to do business. (L.) From
mance, 'nigromancy, conjuring, the black pp. 01 L. ltegoliare, to do business. - L.
art; ' Cot. - Late L . nigromantia, corru,Pt negotium, business; compounded of 1teg-,
form of L.,tecrOmalltia. - Gk. "fltpoJ.W.YTEla, not (see Negation), and otiunt, leisure.
necromancy.-Gk. "fltpO-S, a corpse; J.W."- Negro. (Span.-L.) Span. negro.-L.
TEla, propheti c power. 8. Gk. "fltpOS, is nigrmll, acc. of niger, black.
allied to "E"us,a corpse; ct.L.necare, tokill. Negus. (E.) A beverage invented by
(.vNEK.) Gk. paVTEia is from jJIi"TlS, a Colonel Negus (one of a Norfolk famil y)
seer. ~ Necromancy was called ( the black in the time of Queen Anne.
art ' owing to a popular etymology from lIeif, lIeaf, the fist. (Scand.) M . E.
L. IIlger, black; CC. the Late L. Itigro- neue (11 = v ), dat. case. - Ice!. h!tefl, fi st;
lIumtt"a.
Swed. wi/ve, Dan. 1ICEVe.
Nectar. (L.-Gk.) L. nectar.-Gk. Neigh. (E.) M.E-mien. A.S./m<2gall,
"'nap, the drink of the gods.
to neigh. +Low G. neigen (Lubben), M.
Need. (E.) M. E. lIeed. A . S. nled , Du. neyen, to neigh. Cf. Ice!. g lleggja,
(lIfd ), also Ilead; O. Merc. Ilid, necessity. /megg/a, Swed. gtltigga, Dan.gtlegge, N orw.
+ Ice!. llaufJr, necessity, nallfJ, distress ; k1l egg./a.
Du. Ilood, Dan. Swed. nijd, G. nolll, nol, Neighbour. (E.) M. E. Ileigllebour;
Goth. Ilauths. Teut. stem naudi-. In A. S. nlahgebiir or nlahbiir. - A. S. Ilirall,
late A. S. texts this word is coufused in nigh; bi!r, or gebiir, a husbandman , the
form with 1llod, Ilied (njd), desire; which same word as Du. bOC1', a boor. See Boor.
is related to O. Sax. niu", O. H. G. 1liot, +G. nachbar, M. H. G. 1lachbiir; from
desire; Teut. base *Jteud-. Brugm. i. nacll, nigh, bitr, a husbandman.
42 7 b.
Neither. (E.) M. E. neither; for Ile
Needle. (E.) Also neeld; M. E.mdlc, (negative particle), not, and either. ::iee
also nelde. A. S. nadel; earlier form Either. With A. S. ne, not, cf. O. Sax.
1l,/dU. + Du. 1laald (for *m.zadl ) ; Ice! . ne, Itl; Goth. and O. H. G. ni, not.
lltil; Dan. 1laal; Swed. 1U1l; G. nadel; Nemesis. (L.-Gk .) L.nemesis.-Gk.
(;oth. Ilethla. 13. All from a T eut. type "Ep.Hm, allotment, retribution, vengeance.
*lIa-thla, from root *'le, to sew, as in G. - Gk. "EPEt", to distribute. (.vNEM.)
?lti/lett, to sew, L. 'I:!re, Gk. II~8f"', II'f"', Nenuphar, a kind of waterlily. (Pers.
to spin. Cf. .vSNE, as in O. Irish sn111l, -Skt.) Pers. Illll1ifar, for Ill/it/ar, nfllta spinning; cf. Irish snathad, a needle, par, ItlliiPal, a waterlily (Devic). - Skt.
mathaim,I string together, maidlle,thread. Itilotpala, a blue lotus. - Skt. nJla, blue;
See Brugm. i. 136, ii. 62.
utpa/a, a lotus.
Neese, Neeze, to sneeze, puff. (E.) Neology, the introduction of new
M. E. nesm; not in A . S.+Du. niezen , G. phrases. ,(Gk.) Gk. 1I'0-S , new; -Ao-yla,
niesen, O. H. G. niusan, Ice!. hlt/osa, from ACryOS, discourse, from A'1Etll, to
Swed. IZysa, Dan. nyse. Teut. type Imeu- speak; see New.
san_. See Sneeze.
neophyte, a novice. (L. -Gk.) L.
Nefarious. (L.) L. IIe/tiri-w, im- neopl'ytus. - Gk. IIftKpUTOS, lit. new planted,
pious; with suffix -DIU. - L. Ile/as, that hence, a novice. - Gk. IIfO-S, new; .puT-6",
which is unlawful. _ L. ne-, for ne, not; a plant, .pUT-OS, grown, from.p""", to grow,
las, law. allied to fan, to speak, declare. cause to grow, allied to Be.
Cf. Skt. bliash, to speak.
neoteric, novel. (L. - Gk.) L. neateNegation, denial. (F . - L.) M . F . ne- l-icus. - Gk. "fOJT'p,,,6s, novel. - Gk. IIfWgatioll.-L. ace. negationem, denial. - L. Tfpos, comparativeofllfos, new ; seeNew.
Jugalus, pp. of negare, to deny. Prob. Nepenthe, Nepenthes, a drug
from a particle (neg-) of negation; cf. which lulled sorrow. (G k.) Gk. "'1"fIl8's,
Lith. negi, also not. Brugm. ii. 774.
an epithet of a soothing drug (in Homer) ;
B'eglect. (L.) L. neglcetus, pp. of neut. of "1J".,,8~s, free from sorrow. - Gk.
1teg/igere, to neglect. -L. neg-, not (see ",,-, neg. prefix; ,,(,,80s, grief, allied to
Negation) ; and legere, to gather, select. 7I'a80s. See No ( I) and Pathos.
negligence. ( F.-L.) M. F. neg/i- Nephew. (F. - L. ) M. E. lleueu
gm<"C. - L. lleglige11lia, carelessness. - L. ( = 1leveu . - F . nevell, (a nephew;' Cot.-

!
a..6

NEREID

NEWEL

L. ,zepolem, acc. of ,upos, a grandson, also

a nephew. +Skt. 'ltlPfzl, a grandson; Pers.
nawilda, a grandson; A. S. nefa, a nephew;
G. neffi, nephew; Du. neef. Idg. type
nepoI; whence orig. T eut. type 1lt./od,
later "nefon. The fern. type is Idg. ,tepli.
(Skt. napli, L. ,zeplis), Teut. "nefti. >
nif/i (A. S. nift, Du. nieltt). Der. nepot
ism , favouritism to relations, from L.
nepol., s!em of nepos. Brugm. i. 149.
lfereld, a seanymph. (L.- Gk.) L.
Nlreid., stem of Nlreis. - Gk. N'IP,is , a
daughter of N l reus (Gk. N'IP'6s ), an
ancient seagod. - Gk. "'1pOS, wet; _cf. Gk.
"a.. II, to Bow (Prellwitz). (-v'SNA.)
lIerve. (F . -L.) F. tteif; Cot.-L.
,zeruum, acc. of neruus, a sinew. Perhaps
allied to Gk. ",uPO", a sinew, string; Skt.
snfzva, a tendon. See Prellwitz.
lfescient, ignorant. (L.) From L.
1ttsd ent , stem of neseims, pres. pt. of
,useire, not to know. -L. ,u', not; scire,
to know. See Science, Nice.
lfesh, tender, soft. (E.) M. E. nesh.
A.S. h"esee, soft.+Goth. It,ltlSkwus, soft,
lender.
lfe , a promontory. (E.) Seen in
Slteerness, &c. A. S. ,ttESS, headland.+
lceI. nes, Dan. ntZS, Swed. 1tas. Teut.
types *,ltlSOZ or *nassoz, masc., *nasjom,
neut. Perhaps allied to Nose.
lfest. (E.) M. E. and A.S. nesl. +
Du. nest, O. H. G. and G. ,zesl; Bret.
1Ieit, Irish and Gael. mad, O. Irish, tlet;
W. ,tylh, L . nidus (for.*niulus), Skt. "iola,
a nest, a den. 8. Orig. 'a place to sit in.'
Explained as short for *nisd-os, a place
in which to sit down; cf. Skt. nisad, to sit
down. Here .sd. is the weak grade of
-v'SED, to sit. See Sit. Der. 1lestle,
from A.S. nest/ian, to make a nest; nest
I.ing. Brugm. i. SI.
lfet ( 1), an implement for catching fish.
, E.) A. S. net, nett.+DlI. ,zet, Ice\. Dan.
'let, Swed. nat, Goth. ,tati, G. 1zetz. Tellt.
type *notjam, neut. Cf. L. 'tassa, a wicker
creel, I ce!. 1lot, a net.
lfet (2 ) , clear of all charges. (F.-L.)
F . lIet, pure; hence, free; see Neat (2).
lIether, lower. (E .) M. E. ne/here.
A.S. tleotJera, ",'otJerra, nether; a compo
adj . due to ni6er, adv., downward, also a
com par. fqrm. To be divided as ni~er,
the suffix (Jer being comparative, as in
other, neither (cf. Gk. -Tfpos, Skt . . tara.).
" ' e find SkI. 'lifarfzlll, adv., excessively,
conlinuaIly, grammatically a compo form

Ifrom ni, downward, into.+Icel. ."e3ri, adj.,

m lJan', adv. ; Dan. neder (111 comp.),

whence ,ud, downward; Swed. uedre, G.
"~ieder, nether; Du. neder, adv., down.
Cf. R uss. nije U as in F.} adv., lower.
Der. ,zelhermosl, corruption of A. S. ni6e
l 1)/esl, extended (by the usual superlative
suffix .esl) from an earlier *ni(Jem-a,
where -tJem = Idg. Iomo (as in L.
, op.li.mus).
I
lfettle. (E.) M. E. "etle. A . S. ndele,
1ltlle.+Dn. neld, Dan. nelde (for *mdle ),
Swed. nassla (for *nalla), G. nessel. Teut.
type *natillJn', fern . An older form appears
in O . H. G . nazza, fern., a nettle. Cf. O.
Irish nenaid, nettles.
lIeuralgia, pain in the nerves. (Gk.)
From Gk. ", IiP'Oll, a nerve, and clA'Y-os,
pain; with suffix Ia. The Gk. ".ilpOll
may be allied to L. "IIn/us; see Nerve.
lfeuter. (L.) L.neuler; neither; hence,
sexless.-L. ,ze, not; uter, whether; sec
Whether. Der. 1leutral, &c.
liner. (E.) M. E. 'teuer (Il = v ).
A. S. ,tilfie.-A. S. ne, not; iF/re, ever;
see Ever.
lfew. (E.) M. E. "e'we; A . S. ,tiwe,
'l101ve.+Du. n;et/w, Jcel. ,tj", lJan. Swed.
,ty, Goth. "iujis, G. ,leU, L. ,tOUUS, W.
'Iewydd, Irish and Gad. nuad/l, Lithuan.
lIaujas, Russ. izovuii, Gk. "'os (= /I'Fos~ .
Pers. nau, Skt. tlava (s), navya(s), new.
Jdg. types *,uwios, mwos; Hrugm. i.
120, 31S; ii. 63.
Allied to Skt. ,tU,
now; hence new = ' that which is now,'
recent. See Now.
newfangled, fond of novelty. (E.)
The d has leen added. M. E. ,tewefangel,
i. e. fond of what is new. Compounded of
1ltl1ve,new, andfattgel, ready to catch, from
the base fa'lg', as in A. S. fangm, pp. of
fln, to catch. The suffix otl is lhe same
as in A. S. spreeol, fond of speaking, talka
live, &c. ~ ec Fang.
news, tidings. (E.) Forrnerly1ltwes, sb.
pl. , lit. new things; see the Kingis Quair,
st. 179. It is a translation of F. nou
velles, newS, pI. of 0.1'. novel, new. Cf.
DI1. lliett1IJS (Sewe1).
lIewel, the upright column round which
acircula. staircase winds. ( F.-L.) Former
Iy nuell. - O. F. nuel, 1toiel, later 1loyau,
' the stone of a plumme, the nuell or
spindle of a winding staire ; ' Cot. - L.
nuciile, neut. of nucfzlis, lit. belonging to
a nut ; hence a kernel or stone of a plum.
- L. 1tUe, stem of ttl/X, a nut. ~ Named

3+7

NEWFANGLED

NIGHTMARE

Cf. 1". nUlil, a by Cronstedt (a Swett mineralogist) in

125,t (Cent. Dict.).
lIewfazurled, lIew.; see New.
lIlClmack j see Kniokknack.
lIewt, a kind of lizard. (E.) The ini- lIickname. (E. ) M. E. "ekmame,
tial " ii unoriginal; a newl stands for an also ekename; (a nekename = an ekenallle).
ewl. M. E. newle; also ewle, which is a See Prompt. Parv. ; cf. Du. loenaalll, G.
shortened form of M. E. evete. - A. S. zuname. From eke and name. + Icel.
ifela, a lizard. See Eft.
auknefni, Swed. okna1m" Dan. oge1taV1t,
lien, nighest. (E.) M. E. nexl; also an eke-name, nickname.
nehesl, super!. of nell, nigh; A. S. nehsl, lIicotiaD., belonging to tobacco. (F.)
M. F. Nicoliane, 'Nicotian, tobacco, first
super!. of nln, neah, nigh. See Nigh.
lIia., a young hawk, a ninny. (F. -L.) sent into France by Nicol in 1560;' Cot.
M. F. niais, ' a neastling, ninny;' Cot. - Nicol is a personal name.
Late L. acc. type *nidiacem (Ital. nidiace). lIiece. (F. - L.) M. Eo neee, 1Uyce.- L. nidus, a nest. See Nest.
M. F. niece (F. niece). - Late L. 1uplia, a
lIib, point of a pen. (E.) Anotherform niece. - L. neptis, a granddaughter, niece ;
of neb; see Neb. Cf. E. Fries. nibbe, used as fem. of L. nepos, nephew. See
nib, Low G.nibbe, a neb.
Nephew.
lIibble. (Eo) Lit.' to nip often;' the lIigga.rd, a miser. (Scand.) M. E.
frequent. of "ip, to pinch off the end of nigara; where the suffix -ard is of F.
grass, &c.+Low G. nibbe"" Imibbeln , to origin (=O.H.G. hart, hard ). We also
nibble, to gnaw slightly. (Cf. dibble from find M. E. nigun, a niggard, and ,tiggisll,
dip.) ~ Or we may regard it as an at adj ., stingy; and even mg. -Icd. h"ogg1',
tenuated form of Du. hlabbelm, to nibble.
niggardly, Swed. njugg, niggardly, scanty;
lIice, fastidious, delicious. (F. -L.) cf. Mid. Dan. nygger, Swed. dia!' nugger,
M. E. nice, foolish, simple, later fastidious , stingy.+A. S. h"law, niggardly (Noreen).
and lastly delicious. - O. F. nice, lazy. Cf. M. Du. nugger, 'nimble, carefull, or
simple; orig. ignorant j Romanic *.eciUIll diligent,' Hexham.
(cf. S~an. neeio). - L. nescium, acc. of lfigh. (E.) M. E. mil, neih, ney. A. S.
/Jescius, ignorant. - L. 1U, not; sci-re, to mah, nlh, nigh ; adv. and prep.
Du.
na , adv., I cel. "'1- (as in 1lI1-btti, a neighknow. See No (1) and Soienoe.
lIiche, a recess in a wall for a statue. bour) j Goth. nlhwa, arlv. and prep.; G.
(F.-ltal.-L.) F. 1litM.-Ital. 1liuhia, ,tah, nahe, adj., nach, prep., nigh. Teut.
a niche, a shell-like recess in a wall. - Ital. type *nahwo-. Root unknown.
nicchio, a shell, also a nitch (Florio). - L. Hight. (E.) M. E. night, niht. A . S.
lIlitulum,1Iljli/ttm ,acc. of mittllus, mjtiltts, 1lihi, neaM; O. Merc. na'l,t.+Du. G. 1laeht,
a seamuscle. ' Derived in the same way as Ice!. mUt, nott, Dan. nat, ~wed. 1latt, Goth .
T eut. type *1la/il-; Idg. type
Ital. secchia from silula, a bucket, and vec- naMs.
chio from tutulus, old; as to the change of *nokt- . + W . nos, Irish 1lOrI/d, L ithuan.
initial, cf. Ita!. nespola with L. mupiltlm , naktis. Russ. nache, L. 1taX (slem 1l0Ct-),
a medlar;' Diez. [The same change Gk. vJ[ (stem VUI<T- ), Skt. nakta-. ~r For
occurs in F. natte, a mat, and in ,tapki".] the old system of reckoning by nights, cf.
We alio find L. multllus, a sea-muscle; smmght, jorlmght.
er. L. musmlus, a sea-muscle; see Musole
nightingale. (E.) M. E. 1ligMin(1). Cf. Gk. flIITiJ..or (Liddell).
gale, earlier mghtegale (the n having been'
lIick -(I ), a small notch. (0. Low G. ) inserted) ; A. S. nilitegale. - A. S. nihle-,
Nick is an attenuated form of 1lock, a for niht, night; gale, a singer, from
notch; see Nook. So also lip from lralan, to sing. Lit. ' singer by night:
lop.
A. S . .gal-an is from gal-, 2nd stem of
lIick (2) , the devil. (F . - L. - Gk .) giel/an, to yell. See Yell. So also Du.
Short for Nicolas. [ Not from A. S. niear, nachtegaal, Dan. nattergal, Swed. miklera water-sprite, hobgoblin; Ice!. nykr, Dan . gal. G. nachtigall, O. H. G. naMagala.
nightmare, an incubus. (E.) M. E.
,wk, nisse, Swed. niick, G. ,.ix, a watergoblin. See Kluge, s. v. Nix.)
llightemare. From A. S. niht, night;
lIickel, a grayish white metal. (G. - 1JltEre, a nightmare, incubus ; allied to
Swed.) G. 1ticket, nickel : Impfe1'llickel, a Teut. verb *marjan-, to cnlsh, Ice!.
nickel of copper. - Swed. nickel. So named "urja (pt. t. ma~,) , to crush. [Mara is
from its mural position.
nut (dial. of La Meuse).

+..

34 8

NIGHTSHADE

NOCK

quite distinct from A. S. mere, a mare, but

the two have been confused in Du. nacMmerrie, a nightmare.]+Icel. mara, Swed.
mara, Dan. mare, Low G. moor, O. H. G.
mara, mar; all with the sense of incubus
or crushing weight on the breast. Cf. F .
caue/,e-mar, nightmare; wlrere cauche is
from L. calciire, to tread on, press upon.
Also N. Fries. tlaagtmare, G. tltlChtmahr,
nightmare.
nightshade, a plant. (E.) A. S.
nilitscada. C f. Du. "achtschade, M. Du.
"achtschaede, G. nachtsrllatten. Also Swed.
dial. tlatt-skate-griis, as if from tIlltt-skata,
a bat, and gras, grass ( Rietz).
lIigrescent, growing black. (L.)
From stem of pres. pt. of nigrescere, to
grow black, inceptive of nigrere, to be
black.-L. nigro, for niger, black.
lIihilist, a member of a revolutionary
secret society, esp. in Russia. (L.) Etymologicall y, one who denies real existence.
- L. nihil, nothing.
lIilgau; see Nylghau.
lIimble, active. (E.) M. E. nip-lei ;
the b is excrescent. Lit. ' ready to catch; ,
from A. S. nim-an, to catch, take, seize;
with suffix -01, as in sprec-ol, talkative.
We actually find A . S. numol or numu/,
taking , seizing, or able to receive; from
the weak grade (t.um-) of the same verb.
Cf. Ice! . 'lema, Goth. niman, G . nehmen,
to take. Perhaps related to Gk. "'/Iofu8al,
to occupy, "'/Iof"', to distribute. (.vNEM.)
lIincompoop, a simpleton. (L.)
Thought to be a cormption of L. ntm
compos (menlis), not sound in mind.
lIine. (E.) M. E. nine, where the
final e is a pI. suffix, and nin- is for nijen,
nine (Layamon) . A. S. nigon, nigm , nine.
+ Du. negen , Icel. nilt, D an. ni, Sw. nio,
G. neun, Goth. t.iun; cf. also W. naw,
Ir. 'laoi, L. nouem, Gk . ""'a, Zend 1laVa,
Pers. tmh, Skt. nava, nine. Idg. type
*newm. Rrugm. ii. 173.
lIinny, a simpleton. (Ita!. ) Ita!.
ninno, a child (Diez). Cf. Span. nino, a
child, one of little experience. - Ital. n;"na,
a lullaby, nurse's song to lull children to
sleep, also na,.na. Of imitative origin.
IIl'ip. (E.) M. E. nippen, for knippen ; see G . Douglas, Prol. to lEn. xii.
I. 94. Not in A. S. From the weak
grade (lmiP-) of a Teut. verb *kneipan-, to
pinch, as seen in Du. knijpen, to pinch,
Dan. Imibe, Sw. knipa; G. kneifm,
kneipen, to pinch (from Low G .). Allied

to Lith .f"yb-ti, to pinch; or to Lith.

kNo-ti, to pinch.

lIipple, a teat. (E.) Formerly"ible

(Nares); neble (Palsgrave) ; dimin. of
nib or neb; see Neb. Cf. O. F. nijle,
,.iflle, a nose, Ital. niffolo, niffa, a snout,
from the Teutonic (Low G. nibbe, a beak).
D er. nipple-wort.
lIit, egg of a lonse; a louse. (E.)
M. E. nite, a nit, also a louse; A .S. hnit",
a louse's egg. + Du. neet; lcel. nitr, pI.,
Dan.gnid, Swed. gnet; G. niss; Gk. "o"lt
(stem "ovl~-) ; W. ,.edd, pI., nits; cf. also
Russ. gnida , a nit.
Nitre. ( F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F.nitre.
- L. uilrum. - Gk. vlrpov.- Heb. netller,
nitre. ~ N it1'e and natron are doublets ,
but applied to different substances. Natron
is from F . nabon. - Span. natro1l.- Arab.
ttatrt'm, nitrim. - Gk. "'rpov. - Heb.
'let/w. Der. ,Ii/ro-gen, that which produces nitre, from "YEV', base of "Yi'Y""v, to
produce.
lIiza.m, the title of .Jl ruler in the
Deccan, in Hindustan. (Hind. - Pers.Arab.) F rom the Arab. ttir/hiim, government, which the Persians pronounce as
nizam.
T hough the proper sense is
governmen t,' in the phrase niziim-'1-1'mlk
it is used as a title, meaning' governor of
the empire' ; first used by Asaf Jah in J 713
(Yule.) - Arab. root nat/hama, he arranged
or ordered. (Devic, Richardson.)
II0 ( I ), a word of refusal or denial. (E.)
M. E. ttO; A. S. nli, no, adv., never, no.A. S. ne, not; ii, ever (whence M. E. 00, 0,
ever, now obsolete). See Aye. /3. With
A. S. ne, not, cf. Goth. ni, Russ. ne, Irish,
Gael. W. ni, L. ne (in non-ne), Skt. na,
not.
no (l ), none. (E.) Short for none,
q.\'. Der. ,.o.body, i. e. none body; it
took the place of M. E. no man. So also
no.thing.

lIoble. (F. - L.) F. noble. - L. 1l0'

bilem, acc. of nobilis, well known. For
O . L. gnobilis. - L. /[110' , base of '16sare
(i. e. gnDsrere), to know; allied to E.
Know. Der. nobil-ity, O. F. tlobilite/,
L. acc. ,.obilita/em. Also i-gnoble.
lIobody; from no and body; see No ( I ) .
lIook, an indentation , notch; obs.
(M. Du.) M . E. nokke. _ M . Du . nocke
(Kilian) , a notch in the head of an
arrow; M. Swed. nocka, a notch; Swed .
dial. nokkt, nokk. The M. Swee1. 1UIcka
also denotes the sml1e as Ice!. Imokld, i. e,

NOCTURN

NOOSE

the small metal hooks holding th" thread

in a distaff. .. The M. Ital. ttocca, a nock,
is of Teut. origin. Distinct from nolck.
lIocturn, a service of the church.
(F.-L.) F. nocturlle, a lloctum; orig.
nocturna!' - Lat~ L. "oclurlla, a nocturn ;
fern. of L. noclurJJlts, nocturnal. From
noel-, stem of nox, night. S~e Night.
lIod. (E. ) M. E. nodden. Not in
A. S.; but the orig. form began with kn.
The orig. sense was to push, beat, shake.
Cf. Ice!. knytJja, a rammer for beating
tnrf ; O. H. G. knoton (knoton? ), to shake;
Bavar. ttotteftt, to move to and fro. Teut.
base *kneud.
lIoddle, the head. (E.) M. E. llMle,
nodil, the noddle, nape, back of the head.
, Occiput, a nodyle;' Vocab.673. Dimin.
of *k'lOd, a word not found in M. E. , but
the same as M. Du. knodde, a knob
(Hexham), Du. Imod, a club; cf. G.
kllOten, a knot, knob. This is a mere
variant of knot ( Franck). Cf. Low G.
knuddef, a ball of yam, a hard swelling
under the skin (Berghau5) .
lIode, a knot. (L.) L. nUus, a knot.
lIog~, a wooden cup. (Scand.) Cf.
Irish nolgitt, Gael. noigtan, a noggin; Gael.
cnagrm , a little knob, a peg, an earthen
pipkin, cnagaire, 'a knocker; a gill,
noggin; a quart measure;' all from E.
(Macbain).
Also Lowl. Sc. ttoggin,
noggie; spelt knoggilJ by Swift.
For
*knoggett, with -en as in wood'en, from
knog, variant of knag, a knob, peg. also a
keg (Jamieso:l) , kmzggie, a keg (id.). Of
Scand. origin; see Knag.
lIoise. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. noise.F. noise, O. F. noise, "ose, a debate,
quarrel, noise. Cf. Provo 'lOisa, nausa ,
'Jlleiza. fJ. Diez holds that it can only be
derived from L. nausea, sea-sickness, disgust, hence annoyance, &c.; the L. word
being borrowed from Gk. See Nausea.
lIoisome, annoying, troublesome. (F.
- L. ; 1vilk E. sufftx. ) Formed from
M. E. noy. annoyance; with E. suffix
-some. This M. E. noy is short for M. E.
anoy, anoi. - O. F . anoi, vexation; see
Annoy.
lIole, lIoll, head; see Noule.
lIomad, wanderiug. (Gk.) Gk. v0Jl43- ,
stem of vo}Uif, roaming in search of pasture. - Gk. VOIl"s, a pasture, allotted abode.
-Gk. VEIl"V , to assign. (.vNEM.)
lIomenclator, one whonamea things.
(L. ) L. l1i5mmdtifo,', lit. 'nnme-cnller.'

- L. ,wmen, name; ca/iire, to call; see

Calends.
nominal. (F. - L. ) F. nominal. - L.
"omintilis , nominal; belonging to a name.
- L.ni5min- , for nomen, aname; see Noun.
nominate. ( L.) From pp. of L.
nominare, to name. - L. .ltJmin-, for
ttome,,; see Noun.
lIon-, prefix, not. (L.) L. nOn, not.
nonage. (L. atld F. -L.) I. e. nott age, min ority . So a\;o noncon.formi,tg,
noll.descript, non-entity, non-juror, non
se/lSe, nOll-suit.
lIonee j see One.
lIonehaJant, careless. (E. -L.) F.
nOIle/lattlnt, careless; pres. pt. of O. F.
nonckaloir, to be careless about. - O. F.
n01J, not ; chaloir, to glow, hence to be
hot over, take care for. - L. non, not;
calen, to glow.
lIone. ( E.) M.E.noon,non. A.S.
,,an. - A. S. ne, not: an, one; see One.
Hence no, as ill /lo.tking, no-body, by loss
of final n.
lIones, the ninth day before the ides.
(L.) From L. nMza, ninth (i. e. ninth
day), fern. of nonllS, ninth; from nque1ll,
nine. See Nine.
lIonpareil, matchless. (F. -L.) F.
lion, not; p areil, equal.-L. lion, not;
Late L. 'pal'iculllS, equal, douhle dimin.
from par, equal. Cf. Apparel.
lIonplus. (L.) 'To be at a ,umplus,'
to be in perplexity. not to be able to proc~ ed. - L . 'tlhl , not; plus, more , furt her.
lIook. (E.) M. E. llok, a corner.
Lo w!. Sc. nmk, whence (probably) Irish
and Gael. llillC, a corner, nook; also Low!.
Sc. nuik, nuk, a headland. It answers
to A. S. *ntJc (not found ) ; cf. Norw.
llakke, a comer Cllt off; Dan. dial. ,Iogg.
a beno in a river .
]foon. mid-day . (L.) Orig. the ninth
hour or 3 P.M., but afterwards the time of
the church ser via called nones was shifted
to mid-day. We find A. S . 1i5ntid (lit.
noon-tide) , the ninth hour, Mk. xv. 33.L. 1JMla, i . e. ninth hour, fern . of non us,
ninth. See Nine.
]foose, a slip-knot. (F . - L ) In
Beaumont and Fletcher. The word was
imported from Gascony by sailors. Gascon nus ; O. Provo .zotz; Provo nous, a
noose or loop. [Cf. Provo nous courrtnl,
a nlOning noose; p!. .lOuses; IIOUS tb
I'at'aire, a noose for mooring ships; note
Gasc. /louset, a knot, 'lOlIstra , to tie a

35 0

NOR

NOURISH

knot.] - L. nUus, nom., a knot. See

Knot.
"or. (E. ) M. E. ''''1', short for ,,,,t/w',
neither. - A . S. "awtJer, contracted form
of ntihw(ZtJer, neither. - A. S. nil, not;
h1vatJer, whether.
..ormal, according to rule. (L ) 1..
nonntilt's, adj. -L. norma, a carpenter's
sq~are, rule, pattern.
l!Jorma.n, ..orse; see North.
"orth. (E.) A. S. noM1.+Du. noon!,
lcel. no~r, Dan. ~wed . G . nord. Root
unknown; some compare Umbrian nerlru,
on the left hand (to one looking eastwards) ; Gk. ~'fYTfPO~, lower.
norman. (F.-Scand.) O. F. 11'01'mand. - Dan. N m"mmzd; Ice!. NortJmatJr,
pl.1ITortJmemz. Lit. ' North-man.'
norse. (Scand. ) From N orw. and
Dan. norsk, Norse; Ice!. norskr, N orse.
Short for *1Ii orlh-isk, i. e. Nortk-isk.
northern. (E.) A. S. 'to~em; cognate with Ice!. ttorran, O. H.G. 1tordroni.
For the suffix, cf. L. -timus. Der. 1Iortker-I)', put for "orlk-em-ry.
"ose. (E.) M. E. 1Iose. A. S. nosu.
Du. neus. Related , appare.ntly by
gmdation, to A . S. tZam, nose, Ice!. t,ds,
Dnn. nase, Swed. ,zlisa, G. nase, Rus,.
no/, Lilhunn. 1tosis, L. 1lIisus, nares, pl.,
Skt. tulsa, dunl. Allied to Ness. D er.
nose-gay; cr. provo E. gay, a painted
picture in II book, fromgny, adj.; tZos-lril;
nozzle; nuzzle.
Nosology, science of disease. (Gk .)
Gk. ~Oqo~, disease; -).o,"(ia. from A6'"(o~,
discour>e , from ).E'"(fIV, to speak.
"ostril. (E.) Nostril =,tose-Ikrill or
nOSl-thiri. M. E. nosethid; A . S. tloslfyrl.
- A . ~. tlOS-U, nose; tJyrtl, a perforation,
orifice; see Thrill.
"ostrum, a quack medicine. (L.) L.
noslrum . lit. ' our own,' i. e. a special drug
peculiar to the seller. Neut. of noster,
onTS. -L. nos, we. Cf. Skt. "as, us
"ot ( I), a wore! expressing denial. (E.)
M. E. ttOI, short form of nougltt, ttaugltt;
spe Naught.
"ot (l ), I know not. or he knows not.
(E.) Obso/cle. M. E. nol, nool. A. S. mIl.
-A. S. nc , not; w,lI, T know, orh e knows;
~ee Wit.
"otable. (F. - L.) F . nolable.-L.
notObilis, remarkahle. - L. tzolare, to mark.
- L. nota, a mark ; see Note.
notary. (F. - L.) M. F. nolaire.- T..
ace. noliirium (from tloliirius) , one who

mnkes notes, a scrivener. - L. ,,,,la, a nole ;

see Note.
"otch, an incision, a score; also, ns
vb., to incise, nick. (F. ) For *old" by
a.sociation with nock, which has a similar
meaning. M. E. ochen, to cut, cut into,
occurs in the Morte Arthnre, 3565,3676.
NOlch was often particularly used with
reference to the scoring of tallies, and
cricket was once scored by counting nolckes.
-0. F. oche (F. koche), 'a nick, nock, or
notch, the cut of a tally;' Cot. Also
ocher,' to nick, nock , notch, to cut as a
tally;' id. The O. F. ode. Gascon osco,
is of nnknown origin . ~ There i5 a similar
d ifficulty as to initial 11 in the word "ouch
or ouch; see Ouch.
Note, a mark. ( F.-L.) F . tlote. -L.
1101a, a mark, lit. that by which a th ing is
known . Perhaps for *gnola, and allied to
110tUS, known, pp. of noscen; Brea!. (For
the short 0, cf. L. cognit"s = *cognotus.)
D e r. not-al-ion, from 1.. lIOMlio, from pp.
1101'llus ; and see not-able , 1lot-ary a hove.
Nothing. (E.) Short for ,to lhing; see
None.
Notice. (F. - L.) F.tZolice - L.nolitia ,
a being known , knowledge -L. 11otUS, pp.
of nosC(re, to know. See Know.
notify. (F. - L.) F . nOlijier. - L.
notijiciire, to make known. - L. 110Ii- , for
110ttH , known; -jica"e for level'e, to
make.
notion. (F.-L. ) F.nolion. - L.ncc.
noliol1('" , an investigation, a notion . - L.
notus, pp. of noscere, to know. See
Know.
notorio1Ul. (L. l From L. nolori-us,
manifest; with suffix OtlS. - L. tlolor, a
voucher, witness . - L. pp. notus, known .
Der. notori-ely, M .. F. 110toriet! (Col. ) .
..ot-pated, close shorn. (E.) See
I Hen. i V. ii. 4. 78.
From A. S. knot ,
close shorn; ane! Pate.
"otwithstanding. (E.) M. E .
nougltt witllslondi"g, Gower C. A. ii. 181.
From naugltt and wilksland.
lII"ought, the same as Naught.
"oule, lII"owl, "ole, "oIl, head .
( E.) S ~e Nares. Mid. Nt. Dr. iii. 3 . 17.
M. E. nolo A. S. knoll, the crown of the
head.+O. H . G. knol, top.
"oun, a grammatical term. (F.-L.)
O. F. noun, "on , ntm ( F. nom), a name.L. nometz a name . See Na.me.
lII"ourish. (F.- L.) M. E. "orisen.O . F . Houri.< , 1ltlrris., stem of pres. pt. of

351

NOVEL

NUNCIO

nounr (F. 'JI)urrir), to nourish. - L. l!II'uisance. (F. - L.) F. lIu;sance, a

hurt. - F. 1luisant, hurtful; pres. pt. of
nUirire, to nourish, suckle. Cf. Nurse.
l!II'ovel. (F. - L.) O. F. novel (F. nuire, to hurt. - L. 'JI)cire, to hurt.
nouveau). - L. mutllus, new, dimin. of l!II'ull, invalid. (F . - L.) F. ntll. - L.
nouus, new. See New. Der. novel-ty, nul/us, none. - L. nt, not; ttllus, any,
from O. F. ,wveiiteit, from L. acc. muelli- short for *u1lulus, dimin. of imus, one.
tatem, newness.
l!II'ullah, a water-COlll1le, bed of a torrent.
novice,abegilmer. (F.-L. ) F.nuvice. (Hind.) Hind. ndla, a water-course
- L. nouicius, nouitius, new, fresh, a (Yule).
novice. - L. nouus, new. Der. 1I.~iti-ate , l!II'umb. (E.) M. E. nome, nomen, pp.
from M.F. novifiat, ' the estate of a novice,' seized, taken, caught with, overpowered,
Cot., from Late L. novitiafus, sb.
deprived of sensation. Pp. of M. E. nimen
l!II'ovember. (L.) L. Nouember, the (A. S. nilllan), to take; see Nimble.+
ninth mon th of the Roman year. - L. nauem, Icel. numimt, bereft, pp. of nenta, to take.
nine. See Nine.
l!II'umber. (F. -L.) F. nombre.-L.
l!II'OW. ( Eo) M. E. now, mu, nu; A. S. numerum, acc. of numerus, a number.
nu.+ Du. nu, lcel. nu, Dan. Swed. O. H.G. Cf. Gk. vop..os, law, II'POLV, to distribute.
Goth. nu, Skt. nu, nu. Cf. Gk. vii-v, L. (.vNEM. ) Der.out-"umber.
nu-nc. Der_ mw. Brugm. i. 1042.
numeral. (L. ) From L. numeral;s,
l!II'oway, l!II'oways. (E.) The older belonging to number. - L. numerus
form is noways.-A. S. "ams weges, by no (above).
way, the gen. case nsed adverbially. See
numeration. (F.-L. ) F. numeration. - L. acc. numerafiomm, a numbering.
None and Way-.
nowhere. (E. ) A. S. nalnu/er. - - L. 1mme1'iifIlS, pp. of 1tltmernre, to
A. S. nli, not; hwar, where. See No (I) number. - L. numerus, a number.
and Where.
numerous. (F.-L.) M.F .lu1llermx
nowise. (E.) Short for in no 7uise, (COL). - 1.. ,mmerostts, adj.; from nuM. E. on none wise; where none is dat. of merus, sb., a nnmber.
M. E. mon, none, and wise is dat. of wise, l!II'umismatic, relating to coins. (L.a way, from A. S. Wise , a way. See None, Gk. ) Coined from L. numismaf-, stem
of numisma , cnrrent coin. - Gk. lIop..,rp.a,
and Wise, sb.
l!II'ozious. (L.) L. noxius, hurtful.- a custom, also current coin. - Gk. lIop.l{OIll,
L. mxa, hurt. - I~ mcere, to hurt; cf. nex, to adopt, use as coin. - Gk. vop.o~, usage.
destruction. + Skt. ndfa(sl, destruction. - Gk. 11'1'0111, to distribute. (.vNEM.)
l!II'un. (L.) M. E. and A. S. 1Iunne.(.vNEK.) Brugm. ii. 794.
l!II'ozzle, a snout. (E.) Formerly 'JI)zle; Late L. nunna, 'tUmta, a nun; orig. a title
(limi n. of mse.
of respect; oldest sense, 'mother.' It
l!II'ucleus, core. (L.) L. nucleus, small answers to L. mnnus, father, also a monk
nut, kernel. - L_ nuc-, stem of nttx, a nut. (Ducange) . + Gk. 11<1l1li1], aunt; Skt. nanii,
l!II'ude, naked. (L.) L . nUtius, bare; for mother, a familiar word used by children.
Formed like 1Ila-1Ila, ,{a-da (daddy), and
*nogwedos. Allied to Naked.
l!II'udge, a slight push. (E.) Lowl. Sc. the like. Der. ntmn-tr-y, from O. F.mn1Iodge, to push, strike, strike with the nerie, which is from O. F. nonne, Late L.
knuckles; North_ E.mg, to jog. Perhaps nonna.
of imitative origin. Cf. Norw. nugga, l!II'uncheon, a luncheon. (Hybrid; L.
to rub, push, allied to nYl{J[ja (pt . t.mgg), to and E .) The ending is confused with that
push; Swed. dial. nog;gu, to move slightly. of luncheon. M. E. mllechenche (for nonel!II'ugatory, tritling, vain. (L.) L_ nttga- schenclle). Riley, Memorials of London,
ton'us, adj. from nttglitor, a tritler. - L. p. 265; lit. a 'noon-drink,' to accompany
ni;gatus, pp_ of nugari, to mtle. - L. pI. the nonemete or ' noon-meat.' - M. E. none,
nug(J!, tritles.
noon; schmche. a pouring ont of drink. l!II'ugget,alnmpofmetal. (E.) Formerly A. S. nifn , noon (of L. origin; see Noon);
niggot; see Trench, Eng. Past and Present. scencan, to pour out drink. /3. The A. S.
Cf. provo E. nug, a block of wood; nigg, scencan is lit. 'to pour out through a pipe; ,
a small piece ( Essex) ; nog, !mog, a block derived from A. S. scane, a shank, hollow
of wood, knob, peg; allied to Kna&. bone, pipe; see Shank.
l!II'uncio, a messenger. (Ita1.-L ) Ital.
See No&ein.
35 2

NUNCUPATIVE

OATS

nuncw.-L. nun/ium, acc. of nun/ius, a E. Fries. nusseln, Swed. dial. niJs/a, to

bringer of tidings. Prob. for *noumJius, nuzzle.
a bringer of news, from nouus, new.
]fylghau, a kind of antelope. (PeB.)
]f1U1cupative, declared by word of Pers. tlilgtiw, a nylghau , lit. ' blue cow.' mouth. (F: -L.) F. nuncupatif (Cot.) . - Pers. nil, blue (see Lilac) ; and giiw, a
Late L. nuncupdtivus ,nominal. - L. nuncu- cow, allied to E. Cow.
patus, pp. of nuncupare, to call by name. ]fymph. (F.-L. -Gk.) F . nymplte.
For *nOmi-cupdre; from L nOmen, name, -L. nympha.-Gk . JlvfU/>T/ , a bride.
eapere, to take. Brugm. ii. 3,..

]fuphar, a kind of water-Iily. (Pers. Skt. ) Pers. nular, short for niliifar; see
Nenuphar.
]fu,lltiaJ. (F. -L.) F. nuptial. - L.
nupttalis, belonging to a marriage.- L.
nuptja, s. pl., a wedding.-L. nupla, a
bride; fern. of pp. of 1It'4bere, to marry, lit.
'to veiL' Cf. nUbe.r, a cloud.
]furse. (F.-L) ContractedfromM.E.
noriee, nuriee. - O . F . norrice (F. nourrice).
-L. tzutricia, a nurse.-L. tzul"ie-, stem
of niitrix, a nurse. - L. nulrire, to nourish.
nurture. (F. - L.) M. E. norture. _
O . F . 1wriJure (F. nourriture).-L. "utritura, nourishment; from niitritus, pp. cf
niilrire, to nourish.
Nut. (R.) M. E. note, nule; A. S.
Anutu.+Du. nool, lcel. Ilnot , Swed. niJt,
Dan. niJd, G. nuss. Cf. Irish cnu, Gael.
eno, W. meum, a nut. Der. tlutltatch, i. e.
nut-hacker; see Hatch (3).
nutmeg, the musknut. (E.; andF.L.-Pers.-Skt.) M. E. nolemuge, later
nutmegge. Here -1IIuge is from O. F.

O.
0 (1), Oh,

interjection. (E.) M. E. 0;
not in A.S.+Du. Dan. Swed. G. Goth. L.
iJ; Gk. iL, w. There was no distinction,
formerly, between 0 and olt.
0 (2 ), a circle. (E.) So called because
the letter 0 is of a circular shape.
Oaf, a simpleton. (Scand .) Provo E.
auf, . an elf. -lcel. alfr, an elf. Chaucer
uses elvislt in the sense of 'simple.' A
variant of elf; see Elf.
Oak. (E.) M. E. ook; A. S. ac. + Du.
lcel. eik; Dan. ((g, eg, Swed. tk, G . ticlte;
Teut. base *ajk-.
Oakum, tow from old ropes. (E.)
A. S. acumba, tow. (For the soundchange, cf. E. oak< A. S. ae.) Lit. ; that
which is combed out.' - A. S. a-, prefix;
cemban, to comb, from camb, a comb;
see A- (,.) and Comb.
Cf. O. H . G.
ncha1llbi, tow; of like origin.
mugue,musk. - L.muscum,acc.ofmuscus, Oar. (E.) M.E. ore; A.S. ar.+Icel.
musk; see Musk. Cf. O. F . 1Iluguelle, a ar, Dan. aare, Swed. ara. Teut. type
nutmeg, also called noix muscade, Span. *aira, fem.; whence Finnish ajro (Noreen,
nuez moscoda, Ital. 'wee moscada, Late L. 57) . ~ A connexion with Gk. fp-fT1J"
mus((ita, nutmeg.
oarsman, cannot be established.
Nutation, a nodding. (L. ) From L. Ouis. (L. - Gk. - Egypt.) L. oaps.nutalio, a nodding.-L nutare, to nod, Gk. 00.0", aVao , a ferule islet in the
frequent. of nuere, to nod.+Gk. "'VflJI, to Libyan desert. Of Egypt. origin; cf.
nod. (1I'NEU.)
Coptic oualte, an oasis, a dwelling. place,
]futriment, food . (L.) L.nulri1llm- OUill, to dwell (Peyron ).
lum , food. - L. nutrirt, to nourish , suckle, Out, Out-house, a kiln for drying
feed.
hops. (E.) M. E. oost, ost. A. S. ast, a
nutritious. (L.) L. nutriti.us, for kiln, drying-house. +ThI. eest, M. Du. ast
nutriet'us, adj. , nourishing; with suffix -gus. (the same) . Allied to L.astus, Gk. alSos,
- L. nutric-, stem of nutrix, a nurse. - L. a burning heat. (11' AIDH.) See Ether.
nutrire (above).
Oath. (E.) M. E. ootil, oill. A. S. tilJ.
nutritive. (F.-L.) F. nutntif. + Du. ted, Ice!. ei/Jr, Dan. Swed.td, Goth.
Formed with F. suffix -if (L. -iuus), from aitlls, G. tid, O. H. G . eid. Teut. type
niitn-t-us, pp. of nulrire (above) .
*aitlloz; Idg. type *oitos, as in O. Irish
]fuzzle, to thrust the nose in. (E. ) oeth, an oath.
Formerly nousie, nosyl/; a frequent. verb; Oats. (Eo) M. E . oles, pI. A. S. tile,
from nose, sb. Cf. Swed. nosa, to smell; sing.; pI. titan. Perhaps allied to Ice!.
also Bavar. nusein , niJseln, to seek about tit;", a nodule in stone, Norw. eitel, a
for, also, to speak through the nose; gland , knot, nodule, Russ. iadl'o, a kernel,
N
353

OB-

OBSERVE

ball, Gk. ol3or, a swelling. From the

swollen shape. (.vElD.)
Obo, prefix. (L.) It changes to ocbefore e, of- before f, oj- befo~e p. L. Db,
with very variable &enles; as, towards, at,
before, upon, over, about , near. Cf.
Oscan 0/, near, Gk. {'III, upon; Brugm. i.
~57

Obdurate. (L.) L. obdiMUus, pp. of

obdurtire, to harden. - L. ob; and diirus,
hard. See Dure.
Obedient. (F.-L.) O. F. obedient.
- L. obldient., stem of pres. pt. of obldire
(0. L. oboedire) , to obey. - L. ob-, near;
and audire, to hear. See Audience.
Brugm. i. 250. Der. dis-obedient.
obeisance. (F. - L.) M . E. obeisance.
- O. F. obeissanee, later F. obti'ssance,
service, a salute. - O. F. obeissallt, pres. pt.
of obeir, to obey.-L. obldire (above).
Obelisk. (F.-L. -Gk.) O. F. obelisque. - L. obeliscum, acc. of obeliseus. - Gk.
6/Jfll.[u/Cor, a pointed spit ; hence a thin
pointed pillar; dimin. of Of3fll./Jr, a spit.
Obese, fat. (L.) L. oblms, (I) eaten
away, wasted; (1) fat, lit. 'that which
has devoured.' - L. obl.rtts, pp. of obedere,
to eat away. - L. ob, near; edere, to eat.
See Edible. Der. obes-i-ty.
Obey. (F. -L.) M.E.obeym.-O.F.
obtir. - L. obedire, to obey ; see Obedient.
Der. dis-obey.
Obfuscate to darken. (L.) From
pp. of L. obfosetire, to obscure. - L. ob,
near; and/useus, brown. See FU8COUS.
Obit, a funeral rite. (F. - L.) O. F.
obit. _ L. acc. obitum, a gOIDg to or down,
downfall, death. - L . obiturn, supine of
oil-ire, to go near. - L . ob, near; ire,
to go.
Object, vb. (F.-L.) F. objeeter. -L.
obiecttire, to throw against, oppose; frequent. of ob-icere (obiieere), to cast towards.
- L. ob, towards; iaeere, to cast. See
Jet (1).
Objurgation. (F.-L.) F. objurgation. - L . acc. obiurgiitionem; a chiding. L. obiurgiitus, pp. of obiurgtire, to chide.
-L. ob, against; iurgiire, to sue, chide,
which stands for *iurigare; from iiir-,
stem of iUs, law, and -igare, for agere, to
drive, pursue. Cf. Navigate.
Oblate, widened at the sides. (L.) L.
obititus, spread out (at the sides). - L. ob,
towards ; latus, borne, carried out, pp. of
tollere, to bear. See Tolerate.
oblation, an offering. (F. - L .) F.

oblation, an offering; Cot. _ L. acc. ob/l1timem, acc. of oblatio, an offering. _ L.

ob/iitus, used as pp. of o.fferre, to offer
(but from a different root) ; see Tolerate.
Oblige, to constrain. (F.-L.) F.
obliger. - L . obligare, to bind together,
oblige. - L. Db, near; ligtire, to bind. See
Ligament.
Oblique, slanting, perverse. (F.-L.)
F . oblique. - L. obliquus, ob/ieus, slanting,
sideways, awry. - L. 011; *liquus, oblique
(not in use).
Obliterate. (L.) From pp. of L.
oblit/erare, to efface. - L. ob, over; lit/era,
a letter. See Letter. ~ It seems to
have been associated with L. oblinere, to
smear over; though there is no etymological connexion.
Oblivion. (F.-L.) F. oblivion.-L.
acc. obliuiimem, forgetfulness. - L. obliuiset, to forget. Origin uncertain.
Oblong, long from side to side. (F.L.) F. oOiong. -L. oblongus, long across.
- L. ob, over; lottgus , long; see Long.
Obloquy, calumny. (L.) L. obloquium,
contradiction. - L.obloqui, to speak against.
- L. Db, against ; loqui, to speak. See
Loquacious.
Obnoxious, offensive. (L.) Formerly
in the sense of ( liable to.' - L. obnoxi-us,
liable to; also, hurtful; with suffix -ous.
- L. ob, against; noxius, hurtful. See
Noxious.
Oboe. (Ita1. -F. -L.) Ital . oboe. F. hautbois; see Hautbois.
Obolus, a small Gk. coin. (L. - Gk.)
L. obolus. - Gk. 6/Jo)../Jr, 11 small coin, perhaps orig. in the shape of a spike or nail;
allied to Gk. 6/Jfll./Jr, a spit.
Obscene. (L.) L. obsclnus, obseaenus,
obscoenlls, repulsive, foul. Etym. unknown.
Obscure, dimin. (F.-L.) F.obseur.
- L. obsciirus, dark, lit. ( covered over.'L. ob; and -seU,,"s, i. e. covered; cf. Skt.
s/m, to cover. (.vSKEU.} Brugm. i.
t '09; ii. 74. See Sky.
Obs8Cluies. (F. - L.) M .F. obseques,
, obsequies;' Cot. - L. obsequias, acc. of
obsequitZ, funeral rites, lit. followings. - L.
obsequi, to follow near, comp1y with.L. Db, near; sequ;, to follow. See Sequenoe.
obaequious. (F. - L.) M.F. obst
quieux; Cot. - L. obsequiosus, full of compliance. - L. obstquium, compliance. - L.
obsegui, to comply with (above.)
Ob.erve. (F.-L.) O. F. observe,..-

354

OBSIDIAN

OCTANT

L.obsermire, to take notice of, mark.-L.

ob, near ; sen/lire, to keep, heed.
Obsidian, a vitreous stone. (L.) From
L. Obsidianus lapis (false reading for
Obsianus lapis), a stone found by one
Obsidius (false reading for Obsius) in
}Ethiopia (Pliny, lib. xxxvi. c. l6, lib.
xxxvii. c. 10).
Obsolescent, going out of use. (L. )
From pres. pt. of L obso/escere, to grow
old, inceptive form of obsolere, to decay.
Origin doubtful; perhaps from L. ob,
against; solere, to be wont.
obsolete. (L.) L. obsolltus, pp. of
obsolere (above).
Obstacle. (F. - L.) F . obstacle. L.obstaculum,ahindrance.-L.ob, against;
-slliCl4lum, double dimin. from sta-re, to
stand.
obstetric, pertaining to midwifery.
(L.) L. obsteI1icius, adj., from obstetric-,
stem of obsle/1ix, a midwife; lit. an assistant, stander near. - L. obstare, to stand
near; with fern. suffix -tnx (of the agent).
-L. ob, near; stare, to stand. See State.
obstina.te. (L.) L obstz"natus, resolute; pp. of obstinart, to set about, be rasolved on; lit. 'to put oneselfnear.'-L.
00, near; and *slanare, to place oneself;
cf. Russ. slanovite, to set; from -VSTA.
See Destine.
Obstreperous, clamorous. eL.) L.
obstteper-us, clamorous; with suffix -ous.
- L. ob, against, near; slnpere, to rattle.
Obstriction, obligation. (L. ) Coined
from L. obstr ictlls, pp. of obstringere, to
bind, fasten. - L. ob, over; stri1tgere, to
draw tight. See Stringent.
Obstruct. (L.) From L. obstructus,
pp. of obstruere, to build iu the way of
anything, lit. build against. - L. ob, against;
struere, to build. See Structure.
Obta.iD.. (F. - L. ) F . ob/mir. - L.
ob/inere, to hold, obtain. - L. ob, near;
lenere, to hold. See Tenable.
Obtrude. (L.) L. obtrodere , to thrust
against. - L. ob, against; trudere, to
thrust. See Thrust.
Obtuse, blunt. (F.-L.) M. F . obtus,
' ,lul\; , Cot. - L. ob/iisus, blunted, pp . of
obttmdere, to beat against. - L. ob, against;
tundere, to beat_
Obverse, lit. turned lowards one, used
of the face of a coin. (L.) L. obuersus,
pp. of obuertere, to turn towards. - L. ob,
towards; tIer/ere, to tum. See Verse.
Obviate. (L.) Frompp.ofL. obuiare,

to meet in the way, prevent -L.ob,against;

uia, way. See Viaduct.
obvious. (L.) L. obui-IIS, lying in
the way, evident; with suffix -ous. - L.
ob, over against; uia, the way.
Oca, the name of a certaiu edible root.
(Peruvian.) Peruv. oeca, the same.
Occa.sion. (F.-L.) F.occasitm.-L.
acc. occiisio1tem. - L. oc- (for ob), at; and
clis-us, pp. of cadere, to fall.
See
Cadenca.
occident, west. (F.-L.) o. F. occident, west. - L. occident-, stem of pres. pt.
of occidere, to fall, set (as the 5un ). -L.oc(for ob), at ; caden, to fall.
Occiput. (L.) L. IXCiput, back of the
head.-L.oc- (for ob), over against; caput,
the head. See Capital.
Occult. (F. -L.) F . occulte.-L. occullus, pp. of occulere, to cover over, conceal. - L. IX- (for ob ) ; and oha. L. *celere,
to hide, allied to (llare, to hide. Cf. O.
Irish cel-im, I hide, A. S. Iltl.an, to hide.
Occupy. (F.-L.) M.E. accupien.-F.
occuper. - L. occupiirt, to lay hord of. - L.
oc- (for ob ), near; capere, to seize. Der.
pre-occupy.
Occur. (F.-L.) M.F. occurrer.-L
ocwrrere, to run to meet, occur. - L. oc(for ob), against; currere, to run. See
Current.
Ocea.n. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. lXean.L.Oceanum, acc. ofoceanus. -Gk. clI".ayos,
the great stream supposed to encompass
the earth.
Ocelot,a quadruped. (Mexican.) Mexican ocelotl, a tiger; applied by Buffon to
the ocelot.
Ochre, a fine clay, commonly yellow.
(F.-L.-Gk.) F.ocre, 'oker;'Cot.-L.
",okra. - Gk. wXpa, yellow ochre; from its
pale colour.-Gk. clI)(p6r, pale, wan.
Octagon, a plane 8-sided figure. (Gk.)
From Gk. OItTa-, for OItTW, eight; "(AW-la, an
angle, connected by gradation with "(Ol'V,
knee; see Knee.
octahedron, a solid 8-sided fi!.lre.
(Gk. ) From una-, for OItTW, eight; .~pa,
a base, from the base ~~-, to sit; see Sit.
octa.ngular, having eight angles.
(L. ) From L. oc/-o, eight ; angulus,
angle.
octa.nt, the aspect of two planets
when distant by the eighth part ofa circle.
(L) L. octani-, stem of actans, an instrument for measuring the eighth of a circle.
-L. oct-o, eight.

355

OCTAVE

OGEE
Cf.Gk.ii(*,,,( =.Uo)'''''),tosmell. (""on.)
Der. odoro1tS, from L. odOr-us, with suffix
-OUS; the accent has been thrown back.
Of, from, &c. (E.) M. E. of; A. S. of.
+Du. Icel. Swed. Dan. Goth. af; G. ab,
O. H . G. aba; L. alJ, Gk. 4.0, Skt. apa,
away. Brugm. i. 560.
oft', away from. (E.) An emphatic form
of of M. E. of; as in 'Smiteth of my
hed' ~ smite off my head; Ch. C. T. 78l
( Harleian MS. ),
Oft'al, waste meat. (E.) M. E. offal,
falling remnants, chips of wood, &c. liro m
off and fall.+Du. afoal, windfall, offal;
Dan. affald, a fall off, offal; Swed. affall;
G . al>f all; all similarly compounded.
Oft'ence. (F . -L.) O. F . offence, offense.
- L. offensa, an offence; orig. fern. of pp.
of offendere, to dash against (below).
offend. ( F.-L.) M . E. offenden.-F.
offendre. - L. offettdere, to dash or strike
against , injure. - L. of- (for ob), against;
*fendere, to strike. See Defend.
Offer. (L.) A. S. offrian .-L. offe1're,
to offer. - L. of- (for ob), near; ferre to
bring. cognate with E. bear. Der. offer-tor-y, from F . offertoire, L. 0ffer/on'um, a
place to which offerings were brought.
O1Iice, duty. (F.-L.) F. ~ce. -L.
officitlm, duty; lit. 'service.' Perhaps
from of- (for ob ), towards; and faure, to
do (Breal).
Der. ~c.er, F. ~ci(r,
Late L. ojJiciarius j ~t-i-qzIS, F. ~cietli,
L. officiosus.
OBicinal, pertaining to or used in a
shop or laboratory. (F. -L.) F. ojJicinal.
- L. ojJicina, a workshop, office; contracted form of opijicina (Plautus). -L.
opi-, for opus, work; -fico, for faure,
to do.
01Iing, the part of the visible sea
remote from the shore. (E.) Merely
formed from off, with the noun-suffix -ing.
See off.
Oft'scouring. (E.) From off and
sc~r. So also off-set, off-shoot, off-spring.
Oft, Often, frequently. (E.) A. S. oft;
whence M. E. ofte , with added -e, andlnstly
oiten with added n.+Icel. opt, Dan. ofte,
5wed. ofta, G. oft, Goth. ufta. Origin
unknown.
Ogee, Ogiye, a double curve. (F.Span.-Arab.) 'An ogiue (ogi'lltl) or ogee,
a wreath, c:rclet, or round band in architecture,' Minsheu. An o~e arch is a
pointed arch, with doubly-curved sides.
- M.F. augive, F . ogive, aD ogive or ogee
:15 6

octave. (F . - L.) Lit. 'eighth;' hence,

eight days after a festival, eight notes in
music.-F. octave, an octave (Cot.). -L.
oc/aua, fern. of octiflluS, eighth. -L. octo,
eight.+Gk. lJICTW, eight; cognate with E.
Eight. Doublet, ulas.
October. (L .) L. October, the eighth
month of the Roman year. - L. oc/o,
eight.
octogenarian, one .wh o is eighty
years ora . (L.) From L. octoglnarius,
belonging to eighty. - L. octogeni, eighty
each , distributive form of octoginta, eighty.
-L. oc/o, eight; -ginla, probably allied
to decem, ten. Brugm. ii. 16..
octoroon, the offspring of a white
person and a quadroon. (L.) One who is,
in an eighth part, a black. Coined from
L. octo, eight; in imitation of quadroon.
octosylla.bic. (L. -Gk .) L.octosyllabicus, having eight syllables. - Gk. Ol<TW,
eight; UIJAAafJi], a syllable; see Syllable.
Octroi, a toll. (F. - L.) F . octroi,
O. F. otroi, orig. a grant; verbal sb. from
O. F. ofroier, to authorise, grant. -Late
L. auctorifare, by-form of auctoriziire , to
authorise. - L. auctor; see Author.
Ocular. (L.) L . om/aris, belonging
to the eye. -L. ocu/us, eye; cognate with
Gk. i5p.}JIl, eye. See Optic.
Odalisque a female slave in a Turkish
harem. (r.-Turk. ) F. odalisque ; better
odalique (Devic).- Turk. odaliq, a chambermaid. _ Turk. oda, a chamber.
Odd, not even, strange. (Scand.) M. E.
oddc. - lcel. odd;, a triangle, a point of
land; metaphorically (from the triangle) ,
an odd number (orig. three) ; hence also
the phr. standask i odda, to stand (or be)
at odds, to quarrel; oddamatJr, the odd
man, third man who gives a casting vote,
oddatala, an odd number. Allied to oddr,
a point of a weapon (for *ozdr).+A. S.
ord, n point of a sword, point; Dan. od, a
point, Swed. utida, odd, udtie, a point; G.
ort, a place, M. H. G. ort, extreme point.
Teot. type *uzdoz.
Ode, a song. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. ode. L. ada , Ode. - Gk. '!ill>!, a son~ ; for 40lm7,
a song.-Gk. o.EiIlE''', to sing. Allied to
O. Irish faed, W. gwaedd, a cry, shonto
(""WElD.) Der. ep-ode, palin-ode.
Odium, hatred. (L.) L. odium, sb.L. iJdi, I hate; an old perfect tense. Cf.
Armen. at cam , I hate. Brugm. i. 160.
Odour. ( F . - L.) M. E. odour. - F.
OdellI'. _ L. odiJrem, ace. of odor, scent.

OGLE

OMELET

(Cot.) . - Span. au~, highest point, also

meridian,' apogee (cf. Port. auge, top) ;
from the pointed top of Moorish arches,
which have doubly-curved sides.-Arab.
dwj, summit. ~ Perhaps not a true Arab.
word, but der. from Gk. all'01<UOI', the
apogee (in which sense awj is sometimes
used ). Der. ogv.al, adj. (also written
ogee-falll).
Ogle, to glance :It. (Du.) A frequent.
form of Du. oogen, 'to cast sheepes eyes
upon one;' Hexham. (Cf. Low G. oegeln ,
to ogle, from oegen, to look at.) - Du.
ooge , eye; cognate with E. Eye.
Ogre, a monster. (F.-L.) F. ogre.
Cf. Span. ogro (Diez; but not given in
most Diet. , and probably from F.). Of
unknown origin. The deriv. from L. acc.
augurem , soothsayer, hence, a wizard
(Korting) is not convincing. Der.ogrtIs,
F. ogresse.
Oh; see 0 (I).
Oil. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. oile.- A . F.
oile (F. huile).-L. oleum ; from olea, an
olive-tree. -Gk. fAala, an olive-tree. See
Olive.
Ointment. (F. -L.) The former I is
due to confusion with anoint; the M. E.
form is oinement. -0. F. oignement, an
anointing, also an ungnent.-O. F . oigne-r,
the same as oindre, to anoint ; with suffix
-ment.-L. ungere, to anoint. See Unguent.
Old. (E.) M. E. old. O. Merc. aid,
laterald; (A. S. eald). +Du. oud ( for *old),
G. alt; cf. Goth. altheis. Teut. type
*aldOz; Idg. 'ype *al-Ms, formed with
pp. suffix -Ms from VAL,- as seen in
L. aI-ere, Icel. ai-a, to nourish, bring up;
so that the sense was orig. ' brought up.'
13, L. altus, high, is prob. the same word ,
with a newer sense.
Ole&JinOUB. (L.-Gk.) L . o/eagin-us,
oily, with suffix -OIlS; adj., from olea, an
olivetree. See Oil.
Oleander, the rose-bay-tree. (F. Late L.) M. F. oleandre, rose-bay-tree.
(Cot. ). The same as Ital. oleandro, Span.
eloendro (Minsheu ), Port. eloendro, loendro;
all variously corrupted from Late L.liirandrum (taken for fiJrandrum ). It seems to
have been confused with oleaster. 2.
Isidore gives the name as arodandarum,
vulgo lorandrum: This shews that the
name was a corruption of rhododendron,
due to confusion With L. laurus, laurel.
Oleuter, wild olive. (L. - Gk.) L.

oleasler, Rom. xi. 17; fonned from olea, an

olive-tree. _ Gk. IAala, an olive-tree.
Olfactor,y, relating to smell. (L.) L.
oifaclOrius, adj., from L. ,ifactor, one who
smells, oif(7clus, a smelling. -L. oifacllls,
pp. of oifacere, olifacere, to scent.-L.
ol'-re (also olb'e), to smell ; /acere, to
make, C:luse. This L. olere stands for
*odere; cf. odor, scent; and cf. L. lacrl/lIla
for dacruma. Allied to Gk. Mp.", scent.
Oligarchy. (F. -L. - Gk.) F.oligarchie. - Late L. oligrzI'Cha. -Gk . oAI-yaPX'a,
government by a few men. - Gk. oAl'y-, for
oA['Yo~, few, little; and -apXla, from
dPXfll', to rule.
Olio, a mixture, medley. (Span.-L.)
A mistaken form for olia, intended to
represent Span. olla (pronounced olya), a
round earthen pot, also an olio, esp. in
phrase oil" podrda, a hodge-podge. -L.
olla, O. Lat. aula, a pot.
Olive. (F. -L.-Gk.) F. olive.-L.
oliua. - Gk. fAa/a (for *fAaiFa), an olivetree. Brugm. i. 121 (l ).
Omadaun, Omadhawn, a simpleton. (C.) Anglo-Irish; from Irisha1lladd",
a simpleton. -Irish amad (the same).Irish am-, for an-, neg. prefix (cf. Gk. al'- ) ;
-mad, O. Irish -met, mind, cognate with
L. mens and E. mind. Cf. L. omens,
mad .
Ombre, a game at cards. (Span.-L.)
From Span. juegv del hombre, lit. 'game
of the man ' (whence F. hombre). - L.
hominem, acc. of nomo, a man. See
Human.
Omega, the eml. (Gk.) Gk. w, called
w p.'-ya, i. e. great 0, long 0; which is the
last letter of the Gk. alphabet, as opposed
to alpha, the first letter. Mf-ya is neut. of
I'has, great, allied to E. Mickle.
Omelet, a pan-cake, chiefly of eggs.
(F.-L.) F. omelette, aume/elte (Cot. ).
These are from O. F. amelette, but this
again was preceded by the form a/emetle,
which is, through change of suffix, from
a/emelle (Scheler). The sense of alemelle
was ' a thin plate,' still preserved in F.
a/umel/e, sheathing -of a ship. Godefroy
gives O. F . alemele, blade of a knife; thus
the omelet was named from its shape, that
of a ' thin plate' of metal. 2. Lastly
lalemelle is a corruption of la lemelle, the
correct O. F . form. - L. /iimel/a, a thin
plate, properly of metal; dimin. of lamina,
a thin plate; see Lamina. ~ See this
clearly traced by Scheler and Littre.

3~7

OMEN

OPHIOIAN

Omen, a sign of a future event. (L.) A. S. linlfe, adj., unique, lit. 'one-like.'L. i5lnen; O. Lat. osmen. Der. ominous.
Omit, to neglect. (L.) L. omitt~re,
(pp. omissus), lit. 'to let go.' For *01ll'
mittere<*obmittere; from ob, by, mittere,
to send. See Missile. Der. omiss-ion,
from F. omission, 'an omission,' from L.
acc. omissionem; from the pp.
Omni-, prefix. (L.) L. omnis, all.
Der. omnipotent, all powerful ; omni
present, everywhere present; omni-seimt,
all-knowing; omni-vorous, alldevouring ;
see Potent, Present, Science, VOl'&cious.
omnibus, a public vehicle. (L.) . So
called because intended for the use of all.
-L. omnibus, for all; dat. pI. of omnis.
Commonly shortened to bus.
Omrah, a prince, lord. (Arab.) Aigrettes by omrahs worn;' Scott, Vis. of
Don. Roderick, st. 31. Omrah is properly
a plural, like Nabob, q. v. -Arab. umara,
pI. of amir, a prince, emir; see Emir.
Cf. the Arab. title amiru'l,u1lzara, prince
of princes (Yule).
On. (E.) M. E. on; A. S. on. Du.
aan,Icel. 4, Swell. ct, G. an (whence Dan.
an), Goth. ana, Gk .u.a, Russ. na. Idg.
type *ana.
OnC.; see One.
Once sometimes for Ounoe (~) .
One (I), single, sole. (E.) M. E. DOn.
Already written won in M. E. See Guy
of Warwick, ed. Zupitza, note to 1. 79~7 .
A. S. an, one. Du. un, Icel. einn, Dan.
een, Swed. en, G. tin, Goth. aim, W. un,
Iriah and Gael. aon, L . unus, O. L. oinos,
Gk. ofvos, one (fem. ofVT}, an ace on a die).
Teut. type *ainos; Idg. type .oinos. Cf.
Lith. v~; Brugm. ii. 165. Der. a1l,
a, on-ly, alone, at-Ont .
once. ( E.) M. E. ones; A. S. anes,
adv., once. Orig. gen. case (masc. and
neut.) of an, one; the gen. case was used
advirbially, as in needs, twi-ee, thri-ce.
one (2), a person,spoken of indefinitely.
(E.) In the phrase' one says,' one means
'a single person.' Merely a peculiar use
of the ordinary word one. Not F. 01'.
Onerous, burdensome. (l<'.-L) M.F.
onereux. -L. onerosus, adj. -L. oner-, for
*ones-, stem of onus, a burden.
Onion, a plant. (F . -L.) F.oignon. L. uniOneln, ace. of unio, a large onion;
see Union ( ~).
0n17. (E. ) M. E. DOnli, adj. and adv. ;

A. S. an, one; lie, like.

Onomatopc:eia., name-m:Lking, the
formation of a word with a resemblance
in sound to the thing signified. (Gk.) Gk.
l>"O~T01fO,;a, the making of a name. _ Gk.
O"O~TO- , combining form of OVOJUl, a name;
and 1f0.. "', to make; see Name. and
Poem. Brugm. ii. 117.
Onset, an assault. (E.) Due to the phr.
set on! i. e. attack! From on and set.
Onsla.ught, an attack. (Eo) From on
and M. E. slaht, A. S. sleaM, a stroke,
blow, formed from sUan, to strike; see
Slay. And cf. slaughter.
Onward, Onwards. (E.) From 011
and -ward, .wards; see Toward.
Onyz, a kind of agate. (L.-Gk.) L.
onyx. - Gk. 0",,[, a nail; a veined gem,
onyx, from its resemblance to the finger.
nail. See NaiL
Oolite, a kind of limestone. (F. -Gk.)
F . oolithe (with tn sounded as t ).-Gk.
qi6 .." egg; AlII-os, stone. Lit.' egg-stone.'
See Oval.
00, moisture, soft mud. (E.) Formerly 'Wose; M. E. 'Wost. A. S. 'Wos,
moisture, juice. Icel. fJiis, wetness. Perhaps confused with A. S. wase, soft mud;
which is cognate with Icel. fJeisa, a stag
nant pool. Der. oose, vb.
Opacity; iee Opaque.
Oval, a gem. (F.-L.) F. opa/e.-L.
opa7us, an opal. Cf. Gk. l>lrfulOS, an
opal; Skt. upaia, a stone, gem.
Opaque. (F. -L.) F . opaque.-L. opti
eum, acc. of opticus, dark, obscure. Der.
opac;ty, from F. opaciM, L. acc. opad.
tatem.
Open, unclosed. (E.) The verb is from
the adj. open, which is sometimes short
ened to ope (Coriol. i. 4. 43). A. S. opm,
adj., open, with the form of an old pp.
Du. open, adj. ; lcel. opiTm; Swed.
oppm; G. ojfe'" Teut. types *upeno~,
*upanoz. Perhaps connected with the
idea of the lifting of a tent-door; cf. A. S.
up, up. See Up. Der. opm, vb., A. S.
openian, to make open.
Opera. (Ital. - L.) Ital. opera, a work,
a musical play. - L. opera, work; see
below.
operate. (L.) From pp. of L. operari,
to work.-L. opera, work; from oper- (for
*opes-), stem of L. opus, work, toil.
Skt. apas, work.
Ophiclian, relating to serpents. (Gk.)

36 8

OPHICLEIDE

ORACLE

Formed with suffix -all (L. -anus), from opfJosillu, pp. of ~e, to set against.Gk. o.,.l&;'II. ~l&oll, dimin. of &t><s, a C up- (ob), agamst; j6l1ere, to set. See
serpent.. Cf. the dimin. form '';-&011 (see POlition.
Zodiac). +Skt. aM-, L. a"lluis, a snake.
Oppress. (F.-L.) F. oppresur.ophicleide, a musical instrument. Late L . oppressare, frequent. of L. oppri(F.-Gk.) Lit. a 'key-seIpent'; because mere, to oppresS.-L. up- (ob), near ; premade by adding keys to an old musical mere (pp. pressus), to press. See PreIs.
instrument called a serpent (from its Opprobrious. (L. ) From L. optro.
twisted shape). - Gk. 4><-s, a seIpeDt; briosus, full of reproach. - L. opprobrium,
"hE.II-, stem of "hEiS, a key.
reproach. - L. op- (for ob), on, upon; proOphthalmia, inflammation of the brum, disgrace.
eye. (Gk.) Gk. O<{>6ahpla.-Gk. orp(Ja.\JA!>s, Oppugn, to resist. (F.-L. ) F. opthe eye, Boeotian {JleTa.\.\os, for *OKTall- pugner. - L. oppugnare. - L. op- (ob) ,
hOS (cf. Skt. akskan-, eye ); Doric {1'1rT[hOS, against; pugniire, to fight, from pugnus,
the eye. From Idg. base *oq-, eye; cf. a fist. See Pugilism.
Russ. oko, eye, Skt. akska-, aksn;, Lith. Ovtative, wishing. (F . -L. ) Chiefly
akls, L. oc-ulus. See Prellwitz. And as the name of a mood. -F. optalif.-L.
see Ocular.
oPIatiutlS, expressive of a wish. - L. opOpiniOn. (F. -L.) F. opi1,ion. -L. latus, pp. of optare, to wish. Cf. SkI. ap,
opiniUnem, acc. of opinio, a supposition. - to attain.
L. opinari, to suppose, opine. - L. opinus, Optic, relating to the sight. (F. - Gk.)
thinking, expecting; only in neeopinus, F. optique. -Gk. OfFTlK6s, belonging to the
not expecting, unexpected, in-opitlus, un- sight; cf. 6rrT'iJp, a spy. From the base
expected. Der.opine, F. opiner, L. opintiri OfF- (for OK') seen iu Ionic ~fF-Qnr-a, I have
(above).
seen, oy,-opa., I shall see; cf. L. DC-ulus,
Opium. (L.-Gk.) L. opium.-Gk. the eye. See Ocular.
o.nol', poppy-jnice. - Gk. 6,,6s, sap.
Optimism, the doctrine that all is for
Ovo.Bum, a quadrnped. (W . Indian.) the best. (L.) From L. optim-us, O. La!.
- W. Indian opassom; in the language of opilumus (Brugm. iL 73), best; with
the Indians of Virginia; Capt. Smith, p. 59. suffix im, (Gk. -1(fpOS ). L. op-ti-mus is
Oppicla.D. (L.) L. oppidamlS, belong- a superl. form from a base op- (i.e. choice,
ing to a town. -L. oppidum, a town; O. select) ; cf.optare, to wish.
L .oppedum. Apparently from L. op- (ob),
option, choice. (F.-L.) F. opti01,. near; *pedum (Gk .... E/lOl') , a field, plain; L. oPlio1u1Jl, ace. of OPlio, choice. Allied
Brugm. i. 65. (Explained as 'protecting to L. optare, to wish; see Optative.
the plain'; the derivation is. clearer than Opulent, wealthy. (F. -L.) F.oputhe sense.)
lent. - L. opulentus, wealthy. -1.. op, base
0Rpilation, a stopping up. (F. -L.) of opes, wealth. Cf. Skt. apnas, wealth.
M. J:i . oppilalion, ' an obstruction;' Cot. Or ( I), conj., offering an alternative.
L. ace. oppiliilibne",. -L. oppilattlS, pp. of (E.) Short for other, 07,tker, atltker, the
oppiliire , to stop up. - L. op (for ob), M. E. forms , which answer to A. S. tikwtZagainst ; pilare, to ram, from pilum, a per, awper. - A. S. a, ever; hwtzper,
pestle. And L. pilu", is for *pins.lo"" whether. Cf. Either.
from pinsere, to pound.
Or (1 ), ere. (E.) M. E. or, unemphatic
Opponent. (L.) L. opponenl-, stem of form of er, ere. A. S. lir, ere; see Ere.
pres. part. of oppiinere, to oppose. - L. ob, (In the phrases or ere, or ever.)

against; ponere, to place. See Position. Or (3), gold. (F.-L. ) In heraldry. F.

Opportune, timely. (F.-L.) F . op- or.-L. aurum, gold.
portun. - L. opportiinus, convenient, sea- Orach, a ' pot-herb. (F:. - L. - Gk. ~
sonable, lit.' ncar the harbour,' or' easy of Alsoarrache. - F.arrocke,' orache,orage;
access.' - L op- (ob) , near; portus, access, Cot. A Picard form corresponding to ~.
harbour. See Port (3).
*arreuce (Hatzfeld). [Cf. Walloon artp,
Oppo_e. (F.-L. and Gk.) F. opposer, orach (Remacle) ; ItaL alrepice.) - L.
to withstand. _ L. up- (for ob), against; F. alnplice1lz, acc. of alriplex, orach. - Gk.
poser, to place, from Late L.pausare, used dTp6<f>a[IS, d-rp4<patvs, orach.
to translate L.ponere, to place. See Pose. Oracle. (F.-L.) F. orade.-L. OraOpposite. (F. - L.) F . opposite. - L nllu1l' , a divine announcement; formed
359

ORAL

ORGAN

from orti r~, to pray, from or- (for 6s), the

mouth (below).
oral, spoken. , L ) Coined from L.~
(for os), the month.
Skt. (rsya, mouth;
Icel. ass, mouth of a river.
Or&ng-outanl[, a large ape. (Malay.)
Mala yorang.utan.Til. wild man.' - Malay
orang, a man; utan , hUlan, woods, wilds
of a country, wild.
Ora.nge. (I". - ltal. - Arab. - PeTS.)
0 . 1". orengt (F . orange ). For *narenge,
but the initial n was lost (in Italian), anel
then arenge became ormge by a popular
etymology from or, gold. Cf. Span. naranja , an orange. - Ital.arancia, an orange;
Low Lat. arangia. - Arab. naranj, narinj. - PeTS. n arang, an orange. Allied
to PeTS. nar, a pomegranate.
Oration. (F. -1.. ) F. oralion . - 1.. ace.
orlltionem . - L. oralus , pp. of orare, to
pray. - L. or- (for os), the mouth. See
Oral. Doublet, orison.
Or&tor. (F.-L) Formerlyoratour.F. oralet4r. - L. orat~em, acc. of orator, a
speaker. - L. oratltS, pp. of orare, to pray,
to speak (above).
Orb. (F.-L.) F. orhe.-L. orhem, acc.
of orbis, a circle, sphere.
orbit. \ L.) L . orbita, a track , circuit;
formed with suffix -ta from orbi-, decl.
stem of or";s, an orb, circle.
Orc, Ork, a large marine animal; a
narwhal. or grampus. (1..) See Nares.
-1.. orca, perhaps the narwhal (Pliny).
Orchard. (1.. and E). M. E. orchard.
A. S. orceard, older form ortgeard. Coguate with Goth . aur/igards , a garden
(Gk . Kij".O<). The latter element, A. S.
geard, is the mod. E. y ard; see Yard.
The former element is merely borrowed
from L . hor/us, a garden , bOlh in E.
As
and Gothic; see Horticulture.
the 1.. I,orlus is cognate with E. yard,
the form orl-geard merely repeats the
idea of' yard.' ~ So in Hrugm. i. 767;
but some consider A. S. url-geard a5 wholl y
Teutonic. and connect it with A. S.
wyrtgeard, Dan. url-gaard, Swed . orle
gord, a kitchen -garden, from A . S. 1vyrl,
Dan. uri, Swed. or!, a wort. (See Wort
in Franck.) See Wort.
Orchestra.. (1.. - Gk.) 1.. orcl,i's/ra. Gk.opxr,urpa, an orchestra ; whkh , in the
Attic theatre, was a space on which the
chorus danced. - Gk. OpXiolMJl, I dance.
Orchis, a plant. (L.-Gk. ) 1.. orchis.
- Gk. iipx,, a testi cle~ a plant with roots

of testicular shape. Der. ord,id, where

the suffix -id was suggested by the Gk.
.i~o., shape; cf. cyclo-id, cono-id.
Ordain, to set in order. (F . -L.)
"I. E. ordeinen. - O. F . ordener (later ordonner). - L. ordinare, to set in ' order. 1.. ordin, declensional stem of ordo, order.
Der. lreordain.
Ordeal, a severe test, judgment by fire.
&c. (E.) M. E. ordal. A. S. ordil, ordal,
a dealing out, judgment, decision. -0.
Friesic ordll. - A. S. or-, prefi x, out; dill,
dal, a dealing; see Deal, Dole. The
prefix or- = Du. oor-, G. fir-, Goth. US-,
out (hence , thorough ).
Du . oordeel,
O. Sax. urdili, G. urlheil, judgment ; similarly compounded.
Order. (F. - 1..)
F. ordre, O. F. ordine. _ 1.. ordinem, acc. of ordo, order.
Allied to 1.. onifri, to begin, oriri, to
arise.
Brugm. ii. u8.
Der. disorder.
ordinal, shewing the order. (1..) L
ordinlflis, adj., in order. -L. ordin-, declensional stem of ordo, order.
ordin&D.Ce. (F. -1..) O . F. ortiinance.-Late L . ordinantia, a command.
-L. ordinant-, pres. pt. of ordinarc, to
ordain. See Ordain.
ordinary. (F. -L.) F . ordillaire.L. ordinarius, regular (as sb., an overseer). - 1.. ordin, decl. stem ofordo,order.
Der. oniinat7' sb.
ordination. (1..) From L. ordinatio,
an ordinance. also ordination.-1.. ordiniilus, pp. of ordinare, to ordain. See
Ordain.
ordn&D.Ce, artillery. (F . -1..) Formerly, ordinance; it had reference to the
bore or size of the cannon, and was thence
transferred to the cannon itself (Cot. ;
s. v. ordonnance) ; see ordinance.
Ordure, excrement. (F. - L.) F. ord '/re .- O . F. ord (fern . orde), filthy, f0l11,
ugly, frightful. - 1.. horridus, rough,
frigh tful. See Horrid. (So Korting.)
Ore. (E.) M. E . or, 0 01'. A. S. om ,
ore of metal. allied to ~e,a mine. E. Fries.
iir, ore. + Du. oer, ore. ~ Distinct from
A. S. ar, brass, which is cognate with Goth.
ais , 1.. aes, brass. But the words may
have been confused.
Ore&d,a mountain-nymph. (Gk.) From
Gk. 6p*"i~- , stem of op*,(u, an oread. - Gk.
0po" a mountain.
Organ. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. orgalll!.-1..
rgamllll , an implement. - Gk. "p")'ClJ'O", an

360

ORGIES

ORTHODOX

implement; allied to "nOli, work ; sec of L. ora, border, edge. Cf. L. os,
Work.
mouth.
orgies, sacred rites, revelry. (F. -L.- Orlop, a deck of a ship. (Du.) For
Gk.) 'F. orgies. - L. orgia, sb. pl., a festival merly orlope (Phillips). Contracted from
in honou r of Bacchus, orgies. - Gk. 0nta, Du. overloof , a running over, a deck of a
sb. pl., orgies, rites, from sing. *oP"ItOlI, a shi p, an orlope (Sewel). So called because
sacred act ; allied to "nOli, work.
it traverses the ship. - Du. over, over;
Orsru!OUS,proud. (F.- O.H.G. ) Also loop en, to run ; see Elope, Leap.
orgilTo'4s ; M. E. orgeilus; AngloF. or Ormolu, a kind of brass. (F. - L.) F.
guyllus.- O. F . orgoillos, orguillus, later or moulu, lit. 'pounded gold.' - F. or,
orgueillettx, proud.-O.F . orgoil, orguil, from L. aurum, gold ; and mOlt/II, pp. of
F. orgueil, pride. From an O. H . G. sb. moudre, to grind, O. F. moldre, from L.
*urguoli, from O.H.G. urguol , remarkable, molere, to grind.
notable (Graff).
Orna.m.ent. (F. - L. ) M. E. orne
Oriel, a recess (with a window) in a ment. - F . ornement. - L. onuimmtum,
room. (F. - L.) M. E. orio!, oryall, a an adornment. - L. ornare, to adorn.
ornate. (L.) :From pp. of L. ornare,
small room, portico, esp. a room for a lady,
boudoir. -O.F. oriol, a porch, gallery, cor to adorn.
ridor.-Late L. oriolutIl, a small room, Ornithology, the science of birds.
recess, portico; prob. for aureo/mu (?), (Gk.) Gk. opvtlJo, for OPVtS, a bird;
that which is ornamented with gold. - L. ''''o-yla, from l\6"1os, a discourse, """IfllI, to
aurullt, gold. ~ See Pliny, lib. xxxiii. speak. Allied to A.~. earn, G. aar, W.
c. 3, for the custom of gilding apartments. cryr, an eagle, named from its soaring; cC.
CC. Oriole.
Gk. I5PIlVpt, I stir up, rouse.
Orient, eastern. (F. -L.) F.orient. ornithorhyu.cus, an Anstralian
L. orient., stem of oriens, rising, the east; animal. (Gk. ) Named from the resem
orig. pres. pt. of oriri, to rise, begin.
blance of its snout to a duck's bill. - Gk.
Skt. r, to rise.
OpVteo (for I5PVts), bird; /JIrtXOS, a snout.
Orifice. (F . -L.) F. orifice, a small Orphan. (L.-Gk.) L.orphanus.opening. - L. orificiU1ll, an opening, lit. Gk. op<l>avos, destitute; John xiv. 18.
t making of a mouth.' _ L. ori, declo stem
Allied to L. orbus, destitute.
of os, mouth; Jacere, to make.
Orpiment, yellow sulphuret of ar
Oriflamme, the old standard of senic. (F .-L.) Lit.' gold paint.' F.
France. (F. - L.) F. oriflamme, the sacred orpiment. - L. auripigmentum, gold paint.
standard of France.-Late L. auriflamma, -L. auri (for aurum), gold; and pig.
lit. 'golden flame,' because the banner mentum, a pigment, paint, from pingere,
was cut into flamelike strips at the outer to paint.
edge, and carried on a gilt pole. - L. auri
orpine, orpin, a kind of stone-crop.
(F.-L.) Named from its colour. M. E.
(for aurum), gold ;jlamma, flame.
Oripn,wild m.arjoram. (F. -L ;-Gk.) orpin. - F . orpin, t orpin, or Iivelong;
F. ortga1t._ L. orIganum. - Gk. Opt"lQIIOV, also orpiment;' Cot. A docked form 6f
lit. 'mountain.pride.' - Gk. opi = 0PEt, orpiment above.
related to opos, a mountain; "Iavos, beauty, Orrery, an apparatus for illustrating
ornament.
the motion of the planets. (Ireland.) Con.
Origin. (F.-L. ) F. origine.-Lat. structed at the expense of Charles Boyle,
origjnem, ace. of or/go, a beginning. -L. earl of Orrery, about 1715. Orrery is a
oriri, to rise.
barony in co. Cork, Ireland.
Oriole, the golden thrush. (F.-L.) Orris, a plant. (Ital.-L.-Gk.) For
O.F. oriol( F.loriot=roriot).-L.aureolus, merly oriel, oris. These are E. corrup
golden. - L. aurum, gold.
tions of M. ltal. irios (Ital. ireos). - M.
Orison, a prayer. (F. -L.) O. F. ori Ital. irios, ' orisroote,' Florio; with refer
son, oreisoll (F. oraison). -L. oriitiottem, enee to the I ris jlorentina. Modified
from L. iris, a rainbow, an iris.
ace. of oriitio, a prayer; see Oration.
Orle, a kind of fillet, in heraldry, &c. Ort; see Orts.
(F. -L.) F. or/e, m. , M. F . or/e, f., a Orthodox, of the right faith. (L. hem, narrow border; CC. Late L. orla, Gk.) Late L. orthodoxus. - Gk. Op8ooo(os,
a border, edge. - L. type orula, dim in. of the right opinion. - Gk. op8o.r, upright,
361
N3

ORTHOEPY

OUCH

right; &S{4, an opinion, from 301t,ill, to

seem. Cf. Arduous. Brugm. ii. i 1.3orthoeP7, correct pronunciation.
(Gk.) From Gk. opfol'l'fI4, orthoepy.Gk. 6,,6-s, right; b_, a word; see

From L. ossi- , decl. stem of os, bone;

Ii. :fier, for L. :fictire, to make, from
facere, to make. Der.ossijic-at-itm.
Ostensible. (L.) Coined from ostensi- (for ostenSlts), pp. of ()slendere, to
shew; with suffix -bilis. See below.
oRenta.tion. (F.-L.) F.osltnlation. - L. ostenltiti6nem, ace. of ostentMio,
display.-L. ostenttilus, pp. of oslen/tire,
intensive form of oslentiere, to shew, lit.
stretch before. - L. os- (for -op-s-, related to
ob), near, before; tt1ldere, to stretch. See
Tend (I).
For ops., see Brugm. i.

Jlplo.

orthograph:v, correct writing. (F.L. - Gk. ) M. E. ortograpltie. - M. 1'. orlograpltie. - L. orlllograpltia. - Gk. 6pfo"(pa.'/>'a. _ Gk. 6pf6-,;, right; "(~I", to
write.

orthopterolUl, lit. straight winged.

(Gk.)
wing.

Gk. 0,,6-s, straight; 'I'T'pOlI, a

1.~3

Osteolog:v, science of the bones. (Gk.)

O. F . hor/olan . - M. Ital. Itor /olano, a Gk. o(1Tlo-lI, a bone; -AO"(,a, from A6"{os,
gardener, also an ortolan, lit. ' haunter of a discourse, Af"( .... , to speak. See 08gardens.' - L . Itorlulitntts, a gardener. - L. Beous.
/t,ortulus, dimin. of horlus, a garden; Ostler i see Hostler.
allied to Yard.
OBtra.c18e, to banish by a vote
Orts, remnants, leavings. (E. ) M.E. written on a potsherd. (Gk.) Gk. OUTpaortes. From A. S. 01"-, ont (what is left) ; ,,1(fllI, to ostracise. - Gk. MTpa1tOIl, u potelan, to eat. Proved by M. Du. ore/e, sherd, tile, voting-tablet, ong. a shell;
oorae/e, a piece left after eating, Swed. allied to Gk. OUTP'OIl, an oyster, orig. a
dial. orate, urtf/e, refuse fodder. The shell. See Oyster.
same prefix 01"- occurs iu ordeal. Cf. also Ostrich, a bird. (F.-L. anti Gk.)
Low G. ort, an ort; Dan. dial. ored, orre/, M. K ostrice, oystryche. - O. F. ostruce;
an ort; N. Fries. Orie, to leave remnants mod. F. a'ttntche. [Cf. Span. mJestl'Uz,
after eating.
Port. abu trwl , an ostrich.] - L. auis
Oscillate, to swing. (L.) Jo'rom pp. strutltio, lit. ostrich-bird. Here strUthitl
of L. osci//dre, to swing. _ L. oscillum, a is from Gf. uTpou8IOJV, an ostrich; extended from uTpou8/,s, a bird.
swing.
Osculate, to kiss. (L. ) From pp. of Other, second, different. (E.) M. E.
L.oscular;, to kiss. _L. osculum , a little otlter; A. S. (Mer, other , second.
Du.
mouth, pretty mouth; double dimin. of ander, Icel. annarr (for anthar- ), Dan.
os, the mouth.
anden, Swed. annan, G. ander, Goth.
ODeI'. (F.) F . osier, 'the ozier, red antltar; Lithuan. antras, SkI. an/ara-,
The other. In Skt. an-tara, the suffix is the
withy, water-willow tree;' Cot.
proposed connexion with Gk. 01UOI, an same as the usual comparative suffix (as in
Gk. uoW-Tfpos, wiser). Cf. Skt. an-ya-,
osier, lacks evidence.
Osmium, a metal. (Gk.) The oxide other, different.
has a disagreeable smell. - Gk. 6up.;', ""J.I~, Otter. (E.) M. E. titer, A. S. 0101"
a smell. - Gk . is(fllI (for -iS3-y.",), to smell; Du. titter, lcel. tltr, Dan. tIdder, Swed
utter, G. otter j Russ . fmidrn, Lith. ildra;
cf. /;3p.~, scent. See Odour.
Osprey, the fish-hawk. (L.) A cor- also Gk. lI~pa, a hydra , water-snake.
ruption of ossifrage, the older name for the Teut. type -otroll, m . ; ldg. types -wros,
bird.- L. ossi/ragus, ossi/raga, an osprey. m., -wro, f. Allied to water; compare
- L. ossifragus, bone-breaking; (from its Gk. 113pa, hydra, with lI&'p, water. The
strength). - L. ossi-, declo stem of os, ~nse is dweller in the water.' Doublet,
hydra, q. V.
bone; /ra.! , b:lse of/rangN'e, to break.
osseoU9, bony. ( L.) L. osseous, bony; Otto, the same as Attar.
with snffix -ow. _ L. 05S-, stem of os, a Ottoman, a low stuffed seat. (F.bone. Cf. Gk. OuTlov, Skt. asthi, a Turk.) F . tlltomam, an ottoman, sofa.bone. Brugm. i. 70~ .
F. Ofloman , Turkish. So named from
ossitrqe. (L. ) In Levit. xi. 13; Othman or 0S111a", founder of the Turksee Ospre,..
ish empire.
ossify, to tum to bone. (Y . - L.) Ouch, .ouch, the iOCket ofa precious
363
Ortolan, a bird.

(F. - Ital. - L.)

OUGHT

OVER

stone, ornament. (F.-O. H . G. ) Usually outbalam" , ollt-bid, out-break, presenting

(tuck ; yet ,wuck is the true form. M. E. no difficulty.
,lOuche. - O. F. nouc/le, noscM, mlScke, a
outer, comp. form; see Utter.
buckle, clasp, bracelet (Burguy); Low L. Outlaw. (Scand.) M:E. oul/awe.tIIlSea. - M. H . G. ttuske, O . H. G. nusca, Icel. iUlagi, an outlaw, lit. out of (beyond)
a buckle, clasp, brooch. Perhaps of the law. - Ice1. tit, ont; log, law; see Out
Celtic origin ; cf. Irish 1ZaSC, a tie, chain, and Law. Cf. I.. ex/ex, lawless.
Outlet. (E.) M. E. utlele, lit. 'a
ring, 1ZaSgai11l, I bind (Schade, Stokes).
Qught (1), pt. t. of Owe, q. v.
letting out.' - A. S. ul, out; /INatt, to let.
Qught (2), anything; see Aught.
Outmost; see Utmost.
Oui.ce (I ), twelfth part of a pound. Outrage. (F.-I..) F. ttUfrage, ear(F . -L. ) M. E. u,ue. - O. F. ulue (F. Iier form o/trage, excessive violence. (Cf.
(tNe ).-L. tt1uia, (1) an ounce, (2) an Ita1. oltralJl[io.) -O. Jo'. oltre, F. outre , beinch. Allied to Gk. tryKO'1, mass, weight. yond; with suffix -age L. -titicum ). See Inch.
L. ultrti, beyond. See Ultra-.
01UlCe (2), Once, a kind of lynx. Outrigger. (E. andScand.) A pro(F.-L.-Gk.) F. (tNt; M.F. /o,ue, Cot. jecting spar for extending sails, a projectCf. Port .. 0nta, Span. oma, lta1. lanza, an ing rowlock for an oar, a boat with proounce; also ltal. tttlza, an ounce (Florio, jecting rowlocks. From Out and Rig.
1598), obtained by treating lmlla as if =
Outward. (E.) A. S. ute11Jlard, outfonza . -Late L. type *lyncea, lynx-like, ward.-A. S. ute, out; weard, -ward; see
fem. -L. Iync_, stem of lynx, a lynx.- Toward.
Gk. A.r,[, a lynx; see Lynx. l'or F. Oval, egg-shaped. (F.-L.) F. 0fJai.
o<Gk. II, cf. grotto, t011lb, twso.
Formed with suffix -al I~ -tilis) from L.
Ouphe, an elf, fairy. (Scand. ) Mer. Quu"', an egg.+Gk. qlcW, "01', an egg.
Wives, iv..9. A variant of oaf=elf. The Gk. &leol'is for *tJwiqlll, related by
gradation to L. auis, a bird (like ';0, a
See Oaf and lIllf.
Our. (E.) A.S. ure, of US; gen. of sheep-skill, hom &s, a sheep); see Av!we, we. The possessive pronoun ",as also ary. Perhaps cognate with Ega. Der.
tire, which was regularly declined. The ov-ar-y, Late L. 6u4ria, the part of the
form ure stands for *us~r-; cf. Goth. body in which eggs are formed in birds;
umara, gen. pI. of Goth. weis, we.
ovi-fOr11I, egg-shaped; ov;-pa"ttus, from
~-outaJur; see On.na-outAng. L. tJu;-jxu'us, egg-producing (see Parent).
Ouel, a kind of thrush. (E.) M. E. Ovation, a lesser Roman triumph. (F.
osel. A. S. DSIe. For *Onlsal-, which is - L.) F. ovatim. - L. ace. ouiUitJne11l,
for older *amsal-.+G. amsel, O. H. G. am- from outitio, a shouting, exultation. - L.
saia, an ousel. The L. merula (whence ouiilus, pp. of oua"e, to shout. + Gk.
E. merle) can stand for *mesula, and may fOO,.,I', to shout, from .Val, .UOf", interbe connected with G. anlSel by gradation. jections of rejoicing, esp. in ,honour of
See Kerle.
Bacchns.
Out, to eject. (F. -L.) A. F. ouster Oven. (E.) M. E. OUtn ( =ovm). A. S.
(Bozon), M. F. oster, 'to remove;' Cot. ofm, ofn. + Dn. OVttl Ice!. of", omn (also
(F. dler.) Of disputed origin; some ogn), Swed. ugn, G. ofttl, Goth. aukns.
derive it hom obslare, to thwart , which Teut. types *Uh,IO-, 1IftlO-; Idg. type
gives the right form, but does not suit u'lnos. Allied to Skt. ukhii, a pot (cf.
the sense; Diez suggests L. kaustare, Gk. 1",,6s, an oven) ; this older sense is
a derivative of kau,,!re (pp. ka~stus) , to remarkably preserved in A. S. ofnel, a pot,
draw water. Cf. K ex-kaust, and L. vessel.
eorkaurtre, in the sense' to remove.'
Over, above, across. (E.) M. E. ouer
Out, without, abroad. (E.) M. E. oute, (= over). A. S. ofer.+Du. over, Ice!. yjir,
ute, adv., A. S. iile, titall, adv., out, with- ofr, Dan. over, Swed. iifver, G. tibe", Goth.
out; formed (with adv. suffix -e or -an) ufar; Gk. brfp, L. s-uper; Skt. upari,
from A. S. Ut, adv. , out, from .+Du. uil, above. The Idg. form is u~r-, closely
Icel. iii, Dan. tid, Swed. ut, G. tzUS, Goth. related to *uj>eros, upper (Skt. upara-,
iii (= A. S. ut), iita (= A. S. tlte ), utana L. s-uperus, A. S. yfera). This is a com~ A. S. titan); Skt. uti, up , out. parative form from ldg. -tlPO- (Ski . upa,
Hence numerous componnds, such as near, Oil, under; Gk. bro, L. s-ub, Goth.
36 3

OVERT

OZONE

own (3) , to grant. (E.) A developufo under; cf. A. S. tifan, E. -ove in

above) Closely allied to Up. ~ Hence ment from own (~) , to appropriate, claim;
a large number of compounds beginning hence, to acknowledge. See Johnson.
~ Usually said to have been due to A. S.
with over, which present no difficulty.
Overt, open, public. ( F. -L.) O. F. unnan , M. E. unnen, to grant, of which
overt (later ouverl) , pp. of ovrir (later there is no clear trace.
ouvn'r), to open. The etymology is dis- Ox. (E.) M. E. ox, oxe, pI. oxen; A. S.
puted. G. Diez suggests that ovrir is a oxa, pI. oxall.+Du. os,lcel. uxi, oxi, Dan.
shortened form of O. F. aovrir, a-uvrir Swed. oxe, G. ocMe, ocAs, Goth. auAsa;
(Livre des Rois) , answering to Provo adu- also W . y cA; Skt. ukshan-, an ox, bull.
brir, to open. The latter can be resolved Teut. type*ohsan-; ldg. type *oksen-. The
into L . ad, de, operfre, where ad is a mere Skt. ukshatz- is usually derived from Skt.
prefix, and deoperire is to uncover. /3. ttksh, to sprinkle, hence, to impregnate;
Littre considers ovrir to be for aV1-i,', Brugm. ii. 114.
i. e. L. aperin, to open; the change Ozalis, wood-sorrel. (L.-Gk.) L.
being due to association with covrir (F. oxa/is. ';'Gk. o(a).,[s, (I ) sour wine, ( 2)
couvrir), to cover. Cf. Port. avrir, to sorrel; from its sourness. - Gk. ",us, acid.
open.
See Oxygen.
o:z:ide, a compound of oxygen with a
overture, a proposal, beginning. (F.
- L ) O. F. overture, latter o/,verture, an nOll -acid base. (Gk.) Coined from oxopening, from O. F . overt, open (above). ( for oxy-, as in oxy-gm ) and -ide, Gk.
-.. a~s, like. See Oxygen.
Oviform, Oviparous j see Ova.l
Owe, to possess; hence, to possess Ozlip, a flower. (E.) A. S. oxamlyppe.
another's property, be in debt, be obliged. orig. an ox-slop, piece of ox-dung (a coarse
(E.) M. E. ajen, awen, owen, orig. 'to name, like some other plant-names). possess.' A. S. agan, to have, po.sess A. S. oxan, gen. case of oxa, ox; slyppe,
(whence long 0 from A. S. a, and w for g). a slop; see Slop. (So also cow-slip =
+lcel. eiga, to possess, have , be bound, cowslop. )
own; Dan. eie, Swed. iiga, O.H.G. eiga1l, Ozygen, a gas often found in acid comGoth. aigan, to possess. Tent. type *aigan-. pounas. (Gk.) Lit. 'acid-generator.'Allied to Skt. if, to possess.
Gk. o(u-s, sharp. acid; "YEV-, to produce,
oUJht. (E.) The pres. tense of A. S. base of "Yi"Yvop.tU. I am born .
iigall IS ic ah , really an old perf. tense;
ozymel, a mixture of honey and
hence was formed the new pt. t. ahte, M. E. vinegar. (L. -Gk.) L. oxymeli. - Gk.
ahle, aughle, oug/zte, mod. E. ought.
0("",,)., . - Gk. 6(u-s, sharp, acid; p.EJ\l,
owing, in phr. owing 10 = due to, honey; see Mellifluous.
because of. (E.) Orig. pres. pt. of owe, vb.
ozytone, having an acute accent on
Owl, a bird. (E.) M. E. oule. A. S. the last syllable. (Gk.) Gk. ",Vrovos,
ule. + Du. uil, Ice!. ugla, Dan. ugle, Swed. shrill-toned. - Gk. otu-s, sharp; TOVOS. a
ugla, G. mit, O. H . G. uwela. Teut tone ; see Tone.
types *uwalon-, *uwwalm-, fern. Cf. Oyer, a term in law. (F. - L.) Oyer
also L. ulula, Skt. uliika -, an owl. The and terminer means,literally, 'to hear and
sense is 'howler,' from an imitative determine.'-A. F. oyer (F. oui'r), to hear.
root; cf. L. ululiire, to howl. See -L. audire, to hear.
Howl.
oyez, oye8, hear yet (F .-L.) Public
Own (I), possessed by anyone, peculiar criers begin by saying oyes, now corrupted
to olleself. (E.) M. E. aJen, awen, owen, into 0 yes! - A. F. oyez, ~ p. pI. imperative
contracted to own by loss of e. A. S. agen , of oyer, to hear (above).
own, orig. pp. of agan, to possess; see Oyster. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. oistre.
Owe.+lcel. eiginn, Dan. Swed. egen, G. - A. F. oislre IF. huttre). - L. ostrea; also
eigen, Goth. aigans.
oslreum. - Gk. 6UTPfOV, an oy~ter; named
own ( ~ ), to possess. (E.) M . E. a3tuen, from its hard shell.-Gk. /)UTfOV, a bone,
annien, ahnm , olmen. A. S. agnian, to shell; see OSBeOUS, Ostra.cise.
appropriate, claim as one's own; den om. Ozone, a substance perceived by its
vb, from A. S. iigen, own (above).+Icel. smell in the air after electric discharges.
eigna, to claim as one's own; from eiginn, (Gk.) Gk. il(IIIV, smelling; pres. pt. of
one's own. Der. (fWn-er.
0(..... to smell. See Odour.
36,.

PABULUM

PA.-PB.

PAGE

Haml. iiL 4. 185; Oth. ii. I. l59. It is

a parallel formation to paille, frequent. of
Pabulum. (L.) L. pabulum, food; pat; see Pat ( I) . Cf. Low G. paddeln,
from the base pa-, as seen in pa-ui, pt. t. to tramp about (Danneil) , frequent. of
of pascere, to feed. See Pastor.
pedden, to tread, or padjen, to walk with
Pace, a step. (F.-L.) M. E.pas.- F . short steps (Brem. Wort.) ; from pad, the
pas. - L. passum, acc. of pasms, a step, sole of the foot . See Pad (I ) . Cf. also
pace, lit. a stretch, distance between the Low G. pladdern, to paddle in water.
feet in walking. -L passus, pp. ofpanden, Paddle ( 2), a little spade, esp. to clean
to stretch . See Expand.
a plough with. (E.) Formerly spaddle;
Pacha see Pasha.
dim in. of spade. See Spade.
Pachydermato1l8, thick -skinned. Paddock ( I), a toad. (Scand .) M. E.
(Gk.) From Gk . ..ax,,., thick; and a.p- paddok, dimin. of M. E. padde , a toad.fUlT-, stem of a'PfLa, skin. Gk . .-aXil. is Icel . padda, Swed. padda, Dan. padde, a
allied to L. pinguis, fat. And see Denn. toad, frog.+Du. padde, pad; E. Fries.
Pacify. (F.-L.) F.pnciJier.-L.pad- padde.
foare, to make peace. - L. pad-, dec!. Paddock (2), a small enclosure. (L.l)
stem of pax, peace ; -ficare, for ./ncere, to Not an old word; used by Eyelyn; a corruption of M. E. parrIJk, spelt parrIJcke in
make. See Peace.
Pack, a bundle. (Low G . - L.?) M. E. Palsgrave. (So also pIJddzsMorporridge. )
paUe (13th cent.). - M. Du. pack l Du. See Pa.rk.
pak) ; cf. Icel. pakki, Dan. paUe, Swecl. Paddy, rice in the husk. (Malay.)
packa i G. pack. [Cf. also Irish pac, Malay padi, rice in the hnsk. It seems to
Gael. pnc, from E. i Bret. pak, from have been confused with H ind. Mat,
Romanic i Ital. paccIJ, F . paqu-et; Late L. cooked rice ; from Skt. bhakta, (properly)
paccus.] Prob. of Late L. origin; from boiled rice, food , OIig. pp. of blzaj, to
the L. base pnc-, as in pp. pactus, from divide, possess, &c. (See Yule. )
paltgere, to fasten (Korting) . See Pact. Padlock, a loose-hanging lock. (E.)
Der. pack-age, with F . suffix -age (cf. A lock for hampers, &c. ; prob. coined by
bagg-age); pack-et, from F . paquet, a adding IIJck to provo E. pad, a pannier
packet, bundle, dimin. form from Low G. (Norfolk ). Tbis word is also written
paU, M. Dn. pack.
ped; see Pedlar.
Pact, a contract. (L.) L. pactum, an Paean, a hymn to Apollo. (L.-Gk.)
agreement.-L. pactus, pp. of pacisci, to L. paalt. - Gk. lla,,!v, lla"'IJI, (I ) Prean,
agree, inceptive form of O. L. pacere, to Preon, physician of the gods, (l) Apollo,
agree (Breal). Allied to pangere (pp. (3) a hymn to Apollo. Der. peon-y.
pac/us), to fasten, fix; Skt. par, to bind, Paedobaptism, infant baptism. (Gk.)
Gk. rrfJ-yvviJ.I, I fasten. Brugm. i. 200 ; From Gk. 1I'alaO-, representing .-ai's, a
child; and baptism. Cf. P edagogue.
ii. 79.
Pad (I) , a soft cushion. (Low G.?) Also Pagan, acoontryman; hence, a heathen.
in the sense of 'saddle' (Levins, 1570) ; (L.) L. pagatlus, (I ) a villager, (l) a
also in the sense of' bundle' (Halliwell). pagan, because the rustic people remained
Of obscure origin. In the sense of cushion longest uncor.verted. -L. pilganus, adj.,
beneath an animal's foot, it agrees with rustic. - L. pagus, a village, district, canM. Du., Low G., and Pomeranian pad, ton. Some connect it with pag-, base of
sole of the foot ; perhaps borrowed from pangere, to fasten; as being marked out
Slavonic. Cf. Ross. pIJdosnva, sole of the by fixed limits; see Pact.
foot ; podusnka, a cushion, pad; also Page ( 1) , a boy attending a person of
Lith.padas, (thesame). Cf.Pod.
rank. (F. -LateL.-Gk. ?) M. E.page.Pad (2\ a thief on the high road. (Du.) F. page.-LateL.pagium, acc. ofpagius,
WenowsaY./OIJt-pad. Formerlyapadder, a servant. Cf. Span. page, Port. pagem,
one who goes on the pad, i. e. foot-path. - Ital. paWIJ, a page. Etym. disputed.
Du. pad, a path; see Path. (Many cant Diez thinks that Ital. paggiIJ was formed
words are Dutch.) Der.pad, a nag, orig. from Gk. 1I'a1MoII, a little child, dim in. of
pad-nag, a road-nag; pad, vb., to tramp. ..ai's, a boy. (See Diez, Littre, Scheler.)
Paddle ( I) , to finger, dabble in water. Page (l), one side of the leaf ofa book.
(Low G.?) Formerly also to finger, handle; (F.-'L.) F. page. -L. pagina, a page,
36 5

PAGEANT

PALEOLOGY

leaf. Orig. a leaf; and named from the

fastening together of strips of papyrus to
form a leaf. - L. pog-, base of pa1lgtre, to
fasten (pp. poc-Ius <pog-Ius).
pageant, an exhibition, spectacle.
(LateL . - L. ) Orig. the moveable scaffold
on which the old ' mysteries' were acted.
M. E. fa.~enl (Prompt. Parv.), also pagen,
pag)l1l; formed , with excrescent t after ",
from Late L. pa![ina, a scaffold, stage for
shows, made of wooden planks. - L. pligina, a page of a book; in Late L. a plank
of wood. Named from being fastened together; seePage ( 3) . Der.pag~-anl-r-y.
Pagoda, an Indian idol's temple.
(Port. -Pers.) From Port. pagoda, pagode, a pagoda. - Pers. but-kadak, an idoltemple. - Pen. but, idol, image; kadak,
habitation. (The initial Pers. sound is
sometimes rendered by p, as in Devic's
Supp. to Littre.) Perhaps confused with
Skt. bkag-avati, f., venerable, as the name
of a ~oddess (Yule).
Pail. (E.) M. E. paile. A. S. pt7.gd,
a pail (Bosworth-ToUer). See Anglin, viii.
450. Cf. Dan. pagel, half-a-pint; M.Du.
peg-tl, the contents or capacity of a pot.
The orig. pail was prob. a liquid-measure, with pegs to mark the depth. See
Peg.
Pain. (F. -L.-Gk.) M. E. peine.F. p eine, a pain, a penalty.-L. fXZna,
punishment, penalty, pain. - Gk. 1TO'vt7,
penalty. Idg. type *fjoina; cf. O. Ir. cin,
a fault (Ir. cion ), Zend kaina-, punishment, Pers. kin, revenge, RUSii. tsiena, a
price, Gk. Tlv.,v, to pay a price. Brugm.
i. l03. Cf. Pine (3).
Painim; see Paynim.
Paint. (F.-L.) M.E. pdnlen, vb.
-F.peint, pp. of peindre, to paint.-L.
pi1tgere, to paint. See Picture.
Painter, a rope for mooring a boat.
(F.-L. -Gk.) Assimilated to painler,
one who paints; orig. M. E. panler, a
noose, esp. for catching birds. - M. F.
panliere, a snare for birds, a large net for
catching many at once; Cot. -L.pa1tthlr ,
a hunting-net for catching wild beasts.Gk. 1T6.V(J,!poS, adj., catching all sorts. Gk. 1I'aV, neut. of 1I'aS, every; (J1J~'" to
huntl from 9fJp, a wild beast. See PaD-.
(Ana see pantker.)
Pair, t.wo equal or. like, thin~ . ~F. -L.)
M. E. pe,re. - F. pa,re, a paIr; Cot. F . pair, ' like, equal ; ' id. - L. parem, acc.
of par, equal. See Par.

Plljja.m.as, Py,jam.as, loose drawers.

l Hind. - Pers.) Hind. jikjti"tii, pajam4,
d.lLwers, lit. 'leg-clothing: _ Hind. pile,
lel' ; jama, garment. - Pers. piii, cognate
wi lit E. foot; jamak, a garml:llt (Hom,
4 1 2 ).
Palace. (F.-L.) M . E. palais.-F.
palai:. - L. palalill"" orig. a building on
the Pdaline hill at Rome; esp. a palace
of Aurnstus on this hill. The Palatine
hill is ~Ilpposed to have been named from
Pales, ~ putoral divinity.
paladin. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.paladin,
a knight of the round table. - Ital. palaaiM, a warrior; orig. a knight of the
palace or royal household. - L. paliilinus ;
see Palatine.
Pall8O-; see Paleo-.
Palanquin, Palankeen, a light
litter in which travellers are bOrne on men's
shoulders. (Port. -Hind. -Skt.) Cf. F.
palanquin. From Port. polanfjllim, a
palankeen. All from Hindustani palang,
a bed, bedstead (Forbes) ; otherwisepalki,
and (in the Camatic) pal/akki (Wilson) ;
Palipa//anko, a p:llankeen (Yule) .-Skt.
paryanka- (Prakrit paI/anlta-), a couchbed, bed. Apparently named from the
support afforded to tbe body. -Skt. pari
(= Gk. "'pl), round, about; anka-, a
hook, also the flank.
Palate. (F. -L.) O . F. p nlat. - L.
palatum, the palate, roof of the mouth.
Palatine. (F. -L.) In phr. count
palati1te ;' the proper sense is 'pertaining
to the palace or royal. honsehold.'-F.
palalin. - L. palOlintls, (I) the name of a
hill at Rome, (2) belonging to a palace;
see Palace.
Palaver. (Port.-L.-Gk.) A parley.
- Port. palavra, a word , parole. - L.
parabola. - Gk. 1TO.pa{Jo>..f,; see Parable.
Pale (I) , astake,limit. (F.-L. ) M. E.
paol. - F. pal, a pale, stake;' Cot. - L.
palum, acc. of palus, a stake. For *f>tusl"s, from pac-, to fasten, as in pac-isri,
to stipulate. llrngm. ii. 76. ~ The
heraldic pale is the same word; so is
pole ( I ) .

Pale (3) , wan. (F.-L.) O. F.pale,

later pasle (F . ptUe). -L. palldum, acc.
ofpallidlIS, pale. Allied to Fallow.
Paleogra.Jh7. the study of ancient
modes of wnting. (Gk.) -Gk. wuA<UO-t,
old, from 1I'IiMu, adv., long ago;
to write.
pa.leolol7, arch:-eology. (Gk.) From

.,pIut.-.,,,,

PALEONTOLOGY

PALM

is the same whether read forwards or

backwards. (Gk.) Such a word is madam.
- Gk. waA.i,,3poflOS, running back again.Gk ..aM". again; 3pop.os, a running, from
3po.jJ.;", to run; see Dron:edary.
Pa.l.inode a recantation, in song. (F.
s~ak.
-L.-Gk.) F . palinodu (Cot. ). -L.pnliPalestra, a wrestling-school. (L. - nOdia. - Gk. waA.,v'P~Kx, a recantation , esp.
Gk.) L. pallEstra. - Gk. waA.aiO'Tpo., a of an ode. -Gk . ...a1..,,,, back, again; ~~,
wrestling-school. - Gk. wa>..ai .", to wrestle. an ode. See Ode.
-Gk. "a)..rl, wrestling.
Palisade. (F . -L. ) F . palissade, a
Paletot, a loose garment. (F. ) Mod. row of pales. - F.paliss-er, to enclose with
F. paletot, formerly spelt palletot, palletoe, pales. - F. palis, a pale, extended from
a sort of coat; whence M. E. paletok, used pal, ajlale; see Pale ( I ).
of a dress worn by soldiers, knights, and Pall ( I ), a cl oak, mantle, shroud. (L.)
kings, and usually made of silk or velvet. A .S.pal/. -L. palliu1II, a coverlet, cloak;
Explained by Diez aspalle-toque, a cloak Sievers, 80.
with a hood; from L.pnlla, a mantle, and Pall (2), to become vapid. (F . -L.)
W. toe, BreI. tok, a cap. Littre derives Pall is a sborte,ped form of appal, fOlmerly
O. F . palletoe from M. Du. paltrok, a used in the same sense. Palsgrave has
mantle, but Franck says that this M. Du. palle and appal/e, both in the sense of
word is taken (with alteration) from the losing colour by standing as drink does;
O. F. word. Cf. Bret. pallok, a peasa nt's also' I palle, I fade.' See Appal.
robe; from pallen, a covering (L. palla ) ; Palladium, a safeguard of liberty. (L.
and 10k, a cap. Whence also Span. pn le - Gk.) L. Palladium; Virgo.lEn. ii. 166,
tOfJ.ue.
183. - Gk. DaMci~,o", the statue of Pallas
Palette, a small slab on which painters on which the safety of Troy depended.mix colours. (F.-Ital.-L.) F . palelte, Gk. DaA..\as (stem DaMa6-), Pallas, an
orig. a Bat blade, spatula, and lastly a epithet of Athene.
palette. - !tal. palella. a Bat blade, spatuia; Pallet (1), a kind of mattress, prof'erly
dimin. ofpala,a spade. -L.piila, a spade, one of straw. ( F.-L.) M . E.paillet.shovel, Bat-bladed' peel' for putting bread F. paillel, a heap of straw, given by Littn~
into an oven. See Peel (3).
as a provincial word. Cf. taillal, a palPalfrey. (F.-LowL.-C.) M. E. Hasse, in patois of Lyons Cfuitspelu ). paleft'ai, pal/rei. -0. F. palefrei (F. pale- F. paille, straw. -L. palea, straw, chnff.
f rol) - Low L. paraverMus, lit. ' an extra +Gk. "a)..'1, fine meal; Skt.paliila, straw;
post-horse' (White). - Low L. para- (Gk. Russ. polova, chaff; Lith. pelai, pl., chaff.
"apa ), beside, hence , extra; tlerltitls, a Pallet (~ ) , an instrument used by potpost-horse, ccurier's horse. Il Here tle- ters, also by gilders; aho a palette. (F. rldus stands for vo-rldus, from a Celtic Ital. -L.) It is a Batbladed instrument
type vo-reido-, a carriage-horse. - Celtic for spreading plasters, gilding, &c.; and
vo (Ir. /0-, W . go), under, in ; and Celtic is a douLlet of Palette.
*reidtl, Gaulish L. rMa, rhlda, a carriage. Palliasse, a straw mattress. (F . - L.)
The Celt. *voreido- appears in W. go- F. paillasse (with II mouilles), a slrawrwydd, a horse. The CeIt. *reidii is from bed; spelt paillace in Cotgra\,e. - F . pa;"~,
the verb seen in O. Irish r iad-aim, I travel, straw ; with su ffix aee L. iUeus). - L .
ride, cognate with E. ride (Stokes ). palea, straw. See Pallet ( I ).
~ Cf. Du. paard, G. pferd, O. H. G. pfer.
Palliate, to cloak, excuse. (L.) From
fn'f, n horse, also from paraveridus.
L. palliiitus, covered as with a cloak. -L.
Palimpsest, a MS. which has been pallium, a coverlet, cloak. See Pall (I).
twice written on, the first writing being Pallid. (L.) L. pallidus, pale.
partly erased. (Gk.) Gk. waA.iJ4t1lO'TO", a
pallor. (L.) L. pallor, paleness.-L.
palimpsest, neut. of frQ.\1J4t11O'Tor, scraped pall&e, to be pale. See Pale ( ~ ).
again (to renew the surface). -Gk. ..a1..,1'- Pall-mall; see Mall ( ~ ) .
(for ".u.",), again; 1frrI0'T6s, scraped, from Palm ( I), inner part of the hand. (F.."a.." to rub.
L. )
M. E.paume, palm of the hand . -F.
PaiiDdrome, a word or sentence that patlm~.-L.paltlla,thepalmofthehand.+
Gk. 1r'IlAa.6-r, old; -)..o-ylo, discourse, from
.\6')'os, a word, '\;')'.'''' to speak.
paleontology the science of fossils,
&c. (Gk.) FromGk.1fQ.\a(-os, old; 6VTO-,
declo stem of cW, existing; '1..o')'la, discourse, from )..{yyos, a word, 1..E')'fI", to

36 7

PALM

PANEGYRIC

Gk. ffaA.ap.f/, the palm of the hand; A. S.

/olm, the same; O. Irish llim, W. llaw.
Brugm. i. 529 (2). Der. palmisl-r.y .
Palm (2) , a tree. (L.) A. S. palm. L. palma, a palm-tree. Der. palm-er,
M. E. palmere, one who bore a palmbranch in memory of having been to the
Holy Land; hence a palmer or palnurworm, a sort of caterpillar, supposed to be
so named from its wandering about. Also
palm-ary, deserving the palm (of victory).
Pal'ps:ble, that can be felt. W. - L. )
F. palpable (Litlre, Palsgrave). - L. palpa bilis, that may be felt. - L. p alpare, pal.
pari, to feel, to handle.
Palpitate, to throb. (L.) From pp.
of L. palpilare, to throb.
Palsy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. palesy,
fuller form parlesy . - F. paralysie. - L.
paralysin, acc. of paralysis. - Gk. ..apaAlIl1eS; see Paralysis.
Palter, to dodge , shuffle, equivocate.
(Scand.) Spelt pauller in Cotgrave, s. v.
harceler. The orig. sense is to haggle, to
haggle over such worthless stuff as is called
palln'e in Lowland Scotch. More literally,
it is ' to deal in rags, to trifle '; see further
below.
paltry, worthless. (Scand.) Lowland
Sc. palln'e is a sb., meaning trash; so
also Norfolk paltry, 'rubbish, refuse,'
Forby. But both sb. and adj. are from an
old sb. paller, rags, which is still preserved
in Danish and Swedish. - Swed. pallor,
rags, pI.. of palla, a rag, tatter; Dan.
pialler, rags, pI. of pialI, a rag. 13. We
find the adj. itself in Low G. paling,
ragged, frompalle, a rag, piece tom off a
cloth; and in provo G. pallmg, paltry,
from palter (pI. pal/ern), a rag (Fliigel).
We nnd o.lso M. Dn. pall, a fragment,
Friesic pall, a rag; E. Fries. palleng,
paling, ragged. Possibly of Slavonic
origin. Cf. Russ. pololno, plaino, linen,
pla/ile, to patch .
Pampas, plains in S. America. (Peruvian.) The final s is the Span. pI. suffix. Peruvian pampa, a plain.
Pamper, to glut. (0 . Low G.) Frcquent. from Low G. pampen, to cram. Low G . pampe, broth, pap, nasalised form
of pappe, pap. Cf. Low G. (Altmark)
pampen,pappen,lo cram oneself (Danneil).
See Pap ( I ).
Pamphlet, a small book. (F.?-L. 1Gk . ?) Spelt pamjiet, Test. of Love, pt.
iii. 9. H . Etym. quite uncertain. We

find F. pamphi/e, the knave of clubs, from

the Gk. name Pamphilus; similarly, I
should suppose that there was a F. form
*pamjiltl, or Late L. *pamphilltus, coined
from L. Pamphila (of Gk. origin), the
name of a female historian of the first
century, who wrote numerous epitomes of
history. G. Paris suggests L . Pamphilus,
the name of a medieval Lat. comedy.
W e find Low Lat. panjielus (A.D. 1 ~ 44)'
Pa.n. (E.?) M. E. pa1lnt. A. S. pamte,
a pan, broad shallow vessel ; cf. Irish
panna, W. pan, a pan. - Late L. pan1ta,
a pan (whence also Du. pan, G. p/amu,
O. H . G.p/anna). Ifnot of Teut. origin,
it may be a corrupted form of L. patina,
a shallow bowl, pan, bason. Der. pancake ; pamtikin (M. Du.panneken).
Pa.n-, prefix, all. (Gk.) Gk. :ral', neut.
of ..as, all.
Pa.nacea, a universal remedy. (L.Gk.) L. panacea. - Gk. 1I'ClI'aKfla, a universal remedy; allied to ..aJlO.n,s, allhealing. - Gk . ..aI', all (above) ; aKEop.ae,
I heal, cUtOS, a remedy.
Pa.ncreas, a fleshy gland, commonly
called sweet-bread. (L. - Gk.) L.pancreas.
- Gk. ..a'Y"p~as, sweet-bread; lit. 'all
flesh,' from its softness -Gk . ..aI', all ;
"pEas, flesh, for *KpEFas; cf. Skt. kravya-,
raw flesh, L. crU-dus, raw. See Panand Crude.
Pandect, a digest. (F. - L . - Gk. )
Usually in pI. pandects. - M. F . pandectes,
pI. (Cot. ).-L.palldecltZ, the title ofa collection of laws made by order of Justinian;
also (in sing.) pandecles. - Gk . ..avBEnae,
pandects; fromGk.1I'al'/!EI<Tf/s,all-receiving
comprehensive. - Gk. 1I'av,all ; BExop.al,i
receive. See Pan-,
Pa.ndemonium. (Gk.) The home of
all the demons. - Gk . ..aI', 0.11; lJat!-,ol'e-,
for Batp.ow, a demon; see Pan- and
Demon.
Pander, Pa.ndar, a pimp. (L. - Gk.)
L. Pandarus. - Gk. n avlJapos, a personal
name; the name of tbe man who procured
for Troilus the favour of Chryseis. The
name is from Homer (11. ii. 827) ; but the
slory belongs to medieval romance.
Pane, a patch of cloth, plate of glass.
(F.- L.) M.E. pane, a portion. - F.pan,
'a pane, piece, or pannell;' Cot. -L.
pannu m, acc. of pannus, a cloth, rag,
pat<.'h. Allied to Vane.
Pa.neOric. (L.-Gk.) L. panigyn'cus, a eulogy; from L. jJanegyn'cus, adj.

368

PANEL

PANTRY

Pansy, heart's-ease. (F. - L.) F.

pensle, ' a thought; also, the flower paun
sie ; ' Cot. (It is the flower of thought or
remembra,zee. ) Prop. fern. of pp. of F.
penser, to think. - L. pensare, to weigh,
ponder, frequent. of pende.e, to weigh.
See Pendant. Cf. Chaucerian Pieces,
xxi. 62 (note).
Pant, to breathe haId. (F. -L. ? - Gk.?)
M. E. panten, to pant (15th cent.). The
O. F. pantais (Godefroy) meant' shortness
of breath, in hawks,' and was a term in
hawking. So also F. pantois, short
winded, F.pantder, to pant; Gascon pantacha, to pant; A. F. pantoiser. The
O. F. pantau is a verbal sb. from O. F.
pantaisier, to breathe with difficulty; cf.
Prov.pantaisa, to pant, dream. Prob. from
Late L. phantasiare, by-form of phantasiari, to imagine, dream (Ducange).Gk. tf>allTaCTla, a fancy; see Fancy. (G.
Paris, in Romania, vi. 628.) ~ Not from
W. pantu, which does not mean to press
(Diez), but to sink in, indent.
Pantaloon ( I ), a ridiculous character,
buffoon. (F.-Ital.-Gk.) F.pantalon. Ital. pantalone, a buffoon; from the personal name Pantaieone, common in Venice,
St. Pantaleone being a well-known saint in
Venice. Prob. from Gk. _IITaAEOIV, lit.
I ali-lion,' a
Gk. personal name. _ Gk.
1fQVTa-, all; AfOlV, lion.
pantalooJl8, a kind of trousers. (F.Ital. - Gk.) F . pantalon, so called because
worn by Venetians. - I tal. pantalone, a
Venetian; see above.
Pantheism, the doctrine that the universe is God. (Gk.) From Pan- and
Theism; see below.
pantheon. (L. - Gk.) L. pantkion.
- Gk. w9f.av, a temple consecrated to
all the gods. -Gk. W, all; 9f1oS, divine,
from 6fOS, god.
Panther, a quadruped. (F .-L. Gk.) M.E. pantere. -O.F.pant!ere. L. pan/Jura, pantMr. - Gk. 1I"avlh]p, a
panther; prob. of Skt. origin. ~ A supposed derivation from ...(i", all, 9qp, a
beast, gave rise to numerous fables.
Pantomime, a dumb actor ; later, a
dumb show. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. panto",ime, an actor of many parts in one play.
-L. pantomimus. - Gk. 1IO.YT0""p.Df, allimitating, a pantomimic actor. - Gk. 1I"I1J'TO-,
for 1I"iis, all; ,...p.os. a mime, imitator; see
Pan- and Kimic.
Pantr7. (F.-L.) M. E. pantrie.3~

-Gk. ~/t6f, fit for a full assembly,

festive, solemu; hence applied to a festival
oration. -Gk. 1IWf1ryvplS, a full assembly.
- Gk ....(iv, all; -""",PIS, related to a'Yopa,
a gatheriug, a crowd.
Panel, Pannel, a board with a sur
rounding frame, &c. (F.-L.) M. E.
panel, ( I) a piece of cloth, sort of saddle,
( 2) a schedule containing jurors' names ;
the general sense being 'little piece.'O. F.panel, M. F . paneau (laterpanneau),
'a pannel of wainscot, of a saddle,' &c. ;
Cot.-Late L.pannellum, dimin. of pannus, a cloth; see Pane. Der. em-panel,
im-panel, to put upon a panel, enroll
jurors' names.
Pang, a sharp pain. (E.?) Spelt' prange
oflove'; Court of Love, 1. IJ50 (ed. 1561 );
M. E. pronge, a throe, a woman's pang
(Prompt. Parv.). The sense is 'a sharp
stab,' a prick; see Prong. For the loss
of r, d. speak for spreak.
Panic, extreme fright. (Gk.) Gk. TO
wnVUC611, Panic fear, supposed to be inspired by the god Pan. - Gk. 1rIU'L"OS, adj.,
from nav, Pan, the rural god of Arcadia.
Panicle, a form of inflorescence. (L.)
L. panicula, a tuft; double dimin. of
piinus, the thread wound round the bobbin
of a shuttle.+Gk. '"ivos, the same. Allied
to L.pannus, cloth; see Pane.
Pannage, food of swine in woods. (F.
-L.) Anglo-F. panage ; M . F. pamage,
I pawnage, mastage, monie for feeding of
swine with mast;' Cotgrave. - Late L.
pasnaticum, pastionlUicum, pannage.Late L. pastiiiniire, to feed on mast, as
swine.-L.pastiiin-, stem of pastio, grazing, used in Late L. to mean right of
pannage. - L. past-us, pp. of pasure, to
feed.
Pau.nier, a bread-basket. (F.-L.)
M. E. panier. - F. panier. - L. paniirium,
a bread-basket. - L. panis, bread. Cf.
Pantry and Company.
PanD;);D, a little pan. (L.; wit! E.
suffix.) Dimin. of Pan. Cf. M . Du.
panneken, Westphal. piinneken, the same.
Panoply,completearmour. (Gk.) Gk.
wnvo"JJa, full armour. _ Gk. 1I"iir, all;
o...A-a, arms, armour, pI. of r,1I"AOII, an implement, from Gk. 111"01, I :un busy about.
Brugm. ii 657. And see Pan-.
Panorama, a kind of large picture.
(Gk.) Lit. I a view all round.' -Gk . ..... ,
all; (,pap.a, a view, from c!p<iOI, I see. See
!'1m- 8Jld Wary.

PAP

PARADOX

O. F. pant/erie. - Late L . panlldrill, pan;Idrill, a place where bread is mad~ or

kept. - Late L. panlla, one who makes
bread. -L. pan-is, bread, food; cf. pas~tre, to feed. (.,{PA.)
Pap (I ), food for infants. (E.) 'Papmele for chylder ; ' Prompt. Parv. (A. D.
1140). Cf. M. E.pappe, only in the sense
of 'breast.' Of infantine origin, due to
the repetition of pa, pa, in calling for
food; cf. L. papa, pappa, the word by
which inf~ts call for food. So also Du.
pap, E. Fries. and G. pappe, pap; Dan.
pap, Swed. papp, paste-board. Cf. pap
(1), Papa.
pap (l ), a teat, breast. (E.) M. E.
pappe. Cf. M. Swed. papp, the breast;
changed, in mod. Swedish, to pa/I. So
also Swed . dial. pappe, N. Fries. pap,
pape, Lithuan. papas, the breast. Much
the same as Pap (I); and due to the
infant's call for food.
Papa, father. (F. - L.) Not found in
old books; rather, borrowed from F.papa.
-L. papa, a father, bishop, pope. Cf.
L. pappas, a tutor, borrowed from Gk.
"<l1MI'as, papa; Homer, Od. vi. 57. Due
to the repetition of pa, pa; see Pap (1 ) ,
Pope.
paual. belonging to the pope. (F . L.) "}'. "papal. - Late L papalis, adj.,
from L. papa, a bishop, spiritual father.
Cf. Gk. "a ..as, ftanaS, papa, father
(nbove).
Papaw, a fruit. (Span. - W. Indian.)
Span. papaya (Pineda). - Carib ababa;'.
See Yule.
Paper. (L. -Gk.- Egyptian?) A. S.
paper; directly from L. papjrus ; see
Papyrua.
papier-mach'. paper made into pulp,
moul3ed, dried, and japanned. (F. -L.)
F. papitr, paper, from L. acc.papjrulll ;
F . ",J~k', lit. chewed). pp. of mJ~"er, L.
mastican, to chew. :see Maatioa.te.
PapilionaceouB, having a winged
corolfa resembling a butterfly. (L.)
Coined, with suffix -actUS, from L.papi.
lilm-, stem of papilio, a butterfly; see
Pavilion.
Papillary belonging to or resembling nipples ~r teats, warty. (L.) From
L. papilla, a small pustule, nipple, teat;
dimin. of papula, a pustule.
Lithuan.
pJpas, a teat,pampli, to swell out. See
Prellwitz, s. v. ft'JUI>t(.
P&PJT1UI. (L.-Gk.-Egyptian?) L.

papjrus. - Gk. mln/pos, an Egyptian (lish

or flag, of which a writing material was
made. Prob. of Egyptian origin.
Par, equal value. (L.) L . par , equal.
Perhaps allied to Pare.
Para-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. 'l'fJpO., beside.
Allied to Skt. par~ away, from, L. per,
through. and to E.Jor- in for-give.
P&lP&ble. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. parabole. - O. F. parabole. - L. parabola, Mark
iv. 1 . - Gk. ftapafJo}..1! , a comparison, a
par~ble. - Gk. ftapafJOJV..fII', to ~t or. put
besIde, to compare. - Gk. 'I'flpC1, besIde;
fJt1.J..}..f''', to cast. Brngm. ii. 713.
parabola, a certain plane curve. (L.
- Gk.) L. parabola. - Gk. "apafJo}..1!, the
conic section made by a plane parallel to
the surface of the cone; see Parable.
Parachute, an apparatus for breaking a fall from a balloon. (F. -L.) F.
par~kute, lit. that which parries or guards
against a fall. - F. para-, as in para sol ;
and ~kule, a fall . Here para represents
Port. or Ital. parare, to ward off; and
ckule is equivalent to Ita!' cadula, a fall ,
orig. fern . of caduto, fallen, from L. cadere,
to fall. See Parasol.
Paraclete, the Comforter. (L. - Gk.)
L. par~IZlus. - Gk. "Op/JK}..T}TQS, called to
one's aid, the Comforter (John xiv. 16).
- Gk. TrOpa/caAfW, to call to one's aid.Gk. "apa, beside ; /caAfW, to caU.
Parade, display. (F.- Span. -L. ) F.
parade, a show, also ' a stop on horse
back ,' Cot. The latter sense was the earlier in French. - Span. parada, a stop,
halt, from parar. vb., to hait, also to get
ready. - L. parare, to get ready. See
Pare. The sense display' was d.ue to
the F . verb parer. to deck, trim, from the
same L.t:zrtire.
Pa.ra.cligm, an example, model. (F .L.-Gk.) F. paradigm~.-L. paradlplla.
- Gk. 1ItlpO.3w(luJ , a pattern, model, ex
ample of declension. -Gk. _pa, beside;
3flltJllljU, I point out, shOw. See Dietion.
Paradise. (L.-Gk.-Pers.) L.para
a'isus. - Gk. 'l'fJpO.3f1O'Of, a park, pleasureground; an oriental word of Pers. origin.
- Zend pa;ridaZza, an enclosure, place
walled in. - lend pairi ( = Gk. ftfpi) ,
around; a'iz (Skt. a'ik), to mould, form,
shape (hence to form a wall of earth).
.,{DHEIGH; see Dough.
Parado][. (F. -L. -Gk.) F . paradoxe._L.paradoxlIlII,neut.ofparadoxus,

370

PARAFFINE

PARAPH E R NALIA

IIdj.-Gk. ffap/J&tos, contrary to received lines.-Gk. ~fJ)..o-s, parallel (above);

opinion. - Gk. -rapO., beside; &Sta, opinion, ",(paP}J4, a line, from "'(pO.~'JI, to write.
from OOIt."', to seem ; see Dogma.
~elopiped.
(L. - Gk.) So
Para.1Ilne. (F . -L.) Named (rom its wntten; a mistake for parallelepiped.having but small affinity with an alkali.- L. parallilepipedum. - Gk. -rapallfJ)..fF. paraffine.-L. par-um, little; afftnis, '0'(11'01.01', II body formed by parallel surhaving affinity; see A1BDity.
faces. - Gk. 1I'apOAAfJA-OS, parallel; '1I'iParagoge, the addition of a letter at "030.,, a plane surface, neut. of hrlffoooS,
the end of a word. (L.-Gk.) [Thus, in on the ground, from '11'1, upon, and 1I"OOJl,
Iyran-t, the final letter is paragogic.] -L. the ground.
paragOgi. -Gk. "apa..,..,-yl" a leading by or Pa.raJ.ogiam, a conclusion DDwarpast, alteration. - Gk. -rapO."'(fUl, to lead ranted by the premises. (F.-L.-Gk.)
past. - Gk. ffO.~, beyond; 6.",(o'JI, to lead; F. paraiogis11Ie. - L. paralogismus. - Gk.
.
fIO.pa)..O"'(UlpDs, a false reckouing or conclnsee Agent.
Paragon. (F. - Span. - Gk.) M. F. sion. - Gk. -rapa)..o"'('(opaJ, I miareckon. paragon. - M. Span. par'Won, a model of Gk. 1I'apO., beside, amiss; )..O"'(I(opaJ, I
excellence. Cf. Ital. paragrme, 'a para- reckon, from Ao-,O$, reason; see Logio.
goo, a match, an eqnal;' Florio; and Ital. P~. (L.-Gk.) L. paralysis.
paragtmare,tocompare. Thelatteranswers -Gk. ffiipllA.HIIS, a loosening aside, disto the Gk. TapoJlI.."" to rub against a abling of nerves, paralysis or palsy. -Gk.
whetstone (hence, probably, to try by n 1I'apaA{,0"" to loosen aside. - Gk. Tapa,
touchstone, compare). - Gk. ffQ~, beside; beside; )..{,"", to loosen, allied to Loae.
"6"", a whetstone, allied to "is, a sharp Der. paralyse, from F . paralyser, verb
point.
AK.) See Tobler, in Zt. fUr formed from F. sb. paralysie, paralysis.
roman. Philol. iv. 373.
Also paralytic, from Gk. 1I'apa)..VT.1t6s,
Paragraph, a short passage of a afllicted with palsy. Doublet,paI.;y.
book. ,F. - L. - Gk.) Actually cor- Paramatta, a fabric like merino.
rupted, in the 15th century, intopargrafte, (New S. Wales.) So named from Para
pylcrafte,andpilcr(lflJ !-F.par'W"aplze.- ",atta, a town near Sydney, New South
Late L.paragrapltu11l, acc. ofp aragraplzus. Wales. Properly spelt Pa17'ah,atla ; the
-Gk. -rapO...,patpof. a line or stroke in the lit. sense is ' place of eels '; where parra
margin, a paragraph-mark; hence the represents eels, and malia, place. Parraparagraph itself. _ Gk. ffQpO., beside; malla is also the name of the river;
"'(pIt",O'JI, to write; see Graphio. (N. B. Cabra1llalta, ten miles off, is not a river.
The piicr(lflJ or paragraph-mark is now Pa.ramount, of the highest importance (F.-L.) O. F.par amolll, at the
printed ~.)
Pa.ra.l18.z, the difference between the top, above, lit. ' by that which is upwards:
real and apparent places of a star. (Gk.) -L.per, by; ad 1IIon1elll, to the hill, upGk. ffClpO.AAat.S, alternation, change; also wards; where monlt1l1 is ncc. of 1II01lS, a
parallax (in modem science). - Gk. "ape>..- hill. See Mount.
)..QI1,mv, to make things alternate. -Gk. Paramour. (F. - L.)
M. E. par
-- -rapO, beside; cL\AaI1110W, to change, alter, amour, with love; orig. an adverb. phrase.
- F. par a1hour, with love ; where pa,,<
from cl.\)..os, other; see Alien.
Parallel, side by side, similar. (F . - L. per, and ~1IIour is from L. a1llUre1ll, acc.
L. - Gk.) M. F . parallele. Cot. - L. of a1l101', love. See Amatory.
p aralillus. - Gk. 7rIlpaAAfJ)..or, parallel, Parapet. a rampart , breast-high. (F.
beside each other. - Gk. 1fa~a, beside; -Ital.-L.) F. parapel. -Ita1.parapetto,
*cl.\)..fJAOS, one another, only in the gen. a wall breast-high; lit. 'guarding the
dat. and ace. plural. 13. The dec!. stem breast.'-Ita!. parare, to adorn, also to
"""'lAO- stands for 6.AAo- ci.\AO, a redupli- guard, parry; pelto, breast. -L. jJar4re,
cated form, lit. 'the other the other' or to prepare, adorn; peettlS, the breast . See
one another'; from Gk. cl.\)..os, other; Pare.
see Alien.
Paraphernalia, ornaments. (L. parallelogram. (F. - L. - Gk.) Gk.) Properly the property which a
M. F. paralelograme, Cot.-L. paraillto- bride possesses beyond her dowry.
grammum . - Gk. flapallfJA6"'(paPPOJl, a Formed by adding L. nent. pI. suffix
ligure contained by two pairs of parallel -!ilia to lAte L. parapherll-a, the pro-

(.v

37 1

PARHELION

PARAPHRASE

perty of a bride over and above her of heat. We still say' piercingcold.' See
dower. - Gk. ffapa",fp"a, that which a Milton , P. L. ii. 594.- Picard and Walloon
bride brings beyond her dower. - Gk. percher, for F. percer, to pierce. See
"apa, beside; ",.pv~, a dower, that which is Pierce.
brought, from "'.PflV, to bring, allied to Parchment. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.
percl:emin. - 0. F. parch em in. - L. per
E. Bear ( I ) .
Paraphrase. (F.-L. - Gk .) M. F . gam ina, pergamma, parchment ; fern. of
paraphrase. - L.parapllrasin, ace. of para- L. Pergamlnus, belonging to Pergamos
phrasis. - Gk. "apd",paul~ , a paraphrase, (where parchment was first invented)._
free translation. - Gk. wapa , beside; ",palM , Gk. "'p-ya p'7vr" parchment, from nipa phrase, from ",pdC'IV, to speak; see "(a/.lo~ , n 'p"(l1/.10V , Pergamus, in Mysia of
Phrase.
Asia Minor.
Paraquito, Parakeet, a little par- Pard, a panther, leopard. (L.-Gk.)
rot. (Spall .) Span. pel'iquito, a little L. pmdus. - Gk. "ap50~. An Eastern
parrot, dim in. of perico, a parrot. Diez word; cf. Pers.pars, a pard; Skt.Prdtlkt4,
supposes perico to be a nickname, mean- a leopard. Der. leo-pard, came/o-pard.
in g 'little Peter,' dimin. of Pedro, Peter. Pardon, forg iveness. (F. -L.) M. E.
See Parrot.
pardtnm. - F. pardo", sb. - F. pm-donmr,
Parasang, a measure of distance. to forgive. - Late L. perdihtal'e, to remit a
(Gk. - Pers. ) Gk. "apaua'Y'YTJ~, of Pers. debt, pard on. - L. per, fully; donal'e, to
origin. Mod. Pers. farsang-, ferseng-, a give; see Donation.
league. (Hom, 818.)
Pa.re, to shave off. (F. -L.) M. E.
Parasite. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. para- palm .-F.parer, to deck, trim, pare.-L.
site. - L.parasitus. - Gk. =pauITo~ , eating pararej to get ready, prepare.
beside another at his table, a flatterer, Paregoric, assuaging pain. (L. - Gk.)
toad-eater. - Gk. "apa, beside; uiTo~ , L. parlg-oricus, assuaging. - Gk. rrapTJ,,(optwheat, food. Orig. in a good sense; see ,,6 ~, addressing, encouraging, soothing. Gk. Lex.
Gk. "ap'7,,(opf/v, to address. - Gk. "apa,
Parasol, a sun-shade. (F.-Port. - L.) beside ; a"(optl, an assembly, whence also
F. parasol, ' nn umbrello;' Cot. - Port. a"(op"/tV, to address an assembly.
parasol (or Ital. parasole), an umbrella to Parent. (F. -L. ) F. parent, akinskeep off the sun's heat. - Port. para-r (or man. - L.parent-, stem ofpa"ens, a parent,
Ital. pm'are), to ward off; sol (Ital. so/e), lit. one who produces. - L. parere, to prosun. - L. parare, to prepare; solem, acc. of duce. Brugm. i. 515.
sol, sun. See Parry and Solar.
Parenthesis .. (Gk.) Gk.1rOp<v8fUtS,
Parboil. (F . -L.) It now means' to an insertion, a putting in beside. - Gk.
boil ins\,fficiently,' by confusion with part. "up-a, beside; EV, in; 8fUtS, a placing; see
The old sense is 'to boil thoroughly.' - Thesis.
O. F. parboillir, to cook thoroughly, also, Parget, to plaster a wall. (F. - L.)
to boil gently (Godefroy). -Late L.par- Nearly obsolete; once common. M. E.
bullire, L. perbullire, to boil thoroughly. pargeten; as if from O. F. pa1-geter, to
- L. per, through; and bullire, to boil; spread abroad , cru:t around , Late L. pe,-see Boil ( I) .
jactare (not in Ducange, but found in the
Parcel. (F.-L.) M. E. parcd-F. 14th cent.) . cr.' Perjacio , Anglice, to
parcel/e. a small piece or part.- Late L. perjette ;' Vocab. 602. 7. As if from L.
pa1-ticella, only preserved in Ita!' parti- per, fully; iactlire, to cast, frequent. of
cella,a smallpart. Dimin.ofL.particula; iacere, to throw. See ;ret ( I ). 2. But
. really substituted for O. F . p01-g-eler, to
see Particle.
Parch, to scorch. (F . - L.) Very rough-cast a wall (Godefroy). -L. proitcdifficult. M. E. parden, to parch. Prob. tlire, to cast forth; from pro and iac/are.
the same as M. E. perchen, \0 pierce, an Cf. Walloonporg-ett!. to parget (Remade).
occasional form of percen, to pierce. This ~ Also spelt sparg-etten, where the s of
is the most likely solution ; in fact, a care- spar~tten = O. F. es-, L. ex (intensive).
ful examination of M. E. perchen fairly Parhelion, a mock sun. (L. Gk. )
proves the point. It was at first used in L. parhllion. - Gk. II'ap{,,\IOV, neut. of 1IIlp{Jthe sense to pierce with cold,' and was '\IO~, beside the sun . - Gk . rap-a , beside;
afterwards transferred to express the effects I ~'\IOS, sun; see Heliaoal.

37 3

PARIAH

PARRY

Pariah, an outcast. (Tamil.) Tamil - L. paroekia, same as paracia, a parish ;

paraiyan, corruptly parian, Malayalim see Pariah.
parayan, a man of low caste, performing Pa.rody. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. andF.
the lowest menial services; oru! of his parodie. _ L. parodia. - Gk. 'ral"*'lila, also
duties is to beat the village drum (called "al"*'lii!, a song sung beside (i. e. in imitaparai in Tamil), whence, probably, the tion of) another. - Gk. "op-o., beside; ~~,
aEPellation of the caste. (H. H. Wilson.) an ode. See Ode.
Parian, belonging to Paros. (Gk.) Parole. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. parole, a
Paras is an island in the lEgean sea.
word , esp. a promise; the same word as
Parietal, forming the walls, applied Provo paraula, Span. palabra ( = parato two bones in the front of the skull. bla), Port. palavra. -LateL. parabola, a
(L.) L. parietalis, belonging to a wall. discourse; L. parabola, a parable. See
- L. pamt-, stem of parns, a wall.
Parable, Palaver.
Parish. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. pa- Paronymous, allied in origin; alike
risehe. -F. paroisse.-L. parO!eia. - Gk. in sound. (Gk.) Gk. "optl!vv/AOS, formed
ffapolKia , a neighbourhood; hence an fr om another word by a slight change.ecclesiastical district. - Gk. 'lro.POIKOS , Gk. 'lra"a, beside; 6"lIfUJ, a name. Der.
neighbouring. - Gk. 1I'ap-o., near; 07KOS, parollom-as-ia, a slight change in a word's
house, abode, allied to Vioinage. Der. meaning, from Gk. ff(Jpo1"oJ.IQuia , better
parishion-er, formed by adding -er 1I'apo"oJ.IQuia.
(needlessly) to M. E. parisshen <0. F.
Parozysm. (F.- L. - Gk.) F. paroxparoissien, a parishioner.
ysme. - L. paroxysmus. - Gk. "apo(lIu,..cS,
Paritory; see Pellitory.
irritation, the fit of a disease. - Gk. 1I'apParity, equality. (F. -L.) F. parite. O(WEIII , to irritate. - Gk. 'rap-t1., beside;
-L. pari/a/em , acc. of parittis, equality. 6(')""", to sharpen, from "(,)s, sharp.
See Oxygen.
- L. par, equal.
Park, an enclosed gronnd. (E. ?) Parquetry, a mosaic of wood-work
Park = O. F. pare, is a F. spelling. M. E. for lIoors. (F . - Teut.?) F. parqueterie. parrok, an enclosure, A. S. pearrlte, pear- F. parque/er, to inlay a wooden floor. roc. Cf. Irish and Gael. paire, W. park F. parquet, a wooden floor; orig. a small
and parwg E. parrok). The word is enclosure; dimin. of F. pare, a park.
common in Teutonic tongues, as in Du. See P ark .
j>e1'k, Swed. Dan. park, G. pftreh, and Parricide, ( I ) the murderer of a
is prob. Teutonic; cf. M. E. parren, to father; (2) murder of a father. (F.-L;
enclose. Hence, probably, Late L. pareus, or L. ) The former is the older E. sense,
parrieus, an enclosure; whence F. pare, and answers to F. parricide, L . parrieida,
Ita!. parco, Span. parque.
for older paricidas (llrugm. ii. 190). a
Parley. (F.-L.-Gk. ) F.parler,sb. , murderer of a relative. -L. parri-, for
speech, talk, a parley. - F. parler, vb., to pari, a relative (cf. Gk. 1t1JOs, a relative,
speak. -Late L. pa1'aboliire , to talk.-L. Prellwitz, s. V. Wo.O}lQI) ; and eadere, to
parabola; see Parable.
kill (whence -cida, a slayer). 2. The
~arliament. (F. - L. - Gk. ; with F. second sense is directly from L. parrisup.) M. E . parlallent. [We also find cfdium, the murder of a relative, from
Late L. parliamentum, corresponding to the same sb. and vb.
our spellingparlz'ament.]-F. parlemen/ , Parrot. (F. -L.-Gk.) F. Perrot, of
II speaking, parleying, a supreme coun ; ' which the lit. sense is little Peter,' given
Cot. - F. pader, to speak (as ahove); with to the bird as a nickname; see Cotgrave.
F. suffix -lIlm/ (L. -flUntulll).
Also written Pierrot, both forms being from
parlour. (F. -L. - Gk. ) M. E. par- Pierre, Peter. -L. Petrun" ace. of Petrus,
lour, parlur.-O. F. parloir, a parlour, Peter. - Gk. ."I.,.pos, a stone, rock; also
lit. a room for conversation. - F. parl-er , Peter. Der. F . perroquet, borrowed from
to speak; with suffix -oir <L. -atifrium; Span. perielzito or periquito, dimin. of
so that parlollr answers to a Late L. form Perno, Peter; see Paraquito. ~ The
parabolalifnum, a place to talk in. (Cf. F. word is prob. imitated or translated
F. dartoir <L. dormitUrium .) See above. from Span . or Portuguese.
Parlous. (F.-L.) Short for perilous. Parry, toward off. (F. -L.) For.merly
Parochial. (L. - Gk.) L.pariJckitilis. parra, sb., a warding off. From F. parle,
373

PARTURIENT

PARSE
fern. pp. ; used as equivalent to Ital.
parala, a defence, guard. - F. parer, to
prepare, also to guard, ward off. - L parare , to prepare. See Pare.
P.u-se, to tell the parts 0 < speech. (L.)
To parse i3 to tell' qUa! pars orationis,' i. e.
what part of speech a word is. - L pars,
a part. See P Mt.
P.u-see, an adherent o ~ the old Persian
religion , ia India. (Pers.) Pers. pars;, a
Persian. - Pers. Pars, Persia.
Parsimony,frugaJity. (F.-L.) M. F .
parsimonie; Cot. - L. pdrsimonia , better
par<"il1uJnia. - L.pard, for parcus ,sparing;
with suffix -monia (lng. -mo"yti). Allied
to parare, to spare.
P.u-sley. (F.-L. - Gk.) Formerly
pendy. - }< . persil; older form peresil.L. pe/rose/inum. - Gk. fffTptXTb"""", rock
parsley. - Gk. flETPO-S, rock, stone; tTlALl'O V, a kind of parsley; see 031ery.
P&rsnep, P&rsnip. (F.-L.) Formerly pannep, and stiU better pameppe,
as in Palsgrave; the r being intrusive.O. F. pastenatJ.tll!, a parsnip (by dropping
Ie). - L. pasl,naca , a parsnep: perhap3
orig. a root dug up. Perhaps from L .
pastintire, to dig up. - L. pastinu"" a
two-pronged dibble. ~ The ending -nep
was assimilated to that of turnep.
Parson. (F.-L.) M. E. persone,
which also mea .. s perso,,; see lAte L.
perso1Ja, a person of rank , a choir-master,
curate, parson (Ducange). See Penon.
~ Blackstone gives the right etymology,
but the wrong reason; the L'lte L. perSOIIa was applied to 'rank' or diguity ,
and had nothing to do with a fancifnl
embodiment of the church in the parson's
person! Der. parsollage.
Pa.rt. (F.-L.) F. part. -L. parte""
ace. of pars, a part. Orig.' a share,' that
which is provided; from the same root as
portion. Brugrn. i . 527. Der. part,
vb. ; partake, p::zrtial, &c.
pa.rta.ke. (F.-L ; a/~dScand . ) For
part-Iak~, i. e. take part. Wyclif has parttakYllfC, 1 Cor. x. 16 (earlier version ).
See Part and Tak".
Parterre. ( F. - L. ) I' . parterre, an
even piece of garden-ground. - F.par terre,
along the ground. - L. per urrafll, along
the ground. See Terrace.
P.utiaJ.. (F. - L .)
F. partial. Late L. parlin/is. referring to a part Oirly.
- L. parti-, ded. stem of pan, a parI.
Sce Part.

particip&te. (I..) :From pp. of L.

pa,.Iiciptire, to take a part. _ L. partirip-,
stem of particeps, sharing in. - L. parli,
declostem of pars, a part; capere, to take.
pa.rticiple. ( F. - L. ) The I is nn E.
insertion, as in syllable. - F. partieipe. - L.
partiripiu,,~, a participle; supposed to
partake of the nature both of an adjectival
sb. and a vb. - L. partieiP-, stem of particeps, sharing in; see above.
pa.rticle. (F . -L.) F.particule ( J6th
cent.). - L. particula, double dimin. from
parti-, dec\. stem of pars, a part.
p&rtisan (I), an adherent of a party.
(F:"- Ita\. -L.) F.partisan. - Italparlisiano, .a partner; answering to a Late L.
form *partilia.nus. - L. partitus, pp. of
partiri, to part, divide.-L. parti-, declo
stem of pars, a part. Others (see Korting), give the Late L. form as *partensianus, extended from part-, stem of pars,
a j>art.
Parti8&n (z), Pa.rtizan, a halberd.
(F. -Ita1. -L.?) M. F.pertuisane, 'a par
tisan, or leading-staffe,' Cot.; O. F. pourtisaine (15th cent., Littre) ; pertesane
(Godefroy, I. v. pertuisanier).-ltaJ. parteria"a, 'a partesan, iauelin;' Florio.
[The M. F. pertuisane is an accommodated
spelling, to makeit look like M.F.pmuiser,
to pierce through, due to L. per-tundere.]
Cf. Late L. partesana, pertixa,la. ~ . Apparently connected with the word above,
as if the weapon of a partisan (Diez).
Pa.rtition. (F.-L.) F.partition.L. acc. partitionel1l, a sharing, partition. L. partitus, pp. of partiri, to dividt'. - L.
parli-, dec\. stem of pars, a part; see
Part.
~er. (F. - L.) A curious corruption of M . E. parcmer, frequently misread
and misprinted as partmer, by the common
confusion between c and t in MSS., and
through the influence ofpart.-O. F.parCllur, M. F.panonnier, 'a partener, or coparcener;' Cot. - Late L. *partitiontirius,
of which the shorter form parti6ntirius
occurs. - L. partition-em, acc. of parlilio,
a sharinC", share; see Partition.
Pa.rtndge, a bird. (F. - L. - Gk.)
M. E . pertric/lI!, - F . perdrix, where the
second r is intrusive. _ L . perdicem, acc.
of perdix. - Gk. ff<p3<t, a partridge.
Pa.rturient, abont to produce young.
(L.) L. parturie1ll-, stem of pres. pt. of
parlurirt!, to be rearly to produce young.
From part- , as in pari-lis, pp. oJ padre,

374

PAT

PARTY

to produce. Brugm. ii. 778. Der. par- L.passiiticmll, a right of pasaage.-Late

tur-it-ion, F. parturition.
L. passare; see above. Der. j>asseng-er,
P~. (F.-L.) M. E.partit, usually for M. E.passag-tr.
'a part. -O.F. partie, a part, a party; Pullion. (F.-L.) F. passilm.-L.
Cot. -L. partita, fem. of partilus, pp. of passionem, acc. of passil1, (properly ) sufferpartiri, to divide. See Partition.
ing. -L passus, pp. of pali, to suffer.
Parvenu, an upstart. (F.-L.) F. See Patient.
parvenu, lit. one who has arrived, hence,
puldve. (F.-L. ) F. passif.-L.
one who has thriven. Pp. of f>arvmir, to passiuus, suffering. - L. passus (above).
arrive, thrive. -L. per-umire, to arrive, Pa.sSport. (F. - L.)
F. passepqrt,
come through. - L. per, through; umire, written permission to pass through a gate,
to come; see Venture.
&c. - F. passer, to pass; pl1rte, gate, from
Parvia a porch, room over a porch. L. pl1Yla; see Pass and Port ( 3).
(F.-L-Gk.-Pers.) O. F. parvis, a Paste. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F.paste; F .
porch, outer court before a house or pdtt. - Late L. pnsta, paste. - Gk. fffl17TQ,
church; variant of parevis,pareis, para;'s, a mess of food; orig. fem. of "a17TOS, beparadise (Low L. paravisus). - L. paradi- sprinkled, salted; from "&1717f''', to sprinkle.
sus, a churchporch, outer court, paradise. The orig.sense was ' a salted mess of food.'
See Paradise. The v was inserted in Der. past-y, M. E. pastee, O. F. past( (F.
pare-is, to avoid hiatus.
pdt!) , a pasty; past-roy, orig . a room in
Pasch, the Passover. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) which pasties were kept (cr. pantry,
A.S.pasclla.-L. pascka.-Gk. ,,&oxo.- '",ttery). And aee Patty.
Heb.pesakk, a passing over; the passover; Pastel, a coloured crayon. (F. -ltal.
Exod. xii. II . - Heb. pasakk, he passed - L.) An artist's term . - F . pasltl, 'a
over.
pastel, crayon;' Hamilton. - Ital. pasPash, to dash. (Scand.) Swed. dial. lello, a pastel. - L. pastil/um, ace. of paspaska, to dabble in water, Norweg. baska, IiI/us, a little loaf or roU; the pastel being
to dabble in water, tumble, work hard; named from being shaped like a roll. Dimin.
the same as Dan. baske, to slap, baxes, to of pas/us, food.-L.pastus,pp. ofpa!ctre,
box, Norw. baksa, to box; Swed. dial. to feed. ~ Not allied tojastt; see pastille
baska, basta, to beat; from bas-a, to beat. below.
Cpo provo E. bask, of which it is a mere
pa,8te1'1l. (F.-L.) Formerlypastrt1n;
variant. And see Plash, Baste (1).
Pa1sgrave. - M . F. pas/tlrl1lz, ' the pastern
Pasha, Pa.cha... (Pen.) Also bashaw. of a horse;' Cot. (I' . pdturl1'z.) So called
Pers. basll/l, badshtilz, a governor of a pro- because a horse at pastu"e was tethered by
vince, great lord; the same as piidskalz, a the paste,n; the tether itself was called
prince, great lord; lit protecting the pasture in O. Fr~nch. - O. F. pasture, pasking.' - Pers. /dil, protecting; skak, king. ture. See pasture.
See Bezoar and Shah.
putille, a sm~lI cone of aromatic
Pa.squin, Pa.squinade, a lampoon. sUDstances, to be burnt in a room. (F. - L.)
(F. -Ital. ) (Formerlyalsopasquil; M. F. F.pastille, a little lump or loaf; aeeCotpasquille. ) -F.pasquin (whencepasquin- grave.-L. pastillum, acc. of pastilbts, a
ade), a pasquin, lampoon. - Ita!. Pas- little loaf; dimin. of pastu!, food; se.e
quinQ, I a statue in Rome on whom all Pastel. .
libels are fathered;' Florio. From the Pastime. (F.-L.; a,zd E.) From
name of a cobbler at Rome, whose stall pass and time; imitating F.passe-tefltps.
was frequented by gossips; his name was Pa.stor, a shepherd. (F.-L.) Fortransferred to a statue found near his stall merly pastl1ur. - O. F. jJastl1Ur. - L. pasat his death, on which the wits of the time torem, acc. of pastor, a shepherd, lit.
secretly affixed lampoons; see Haydn.
' feeder.' -L. pastus, pp. of pascere, to
Pus, to move onward. (F.-L.) feed, an inceptive verb; pp. pa-ui.
M . E. passm.-F. passer.-Late L. pas- ("",PA.) Der. pastor-al, F. pastl1Ya/, L .
sart, to pass. - L. passus, a step; lee pastl1Ylllis, adj.
Pace. fJ. Diez takes Late L.passtIre to
puture. (F.-L. ) O. F . pasture, a
be the frequent. form ofpandere, to stretch; feeding. -L. pastura, a feeding. -L. pas it makes but little difference.
, tus , pp. of j>dscere, to feed.
pu...re. (F.-L.) }O' passage. -Late i Pat (I ), to .trike liihtly. (E.: In

375

PAT

PATRIOT

Bacon, Nat. Hist. 63. Most likely from

a by-form of A. S. plaltan, M. E. platten,
plettm (see Stratmann) , to strike; for
loss of I cf. palek ( 1) . Cf. Swed. dial.
tjiitta, to pat, pkitto, to tap (Rietz) ;
Bavarianpatze1Z, to pat; E. Fries.patjm,
to splash; G. patselun, to tap, splash;
G. platzen , to crack; M. Du. pletten,
, contundere,' Kilian. Of imitative origin;
cf. Tap, Dab, Paddle.
Pat (2) , a small lump of butter. (E.)
Cf. Irish pait, a hump, lump, paileog, a
small lump of butter; Gael. pait, paitetzg
(the same) ; where the form pait is borrowed from E. Prob. from the verb pat
(I ) above, as beingpattedinto&hape; just
as dab, a small lump, is from the verb to
dab.
Pat (3), quite to the purpose. (E.) Due
to a peculiar use of pat, to strike, tap; see
Pat (I). 'It will fall [happen] pat;'
Mid. N. Dr. v. 188. Cf. dab, sb., an
adept, from the verb to dab.
Patch (I), a piece sewn on a garment,
a plot of ground. (E. 1) M. E. pacehe.
Apparently a by-form of platek . 'Platek,
a large spot, a patch, a piece of cloth
sewn on to a garment to repair it;' Dial.
of Banffshire, by W . Gregor. Cf. Low G.
plaUe, plakk, (I) a spot, (2) a patch, ( 3)
a patch or plot of ground; also M. E.
plekke, a plot (ofland), Du. plek, a patch
of ground.
patch (2), a paltry fellow. (E.1)
Temp. iii. 2. 71. Patek meant a fool or
jester, from the part i-coloured or patchlike dress; Wolsey had two fools so named
(Nares). The same word as patek (I).
Der. patck-ock, a clown, a dimin. form,
Spenser, View of Ireland, Globe ed., p.
636, col. l ; spelt pajock, Hamlet, iii. 3.

vnlgar language, the head (Fliigel); M.

H . G. plate, a plate, shaven pate. All
from Gk. 1fMTVS, fiat, broad. Cf. M. F.
pate, a plate; Cot.
Paten. (F . - L. - Gk.) M. F. patme
(Cot.). -L.patina, patena, a fiat dish.Gk . ...aTa~, a fiat (open) dish. See Pan
and Patent.
Patent, open, public; as sb., an official
document conferring a privilege. (F.-L.)
M. E. patente, a patent; &0 caUed because
open to general inspection. -0. F. patent
(fern. patente) , patent, wide open. - L.
patent-, stem of pro pt. of patire, to lie
open. Cf. Gk.. 1ffTa"".,pt, I spread out.
("",PET.) Brngm. i. 120 (note).
Paternal. (F. - 1..) F. paternel. Late L .paterna/is, fatherly. -L.paterntls,
fatherly. - L. pater, father.
Perhaps
formed with suffix -ter of the agent from
"",PA, to feed, guard. See Father.
Path. a way, track. (E.) A. S. pa:6,
pa8, a J>ath. +Du. pad, G. pfad.
Patho8. (Gk.) Gk. aBos, suffering,
emotion.-Gk.1faS."" used as 3 aor. infin.
of 1faO'Xf'" (for 1faS-O'ltf."), to suffer.
Allied to 1ft"Q-os, grief. Der. patk-et-ie,
from O. F. pathetique, L. patk~ticus, Gk.
..a6-qTlItOs; extended from fla6-qTos, subject
to Buffering.
Patient. (F.-L.) O. F. patietlt. L. Patient-, stem of pres. pt. of patl, to
suffer. Der. patience, F. patience, L.

patientia.

Patois, a vulgar dialect of French.

(F.-I..) F. patois, country talk; which
stands for an older form patrois, given by
Godefroy (Diez, Littn!). -Late L. patri.
ensis. a native; hence, belonging to the
natives. - L. patn'a, native country. -L.
patn'-, for pater, a father.
395.
patriarch. (F . - L. - Gk.) O. F.
Patchouli, a sceut. (F. -Dravidian.) patriarche. - L. patriarcka. - Gk. 1faTI"F. patclwuli; of obscure origin. Appar- aPX'If, chief of a race or tribe. - Gk.
ently from E. patcka-leaf, i. e. 'green 1fQTI"~, a race; a.pX"", to rule. See
leaf,' imitating the vernacular pacha-piit, Arch- {frefix).
where Piil is Hind. for 'leaf: Or from
patrician, a Roman nobleman. (L.)
Dravidian words menning 'green ~eaf.' Formed, with suffix -an, from L. patriCf. Tamil pachckai, green, ilai, leaf ci-us, noble; a descendant of the patres,
( K:J.ight) ; Malayalim pachcMla, green L e. senators or fathers of the stale.
leaf (Gundert) ; Canarese packcka, green,
patrimonY'. (F. -L.) M. E. patrimonie. - F. patrimoine. - L. patrimollium,
yele, leaf (Reeve).
Pate, the head. (Unknown.) M. E. an inheritance. - L.patri-, for pater, father;
jJate. Of unknown origin; perhaps sug- with surlix -mifnium (Idg. -man-yom).
gesterl by Late L.platta, the clerical tonpatriot. (F. -Late L.-Gk.) O. F.
sure. Cf. ~1. Du. platte, ' vertex rasns,' patriote.-Late L. patriota.-Gk. raT",&'"
Kilian; G.platte a plate, a bald pate, in 'T1/f, properly, a fellow-eountryman.-Gk.
37 6

PATRISTIC

PAWL

"aTp.a, a race, from fraT",-, for fra-ri}p, a

father. ~ The mod. sense of patriol

arose in Frenck.
patristic, pertaining to the fathers
of the church. (F. - L. ) F. patristique
(Littre). Coined from L. patn-, pater, n
father; with the Gk. suffixes -isl- and ie.
Patrol, a going of the rounds in a gar
rison. (F .) F. palrouille, 'a still night
watch in warre;' Cot. Lit. a tramping
about; from O.F. (Picard ) patrouiller, to
paddle in water, the same word (but with
inserted 1') as patouiller, to paddle or
dabble in with the feet; also patrol/i, in
the patois of Lyons (Puitspeln). Formed
from O. F. pale (F. palle), the paw or foot
of a beast. Of ull certain origin; perhaps
imitative. Cf. Late L. pata , the foot of n
cup, base of a tower; also G. palseke, an
instrument for striking the hand , palsekjuss, web foot of a bird; palseken, to
strike, dabble, walk awkwardly; Low G.
pal/jen, to paddle in water with the feet
(Richey); Bavarian patzen, to pat; see
Pat (I ). ~ Hence also Span. pata, paw,
patullar, to run through mud, patrullar,
to patrol; and Ital. pattuglia, a patrol
(without the inserted 1').
Patron. (F.-L. ) F.patroll.-L.paIronum, acc. of patrOnus, a protector;
extended from patr- , stern of pater,
father.
patronymic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.
patronymique. - L. patriinymieus. - Gk.
".aTpowvp..K6s, belonging to the father's
name. - Gk. fraTf'O'''vp.i.o., a name taken
from the father. - Gk. "aTp-, for fraT~p ,
a father ; iiJlop.a, a name; see Name.
Patten, a clog. (F.) Formerly paten.
- F. patin, a patten, 'also a foot-stall of
a pillar;'Cot.-M.F.pate (F. patte), a
paw or foot of a beast, 'also a foot-stall
of a pillar;' Cot. See Patrol.
Patter, to strike frequently, as hail.
(E.) A frequentative of pat; see Pat
(I). Cf. provo E. (Lonsdale) pattie, to
pat gently.
Pattern, an example, model to work
by. (F.-L. l M. E. patron; (the old
spelling). - F. patron, ' a patron .. also a
pattern, sample;' Cot. See Patron.
Patty, a little pie. (F.-L. -Gk.)
Mod. F . p,21{; O. F. pastl, a pasty. -Late
L. paslatu"" neut of pp. of paslare, to
make paste. - Late L. pasla, paste; see
Paste.
Paucity,fewness. (F.-L.) F.paucitl .

- L. pauci/Mem, acc. of paucitas, fewness.

- L. paucus, few; allied to Few.
PalU1ch. (F. - L.) O. F. pa,,,M
(Picard) ; also ponce; F. panse. -L. panlieem, ace. of pa"lex, belly, paunch.
Pauper. (L ) L. pauper. poor. Pauis alliea to paueus, few; per, (perhaps)
to L. parare, to provide. Lit.' provided
with little.'
Pause, a stop. (F. - L. - Gk.) F.
pause. -Late L. pausa.-Gk . ... auu.s, a
pause, ceasing. - Gk. "'0.""", to make to
cease; ".a"fu/la., to cease. Doublet,
pou, q. v.
Pave. (F. -L.) M. E. pauen = (patlen).
- F . paver, to pave. -Late L.pavare, ccrrupt form of L. pauire, to beat, strike,
ram, tread down . Cf. Skt. pavi-, thunderbolt. Der. pavemenl, F . pavemenl, L.
pauimentutll, a hard tloor, from pauire,
to ram; also pavior (cf. law-yer), from
F. paveur, 'a paver,' Cot.
Pavilion. (F. -L.) M. E.pavilon.F . pavilion, a tent; so called because
spread out like the wings of a buttertly.L. papilionem, ace. of papilio, (1), a buttertly, (2) a tent.
PaTin, Pava.n, a stately Spanish
dance. (F.-Span. -L.-Pers.-Tamil. )
F. pavane. - Span. pavana, a grave dance
(see Pavan in Nares). Prob. from a Late
L. pava"us, peacock-like, from the row
of stately dancers (Scheler) ; cf. Span.
pava, a peahen, a turkey, pavada, a tlock
of turkeys, pavo, adj., like a peacock
(whence pavon ear, to walk with affected
gravity). - Late L. pavus, earlier L. pallO,
a peacock. See Peacock.
PaviBe, a large shield. (F.) Also
spelt pavese, pavisk,pauiee,pauys,paues.
-F. pavois, 'a great shield;' Late L.
pavensis.
(Span. paves; Ital. pavese,
pavaee, Florio.) Of uncertain origin;
perhaps from the city of Pavia, in Italy.
Godefroy has the adj. pavinois, paviois,
pavois, pavaiz, adj. ' de Pavie;' as in the
phr. euus pavaiz, shields of Pavia.
Paw. (F.) M. E. pawe, powe, a paw.
-A. F.powe,O.F.pOt , apaw; the same as
Provo pattla, Catalan pola, a paw. Cf.
Low G. pole, Du. pOOl (whence G. pjole),
a paw. Perhaps from an imitative root;
cf. F. patle. Franck takes Du. poot to be
of Tent. origin. Cf. E. Fries. pole, fol,
paw.
Pawl, a short bar, as a catch to a wind lass. (F. -L.) O. F. paul, variant of pal,

377

PEAL

PAWN

pel, a stake (whence Du. pal, Swed. pall, King Hom, 803, to mean heathen lands.'
Norw. paO, a pawl; cf. W.j>awl, a pole, -0. F.paimirme,lil paganism; Late L.
stake, bar).-L. palum, ace. of pa/us, a ./Jaganismus. Formed with suffix -is,llus,
stake. See Pale (1) .
from L. pagiln-us, a pagan. See P&-

Pawn (I), a pledge. (F. - Teut.) F . gan.

Pea, a vegetable. (L .) Formerly pease,

pan, ' a pane, piece, panel, also a pawn,

gage, &kirt of a gown, pane of a hose:

&c.; Cot. In the sense of 'pane,' F.
pan is of Latin origin; see Pane. In the
sense of 'pawn,' F. pan is rather from
Du. pand; cf. G.pfand, O. H . G.phant, a
pledge. Der. im-pa7lm, to put in pledge,
to pledge; pawn, vb.
Pawn ( 2), a piece at chess. (F.-L.)
M. E.pattne,poune,poun.-O . F. paOlt, a
pawn (Roquefort), also poo" (Littre) ; but
the older form is peon (F. pion), agreeing
with Span. peon, afoot-soldier, pawn, Ita!'
pedolle, a foot-s oldier, pedona, a pawn
(Florio) .-Late L. pedonem, ace. of pedo,
a foot-soldier.-L.ped-, stem of pes, foot.
~ The O. F. paon is the same word; cf.
F.faon (E. fawn ) , from Late L./l/ontm ,
shewing the same substitntion of a for e ;
there is no need to connect it with F. paon,
a peacock, as Littre does, ignoring the Ita!.
and Span. words.
Pawnee, drink. (Hind. - Skt.) Hind.
pani, water. - Skt. foniya, allied to pana,
a beverage. - Skt. pa, to drink.
P&XW&lI:, strong tendon in the neck of
animals. (E.) M. E. pax-wax, also fex wax, the latter being the right form (see
Prompt. Parv.). - A. S. feax, fex, hair;
weaxan, to grow. Thus the lit. sense is
perhaps' hair-sinew,' because it is where
the hair ends; cf. G. haarwachs, a tendon.
Pay ( I) , to discharge a debt. (F.-L.)

pese; M. E. pese, pI. pesen or pues. A. S.

pisa, pI. pisano- L. pisum, a pea.+Gk.
"[C10~,

a pea.

(""PIS.)

Peace. (F.-L.) M. E.pais. -O. F.

pais (F. paix).-L. piicem, acc. of pax,

peace, orig. a compact; cf. pac-, as in
pac-tum, a bargain; see Pact.
Peach (I ), a fruit. (F. -L. -Pers.)
M. E. peche.-O. F. pesche, a peach.-L.
persicu"" a peach; so called from growing on the Persica arbor, Persian tree.Pers. Pars, Persia.

Peach (2), to inform against. (F.-L.)

Short for M. E. apechen, to impeach, a
variant of i",pechm, to impeach , by the
substitution of prefix a- (L. ad) for i",(L. in). See Impeach.
Peacock. (L. - Pers. - Tamil; and
E.) M. E. pecok, pocok; where cok = E.
cock. We also find M. E. po; A. S. pea,
pawa; .all from L. paUD (whence Dn.
paauw, G. pfau, F. paon). The same
ns Gk. Ta.W~, for Ta! W~, a peacock; the
change from T to p being due to the fact
that the word was foreign both to L. and
Gk. - Pers. {allJus, taus, a peacock. _ O.
Tamil tokei, togei, a peacock; see Max
Muller, Lect. on Lang. i. 190 (ed. 1891).
~ Also pocock, which is still a surname.
Pea-jacket, a coarse thick jacket.
(Du. and F .) The prefix pea- is borrowed
from Dn. piJ, pife, a coat of a coarse
M.E.paien . -O.F.paier,paer (F.payer), woollen stuff; Hexham has M. Du.pije,
to pay, to content.-L. piica1'e, to pacify; 'a pie-gawne, rough gowne, such as seain late Lat., to pay a debt. - L. Piic-, stem men weare.' The same as Low G . pife,
of pax, peace ; see Peace.
N. Fries. pie, pie-jiickert. - M. Dn. pije, or
Pay (2), to pitch the seams of a ship. piJe-laken, 'a rongh or a hairy doath;'
(F. -L.) A. F. peier (0. F. poier, Gode- Hexham. Prob. from F. pie, a mag-pie;
fray) , to pitch.-L. picare, to pitch.-L cf. E. pied, spotted. See Pie (I ). Also
pic-, stem ofpix , pitch; see Pitch. ~ The Low G.pije,pigge,pyke (Brem. \V.), perM. E. word for ' pitch ' ispeis, from A. F. haps from L.pica.
peis ( 0. F . pois ), pitch; from L. acc. Peak. ( F.-L.) M. E.pee. [Cf. Irish
picc",.
peac, a sharppointed thing; from E.peak.)
Paynim,Pa.inim,apagan . (F.-L.) A variant of pike, q. V. Cf. dial. ()f
'The payni", bold;' F . Q. i. 4. 41. Normandy pee, a hob (or mark) in the
M. E . paynim, a pagan; but this sense is game of quoits (Godefroy, s. v. pee); also
due to a singnlar mistake. A payni", is Low G. peek, a pike, pointed weapon.
properly not a man, but a country or PeaJ., a loud sound, chime of bells, noise
district, and is identical with paganism, of a trumpet. (F.-L.) A shortened form
formerly used to mean henthendom, or of appeal, M. F. apel, appel; Cot. gives
the country of pagans. Rightly used in appel, pI. appeaux, 'chimes.' Note also
37 8

PEAN

PEDANT

M. E. apel, an old term in hunting-music the name given to the peccary in OroDoko
(Halliwell) ; this we now call a peal. The (Clavigero, Hist. Mexico) ; Span. pacquire
prefix a- was prob. mistaken for the E. (Pineda).
inclef.article. The O.F. apelisfromO.F. Peck (I), to strike with the beak, to
apeler , vb.; see AppeaL
pick up. (L.)
M. E. pekken, used as
Pean; see Pman.
equivalent to pikken, to pick or peck up.
Pear, a fruit. (L.) A. S. peru , pere. - A mere variant of pick; see Pick.
L. pirum, a pear (whence also Ita!. jura). Peck (2), a dry measure, 2 gallons.
Pearl. (F.-L.!) M.E.perle. -F.perle, (F . -L.?) M.E. pekllt, a peck. A.F.
'a pearl, a berrie;' Cot. Of unknown and O. F. pek. From the verb pekken, to
origin; we find also Ital., Span., Provo peck or snap up; cf. E. peck, to pick up
p erla, Port. perola, perla. Cf. Low L. (as a bird) ; provo E. peek, meat, victuals.
p erula, the end of the nose (7th cent.). [So also F. pieotin, a peck (measure),
Perhaps for L. pirula, i. e. a little pear, picoter, to peck as a bird.] See Peck
from L. pirum, a pear; cf. Span. perilla, ( I ) , Pick.
(I) a little pear, (2) a pear-shaped oma- Pectinal, lit. comb like. (L.) From L.
ment, M. Ital. perolo, a little button on pectin., stem ofpecten, a comb. - L. peetere,
a cap. Perhaps suggested by the various to comb. + Gk. Tlflt'Tfl", to comb, from
senses of L. baeca, (I ) a berry, (2) olive- TIl""", to comb. (.vPEK.)
berry, (3) round fruit , (4) a pearl (Horace). Pectoral, belonging to the chest. (F.
See Purl (2).
-L.) F. pectoral.-L. pectoralis, adj.,
Pearl-barley. (F.-L.; andE. ) F. from peetor- (for peclos), stem of pecttlS,
orge perU, pearl-barley (Hamilton) ; but the breast. Der. poitrel.
this seems to be a corruption of orge pelt, Peculate, to pilfer. (L.) From pp.
'illed barley,' Cot. See Peel (I ).
of L. peculiiri, to appropriate to one's
Pea.a&D.t. (F.-L.) O. F.paisant, an- own use. Formed as if from *pecul14m, for
other form of O. F.paisan, a peasant; (cf. peculium, private property; see below.
Ital. patsano, Span. paisano, a compatriot ).
peculiar, one's own, particular. (1'.Formed with suffix -an (L. -anus), from L.) M. F. peculier.-L. pecUliiiris, one's
O. F. pais (F. pays), a country (cf. Ital. own. - L. peeielium, private property;
PF.se, Span. pais, Port. pais, a country). closely allied to pecunia, money; see
-Late L. j>iigense, neut. of pagensis, be- below.
longing to a village.-L.piigu.f, a village,
pecuniary. (F.-L) M.F. pecunidistrict. See Pagan.
aire. - L. pecuniiirius, relating to money or
Peat, a kind of tnrf for fuel. (L.?) property. - L. pecunia, property. - O.L.
Latinised as peta (Ducange) ; whence pecu, cattle; cf. pecu-a, neut. pl., cattle of
petaria, a place for getting peat. Ap- all kinds, property; pecus, cattle. Cf. Skt.
parently from M. E. (Kentish) pet, O. Fries. POtu, cattle, cognate with Goth. Jail:u,
pet , M. Du . pet,pette, a pit. See Pit.
property, A . S.ftok, G. viek, cattle.
Pebble. (E.) A. S.papol-stan, a peb- Pedagogue, a teacher. (F.-L.-Gk.)
ble-stone.
M .F.pedagogue. -L.padagegus. - Gk. 1I'aIDPeccable, liable to sin. (L.) Coined a'YCI1')'u" a slave who led a boy to school;
as if from L. pecciibils, from peccare, to hence, a tutor. - Gk. 1II1<1i-, stem of 1I'ai'., a
sin. Brngm. i. 585.
boy; a'YCI1')"s., leading, from 0.1'<11/, to lead.
pecca.dillo. (Span. - L.) Span .puca- The Gk. 1I'ru< = waf!., allied to L. puer, :I.
dil/o, pecadillo, a slight fault; dimin. of boy. See Puerile, Puberty.
p ecado, a sin. -L. peceiitum, a sin. -L. Pedal, belonging to the foot. (L.) The
p eccatus, pp. of peecare, to sin.
pedal keys in an organ are acted on by the
pecca.nt, sinning. (F . -L.) Firstused feet.-L. pedtilis, belonging to the foot . in phr. 'peccant humours.' - F. pucant, L. ped-, stem of piS, foot.+ A. S.ftt, foot.
sinning; , l' humeur peccallte, corrupt See Foot.
humour;' Cot.-L.pecca1zt-, stem of pres. Pedant. (F . -Ital. -Gk.?)
M. F.
pt. of pecrare, to sin.
pedant. _ Ita!. pedante, ' a pedante, or a
Peccary, a quadruped. (F . - Carib- schoolmaster, the same as pedagogo;'
bean.) F. pecari, a peccary (Buffon).- Florio. The suffix -all/e is a pres. particiCarib. pakira, the name used in Guiana; pial form; the stem ped- is prob. the same
see N. and Q., 9 S. iv. 496. Cf. pachira, as in Ital. pe~go , and therefore due to
379

PEDDLE

PEER

G1c.InlI&tl.",(whenceaLat.formpaeaare), Parv.; Norfolk pea (Forby); Lowl. Se.

to instruct; see Peciacocue.
pedtiir, a pedlar (Jamieson). The olig.
Pec1c11e, to deal in small wares. (E.?) sense of pea was prob. 'bag,' and the word
Coined from the sb. pedlar, later form of may be related to pad. See Padlock.
petidar; see Pedlar.
Pedobaptism. infant baptism. (Gk.)
Pede.t&l. (Span.-Ital.-L. and G .) From Gk ...... 30-, for "a,r, a boy; and
Span. pedestal, 'the base of a pillar,' baptism. Cf. Pedagogue.
Minsheu; borrowed from Ita1. pietiestallo, Peel ( I), to strip off skiu. (F. -L.)
'a footstall or treshall [threshold] of a FromF.pel~r,to'unskin'; Cot. (Cf.M.
door;' Florio. Lit.' foot-support.' Com- Ital. pellar~, 'to unskin;' Florio).-O. F.
pounded as if from L. pedem, acc. of pes, p~l, skin. -L. pellml, acc. of pellis, a skin.
a foot; and O. H. G . stal (G. stall), a See Fell ( 2). 41 Confused with F.,Piller;
stall; see Stall.
see below.
pedestrian. (L.) Properly an adj.; Pee1 (2), topillage. (F.-L.) In Milton,
from L. pedestri-, decl. stem. of p~~st~r, P. R. iv. 136. Distinct fromped, to strip;
one who koes on foot . For pedit-t,..; another spelling of pill; see Pill (2).
from peait-, stem of pedes, one who goes Peel (3), a fire-shovel. (F. -L.) Once
on foot ; with suffix -t~r (Idg . t~r). Pea-it- a common word.-O. F. jele (Littn!), F.
is fromped-, stem of pes, foot; and il-um, pelle, a fire-shovel.-L. pilla; see Palette.
supine of Ire, to go. Brugm. ii. 1l3.
pedicel, pedicle, the foot-stalk of Peel (4) , a small castle. (F.- L.) M. E.
fruit. (F.-L.) Pedicel is from mod. F. pel, a small castle, orig. a stockade or
pldice/le; but p~dide (older and better) wooden fortress. -O. F .pd (alsopal) ,a
from M. F . peaicu/~, a leaf-stalk; Col-L. stake. -L. palum, acc. of palus, a stake.
peaiculus, little foot, foot-stalk, pedicle; See Pale (I).
double dimin. ofpea-, stem of pes, foot.
Peep (I), to chirp, cry like a chicken.
ued.i&rree. ( F.-L.) Old spellings (F . -L) M. E.pipen.-O.F. piper, also
pei1egru - (1627) ; peaigrew (1570) ; pety- pepier, to chirp as a bird. - L. pipdre,
grt'IJJe (1530). Also, in Prompt. Parv. pipire, to chirp. See Pipe (I) and Peep
( 1#0) p~degrll , petygru, with slight varia- (2).
tions, explained by' Iyne of kynrede and Peep (2 ), to look through a narrow
awncetrye, Stemma, in scalis.' Also aperture. (F. -L. ) Palsgrave has : 'I
peedegrue, Lydgate (1426; in Pol it. Poems, peke or prie, Ie pipe Itors;' i. e. I peep
ii. 138). A . F. pee de grue, foot of a out. Thus peep is directly from F. piper,
crane; from a three-line mark (like the lit. to pipe, but also used in the sense to
broad arrow) used in denoting succession peep. [ It arose from the .exclamation
in pedigrees.-L.pedem, acc. of pes, foot; pipe I (Du. dial. piep I, Molerna) , made
til, of; gruem, acc. of grus, a crane, cog- by a hider in the game ofpee/>-bo, bo-peep,
nnte with E. Crane.
or hide-and-seek; cf. Du. dial. piejm , (I)
pediment, an ornament finishing the to say piep I ( 2) to peep out. J Cot.
front of a buildiug. (Ital. -L.) Better gives F. piper, 'to whistle, chirp like a
pedament. From Ital. pedamento, a basis, bird, cousen , deceive, cheat, beguile;'
foundation, ground-work; also, a prop piple,' the .peeping or chirping of small
for vines (Torriano) . -L. pedlimentum, a birds, counterfeited by a bird -catcher, also
stake or prop, with which vines are sup- a counterfeit shew;' ,Pipe, 'a bird-call.'
ported. The sense seems to be due to the The F. piper is from L. pipiire, f'pin, to
allied word pedati'ra, a prop, also (in chirp ; see Pipe.
Late L. ) a space, site ; since a pediment Peer ( I ) , an equal. (F. - L.) The
does, in fact, enclose a space which often twelve peers of France were of equal rank.
supports sculpture on its base. History M. E. pere, per. - O. F. per, pe". later
obscure. Form of the word from L.pediire, pair, a peer; or as adj., equal. -L.parem,
to prop; from pea-, stem of pu, a foot.
acc. of par, equal. See Par. Der. p eerPedlar, Ped1er, Peddler, a dealer less.
in small wares. ( Eo 1) The old word was Peer (2) , to look narrowly, pry. (E.?)
usually petidare,pedder,a man who hawked M. E. piren, E . Fries. pinn, Westphal.
about fish in baskets called peds, or oc- firm, Low G. piren, to look closely. Cf.
casioually f>ath.. See Petide in Prompt. also plirm, to peer, orig. to draw the eye380

PEER

PENANCE

lids together, so as to look closely j Swed.

plira, Dan.p/ir~, to blink.
Peer (3), to appear. (F.-L.) Short
for appar, just as M. E. p~rtn is short for
ap#ren; see Appear.
Peevish, fretful, whimpering. (E.)
M. E. peuisc", peyum"e j also pevyck,
pevtzge, uncouth, perverse (G. Douglas).
The leading idea seems to be' whining,'
I making a plaintive cry.'
Cf. Dan. dial.
pilZVe, to whine j Low!. Sc. peu, to make
a plaintive noise, E. pew- in pewet, a bird;
Low G. pauen, to whimper. See Pewet.
Of imitative origin. F or the suffix, cf.

tkiev-isk, mop-is".
Peewit j see Pewet.
Peg, a wooden pin. (E .) M. E.pegg~.
Cf. Du. and Low G. pege/, a measure of
liquid capacity, such as was marked by
pegs in a peg-tankard.' Appirently
allied to Dan. pig, Swed. Pigg, a spike j
W. pig, a peak, point j Corn. peg, a
prick ; see Peak.
Peise, Peise, to weigh. (F.-L.)
M. E.peistn j A. F.peiser, to weigh j O.F.
poiser j see Poile, which is a doublet.
Peitrel j see PoitreL
Pelf, lucre, booty. (F. ) M. E. pd/yr,
pelfrey, I spolium j ' Prompt. Parv.-O. F.
plfre, booty, spoil j allied- to plfrer, to
pilfer. See Korting, 3221. Der. pilfer.
Pelican. (F.-I....-Gk.) F , pelican.
-L. pelicanus, pelecanus.-Gk . ,"u"",
"."E..Gf, wood-pecker, also a water-bird.
Named from its large bill, as the woodpeeker was named from its peeldng. - Gk .
"."."a..., I hew with an ax, peck. - Gk.
wI"./CIIS, an ax.+Skt. parafU-, an ax.
PeliII.e, a silk habit. (F . -I..) Formerly a furred robe. - F. plisse, plice, 'a
skin of fur j ' Cot. - L. pel/icea, fem. of
pllictus, made of skins.-I.... pdlis, a
skin.
1)e]l, a skin. (F. -L.) M. E. pll,
pel-o. F. pl (F. peau ) .-L.p~l/em , ncc.
of pellis, a skin. See Fell (2).
Pellet, a little ball. (F.-L.) M. E.
pelel. - O. F. pelote, a tennis-ball. Dimin.
from L. pila, a ball.
Pellicle, a thin film. (F.-L.) F.
pellicule. - L. pel/icula, a small skin j
dimin. of pilis, a skin. See pell.
Pellitory (I ) , Pa.ritory, a wild
flower that grows on walls. (F. - L. )
PelliUry is for paritory. M. E. paritorie.
-M. F. paritDire, 'pellitory j 'Cot. - L.
parutaria, pellitory; fern. of parietariru,

belonging to walls. -L. pan'd- , stem of

parils, a wall.
Pellitory (3), the plant pyret':lrum.
(Span. - L. - Gk.) Span. pelitre [Ital.
pilatro].-L.pjntkru",.-Gk. '"'fH(Jpov, a
hot spicy plant.-Gk. "lip, fire.
Pell-mell, confusedly. (F.-L.) O.F.
pule-mule, I pell-mell, confusedly;' Cot.
SpeltPell~melle in the XlIIth cent. (mod.
F. pHe-m&). [Apparently understood to
mean I stirred up with a fire-shovel.' - F.
pelle, a fire-shovel j O. F. muler, to mix
up ; see Peel (3) above, and Medley.]
But orig. only a reduplicated form of
mes/~, as mesle-mesle and melle-m~//e also
occur. See Korting, 5336.
Pellucid. (F. -L.) F. pe/lucide.L. pellucidus, perliicidus, transparent. -L.
per; and liicidus, lucid. See Lucid.
.
Pelt ( 1) , to throw, cast. (L.) M. E.
peltm, also pitten, pullm , to thrust, cast.
The forms piltm, pulten, answer to an
A. S. fOTID "tyltan. - L. pultare, to beat,
strike, knock. Pultiire (Iikepulsare) is a
derivative of pel/en, to drive. See Pulsate.
Pelt (2), a skin, esp. of a sheep. (F.L.) M. E. pe/t, a shortened form of peltry,
skins, peltry-ware, dealing in skins.-O.F.
pelle/erie, the trade of a skinner. - O.F.
pelletier, a skinner, Formed (like hijoulier, with suffix -tier=L. -tari,~s) from
O. F.pd, a skin. -L. pellis, a skin. See
Pell. ~ G.pelz, O. H. G.pelliz, answers
to E . pelisu; see Pelisle.
Pelvis, the bony cavity in the lower
part of the abdomen. (L.) L. pluis, a
basic, hence the pelvis.
Pemmican, a preparation of dried
meat. Of N. American Indian origin.
Pen (I ) , an instrument for writing.
(F.-L.) O.F.pnne.-L.penna, afeather j O. L. psna (for "pelna or plsna).
Brugm. i. 763 (2). From ""PET, to
fly. See Feather.
Pen (3), to abut up. (I.... ) M.E.pennen.

A.S.pennian, onlyinthe comp.on-penma.. ,

to un-pen, unfasten. Pennia" is properly
to fasten with a pin or peg; cf. Low G.
pennen, to bolt a door, from pnn, a pin
or peg; see Pin. Note E. Fries.penne,
penn, pinne, pin, a peg, a pin.
Penal. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.;mat,
penall j ' Cot. - L. f>a=ilis, belongmg to
punishment. _ L. jJna, punishment. - Gk.
"oc~, penalty. See Pain.
penance. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.

3 81

PENCIL

PENTECOST
Pennon, Pel1J1ant. (F.-L.) M.E.

pena1ue, older form pmlance.-L. frEnitentia, penitence. - L. jxEnitmt-, stem of penon, penO/m. - M. F. pennon, 'a flag,
pres. pt. of jxEnitlre, to cause to repent. streamer; also the feather of an arrow;'
See Penitent.
Cot. - L. penna, wing, feather (hence a
Penchant, a strong inclination, bias plume, standard) . See Pen (1).
(in fnvourof). (F.-L.) F.perukant,sb.; Penny. (E.) M.E.pen;; pl.penits,
orig. pres. pt. of penelzer, to lean, lean contracted form pens (whence mod . E.
towards. - Late L. type *pendicare; from pence). A. S. pening, pmning, a penny;
later pmig, whence M. E. peni. By-form
L. pendere, to hang.
Pencil. (F. - L.) The old sense was pending (Thorpe, Diplomatarinm, p. 471);
a small hair-brush for painting. -M. F. as if formed with E. suffix -ing from the
pi1tcel, later pinceau, 'a pensill, brush;' base pand. /3. This base is usually
Cot. - L. pbudllus, n small tail, painter's identified with Du. pa1w, a pawn, pledge,
brush; dimin. of pbticulus, which is a G.pfand, O. H. G.pfant; see Pawn (1 )
double dimin. of pm is, a tail. For *pes- above. In this case, the lit. sense may have
nis; cf. Skt. pasa(s), Gk . ."EOS; Bmgm. i. been" little pledge,' i. e. a token, coin.+
877.
Dn.pen1ting, Ice\. pmningr, Dan. Swed.
Pendant, anything hanging, a hang- penning; G. pfennig, O. H. G. phanti1tc,
ing ornament. (F.-L.) F. pendant, a phmtinc, dimin. ofpfant.
pendant. -l<' .pendant, pres. pt. ofpendre, Penny-royal, a herb. (F.-L.) A
to hang. - L. pmdlre, to hang; allied to popular form of the old name pulial royal.
pendere, to weigh. Cf. Gk. IT<pEvMVT] , a Cotgrave translates M. F.pule~ by' penny
sling. (v'SPHEND, SPHED.) Der. royall, puliall royall'; from Late L. pulepend-ent, hanging, Latinised form of F. gillm. The above old name is due to L.
pendant; pend-ing, Anglicised form' of F. piillium rlgjum, a name given to the
pendant, during.
plant from its supposed efficacy against
pendulous. (L.) For L. pendulus, fleas (cf. E. flea-bane). From L. piilex,
hanging. - L. pendere, to hang.
a flea; 1"lgius, royal. See Puce and
pendulum. (L.) L. pendulum, neut. Royal.
of adj. pendulus (above).
Pensile, suspended. (F.-L.) M. F.
Penetrate. (L.) F rom pp. of L. pensil; Cot. - L. pensilis, pendent; from
penetrare, to pierce into. Compounded of pens-us, nnused pp. of pendere, to hang.
pene-, base of penes, with,peni-tus, within,
pension. ( F. -L. ) F. pension. - L.
with which cf. penus, the inner part of a pensionem,' acc. of pensio, a payment. - L.
sanctuary; and -trare (as in in-trare), to pensus, pp. of pendere, to weigh, weigh
pass over, allied to Skt. tara-, a crossing. out money, pay.
Penguin, Pinguin, a bird. (Un- pensive.\ (F. -L.) M. E. pensif.known. ) Iu a tract printed in 1588, we F. pensif, thoughtful. - F. penser, to think.
read that Sir F. Drake gave a certain - L. pmsare, to weigh, ponder; frequent.
island the name of Pmguin Island in of p endere, to weigh.
1587, from the pengnins found there. Pent, fo r pmned, pp.ofPen (2), q.v.
Selden (1613) derived it from W. pen Pentagon, a plane five-sided figure.
gwyn, i.e. white head. In that case, it (F.-L.-Gk.) F.pentagone.- L. pentamnst first have been given to another bird, gonus, adj ., pentagonal. - Gk. 1TEVTa1'0WO<,
such as the auk (the puffin is common in pentagonal; neut. 1TEVTa1'OIVOv, a pentagon.
Anglesey), since the penguin's head is - Gk. 1TfVTa-, for ."E VTE, five; ",(owla, an
black.
angle, from "'(6vv, a knee; see Knee.
Peninsula. (L.) L. peninsula, a And see Five.
piece of land nearly an island. - L. plne,
pentameter, a verse of five metres.
Ptme, almost; insula, an i~land . So also (L.-Gk. ) L. pentameter. -Gk . "'EVTapen-ultimate, almost the last, last but one; /JfTPO " - Gk. 1T,vTa-, for 1TEIfTE , five; /Jipen-umbra, partial shadow.
TpOV, a metre.
Penitent. (F. - L. -Gk.) O. F. pen ipentateuch, the five books of Moses.
tent. - L. pamitent-, stem of pres. pt. of (L. - Gk.) L . pentateuchus. - Gk . ."EvTa-,
jxEnitlre, t o cause to repent, derivative of five (above) ; TEVXM, a tool, also a book.
ptznire = pimire, to punish. - L. ptzna,
pentecost, Whitsun tide ; orig. a
penalty. _ Gk. 11"0'1'17, penalty; see Pain. Jewish festival on the fiftieth day after the
38~

PENTHOUSE

PERFORM

Passover. (L. - Gk.)

L. pmucoste. - -L. acc.perceptiOtum.-L.pe1ceptus, pp.
Gk. flE"'"IlIoo,"" Pentecost, Acts ii. 1; of percipere; see above.
fern. of flE"'"1I1fX1TOS, fiItieth.-Gk. flE",",- Perch (1) , a rod for a bird to sit on;
IIOV'Ta, fifty.
a measure. (F.-L.) F. perche.- L.perPenthoue, a shed projecting from lica, a rod, bar.
a _building. (F.-L.) Formerly pmtice, Perch (2), a fish. (F.-L. -Gk.) F.
whence it is corrupted.-M. F. apetttis, perche.-L. perca.-Gk. r.plC", a perch;
apptnlis, 'a penthouse;' Cot. - L. ap- from the dark marks. - Gk. ".pICOS, "'PKVOS,
pendicium, an appendage, allied to appen- spotted, blackish; cf. Skt. Pr(1Ii-, spotted.
dix (the same). -L. ap- (ad). to; pe1tdire. pied. sprr, to sprinkle.
to hang.
Percolate. (L.) From pp. ofL.perPentroof. a roof with a slope on one colare. to filter through. - L. per. through;
side only. (F.-L.; and E. ) This has colare, to filter. See Colander.
affected the sense of pmtltouse, though Percussion. (L.) From L.perCIIssio,
th ey mean quite different things. Here a striking. - L. percussus, pp. of permtere,
pent is from F. pente, a slope, formed to strike. See Quash. Der. re-percussi01I.
from F. pmdre, to hang.-L.pendire, to Perdition. (F . - L.) F.perditi01I.hang.
L. ace. perditionent, utter loss.-L. perPenultimate, Penumbra; see ditus, pp. of perden, to lose. -L. per,
Peninsula.
thoroughly; -dere, to put, place, repr!Penur,y,want. (F.-L.) M.F.penltrie. senting Idg. *dlt~, weak form of "\",DHE.
- L. plnun'a, want. need. Cf. Gk. " ....a. to place; cf. Do.
hunger.
Pere~ation. (F.-L.) M.F.perePeony, Peony, a flower. (F.-L.- grination. -L. peregriniitiihtem, ace. of
Gk.) Altered to suit the Lat. spelling. peregrinatio, n wandering. - L. peregriM. E. pi01tt. -0. F. pione (F. pivoine).- natus, pp. of peregriltari, to travel.-L.
L. plZmia, medicinal, from its supposed peregrinus, foreign, adj. fromperegri,per,,virtues; fem. of PlZonius, belonging to grl, adv., abroad; ef. pereger, a traveller.
PlZon, its supposed discoverer. - Gk. flat..... From L. per-, which is either = L. per,
via, preony; from IIaI~v, Preon. See through, or is related to A. S. f eor, far;
Pman.
and ager, land, field. See Acre and
People. (F. - -!-.) M. E. people, poeple. Pilgrim.
- A. F . people, peple; O. F . Inteple; F. Peremptory,decisive. (F. -L.) M.F.
peuple. - L. populum, ace. of populus, peremptoire. - L.peremptorius, destructive,
people.
decisive. - L. peremptor, a destroyer. - L.
Pepper. (L. -Gk. -Skt.) A. S.p;por. peremptus, pp. ofper-imere, to take away
-L. piper. -Gk. "."Epi. -Skt. pippali, entirely, destroy. -L. per, utterly; emere,
(1) fruit of the holy fig-tree, ( 2) long to take. See Exempt.
pepper; from pippa/a-, the holy fig-tree.
Perennial. (L. ) Coined from L. perPeJlsine, one of the constituents of enni-s, everlasting ; lit. lasting throughout
gastnc juice. (F.- Gk.) Mod. F. pepsine. the year. - L.per, through; annus, a year.
- Gk. ".II"s, digestion; for *"E1rTLs< *jJeq- See Annual.
tis, related to flE1I"TfIV, to cook. ("\",PEQ.) Perfect. (F.-L.) M.E.pt1jit,parjit.
See Cook.
-0. F. parjit, par/eit (I<'. par/ait).-L.
Per-, prefix. through. (L.; or F.-L.) perftctus, pp. of perjicere, to complete.L. per, through; whence F. per-, par-, L. per, thoroughly; facere, to make. See
prefix. Allied to Gk. "'pi, around; cf. Fact.
also "opa, beside; Skt.para, away, forth, Perfidious. (L.) FromL.perjidiosus,
param, beyond; E.from.
treacherous.-L. perjidia, treachery.-L.
Perambulate , to walk about through. perjidus, treacherous. - L. per, away (cf.
(L.) L. per, through; and ambulatus, Skt. para, from); jidis, faith. See Faith.
pp. of ambulare, to walk about. See Perfoliate. (L.) Coined from L.per.
Amble.
through ; folium , a leaf. See Foil (2) .
Perceive. (F. - L. ) O. F. percever. Perforate. (L.) From pp. of L. per-L. percipere, to apprehend. - L. per, forare, to bore through; where fl,,are is
thoroughly; capere, to seize.
cognate with E. Bore.
perception. (F. -L.) F.perception. Perform, to achieve. (F.-O. H. G.;

383

PERFUME

PERK

witl, L. prefix.) Corrupted from M. E. sentence. (F . - L. - Gk.) M. F. periode, a.

parfournen, later parfourmen. - O. F. par- perfect sentence. - L. periodus. - Gk. ".pllournir, ' to perform;' Cot. - L. per, tho- ""os, a going round, circuit, complete senroughly; and O. F. lournir, to furnish, tence. - Gk. 'Iffpl, round; Mos, a war; see
Exodus. ~ The sense of 'circuit is diprovide ; see Furnish.
I'el'fume, vb. (1<'.-L. ) F. parfumer, r~cllJ' from Gk.
to perfume, lit. to smoke thoroughly. I'eripatetic, a walking about. (L.L. per, thorougllly; fumilr~, to smoke, Gk.) L.periJ>alllicus.- Gk.1IfpU,aTrrrll<os,
fromfiimus, smoke; see Fume.
given to walking about, esp. while disl'erfuncto17. (L.) L. perfuncJiJrius, puting; a name given to followers of
carelessly done. - L. peifunctus, pp. of per- Aristotle. - Gk . .".".",aTEw, I walk about.
lungi, to perform fully, get through with. -Gk. ""pl, about; .."aTEQ), I walk, from
- L. p~r, thorougllly; flmgi , to perform; ..,,(lTOS, a path.
see Function.
l'eriphe17, circumference. (L.-Gk.)
I'erhaps. (L. and Sc:md.) A clumsy L. perijeria , p~riph~ria. - Gk. ."f",</>'pfla,
hybrid compound.-L. per, by (as in per- the circumference of a circle.-Gk. ",pi,
cnance, where per is, strictly, F. par) ; around; </>'PflV, to carry, cognate with E.
haps. pI. of nap, chance.
Bear, vb.
I'eri, a. fa.iry. (Pers.) Pers. pari, a I'eriphrasis. (L.-Gk.) L. periwinged spirit. Lit. ' winged; , from Pers. phrasis. - Gk . ..",pl</>paUIS, circumlocution.
par, a wing, feather, Zend palara-, a wing. Gk . .".pl, around; </>p6.(flV, to declare, exSee Feather. (""PET.) Brugm. ii. ISO. press. See Phrase.
I'eri-, prefix, round . (Gk.) Gk . ..",pl, I'erish. (F. - L. ) M. E. periSclletl. around, about.+Skt. pari, round about. O. F. periss-, stem of pres. pt. of peril', to
Allied to per, prefix.
perish. -L. perin, to come to naught,
I'ericardium, the sac surrounding perish. -L. per- , used with a destructive
the heart. (L.-Gk. ) L.pericardium.- force (like E.for- infor-dD); and ire,
Gk . ..",p"..apa,ov. -Gk . ..",pl. around; Kai>" to go.
34a, tile heart; see Heart.
I'eriwig, a peruke. (F. - Ital. - L.)
I'ericarp, a seed-vessel. (Gk.) Gk. Formerly perwigge, perwicke (Minsheu).
""p'I<ap1r'ov, shell of fruit. - Gk. ""PI, This is a corrupted form, used in place of
around; Kap."os, fruit; see Harvest.
peruke. - F . perruque ; see Perruque.
I'ericranium, the membrane that " l'eriwinkle ( I),a plant. (L.) Formed,
surrounds the skull. (L. -Gk. ) Late L. with suffixed -Ie and inserted i, from M. E.
pencyanium. _ Gk. ""P'KpIJJI,OJf, neut. of jMrvenke, a periwinkle; A. S. peruince.flfp'''pIJJIWS, surrounding the skull. - Gk. L.peruinca, a periwinkle ; also called uinca
..".pl. round; KpavlOV, skull.
peruinca, a name doubtless orig. given to
I'erigee, point of the moon's orbit some twining plant. - L. per, through,
nearest the earth. (Gk.) From Gk. ""pI, thoroughly; uincire. to bind, allied to
about, here' near' ; 'ri, earth. See Geo- Withy.
P'&phy.
I'eriwinlde ( ~ ) , a small univalve
l'erihelioJl, the point of a planet's mollusc. (Gk. and E.) A corrupt form,
orbit nearest the sun. (Gk.) Gk. ",.pl, due to confusion with the word above.
round, near; Ii",os, the sun. See Heliacal. The better name is simply winkle ; see
I'eril, danger. (F.-L.) M. F.peril.- Winkle. Also found as pennywinkle;
L. peridum, periculum, danger, lit. a Halliwell.
trial.' - L. periri, to try ; an obsolete verb, I'erjure. (F. - L .) F. par.iltr~r. - L.
of whkh the pp. perilus is common. periurare, to forswear. - L. per, in the
Allied to Gk. "'ipa, an attempt; and sense of 'beyond, against'; iurare , to
ultimately to E. fare; see Fare. Cf. swear. See Jury.
E. fear; G. gifahr, peril. (""PER.) I'erk, to make smart or trim. (F.-L.)
Der. peril-ous.
[Cf. W. perc, compact, trim; percu, to
l'81'imeter, lit. the measure all smarten, trim; percus, smart; all prob.
round.' (L. -Gk. ) L. pn-imetros. -Gk. from E.) M. E . perken, used of birds, to
..",pll'upor. _ Gk . ..".pl, round; I'fTPOJf, a trim their feathers. Cf. provo E. perk up,
m~asure. See Metre.
to recover from illness. All prob. from
l'81'i04, time ofa circuit, epoch, perfect M. E. perk~, a perch (on which a bird sits
38,.

PERMANENT

PERSPIRATION

up). - North F. perque, perke, for F. ! L perquisitum, an extra profit above the
perelle ; see Perch (I ). Cf. Walloon ' yearly rent , arising from fines , waifs, &c. ;
pierke, a perch; and F. Nre perell' sur, to I neut. of perquisitlls, pp. of p erquirere, to
be conceited of (like E. perky ). Perhaps seek after thoroughly. - L . frr , thoroughly;
quarere, to seek. See Query.
associated with Pert.
Permanent. (F . -L.) F. permanent. Perruque. (F.-Ital.-L.) In use in
- L. permanent, stem of pres. pt. of per the 16th cent. - F. perrllque. - Ita!' permanere, to endure, lit. abide through. - L. rueca, M. Ita!. perucca, , a periwig,' Florio;
per, through; manere, to remain. See also spelt parucea, id. The same as Port.
Manaion.
jJeruca, Span. peluca, Sardinian pilucca,
Permeate, to pervade, pass through orig. a mass of hair, and allied to M. Ital.
small openings. (L. ) From pp. of L.per- piluccare, ' to pick or pull out haires or
meiire, to pass through. - L. per, through ; feathers oue by one; ' Florio. F rom Ita!'
meiire, to pass, go. See pL>ITOS in Prell ptlo, hair. -L. pilum, ace. of pilus, a hair.
Perry. (F.-L.) M . E.pereye. Pirewitz.
Permit. (L.) L. permiltere (pp. per- tum, pereye;' Vocab. 603. II. From an
missus), to let pass through, lit. send A. F. form (mod. Norman pnri). Cf.
through. - L. frr, through; mil/ere, to F . poir/, 'perry, drink made of pears:
send. See Missile. Der. permiss-ilm.
Cot.; which is formed with suffi x -I L .
Permutation. (F.-L.) F. ptrmu/a ii/us, made of) from F. poire, a pear.-L.
lion. - L. ace. frrmu/ii/iiinem, a changing. pirum, a pear. See Pear.
- L. ptrmuliitus, pp. of permUlIJre, to Persecute. (F. - L.) M.l'. perseculer,
change thoroughly. - L. per, thoroughly; vb. - L. perseell/us, pp. of persequi, to
mu/iire, to change. See Mutable.
pursue. -L. per, thoroughly ; sequi, to
Pernicious, hurtful. (F.-L.) F. follow. See Sequenoe.
pernicieux. - L . perniciosus, ilestructive. Persevere. (F. - L.) Formerly persl
L. perniciEs, destruction. - L. per, tho 'CIer. - O. F. perseverer. - L. perseulriire, to
roughly; nici , for neci-, decl. stem of persist in a thing. -L. per, thoroughly ;
nex, slaughter; see Internecine.
seuErus , earnest. See Severe.
Peroration. (F.-L.) M. F. perora Persist. (F.-L.) F . persister. -L.
lion. - L. peroriUiiinem, acc. of periiriitio, persis/ere, to continue, persist. - L. per,
the close of a speech. - L. peroriitus, pp. through ; sis/ere, to stand, orig. causal of
of peroriire, to complete a speech. - L. per, sltire, to stand. See State.
through ; iirare, to speak. See Oration. Person. (F . -L.) M. E.persone,per.
Pe~endicular. (F.- L.) F.perpm- soune. -O.F.p ersone,F.personne. -L.per.
diellla,re.-L. perpendieuliiris , accordiug sima, a mask used by an actor, a personto the plumbline. - L. perpendiculum, a age , character played by an actor, D. person.
plummet, for careful measurement. - L. - L. personiire, to sound through ; the
perpendere, to weigh or measure carefully. large-mouthed mask of the actor was
- L. per, thoroughly; pendere, to weigh. named from the voice sounding through it.
Perpetrate. (L.) From pp. of L. -L. per, through ; sonare, to sound, from
perpetriire, to perform thoroughly. -L. sonus, sound. See Sound (3).
per, thoroughly ; patrIJre, to accomplish.
Pers~ve. (F.-L.) F. perspecti'CIe,
Pe~al. (F. - L .) M. E. p erpetutl. ' the opuke art;' Cot. - L. *perspeetiua , the
- M. 1'. perpetutl. _ L. perpetuiilis, uni- I art of inspecting; orig. fem . of perspee/i
versal; in later use, permanent.-L. per. . uus, looking through.-L. perspeet lls, pp.
peluus, continuous, constant, perpetual. - of ptrspicere, to look through. - L. per,
L. perpet., stem of p erpes, lasting through through ; speeere, to look. See Species.
perspicacity, keenness of sight. (F.
out, contiouous. -L. per, through; pet.,
- L .) .... persj>icacill. - L. acc. perspiciicias in petere. to seek. See Petition.
Perplex. (F. - L.) Perplexed, pp., was tii/em , sharp-sightedness. - L. perspieiici-,
first in use. - M. F . perplex., ' perplexed, dec!. stem of perspieax, sharpsighted. - L.
intangled;' Cot. -L.perplerus, entangled, frr.spieere, to see through (above).
interwoven.-L. per, thoroughly ; plexus,
:perspicuous, clear. (L.) L. perentangled, pp. of pltc/ere, to weave; see spu u.us, clear; \lith suffix -QUS. - L . per.
Plait.
spicere, to see through (above).
PerquUite, a small gain. (L .) Late . Penpiration, a sweating. (F. - L.)

38 5

PERSUADE

PETITION

Peat. (F.-L.) F. peste.-L peslem,

acc. of pestis, a plague.
Petlter. (F.-L) Formerly to encumber, clog; and short for imllSlet'. - M . F .
emjeslrer,' to pester,intangle,incumber j'
Cot. (F. emp/lrer.) Orig.' to ho~ble a
horse at pasture.' - Late L im- (in), on,
upon; pastorium , a clog for a horse at
pasture, from Inslus, pp. of laseere, to
feed. See Paa tor.
Pestiferous. (L.) L. pestiferous, or
pestifer, pla gue-bringing; with suffix -(IUs.
- L. pesti-s, plague; ferre, to bring.
See Pes t and Bear ( I).
pestilent. (F . -L.) F. pestilenl. L. pestilent-, stem of leslilms, hu rt ul;
formed as if from a verb pestillre, from
peslilis, pestilential. - L . pesti-, decl. stem
of pestis, a plague (above).
Pestle. (F. - L.) M. E.leslel. - O. F.
pesld, later pesttil (Cot.). -L. listi/ltml,
a small pestle. See Pistil.
Pet ( I), a tame animal, a child treated
fOlldly. ( Unknown.) Formerly peal. [Cf.
Irish peal, sh., a pet; adj., petted j Gael.
peata, a pet, a tame animal; borrowed
from E. J The word is prob. of F . origin;
but has not been traced. Perhnps from
O . F. leti, short for letit, small; see
Petty. And see peliot, dear little child,
in Godefroy.
pet (l ) ,afitofpeevishness. (Unknown. )
We also find pettish, capricious, i. e. l ike
a pet or spoilt child ; see above. Henc'!
the phr . to take pet,' or' to take the pel,'
i. e. to act like a spoilt child ; and finally
pet, sb., a tit of wilfulness.
Petal. (Gk. ) Gk ' ''''raAov,a leaf (hence
peta l of a fl ower) ; nent. of ""TaAo ~, spread
ont, fl at; from the base ... fT., ns in "fT
av.uJU, I spread.+ L. pntult/s, spreading ;
from paUre, to spread. (VP ET.)
Petard, an ex plosive war-engine. (F.L.) M. F.petard,pelart, '1\ petard or petarre ; ' Cot. Lit. 'explosive.' Formed
with suffix art (= G. hart, hard, common
as a suffix) from M. F. pettr, to break wind.
- F.pet, a breaking wind, slight explosion.
-L. plditum, neut. of I,ditus, pp. of
pEdere (for *peuiere), to break wind. See
Bnlgm. i. 8~ 7.
Petiole, footstalk of a leaf. F.- L.)
F. pltiale. - L. pelin/llm, acc. of petiolus,
little stalk.
Petition. (F.- L. ) lIf. F .lelitt'on; Cot.
- 1.. acc. petftiOWfll, from petitio, a suit.
- L. pellttls, pp. of petffe, to attack, to
386

F.jJerSlirala'oll.-Late L. acc. *persl;";Jliolllm, lit. a breathing through. - L. perslin;re, to breathe through. - L . let',
through; spin;re, to breathe. See Spirit.
Persuade. ( F.-L) F.persuader. L. lersui1d&/!, to advise thoroughly, sueceed in advising. - L leI". thoroughly j
suddEre, to persuade. See Suasion.
Pert, saucy. (F. -L.) M. E. lerl,
shortened form of apert, formerly used in
the same sense. See Malapert.
Pertain. ( F. -L.) M. E.partenen.O. F. partenir.-L. lertinl re, to extend
th rough to, uelong. -L per, thoroughly;
leni re, to hold, hold to. See Tenable.
pertina.cit:v. (F.-L.) F.lertinacitt
(16th cent. ). Coined, with Slltlix -11< L.
tlilem, from L. pertinaci-, necl. stem of
pertinax, very tenacious. - L.per, thorough ;
temu:, tenacious, from lenere, to hold.
pertinent. (F.-L. ) F.perlinent.L.pertinml-, stem of pres. pt. ofperlinere,
to belong to, relate to; see Pertain.
Perturb. (F.-L.) M. F.perlurber ;
Cot. -L. perlurbtire, to di5turb thoroughly.
- L.per, thoronghly; turbare, to disturb.
See Turbid.
Peruke; see Perruque.
Peruse. (F. - L.) . The orig. sensewl\s
'to use up,' to go through thoroughly;
hence to examine thoroughly or all over,
to survey; the on ly diffi culty in the word
is in its change of sense. From per,
thoroughly ; and we, q. v. Cf. O. F.
paruser sa vie, to live out his life.
Pervade. (L.) L. leruitdere, to go
through. - L. per, through; uatiere, to go.
See Evade, Wa.de.
.
Pervert. (F. - L.) F. pervertir. -L.
peruerlere, to overturn, ruin, cOrInpt,
pervert. - L . ptr, wholly; uerte"e, to turn .
See Verse. Der. perverse, from pp. lerutrsus.
Pervicacious, wilful. (L.) Coined
from L. ptrltieiici-, decl. stem of peruieax ,
wilflll; allied to peruieus, stubborn. Perhaps from per, through ; and uie-, weak
grade of uie-, as in uiei, pt. t. of "incere,
to conquer. See Victor.
Pervious, penetrable. eL. ) L.pertd-/ls,
passable; with suffix -MU. - L. per,
through; Ilia, a way. See Viaduot.
Pessimist, one who complains that
:dl is for the worst. ( L.) Coined from L.
i'tssim-1IS, worst; a superl. perhaps cannecte<lwith pior, WOr!le. Brugm. ii. 73.

PETREL

PHARISEE

beseech, ask; orig. to fall on. A11i~ to E. in, &c. ; lit. 'little foot.' - Gk. .,03[-,
Feather. (.vPET.) See Brugm. i. 560. for .,OVf, foot. See Foot. ~ Cf. M. Du.
Petrel, a bird. (F.-G.-L.-Gk.) puye, 'a pue,' Hexham; borrowed from
Formerlypeltrd. - F.ptlrel,piltrel; formed O. F.puye,puie.
as a dimin . of PIlre, i. e. Peter, and the Pewet, Peewit, the lapwing. (E.)
allusion is to the action of the bird, which Also puet (Phillips) . Named from its
seems, like St. Peter, to walk on the sea. plaintive cry; cf. mod. Norman F. pivit,
The F . form of Peter is Pierre; Petre is a pewet; Low!. Sc. Pffl, to make a plainfor G. Peler, Peter; cf. the G. name for tive noise; Westphal. Pi'IIJit, piwik, a
the bird, viz. Petersvogel (= Peter's-fowl, pewet. Cf. E. jet'llis;'.
Peter's-bird). - L. Petrus. - Gk. -rrfTPOf, a Pewter. (F. - Teut. ?) M. E. pewlir.
O. F. pel/Ire, peautre, pial/Ire, a kind of
stone, Peter (John i. 42 ).
petrify, to tum into stone. (F. - Gk. metal (Roquefort) . Older form pellre,
and L. ) M. F . pefrijier; as if from a L akin to Sp~n. pttlre, Ital. peltro, pewter.
*petrijicare, not used. - L. pelri-, for petra, Diez remarks that the Ita!. pel/ro is bea rock; -jicare, forfacere, to make. The lieved to be derived from English, which
L. pelra is borrowed from Gk. -rr/Tp4, a he rejects, but only on the ground that
pewter could not become pellro. However,
rock; cf. TrlTPOf, a stone.
petroleum, rock-oil. (L. - Gk .) pellro is probably (like O. F. peaulre), an
Coinea from L. pelr-a, rock; oleum, oil.- adaptation of the form fOllnd in O. }<' .
*espeltre (tspeaulre), E. speller; see
Gk. -rrfTp4, rock; ;Jo.o,ov, oil; see Oil.
Petronel, a horse-pistol. (F. - Span.- Spelter.
L. ) M. F.pelrinal, 'a petronelJ,or borsePH.
man's piece;' Cot. Said to have been
invent~ in the Pyrenees; and almost
Ph. Initialp~ is distinct from p, and
certainly derived from Span. petrina, a belt, has the sound off; it represents the Gk.
a girdle (so that peln'nal would orig. menn </>, almost every word beginning with ph
what was attached to the belt'. Allied to being of Gk. origin. The only exceptions
Span. pelral, a poitrel ; and named from arepheon (alsofeon),pkilibeg,betterfillibeg,
going round the breast. - L. pector- (for which is Gaelic, and Phan'see, really of
*pecloS), stem of peclltS, the breast. See Hebrew origin, but coming to us through
Pectoral.
Greek.
Petty, small. (F.-C.?) M.E.pelit. Phaeton, a kind of carriage. (F.-L.
F . petit, small. Cf. O. Ital. pilello, small . - Gk. ) F. phatlO1l; occurring A. D. 1723.
Perhaps allied to piece, from a Gaulish - L. Phaethon. - Gk. 4>alIJOJV, son of
base pell- (Celtic *qtll-); cf. BreI. pez, Helios, and driver of the chariot of the
a piece; W.pelh, a part; Irish cuid, O. Ir. sun; lit.' shining; being pres. part. of
cuil, a part, share. See Korting, 6101; </>afIJE''', to shine. - Gk. </tio,v, to shine.
Stokes (s. v. qelli). Der. pelli-fogger, See Ph~ntcm. See Prellwitz, s. v. tf>00f.
where fogger is equivalent to M. Du .focker , (.vB H A.)
'a monopole or an engrosser of wares Phalanx. ( L.-Gk.) L.phalanx.and commodities,' Hexham ; focker being - Gk. <pMa-y[ , a battalion. See Plank.
prob. a corruption of the surname Fugger, Phantasm; see below.
Phantom. ( F. -L.-Gk.) M. E.fanEnglished asfogger (N . E. D. ).
Petulant. (L.) L. petulant-, stem of lome. - 0 . 1'. fanlosme . - L. phantasma
pelulans, forward, pert,.ready to attack. - (whence E . phantasm ). - Gk. qxl.vTaITI'O, a
1.. petere, to attack . See Petition.
vision, spectre, lit. apparition. - Gk. I/'a.Pew. (F . -L. -Gk.) M. E . pew, pile. Ta(fIV, to display. - Gk. </>011-, as in <palvflv
- A. F . pili, a platform (Liber Albus) ; (= tf>O"-Yf'V), to shew, lit. to cause to
O. F . pui, an elevated space ; puie, an shine; whence *tf>OV'TT/f, one who shews
open gallery with rails (hence applied to (as in ;Epo-."aIlT7Jf). - Gk . ."a-o!!', to shine.
an enclosed space or to a raised desk to +Skt. Ma, to shine. (.vBHA.)
kneel at) . - L. podium, a balcony, esp. near Pharisee, one of a religious school
the arena, where distinguished persons sat. among the Jews. (L. - Gk. - Heb.). L.
(So E. pew meant a place for distinguished phnrislus, p;'aristZUs. - Gk . .pa.!"ITOlof,
persons in church. ) - Gk . ".6~,ov, which Matt. ix. ) I, lit. 'one who separates himcame to mean a foot stool, gallery to ~it self.' - Heb. piiras;', to separate.
38,

PHONETIC

PHARMACY

Pharmacy. (F. - L. - Gk .) M. E. I live. (L. - Gk.) L. PM/ipp;cu"" pl.

jermacy.-O. F.jarmade, laterpnarmacie. Pltilippica, used to denote the celebrated
_ L. pnarmacia. - Gk. </XJp/JaJ<fia, know- orations of Demosthenes against Philip. _
Gk. +iA.mror, Philip; lit. ' a lover of
ledge of drugs. - Gk . .paPl'aJ<"ov, a drug.
Pharynx. (L . -Gk.) L.pnalynx. - horses.' - Gk. <pIA-or, fond of; I,""or, a
Gk. <p"p'l'Y{, the joint opening of the gullet horse.
philology, study of languages. (L.
and wind-pipe, a cleft , a bore; allied to
.papa,,({, a chasm. From the root </XJp-, to - Gk. ) L. pkilolog-ia. -Gk. ""AoAo"(la,
bore ; see Bore ( 1) . (.vBHAR.)
love of discourse, love of literature and
Phase, Phasis, an appearance. (L. language. - Gk. <P.A"Ao-yor, fond of dis-Gk. ) Late L. pnasis, pI. phases. - Gk. course; also , a student of literature and
.pau.r, an appearance ; from base _ct-a-, to language. - Gk. <plAo-r, fond of ; A",,(OS,
shine; cf. .pa-os, light. (.vBHA.) fl discourse, from A'''(flV, to speak.
The Gk. <pau.r also means ' a saying-, dephilosophy, love of wisdom. (F.cl aration,' in which sense it is connected L. - Gk.) M. K pnilosopkie. - F . pnilowith <P'II'I , I speak, declare , from .vBHA, sop hie. -L. p hilosophia. - Gk. <p.AOUo.pla,
to speak. Der. em-phasis.
love of wisdom. - Gk. ",'A"uO<fxJr, loving
Phea.sa.nt, a bird. (F.-L.- Gk.) knowledge.-Gk. cpiAo-r, fond of; uo.p6r,
F ormed with excrescent t (after It) from skilful, uo.pla, skill; see Sophist. Der.
M. E. fera lllt, a p heasant. - O. F . fa isan . philosop n-er, for M. E. philosopnre, which
- L. p hiisiiina, a pheasant; for Phasiiilla represents F . pnilosopne, L. pni/osopnus,
auis, Phasian bi rd. - Gk. </XJu.avor, a Gk. ",.Aouo<por.
pheasant , lit. Phasian, i.e. coming from
philtre, a love potion. (F.-L.,- Gk.)
F. pkiltre.-L. philtmm.-Gk. cpiATpOV,
the r iver Phasis in Colchis.
Pheeze; see Feeze .
a love charm, love potion, drink to mak e
Phenix, Phcsniz. (L.-Gk .) L. one love.-Gk.cpiA.-or, dear; "'-pov (cf.ldg.
pho!nix. -Gk. "'OWI{ , a phcenix (H erod. oter o), denoting the instrument.
ii. 73) . Perhaps named from its bright Philibeg, a kilt ; see Fillibeg.
colour, like that produced by the Ph(l'1Ii- Phlebotomy, blood-letting. ( F. - L.
dan dye ; see Pliny, bk . x. c. ~.
-Gk.) M. F . pMebotomie.-L. p/zlebotoPhenomenon, a remarkable appear- mia. - Gk. <PAf{JoTop[a, blood-letting, lit.
ance. (L. - Gk.) L. pna nome1ton. - Gk. cutting of a vein. - Gk. ",Af80-, for "'A"r, a
",alV0l'fVOV (pI. </XJIVOl'fva), an appearance, vein, from ",A'-flV, to gush; Topor, cutting,
neut , of ,Pass. part. of </XJlvflv, to shew from TfJU'flV, to cut; see Tome.
(pass. </XJIVOl'al, I appear). See Phantom, Phlegm, slimy matter in the throat,
Hierophant, Sycophant.
sluggisliness. (F.-L.-Gk.) The use of
Pheon, Peon, a barbed arrow-head. the term was due to the supposed influence
tF.-L.) M. E.flOtt, Bk. of St. Alban's. of the' four humours'; phlegm causing a
- O. F. foem, joualte, joine, foime; sluggish or ' phlegmatic' temperament.M. F . fouin e, 'an eelespcare,' Cot. -L. M. F.pltlegme.-L.pltlegma. -Gk.",Af"(/JA
juscina, a trident. See Foin.
(base "'Af"(/JAT-) , (I ; a flame, (2) in flamPhial, Vial. (F. -L. - Gk.) Formerly mation, (3) viscous humonr, phlegm. fyoll, vial, viol, altered to pnialin modern Gk. "'AI"(flll, to burn. L. }lag--rare, to
editions of Shakespeare.- M. F . pniole, 'a bnrn; see Flame. Der. plt!e,l,'11tat-ic,
violl,' Cot. (Mod. F. /iole. )-L. pltiala. from base <PAf,,(/JAT-.
-Gk. ",I"A'I, a broad, flat, shallow cup or
phlox, a flower. (Gk.) It means
' flame,' from its colour. - Gk. "'AO{, flame.
bowl (applied in F. to a small bottle).
Philanthropy, love of mankind. -Gk. <pAf"(-ftV, to bum (above).
(L.-Gk. ) L.pliilamnropia. -Gk. ",.Aav- Phocine, belonging to the family of
'ponria, benevolence. - Gk. "'1A."v9po)'.. o~, seals. (L. -Gk.) From L. pnoca, a seal.
loving mankind. - Gk. ""A-, for ",IAo~, - Gk. <f>&J1<1J, a seal. See Prellwitz_
friendly, kind; d.v(Jponros, a man.
Phcsnix; see Phenix.
philharmonic,lovingmusic. (Gk.) Phonetic, representing sounds. (Gk.)
From Gk. ",iA-or, friendly, fond of; and From Gk. </>OJII'JT'IItOr, belonging to speakL. narmotti-a <Gk. apf'ollla, harmony; ing. - Gk. </>OJvIOJ, I produce a sound. Gk. <f'ol!:'-!" a sound; cf. </''1p[, I speak.
see Harmony.
philippic, a discourse full of invec- (-,BHA.) Der.pnono-grapk , -logy, &c.

388

PHOSPHORUS

PICKADILL

PhHphoru. (L.-Gk.)

L. PMsplwrus. - G. ~tf>6pos, l!ght-bringing,

i. e. producing light. - Gk. </>On, light
(=</i4os, light), from base ."a-, to shine;
-<f>opos, _bringing, from '/>fPI", to bring.
(.vBHA and .vBHER.)
photography. (Gk.) From Gk .
.porro-, for<t>Gir,1iglit (above) j and 'Y"a,/>"',
to write.
Phrue. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.phmse.L. phrasem, ace. of phrasis. - Gk. CP"aUIf,
a speaking, a speech, phrase. - Gk. ,/>pa("v
( = *",pali.,.flV ), to speak; cf. ,/>pa~s, shrewd.
Der. anti:phrasis, meta:phrase, periphrasis, para:phrase; with prefixes anii,

phy.iology, the science of nature.

(F.-L.-Gk.) F.pkysiokgie; Cot. -L.
physiologia. - Gk. cpuuloAO-Yla, an enquiry
into the nature of things. - Gk. CPI)UIO-, for
'/>VUIf, nature; -Ao-y(a, from A6-yos, a discourse, from Af'Y"V, to speak.

PI-PT.
Piacular, expiatory. (L.) L.

pidcu.
tan's, adj ., from piiil:ulu1II, an expiation. L. jn'are, to propitiate. - L. pil~s, devout.

See Pious.

Pianoforte, Piano. (Ital.-L.) So

called from producing soft and loud effects_
me/a-, peri-,para-.
-Ital. piano, soft ; lorle, strong, loud.Phrenology}. science of the functions L. planus, level (hence smooth, soft) ;
of the mind. (jk. ) From Gk. ,/>pfv6-, fortis, strong; see Plain and Foroe.
for cppfJ", mind; -AO"'(la, from A6-yos, a dis- Piastre. (F. - Ita!' - L. - Gk.) F.
course, from Af'YfIJ', to speak_
piastre. - Ital. piaslra, plate of metal , also
Phthisis, consumption of the lungs. a piastre or coin ; allied to Ita!. jn'astro, a
(L. - Gk.) L. phthisis. - Gk. ,/>lIluI" con- plaster. - L. emplas/rum, a plaster (with
sumption, decay. -Gk. cplliv."" to decay, loss of em-). See Plallter.
wane. Cf. Skt. kshi, to destroy, kshili-, Piazza. (Jtal.-L.-Gk.) Ital.pia zza,
decay. Der. phthisic, properly an adj., a market-place, chief street. - I'olk-L.
from L.phthisicus, adj., consumptive; but plaltia; L. plalea,plalla; see Place.
used as a sb. (=L. phthisica passio), with Pibroch, a martial tune. (Gael.- L.)
the same sense as phthisis; often called Gael. piobaireachd, a pipe-tune, tune on
and spelt tisic.
the bagpipe. - Gael. piobair, a piper.Phylactery, an amulet, amongst the Gael.piob, a pipe.-E.pipe. see Pipe.
Jews. (F. - L. - Gk. ) M. E. fila/trie, Pica' see Pie (I) .
Wyclif. -0. F.fila/erit (Godefroy) ; Mod. Pic&dor, a horseman with a lance, in
F. phylactere. - L. phylactinutll. - Gk. bull-fighting. (Span.-L.) Span. picador,
cpuAaKrrll)(OV, a preservative; Matt. xxiii. lit. a pricker. - Span. picar, to prick._
5. - Gk. cpu}.,aKT~p, a guardian. - Gk . Late L. pi({ire; see Pick.
<{iuAtiuuuv, to guard; cpvAa[, a gUaid.
Picaninny, a negro or mulatto infant.
Physic. (F. -L. - Gk.) Orig. the heal- (Span.) From peekaneenee, a dimin. (in
ing art; hence, medicine. -0. F.pll,isique , Surinam) ofSpan.ptquello, small, allied to
science of medicine; also, natural philo- Ital. piccolo, small. Of uncertain origin.
sophy. - L. physica, natural science. - Gk. Piccadill; see Pickadill.
CPUUI~, fern. of ,/>uUII<6s, natural, physical.
Pice, a small copper coin. (Marathi.)
-Gk. '/>VUI-S, nature, being.-Gk. '/>v-uv, Hind. and Marathi paisa, a copper coin;
to produce. Skt. biz;;, to be; L. lu-i, sometimes rated at four to the anna, or
lo-re; E. be. (.vBHEU.) Der.physic-s; six!}'-four to the rupee (H. H. Wilson).
physic-i -an; &c.
Pick, to peck, pierce, also to pluck, &c.
physiognomy, visage, expression of (L.) M. E. pikkm, pekkm, used as equifeatures. (l<'.-L.-Gk.) M.E.fisnomie, valent words, Ch. C. T. , Group B. 4157.
visnomie.-O. F. phisonomie, later phy- [Cf. Irishpioe, Gael. pioe, to pick, nibble,
siognomie, a knowledge of a man's cha- pluck, peck; W. pigo, to pick, peck,
racter by hi~ features j hence features, prick, choose; Corn. piga, to prick.]
expression. Fonned as if from L. *phy- Allied to A. S. pican, to peck, from Late
siognomia, but due to the longer form L. piciJre, to use a pickaxe, to peck; pica,
pkysiogno11lo"ia.-Gk. CPUUIO-YOlOJflovta, the a pick, pickaxe.-L. Pic-, as in piC-US, a
art of reading the features j sometimes woodpecker. Cf. Gk. "dK'''', to shear;
cpuulO'YvOJJtia. -Gk. </>uuIo-y"wJA4W, adj.,judg- .,IKp6S, shalp', bitter. See Pike.
ingcharacter.-Gk.,/>uulo-,forcpvulS,nature;
pickaclill, piccadill, a piece set
.",wp.-, an interpreter; see Gnomon.
round the edge of a garment, a collar. (F.

38 9

PICKAX

PIEPOWDER COURT

-Span. - L.) Obsolete; but preserved

in Piu adilly. a street in London, named
from a certain house, which was' a famous
ordinarynearSt.Jamess; see Blount and
Nares. - M.F. piecadil/e; pl. piccadilles.
, the several pieces fastened together about
the brim me of the collar of a doublet;'
Cot. Formed, with Span. dimin. suffix
-illo, from Span. pieado. pp. of piear, to
puncture; .:f. Span. picadura, a puncture,
an ornamental gusset in clothes. - Span.
picar, to prick, from pica, a pike (hence a
pricking instrument) ; a word of Latin
origin; see Pike.
pickax. (F.-L.) Not an ax at all,
but a corruption of M. E. Pikois. pikeis, a
mattock. -0. F. pieois, later piequois. a
mattock. - O. F . piquer, to pierce, thrust
into. - F. pic, a ' pick' or kind of mattock.
-Late L. pica, a pickQ. Cf. A.S. pic,
a pike; Bret.pie, a pick; W. pi~, a point,
pike, Irish piocaid, a mattock; see Pike.
picket, a peg for fastening borses, a
small outpost. (F. -L.) F.piquet,piequet,
a little pickax, a peg thrust in the ground.
Dimin. of F. pic (above).
Piolde, a liquid in which substances are
preserved. (L. 7) M. E. pikil, pykyl;
Prompt. Parv. Probably from pickle, frequent. of pick, in the sense to pick out or
, cleanse'; with reference to the gutting
or cleansing of the fish with wbich the
operation of pickling i. begun. We find
M. E.pykelynge, 'purgulacio,' derived from
'pykyn, or clensyn, or cullyn owte the
onclene,purgo,purgulo, segrego'; Prompt.
Parv. See Piok. 13. v"e also find Du.
pekel, pickle; which some have derived
from the name of the supposed inventor
of pickling, whose name is variously gi I'en
as Beukel", Bijckel, and Pokel; a story
unsupported by evidence.
Picnic. (E.) Found in F. as early as
li40, and in Swedish before) 788; but
borrowed in those languages from Eng lish.
Origin obscure. Pic is prob. from pick,
in the sense to nibble; cf. slang E. peck,
food, peemk, hungry. Nie is for knick , a
trifle; another name for a picnic was nicknack (Foote, Nabob. act I).
Picture. (L.) L.pictura, properly the
art of painting. - L. Pictus, pp. of pingere,
to paint. Allied to SkI. pilli, to dye,
colour; Gk. 'ffOl"","OS. Brugtn. i. 701.
PiddliJur, trifling. (Scand.7) From
the verb piddle, to trifle (Ascbam) ; other
10rms arepittle(Skinner),pettle(Halliwell).

- Swed. dial. pittla, to keep on picking

at; frequent. of Swed. pela, to pick,
poke.
Pie ( I ), a magpie; unsorted printer's
type. (F. - L.) The unsorted type is called
pie, i. e. a jumble; see pie (3) ; also pi,
as if short for 'piea, from the common
use of pica type ; see below. The magpie
is M. E. pie. - F. pie. - L. pica, a magpie.
Cf. L. Picus, wood pecker, Skt. pika-, Indian
cuckoo.
pie ( a), a book which ordered the
manner of performing divine service. (F.L.) Herepuis (asabove) al'.formofL.
pica. which was an old name for the
Ordinale; so called from the confused appearanee of tbe blackletter type on white
paper, resembling a magpie. Certain sizes
of type lU"e still called pica.
pie (3), a pasty. (F.-L.) M.E.pie;
prob. the same word as pie ( I); from the
miscellaneous nature of its contents. E.
pies seems to be Latinised as piel, Habees
Book, pt. ii. 36. 51. Cf. pie (a ). ~ Gael.
pigke. a pie, is from E.
piebald. of various colours, in patches.
(F.-L.; and C.) Compounded of pie, a
magpie, and bald; see Bald. The old
sense of bald, or baird, is streaked, from
W. bal, baving a white streak on the forehead . said of a horse. Cf. skew-bald.
Piece. (F.-C.) M. E . peee, pieee.O. F. piece; F. foee. Cf. Ital. pezza,
Span. pieza, Provo pessa, pesa, Port. pe(a,
a piece. -Late L. petia, a piece; cf.lite
L. peliull1, a piece of land CA. D. 757). Ceftic (Gaulisb) petli-, a piece, portion,
answering to O. Celtic *qetti-, the same;
evidenced by O. Irish cui! (Ir. cuid), a
piece, share, W. petko a piece, a thing,
Corn.pelk, Bret. pez, a piece (Thumeysen,
Stokes, Korting) . Esp. used of a piece
of land.
piece-meal. (F.- C.; andE. ) M. E.
peeemde, by pieces at a time. The M. E.
suffix -mele. lit. 'by bits,' occurs in other
compounds, and is also spelt -md ltm;
from A. S. mtelttm, dat. pI. of 111121, a portion; see Meal (l ).
Piellowder COurt, a summary court
of justlce formerly held at fairs. (F.-L.)
The E. piepowder represents O. F. pied
pou/dre , i. e. dusty foot. The court was
called, in Latin, Cun"a pedis pulverisiUi,
the court of the dusty foot, from the dusty
feet of the suitors. - F. pied, foot. from L.
pedem, ace. of pis; O. ~'. poliidre (-poul-

a90

PIER

PILL

dr{), pp. of pouIdrer, to cover with dust, a young pike (fish); pike-sta./!, aho found
frompouldre, dust; see Powder.
as piked-sta./!, i.e. staff armed with a pike

Pier, a mass of stone-work. (F.-L. Gk.) M.E.pere.-O. F.piere (F.pierre),

a stone. -1.. petra. - Gk. .,iTpa, a rock,
stone.
Pierce. (F. - L?) M. E. percen. - F.
percer; O.F.percier (Roland). Generally
thought to be contracted from O. F. pertuisier, to pierce, lit. to make a hole. O. F. pertuis, a hole (Ita!. pertug,o). The
O. F. pertuis (like Ita!' perl/lgio), answers
to a Late 1.. pertUiiulIl, extended from
1.. perlusus, pp. of pe"lunden, to thrust
through, pierce. (Ennius has latu' pertudil
hasla = the 5pear pierced his side; Lewis.)
-1.. per, through; lundae, to beat; see
Contuse. ~ Commonly accepted; some
suggest Lale L. per-iliOn, to go through ;
cf. L. in-iliare. See Initiate and Commence.
Piety. (F,-L.) M . F.piett.-1..pielaIun , acc. of Pieltis, devoutness. -1.. pius,
devout. ~ Pious. Doublet, pily.
Pig. (E.) M.E. pigge. Provo E. peg
(Berks.) . Cf. A. S. pecg ; 'of swinford a ots
pecges ford ; ' Birch, Cart. Saxon. iii. H3.
But the connexion is doubtful. ~ Certain
masses of molten metal are called sows and
pigs; hence pig-iron.
Pigeon, a bird. (F. -1..) F_ pigeo", a
pigeon, a dove. - 1.. pipionem, aCC. of
pipio, lit. 'chirper.' - 1.. pip/re, to chirp.
See Pipe.
Piggin, a small wooden vessel. (E.)
Cf. Gael. pigean, a pitcher, jar; dimin. of
pge,pgeadh, an earthen jar; Irish jn'gin,
small pail, pighead, earthen jar; W.
pcyn, a piggin; all borrowed from E.
Prob. for piggen, adj ., from pig, in the
sense of' earthen vessel,' as in G. Douglas,
Ir. of Vergil, bk. vii. See Pig.
Pight, old form of pitched; see
Pitch ( 2).
Pigment. (1.. ) 1..pigmentutn , colouring matter. - 1.. Pig-, base of pngere, to
paint ; with suffix -mentum. &e Paint.
Pisrmy; see Pygmy.
Piie, a sharp pointed weapon , a fish.
(L.) M. E. pike, a peaked staff, pic, a
spike; also M. E.pike,a fish, named from
its sharply pointed jaws. A. S. pic, It
point, .a pike. (Hence Irish pice, a pike,
fork, Gael. pic, W. pig, Bret. Pik, pike,
point, pickax .) Closely allied to pick,
sb., a mattock.-1.. pic-, as in pic-us, It
woodpecker kiee Pick. Del'. pik-er-el,

or sp'ike.

Piluter, a sqnarepillar. (l".-Ita!.1..) F.pilastre. - Ita!.pilastro, ' a pilllSter,

a piller;' .I'lorio. -Ita!. p ila, 'a flatsided piller;' id. - L. pila, a pillar. ~ee
Pile (2 ).
Pilch. (1..) Orig. a warm fnr garment .
M. E. pilche. A. S. pilece, pylce.-L. pellicea : see Pelisse.
Pilchard, a fish. (E.?) Formerly
pilcher; cf. Irish pilseir, a pilchard. Of
unkn own origin. Cf. Dan. dia!' pilke,
to fi sh (in a particular manner), Swed.
dial. pilka ; from N orw. pilk, an artificial
bait.
Pilcrow, a curious corruption of Para.graph, q. v.
Pile ( I), a tumour, lit. a ball. (1..)
Only' in the pI. pi.es. -1.. pila, a ball.
Pile (2) , a pillar, heap. fLo) M. E.
pile; A. S. pil. -L. pila , a pillar, a pier of
stone. ~ In the phrase cross and pile
(ofacoin) , answeringtothemodem'head
and tail,' the pile took its name from the
pile or short pillar on which the coin rested
when struck; see Cotgrave, s . v. pile.
Pile (3), a stake. (L.) A.~. pil, a
stake. -1..pilum , a javeliu; orig. a pestle.
For pi"s-ltl1n.-1.. pinsere, to pound.
SkI. pish, pi,;Ish, to pound. ~ The heraldic pile (F . pile) is a sharp stake.
Pile (4 ), a hair, fibre of wool. (1..) L.
pilus, a hair. Cf. Gk.1TlAos, felt. Brugm.
ii. 76. Der. three-piled, 1.. L. L. v. 2.

407.

Piles, small tumours. (1..) SeePile(I ).

Pilfer. (F.-L.?) O. F. pelfrer, to

Tob, pilfer. - O. F. pelfre, plunder; see

Pelf.
Pilgrim. (Ital. -J.,.) ltal.pell~grino,
a pilgrim. - 1.. peregrinus, a foreigner,
stranger; as adj. foreign.- L.peregri, adv.,
away from home; see Peregrination.
Cf. O . H. G. pilgritn, from Ita!.
Pill ( I ), a little ball of medicine. (F.L.) Short for pilule; cf. O. F. pile, a pill.
- F . pilule, 'a pill;' Cot.-1.. pilula, a
little ball, globule; dimin . of pila, a ball.
See Pile ( I).
Pill ( 2), to plunder. (F.-1..) Also
spelt peel; and, conversdy, peel, to strip,
is speltpill; the words have been confused,
but are really different; see Peel (3).
M. E . pillen, to plunder.-l'. piller.-L.
pi/are, to plunder, pillage, not common i

39 1

PILLAGE

PINE

but the deriv. compJliire (whence E. COIll- Pimpe1'11el,afiower. (F.-L.?) M.F.

pile) occurs often. Der.pillage, F.pil/age. pimpernelle (F. pimprenelle). C Span.
Pillage; see above.
pimpinela, Ital. pimpindla. Origin unPillar. (1".-L.) M. E. piler. -O. F. k nown. II Diez considers these words to
piler, later pilier. (Span. pilar.) - Late be borrowed from L. *bipinella,*bipenltula,
L . pllare, a pillar. - L. plla, pillar, pier. a dimin. of h;pennis, i. e. double-winged.
See Pile ( 2).
The pimpernel was confused with burnet
Pillau. Pilaf, a dish of meat or fowl, (Prior); and the latter (Potmum satt
boiled with rice and spices. (Pers.) PeTS. guisoriJa) has a feather-like arrangement of
piltlv, pilav, a dish made of rice and meat; its leaves. Cf. Rosa pimpinellifolia. If
Palmer.
this be right (which is highly doubtful),
Pillion. (F. -L.) Mod. Norman and we refer the word to L. bi-, double;
Guernsey pillon ; Span. pelion, a long penna, a wing.
robe made of akin, also a covering for a Pimple. (F.?) rCf. A. S. piplian, to
saddle (see Wedgwood ).-L. acc. type be pimply. The alleged A.S. pinpel
*pell4nelr', augm. form from L. pellis, a is Lye's misprint for winpel !] Prob. not
skin. [CI: Irish pil/iun, pillin, a pack- an E. word, but borrowed from some O. F.
saddle; Gael. pillean, pillin, a pack- or Late L. form. C F.pompettt, 'a pumple
saddle, cloth put under a rustic saddle; or pimple on the nose or cbin,' Cot.; and
Irish pill, a covering,peall, a skin; Gael. Span.pompa, a bubble. Also Gk. ,,'~<t,
peal/, a skin, coverlet; all from E. or from rrop.#s, a bubble, blister, Lith. pampti,
L. ~lIis, a skin.] See ~e~..
,
, to s~ell; L . papula, a pimple.
.
Pillory. (F.) F. pl14n, a pillory; Pin, a peg, &c. (L .) M. E. pmne, a
Cot.
unknown origin; other remark- peg. A. S. pinn, a pen, style for writing
able variants occur, viz. O. F. pi14ritt, pel- (Toller). [We find also Irish pion, Gael.
Imn, Port. pe14urinM, Provo espitlm, pinne, a pin, peg, spigot; W. pin, pin,
Late L. pil/macum , spiliorium. There style, pen; Du. pin, pin, peg, Swed.
pinN, a peg, Dan. pind, a (pointed \ stick ,
seems to have been a loss of initial s.
PillO.... (L.) M. E.pilwe ; A.S.pyle; Icel.pinni,a pin, LowG.pmn, a peg.] All
both from L. pululnus, a cushion, pillow, from L. pinna, a wing, fin, pen; cognate
bolster; whence also Du. peuluw, G. with E. Fin. See Brugm. ii. 66 (note).
pfoll!, Westphal.puif.
Pinch. (F.-L. ) North F. pindur,
Pilot, one who conducts ships in and F. pincer. A nasalised form of M. Ital.
out of harbour. (F.-Ital.-Gk.) M.F. pizzare, picciart, to nip; cf.ltal.pi1lZo,
pi14t, Cot. (F.pi/o/e); O. F.ptdot; cf. M. F. a sting, goad, pinzette, pincers. The
piloter, to take soundings (Palsgrave). orig. sense seems to have been a slight
Prob. borrowed from Ita!. piIota, also prick with a sharp-pointed instrumeut,from
petkta, a pilot (Florio); cf. Late L. a Latin base pic-, whence E. pike, pick;
ptdotta, a pilot. - Late Gk. ""3&!r~, a cf. L . plcus, a woodpecker. Cf. also Du.
steersman; formed from Gk. ~'" a pimen, pitsen, to pinch (Hexham ). Der.
rudder, blade of an oar.
pincllers or pinc-ers; cf. M. F. pinces, a
Pimento, allspice. (Port. - L.) Also pair of pincers;' Cot.
pimenta. - Port. pimmta, pimento. The Pinchbeck,ametal. (Personal name.)
same as O. F.pimmt, a spiced drink.-L. From the inventor, Mr. Chr. Pinckbeck,
pigmentu"" ( I) a pigment, t 2) the juice of the elder, a London watchmaker (c. 1670 plants ; see Pigment.
(732). From Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire.
Pimp, a pandar. (F.-L.) Prob. a Pindar, PiJmer, an impollnder. (E.)
smartly dressed fellow. -M. F. pimper, to Formed with suffix -er of the agent from
dress up smartly. A nasalised form of F. A . S. pyn4an, to pen lip. - A. S. ptmd, an
p;per, to pipe, also to beguile, cheat; cf. enclosure. See Pound ( 2). II Not allied
also Prov. pimpar, to render elegant, from to pm ( 2).
p;mpa, sb. (equivalent to F. pipeau) mean- Pine (1), a tree. (L.) A. S. PilltriO,
ing (1 ) a pipe, (2) a bird-call, (3) a snare; a pine-tree. -L. pinus, a pine; i. e. pibesides which, F. piper meant to excel in nus.+Gk. ""-Tvr, a pine; Skt.pitudiiru-,
a thing. Note also F. pimpallt, smart, lit.' resin tree ;' L. pituita, phlegm, also
spruce; and see Littre. - L. pipare, to 'resin.' See Pip ( I) . Der. pine-apple,
chirp (hence to pipe). See Pipe.
orig. 'a fir cone:
39 2

or

PINE

PIPE

Pine (l) , to long for; to suffer pain,

waste away. (L.-Gk.) M.E. pinell, to
suffer, more frequ ently, to torment; a verb
formed from M. E. pine, torment.-A. S.
pin, pain; borrowed from L. j>ana, pain;
see Pain.
Piufold, a pound. (E.) For pindfold; (also spelt pund-fold, Birch, iii. :109).
- A. S.pyndan, to pen up (from pund, an
enclosure ) ; and fold. See Pin dar.
Pinion,joint of awing. (F . -L.) F .
pignon, a gable-end; Cot. O. F. pignon,
a feather, a pennon on a lance. Cf. Span.
pinon, a pinion. [Again , the mod. F.
pignon has the sense of E. pinilm , a small
wheel working with teeth into another; in
which case the derivation is from L. pinna ,
the float of a water-wheel.] - L. pinna. a
win~; see Pin.
Pink ( I), to pierce, prick_ (L 1) M. K
pinkm, to prick. Used as a D:lsalised
form of pick. We may note E. pink, to
cut round holesoreyes in silk doth (Bailey),
as equivalent to M. F. piquer, the same
(Cotgrave). Cf. Pinch. ~ Or from A. S.
pynca, pinea, a point, which seems to have
been borrowed from 1... punctum; see
Puncture.
Pink (l), half-shut, applied to the eyes.
(Du. -1... ) Obsolete; cf. 'pink eyne,'
Antony, ii. 7. llI.-M. Du.pincken (also
pinck-oogen), to shut the eyes (Hexham).
,'he notion is that of narrowing, bringing
to a point; see Pink ( I ). C( Provo E.
pink, a very small fish , minnow.
Pink (3), the name of a flower , and of
a colour. (1...) As in violet, mauve, the
name of the colour is due to that of the
flower. The flower is named from the
delicately Cllt or pinked edges of the petals;
see Pink ( I ). p. Similarly. M. F.pince, a
pink, is from F . pineer, to pinch, nip; but
F . pinee and E. pink are not the same
word; though they are related.
Pink (4) , a kind of boat. (Du.) See
Nares. Short for M. Du. espincke, also
written p:"neke, 'a pinke, or a small fisher's
boat: H exham; (whence also F. pinque,
Span. pingue, a pink). The same word
:LS Icel_ esp:"ngr, Swed. uPitlg, a long boat;
named from Ice!. espi, aspen-wood, M.Du.
espe, an aspen-tree. See Aspen.
Pink-eyed, having small eyes; see
Pink (2\.
Pinnace. (F. - Ital. - 1...) 'l. pinace,
pinasse . 'the pitch-tree; also a pinnace;'
Cot.-ltal. pinaccia, a pinnace , Florio).

So named because made of pine. - L .

pinus, a pine. See Pine (I).

Pinnacle. (F.-L.) F. pintUle, Col.
- L.pinniict<lum, a pinnacle (]\fatl. iv. 5 ).
Double dimin. of L ate] .. pinna, a pinnade (Lu. iv. 9), L. pinna, a fin, &c. See
Pin.

Pinnate, feather-like. (L.) L. pill'

niilus, substituted for pmniiltlS, feathered.
- L. penna, a feather. See Pen.

Pint, a measure for liquids. (F.-L.)

F. pinle; cf. Span. pinla, a spot, mark,
pint. Named from being a marked part
of a larger vessel; cf. O. F. pinter, to
measure wine. _ Late L. pineta, a pint;
for L.picta, fem. ofpictus, painted , mark('d,
Pl'. of pingere, to paint. So also Span.
pi'llura = a picture.
Pioneer, a soldier who clears the way
before an army. (F.-L.) Formerlypioner.
F . pionnier, O. F . peonier, a pioneer: a
me1"e extension of F. pUm, O. F. peon,
a foot-soldier, but esp. applied to sappers
ano miners. See further under Pawn (l).
Piony, the same as Peony.
Pious. (:F.-L.) F. pieux. -Late L.
"piQsus, extenoed from L. pius, holy,
devout. Brugm . ii. 643Pm (~), a disease of fo,,;ls . (~.-L.)
M. E: pijJpe. - M. F. pep;e, pip; Cot.
(Mod. Norman pipie; Span . pepita, Port .
pevide, Itat pipita.) -L. pituita, r.hlegm,
rheum, also the pip (whence 'jJitvita,
"pipita, Late L. pipido). Hence also Du.
pip; Swed_ pipp, &c. fJ. L. pituita is
from a stem Pilu-, for which see Pine ( I).
Pip (2), theseedoffruit. (F.-L.-Gk.)
Short for pippin or pepin, the old name. M. F. pepin, a pip_ Allied to Span. pepita ,
a pip [quite dbtinct from pepita, pip in
fowls]; and prob. to Span. pepino, a cucumber. fJ. Some have supposed that
pep:"n was first applied to the remarkable seeds of the cucumber ano melon; and
is derived from O. F. pepon. L. pepo, a
melon, borrowed from Gk. ""'ON, a melon.
y. This Gk. tr'JrQ)" was orig. an adj.,
signifying' ripened' or' ripe'; (cf.
to cook, to ripen ); allied to Skt. pack, L.
c0'1uere, to cook. See Cook.
Pip (3), a spot on cards. (1'. -L. -Gk. \
Apparently a peculiar use of Pip (2) . p.
We also find a formpu-k,formerly a spade
at cards. - F. pique, a spade at cards; the
same as Pique.
Pipe, a musical instrument formed of a
long tube; a tube, cask. (L.) M. Kptpe;

~3

"''''rEI'',

ol

PIPKIN

PIT

A.S.p~. An imitative: word; but borrowed

from Late L . PifJa, pipe; from L. Pipdrt,
to. chi~. rSo a!so Irish ~d Gael. P!!b,
Imh plb. W. pib; Du. PI/P, I.:el. Pila,
Swed. p;pa, Dan. pibe, G. plei/e.] Cf. L.
pipire, Gk . ..I1,t,,,,,, to chirp. From the
cl]' ti-pi of a young bird.
1'1pJrin, a small earthen pot. (L.,
E. suJ!i:c.) A dimin. (with suffix
-~in) of E. pipe, in the sense of cask. This
particular sense of pipe may have been
imported ; it oc~urs both in F. and Du.;
see tipe in Cotgrave, pijpe in Hexham.
1'1PP~l a kind of tart apple. (F. -L.
- Gk.) Named frOID seed-pips; the old
sense of pippin was a pip; see Pip ( ~ ) .
, Perhaps an apple raised from the pip or
seed;' Wedgwood. ( So Arnold's Chron. )
Cf. O. F . and Norm. dial. pepin, an apple
raised from seed.
Pique, wounded pride. (F . - L.) M. F.
pief/tI<!, pi f/ue, 'a pike, pike-man; also a
pike [pique], debate, quarrel;' Cot. The
same word as pike; lit. 'a piercer,' that
which pierces. See Pike. Der. pif/ue,
vb., pif/lI.ant, pres. part. of F. pif/ller, vb.
PiquetLa game at cards. (F. personal
name 1)
ittre says pif/uet was named
(rom its inventor; but see Hatzfeld.
Pirate. (F.-L.-Gk. ) F.pirate.-L.
pirata. - Gk. 1rflpaT"S, one who attempts,
one who attacks, a pirate. - Gk. """tW, I
altern pt. - Gk. 'l'flpa (for *.. /".10, ), an
attempt. See Peril.
I'irogue, a sort of canoe. (F. - W.
Indian.) Defoehasperiagua.-F. pirogue
(Span. pirag-IIa). From the native W.
Indian name; said to be Caribbean.
l'irouette, a whirling round, quick
turn. (F.) F.pirouette, , a whirling about,
also a whirltgig;' Cot. Dimin. of the
Guernsey word piroue, a little wheel or
whirligig (Metivier). The latter part of
the word simulates F. roue (L . rota), a
wheel. Allied to M. Ita1. pirolo, a peg, a
child's top. Origin unknown.
Pisces, the Fishes. (L.) L. pisels. pI.
of piseis, a fish; cognllte with E. Fish.
Pish! (E. ) Of imitative origin; beginning with expulsion of breath, and ending
in a hiss.
Pismire, an ant. (F. and E.) The
old name of the ant; from the strong
urinous smell of an anthill. The first
syllable is from F. pisur (below). fJ. The
second is M. E. min. an ant, prob. a
native word. Cf. Du.
M. Du. miere,

wit"

"'Ur,

E. Fries. mire, an ant. Teut. type *mi,.",.-.

fJ We also find the similar (but unrelated?)

forms : Swed. myra, Dan. "'yre, lceL

m(lurr, an ant. Also Irish moirbll. W.
mor, pI. "'yr, Russ. ",uravei, Gk. p,6pp,TJt.
Pers. miir, ",61', an ant; Corn. murrian,
ants.
Pa. (F.) F. pisser; supposed to be
a Romance word, lind of imitative origin.
I'istaohio, Piatacho, the nut of a
certain tr~e. (Span. - L. - Gk. - Pers.)
Span. PistatM. - L. Pistticiu",. - Gk.
'l'IO'TaKIOl', a nut of the tree called ..u1TaKf/.
- Pers,_tistd, the pistachio-nut. j
l'atU, in a flower. (L.) Named from
the resemblance in shape to the pestle of
a mortar. -L. pistillum, a small pestle,
dimin. of an obsolete form *pistrum, a
pestle. - L. pistum, supine of pi1lSere, to
pound.+Gk. 'l'TtO'O'fll', Skt. pisk, to pound.
("""PIS.) See Pestle.
Patol, a small hand-gun. (1<".- ltal.)
F.pistok.- ltal.pistola, 'a dag or pistoll;'
Florio. We also find M. ltal.pistolese,' a
great dagger,' in Florio; and it is agreed
that the name was first applied to a
dagger, and thence transferred to the pistol,
which even in E . was at first called a dag
(F. dague, a dagger). Apistolistoagun
what a dagger is to a sword. 13. The ltal.
pistolese ( - Late L.tistolensis ) mellns 'belonging to Pistola ; so also Ita1. pistola
is from Pistola, now called Pistoja, a town
in Tuscany, near Florence. The Old Lat.
name of the town was Pistorium. See
Scheler.
pistole, a gold coin of Spain. (1'.Hill.) The name, however, is not Spanish,
but French, and the coins were at first
called pislolets. The name is of jocular
origin. - F. pistolet, a little pistol, also a
pistolet ; Cot. Diez explains that the
crowns of Spain, being reduced to a smaller
size than the French crowns, were called
pistolets, and the smallest pistolets were
called bidets; cf. F. bidet, 1 a small
pistoll;' Cot. - F. pistole, a pistol; see
above.
Piston. (F. - Ital.-L.) F . pistlm, 'a
pestell,' Cot. ; also a piston. - Ital. pistone,
a piston; pestone, a large pestle.-ltal.
pestare, Late L. pistdre, to pound.-L.
Pistt4S, pp. of pinsere, to pound. See
PisUl.
Pit. (L.) M.E.pit,put; A. S.nt.L.puteus, a well, pit (Luke xiv. 5). Per-

3~

PITAPAT

PLAINTIFF

haps a spring of pure water, from L.putus, :Placable. (L.) L. plticabilis, easy to
pure, allied to piirus; see PUTe. Der. be appeased. - L. p Mcnre, to appease.
pit, vb., to set in competition, from the :Placard. (F. - Du.) F. placard,
setting of cocks to fight in a pit.
plaquard, 'a placard, inscription set up;
:Pitapat. (E.) A reduplication of pat, also rough-cast on walls;' Cot. - F.
weakened to pit in the former instance.
plaquer, to rough-cast; also to stick or
:Pitch ( I ), a black sticky substance. (L.) paste on; Cot. -Du. plakkm, to glue or
M. E. pick; older form pik; A. S. pic. - L. fasten up, formerly' to plaister,' Hexham.
Pic-, stem of pix, pitch.+Gk. "laaa (for Prob. of imitative origin (Franck ).
*trllt-ya ). Cf. Pine (I).
:Place. (F.-L-Gk.) F. place. :Pitch (2), to throw, fall headlong, fix a Folk-L. pla//ia; L. platea, also platia,
camp. (L.) A palata!ised form of pick, to a broad way, a courtyard.-Gk. ,,)..ania.
throw, Cor. i. J. z04, esp. to throw a pike a broad way; fern. of ,,)..aTl$s, broad. ~ A
or dart; also to plunge a sharp peg into place was orig. a courtyard or square, a
the ground for fixin~tent&. M. E. picclttn, piazza. <; Ita1.pwza ( = F.place). Sec
pt. t. piMe (later plgkt). See Pike.
Plaice, Plate.
:Pitcher. (F.-O. H. G. -L.) M. E. :Placenta, a substance in the womb.
piclttr. -0. F. piclttr, ulso peckir; M. F. (L.) L placen/a, lit. a tlat cake.+Gk.
pickier, ' a pitcher; a Languedoc word;' ")..alCoils, a fiat cake; cf. ")..0[, a flat surCot. -0. H. G.peckiiri(G. becker). -Late fnce.
L . *biccariu1ll, for L bicaritllll, a wine- :Placi4. (F.-L.) F. placide, 'calm;'
vessel; prob. from Gk. /3iltos, (the same). Cot.-L placidus, pleasing, gentle.-L.
See Beaker.
placlre, to please. See Please.
:Pith. (E.) M. E. pi/Itt. A. S. pi6a, :Plack, a third of a (Scotch) penny.
pith.+Du. pit, M. Du. pitle, Low G. (Du.) From M. Du. placke, a bench
petldi!.:.
sons;' Hexham. Also,' a spot.' -1\1.
:Pittance, a dole. (F.) M. E.pi/aullce. Du. pladen, 'to plaister;' see Placard.
-F. pi/anee, 'meat, food, victuall of all ~. (F. -L) F.plagiaire,one
sorts, bread and drinke excepted;' Cot. who kIdnaps; also' a book-theef'; Cot.
Cf. Span. pi/anza ; Ita!. pie/anza (which is - L pla,fiarius, n kidnapper. - L plagiU1ll,
prob. corrupted by a supposed connexion kidnapping; p/agiilre, to ensnare. - L .
with pieta, pity); also Span. pi/ar, to dis- plaga, a net.
tributeordoleoutallowances. p. Ducange :Plague. (F.-L.) M.E. pla~.-O.F.
explains Late L. pictantw. as a pittance, plage, plague (1". plait). - L. plaga, a
orig. a dole of the value of a piela, which stroke, blow, injury. disaster.+Gk.
was a very small coin issued by the counts a blow, plague, Rev. xvi. n. from ")..,,irof Poitiers (Pictava). y. But we also find af,V (=*trAf/_:rfW), to strike; CC. L. pla1lgLate L. pillantia, which Thumeysen con- ere, to strike. Brugm. i. 569.
neets with Ital. pi/-e/IIJ, F. pe/-it, small, :Plaice, a fish. (F.-L.) O. F. plaise,
allied to Piece.
plai's. - L. platessa, a plaice; so called from
:Pity. (F. -L.) M. E. pi/.-O. F. its fiatness. hom the base plol-, as seen
pite, pilei (1Zth cent.). - L. pielli/em, acc. in Gk. ,,)..aTIIs, fiat,_broad; cf. Place.
of pie/as, devoutness.-L. pius, devout. :Plaid. (C.-L.) Gael. (and Irish )
Doublet, piety.
Der. pite-QUs, for p/aide, a blanket, plaid. Allied to pealM. E. pi/ous, from O. F . piteus<Late L. laid, a sheep-skin. - Gael. (and Irish)
pielOms, merciful.
peal/, a skin. - L. pellis, a skin. See
:Pivot, a pin on which a wheel, &c. Pell.
turns. (F.-Ital.-L.l) F.piwt. Formed, :Plain, fiat, evident. (F.-L.) F.plain.
with dimin. suffix -0/, from Ita!. piva, a - L. planus, flat.
pipe. The Ita1.pivameant (1)apipe,(z) :Plaint, a lament. (F. -L.) M. E.
a tube with fine bore; cf. pivolo, a peg. - pleinte. - O. F. plein/e. - Late L. plane/a,
Late L. pipa, a pipe; allied to L. pipiire, for L . plane/us, lamentation. - L.plalle/lIs,
to chirp; see Pipe. So Diez; much pp. of I'angere, to bewail. See PI~e.
disputed.
plainti1f. (F. -L.) M.E.plaill/if.:Pizy, a fairy. (Scand.) Also picksy; F. plaintif, 'a plaintiff;' Cot. Formed
Cornwall pisky. Of Scand. origin; cr. with suffix -if (L. -i"us) , from plane/us,
Swed. dial. pyske, a dwarf, goblin (Rietz). pp. of ptangere (above).
395 _

""'1.",

PLATTER

PLAINTIVE

plaintive. ( F. - L. ) I' . plaintive, Cf. also G. plalscl"",, Dan . pladske (for

platsu), Swed. plaska (for *platska , to
fern . of F. plaintif (above "
Plait. (F. - L.) From M. Kplait, sb., dabble; from the Teut. base *plat, to
a fold. - O. F . pleil, ploil, plet, a fold. - strike, seen in A. S. plattan, to strike.
Late L. type plectum, for plic'tum, short Plash ( l '" the same as Pleach.
form of plidtum, byform of L plicatum , Plaster. (L. - Gk.) M. E. piastre ;
neut. of plicdtlts, pp. of plicare, to fold ; A. S.plasler. [Also speltplaister =O. F.
~e Ply. Cf. Implicit; and see Pleach. plaistre.] - L emplast","" a plaster for
Plan. ( F.-L.) 1.. plan, the ground. wounds, the first syllable being drop,ed.plat of a building;' Cot. - F. plan, Bat; Gk. f",,,).auTpoII , a plaster, a form used by
learned form of F. plain. - L. planum , acc. Galen instead oH",,,).aUTOII, a plaster, neut.
of planus, flat. Properly, a drawing (for of f",,,).auTor, daubed on or over. -Gk.
a builciing) on a flat surface.
1",,,>..6.uu,,", to daub on . - Gk. i",. (for iv).
plane I ) , a level surface. (F. -L.) on; ,,).al1u.III, to mould , form in clay or
F . plane, fern. of plan, flat (above).-L. wax. Here ,,).4UU,,"=*,,).aTY''''; allied
plana , fern . of pMnlts, flat .
to E. fold, vb.
plane (l), a tool ; also to render a surplastiC. (L. - Gk.J L.plasticus.-Gk.
face level. (J'. - L.) M. E . plane, a tool. ,,).auTII,6r, fit for moulding. - Gk. ").auu.",,
- F . plane. - Late L. plana , a tool fo r to mould (ahove '.
planing. 2. We lfind also M. E. planen , Plat (I), Plot, a patch of ground; see
to plane. - F. planer. - L.planiire, to plane. Plot (2 ).
- L. planus , flat.
Plat (l ), to plait; see Plait.
Plane (3}, atree. (F. -L.-Gk.) M.E. Platane.l.a planetree. (L.-Gk. ) L.
plane. - F. plane. - L. platanum, acc. of platanus. -uk. ,,).,hallos; see Plane (3).
platanus. a plane. - Gk. ,,).aTallOS, a plane; Plate, a thin piece of metal , flat dish.
named from its spreading leaves. - Gk. (F.-L.) M. E.plate. -O. F.plate; pro,,).aT';s, wide. Brugm. i. 444.
perly the fern. of pIal, f1at. -Late L
Planet. (1'. - L. - G k.) M. E. planell!. plat/a, a lamina, plate of metal , fern . of
-0. F.planele. -Lplanita. -Gk. ,,).al'l/. Folk-L. plattus , flat. Cf. Span. plata,
T'IS, a wanderer; also ".).al'l/$ , a wanderer; plate, silver; but the Span. word was
the pI. ".).all'lTO$ means the wandering stars borrowed from French ; whence also Du.
or plan ets. - Gk. ".).allaO",aI, I wander. - Dan. plat, G. Swed. plall, f1at .+Lithuan.
Gk . ").4'''1, wandering.
platus, Gk. ,,).aM, broad; Skt. Prthus,
Planisphere, a sphere projected on a large. (-v'PLET.)
plateau, a flat space. (F.-L. ) F.
plane. (L. and Gk. ' From L. planus,
flat ; and E. sphere, of Gk. origin; see IPlateau, for O. F. platel, a small plate;
Sphere.
dimin . ofplat, aplate. _ F.plat, Bat (above) .
PlaDi,a board. (F. -L.) M. E. planke.
platform, a flat surface, level scaffold.
-N.F.( Picard)planke; Normanplan'lUl! . 1ing; formerly, aground.plan,plan . ( F.-L. planca, a flat bo'a rd. Nasalisecl from ! L.) F. plate/orme, 'a platform, modell; '
Cot. - F. plale, fern . of plat, flat; j()Yme,
the base plac, flat; see Placenta.
Plant. (L.) M. E.plante. A .S.planle. form . See above; and see Form.
-L.plaltta, a plant; properly, a spreadin g
platina, a metal. (Span. - F. - L. j
sucker or shoot; also, the sole of the foot. Span. platina ; named from its si lvery apFrom the base plat-; see Place.
pearance. - Span.plata, silver. - O.F. plate,
plantain. ( F. - L. ) F. plantailt. - hammered plate, also silver plate; see
L. plantapnem , acc. of plantago , a plnn Plate.
tain. Named from its spreading leaf;
platitude. (F. - L. ) F. platitude,
allied to Plant (above).
flatness , insipidity. Coined from F. plat,
plantialrade, walking on the sole of fl at; see Plate.
the foot. (I.) From planti-, for planta, Platoon, a company of men. (F.-L.)
the sole or flat part of th e foot; gradi, Earlier form p e/%n (Stanford). - F. pe/o
to walk. See Plant, Place.
ton, a tennis-ball, also a group of men, a
Plash ( I), a puddl ~ , shallow pool. platoon. Dimin. of M. F . pe/ote, a tennis(E. 1) M. E. plascke. Cf. M. Du. plasch. ball; see Pellet.
a plash. pool; plasschen it, 't water, to Platter, a flat plate , (F . -L.) M .E.
plub or plunge in the water; Hexham. plater. - A. F. plaler (Bozan). Formed

PLAUDIT

PLIGHT

(with suffix -tr) from O. F. plat, a plate;

see Pla.teau.
Plaudit, applause. (L.) Formerly
plaudile or plal/dity. - L. plaudite, cla p
your hands; ~ pers. p!. imp. of plaudere, to
applaud.
Play, a game. (E. ) M . E . play. A. S.
plega, n game, sport ; also (commonly ), a
fight, hattIe. Cf. A. S. pleg ian, to play,
clap; plegian mid han dum, to clap hands.
~ N ot allied to plight (Franck).
Plea, all excuse. (F.-L.) M . E. plee,
play. -A. F. N ee ( Bozon) ; O. F. ple, p lai ,
occasional form s of O. F. plait, plaid, a
plea. - Late L . p laeitum, a decree, sentellce,
&c. (with numerous meanings), orig. a
decision , that which has seemed good. L. placitum, nell I. of placitus, pp. of
plaen-e, to plea,e. See Plead, Plea.se.
Plea.ch, Plash, to intertwine boug hs
in a hedge. , F. -L. ) M.E. plerhen.O. F . plescier, plessier, later plaser, 'to
plash, plait young branches,' &c.; Cot. Late L. type pleetiare, later plessare, to
pleach. - Late L. type plectia , later
plessa, a t hicket of woven l.oug hs. - L.
pleetere, to weave; exten ded from base
PLEK, to weave, whence also plieare, to
fold. See Ply.
Plead. ( F . -L. l M. E.pledm. - O. F.
plaider, to pl ead, argue. - O . F. plaid, a
plea; see Plea..
Please. ( l'. -L.) M . E.plesm.- O.F .
plesir, plaisir, to please (F . plaire). -L.
I'laclre, to please. Allied to ptaeare, to
appease. Der. pleas-ant, from O. F.
plesant, pleasing, pres. pt. of plesir; also

displease.

pleasure. (F. - L.) An E. spelling

of F. plaisir, pleasure ( like E. leisure for
A.F. leisir). This F. sb. is merely the inlin.
mood used substantively. - L . placn-t; see
Please.
Pleat t another form of Plait.
Plebel8.D., vulgar.
L. ) O. F.
p lcbeim ', I' . p IIMim ) ; form ed, with suffix
m l L. -nllttS), from L. pli hiius, adj., from
plebes, more commonly plehs, the people.
C f. G k. 1T,\ij80r, a multitude.
Pledge, asecnrity, surety. (F.-O. Low
G. ) M. E. plegge, a hostage, security. O. F. plege. a surety ( F. pleige). [A llierl
to O . F . plevir , M. F. pleuvir, to warnnt.]
- 0. Sax. ple.l{Qn, to promise, pledge one
self; cf. O. H. G. pjiegall , to answer for
~. pjiegen), A.S. pli(J1I, to risk, pleoll,
ri~k (Franck) . See Plight ( I).

,F. -

recent; Pleisto(Gk .) From Gk .

"Af'QI-II, more, or 1r~frOTOf, most; and
ICa<vor , recent, new. n,\dalV, ".'\ficrTor are
compo and super!. of ".OhVS, much.
Plenary, full. (Late L. - L. ) Late
L. pllntfritts, entire. - L .plinus, fulI.+Gk .
"''\'1,w,r, 1T,\I'QJr, full ; WIP.-"''\'1-J., I fill.
Allied to Full.
plenipotentiary,having full powers.
(L ) C Oined from L. plbti-, for puno-,
dec!. stem of pl1nus, full; and potentj-,
for polens, powerful; with suffix -ii,..ius;
see Pot ent.
plenitude, fullness. (F. - L.) O. F.
plenitude. - L. pll niliido, fullness. - L.
pNn;, for pll nus, full; with suffix

Pleiocene, more
cene, most recent.

-tiido.

plenty,

abundance. (F. -L.)

M. E.

plenlee. - O. F. plenle, plmtd. - L. plln;tntem, ace. ofplenitas, fullness . - L. plinj-,

for plinus, ful!. Der. plenteous, M. E.
plenteus, often spelt plelllivous, from O.F.
plm tivos ; from O . F. plmtif, . answering
to Late L. form pli"itivus.
Pleonasm. (L. - Gk. ) L.p/eonasmus.
- G k. ".,\<ovauJ.<0r,
"..\<ova(.. v , to abound,

abundance. - Gk.
lit. to be more.Gk. "''\EOV, neut. of 1T'\ EQJV, ".'\f'QJV, more,
comparative of 1I'0,\ vs, much, allied to
1T.\fQJr, full. See Plenary.
Plethora, excessive fullnesa, esp. of
blood. (L . -Gk. )
L. plethora. - Gk .
1T'\'18wprJ , fullness. - Gk. 1T'\~9-or, a throng,
crowd ; allied to 'fI'\~p'1r, full .
See
Plenary.
Pleurisy, inflammation ofthepleura,or
membran" which covers the lungs. ( F . - L.
- Gk.) F . pleurlsie. - L. pleun's;s; also
pleuritis. - Gk. 1T'\fvpt'm, pleurisy. - Gk.
1T'\fVpci, a rib, side, pleura. Der. pleurit.
ic, from lI''\fv,xT/ r; pleur01m~u",on ia,
inflammation of pleura aod lungs, from
1TVfVjJ4JV, a lung; see Pneumatio.
Pliable, flexible. See Ply.
pliant. ( F. - L.) F.p/iant, pres. pt
of plier, to bend; see Ply.
Plight ( I ), pledge; hence, as vb., to
pledge. (E .) M. E. pliht, danger, also
engagement, pledge. A. S. plilzt, risk,
danger. Formed, with suffixt (Idg. -ti_),
from the strong vb. pilon, (pleh-an),
pt. t. pleah, to risk; cf. plto", danger.+
M. Du. pliellt, duty, debt, use; plegen , to
be accustomed; G. pjiie"t, duty, !i'om
U. H . G . pji~fan ( G. pjiege;f.l , to promise
or engage to do. T eut. root, p/~II.

397

PLIGHT

PLUMP

Dar. jlt~"I, vb., A. S. flihtan, weak borrowed from Late L.jiluccart, whence
vb., from plihl, sb.
Ital. piluccart, to pluck out hair; from L.
Plight (2), to fold; as sb., a fold, also pilus, a hair; see Pile (3). Dar. pluck,
state, condition. (F. - L. ) Misspelt. In sb., a butcher's term for the heart, liver,
nil these senses, the sb. was formerly M. E. and lights of an animal, whence mod. E.
jlite. - O. F. jlitt, fern. (given as plyte pluck, courage, plucky, adj.
in Godefroy, plisle, plyle in Roquefort), P .l ug. (Du.) M. Du. plugge, Du. plug,
sLlte, condition.-L.plicita, fem. ofplid- a peg, bung. Cf. Low G. pluggt, Swed.
IUS, pp. of plicart, to fold. It is the fem. plugg, G. pfloek, a peg, plug.
of plall; see Plait nod Ply.
Plum. (L. - Gk.) A. S. pliime, a
Plinth, the lowest part of the base of plum; formed (by change of r to I) from
a column. (F.-L.-Gk.; tlr L.-Gk.) L.prUnum,aplum. Seehune.
F. plintllt._L. plint"us. -Gk. "A,v9Of, a ,PI~e. (F.:- L.) F. plul1~age,
bric,k, plinth. l 'erhaps allied to Flint.
feathers; Cot. - F. plume.- L. plllma,
Plod. (E.) Orig. to splash through a feather; see Plume.
water or mud; hence, to trudge on Plumb, a lead on a string, as a plumlaboriously, toil onward. From M. E. met. (F.-L.) Formerly pltlmb; M. E.
plDd, a puddle. Cf. Irish pltld, plDtian, pltlm. - F. pltlmb, 'lead, a plummet;'
a pool; plDdac", a puddle, whence pItld- Cot. - L. plumbum, lead. Cf. Gk. ,.6AII'
anaclzd, paddling in water; Gael. pltld, /Jor, p/MlJfJ7JOf, lead. Der. plumb, vb., to
pltldan, a pool. Allo E. Fries.jludern , to sound a depth; plumb.er, sb., F.pltllllbier.
splash about in water; Dan. dial. pludder,
plumbago, blacklead. (L.) L. pltl11l'
Dan. pladder, mud. Of imitative origin i Mgtl, a kind of leaden ore. - L. plllm/l"""
cf. Plash (.).
lead (above).
Plot (I), a conspiracy. (F.) Short for Plume. (F.-L.) . F. plume. - L.
rtlmpltll(?) ; for the loss of ctlm-, cf. fmce pluma, a small feather, down. Allied to
for defence, sjDrl for disjDrt.-F. ctlmpltlt, E.fiy, vb. See Fly. Brugm. i. 681.
'a complot, conspiracy;' Cot. Of un- :ftl1UDD1et. (F.-L.) M. E.plommet.
known origin; Korting, 2053- ~. Or, -0. F. plommet; M. F.jltm,bet; dimin.
more likely, short for jltltform, variant of ofpltlmb,lead; see Plumb (above\'
plal/Drm, a map or plan; see platform. Plump ( I), full, round , fleshy. (E; til'
For plol/orm, see Gascoigne, Art of Ve O. Low G.) M. E.jltl",p, rude, c1owmsh;
nerie, .0; and cf. plat, a map (Mirror for also plllmp, sb., a cluster or clump. The
Magistrates).
word seems to be E., especially if the provo
Plot (3), a small piece of ground. (E.) E. pli"" to swell out, is an allied verb.
M. E. pltlltt. [Cf. plat, 2 Kings ix. 26.] Cf. plump, to swell (Nares).+M. Du.
A. S. pltll, a plot of ground; Cockayne's plomp, clownish, dull (8 metaphorical use,
Leechdoms, iii. 286. Note Dan.jlet, as from the notion of thickness) ; E. Fries.
in lIrasplet, a grass.plat.
and Low G. plump, bulky, thick; Swed.
Plough. (E. ) M. E. plou", jl(JfIJ; Dan. G. plump, clumsy, blunt, coarse.
also A. S. pl6" , in the sense' plot of land.' See Plump (3). Der. plumper, 8 kind
E. Fries. plog.+Du. ploeg; Icel. plogr, of vote (to swell (lUI 8 candidate's chances
a plough; Swed. plog, Dan. plov; also O. against all the rest).
Fries. ploe", G. pflug. [Lithuan. plugas, Plump ( 2), straight downward. (F.Russ. plug' are borrowed from T eutonic.] L.) Formerly plum, plumb; Milton,
PIOYH,B bird. (F.-L.) M. E.plover. P.L. ii . 933.-F. aplomb, downright (cf.
-0. F . pkwier, later pluvitr. Formed Ital. cadere a piombo, to fall plump, lit.
rrom L . pluutirius. equivalent to L. like lead). - F.plomb, lead. -L. plttmb1tlll ,
pluuialis, rainy.-L. pltmia, rain; see lead. See below, and see Plunge.
Pluvial. These birds were said to be most Plump (3), vb., to fall heavily down.
seen and caught in a rainy season ; whence (E. 1). Of imitative origin. Cf. E. Fries.
also the G. name Tegmpfeifer(rain-piper). plttmpm, to fall heavily, plempm, to
Pluck, to snatch . (E. ) M. E. plttkkm. I plunge into water; so :uso Du. plDmpm,
A.S. pluccian, Matt. xii 1.+Du.plukkm, G.pltt",pm, Swed .plumpa, to fall heavily.
Icel. pl(lkka, pluklta (perhaps borrOWed)' j Under the influence of this word the form
Dan. plltUe, Swed. ploeka, G. pfliickm. plumb. 'straight downward,' ha~ become
~ Some think it not n Tent. word; but plttmp. See above.

398

PLUNDER

POET

PI1Ul4er, to pillage. (G.) G. pi;;". heumonia. (Gk.) Gk. "",vI.IO"tG,

dun, to steal trash, to pillage; from disease of the lungs. - Gk. ""fV;W"-, stem
plundn-, sh., trnmpery, trash, baggage, of 11"'''1"'''', for 1IA(\)I.I""',a lung, by a false
lumber; orig. of Low G. origin; cf. M. connexion with ,",fEl/l, to breathe (above).
Du. plllntkrm, plunderm, to pillage, con- The Gk. WAf"P"'" is allied to L. pul1llo, a
nected with Low G. plunnm, pluntlm, E. lung; Lith. plauezei, pI. the lungs.
Fries. plunde, plunne, rags, worthless house- Poach (i) , to dress eggs. (F. - O. Low
hold stuff. Hence to plunder is to strip a G. 1) Formerly ftcn . - F . poener; Cot.
house even of its least valuable contents.
gives' tzUj poeM, a potched (poached) egg.'
PI1U1ge. (F.-L.) F. plmger, 'to The orig. sense was prob. 'a pouched'
plunge, dive;' Cot. Formed from a Late egl;, i. e. an egg so dressed as to preserve
L. *plumbieare, not found, but verified by it In the form of a pocket. - F. poche, a
Picard plonqller, to plunge; see Diez, s. v. pocket; see Pouch. See Scheler's expiomban!. A frequentative form from L. planation.
plumbum, lead; cf. Ital. piombare, to Poach (l), to intrude into preserves.
throw, hurl, fall heavily like lead, from (F. - L l M.F .poelzer; Cot.explainspoener
pombo, lead. See Plump (2).
Ie labeur d 'aulruy by , to poch into, or
Pluperfect. (L.) Englished from L. incroach UPOIl, another man's imploiment,
pltlSquampeifee/um, by giving to pIUs the practise, or trade.' The old sense was ' to
F. pronunciation, and dropping quam. thrnst or dig out with the fingers,' Cot. (if
The lit. sense is 'more than perfect,' this be the same word); or rather, to put
applied to a tense. - L. plus, more; quam, the thumb into. Cf. provo E. poach, to
than; pelfee/14m, perfect. See Perfect.
trend into holes; Picard pocher, , tater un
Plural. \ F . -L.) M. E.plural. -0. F. fruit avec Ie pouce,' peucner, 'presser avec
PlUI'e! (1" . plunel). -L. p[uralis, plural, Ie pOlice;' Corblet. Perhaps from L.
expressive of more than one.-L. pl;;r-, pollieem, acc. of pollex, the thumb; cf.
stem ofpliis, more. Allied to Gk. wAoi""" O. F. pockier , poucier, the thumb (from
more, wA/OJS, full; and to Plenary. the adj. polliearis).
Brugm. ii. 135.
Pock (I), a pustule. (E.) Smoll pox =
Plnnay, superabundance. (L.; mis- small pocks, where pocks is pI. of pock.
jomud.) Shako uses p lurisy to express M. E. pokke, a pock, pI. poUes. A. S. poe,
plethora; so also Massinger and Ford . a pustule.+E. Fries. pok, pokke; D u. pok,
Formed from L. pluri-, from plus, more, G. poeke, a pock . Cf. Gael. ptlmid, a
by an extraordinary (prob. a jocular) con- pimple, Irish pueoid, a pustule, pucadh, a
fusion with pleurisy.
swelling up, Gael. poc, to become like a bag
Plush. (F.-L.) F. peillene, 'shag, (from E. ).
plush;' Cot. (Cf. Span. pelusa , nap, Ital. Pocket, a small pouch . (F. -Scand.)
peluzzo, soft down.) From the fern . of a M. E. pollet. - Norman dial. *poquelte,
Late L. form piliieeus, hai ry, not found . _ dim in. of O. Norman poque (see Norman
L.pilus, hair. See Perruque, Pile (3). dial. pot/que, Metivier) , the snme as 1".
Pluvial, rainy. ( F. -L.) F . pluvial. pocne, a pocket, rouch. -Icel. polli, a bag;
-l~pluuialis , rainy.-L.plutlia, rnin.- cf. M. Dn. poke, a bag (Hexham ). See
L. pIli-it, it rains. Cf. Skt. plu-, to swim. Poke (I).
From Idg. plt~, weak grade of vPLEU, to Po4, a husk. (E.) Of doubtful origin.
Cf. M. Du. puden, huske~: Hexham;
swim j cC. Gk. 'Ir)"ff"', to swim.
PlY. (F . -L) M~ E.plim , tobend , to Westphal. puddt k, a lump, a pudding ;
monTd as wax (hence, to toil atl.-F.plitr, Low G. puddig, thick; provo E.poddy,
, to fould, plait, ply, bend;' Cot. - L. pli- fat and round; puddle, short and fat . See
care, to fold .+Gk. 'lrAlltfl/l, Russ. plerte, Pudding and Pout.
G. jleclzten, to weave, plait. (vPLEK.) Poem. (F . -L.-Gk.) M.F.pol11U,COt.
Der. pli-ant, bending, from F . plian/, -L. polma. - Gk . woir/lJa, a work, compres. pt. ofplier ; pli-ersorply-ers, pincers position, poem.-Gk. 'lrOlf''', to make.
poe_y. (F. - L. -Gk.) M. E. poene.
for bending wire; pli-able (F. pliable).
PneumatiC. (Gk.) Gk.""fIlI'GTIM<SS, - M. F . pol sie. - L. poinn, acc. of poins,
relating to winet or air. - Gk. ""fVIl/I (stem poetry. - Gk. wolf/cm, a composition . poem.
"".VIl/IT-) , wind, air.-Gk. ""/fI/I (for -Gk. 1IOIf'/I, to make.
""'F-f"'), to blow. Allied to Neele. i poet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F.j>o'ife.-L.
399

POLL

POIGNANT

polla. - GIt. ."OlrrrTI<, a maker. - Gk ."Olf;"..", hen, because the pole-cat slays capons; see
Chaucer, C. T. Il789. Cf. the pronunciato make; with sulTlx -771< d the agent.
Poigna.nt. (F. -L.) F. poignant, tion of poul-try, from A. F. poldru; and
stinging, pres. part. of pointire, to prick. - see Catchpoll.
L.pungere, to prick.
Polemical, warlike. (Gk.) From
point. (F.-L.) M. E.point. -0. F. Gk. woA.fl""o<, warlike. - Gk. .,,6>"fI'-0<,
pomt, poinct, a point, prick. _ L. punctum; war.
()fig. neut. of punctus, pp. of pungere, to Police. (F. -L - Gk.) F. polict, orig.
prick.
civil government. _ L. polilia. - Gk. "'OA'Poise, Peise. to balance, weigh. (F. Tda, polity, government. - Gk . ."OAIT1/<,
-L.) M. E.poistn, peuen. -0. F.poiser, a citizen.-Gk . ."6,,,., a state, city. l-~e
laler peser, to weigh ; A. F . peiser. - L. lated to "'0>"';', much; cf. SkI. puri, a
pemiire, to weigh. Allied to O. F. pois, town. Der. polic-y, O. F. policu < L.
A. F . peis, a weight (now misspelt POUis, politia; polit-ie, from Gk. ITOA'T'KU<, adj.
from a nOlion of its being derived from L. Der. aero-polis, metro-j>olis, cosmo-polite.
pontius, which is not the case). -Late L. Policy. a warrant for money in the
pensum,pensa, a portion, weight; L. pen- funds, a contract of insurance. (F. -Late
.fum, a portion weighed out to spinners, ll L. - Gk.)
Confused with policy, from
task. - L. pensus, pp. of pendere, to weigh. police, with which it has nothing to do. See Pendant.
F. po/ice ( Hamilton; cf. M. Ita1.poliza, a
Poison. (F .-L.) F.poison,poison.- schedule, Florio).-Late L. politiwm,
L. piiliiinem, acc. of folio, a draught, esp. po/ecticum, corruptions of polyptyehum , a
a j>oisonous draught; see Potion.
regi;ter ~a common word; Ducange). - Gk.
:Poitrel, Peitrel,armourfor a horse's 1l'0AVrTIIXOV, a piece of writing in many
breast. (F. -L.) M.l".poitral, Cot. ; A.F. folds, hence a long register ; orig. neat.
peitral. - L. pee/orale, neut. of pec/oriilis, of 1l'0A.nrTIIXO<, having many folds. - Gk.
belonging to the breast. See Pectolal.
7rO>"Ve, much; 1I"TVXO-, crude form of ""i,
Poke ( I) , a bag, pouch. \Scand.) M. a fold, leaf, layer, cOlluected with rnJf1f1*,If,
E . polu. [Cf. A. S. poca, pocca, pohha, to fold up. (Supp. to Diez.) Il Better
pohcha, poha, a bag.] -Ice!. poki; M . Du. thus: the Port. form apOliee, M. Span.
poke, a bag.
jJO/ifa, M. Ital. pu/iza, p61isa, prob. reprePoke (l), to thrust, push. (E.) M. E. sent Late L. ajJOdissa, ajJOdixa, 'caatio de
poken, pukken ( whence Irish poc, a blow, snmpta pecnnia;' Duc. C f. Port. apodixe,
kick, Corn. poe, a shove. Gael. puc, to a plain proof. - Late Gk. alT~f'in, a shewpn; h) .+Dn. poken; E . Fri~s. polm'n, ing forth , a proof. - Gk. a7roll.lt<vIII'-" I point
freqnent., to keep on poking about; out. - Gk. a...6, from, forth; /l#1/fll1I1" , I
Pomeran.poken; G. poehen. From Teut. shew._ (Korting, 6:158.)
Polish, to make smooth. (F.-L.) F.
base puk; of imitative origin. Der.
pok-er.
poliss-, stem of pres. pt. of poUr. - L.
Pole (1 ), a large stake. (L.) M. E. po/ire, to make smooth.
pole , fo rmed (by usual change of ti to 0)
polite. (L. ) L. politus, polisbed; pp.
from A. S. pal, a pale, pole. -L. palus, of polire, to make smooth (above).
Politic; see Police.
a stake; see Pale ( I).
Pole (l), a pivot, end of earth's axis. Polka. a dance. (Polish.) Said to
(F. -L. -Gk.) O.F. pol.-L.polu1ft,acc. have been fiTllt danced by a Bohemian
ofpolus. -Gk . .,,6>..0<,a pivot, hinge.-Gk. peasant-girl in 1831. and to have been
."fA.", , to be in motion; allied 10 Russ. named polka at Prague in 1835. - Pol.
koleso, a wheel. (.vQEL.) Brugm. i. 6 ;:1. Polka, a Polish woman. Another dance
Pole-az, a kind of ax. (L. and E.) I is called the Polonaise, with the same
From pole and ax. Cf. Westphal. pdl-ex~. literal sense; another the CraetJVien1U!, lit.
from plU. a pole. The Low G. pollexe, as a woman of Cracow; another the Mazurif from POll~ , the poll, is also spelt I>ollexe, ka , q. v.
and rather represents the obs. E. bole-ax, Poll, the head, esp. the back part ( 0 .
leel. lJoloxi, from the bole of a tree.
Low G. ) Hence it means als,) a register
Polecat. a kind of weasel. ( Hybrid.) of heads or persons, a voting-place, &c.
M. E. pokat, where cat is the ordinary M. E. pol, a poll; pol bi pol. head hy head,
word ; also pulka/. From }<'. /JOfIIt, a separately. - Low G. pol/e; M . Du. pol/e .
00

POLLEN

PONDER

pol, bol, head or pate,' Hexham ; Swed.

dial. pllll, Dan. puld \for pull). Cf. E.
Fries. pol, round, full, fleshy. Der. poll,
t o cut off the hair of the head. Also
poll.ard, a tree that is polled, leaving a
large knobby head; also, formerly, a
dipped coin.
Pollen. (L ) L. pollen, pollis, fine
flour. Cf. Gk. 1rci.\1J, fine Ill eal.
Pollock, Pollack, a fi sh. (E.) Prob.
from E. poll; cf. E. pollard, which is a
name of the chub. See pollard, under
Poll. H ence Irish pullog, a pollock;
Gael. pollag, a whiting. (Doubtful.)
Pollute. (L.) L. pollutus, pp. of
polluere, t~ defile. Orig. to wash over,
as a lIooded river. - L. pol., allied to
O. Lat. por-, towards; luere, to wash;
see Lave.
Polo, a game. (Balti.) 'It comes from
Balti ; polo being properly, in the language
of that region, the ball u3ed in the game;'
Yule. Balti is in the high valley of the
Indns.
Polony, a Bologna sausage. (Ita 1.)
Ital. Bologna, where they were made
(Evelyn).
Poltroon, a dastard, lazy fellow. (F.Ital. - L.) F . pollnm, a sluggard; Cot.
- Ital. poltrone, a varlrt, coward, sluggard;
cf. poltrare, to lie in bed.-Ital. poitra, a
bed , couch; orig. 'a colt,' also' a varlet,'
Florio. Cf. F . poutre, a beam, M. F.
poutre, , a filly,' Cot. - Late L. pullitrum,
acc. of pullitrus, a colt; Duc . - L julius,
a colt, foal. See Foal. For chonge of
sense, cf. Pulley, Chevron.
Poq-, many. (L.-Gk.) L.po(y-. -Gk.
11'0),';- , decl. stem of 1I'0.\.x, much.
Skt.
puru, much. Allied to Full.
pol7anthus, a flower. (L - Gk.) L.
polyaniltus. - Gk. 1I'0.\vavllo~, many-flowend. - Gk. 1TO),V-, many; a"lIo~, flower.
poqgamy. (F. - L.-Gk.) F. poly.
gamie. -L. polygamia.-Gk. 1I'O.\"'Y"~a, a
marIfing of many wi ves. - Gk. 11'0),';', much;
-'YGI"a, from 'Y nI-tOr, marriage.
poqglot, speaking many languages.
(Gk.) Attic Gk. 1TO.\iryAQ/TTor. - Gk.lI'o),u-,
much, many; 'Y)'fiIrra. = 'YNlJt1t1a, tongue ,
language ; see GIOils.
po~on, a many.sided plane figure.
(L. - Gk.) L polyfon ..m. - Gk. 11'0),.1"'(OJI'0V, neut. of "o),"'Y",vor, having many
angles. _ Gk .lI'o),v-, many; 'Y",ria, an angle,
from 'Y6,,", a knee.
poqbedroll, a many-sided solid

figure. (Gk.) Gk. 11'0.\';', many; .,3por,

for i'~, a base, from the base E3-, to sit;
see Bit.
polynomial. (Gk. and L.) Coined
to go with bi-nomial. - Gk. 11'0)'.1-, many;
L nOmen, a name , term.
Polypus, Polyp, an aquatic animal of
the radiate type. ( L. - Gk.) L. polyjius.
- Gk. 1ro),V1Tollr,many-footed . - Gk . "0.\.1 r,
many; 1I'0ilr, a foot. ~ Cf. F. polype,
Ita!' and Span. polipo, L. polypils (gen.
polyPi) ; all false forms, due to treating the
Lat. ending -pus as if it were oj-us.
polysyllable. (Gk. ) From poly- and
syllable. C f. Gk. 1To),""';A),a~ o~, adj.
polytheism. (Gk ) From poly- and
tlteism.
Pomade, Pommade. (F.-Ital.L ) F. pommade, pomatum; so called
because orig. made with apples. - Ita!.
pomada, pomata, 'a pomado to supple
one's lips, lip salve,' Florio. -Ital. pomo,
an apple. - L. pomum, an apple, fmit.
Pomander, a globe-shape9 box for
holding oin t mt nts or perfumes. (F. - L. atld
Arab. ) Speltpomamier(1518); po11launde1'
(Skelton). Cf. 1\1. F. pomendie1', I a pom
aunder;' Palsgrave (prob. from E. ) ;
and note M. Span. po1Ila, a pomander
( Min ~ heu), which is a fern. foml, from
pomo , an apple. 11 The suffix -antler is
for ambre, amber. ' ''Ie find' p011lum ambre
for the pestelence'; MS. Harl. 2378.
p. 324. in Medical Works of the 14th
cent., ed. Henslow, p. 1l2. Cf. O. F.
pomme d'a11lbre ,Rom. Rose,21008). -L.
pomu11l, an apple; and see Amber.
Pomegranate. (F.-L.) O. F.pome
grenate (also turned into pome tie grenate
by confusion of the sense; ; the same as
Ital. porno granato. - L. pomum, an apple;
granatum, full of seeds, from granum, a
grain, seed; see Grain.
pommel, a knob. (F.-L.) M. E.
pome/, a boss. - O. F . pome! (later pommeau ) , a pommel; lit. I small apple.'
Dimin. from L. fonum, an apple.
Pomp. (F. -L.-Gk.' F.pompe.-L.
pompa. - Gk. 1TOJl";', a sending, escorting,
solemn procession. - Glt. 1rIJl1rflV, to S'!nd.
Pond. (E.) M. E. pond, variant of
pound, an enclosure; it means a pool
formed hy dammiog up water; see Pound
( 2). Cf. Irish pont, ( I ) a poond, (2 ~ a
pond.
Ponder, to weigh in the mind, consider. (L.) L. pont/erare, to weigh. -L.

,.01

PONENT

PORCELAIN

jJMtJer-, for pondes-, stem of jJMItfflS, a hinder part o( a ship. ~ Or F. fJM4fr

weight. - L. pmdere, to weigh. See is from Ital. poppa, poop; Hatzfeld.
Pendant.
Poor. (F.-L.) From M. E. fJM4re
Ponent,westem.{F.-L) M.F.ponent, (= jHmre) , poor. -O. F . jHmre, poor.-L.
'the west;' Cot. - L. jJOMni-, stem of pauperem, ace. of pauper; see Pauper.
pres. pt. of pOMre, to lay, hence to set (as POp. (E.) 'To poppe, coniectare;'
the sun). See Position.
Levins. Of imitative origin; allied to
Poniard. (F . -L. ; with G. suffix.) F. M. E. fJM4pen, to blow a hom; also to
poignard, a dagger. - F. poing (0. F. P~
poign ), the fist; with suffix -ard<G. hart Pope, the father of a church, bishop of
(lit. hard). [So also Ita!. pugnale, a Rome. (L.-Gk. ) M. E. pope; A. S.
poniard, from pugno, fist; Span. punal, a papa, pope, with the usual change from Ii
poniard, from puw, fist, handful, hilt. ] - to o. - L. fnpa, pope, father; see Papal.
L.pugnus, fist. See PuenaciOUB.
PopiD,]ay,orig. a parrot. (F. -Bavn
Ponti1f. (F.-L.) M. F. pontif; F. rian and L.; with modified suffix. ) M. E.
pontife. - L. pontifex, a Roman high- popingay, also spelt papeiay " = papejay).
priest; lit. 'a path-maker' or ' road- The n is inserted as in passe-1tger, messenmaker,' but the reason for the name is ger. -F. papega':, 'a parrot or popinjay;'
not known. - L. ponti-, representing pons, a Cot. Cf. Span. papagayo, Port. papa,l{aio,
path, a bridge; facere, to make. Cf. Gk. a parrot; (whence Arab. habagha, a parrot).
"OVTOS, sea. Brugm. i. 140.
fl. But there is also O. F. papegau, a
Pontoon. (F. -L. - C.) F. ponton, parrot (I 3th cent.), Ital.papagallo, a parrot,
n lighter, bridge of boats, 'a wherry,' lit.' a talking cock;' and this is the older
Cot. - L. pontoMm, acc. of ponto, a boat, form. [The change was due to the subbridge of boats. The word is of Celt. stitution of jay (F. gai, geaz) for' cock,'
origin; see Punt.
because the jay seemed to come nearer
Pony. (F. -L.) Cf. Gael. ponaidh, a than a cock to the nature of a parrot.] Cf.
little horse, a pony; vulgar Irish poni, Bavarian pappel, a parrot, from pappeln, to
both borrowed from English. Lowl. Sc. chatter (= Eo babble). A similar name
powney. - O. F. pouleMt, a little colt (Gode- is Low!. Sc. bubblyjock (i. e. babble-jack),
froy ) ; dimin . ofpoulain, a colt, foa1.- Late a turkey-cock.
L. acc. pttl/anum, a young horse. - L. Poplar, a tree. (F . - L.) O. F. poplier;
pul/-ttS, a foal; cognate with E. Foal.
F. peuplier. Formed with suffix -ier ( =L.
Poodle, a dog. (G.) G. pudel, a -iirius) from O. F. *poplc, later pmple,
poodle: Low G. pudel, pudel-hund, allied a poplar. - L. populmn, acc. of populus, a
to Low G. pudeln, to waddle, used of fat p<lJllar.
persons and short-legged animals. Cf. Low Poplin. (F. ~ F. popelilt.e, a fabric; at
G. pudel-diU, unsteady on the feet,putldig, first called papelil/c, A. o. 1667 (Littre).
[Therefore not from Poppeli1tg or I'opperthick. Allied to Pudding.
Pooh. (F.) M. F.pouac, , faugh,' Cot. ingen, near Ypres, in W. Flanders ; as in
N . and Q. 6 S. vi. ;10:;.1
Cf. Icel. pu, pooh. Of imitative origin.
Pool ( I), a small body of water. (E.) Poppy. (L.) A. S. popig, also POPlZg;
M. E. pol,pool. A. S. pol; [Irishpoll,pIIIl, from T...papauer, a poppy (with change of
a hole, pit; Gael. poll, a hole, pit, bog, suffix).
poOl; W. pwll, Corn. pol, Manx /JOYl, Populace. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.poprlBret. poull, a pool].+Du. poel, G. pfuM, lace. - Ital. popolazzo. popolaccio, ' the
O. H. G. pfuol. Teut. type *poloz; cf. grosse, vile, common people ; ' Florio. Lith. baJa, a swamp. (The Celtic forms Ital. popolo, people.-L. acc. poprt!tllIl.
are borrowed.)
~ The suffix -accio is depreciatory.
Pool (2), receptacle for the stakes at popular. (F.-L.) F.populaire.-L.
cards. (F.-L.) F. poule, (I ) a hen, ( 2) populdris, adj., from populus, the people.
a pool, at various games; the stakes being Porcelain. (F . - Ital.-L.) Named
the eggs to ~ got from the hen. - Late L. from the resemblance ofits polished surface
pulla, a hen; fern . of L. prll/us, a young to that of the univalve shell with the s~me
animal; see Foal.
name. - F. pureelainc, pottrcelailt.e, 'the
Poop. (F. - L. ; or F . - Ital. - L.) F. purple-fish, the Venns-shell;' Cot. - Ital.
poupe,pouppe.-L.puppim,acc. ofpuppis, parcel/ana, 'the purple-fish, a kind of fine

402

PORCH

PORTCULLIS

earth, whereof they make .. porcellan poryeys. - O. F. porpeis, a porpoise; now

dishes;' Florio. p. The shell is named obsolete (except Guernsey pourpeis), and
from the curved shape of its upper surface, replaced by marsouin, borrowed from G.
like a pig's back. - l tal. peella, a pig, me" -selzu'ein (mere-swine). For *porcdimin. of porco, a hog, pig. - L pcum, jJeis.- L pore-um , acc. of porcus, a pig;
ncc. of percus, a pig. See Pork.
piseem, acc. of piscis, a fish. See Pork
Porch. (F . -L) F. p elze. -L p - and Fish.
tieum , acc. of pertiet/s, a gallery, porch i Porridge. (F.) Another form of
formed, with suffix -ieus, from L pert-a, pettage, which first became poddige (as
a door i see Port (3).
preserved iu Craven poddislz ) and afterwards
Porcine, pig-like. (L ) L pere-inus, ptJrridge, just as the Southern E. emslz is
adj. , from pc-us, a pig; see Pork.
corrupted from eddish (A.S. edisc), stubble.
Porcupine. (F . - L ) M. E.pkef>Y1I Similarly,pella1zger (Palsgrave) was an old
\3 syllables. - O. F. p c espn, Godefroy i form of porringer. Cotgrave has ' potage,
(now called porc-Ipie ). [So also Span. pottage, porridge.'
puereo espin, Ital. perco spinoso.J -O. 1".
porringer. (F.) Formedfromporrige
pore, a pig; espi1', by-fonn of esjJ1:ne, a (= porridgl) by inserted n , as in messenger
spine, prickle. -Lpc-um, acc. ofp cus; (1". messag") i with E. suffix -". It means
spina, a thorn; see Spine. ~ But mod. a small dish for porridge (above).
F.perc-Ipic was fonnerly porc esp, derived Port (I ), demeanour. (1". - L.) M. E.
from spieD, ~pike, not spina, a thorn. We pori. -F. pori, 'the carriage, or demeanor
also find E. ppin, short for perkepin i of a man ;' Cot. A sb. due to the verb
whence ppint, altered to PorfxJi"t, jx'k- pori", to carry.-L portiire, to carry.
point: whencepjJentinei all these forms Allied to Fare. (..; PER.) Der. perl,
occur.
vb., as ' to perl arms i' and (probably)
Pore (I ), a minute hole in the skin. (F. 'to pI the helm ' i perl-ed, P . L. iv. 980.
-L-Gk.) F. pore. -L. porum, acc. of Also perl-er, a bearer of a burden, subpe1'Us.-Gk. Tr"POf, a passage, pore. Allied stitnted for M. E. portour, from F .perleur.
to Fare. ('1/ PER.)
Hence porter, the name of a strong maltPore ( 2) , to look steadily, gaze long. liquor, so called from being the favourite
(E.) M. E. jxen. Cf. North Fries.porre, drink of Londonport"s ( 1730) ; portfolio,
to stick, stir, provoke, E. Fries. puren, a case large enough to carry.folio paper
purren, to stick, thrust, bore, stir, vex; in (cf. F. porte-.feuille), jxt-1lla1zteau, F.
Low G. purren, to poke about, clean out pertemanteau, see Mantle, Mantua i pta hole, ])u. porren, to poke; Swed. dial. 1)1, perl-li-ness.
pera, pura, para, to work slowly and Port ( 2), a harbour. (L ) M. E. perl.
gradually, to do anything slowly (Rietz); A. S. pert. -L plUS, a harbour; cognate
Norw. pora, to finger, poke, stir, thrust. with E . Ford. Closely allied to Port (3).
The idea seems to be that of poking about Brugm. i. 514.
port (3), a gate, entrance. (F. -L) F.
slowly, hence to pore over a thing, be slow
about it. We also find Gael. purr, to porte.-L. porla, a gate. Allied to Gk.
push, thntst , drive, urge, Irish purrailll, Tr6por, a ford, way; see above. Der.
I thrust, push ; from M. E.pourm,pm ; porl-er , F. portier, L. porliin'us: pl-al,
cf. Low!. Sc. porr, to stab.
O. F. pial, Late L . perliile.
Pork. (F.-L.) F.porc.-L.percum, port (4), a dark wine. (Port.-L.)
acc. of jorm s , a pig.+Lithuan. parsZlls, Short for Oporlo Wi1ze.-POrt. pto, i. e.
Irish ore (with usual loss of P), A. S .ftarlt , the harbour i where 0 is the def. art. (=
a pig (whence E .farrow). Bnlgm. i. Span.lo=L. ilium), andperlo is from L.
.186.
portum, acc. of portus, a harbour.
Porphyry. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. portal; see port ( ~) above.
perpllun'e, answering to an O.F. form
portcullis. (F.-L.) M.E.porteo/ise.
*pphyrie, which Cotgrave gives only in -0. F . portecolei'ce (13th cent.), later }orlt
the form po1plzyre. _ L. fx>1"jJlzyrites. - Gk. cOtl/isse, or cOlllisse, a portcullis, lit. sliding
'lrOp</>vplT''1f, porphyry, a hard rock named door.-L.porta, adoor: LateL. *coltiticia,
from its purple colour. - Gk. ffOP'/>Vpo., the (sc. }orla), from colalus, pp. of coltire, to
purple-fish . See Purple.
flow, glide, slide; see Colander and
Porpoi8e, Porpe... (F, - L .) M. E . Ouill.. We find the Late L forms colli403

PORTE

POST

! effectually as

to restrict F. pondre (= L.
to the sole sense 'to lay egg.:
whilst in all compounds it thrust it aside,
so that compaustin iF. composer) usurped
the place uf L. comPiJ~re, and so on
throughout. Hut lIote that , on the other
hand, the sb. positio1t (with all derivatives )
is veritably derived from the pp. of ponere ;
see Posi t ion ; and see Repose.
Pose ( 2) , to puzzleLy questions. ( 1'. L. O1zd Gk.) M. E. apposen, to question;
not really=1'. apposeI', but substituted
for M. E. opposen, to oppose, hence, to
cross-questi on; see Oppose. ~ Confused
with appose, because of apposite, which
see. Sec Appose in N. E: D.
Pose (3) , a cold in the head. (C. ) In
(3 ) .
Chau.:er. A. S. f{epoS1l, a cough (where
Porter (3), a kind of beer ; see Port ge- is a mere prefix). Borrowed from V
(I ).
peswch or pas, a cough; allied to Irish
Portesse, Portous, a hreviary. (F. cnsaduias, Russ. kasne/e, provo K /toast,
- L. , ~ l. E. portous, portllors. - O. 1'. a cough , Skt. kitS, to cough . (v'QAS.',
portellors, a translat iun of the Latin name Position. ( F.-L. ; F. position.-L.
portifo1ium. - 1'. porter, to carry; hors, positiifnem, acc. of positio, a placing. - L.
forth , 0. F. fors ). - L. portare, to carry; positus, pp. of ponen, lO pbce. /3. Pimere
foris, abroad.
is for po-sinere, where po- stands for all
Portico. (Ital. - L.) Ital.portico. - 1.. old prep.. and sinere is to allow; see
jorticum, acc. of portieus; see Po!ch.
Site. ~ Quite dislinct from pose ( I).
Por~ion. \ F. - L. ) F. portion. -L.
positive. (F.-L.) F. positif -Iac~. portionem, a share, from portio; I positiuus, settled. - L. positus , pp. of
closely a.llied to part-, stem of pars, a part. i ponere, to set, settle.
.
" Posse. (L. ) L.posse, mfin. to be able;
Bmgm . I.S17.
Portly; see ~ort (I).
.
used as sb., meaning ' p ower.' See Potent.
Portrut. ( I<.-L. ) M. F . pourt1"azct, Possess. (L.) L. possessus, pp. of
'a pourtrait;' Cot. - M. F. p01trtraict , possidere, to possess. The orig. sense was
pourtrait, pp. of pourtraire, to porlray 'to remain master.' - L. pot-, as in pot is,
(below).
able, having power; sedire , to sit. Cf.
portray, pourtray. (F . -L.) M. K Potent.
pourtraien.-D. F . portraire, pourtraire, Posset, a warm curdled drink. (F.)
to portray. - Late L. jJrotralure, to depict; M. E. possyt. - M. F. possette, . a posset of
L. protrakere, to draw forward, to reveal. ale and mylke,' Palsgrave. Origin nn- L. pro, forth j trakere, to draw. See known; cf. L. posca, sour wine and water.
Trace ( I ).
[ Irish jmsoid, a POSSt t, W. posel, curdled
Pose (I ), a position, attitude. (F.-L. milk, posset , are borrowed from K j
-Gk. ) Modern; butimportant. -F.pose, Possible. ( F .-L.) F.possible.-L.
attitude. - F . poser, to place, set. _ Late L. possibilis, that may be done. Cf. L. posse,
paustin, to cease; also to <:nuse to re, t to be;: able; see Potent.
\substituted for L. ponel'e, the sense of Post , I ), a stake set in the ground. (L.)
which it took up). -L. pausa, a pause.- M. Kpost; A. S.post. -L. postis, a post.
Gk. lTaii<TIS, a pause. - Gk. lTau.lv , to make Perhaps something firmly fix ed. - L.postus,
to cease; 1Tov.<T911l , to cease. ~ One of short for posittls, pp. of ponere, to set.
the most remarkable facts in F. etymology See Position.
is the extraordinary substitution whereby
post (2) , a military station, a public
Late L. pausare, coming to mean 'to letter-carrier, stage on a road. (F. - Ital.
cause to rest,' usurped the place of L. - L. ) Orig. a m!litary post; . then a fixed
piilUrl!, to place, with which it has "0 place on a line 01 road, a staUon; then a
el)llllolo.~im/ ronnexiolt. This it cI id so stage, also a traveller who used relays of

aissus, ciiliicitlS, porta colada, port-collis;

fronl the saIne source.
porte, the Turkish government. (F.
- L. ) The Sublime Porte is a F. translation of Bahi Ali, the chief office of the
Ottoman government, lit. 'high gate;'
(Arab. bab, gate, 'ally, high j. - F. porte,
a gate. - L. porta, gate; see port (3)
abo ve.
Portend. (L.) L.portendere, to predi.:t; lit. to stretch out towa rds, point
out.-L. por. (0. Lat. port- ), towards;
lewlere, to stretch. D er. portent, O. 1'.
portellt, L. portenturn, neut. of pp. of portmderc.
Porter ( 1), a carrier; see Port (1 ).
Porter (1), a gate-keeper; see Port

Ipiinn-e )

<40 <4

POST-

POTION

hones, .!te. _1'. posle, masc., a carrier,

messenger; fem., posting. a riding post. Ital. post4.-Late L. postus, fem. posta ,
a post, sution.-L. positus, pp. ofponere,
to place.
post-, prefix. (L.) L.post, after, behind .
post-date; from post and date.
posterior, hinder. (L. ) L.posterior,
compo of posterlts , coming after. - L. post,
after.
Der. posterior-s, i. e. posterior
parts.
posterity. ( F.-h) M.F .posterite. L. posteritatem, acc. of posten'tas, futurity,
posterity. - L. posteri-, for posterus, coming
after (above).
postern. (F.-L.) O. F. posterle,
also spelt pos/erne (by change of snffix) ;
later poterne , 'a back-door to a fort; '
Cot. - L. posterula, a small back-door. L. posterus, behind.
posthumous, postumous. (L.)
L. postumus, the latest-born; hence, as sb.,
a posthumous child. Written posthumus
owing to a popul:1r etymology from post
humum , forced into the impossible sense
of 'after the father is in the ground or
buried'; hence F. posthume, Port. posthtlmO; but Span. and Ital. postumo are
right. (3. L. postumus = post-tu.mus, a
super!. form of post, behind; cf. op-tu-mus,
best.
postil,an explanatory note or commentaryolltheBible. (F.-L.) M.F .postille.
- Late L. poslilla, a marginal note in a
Bible. Derived by Ducange from L. post
ilIa uerba, i. e. after those words, because
tbe glos,es were added afterwards.
Postillion. (F . -Ital.-L.) F. postilIon. - Ital. postiglione, a post-boy. - Ital.
posta, a post ; with suffix -iglione - L.
-iliiJIl1!1It. See post ( l ) above.
Post-meridian, Pomeridian, belonging to tbe aftern oon. (L. ) L. pomer,diatlUS, also postmeridianus, the same.L. post, after ; meridia1lus, adj., from meridies, 1100n; see Meridian.
post-mortem. (L.) L. post, after;
mortem, ace. of mors, death.
post-obit. (L.) L. post, after; ohitlllll, ace. of obitus, deatb.
postpone, to put off. (L.) L. postponere, to put after, delay. -L. post, after;
p6nere, to put.
post-prandial, adj. , after-dinner.
(L.) From L. post prandium, i. e. after
dinn er. For L .prandium, see Brugm. ii.
i 165.

postscript. (L.) L . pos/wiptum,

that which is written after. - L. post, after;
scriplum, neut. of pp. of scribert, to write.
Postulate, a self evident proposition.
(L.) L. postultilllm, a thing demanded
(and granted) ; neut. of pp. of poslul,ire,
to demand. Derived from pou ere, to ru.k.
Brugm. i. 483 (7), 502.
Posture. (F.-L.) F. /,osture.-L.
posilura, arrangement. -L. posilus, pp. of
piJnere, to put. See Position.
Posy. (F. - L.-Gk.) In all its senses .
it is Short for poesy. It mean t a short
poem, esp. a short motto in verse on knivt:s
and rings, Hamlet, iii. 2 . 162; hence it
meant a nosegay, because the flowers
chosen for it enigmatically represented a
posy or motto. It even meant a collection
of . precious stones, forming a molto;
Chambers, Book of Days, i. 221. Ste
Poesy.
Pot. (Eo) M. E. pot. A . S. poll. + Eo
Fries. Du. pot; Ice!. po"r, Swed. potta,
Dan. potte; Low G. potl. Also Irish pola ,
Gael. poil, W. POI, all from E. Also 1'.
POI, BreI. p&i, Span. pole; from Low G.
Teut. type .puttoz. H ence Low 1,. PO"ItS ,
also spelt polUS (as if from L. po/are, to
drink). D er. to go to pot, i.e. into the
cooking-pot.
Potable, drinkable. (1'. - L.)
F.
potable. - L. potabilis, drinkable. - L. piJtare, to driuk; polUS, drunken.+Skt. pa,
to drink. Allied to Gk.
drink, "wp.a,
drink.
Potash. (E .) From pot and ash; ash
obtained by boiling down burnt vegetal>le
su bstances in a pot. Latinised as polassa ;
whence potass-ium.
Potation. ( L.) From L. potatio, a
drinking. - L. potatus, pp. of potare, to
drink . See Potable.
Potato. (Span.-Hayti.) Span.palala,
a J>otato. - Hayti hatata, a yam.
Potch, to th rust; see Poach ( 2) .
Potent. (L.)
L. potenl- , stem of
potens, powerful, pres. part. of posse, to be
able, possum, I am able. Possum is short
for potsum or pole-sum, from potis,
powerful, orig. 'a lord;' . allied to Skt .
patio, a master, lord, Lithuan. -palis, Russ.
-pode in gos-pode, lord. Brugm. i. 158.
Der. omnipotent. And see Despot.
Pother, a bustle, confusion. (E.) Also
pudder, the same; from pudder, vb. , to
atir, confuse, a variant of Potter.
Potion. (F. - L.) I'. poli01'. - L.

",ou,s,

POTTAGE

POWER

p6titJnem, ace.. of folio, a draught. - L.

polus, drunken; see Potable, P<tison.
Pottage. (F. -Low G.) M. E. potage.
-F. polage; formed with F. suffix -age
(L. -iUicum ), from F. pol, a pot, of Teut.
origin. See Pot.
Potter. (Eo) To potter is to poke
about, hence to stir, confuse, disorder, also
to do a thing inefficiently; so also POlker,
to poke, disorder (Bailey, Halliwell).
These are frequentative forms of put, to
thru st; see Put. Cf. M. Du. poteren, 'to
search one thoroughly,' Hexham; Du.
pellltreJt, to fumble, poke abont; Norw.
pola, M. Swed. polta, to poke.
Pottle. (F. - Low G.) M. E. pole!. 0 . 1'. polel, a small pot, small measure;
<timin. of F. pol, a pot. - Low G. pott; see
Pot.
potwa.lloper. (Hybrid.) Lit.' one
who boils a pot;' hence a ,"oter who has a
vote because he can boil a pot on his own
fire. Wallop, to boil fast, is from M. E.
walopen, to gallop. Golding has 'seething a.wallop,' hoiling rapidly; tr. of Ovid,
f. 82. See Gallop.
Pouch. (F.-M. Du.) M. E . poudu.
-0. F. pouche, variant of poclle; see
Pocket.
Poult, a chicken. (F. -L.) M. E.
pul/e. - ~'. ponle/, a chickeu; dimin. of
poule, a hen.-Late L .pul/a, a hen; fern.
of jlttllw, a youug animal. See Pool (2).
Der. pou/I-er, aftcnvards extended to
poull-er-cr; pou/I-r-y (for pou/I-er-y), A.I'.
poklrie.
Poultice. (F. -L.) Gascoigne has
the pI. Ptl/tcsses (Steel Glas, 997). - M. F'.
*jlttlt-iee, formed from M. 1'. pulte, 'a
poultice;' Cot. [Cf. M. Ita!' poltiglia,
. a pultis,' Florio.] - Late L. pulla, a kind
of pap; frompull-, as in L.PIt/t-is, gen. of
puIs, a thick pap, or pap-like substance.+
Gk. ".6ATO~, porridge.
Poultr;y; see Poult.
Pounce (I ), to seize with the claws.
(F.-L. ) Orig. a term in hawking; a
hawk's claws were termed pounces; CC.
O. F. po'ICe, a fist. ApoUftceis also a punch
or stamp (Narei); a POUflSOfl was a dagger
(B~rbour). Cf. ,Gascon poIlnckoun; O.F.
joUle-Ofl, puncll-ott (Ita1. jltmz-one, Span.
P""Z-Ofl), a punch, sharp point. Cf. Ita!.
PttltWU, a bodkin, a goldsmith's pouncer
or pounce;' Florio. From the base se<:n
in Ital. pum-el/are, to prick, goad, Span.
pum&'ar, to punch. The Spall. jltm:zar

answers to a Late L. pulletiiire, not

found, but regularly formed from L.
PUllctIlS, pp. of pu"gen.
See Pungent.
Pounce (l ), fine powder. (F. -L.) F.
ponce; 'pierre ponce, a pumis stone;'
Cot. -L.pumicem, ace. ofpumex, pumice;
see Pumice. Der. jxnmcet-box.
Pound ( I ), a weight, a sovereign. (L. ~
Orig. a weight. M. E. pu,"'. A. S. pUM,
pI. pu,,,,. -L. pontiO, a weight, used as an
indeclinable sb., though orig. meaning' by
weight'; allied to POMus, a weight. See
Ponder.
Pound (2 ), an enclosure for strayed
cattle. (E.) M. E. p01ui. A. S. pU'''', an
enclosure.
Hence pi,uiar.
Doublet,
poM.
Pound (3), to bruise in a mortar. (E.)
The d is excrescent. M. E. ponnm; also
jJonen, as in compo 10-jJolfm, to pound
thoroughly. - A. S. puniall, to pound.
Pour. (F.-L.) M. E.jJonrm, poren,
esp. used with out. The orig. sense was
to purify, clarify, esp. by pressure or
squeezing out. - O. F. purer, to clarify,
also to pour out or drip; so also depurer,
to clarify, to be clarified, to drip or run
out.- Late L .purare, to purify. -L.purus,
pure; see Pure. So in Guernsey, ]'0
l'cidre qui pure dans l'auge,' I hear the
cider pouring into the trough (Moisy).
Pourtra;r; see Portray.
Pout (I), to swell out, to sulk. (E.)
See below. [W. pwdu, to pout, to be
sullen, is from E.]
pout ( 2), a fish. (E.) A. S. iile-jJiUa11,
pl., eel-pouts. The fish has the power of
inflating a membrane above the eyes;
hence A. S. -put-a - poltl-er. From a
Teut. base p'llo4n-, to swell out. Cf. Du .
puil, a frog, from its rounded shape; jlttilaa/, an eel-pout; puisl, a pimple (from a
shorter base pii-) ; Swed. pula, a cushion
(from its shape; Swed. dial. pttla, to be
inllated). Cf. Provo POI, pottl, a full lip;
fa de pots, to pout (Mistral). Cf. Pudding.
Povert;y. (F.-L.) M. E. pouerlee
( = poverlce). - O. F. pover/e, later povrelt!,
poverty (F. jJattvrete). -L. pauperttile11l,
ace. of pauperliis, poverty. - L. pauper,
poor. See Pauper.
Powder. (F. - L.) M. E. poudre.F. jxnldre, O. F . po/dre, puldl"e. Formed
with excrescent d from L. pttltterem, acc.
of puluis, dust. See Pulverise.
Power. (F.- L.) M. E. /JOey; later
po-w-er, the w being inserted. - A. F. poir.

406

POX

PRECENTOR

O. F.j>ooir (mod. F.~lIv()ir), to be able;

hence, as sb., power. - Late L. ~Url, to
be able; for L. posse. to be able. See
Peaaible, Potent.
Poz; see Pock.
Praam, Pram, a /lat-bottomed boat.
(Dn.-Slav.) Du.fraam; M. Du.frame.
- Pol. and Bohem. fram.
Practice. (F.-L.-Gk.) [Formerly
fractise, from the verb to fractise.-O . F.
prac/islr, pratiser. - Late L. fradicare.]
The M. E. form of the lb. was frak/ike.M. F . fractifjlU, practice. - L. prac/ica. fem.
of prac/icus.-Gk. 1tpa1<TIK6s, fit for business; whence ~ ffpa1<TI..q, practical science,
txperience. - Gk. ffpaaaflJf (- *ffpOK-YflV) ,
to do, accomplish. Der. prac/ifion-er,
formed by needlessly adding -11" to the
older term frac/ician, from M.F. frac/icitn,
I a practicer in law; , Cot.
Prator, Pretor, a Roman magistrate. (L.) L. pra/or, lit. a goer before,
leader; for *prlZ-;/or. - L. fra, before;
-i/or, a goer, from ire, to go.
PragmatiC. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.fragmatil/IU, belonging to business. - L. frag
ma/icus. - Gk. ffpa"YfUlTIK6s, skilled in
business. - Gk. fffK1"YfUlT-, stem of ffpO."YI-'O
( ~ -ffpa1<-;u,.), a deed, thing done. - Gk.
."pti.aafIJf (= -"pOK-YfIJf), to do. See Practioe.
Pra.irie, an extensive meadow. (F.L.) F. frain'e , a meadow. - Late L.
frllldria, meadow-land.-L. fralum, a
meadow.
Prai.e, sb. (F. -L.) O.F.preis, price,
value, merit (hence, tribute to merit). - L.
frelium, price, value. Der. dis-praise.
Prance. (E. ) M.E . francm, prau'ICm,
used of a horse; it means to make a show,
shew off; apparently an A. F . adaptation
of M. E. pra,lken. to trim. Cf. Dan. dial.
prandse, p"anse, to go proudly, as a
prancing horse; fransk , proud; Swed.
dial. prll.1lga , to shew off. So also M. Do.
pro"ken, to make a show, to strut about;
Low G. prunken. See below.
Prank (1) , to deck, adorn. (E.) M.E.
prankm, to trim; allied to obs. E. prink,
to trim (Nares). Prink is a nasalised
form of prick; cf. Low\. Sc. freek, to be
spruce, prick-ml-dainly. finical, prink,
pn'mp, to deck, to prick. Prank is an
allied form to these; see further under
Prick. So also M . Du. frtmekm, to display one's dress, pr01lCktpinJ:en, fronckeprinkt", to glitter in a fine dress i Low G.

Dan. Swed. prunk, show, parade; M. Du.

pryken, to make a show. }<'rom a Tent.
type frmkan-, str. vb. (pt. t . frad, pp.
*jJrunkancl ).
prank (2), a trick. (E.) An act done
to shew off. a trick to make people stare;
from Prank (1).
Prate. (E.) M. E. fraten . Cf. M.
Swed. prata, Dan. fratl, to prate, talk;
Swed. Dan. prat, talk; M. Du. and Low
G.j'atm, to prate; Du. praa/, talk. Of
imitative origin; from a base prat. Der.
pratt-Ie, the frequentative form.
PraWll. (F. I - L. !) M. E. pram,
Prompt. Parv. Perhaps (through a lost
A. F. form) from L. perna, a sea-mussel;
CC. M. Ital. parnocchie, 'a fish called
shrimps or praunes ;' Florio.
Pray. (F. -I...) M. E. preym.-A.F.
and O. F . preier (F. prier). -L. precdri,
to pray. See Precarioull. Der. fray-er,
M.E. prei~re, O. F. preierl, from L. precaria. fem. of prlcdn'us, adj.
Pre-, beforehand. (I... ; orF.- L.) M. F.
pre-, L. prlZ-, from L. pra, prep., before.
For *prai, a locative form. ~ Hence
numerous compounds, many of which,
like precaution , are of obvious origin.
Preach. (F.-L.) M. E. prechm.O. F. precher, prlscher (prlcher). - L. prlZdicare, to declare. See Predioate.
Prebend. (F. - I... ) O. F. prebmde
(F. prtbendl). - I... prlZbencia, a payment,
stipend from a public source; orig. fern.
of gerundive of prlZbere, to afford, give.
-I... pra, before, habere, to have; whence
prahiblre, to hold forth, give, contracted
to prablre. Der. prebend-ar-y.
PrecariolUl. (L.) I... precarious, obtained by prayer or as a favour, doubtful,
precarious; with slIffix -OIlS. - L. precari.
to prny. -L.prec-, stem of prex, a r.rayer.
+G. /r~n, to ask; Goth. /ra,h-nan,
A. S. /rignan, to ask; Lith. praszyti;
Russ. prosite ; Pen. pursidan; Skt. pracch,
to ask. (.vPREK.) Brugm. i. 607.
Preca.ution. (F.-I...) From Preand Caution.
Precede. (F. - L.) O. }<'. preceder
(F. prtdder). - L. prlZcldere. to go before.
-I... pra, before; cidere, to go. See
Cede. Der. precedent; prl-clss-itm, from
the pp. pracess-us.
Precentor. (L.) L. pracm/or, the
leader of a choir. -I... prlZ, before; and
can/or, a singer, from c_e, to sing; see
Cant (1).

,,OJ

PRECEPT

PRELIMINARY

Precept. (F. -

L.) 0.1". precept. - general classes into which things can be

L. praceptum, a prescribed rule. - L. pra- divided. - L. prd!dictire, to declare (above).
ceptus, pp. of pracipere, to take before- Predict. (L.) L. pradictlls, pp. of
hand, give rules. -L. prtZ, before; capere, pradtcere, to say beforehand, foretell. - L.
to take. Der. precept-or.
prlZ, before; dicere, to say. See Diction.
Precinct. (L.) Late L. pracimtum, Predilection, a choosing beforehand.
a boundary. - L. prlZcimtus, pp. of prlZ- (L.)
From L. prlZ, before; dilectio,
cingere, to gird about. - L . PrlZ, in front; choice, from diligere, to choose; see
cingere. to gird. See Cincture.
Diligent.
Precious. (F.- L. ) O.F. precieus Preface. (F.-L.) O.F. preface.(1'. precieux ). - L. pretiosus, valuab1e. - L. L. prlZfdtio, a preface. - L. prd!fotus,
pretium , price, value. See Price .
spoken before, pp. of prlZfari, to speak
Precipice. (F.- L.) F. precipice. - before. - L. prlZ, before, fari, to speak.
L. prlZcipitium. a falling headlong down; See Fate.
a precipice. - L. pracipit- , declo stem of Prefect, a governor. (F. - L) M. K
prf1!ceps, headlong. - L. prlZ, before; and prefect. - O. F. prefect ( F. prifet). - Lcapito, <lee\. stem of caput, head. Der. prlZfectus, one set over others; pp. of prlZ'
precipitate, from L. prlZcipitare, to cast fleere, to set before. - L . prlZ-, before;
head10n{:.
facere, to make, set. See Faet.
PreClSe. (F.-L.) O. F. precis, strict. Prefer. (F . -L.) O. F.preferer.-L.
- L. prlZcims, cut off, concise, strict; pp. prlZferre, to set in front, prefer. - L. prlZ,
of praddere, to cut off. - L. pra, in front; before; ferre, to bear, set. See Fertile.
c{<,dere, to cut. See Ceesura.
Prefigure. (F.- L.) From Pre- and
Preclude. (L.) L. frlZdUdere, to Figure.
shut off, hinder access to. - L. prlZ, in Pregnant, fruitful, with child. (F . front; clat/dere (pp. clttsus), to shut. Der. L.) M. I'. pregnant, pregnant, pithy;'
preclus-ion, from the pp. prlZdiisus. Cf. Cot. - L. prlZgnantem, ace. of prlZgnans,
Conclude.
pregnant. PrlZgnans has the form of a
Precocious. (L.) Coined (with suffix pres. part. of an obs. verb prlZgnare, to
-ous) from L.prd!coci-,dec\'stemofprlZcox, be before a birth,to be about to bear.prematurely ripe. -L.prlZ, before; coquere, L. PrlZ, before; gnare, to bear, of which
to cook, to ripen. See Cook.
the pp. gniUus or ntitus is used as the pp.
Precursor. (L.) L. prlZCUrSor, a of the iuceptive infin. nasc;, to be born.
forerunner. - L. prlZ, before; cursor, a See Natal
mnller, froUl curs-us, pp. of currere, to Prehensile, adapted for grasping.
run . See Current.
(L.) Coined with suffix -ile (L. -ilis)
Predatory, given to plundering. (L.) from L . preltens-us, pp. of pre!tendere,
L.prtl'datorius,plundering.-L.prlZdiUor, prendere, to lay hold of. -L.pra, before;
a plunderer. - L. FrlZdari, to plunder. - L. obsolete -Itendere, to grasp, cognate with
prlZda, booty. fJ. PrlZda = *prlZlted-a, E. Get, <t: v.
that which is seized beforehand; from Prejudge. (F. -L.) O. F. prefuger.
PrlZ, before, and !ted-, base of -!tendere, to - L. praiiidicare, to judge beforehand.!leize, get, cognate with get; see Get. L. pr(e, before; iUdicare, to judge, from
(So also prendere -pre-Itendere.) y. lrisb iudic-, stem of judex, a judge. See
spnidlt, cattle, W. praidtl, flock, herd, .rudge.
prejudice. (F . -L.) O.F .pre.iudice.
booty, prey, are from L.prlZda.
Predecessor. (L.) L. pra:dZcessor. -L. prlZit7diciu fll, a judicial examination,
- L. prlZ, before; dZcessor, one who retires previous to a trial , also a prejudice. - L.
from an office, from dlcessus, pp. of dlcid PrlZ, before; jUdiejum, judgment, from
ere, to depart. - L. de, from; cidere, to go. , iUdie-, stem of jUdex, a judge.
See Cede.
' Prelate, a church dignitary. (F.-L.)
Predicate. (L.) From pp. of pm- O. F. prdat. - L. prlZlatus, set above;
dictire , to publish, proclaim, declare. - L. used as pp. of prlZferre, to prefer (but
prlZ, before ; dienre, to tell, publish, allied from a different root) -L. prlZ, before;
to dicere , to say. See Diction.
latus, borne, set, pp. of tol/ere, to lift, be3.r.
predicament. (L.) L .prlZdicamen- See Tolerate .
tum, a term in logic, one of the most Prelim;D....,-. introductory. (F.-L.)

,.08

PRESIDE

PRELUDE

Coined from pn-, prefix, before; and M.~'. form of A .F.purpmst!, pp. of jmrjJenser, to
!imillair~, 'set before the entry of, dedi' meditate on, with prefix pur- ( F. pour-'
eatory,' Cot. }<'rom L. prO!, before; and from L. pro.
/iminiirU, adj ., coming at the beginning
preponderate. (L.) From Pi" of
or threshold.-L. limitl-, stem of limen, L. prtrpolldcrare, to outweigh. -L. prO!,
threshold. See Limit.
before ; pomurare, to weigh; see PonPrelude, an intsoduction. (F . -L.) der.
M . F. prelude, ' a preludium , preface, pre- Preposition. (F. - L.) O. F. prepoamble;' Cot. -Late L. pr{e/udium. - L. sitiott. - L. ace. prlEpositiollem, a setting
/,rlEl1tdere, to play beforehand, give a before; a preposition (in grammar). -L.
prelude. _ L. prlE, before; ludere, to play. prlEpositlts, pp. of p'-lEpomre, to set before.
- L. prd!, before; ponere, to place. See
See Ludicrous.
Premature. (F.-L.) From Pre- Position.
Preposterous. (L.) L .prO!poster-us,
and Mature.
Premier. (F. -L.) F.premier, first. im'erted, hind side before; with suffix -om.
- L. pri1llaritlm, acc. of primarius, chief. - L. prO!, before; postertl!, later, coming
after. See Post-.
- L. primus, first. See Prime ( I).
Premiss, Premise. (F. - L.) Prerogative. (F.-L.) A. F. pr~
Better premiss than premise.-O. F. pri!- rogative, a privilege.-L. prO!rogtitiuQ, a
miss~ (F. prt!misse), in use in the 14th previous choice, preference, privilege.century (Littre). -L. p rO!missa (untentia L. pne, before j rogar~, to ask. See
being understood), a premiss, lit. that Rogation.
which is sent before or stated beforeband. Presa.ge. (F. - L.) O. F. presage.Fern. of p rO!misms, pp. of prO!mittere, to L. prlEsagium, a divining beforehan d. - L.
send before. - L. pra , before; mit/er~, to prlEsagire, to perceive beforehand. - L.
send. See Missile. Der. premises, s. prO!, before; sagire, to observe, perceive.
pl., the adjuncts of a building, first stated See Sagacious.
in full, in a lease, and afterwards referred Presbyter. (L.-Gk.) L.presf,)'t~r.
to as the premiu s; or otherwise, due to -Gk. "PfUfjVTfPOS, an elder; orig. elder,
the custom of beginning leases with pre- comparative of "'PfUfjIJS, old. Cf. L.
mises setting forth the names of the prisms, ancient.
grantor and grantee of the deed. Also Prescience. (F. - L.) O.F.prescimce.
premise, vh., witb accent on i .
- L. prO!scimtia, foreknowledge. - L. prtJI,
Premium. (L. ) L. p rlemiwlI, profit j before; scimtia, knowledge. See Science.
lit. ' a taking before;' for *prO!-imium. Prescribe. (L.) L . prO!scriben, to
- L. prO!, before j ~1Itere, to take. Cf. write beforehand, prescribe; pp. praExempt.
scriptus (whence prescription). - L. prO!,
Premoniah, to warn beforehand. (F. before; scribere, to write. See Scribe.
-L.) Coined from pre-, before (for L
Present ( I) , near at hand. ( F.-L. ~
prO!); and mOllish, a corrupted form of O. F. present. - L . prasmt-, stem of prO!M. E. monesle" , to warn, Wyclif, 2 Cor. settS,i.e. being in front ornear.-L.ptlE,
vi. I. See Admonish. Der. premanil- in front; -sem, for *esens, being, from
or:)', from L.PrlEmollitor, one who warns .vE.S, to be. Cf. Absent. Der.present-ly;
beforehand, from prO!monlre, to warn pruence, sb., O. F. presence, L. preebeforehand.
selltia.
Prentice, short for Apprentioe,
present (2), to give. (F . - L.) O. F.
'1' ,'.
presellte,-.-L.prO!smtiire, to place before,
Prepare. (F.-L.) M. F. prepareI'; hold out, offer.-L.prtPsmt-, stem ofprO!Cot. - L praparare, to make rearly before- sem (above). Der. presettt, sb., a gift.
hand.-L. prO!, before; parare, to pre- Presentiment. (F.-L.) M.F .pre
pare. See Pare.
sentiment, , a fore-feeling; ' Cot. - L. prO!Prepense, premeditated. (F. - L.) smti-re, to feel beforehand.-L. pra,
1. As iffrom M. F.pre-, beforehand ;pmser, before; sentire, to feel. See Sense.
to tbink.-L. prO!, beforehand; pemare, Preserve. (F.-L.) O.F.preserver,
to weigh, ponder, frequent. form of pen- to preserve.-Lpra', beforehand; urutire,
dere, to weigh; see Pendant. 2. But in to keep. See Serve.
the phr. malice prepense, it is an altered . Preside. (F.-L.) O.F.presider, to
~09

PRESS

PRIDE

preside, govern. - L. jmxsidlre, to sit be

fore, preside over.- L. pra, in front;
sedere, to sit. See Sedentary.
be ( I), to squeeze. (F.-L.) M.E.
pressm.- F.presser. -L.pressare.frequent.
of premere (pp. pressus J, to press. Der.
press, sb. : press-lire.
be (3), to hire men for service, make
men serve as sailors, &c. (F.-L.) Press
is a corruption of the old word prest,
ready; whence prest-"umey, ready money
advanced to a man hired for service,
~arnest money; also ;mprest, a verb (now
impress), to give a man eamest money.
When it became common to use 6lmtj>lllsion tofor.e men into service, it was confused with the verb to press. Prest money
was money lent.-O.F.prester (F. prlter),
to lend, advance money.-L.prasliire, to
stand forth, come forward, furnish, offer,
give. - L. pra, in front; stare, to stand.
See State. Der, press-gang, im-press,

beyond; and natlirtU, adj., from nature.

See Nature.
betezt. (F. -L.) M. F. prelexle, a
pretext.-L.pralexlllm, a pretext ; orig.
neut. of pralexlus, pp. of pratexere, lit. to
weave in front. - L. prtZ, in front; texere,
to weave. See Text.
betty. (E.) M. E. prat;; A.S.pra lig, prattig, pang, orig. deceitful, tricky;
hence clever, conning, the usual M. E.
sense. Formed with suffix .ig from A. S.
pr~t, deceit, trickery. Cf. Low!. Sc. pratty,
pretty, tricky, fromprat, a t rick (G, Douglas J.+lce!. prettr , a trick; pretia, to cheat;
E. Fries. pret, a trick, ;rettig,jocose, droll,
pleasant ; M . Du. pratte, perte, Du. part,
a trick, deceit. Of uncertain origin.
Prevail. (F.- L.) O. F . prevail, I p .
pro of p revalo;r, to prevail.-.L. pr~ualire ,
to have great power. -L. pra, before, excessi vely ; ualire, to be strong. See Valid.
Der. p revalml, from L. praualent- , stem
im-press-ment.
of pres. pt. of prallalire, to prevail.
Pre.tige. (F.-L.) F. prestige, an Prevaricate. (L.) F rom pp. of L.
illusion, fascination, influence due to fame. prauiirit:tiri, to straddle, hence to swerve,
- L. prasliS;lIm, a deception, illusion, shuffie, shift, quibble. - L. pra, before, exjugglery. For prastrigillm, the 2nci r cessively ; lliiri. -us, straddling, from lIarus,
being lost (Brug. i. 483).- L. praslriug- crooked. See Varicose.
ere, to bind fast, to dull, dim, blind. - L. Prevent. (L.) The old meaning was
pra, before ; stringere, to bind, See' to go before ' ; cf. M. F . preven;r, ' to preStringent.
vent, anticipate, forestall ; ' Cot.-L. pra Pre.ume. (F. -L.) M . K presumen. uent-us, pp. of praumire, to go before. - O. F. presulI!er. - L. prasumere, to take L. pra, before; lIenire, to come. See
beforehand, (Jresume, imagine. - L. pra, V enture.
before ; sumere, to take; see Assume. Previous. (L.) L. pra ui-us, on the
Der. presuTJIpt-ion, &c. (from the pp. way before, going before; with suffix -ous.
prasumpl-14s).
- L. pra, before; uia, a way.
Pretend. (F . -L.) O. F. pretentire. Prey, sb. (F.-L.) A. F. prae (F.
-L. pratendere, to spread before, hold proie). - L. prada, prey. See Predatory.
out as an excuse, allege, pretend. - L. p ra, Der. /:.ey, vb.
before; tendere, to stretch. See Tend (I ). Prial, three of a sort, at cards. (F. - L .)
Der. prelence, misspelt for pretense (0. F. A contraction of pair-royal; (see Nares).
pretmsse, f., Godefroy), from the fem. of Price. (F.-L. ) M. E. pris.-O. F .
Late L. pralensus, used for L. pratmtus, pns, also spelt preis, price, value, merit.PI>- of pratendere.
L. pretium, price. See Precious.
Preter-, prefix. (L.) L. prater, be- Prick. (E.) M. E. prikke, prike, sb.
yond; comparative form of pra, before; A. S. prim, prica, a point, prick, dot;
see Pre-.
pri.wn, to prick. + M. Du. prick, Du.
Preterite. (F. - L.) M. E. preterit. prik, a prickle; Dan. prik, Swed. pnCk,
-0. 1<-. preterit, m., preterite, fem. -L. a dot, mark; E. Fries., L ow G. prik.
praleritlls, pp. of praterire, to pass by.- Al.so Du., E . F~ies., Low G. !M'kkm, to
L. prater, beyond; ire, to go.
pnck; Dan. prikke, Swed. pncka, to dot.
Pretermit, to omit. (L.) L.prater- From a Teut. base -prik, to prick, dot.
mitter" to allow to go past. -L. priZter, Der. prick, vb. ; pri. k-Ie, sb., from A. S.
beyond ; ",il/ere, to send. See Kiuile. price!.
Der. ;reln-miss-ion, froOl the pp.
Pride. (F. - L.) M. Eo pride, prude.
beternatuzal. (L.) From L.prater, A. S. prjte, pride; regularly formed (by

4 10

PRISON

PRIEST

the usual change from u to j ) from A. S. primus, first j genitus, pp. of gignere (base
prUl, proud, of F. origin. See Proud.
gen- ), to ~~~~oduce; see Genus.
Prien. (L . - Gk. ) M. E. preest; A. S.
l'rimo . original. (F.-I..) F.
priost. Contracted (like O . t-.. prestre, O. prUllordial. -L. primordiiJlis, originnl.Sax. prestar, G. priester) from L. presbyter. L. primordium, origin. - 1.. primus, first;
Cf. 'Prester John.' See Presbyter. ordiri, to begin, allied to qrtio, order.
~ Abnormal; perhaps presbyter was apl'rimrose. (F. -L.) As if from F.
prehendt d as *prebyster.
przme rose, first rose; L. prima rosa .
PriJ (I), to steal. (E.) Cant prygge, to Such is th e populnr etymology; but, hisride, nde off with a horse which a man has toricaUy, primrose is a substitution for
to take care of; prigger of praunars, a M. E. pyz'merole, a primrose. Dimin. of
horse-stealer; see Harman's Caveat, pp. ute L. primula, a primrose (still preserved
41,43, and p. 84, col. 3. Modification of in Span. primula, the same) . Again,
prick, to spur, to ride; Spenser, F. Q. i. primula is a derivative of primus, lint.
J. I.
See Prick.
~ Thus the word rose was only associated
PriJr (2), a pert, pragmatical fellow. with primrose by a popular blunder.
(E.) "trom the verb to pn"dl, in the sense
prince. (F.-L. ) F.prince.-L.pyznto trim, adorn, dress up. Low!. Sc. prig- I cipem, acc. of prinups, a chief, lit. ' taking
me-dainty, prick me dainty, a prig. See the first place.' -L. prin-, for prim-us,
above.
I first; capere, to take; see Capital.
Prim,neat. (F.-L.) O.F.prim,masc.,
principal. (F.-L.) F.principal.prime, fern., prime, forward, also prime, L. principiilis, chief. -L.princip., stem of
masc. and fern., thin, slender, small, as eke Iprince,Ps, a chief (above).
veux primes, 'smooth or delicate hair;' I prmciple. (F. - L.) The I is an E.
Cot. The sel~se is first-grown, small, deli- I ad~it~on, as in. syllab/~. -F. fri~ipe, a
cate.-L. prImus, first (below ). ~ The prmclple, maxun; ong. beglUDmg. -L.
word was perhaps confused with prink, to IPYZ,,,ipium, a beginning.-L. pn'ICip-,
deck i see Prank.
stem of princeps, taking the first place;
( I) , fil1lt, chief. (F.-L.) F. see prince (above) .
pyzme, properly' prime,' the first canonical Print, ab. (F. -L.) M. E. pyz"te,
hour.-L. prima, fern. of primus, first. prente, preinle; short for empreinle, borPrimus is for .prismus, and is related to rowed from M. F. cmpreinte, 'a stamp,
pyzs-cus, ancient, pris-linus, primitive, print;' Cot. See Imprint. Der. pn'tlt,
and to prius, adv., former. Brugm. ii. vb.; re-prilll.
165. Cf. A. S. for",a , first, from fore Plior (I ), former. (L.) L. prior,
(see Former) ; Gk. "piiI-TOS, first, from former. Used as comparative of the Sll"po; S~t. pra-ta-ma-, .first. Der. prim- perl. frimus; see Prime . .
aryipnm-ale,O.F.pyzmal, L. acc.primpriOr ( 2) , head ofa pnory. (F.-L.)
atem, from prim as, a chief man.
M. E. priour. - A. F. prioltr i F. prieur.
prime ( 2) , to make a gun quite ready. - L. pritJrem, acc. of pn'or, former, hence,
(F. - L.) Cf. prime, to trim trees; prime, a superior; see above.
first position in fencing; and esp. the phr. Prise, Prize, a lever. (F. -L.) 'Prise,
'to put into prim.e order.' A peculiar use a lever;' Halliwell. Hence' to prise open
ofprim.e (I).
a box,' or corruptly, 'to pry open.' - F.
primero, an old game at cards. (Span. prise, a grasp, tight hold (hence, leverage).
-L.) Span.primero, lit. 'first.'-L.pri- Orig. fern. of pris, pp. of prmdre, to
marius, chief; see Premier.
grasp.-L. prekendere, to grasp. See
primeval. (L.) CoinedfromL.prim- Prehensile.
us, first; tZu-ttm, age; with suffix -al;
Prism. (L.-Gk.) L. pnsma. - Gk.
L. primauus, primeval.
"p<ul'a (stem "'PLU/oWT-), a prism i lit. a
primitive. (F.-L.) F. pnmilif.- piece sawn off.-Gk. "'piflv, for *"piu ...',
L. primitiuus, earliest of its kind. -L. to saw. (Gk . .vrrpis.) Der. prismat.ic.
primit-us, adv., for the first time.-L. Prison. (F.-L.) O. F. prisu", 1".
primus, first.
prism; cf. Ital. prigi01U, a prison. - L.
primogeniture. (F.-L. ) M. F.pri- acc.p~e1Uii5nem, acc. ofprmsio, a seizing,
lIlogeniture, ' the being eldest;' Cot. - L. seizure. - L. premus, for prekens"s, pp. of
Prif1UJgmitus, firstbom.-L. primo-, for prelzeMere, to seize. See Prehenaile.

!'rime

cc.

+11

PRODIGY

PRISTINE

Priatine, ancient. (F. - L.) M. F . Pzooblem.. (1". -L.-Gk.) O. F. fwDpristine. - L . pristinw, ancient; allied to bleme; F . probteme. - L . ~6/lma. - Gk.
L.Prfscw, former, and:o prime (I ).
fr"o/J>"'1JA11, a thing thrown forward, or put
Pnvate. (L.) L. przwtus, apart; pp. forward as a question for discussion. - Gk.
of priutlre, to bereave. - L. priuw, single; .",,0, forward; /J>"ijJAl1, a casting, from 1J1lAlit. put forward, sundered from the rest.
>"0 ..', to cast.
Privet, a shrub. (F.? - L.?) Privet Pzooboscis. (L. - Gk.) L. proboscis._
seems to be a corruption of primet, which Gk. "po/JOUIt'f, an elephant's trunk or
also means a primrose; confnsion between feeder.' - Gk. "po, in {ront; /JOUltOIV, to
the plants arose from the L. ligustrum being feed; see Botany.
applied to both. We also find, for privet, Pzooceed. (F. -L.) O. F. proceder. the names prim, primprin!, primprivet; L. procldere, to go forward . _ L. pro, before;
where prillt is short for prime! (prim't), cMere, to go. See Cede. Der. process
and primprint stands for prim-prim-et. (mod. F. prOCls ) ; process-ion.
Prob. named from being formally cut and Procla.im.. Cl'.-L.) F . proelamer,
trimmed; cf. prime, to cut trees (Halli- to proclame;' Cot. - L. proc/amare, to
well ). See Prim and Prime ( I ) . Primd, call out. -L. pro, forth; clamare, to cry
a j>rimrose, is likewise from prime.
out. See Claim.
Privilege. (F. -L.) O. F. privilege. Proclivity. (L.) From L. prikH-L. priuifegittm, (I ) a bill against a uitds, a downward slope, tendency. -L.
person, (2) an ordinance in favour of one, procHuus, sloping forward. - L. pro, fora privilege. - L. priui-, for priuus, single ; ward; ciiuus, a slope. (""KLEI.) Cf.
fig-, stem of lex, law.
Acclivity.
privy, private. (F.-L.) O. F.prive Procrastinate, to postpone. (L.)
(F.prive). private. -L. priuatus, private; From pp. of L. procrastina1'l!, to delay,
see Private.
put off till the morrow. - L. pro, forward,
Prize ( I ), a thing captured from the off; crastilluS, belonging to the morrow,
enemy or won in a lottery. (F.-L.) F. from eras, morrow.
prise. a seizure , also, a prize ; see Prise.
Procreate. (L.) L. prikreatw, pp.
Prize ( 2), to value highly. (F. -L.) of p rocreare, to generate. -L. pro, before,
M. E. p r isen. - F. priser, to esteem. - O. F. forth; creare, to produce. See Create.
pris (F . prix ), a price, value. - L. pretium, Proctor. (L.) M. E. proketour; short
form of procttratour. - O. F. procurator. value. See Price.
Prize (3) , the same as Prise.
.
L. acc. procii,atorem; see Procurator.
Pro-, prefix. ( L.orGk.;orF.-L. ) L. Procumbent,prostrate. (L.) L.prop ro-, prefix, before; cf. also pro (= prod ), cumbent-, stem of procumbens, pres. pt. of
an abl. form, used as a prep. Also Gk. proeumbere, to sink forwards. - L. pro,
"PO' , prefix; "pO, prep., before; cf. Skt. forwards ; cumbere, to recline, allied to
p ra, before, away. See pre-, prefix ; pri- cubare, to lie down. See Covey .
or, pri-me, prj-vate, prow, pro-vost, &c.
Procurator. (L.) L . procftrator, a
Proa, Proe, Prow, Pra.u, a small manager, deputy. - L. prOC1trare; see
ship. (Malay.) Malay priihu, prau, a below.
general term Jor small ships.
procure. (F. - L.) F. procurer. - L .
Probable. (F.-L.) F.probable.-L. priJcurare, to take care of, manage. - L.
probabilis, that may be proved. - L. pro- pro, before; curare, to take care, from
bare, to test, prove, orig. to try the ciira, care. See- Cure.
goodness.-L. prohw, good, excellent. Prodiga.!. (F.-L.) O.F.prodigal.See Prove.
Late Lat. prOdigalis; due to L. prodigus,
probation. (F. -L.) F. probation. lavish; for prOd-agus. -L. prOd-, forth;
- L. ace. probiitionem, a trial, proof. - L. and agere, to do, act. See Agent.
prooa/us, pp. of probiire, to test.
Prodigy. (F. - L.) Englished from F.
probe. (L.) A coined word; cf. Late prodige, aprodigy,wonder.-L.prOdigium,
L. proba, a proof. - L. probiire, to test; see I' a token, portent, .prop?etic sign: /J. Perabove.
haps for *priJdapum, 1. e. a saY10g beforeprobity. (F. -L.) F . P,:o!ilt,honesty . . hand, .fromprOt! (pro), ~fore, and *ap'um,
- L probltatem, acc. ofprobttas,honesty. - ' a saYIng, as 10 ad-apum; see Adage.
L. prohw, hone.t, excellent.
Brugm. i. 759.
u

PROLOCUTOR

PRODUCE

Produce, vb. (L.) L. pr6dUi:tre, to offspring.-L.pro-, forth; genrlS, kin. See

bring forward. - L. pro, forward; ditCtre, Genua.
to lead. See Duke. Der. producl.;ve, Progn08tic,apreslige. (F. -L. -Gk.)
-;0,. ( from the pp. below).
M .F.pro~sliqfUi Cot.-L.prognosticon.
product, sb. (L.) L . priJductus, pro- - Gk. fffHYY"QJ(JTIIC611, a token of the future.
duced i pp. of producere (above).
- Gk. ffp6, before i "'(J'OHTT."or, good at
Proem. ( F.-L. -Gk. ) M. F.prMme , knowing. See Gnostio.
'a proem, preface i ' Cot. - L. pr()(1!miu11l. Programme, Program. (F. - L.Gk. "'poO/p.IO", an introduction. - Gk. ffp6 , Gk.) Now spelt as if from F.program11le i
before; OTfIOr, a way, path, from VEl, formerly programma (1706), from L. proto go.
gramma. - Gk. ffpCrypaflfl/l, a public notice
Pro:f'll.ne, impious. (F. -L.) F.profane. in writing. - Gk.
beforehand; ",(pO,flp.a,
- L. jmifii1l1ts, unholy; lit. before (i. e. a writing, from "'(pO.tpfl", to write.
outside of) the temple. - L. pro, before; Progress, advancement. (F. - L.)
/tinu"" a temple.
M.F.progrez(F.progres). - L.progresSUIJI,
Profess. (F.-L. ) We find M . E.pro- acc. of progrtsSllS, an advance.-L. pro
fessed, pp., Englished from O. F. profes, gressus, pp. of progredi, to go forward.m.ase. , professe, fern., professed. - L. pro L.pro, forward; and gradi, to walk. See
feuus, pj>. of profitiri, to avow. - L. pri5, Grade.
forth; Jati'ri, to speak; see Confess.
Prohibit, to check. (L.) From L.
Pro1f'er. (F.-L.) M. F. proferer, to prohibitus, pp. of prohibere, to hold before
produce, adduce. - L. prO/eYre, to bring one, put in one's way, prohibit. -L. pro,
forward. - L. pri5. forward; ferre, to bring, before; habln, to have, keep.
See
cognate with E .bear. See Bear ( I).
Habit.
Proficient. (L.) L. prOjicient. , stem Project, sb., a plan. (F. - L .) M. F.
of pres. pt. of prOjicere, to make progress, project (F. prqjet), a project , purpose. - L.
advance. - L. pri5,forward ifactre, to make. prmeetum, neut . of prnieclus, pp. of pro
See Fact.
icer/! (proiicere), to .~illg forth; hen ce (in
Proftle. (ltal. -L.) Ital. profilo , a Late L.) to purpose, plan. - L. pro, forth;
sketch of a picture, outline (Florio). - L. iacere, to cast. See Jet ( I ).
pro, before, in front ; f ilum, a thread (Ita!. Prolate, extended in the direction of
ji/o, thread, line). ~ The mod. F. p"ofit the polar axis. (L. ) L.pri5liilus, extended.
- L. pro, forward; !titus, carried, pp. of
is also from Ital. p rofilo.
Profit. ( F.-L.) M.E .profit.-F. pro- tollere, to lift, bear. See Tolerate.
jit. -L. prOjeclum, neut. of prOjectttS, pp. Prolepsis, anticipation. (L. -Gk.) L.
of prifjicere, to make progress, be profit prolepsis. - Gk. ",pOA'II/t.r, lit. a taking beable. See Profioient.
forehand. - Gk. ffp6, before ; 'Aijl/t.r, a seiz
Profliga.te. (L.) L. priJjligatus, cast ing, from A~I/t-ofl(U, fut. of hafl/Ja."ftll. to
down, abandoned, dissolute; pp. of priJjli- seize. See Catalepsy.
gare, to dash down. - L pri5, forward; Proleta.ria.D, a citizen of the lowest
jligere, to strike, dash. See Amiot.
class, \J6eful only by producing children .
Prof011D.d, deep. (F. - L ) F. projo1l{i. (L. ) From L. prollta,.;us, one who served
- L. prolundum, acc. of profundus, deep. the slate oy help of his children only.
- L. pro, forward, hence downward; fund- - L. proles. offspring (below ).
us, bottom, allied to Bottom. Der. proproliflc. (F. - L .) F.prolifique, fruitfut/dity. M. F. prof01Witl
ful. - L. proli-, decl. stem of proles, offProfuse, lavish. (L. ) L. profusus, pp. spring i jicus, from faure, to make.
ofprofundere, to pour forth. - L . p,-o, forth i Perhaps L. proles = prooles, from pro,
finwere, to pour. See Fuse ( I ) .
before, and ollre, to grow, whence
Progenitor. (F. - L. ) Formerly pro ad-o/eucre, to grow up; cf. sub-oles,
gmitour. - M. F.progeniteur. - L.progeni- ind-oles. See Adult.
tiire1ll, nce. of pri5genitor, an ancestor. Prolix. ', F. - L. ) F. prolixe. - L. proL. pro, before; genitor, a parent, from the lixus, extended. Lit.' that which has
base of gig1tere, to beget. (""GEN.) See Rowed forth' or beyond bounds i from
Genus.
pro, forth , !iqulre, lifui, to flow. Cf.
progeny. (F.-L.) O. F.progmie .- , l -lixus,soaked. SeeLiquid.
L. pro.f{eniem, ncc. of progenies. lineage, Prolocutor, the chairman of a con -

wpo,

'*,3

PROLOGUE

PROPER

ference. (L.) L. pr6!ociifor, an advocate. prmgue in Levins (r 570) . The M. E.

- L. proliitus, pp. of pr%qui, to speak pro~, a pang, sharp pain, is the same
in public. -l.. j>1"#, publicly; loqui, to word. Cf. M". E. prange/en, to constrain
s~ak. See Loquacious.
(H:lvelok ). Also Du. prangen, to pinch,
Prologue, a preface. (F. - L. - Gk.) oppress; M. Du. prangm, to oppress,
F.prnlogue.- L.pr6/ogum, ace. ofpr%gus. shackle, constrain; prange, a muzzle,
- Gk. "po"o-ros, a fore-speech. - Gk. 7rpO, shackle, collar; Low G. pra"gen, to press,
posh hard; prange, a stake; G. pranp,
before; >"0-,01, a speech. See Logic.
Prolong, to cootinue. (F.-1..) M. E. apiUory; Goth.a"a-pra~an ~ =-prangan),
pr%n,l{en. - F. pro/lmger. - L . pr%ngart, to press. All from a Teut. base *prang,
to prolong. - L. pro, forward ; longus, to press, nip, posh.
Pron01lD.. (F.-L) Coined from 1..
long. See Long. Doublet, purloin.
Promenacie,llwalk. (F. -L. ) Formed pro, for; and E. noun; suggested by F.
with O. F. suffix -ade L. -iita) from O. ~" . pronom. L. pr6nomen, a pronoun. See
prome"er, to walk. - Late L. promin,lre, Noun.
to drive forwards . - 1..pro, forwarrls; Late Pron01lD.Ce. (F. - L.) F.pr!mlmeer.
L. minare, to drive, lead; from L. minari, - L. prtJnuntidre, to pronounce, lit. tell
to threaten. See Menace.
forth. - L. pro, forth; nuntidre, to tell.
Prominent, projecting, forward . (L.) See Nuncio. .Der. pronunciat-ilm, from
L. prominent-, stem of pres. pt. of pro- L. pp. pro"unti,lt-us, with suffix -ion-.
minn-e, to project forward.-L. pro, for- Proof, a test, evidence. (F. -L.) Forward; -minere, to project. See Me- merly pro/e (1551); altered from M. E.
nace.
pretf, pretnJe. - F. preuve, a trial; Cot. Promi8cuou8, mixed, confused. (L.) Late L. proM, a proof. - L. probilre, to test.
For L .promisCflus, mixed. - L. pro, forward See Prove, Probable.
(here of slight force); misclre, to mix. PrOp. (E.) M. E. proppe. [ Also Irish
See Miscellaneous.
profJa, Gael. prop, a prop, support; borPromise, an agreement to do II thing. rowed from E.] Cf. Do. prop, a stopple;
(F.- L.) Formerly prome!. - F. promesse, M. Do. prop, proppe, 'a prop, a stopple,'
'a promise;' Cot. - L. prUmissa, fern. of Hexham; prOPf>e1Z, , to prop, stay, or bear
promissus, pp. of promittere, to seod or up,' Hexham; Low G. propp, a plug, G.
put fonh, to promise. - L. pr6, forward; pfropf, a cork, also a graft. All from -a
,"itlere, to send. See Mwile. Der. Teut. base *prup, to stop up, to sopport.
pro11lisso-ry.
~ In the sense of ' graft,' the G. pfropf
Promontory, a headland. (L.) L. is due to L. propdgo; see Propagate.
promo1Zturium, a ridge, headland. Prob. Propaga.te. (L.) From the pp. of
from prominere, to jut out; see Promi- L. propttg,ire \ or p ro ), to peg down, propagate by layers; alli ed topropttgls,propago
n 9nt, and cf. Mount.
Promote, to advance, further. IL.) (or pro-) , a layer, and from the same source
F rom L. promii/tts, pp. of promoul re, to as compages, a fastening together.- L. pro,
move forward . - L. prif, forwa rrl; moulre, for th; pag-, base of pangere, to fasten , set
to move. See Move.
(hence, to peg down). Der. propagandist,
Prompt. (F. -L.) F . prompt. - L. acoinedword; from the name of the society
promplulIl, ace. of prompttls, promtus, entitled Clmgregatjo de propaganda fide.
brought to light, at haud, ready, pp. of constituted at Rome , A. D. 16~2. And
promere, to bring forward; for *prOd-imere see Prune (1).
- L. prod, forward; emere, to take, bring. Propel, to urge forward. (L. r L. proCf. Exempt.
pellere, to drive forward. - L. pro, forward ;
Promulga.te. (L.) From pp. of 1.. pellere, to drive; see Pulse (I ). Der.
promulgare to publish. (Of unknown propuls-io", from pp. propulsus.
origin.)
Propenaity, an inclination.
(L.)
Prone. ( F. - L.) M. F. prone. - L. pro- Coined from L. priipcnsus, hanging down,
num, ace. of prOntiS, inclined towards. inclining towards ; pp. of propendlrt, to
Pronus is prob. allied to Gk. ""p~"';'s, hang down or forward. - L. pro, forward,
headlong; cf. SkI. prava1Ja, inclinerl to, pendlre, to ha n~. See Pendant.
Proper, one s own, peculiar, suitable.
prone.
Prong, spike of a fork. (E.) Spe\t I (F. - C ) M. E. propre. - F. propre. - 1..
<4 1 4

PROPERTY
proprium, ace. of ~us, one's own.
Prob. akin to prope, near.
pro~. (F.-L.) M.E.prcjJerlu.
-0. F. properll, property (Littre ), also
propriety, fitness. - L. prtJjJrietatem, acc. of
prcprietds, property, ownership ; also propriety of terms.-L.proprius, one's own.
Prophecy. (F. -L.- Gk .) M. E.proplucie, sb. - O. F. propnede, variant of propnetie, a prophecy. - L. propMtta . - Gk.
"fHXIn7Tfia, a prediction. - G k. "f'o<pf/"r'7<, a
prophet (below) . Der. propnesy, vb.
prophet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F.propnete. - L. proi'hlta. - Gk. "pO</>r,T'7<, one
who declares, an expounder, a prophet. Gk. "po, publicly, lit. before ; </>'7-1'1, I
speak; with suffix -TTJ< of the agent. (<I
BHA.) Allied to Fame.
Propinquitl. nearness. (F . - L.)
O. F. propinqutti. - L. propinquitatem,
acc. of propilzquittis, nearness. - L. pro.
pinquus, near. - L. propc, adv., near.
Propitious, favourable. (L.) For L.
prtJjJittus, favourable. Prob. a term in
augury, with the sense' tlying forwards.' L. pro-, forwarrl; petere, to seek, orig . to
fly. See Petition. Der. propitiate, from
p: of L . prOjitiiire, to render propitious.
ProportIon. l F. - L.) F. proportion .
- L. acc. proportionem, from proporlio,
comparative relation. - L. pro, t..efore, in
relation to; portio, a portion; see Portion.
Propose. (F . -L. and Gk.) F. pro
poser, lit. to place before. - L. pro, before;
F. poser, to place, from Gk. See Pose.
Proposition. (F. - L. ) F. proposition.
- L. acc. propositionem, a statement. - L.
propositus , pp. of proponere, to put forth.
- L. pro, forth ; ponere, to put.
propound. ( L. ) The d is excre~cent;
form erly propoulle, propone. -L. proponere
(above).
Propriety. (F.-L.) M.F.propriett,a
property, also' a comely assortment,' Cot.
- L. acc. prtJjJriettitem, from p"opn'cUs,
property; also, propriety. - L. proprius,
one s own. Doublet, property.
Prorogue. (F. -L. ) O. ~' . prorogue,'.
- L. prorogtire, to propose an extension of
office, lit. to ask publicly ; hence, to defer.
- L. pro, publicly; rogiire, .to ask. See
Rogation.
Pro.... towards. (Gk.) Gk. 'ltpOr, to
wards ; fuller fonn 'ltperri, extended from
'ltpO, before.
Skt. prati, townrds, from
/Ira, before. See Pro-.

PROSTHETIC

Proscenium, the front part of a stage.

(L.-Gk. )

L. prosclniullZ. - Gk. frPO-

17,",",OV, the place before the stage (or

scene). - Gk. frpO, before; I7KrJvT" a scene.

See Scene.

Proscribe. (L.) L. proseribere, lit.

to write pu blicly; pp. proseriptus l whence
proS(nption). - L. pro, pu Llicly ; sen-bere,
to write. See Scribe.
Prose. (F. - L. ) F. prose. - L. prosa,
for proysa oralio, direct speech; hence,
unimbellished speech; fem. of prorsus,
forward, short for prouerst!s, lit. turned
fo rward. - L. pro, forward; uersus, pp. of
uerter~, to turn.
See Verse.
Prosecute. (L.) From L. promutus,
pp. of prosequi, to pursue. - L. pro, forward; sequi, to foHow, See Sequence.
Doublet, pursue.
Proselyte, a convert. (F.-L.-Gk.)
O. F. prose/ite. - L. proselytum, acc. of
prosilytus. - Gk. frPOI7r,)..VTO<, one who has
come to a place, a stranger, a convert
to Judaism ; Acts ii. 10. - Gk. "POUfP)(opa., 1 approach, 2 aor. frpol7fi)..90V
( = "'pour,)..v90v) . - Gk. frpO<, to; fpX 0fL0.4 , I
come. I Gk. f pX0p.a. and ~ ).. v90v nre from
different roots; the latter goes with ~)..ov
UOPal , I will come; from <lLEUl>H.]
Prosody. (F . -L.-Gk.) F.prosodie.
- L. prosMia. - Gk. frpOl7'P~ia, a song ~ung
to an instrument, a tone, accent, prosody,
(or laws of verse). - Gk. "pia, to, accompanying; ylm), an ode. See Ode.
Prosopopaeia, personification. (L. Gk.) L. prosopojxEia. - Gk. "pouOJ1rofro';a
personification. - Gk.1TpOU01frOfrOtfi'v, to personify. - Gk. frpOI701."O-V, a face, a person;
'lto ..'v , to make. npUU011TOII is from "pO',
towards, and W1T-, stem of C!nfi, face, appearance. See ProB' , Optic, and Poem.
Prospect. (L.) L. prospectus, a view.
- L. prospectus, pp. of prospicere, to look
forward. - L . pro, forward; spuere, to look.
See Speoies. Der. prospectus = L. pro.
.rpee/us, a view.
Prosperous. (L. ) L. prosper, adj .,
prosperous; with suffix -ow. Cf. L. prosp~rttS , by-fonn of prosper. Lit.' according
to one's hope.' - L. pro, for, according to;
sper-, weak grade of sp~r- for spes, hope.
Der. prosper, vb.; O. r. prospercr, L. prospertire, to prosper; from prosper, adj.
Prosthetic, prefixed. (Gk.) Modem;
as if for Gk. * 'ltpou90T"'O', lit. disposed to
add ; due to Gk . ."p6<r90T-Of, added, put
to. - Gk. 'It"o., to ; 90-TO., placed, put,

PROSTITUTE

PROW

verbal adj. from the base 9.-, to place. See thrust forth. - L. pro, forth; /nidere (pp.
tnisus), to thrust. Der. protrus-ion (from
Theala.
Pro.titute. (L.) L.frostituta, C. pp. the pp.) . Cf. Intrude.
of fr0stituere, to expose openly, prostitute. Protuberant. (L.) From stem of
- L. fro, forth; statuere, to place, causal of pres. pt. of fr0tuberare, to bulge out.st4re, to stand. See State.
L . fro, forward ; tuber, a swelling. See
Prostrate. (L) L.frostrdtus, pp. of Tuber.
fr0s/e~re, to throw forward on the
Proud. (F.-L. T) M. E . prud, later
ground. - L. pro, forward; s/ernn-e, to froud; older form prut. A . S. prut,
s!>,"ead. See Stratum. Der. pror/rat-ion. proud; whence the Icel. friilJr, proud, is
botean. (L.-Gk.) FromL.Pro/eus supposed to have been borrowed; cf. Dan.
(misdivided as Pro/e-us), a sea-god who prud, stately. fJ. A late word in A. S.;
often changed his form. - Gk. nporr.us, and prob. merely borrowed from O. French.
a sea-god; cf. 'llpOrros, first , chief.
-0. F. prod, prud, fern. frode, prude,
Protect. (L.) From L. pro/ee/us, pp. valiant, notable (taken in a bad sense).
oC pro/egere, to protect; lit. cover in front. See fnrther under Prowess. Der.pride.
- L. fro, in front; legere, to cover. See Prove, to test, demonstrnte. (L.) The
Tegument.
usual old sense is to test or try. - A. S.
Protest. (F. - L.) F. protester. - L. prOjian. [Cf. O. F.prover, later prouver,
pro/estari, to protest, bear public witness. 'to prove, try, essay, verifie;' Cot.]-L.
- L. fro, forth, in public; /es/iiri, to frobiire, to test, try the goodness of. - L.
witness, from testis, a witness. See Teata- probus, excellent. See Probable.
ment.
Provender. (F. - L.) The final r is
Prothalamium. (L.-Gk.) Late L. an O. F. addition. - O. F. provmdre
*fro/kalamill"'. - Gk. *'IIp08aJl.lij.tlov, a song (Godefroy), usually frovend'e, 'provender,
written before a marriage; a coined word. also, a prebendary;' Cot. - Late L. pra- Gk. 'llpO, before; 9it.Aaj.tos, a bedroom, benda, an allowance of provisions, also
bride-chamber. Coined to accompany a j>rebend; see Prebend.
epithalamium, q. v.
boverb. (F .-L.) F.prover6e.-L.
Protocol, the first draught of a docu- fr0uerbiuf1Z, a common saying. -L. pro,
ment. (F.- L.- Gk.) M. F.protocole,' the publicly; uerb-um , a word, cognate with
first draught or copy of a deed.' - Late L. E. Word.
frotocollum . - Late Gk. 1fpoJTOKOA"OV, ex- Provide. (L.) L. frouitiere (pp. pro
plained by Scheler to mean orig. a first u.ism), to forf!;ee, act with foresight. - L.
leaf, glued on to MSS., in order to register fro, before; I4UUre, to see. See Viaion.
by whom the MS. was written, &c. By a Der. provitient, provis-ion.
decree of Justinian, certain MSS. were to Province. (F.-L. ) F.provime. -L.
be thus accompanied by a fly-leaf. It prouincia, 1\ territory brought under
means ' first .glued on,' i. e. fastened on at Roman ~ovemment. (Of doubtful origin.)
the beginning. - Gk. lIpGrro-S, first; ItOA"ijV, ProVlBion. (F .-L.) F. provision.to glue, from ltoMa, glue. npGrror is a L. ace. prouisi6nem, foresight, Coresuper!. form from lIpO, before; see Pro-.
thought, purveyance. - L. frifuis-tlS, pp.
protoma.rtn. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F . of prifuidere, to provide for. See Provide.
protomartyre. - Late t. protomar/yr. - Gk. Provoke. (F.-L.) F.frovoquer; Cot.
'llporrOp.aPTUp, lit. ' first martyr.' - Gk. 1fpW' - L. Prouociire, to call forth . - L. fro,
TO'S, first (above) ; f'apTVp, a martyr; see forth; uociirl, to call. See Vooal.
Martyr.
Provost, a prefect. (L.) A. F.frovost;
prototype. (F. -L. -Gk.) F. proto- [cf. M. F. frevost, ' the provost or president
type. - L. acc. fr0totypum. - Gk. 1fporro- of II college;' Cot.] A. S. prii/ost. - L.
TII1I"OV, a prototype, neut. of lIporrOTV1fOS, praposi/us, a prefect, one set over.-L.
according to the first form. - Gk. 1fpWTO-S, praponere, to set over. - L. pra, before;
panere, to put. See Position.
first (above) ; nI..or, a type; see Type.
Protract. (L.) From L. fr0trae/us, Prow, front part of a ship. (F .- L.pp. of fr0trakere, to draw forward, also Gk.) O. F. prOIU (F. proue), prow. [CC.
to extend, prolong. - L. fro, forth; trakere, ltal. froda.]-L. frora, a prow; the lnd
r disappearing to avoid the double trill (as
to draw. See Trace (1), Portray,
botrud.. (L.) L. frotriiilere , to also in Provo Span. Port. proa, Genoese

.p6

PROWESS

PSYCHICAL

prna).-Gk. "'fIi>pa, the prow.-Gk. "'pO-,

before, in front. See Pro-.
Prowess, bravery. (F.-L.) M. E.
prowes,pruesse.-O. F.prouesse, prowess;
formed with suffix -esse L -ilia ) from
O. F. prOIl (F. preux), valiant. (3. Etym.
disputed; we also find O. F. prod, pruti,
proz , prous, pru; Provo proz, Ita!. prode,
valiant, notable (whence Ita!. PJ'odeZ2ll,
prowess) . Also O. F. prou, sb., advantage
(whence M. E.prow,advantage). Although
O. F. prod was used to translate L . probus,
the spelling with d shows there is no connexion between these forms. y. Scheler
explains it from L. prod-, as occurring in
prOd-esse, to benefit; so that prOd was
taken to mean ' for the benefit of'; and
we even find F. prou used as an adverb, as
in prou, much, greatly, enough;' Cot.
PrOd is the old form of prJ, before.
ProWl. (0. Low G.) M. E. prollen,
to search after continually. 'Iprol/e, I go
here and th ere to seke a thyng;' Palsgrave. 'Prollyn, scrutor. ProllJ'nge, or
sekynge, perscrutacioj' Prompt. Parv. It
also meant to rob, plunder. Like the
word tlunder, it prob. meant 'to filch
trifles, or' to sneak after trifles'; from
Low G. prull, prulle, a trifle, thing of
small varue (Bremen). Cf. Du.pru/, 'a
bawble' (Sewel), prullen, 'lumber, luggage, pelf, trumpery, toys' (id.) j prullenHooper, a ragman (CaJisch); E. Fries.
prulle, prlJl, a trifle. Root unknown.
Pro~~. (F. -L.)
F. pro~i",:ite.
-L. prOXtmJliUem, ace. of proXtlmtiis,
nearness. - L. proximus, very near; a
super!. form from prope, near. See Propinquity.
Pro-q. (Late L.-L.) Palsgrave has
prockesy; short for procuracy. - Late L.
prociiralia, used for L.prilcuratio, management.-L. prOetlrare, to manage, to procure. See Procure.
Prude, a woman of affected modesty.
(F. -L.) F. prude, M. F. preude, orig. in
a good sense, chaste; used (but not
originally) as the fern. of F. preux, O. F.
preN, excellent, which at first had but one
form for the masc. and fem. (Godefroy).
Perhaps the forms preudomme, preutiefemme arose from misunderstanding the
O. F. phrases preN d'o1llnu and preN de
femme (Tobler). O. F. preu is a variant
of O. F. prod, prou; see Prowess.
Pruclent. (F. -L.) F. prltdent. -L.
prl/den/em, acc. of prUdens, contr. form of

priiuidens, foreseeing, pres. pt. of prQuidire, to foresee. - L. pro, before; uidire, to

see. See Vision.
Prune ( I), to trim trees. (F. ?-L.?)
Very difficult. M. E. jJroinen,prunen, to
dress oneself up smartfy, trim; Gascoigne
has proync, to prune off shoots. Prob.
from a provincial form of F. provigner
(also spelt prougner, proignier, Godefroy,
preugner, propzer, Littre), to plant or set
a stocke, staulke, slip, or sucker,' Cot.;
hence the sense, to clear off or to trim off
suckers, stalks, &c. This verb is from
F. provin, O. F. provain, a sucker. - L.
propalJinem, ace. of propogTJ, a layer, a
sucker. See Propagate.
Prune (2), a plum. (F. -L.-Gk.)
F . prune. - L. prunum. - Gk. 'lfPOVJlOJl,
shorter form of "'povJl"OJl, a plum.
prunella, prunello, a strong
woollen stuff, orig. of a dark colour.
(F. -L.-Gk.) F. prunelle, a sloe (with
ref. to the colqur) ; whence prUnella is a
Latinised form. Dimin. of F. prune
(above).
Prurient. (L) L. prurient-, stem of
pres. pt. of priirire, to itch, orig. to bum.
Allied to E. Freeze. Brugm. i. 562.
PrY, to peer into, search inquisitively.
(F.-'L.) M. E. prim.-O.F.prier,preir,
to pillage [to search for plunder].-Late
L. pridare, to plunder, also to investigate;
Duc. -Lpraoda,prey; see Prey.
Psalm. (L. -Gk. ) M. E.psalm, for
merly salm. A. S. ualm. -L. psalm us. Gk. rfaAp./Jr, a touching, twitching the
strings of a harp; also a song, psalm.Gk. !faAAEIII, to touch, twitch, twang a
harp. Der. psaI1llod-y, F. psalmotiie, L.
psal1llOdia, Gk. rfaA~~[a, a singing to the
harp, from tPB~, a song; see Ode.
psaltery, a stringed instrument.
(F. - L. - Gt.) O. F. psalterie (12th
cent.).-L psallirium.-Gk . .paArI]p<OJI, a
kind of harp.-Gk. rfaAT~P. a harper.Gk. !fa.A-AE"', to twang a harp j with
suffix -Tl7P of the agent. Der. psalter,
O. F. psaltier, a book of psalms, L.
psaltin'um, (I) a psaltery, (2) a psalter.
Pseudonym. (F.-Gk.) F. pstmfo.
nyme ( I~) . - Gk. 'i'wa&wvpo., adj., called
by a ialse name. - Gk. !fEvB.or, falsehood
(!fIJ~q., false), from !fE"BEIII, to lie j &'v,""
a name.
Pshaw, interjection. (E.) An imitative word; cf. pull,pooh.
PlI)"Chical, pertaining to the soul. (L.

'P7

PSYCHOLOGY

PUKE

- GIr.) From L . p-!1cnu-us. - Gk. ""'X..6s,

belonging to the soul or life. - Gk. ",1Ix17,
soul. life, orig. breath. - Gk. "'fiXE"', to
blow.
ptl70holol7. (Gk.) Gk. "",XG-, for
I/tllXit, soul, life; ->"0')',.., from M'YOf, a discoune, from >"''YElI', to speak.
Pta.rmiJa.n, a bird. (Gael.) Formerry termzgant. - Gael. tarmachan; ~rish
tarmochan. ~ The p was probably due to
a notion of a Greek origin ; bnt Gk. ,",appi,", means ' milfoil 'I
Puberty. (F. - L.) F . pubertt. youth.
-L. pubertdtem, acc. of pubertas, age of
maturity. - L. pubis, the signs of manhood,
hair. Allied topuj>us,pu-er, a boy. Der.
pubescence, sb. due to pubescent-, stem of
pres. pt. of piibescere, to arrive at puberty.
Publio. (F . - L.) F . public, masc.,
publique, fem.; Cot.-L. publicus, belonging to the people; also poublicos, poplicos
(in inscriptions).-L. populus, the people.
publioan. (L.) M. E. publican. - L.
pubiicilnus, a tax-gatherer, Lnke iii. 12;
orig. an adj., belonging to the public
revenue. - L. publicus (above) .
publioation. (F. -L.) F.publication.
- L. acc.publicdtionem. - L.publz'ctitus, pp.
of publicare, to make public.-L.publicus,
public.
publish., (F. - L.) M. E. publishen.
An analogical formation; founded on F.
publier, to publish.-L.publicare (above) .
Puce, the name of a colour. (F. -L. )
Lit. 'flea-colour.' - F.puce, a flea; couleur
puce, puce; O. F . pulce. - L. pu!icem, acc.
of pulex, a flea. ~ Said to be the same as
puke, which was also the name of a darkbrown colour, but the form puke is difficult
to explain. The Picard and Walloon form
of puce was puche.
Puck. (E.) M. E. pouke. A. S. puca
(Napier) ; whence Irish puca, an elf, sprite;
W. ptuca, pwci. + Icel. puki, an imp.
Pucker, to gather into folds. (Scand.)
Particularly used of the folds in the top of
a poke or bag, when gathered together by
drawing the string tight. So also M. Ita!'
saccolare, to pucker, from sacco, a sack;
and E. purse, as ' to purse up the browl.'
Cf. Norman F. pouque, for F. poche, a
pouch, bag. See Poke (I).
Pudding an intestine filled with meat,
a sausage; hence, a sort of light food,
made of flour, eggs, &c. (E. ) M. E.
pudding, poding. Cf. Low G. pudding, a
pudding; ptdde.wurst, a black-pudding;

puddig, thick, stumpy; Westphal. puddek,

a lump, a pudding. Apparently from
a Teut. base ./JUd, to swell out, similar to
put; cf. A. S. pud-uc, a wen (Toller) ;
and see Poodle and Pout. Ii. Cf. also
Irish putog, a pudding, Gael putag; W.
poten, a paunch, a pudding i Com. pot,
a bag, pudding; also W. pwtyn, a snort
round body, Gael. PUt, a buoy, inflated
skin; all borrowed words. See Pout.
Puddle ( I), a small dirty poo!. (E.)
M. E. podel. Dimin., with E. suffix -el,
of A. S. pudd, a ditch, a furrow (Toller).
puddle ( 2), to make thick or muddy.
(E. ) From the sb. above.
Puerile. (F.-L.) M .F.pueril (15th
cent.). - L. pueri/is, boyish. - L. puer, a
boy.
puerperal, relating to child-birth.
(L. ) From L . ptterpera,fem. adj., bearing
a child. - L. puer, a boy; and par-ere, to
bear; see Parent.
Pd, to blow. (E.) M. E. puffin; of
imitative origin.+G. puffin, to puff, pop,
Dan. PUffi, to pop, Swed. puffa, to crack,
push; W. pwff, a puff (from E.).
pu1lln, a bird. (E.) From its puffed
out appearance, or from its swelling beak.
Pug, a monkey, a kind of dog. (E.)
Orig. an imp, or little demon (Ben Jonson);
see Nares, s. v. puck. A later form of
ptlck. Cf. Dan. dial. puge, a puck,' sprite;
and (perhaps) Dan. dial. pugge, a toad.
A pug-dog is a dog with a short monkey
like face;' Wedgwood.
Puggry, PugJery', a scarfround the
hat. (Hind. ) Rwd. pagri, a turban;
Yule.
Pugilism. (L.) From L. pup/, a
boxer. Allied to L. pugnus, Gk. rvy-pt"
the fist.
pugnacioUS. (L.) Coined from L.
pugnaci-, declo stem of pugmu, combative.
-L. pugnare, to fight.-L. pugnus, the
fist .
Puisne, Puny. (F.-L. ) Puny is for
puisne. a law-term, implying inferior in
rank. - A. F. and M. F. puiml, ' puny,
younger,bomafter;' Cot.-L.postnlUus,
born after. See NataL
Puissant, mighty. (F.-L.) F.puissant, powerful. Cf. Ita!. possente, powerful.
From p?ssient- for possent-, stem of a
barbarons L. possens, substituted for L.
potens, powerful.
Puke, to vomit. (E. 1) Prob. of imitative origin, partly suggested by spew. Ct:
-4 18

PULE

PUN

G . spuektn, to spit; O. F. eseoupir, to

s}>it, sput, esput, a spitting.
:Pule, to chirp, to whimper. (F.-L.) F .
piaulcr, ' to cheep as a young bird, to pule
or howle;' Cot. In Gascon, pioula. Cf.
Ital. pigo/are, to chirp, moan. Imitative
words ; allied to L. fijilare, pipilre, to
chirp ; see Pipe.
Pull. (E.) M. E.pttlltn; A. S.pullia1',
to pull, pluck.+Low G. p"len, to pick,
pinch, pull, pluck, tear; Dan. dial. pulle.
Cf. also Low G. pullm, to drink in gulps
(cf. E. to take a pull).
Pullet. (F. - L.) M. E. polete. -0. F.
IDlele, later poulelte, fern. of F. poI/let,
a chicken, dimin. of F . jollie, a hen. - Latc
L. pulla, fern. of pull!IS, a chicken. See
Pool (2) .
Pulley. (F. - L. - Gk.?) From :1'.
poulie, ' a pully ;' Cot. Cf.Ital.puleggia;
Late L. poledia, a crane; Duc. Perhaps
from Late L. *polidia, orig. pI. of polidium<Gk. *1fWA'~'O", a little coit, dimin.
of lTw).or, a colt. Cf. O. F. poulier, a
pulley, answering to Late Gk. "w).apwv ,
a little colt. fJ. The M. E. forms are
poliue ( = polive, riming with d1'ive) , Ch.;
also poleyne, Prompt. Parv. The latter
form is from F. poulain, 'a fole, a colt,
also the rope wherewith wine is let down
into a seller [cellar], a pulley-rope;' Cot.
- Late L. pullanus, a colt. - L. pullus,
a young animal; see Pullet. So also E.
plll/ey answers to mod. F . poulie. y. The
transference of sense causes no difficulty;
thusM.F.polltre,a filly,also means a beam,
and F. ehevre, a goat, also means a kind
of crane; the names of animals are applied
to contrivances for exerting force. Cf. also
Late L. poUnus, a pulley or pulley-rope,
also a kind of sledge. ~ Diez derives E.
pulley from F. ptn~lie, and then. conversely, F. poulie from E. pull. This is
very unlikely. G. Paris (Romania, July,
'98, p. 486) suggests Gk. *lTO)"I&OJ', dimin.
of ,,6).or, a pivot, axis; see Pole (2 ) .
:Pulmonary, affecting the lungs. (L.)
pulmOnarius, affecting the lungs. - L.
pulmi51, , stem of pulmo, a lung.+Gk.
..).nJfVJJV , a lung. See Pneumatio.
Pulp. (F. -L.) F. pulpe.- L. pulpa,
pulp oT fruit, pith.
:Pulpit. (F. - L.) O. F. pulpite. - L.
pulpitum, a scaffold, stage for actors.
Pulsate, to throb. (L.) From pp. of
L. pulsiire, to throb, beat; frequent. form
of pellere (pp. PUlsus), to drive. L. pel.lo

is for *pelno; d. Gk. ""A-J'QJUlI, 'I draw

near quickly;' Brugm. ii. 61l.
pulse ( I), a throb. (F.-L.) FIDuls,
' tlie pulse;' Cot. - L. pulsum, acc. of
pul1lls, the beating of the pulse. - L.pulsus,
pp. of pellere (above) .
Pulse (l ) , grain or seed of beans, peas,
&c. (L ) M.E.puls.-L. puis, a thick
pap or pottage made of meal, pulse, &c.
(hence applied to the pulse itself).+Gk.
lTOATOr, porridge. Der. po"ltice, q. v.
Pnlverise. (F.-L.) M.F.pll/verizer;
Cot. - Latc L. pu/verlzare, to reduce 10
dust; L. puluertire, the same. -L.puluer(for *plllues- ), stem of puluis, dust. Allied
to pollis, pol/tn, line meal, palea, chaff.;
Gk. IT'').'I. meal, dnst.
:Puma, a quadruped. (Peruvian.) Peruv.
puma.
Pumice. (F.-L.) [A.S. pumie-stan,
pumice-stone.] M. E. pomiee. - M. F.
pumice. - L. pumie-, stem of pumex,
pumice. Froman Idg. base poim-,whence
also A. S./am, foam; from its foam -like
appearance. See Foam.
Pummel, the same as Pommel.
Pump (I ), a machine for raising water.
(F. - Teut.) M. E. pumpe.-F. pompe.G. pumpe, also plumpe, which is Iikewise an imitative form. Cf. provo G.
plumpen, to pump. fJ. The G. pltlmjen
also means to plump, fall plump, move
suddenly and violently, from the plunging
action of the piston. It is therefore allied
to E. Plump (l ) , of imitative origin. "(.
We even lind provo E. plump, to pump,
Com. p lumf)', to pump; also Du.pomp,
Swed. pump, Dan. pompe, Russ. pompa,
a pump, all borrowed words; and (the
imItative forms) Span. and Port. bomba,
a jlump, a bomb.
Pump ( 2) , a thin-soled shoe. (F . -L.Gk.) SO called because used for pomp or
ornament; cf. F . Ii pied de plomb el de
pompe, ' with a slow and stately gate,' i. e.
gait; Cot. See Pomp.
Pumpion, Pumpkin, a kind of
gourd. (F. - L. -Gk. ) The old forms are
pumpion andpompon. - M. F. pompon, 'a
pumpion or melon;' Cot.; cf. Ital.popone
(Florio) ; -L.pepOnem, acc. ofpepo, a large
melon. - Gk. ",,'Wl', a kind of melon, eaten
quite ripe. _ Gk ..."wv, mellow, from ".,,TE'J', to ripen; see Cook.
Pun. (E.) Orig. to pound; hence to
pound words, beat them into new senses,
hammer at forced similes. Shako has pttn

41 9

PUNCH

PUPA

= to pound, Troil. ii. Y. 42. - A. S.jmnian, print, or seale' upon it, which \Tas made
t~jlound;

see Pound (3).

with a

jmn~heon or stamp.
See Pun
~ So also M. Ital. punzone

Punch (y), to perforate. (F.-L.) M .E. oheon ( I).

punchen , to prick; which seems to have means both puncheon or bodkin, nnd
been coined from the sb.punchioJJ,plmrhon, puncheon or wine-vessel.
ptmsomt , a dagger. awl. See Punoheon ( I ). Punchinello; see Punoh (4).
Punch (2), to beat, bruise. (F.- L.) Punctate, dotted. (L.) Coined from
Short for punish; M. E. punchell and L. punct,wll. a point; with suffix -ate
punise/zelt are equivalent (Prompt. Parv.). (L. -alw). - L. Plllu tus, pp. ofpungen, to
See Punish.
prick; see Pungent.
Punch (3) , a beverage. (Hind. -SkI. )
punctilio. (Span.-L.) Span. plmSo called from con isting ofjive ingred ients, lil/o, a nice point of honour; dimin. of
spirit, water, lemon-juice, sugar, spice ; in- p unto, a poin t. - L. pultctt~m, a point; see
trod uced from India, by way of Goa; men Punctate, Point.
ti oned A.D. 1669. - Hind . panch, five. punctual. ( F. - L.) M.F . po1ZctU~!,
Skt. pancha , five. See Five. ~ The ' punctu all ;' Cot. - Late L. punctualis. H ind. short a is pronounced like E . 11 in pUllclt/- m , a point ; see Point.
1Il1ld; it occurs again in PlltWit, punkah.
punctuate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Punch (4). a short, hump-backed fellow L. p tlnrtwire, to determine, define. - L.
in a puppet-show. (Ital. -L.) A contrac - PUI/ctu-m, a point (above).
tion for PuJtchiltello, which occurs A. D. 1666
puncture. (L.) L.pllnctura, a prick.
( Nares). This is a corruption ofItal. put. - L. PUtze/us, pp. of puttgere, to prick.
cinello (by the change of I to It, the Ital. ri Pundit, a learned man. (Skt.) Skt.
being sounded as E . cht)' Pulcimllo is t ile pa~z4ita. (with cerebral 1Zd), adj., leamed,
droll clown in Neapolitan comedy ; we sb., a wise man, scholar. - SkI. pat}t/,
al so find ltal.pult<,htella, 'punch, bnffoon, ' to heap up or together. See note to
Meadows. A dimin. form of Ital. pu!cillo, Punch (3).
a young chicken; cf. p u!cella, a young Pungent. (L.) L. pungent, stem of
girl ; from L. pullus, the young of any pres. pt. of p zmgere, to prick, pt. t. puanimal , allied to puer, a ooy. See Pullet. pug -i, pp. punctus. (Base PUG.)
The lit. senseofpulcinello is little chicken; Punish. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. pu.
thence, a little boy, a puppet. ~ Confused nischen. - F. pulZiss-, stem of prei. pt. of
with provo E. punclt, short, fat, which is pu1zir, to punish. - L. punire, to punish.(perhaps) allied to Bunch. J udy is for L. poma, penalty. - Gk. "'OtY~, penalty.
ludith , once a common name.
See Pain.
Puncheon (1), a punch or awl. (F. Punkah, a large fan. (Hind. - Skt.)
L .) M. E. punchon, punsoun. - Gascon Hind. pankha, a fan; allied to pankha,
poufZrhoun, M. F. poinson ( F. poinfon), a wing, feather, paksha, a wing. Allied
' a bodkin, also a puncheon, a stamp,' &c. ; to Skt. paksna-, a wing. Cf. Pers. patzktllt,
Cot. Cf. Span. pumon, a punch, Ital. a sieve, a fan. See note to Punoh ( ~) .
plmzoJZC, a ponch, bodkin, also a wine Punt ( I),aflatbottomedboat. (L.-C.)
barrel.-L. punctiff1,em, ace. of PU1Zctio, A.S. punt. - L. POlitO, a pnnt (also II
II pricking, puncture.
The gender of this pontoon) ; a word of Gaulish origin.
word was changed from fern. to tnasc., From Celtic type *qollto- ; cf. L. contus
whilst at the same time the sense was < Gk. ltoVT6~, a punting-pole, whence provo
changed from' pricking' to 'pricker.' - L. E. qUOfZt, quant , a punting.pole.
puncttlS, pp. of pungere, to prick; see Punt (2) , to play at a game at cards
Pungent. See also Puncheon ( 3).
called hasset. (F.-Span.-L.) F.ponte,
Puncheon (2),acask. (F . -L.?) From a punt, II punter, a red ace, ponter, to
Gascon pounchoun, a punch or awl; punt. - Span. punto, a point, also a pip at
M. F. poinson (F. poinfon), 'a bodkin, cards. - L. p,mctum, a point. See Point.
also a pu ncheon [stcel tool], also a stamp, ~ Or immediately from Spanish.
mark, print, or seale; also, a winevessell ;' Puny; see Puisne.
Cot. This is a difficult word ; but I con Pupa a chrysalis. (L.) L. pltpa, a
elude that the O. F. poinson (F. poinfon) girl, doil, puppet (hence, undeveloped
remain. the same word in all its senses. and insect) . Fern. of PUPilS, a boy; allied to
that th~ cask was named from the' mark, I putus, ptr, a boy. (,y PEU.)

430

PUPIL

PURPLE

pupil

(I), a scholar, ward. (F.-L) designate one who aimed at greatpurily

O. F. pupi/~, F. pupille (masc.). - L. pu- of life; see below.

pillulll, acc. of pupillus, an orphan-boy,

purity. (F. -L.) M . E.pur~/~e.-F.
ward ; dimin. of pt.pus, a boy (abO\e).
pur~lt, 'purity:' Cot. _ L. ace. ptiritiiie1ll,
pupil (2), the central spot of the eye. pureness.-L.purus, pure.
(F.-L. ) F.pupill~ (fem .). -L.pupi/la, a Purl ( I ), to Ilow with a murmuring
little girl, also pupil (name due to the sound. (E.) Cf. M. E. prille, pirie, a
small images seen in the pupil) . Fem. of whirly-gig (toy). So also Swed . poria, to
pupil/us (above).
purl, bubble as a stream; a frequent. form
puppet. (F.-I..) M . E.popet.-M.F. from a base pur-, imitative of the sound.
poup~"e, 'a little baby, puppet;' Cot. See Purr, Purl (4).
Diruin.ofL.p1ipa; see Pupa (above).
Purl (2 \ spiced beer. (F.-L.) In
puppy, (l ) awhelp; (2 ) adaudy. (F. Phillips, ed. 1706. But it should be
-L.) 1. F.pouple, 'a baby,apuppet;' pearl. It was a term in cookery; thus
Cot Here ' baby' really means 'doll,' sucre perle is sugar boiled twice, bouill01'
but it is clear that, in E., the term was perle, jelly-broth. Cf. G. perlm, to pearl,
applied to the young of an animal, esp. of rise in small bubbles like pearls. See
a dog. The F. poupte (as if<L. pupiiia) P eer!.
is a derivative of L. pupa; see Pupa Purl (3), to form an edging on lace, in(above). 2. In the sense of ' dandy,' ptlPPY vert stitches in knitting. (F . -L.) Frerepresents M. F.poupin,popin, spruce, trim quently misspelt pead. Contraction of
(as if<L.piiPint~s ) ; from the same source. putjle. - M. F. pou1ftler, to purlle, emDer. pup, short for puppy.
broider on an edge. - F. pour (L.prif; , conPur-,prefix. (F.-L.) O.F.pur-,F. fused (as often) with F. par (L. per),
p01lr-, pour, (Span. p or), for; a curious th roughout; fil, a thread , from L. filum,
variation of L p ro, for. Thus pur- and a thread. See File (I ), Profile.
pro- are equivalent; and purvey,pro-vide Purl (4), to upset. ( E.) Better pirl;
are doublets.
from M. E. pirie, a whirligig, formed by
Purblind. (F.-L.andE.) Orig.pure- the frequent. suffix .: from the imitative
blind, i. e. wholly blind. M. E. pur blind, word pi", to whirl. See Purr, Pirouette.
Rob. of Glouc. p. 376. See Pure and So also Ital. pirlare, to twirle rouna;'
Blind. It afterwards came to mean Florio. See Purl (I).
partly blind, prob. through confusion with Purlieu, th e border of a forest, &c.
the verb 10 pore, as Sir T. Elyot writes (F . -L.) }'ormerly pourallee, altered to
pore-bli1Id. (Similarly parboil, to boil purlieu by confusion with F . lieu, a place;
thoroughly, came to mean to boil partially.) also spelt purley. The O. F. pouralee,
Pure = wholly, Tw. Nt., v. 86.
poralee is a sort of translation of Late L.
Purchase, vb. (F.-L.) M. E.pur- perombulatio,whichmeant'allthatground
chault, pllrchacen. - O. F. pure/lacer, to near any forest, which, being made forest
pursue eagerly, acquire, get. -0. F. pur by H enry II. , Rich. I., or king J ohn, were
(F. pour), from L. pro; and O. F. chacer; (sic) by p eralllOulalio1lS granted by Henry
Ill., severed again from the same' ; Mansee Chase (I ).
Pure. (F.-L.) F. pur, masc., pure, wood's Forest Laws. The et ymology is
fem., pure. - L. plirlls, pure. Cf. Skt. Pli, from O. F. pur (F . pour) < L. prQ, and
to purify. (""P EV ).
O. F. alee, a go ing , for which see Alley.
purge. (F. -L. ) F.purger.-L.pur- Purloin,tosteal. (F.-L.) O.F.purgi'ire, to purify. L. pt~rgare = p1ir-igtire 10igllier,porloignier.to prolong, relard, de(Plautus has expurigatio). - L. piir-us, lay (hence to keep back, detain, filch ).pure; ogere, to make.
L. prolongare, to prolon g. - L. pro, forpurify. (1<'. - L.) F. purifier. - L. ward; longus, long. See Long. Doublet,
punjiciire, to make pure. - L. pliri-. for prolong.
PZlruS, pure;facere, to make. Der.puri- Purple. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.purpre
fic atioll.
(with 1'). - O. F . porpre, later pourpre,
Purim, an annual Jewish festival; the purple. - L. purpura, the purple-fish.feast of lots. (Heb.) Heb. p1'ri1ll, lots; Gk. frop</>6pa, the purple-fish; cf. Gk.
7rOP</>VPEOS, purple, orig. an epithet of the
pI. of pur, a lot. See Esther ix. 26.
Pluitan. (L. ) A coined word, to surging sea. - Gk. flOP</>VPEII', reduplicated
~1I

PURPORT

PUTRID

form of </>vPltV, to mix up, stir violently, porttt!i~ll, (purveien, porveie,.), to provide.
- A. F. purveie1', pUl'Veer (0. F. porooir,
allied to SkI. root blzur, to be active.
Purport, to imply. (F.-L.) O. F. F. pourvoir), toprovide.-L prOuidire, to
purpor/er, pourporler, to declare, inform provide. See Provide.
(hence, imply) ; we also find purport, sb.,
purview, a proviso. (F.-L.) Now
tenor (Roquefort). - O. F. pur, F. pour, applied to the enacting part of a statute;
from L . pro, according to; porter, to carry, so called because it orig. began with purveu
bring, fro m L. portlire. For the sense, cf. est, it is provided. - O. F. porveu, pp. of
il!!f>ort. See Port ( I).
O. F. porvoir (F. pourvoir), to provide. Furpose (I) , to intend. (F.-L. and L. prouidirt, to provide (above).
Gk.) 0 , F.purposer, a variant ofproposer, Pus, white matter from a sore. (L.) L.
to propose, intend. - L. pro, before; and piis (gen. puris), pus.+Gk. ".ilov, matter;
F. poser, to place; see Pose ( 1) .
Skt. puya, pus, from puy, to stink.
Purp08e (2), intention. (F.-L) M.E. Allied to Foul. (.y'PEU.) Brogm.i. 1I3.
purpos. -0. F.pourpos, a vsriantofpropos, Push. (F.-L. ) M. E.possell,pussen.
a purpose.-L. propositum , a thing pro- - O. F . pousser,poulrer, to push, throst.posed, neut. of pp. ofproponere, to propose. L. pulson, to beat, throst, frequent. of
-L. pro, before; ponere, to place. See pdlere, to drive. See Pulsate.
Position.
Pulri.llanimo1UJ. (L.) L pusillaniPurr, Pur. (E.) An imitative word for m-is, mean-spirited; with suffix -ous.-L.
various sounds, chiefly of the murmuring of pusil/-us, mean, small; animus,' courage.
a cat. Cf. Scotch pirr, a gentle wind; E. Pusil/us is related to pUsus, small; cf.
6tUJ; Irish 6ururus, a gurgling sound. putus, a boy. (.y'PEU.)
See Purl ( I ) , Purl (4), and Pirouette.
Pu, a cat, hare. (E.) Prob. an imitaPurse. (L.-Gk.) M.E. purs; also tive word, from the spitting of the cat.
pors. A. S. purs, Eng. Studien, xi. 65. We find also Du.poes, Low G. PUUS,ptIUS[Also 6urs.-O. F . /Jorse, later kurse, a kal/e, Swed. dial. pus, Norw . puse, puus;
purse.] - Late 1.. 6ursa, a purse. - Gk. Irish and Gael. pus (from E.). And even
fjvPU1J, a hide, skin; of which purses were S. Tamil pusei, a cat; pus!za in the Cashmade. Der.purse, vb., to wrinkle up, like gur dialect of Afghan.; Lith. pui, a word
a "purse _dr~wn together.
to call a cat.
~ Punlane, a herb. (F.P1UItule. (F.-L.) F. pustule.-L.
L.) M. E. purslane, porse/eynt. - M. }o' . pus/uta, another form of pUsuIa, a blister,
poretlaine, pouretlaint, purslane ; Cot. pimple. Perhaps allied to Gk . .pl1(1aAtf,
FormedfromLporciltlea,purslain (Pliny) ; a bladder, </>Ut1tUu, I blow.
Put. (E.) M. E. pu"en; A. S. potian,
usually spelt porlu/4ca.
Pursue. (F. -L ) O. F. porsuir, pur- to push, thrust; rwhence. also Gael. put,
suir,poursuir; mod. Norman F . porsuir, to push, thrust ; W. pwtlO, Corn. poot, to
mod. F . poursuivre, to pursue. - O. F.por, push, kickJ. +Du.poten, to plant, set,poot,
jur< L. pro; and suir<Late L. sequere, a twig, M. D u. pote, a SCiOD, plant (see
for L. seqll f, to foll ow. Der. pt.rsu-ant, Franck) ; N . Fries. putje, Dan. pulle, to
from the pres. pt. of O. F. pursuir; pur- put, place; Swed. dial. pulla, to push.
suiv-a1tt, from the pres. pt. of poursuivre ; Putative, reputed. (F . - L.) F . pulapursuit, from F . poursuile, fem. sb. answer- t if. - L. putatfuus , presumptive. - L. putaing to L. prOUC1tta , fern. of the pp. of L. Ius , pp. of puttire, to think, suppose. The
prosequi, to pursue.
orig. sense was to make clean, then to
Pursy, short-winded. (F.-L.) M. E. make clear, to come to a clear result. -L.
pun y, also pureyf (Palsgrave). - M. F. p u/us, clean. (.y'PEU.)
pou1'cif (Palsgrnve) , variant of poulsif, Putref,y. (F.-L.) M. F. putrefier;
'pursie,short-winded,'Cot.-M.F. poulser, as if from L. *putrijielire ; but the true
F. pousser, to push, also to pant; see Push. L. forms are putrifacere, to make putrid,
Purtenance. (F.-L.) ShortforM.E. putrefied, to become putrid. -L.put";-s,
pu trid (below) ; facere, to makeapurtenance ; see Appurtenance.
Purulent. (F.-L.) F.pttrulent.-L.
putrid. (F.-L.) M. F.putritk. -L.
piirulentus, full of matter. -L. pi,r-, stem p,.trit!us, stinking. -L. putri-, decl. stem
of pttS, matter; see Pus.
of puter, putris, rotten; cf. putrlre, to be
Purvey. (F.-L.\ M. E. pttrtleien, rotten,ptitire, to stink. See Pus.

4 23

PUTTO"CK

Puttock, a kite, hawk.

QUADROON

(E. 7) M. E.
Of unknown origin. It
seems to have been used in a contemptuous
sense. A . S. Puttoc occurs as a name or
nickname.
Putty. (F.-LowG.) M . F.polle,cal
clned tin, also putty; orig. a potful (of
bits of broken metal ) ; cf. M. F. pot/ein,
bits of broken metal, pol/in , solder. All
from F. pol, a pot, of Germanic origin. See
Pot.
Puzzle, a difficult question. (F.-L.
and Gk.) Orig. a sb., and short for op
posal, spelt both opposayle and apposayle in
Lydgate, with the sense of question. These
are from the verb oppose, like deni-al from
deny, &c. See Pose ( 2).
Pygmy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.pygmt,
adj. , awarf-like; Cot. - L. pygmt1!us, adj.,
dwarf-like; from pI. Pygmt1!i, the race of
Pygmies. - Gk. ntryl'a'''I, pygmies, fabulous
dwarfs of the length of a Trtryl'~, i.e. about
13t in. (from the elbow to the knuckles).
- Gk. trV"II'1J, a fist; see Pugilist.
Pylorus. (L. - Gk.) L. pylortls. - Gk.
Trvl\OJp6s, the lower orifice oCthe stomach,
entrance to the intestines; orig. a gatekeeper. - Gk. *fIVl\a-Fop6s (Prellwitz);
from Tr6l\a-mll\-'7, agate; F6pos (cf. o~pos) ,
a keeper, watcher, allied to Wary.
Pyramid. (L. - Gk.) Formerly py.
ramis. - L. pyramis (stem pyramid ). Gk. Trvpaj.tls (stem 1fvpaj.tl~.) , n p'yramid.
Prob. of Egyptian origin.
Pyre. (L.-Gk.) L.pyra. -Gk. "';pa,
a funeral pile. - Gk . .rop, fire; allied to E.
Fire.
pyrite. (L.-Gk.) L.pyriles. -Gk.
""PiT']f, a flint, pyrites; orig. an adj .,
belonging to fire. - Gk. ,",p, fire.
pyrotechnic, belonging to fireworks.
(G1c. ) Coined from Gk. trVpo-, for Trlip,
fire; TfXV1,,6s. artistic, from TfX",], an art ;
see Technical.
Python, a large snake. (L. - Gk.)
L. py//lon, a serpent slain by Apollo near
Delphi. _ Gk. n6s"", (the same). - Gk.
nvsw, a former name of Delphi.
Py:z. (L.-Gk.) Shortened from L.
pyxis, a box. _ Gk. 1fvtis, a box. - Gk.
""tos, box-wood. Allied to Box (I),
Box (2).

pottok, pul/ok.

G. quakm, Ice!. kvaka, Dan. tjfJlZkke, to

croak, quack. Cf. L. coaxlire, to croak,
Gk. ICOO(, a croaking.
quack (2), to cry up a nostrum. (Du.)
Due to the older word qutUksnlver; hence,
to act as a quacksalver or a quack. Du. kwakzalver, a quacksalver. - Du .
kwakzalven, vb., to apply salves in a
trifling way. Cf. Du. kwakken, to croak ,
which came to mean 'to trifl e, linger'
(Franck); and Du. zalj, a salve ; see
Salve.
~e.ima, forty days of Lent.
(J..:. ) L. quadrngesima, lit. fortieth; fern.
of quadragesimus; older form quadriigensufllus, fortieth. _ I .. quadrligintii, forty,
- L. quadrti-, related to quat/tt01', four;
-gin/a , allied to Gk. -ICOVTa (for *~f"ovTa) ,
and to L. dea m, ten. See quadrate.

quadrangle. (F. - L.) F. quad

rangle. - L. quadrangulufll, sb., neut. of
quadrangulus, four corn ered. - L. quadr-,
related to quaftuor, four ; angulus, angle.
See Angle ( I ).

quadrant. (L.l M.E.quadrant.-L.

quadrant-, stem of quadrans, sb., a fourth
part. Extended from L. quadr (above) .
quadrate. (L.) L. quadrtf/tu , pp. of
quadrare, to make square.-L. quadr-,
allied to quattuor,four; see Four. Brugm.
ii. 168.

quadrennial. (L.) For qundrimnial, adj . - L. quadrienni-flfll, a space of

four years; with suffix -al. - L. quadri-,
belonging to four; annus, a year; see
Annals.

qua.c1rilateral. (L.) L.quadrilater.

us four-sided; with suffix al. - L . quad,i
(above); later-, for *Iatu-, stem of latus,

a side.

See Lateral.

quadrille. (F. -Span.-L.) Formerly

a game at cards for four.-F . quadrille,

(I ) fern., a troop of horses; ( 2) masc. ,
but orig. fem., a game at cards. The
former answers to Ital. quadriglia, M.
Ital. sq14adnglia, a troop; but the latter
to Span. cuadrilla, a meeting of four
persons. - Span. cuadra, a square. - Late
L. quadra, fem. of quadrus, square.
quadrillion, a million raised to the
founh power. (L. ) Coined by prefixing
L. quadr i. e. four, to -iliUm, which is
m-illion without the m.
quadroon. (Span.-L. ; For quarlQuack ( I ) to make a noise as a duck. roon. _Span .cuarleron, the child ofacreole
(E;.) M. E. queke, as a duck's cry; an and a Spaniard; one who is, in a fourth
imitative word.+Dn. kwaJlm, Inuakkm, . part, a black; also a fourth part. - Span.

Q.

42 3

QUADRUPED

QUARRY

cuarlo, a fourth part. -L. quar/um, ace. of

qua~ourth; see quartern.
q
uped. (L.) L. quadrupedus,
four-footed; quadruped-, stem of quadruPb, quadripes, four-footed. - L. quat/ru-,
four times; Pis, a foot; see quadrant.
quadruple. (F.-L. ) F.quadruple.
- L quat/ruplum, acc. of quadruplus,
four-fold. -L. fuadru- (above); -plus,
Si~'fYing 'fold ; see Double.
afr, to drink ill large draughts. (C.
- . - Gk.) Here ff stands for guttural
cn, as in quack, i. e. to drink out of a
pack or cup, usually called quaick, t]Un,
peff in Lowland Scotch, quaff in Humphrey Clinker (Supp. to Jam.).-Irish and
Gael. cuack, a cup, bowl.-L. caucus, a
cu~Gk. _il_, a cup.
ga. a quadruped. (Kaflir.) A
Xosaword.-Kaffir iqW(lra (W. J.
Davis); where the r is guttural. See N.
and Q. 9 S. v. 3.
~. (E.) Spelt quake-mire in
Stanihurst; i. e. CJ.uaking bog.
Q1uUgh, Quaich, a cup. See under
Qu.a.ll'.
Qa.a.i1 (I ), to cower. (E.) M. E. que/en,
to die. A. S. cwe/an (pt. t. cwee!) , to die;
whence ticuJeian, to die utterly.
Du.
kwelen, O. H. G. quelan, to pine. Teut.
type *kwel-a,... Cf. A. S. cwafu, de..truction, Du. kwaal, lcel. kviil, Dan. Swed.
qvaf, G. fjual, agony. Also allied to
Lith. gelti, to rain; geia, pain. From
Idg. root *g(w)e. Brugm. i. 656 Distinct from provo E. quail, to coagulate,
from O. F. coailler (1". cailler), from L.
coagulare. Der. qualm.
Quail (2), a bird. (F. -Low L. -Low
G. ) M. E. quail/e. - O. F. quail/e, F.
cail/e. - Low L. fjUOquila, a quail. - M.Du.
fjualkel, Du. kwakkel, a quail.-M. Du.
fjuackm, Du. kwakm, to quack. From
the noise which the bird makes. See
Quack.
~t, neat, odd, whimsical. (F. - L.)
M. E. queinl, also fj1lOint, eoitu, commonly
~th the sense of 'famous.' - O. 1'\ and
M. F. coint, 'quaint, compt, neat, fine;'
Cot. - L. cognilus, well-known, pp. of
eognoscere, to know; see Cognisance.
Der. aC-fjuaini.
Q!lake. (E.) M. E. quaken, cwakim.
A. S. cwacian, to quake; cC. cweccan, to
wag; E. Fries. kwakl.:elen, to be unsteady.
Der. Quak-er (A. D. 16;50) ; see Haydn.
Quality. (F. -L.) M. E. qualilee.-F.

qua/it!. -L. quii/itiilem, acc. of quii/ittiJ,

sort, kind. - L. quiili-s, of what sort.
Allied to E. Which.
qua.lify. (F.-L.) F. qualijier.-Late
L. qUii/ijiciire, to endue with a quality.L. qlliilt-s, of what sort; facere, to make.
Qualm. (E.) M. E. qualm, usually 'a
pestilence.' A. S. cWl!alm, pestilence.
O. Sax. qualm, destruction, death; O.H.G.
qualm, destruction. [Perhaps not the
same word as Du. kwalm, thick vapour.]
Teut. type *kwalmoz, mase.; from "'/.."Wal,
2nd grade of *k-we/-an-, to die. See
Quail (I).
Quandary, a perplexity. (L. - Gk.)
Ong. a m0l1)ld state of mind; Knt. of
Burning Pestle, i. I, It probably arose
from' condarye, for hypo-condarye, a morbid
state of mind. 'I, seeing him so troubled,
asked him what newes . had put him
in so great a hypo-contlarye;' Blackhall,
Brief Narration, abo 1640 (Spalding Club),
p. 175. See Hypochondria. (H. B.)
Quantity. (F. -L.) M. E. quantitee.
-l<. quantit!.-L. quantitiilem, ace. of
qua,uiliis, quantity. - L. quanti-, for quanfus, how much. Related to quam; and
to quis, who. Brugm. i. 413.
~tine. (F.-L.) O. F. quaranfine (Roquefort), usually quara1uaim, a
space of fortydays.-F. quarantt, forty.1.. quadriigintti, forty; see Quadragesima..
Qa.arre1(I),adispute. (F.-L.) M.E.
quere!e. -0. F. quere/e, later quere/le.L. querzta, a complaint. - L. queri, to
complain. See Querulous.
Quarrel (2), a square-headed cross-bow
bolt. (F.-L.) M.E.quare!. -O.F.quarrel,
M. F. fjuarreau, II. diamond, square tile,
cross-bow bolt. - Late L. quadreI/us , a
quarrel.-L. fjuadrus, square; see Quadrate.
qua.rr,r (I) , a place where sto.::es are
dug. (F. -L. ) Formerly qtJarrer; M. E.
quarrere, a place where stones are squared.
-O.F. fjuarn'ere, a quarry; F. can-i~re.
Late L. quadriiniz, a quarry for squared
stones. _ L. fjUOdriire, to square. - L. quadrus, square. The sense was suggested
by L. quadriiliin'us, a stone-squarer, also
II. stone-cutter (merely).
Qu~ (2 ), a heap of slaughtered
game. (1'. -L.) M.l'_ quen-e. - O. F.
curu, cuiree (F. mr!,;), intestines of a
slain animal, the part given to hounds;
so called becan:;e wrapped in the skill.-F.

424

QUART
euir, a skin, hide. - L. "orittlJl, hide.
Cuiraas.

QUERN
Set:

~a.rt, the fourth of a gallon. (F . - L.)

M. E. quar/e.- F. quar/e. - L. quarta (i. e.
pars) ,a fourth part; fern. of quar/us, fourth.
Related to L . quattuor, four. Brugm. i.
279
quartan. (F. - L. ) F. quartaiM, recurring on the fourth day (said of a fever ).
-L. quartana (febris ) , a quartan fever;
fern . ofquar/iinus, belonging to the fourth .
_L. quar/us, fourth (above).
quarter. (F.-L. ) M. E.quar/er.O. }'. quarter, quartier. -L. quar/an'lts ,
fourth part. - L. quartus, fourth. .
quartem, fourth of a pint. (F. -L.)
Short for quar/eron. M. E. quarlerollll.0 : F. qllarleron, a quartem. - Late L.
quar/eromm, acc. of quar/ero, a fourth
part. - Late L. quarterus, from L. quartus,
fourth.
quartet, quartette. (Ital. - L.)
Itar. quartetlo (quartette is a F. spelling) ;
dimin. of quarto, fourth. - L. quartus,
fourth.
quarto, having the sheet folded into
four leaves. (L. ) From L. phr. in quarto,
in a fourth part; where quarto is abJ. of
quartus, fourth.
Quarts, a mineral. (G.) G. quarz,
rock-crystal; M. H . G. quare.
Qlaash. (F. - L.) M. E. quascl,en.O. F. quasser, later easser, to break, quash.
- L. quassare, to shatter; frequent. of
quatere (supine quassu", ), to shake.
~.ia, a South-American tree. (Personal name.) Named by Linnreus (like
dakl-ia from Dall!) from Quassi, a negro
of Surinam, who pointed out the use of
the bark as a tonic in 1730. Quassi is a
common negro name.
Ouatema.r;y, consisting of fours. (F.
-1..) F. quaternaire.-L. quaterniirius.
- L. qualerni, pl., four at a time. - L.
qllat/uor, four.
quaternion. (L.) L. quaterniUn-,
stem of quat(Y1tio, a band of four men ;
Acts xii. 4. - L. quaterni, p!.; see above.
quatrain. (F. -L.) F. quatrain, a
stanza of four lines. - F . quatre, four. - L.
quattuor, four.
~ver, vo. (E. ) Frequent. of quave,
M. E. quaum (u = v), to quake. Allied
to M. E. quappm, to throb, palpitate.
Compare Quake. Der. quaver, sb. , a
note in music, orig. a trill, shake. And
see quiver ( I ).

Quay, a wharf. (F.-C.) Formerly

kay, key; M . E. key, keye. -M .F. quay
(F . q"at),' the key of n haven; , Cot. - BreI.
kae, an enclosure, n quay; W. eae, an
enclosure, hedge. Celt. type *kagi-; allied
to Haw , Hedge.
~ean a woman; used slightingly .
(E. ) A. S. ewene. O. H. G. quma, a
wife; Goth. kwino. Teut. type *kwmon-.
Also Irish ben, W . bu", a woman; Russ.
jma, wife; Idg. type *g(w )enii. Cf. Gk.
'Y""", Pers. zan. See Queen. Bmgm. i.

67 0

Queasy. (Scand.) M.E.quaysy,quey'!Y,

causing or feeling nausea. - N orweg. kveis,

sickness after a debauch; Ice!. i6rakveisa,
colic. Cf. Ice!. kveisa, a whitlow, boil;
Low G. q" ese, a blister; quesen-kopp, a
brain-disease in sheep; E. Fries. k1uiise,
a blister, boil, worm causing giddiness in
sheep.
Queen. (E.) Differing in gradation
from qluan, which spelling is. restricted to
the use of the word in a lower sense. A. S.
C1ubl, a woman; O. Mere. kwOUI.+lce1.
kviin, wife; Gotb. kwlns, woman. Teut.
type *kw/miz, fern.; Idg. type *g(W)hli-,
cf. ~kt. -jiini-, wife. Brugm. i. 677.
( ~GwEN. )

Queer. (Low G.) Acantword.-Low

G. queer, across; cf. qi,ere, obliquity. III
AwdeJay's }<'raternity of Vagabonds, p. 4,
, a quire fellow' is one who bas just come
out of prison; d. Low G. in der q"en
liggen, to lie across, lie queerly. So also
G. quer, transverse; querkop/. a queer
fellow. G. quer answers to O. H. G.
iwer, transverse, Ice!. }verr (whence E.
Illwart ). See Thwart.
Quell, to subdue. (E.) M. E. qtlellm,
tokill. A. S. ewe/Ian, to kill; causal of
ewe/an, to die.+Du. kwellen, Ice!. kvelja,
Swed. qviilfa, Dan. qVlZle, to torment,
choke; all causal forms. Teut. type
*kwalj{Z1l- ; from *kwal, 2nd stem of
*kwel-an-, to die. See Quail (1 ).
Quench. (E.) M . E. quencnm. A. S.
C1tJencan, to extinguish; causal of A. S.
ewincan (pt. t. &'wane), to go out, be extinguished. Cf. O. Fries. kwinka, to be
extinguished.
Querimonioua, fretful. (L.) horn
L. queri11liHlia, a complaint. - L. queri, to
complain; with ldg. suffixes -mo,t;},i-.
Quem, Kern, a handmill for l,oTInding .
grai n. (E.) M. E. quem<:. A. S. eweorn,
.'wym ; orig . that which grinds.' + Du.

QUERULOUS

QUINSY

Itweern, Icd. Irvem, Dan. quIZ,.", Swed.

Goth. IrdJai,."us. Tent. type
lnDernu.. Cf. also RU5S.jernove, a millstone ; Lith. girn", stone in a hand-mill.
Brugm. i. 6 iO.
Que1'1llou, fretful. (L.) L. querulus,
fun of complainu. -L. ql4eri, to complain.
+ Skt. fTlas, to sigh. Brugm. i. 355.
Que1')', an enquiry. (L.) For quare,
i. e. enquire thou. - L. quare, imp. sing.
2 pers. of quarere, to seek; for *q14IZS-ere,
as in L. .fjUIZso, I beg. Brugm. ii. 662.
quest, a search. (F. -L. ) O. F.
qut!ste ; F. quite. - L. qUlZsita (rls), a thing
sought; fern . of pp. ofqlllerere, to seek.
question. (F.-L.) F. question. -Iacc. qUlZstiOnem, an enquiry. -I- quIZS-,
base of qUlZrere, to seek; with suffix Iio,,..
Queue, a tail. (F.-L.) F. queue, a
tari. -L. cauda, a tail; see Oaudal.
Quibble. (L.) Dimin. of quib, a sarcasm (Ash); whkh is a weakened form of
quip. See Quip.
Quick, livin.g.lively. (E) M. E. q~ik.
A. S. CWU . , ..lIcu.+Du. kwik. Ice!. Irvlk,',
Dan. lJVik. Swed. lJVuk, O. H. G. quec.
Teut. type *kwikuz or *kwikwoz, allied to
the shorter Teut. type *kwiwos, as in Goth.
kwius, living ; cf. Irish beo. W. byw. L.
141UUS, Lith.gywas. Russ.jivoi, alive; Gk.
/3ios, life i Skt.jiv, to live. Brugm. i. 85,
318, 677. Der. quicksilver; A. S. cwicseoljor.
quickeD: (E.) M. E. .quik.nen, orig.
to 6~come ahve. -A. S. cwu, alive.
Quid, a mouthful of tobacco. (E.)
Merely another form of cud; M. E. '1uide.
cud. See Cud.
Quiddity, a nicety. cavil. (L.) Late
L. qJ4idditas, the nature of a thing.-L.
quid, what; i. e. what is it 1 Neut. of 'luis,
who; see Who.

Quiet,adj. (L.) L. quillus, quiet; orig.

pp. of *'1uiffe, only used in the inceptive
form qUlescere, to be still. Cf. quiis, rest.
Allied to O. Pers. sltiyiili, a place of
delight, home; Pers. sltiid, pleased; and
to E. While. Brugm. i. H 130, 675;
Horn. 767 . Der. quiet, sb. and vb.;
quietlu, sb. ; quieSCttlt, from stem of pres.
p!;,. o~!l.uiescere.
~l (I ) , a feather, pen. (E.?) M. E.
'lUll/e.
'Quylle, a stalk, Calamus;'
Prompt. Pan. Quill also meant the faucet
of a barrel, or a reed to wind yarn on.
This is a difficult and doubtful word, not
found at an early date. Apparently E.,
~'"

and of Teut. origin.+Low G. kiil. a goosequill (Berghaus); Westphalian Itwille

(Woeste); G. he/, M. H . G. kil or kil.
Quill (2), to pleat a ruff. (F. -L.)
From O. F. cui"ir (F. ruei"ir), to gather,
pluck; also used in the sense of to pleat;
lee Rom. Rose, 11I9. and Chaucer's
translation. - Folk-L. *co/ligire. for L. colligere. to cull, collect. See Oull Allied
to th;: Guernsey word enquiller, to pleat
(Metivier).
~et, a sly trick in argument.
(L.)
Sliort for L. quidlibet, anything you choose.
- L. f.uid, anything; libet,it pleases (you).
Q:uilt, a bed-cover, &c. (F . -L.) M.E.
qui/teo -A. F. and O. }<' . cuilte, a quilt
(!lth cent.). - L. rulcita, a cushion, mattress, pillow, q nilt.
Quin;ar.v, consisting of fives. (L.) L.
qUituirlus, arranged by fives. -L. 'lui""
five at a time. For *quincnF, from quillque, five. Cf. bini, two at a time. See
Fivd.
Quince. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly
qutnce, quyns. (Cf. M. F. coignasse,' the
greatest kind of quince,' Cot.) Merely the
pI. form of M. E. '1uyne, coitle, or coitl,
a quince. - O. F. com, F. coing, a quince.
[The same as Provo ctXioing; cf. Ital.
cotogna . a quince.] - L. *cotiinium, for
*cydiJniufn; (the Ital. cologna being from
L.cyti01Iia. a quince). -Gk. KU/lQwIOI' p.qA.OI',
a quince, lit. a Cydonian apple. - Gk.
K\I~CII~[a, KIIIIQJllis, Cydonia, one of the chief
cities of Crete.
QuinC1UUl:, an arrangement by fives.
(L.) Applied to trees arranged like
the spots on the side of a die marked
5; L.quincunx.-L.quinque.five; uncia.
an ounce, small mark. such as a spot on
a die; see Unoial.
Quinine, extract of Pemvian bark. (F.
-l>eruv.) F . quinine, formed with suffix
line (L. -ina), from F. quina, Peruvian
bark.-Peruvian kina, or kina-kina, said
to mean bark,' esp. that which we call
Peruvian bark.
Quinqa.agellima. (L.) L. quitzquiiglsima eiiies), fiftieth (day); fem. Of'l14i,,quagisimus.fiftieth. -L.quinqua-,forquinque, five, allied to E. Five; -glsilllus, for
-gensimus, allied to duem, ten; see
Quadraaeaima. So also quinquattgular, having five angles ; quinqui-mnia/,
lasting five years.
~s7. (F. - Gk.) Formerly also
squina,uy. _ O. F. oU;lUz,"ie (Supp. to
4 26

QUINTAIN

QUOTE

Godefroy, s. v. aqui,lallee) ; also sqllill- L. eiira; see Cure. Cf. E. Fries. kiire,
aneie (16th cent.); squinance, ' the squin- kiirke, a whim.
aucy or squinzie;' Cot. Formed (some- Quit, freed, free. (F.-L.) Orig. an
times with prefixed s - O. F. es-, L. ex, very) adj., as in ' quit claim.' M. E. qllyl, quit,
from Gk. KVVo.'YItTJ, lit. a dog-throttling, also quy te, free; adj.-O. F. quite, disaI?plied to a bad ~ind of sore th~oat. - Gk. charged, released, free. - Late L. "uitus,
KIII' - , stem of KII<IW, a dog; an-f'I', to quilt"s, altered forms of Late L. quilfus,
choke.
at res!, hence , free. Cf. Late L. quiita
Quintain. (F. - L ) M. F. quintaine, damantia, A. F. quite claime, E. qllil
a post with arms, for beginners to tilt at. claim; quiltum clt/lllli,-e, qui/wI, d alliare,
The form of the word is such that it must to quit a claim; quielan , quitare ,quiltare,
be allied to L. quillttllla, a street in the to free from debt. See Quiet. Der. quil,
camp, which separated the filth maniple vb-, F. quilter, O. F. qlli/er, flOm the
from the sixth; where was the market and adj. ; hence quitt-anee, O. F. quitanee,
business-place of the camp. Doubtless Late L. qui/antia, quietanlia; acquit.
this public place was also the scene of Cf. Coy.
martial exercises and trials of skill; the
quite. (F . -L.) M. E. 'l.uite; an adLate L_ quill/ana means ( I ) a quintain, veroial use of the M. E . adj. quite, free,
also (l) a part of a street (space) where now spelt quit; see above.
carriages could pass. - L. quintan us, from Clu:iver (I), to shiver. (E.) Allied to
quilltus, fifth. For *qui,ze-fus, from quin- Obsolete adj. quiver, full of motion , brisk;
que, five. See Five.
A. S. cwifer, in the compo adv. cwifer-lice,
Quintal, a hundred-weight. (F. - eagerly. Cf. M. Du. kuyven, kuyverm, to
Span.-Arab.-L.) F. ljui,ltal(Cot.).- quiver (Kilian ) ; E. Fries. kwifir, lively,
Span. quintal.-Arab. qZ1ltar, a weight of kwifern, to be lively.
100 Ibs. Not a true Arab. word; but ~ver (l), a case for arrows. (F.formed from L. centum, a hundred.
O. H. G. ) o. F. cuivre, cuevre, coivre,
~te eDce,pureessence. (F.-L.) a quiver.-O. Sax. cokar; cf. O. H . G.
Lit. 'fifth essence. - L quinta essentia, kohhar (G. IWcller), a quiver; A. S. cocer,
fifth essence (in addition to the four a quiver. Teut. type *kuku,'o-, whence
Med. L. c",urum, a quiver.
elements). See below; and Eaaenoe.
Quintuple, five-fold. (F.-L.) F. Quixotic. (Span.) Named from DOll
qllintuple.-L. quilltupius, a coined word. Quixole or Quijole, a novel by Cervantes.
-I.. quillttl-s, fifth, for *qui,zetus; from Quoif; the same lUI Coif.
<jui1tt{ue,five ; -pius.i.e.-fold; see Double. Quoin, a wedge. (F.-L.) The same
Quip, a taunt , cavil. (L.) Formerly a& .1'. coill; see Coin.
qllippy; Drant'. Horace, bk. ii. sat. 1.- Quoit, Coit, a ring ofiron for throwing
L. quippe, forsooth (ironical). For *quid- at a mark. (F.-L.?) M. E. coile, coyte;
pe; Brugm. i. 585. Der. quibble.
cf. Low!. Sc. coit, to push about, justle.
~ (I ), a collection of sheets of Prob. from o. F. coilier, quoitier, to press,
paper. (F . - L.) Spelt cwaerin the Aneren push, hasten, incite, urge on (which prob.
Riwle. -0. F. quaier (13th cent. ), later also had the sense' to hurl ' ). Of unknown
quayer, cayer; mod. F . canier. - Late L. origin. Cf. Provo coitar, to hasten, urge.
quatenmlll, a collection of four leaves (we Quorum. (L.) It was usual to nomifind Late L. quaternus, glossed by A. F. nate members of a committee, of whom
quaer in Wright's Voc. i. 116); whence (quorum) a certain number must be present
also Ital. quadertto, a quire. Allied to L. to form a meeting. - L. quorum, of whom ;
qllattuor, four. [The suffix ottum is lost gen. pI. of qUi, who. Allied to Who.
as in F. e/~rfromL. ittftrnum.] ~ Not ~ota,ashare. (Ital.-L.) Ital. quota,
from L. qtl4terllio, which could not thus a share. -L. quota (pa,.s) , how great a
sl1ffer loss of the ace. termination -niOnem. part; fem. of quotus, how great. - L. quot,
Quire (l), a band of singers; see how many; allied to qui, who; see
Choir.
Who.
Q1a.irk, a cavil. (M. Du. - F. - L.)
qUote. (F.-L) Formerlyalsocote. M. Du. kuerkell , ' a cunning trick,' Hex- 0 . 1<'. quollr, coter, to quote. - Late L. ,/110ham. Dimin. of M. Du. hire , Du. kuur, lare, to mark off into chapters and verses,
a whim, also a cure. _ F . cure , a cure. - for references; hence, to give a reference.
-4 2 7

QUOTH

RACK

_ L. quotus, how many, how much, with

B.ace (I ) , a swifl course. (Scand.)

allusion to chapters, &c.; see above.

~oth, he said. (E.) Properly a pI. t.
101: E. quoth, quod. - A. S. cwa(J, pt. t. of
cweiJan, to say.+lcel. kva4, pt. t. of kveiJa,
to say; Goth. kwath, pt. t. of kwi/hall, to
say. Der. quotha, for quoth he.
Quotidian, .d~i ly. (F.:-L.) F. quo~i
dzen.-L. qllotzdziinw, daily.-L. quott-,
for quotus, how many; dils, a day. Thus
quotiditinus = on however many a day, on
any day , daily.
quotient. (F.-L.; orL.) F.rl"0tient,
the part which falls to each man s share;
Cot.-L. -qllotient-, the imaginary stem
of L. quotiens, how many times; which is
really indeclinable.-L. quot, how many.
See Quote.

M. E. ras (North) ; [rees (South), from

A. S. r,rs]. - Ice\. rds, a running, race.
Teut. base -rtZs-. Hence it is nol for
-ram, i. e. a running (as in Noreen ).
Bace (l ), a family. (F. -Ital.) F.rau.
- Ital. raua, raza, also M. Ital. raCl{ia,
'a race, broode,' Florio. Of doubtful
or igin; but answering to L. type -radia,
allied to raditire, to radiate. ( Korting,
6611 .)
Bace (3), a root. (F. -L.) 'A nue of
ginger;' Wint. Tn. iv. 3. 50. - O. F . :a!'s,
rai'z, a root. - L. ratiicefft, acc. of radIX,
a root. See Radix, Radish.
BaCeme,acluster. (F. -L.) F. raceme.
-L. ,'aCelllUlll, acc. of race11lus, a cluster.
Back ( I ) , a grating above a manger, an
instmment oftortl1re. (E.) In some senses
the word is doubtless English; cr. M . E.
rekke, a rack for hay. In the particular
sense ' to torture.' it may hnve been bor
rowed from M. Du. rll"ke11, to rack, to
torture. The radical sense of rack is to
extend, stretch out; hence, as sb., 1'ack is
a straight bar (cf. G. rack, a rail, bar) ;
hence, a frame-work, such as the bars in
a grating above a manger, a frame-work
used for torture, a bar with teeth in which
a cog-wheel can work. On the rack = in
great anxiety; a rack-rent is a rent stretched
to its full value, or nearly so. Allied words
are Ice!. rakln', straight, rekkja, to strain,
M. Du. racke11, to stretch , reach out, to
rack; Swed. rak, straight , G. 1'ack, a rack,
rail, recken, to stretch; esp. Low G. rakk,
a shelf, as in E. plate rack. Cf. Goth.
uj-rakjan, to stretch out. ~ Rack is used
in many senses; see racl< ( 2) , rack (3), &c.
Back (2 ) , light vapoury clouds, mist.
(Scand.) See Hamlet, ii. 2. 506; Antony,
iv. 14. 10. ~{. E. rak. - Ice!. rek, drift,
motion, a thing drifted; cf. skyrek, the rack
or drifting clouds. - Ice!. reka, to drive,
thrust, toss; cognate with A. S. wreCa1Z,
to drive. See Wreak. Cf. Swed. skeppet
vraker = the ship drifts.
Back (3), to pour off liquor, to clear it
from d regs or lees. (F. -L.?) Minsheu
( 1627) speaks of 'rackt wines.' - M. F.
raqui; whence vin raqul, ' small, or corse
wine, squeezed from the dregs of the
grapes, already drained of all their best
moisture;' Cot. Cf. L'lnguedoc raqua,
to glean grapes; raquo , skin of grapes
(D'Hombres) ; Span. rascon, sour; rascar.
to scrape. Prob. of L. origin; see Raaoal.

B.
Rabbet, to cut the edges of boards so
that they overlap and can be joined. (F.
- L. alttl G. ) F. roboter, to plane, level,
or lay even; cf. rabot, a joiner's plane, a
plasterer's beater. Of doubtful orig in.
Perhaps from F. re- (L. re- ), again; F. a
(L. ad ), to; and M. F. buter, 'to joine
unto by the ende,' Cot., from F. but, end.
See. Abut, and Butt ( I).
Babbi,Babbin, sir. (L. - Gk.-Heb.)
L. rabbi, Johl1 i. 38. - Gk. pal3l3i. - Heb.
rabbi, literally 'my master.' - Heb. rab,
great; as sb., master; and i, my. _ Heb.
root rtibah, to be great. (The fo rm rabbin
is French.)
Rabbit. (0 . Low G.?) M. E. rabet.
Dimin. of an older form only found in
M. Du. robbe, dimin. robbeken, a rabbit
(Kilian ). ~ The true E. name is cony.
Rabble. (M. Du.) From the noise
made by a crowd . - M . Du. rabbelen, to
chatter; Low G. rabbeln, to chatter,
babble. The suffix -Ie gives a frequentative
force; rabble = that which keeps on making
a noise. Cf. Rap; and. see Rapparee.
Babid, mad. (L.) L. rahidus, mad.L. ral>ere, to rage, rave. Cf. Rage.
Baca. (C haldee.) Matt. v. 22. Chaldee
rlka, worthless; hence, foolish.
Baccoon, Bacoon. (N. American
I ndian. ) Spelt ,-ackoon in Bailey ( 1735).
The native W. Indian name. 'Arathko1te,
a beast like a fox;' glossary of Indian
Words subjoined to A Historie of Travaile
into Virginia, by W. Strachey (pub. by the
Hakluyt Soc. in 1849).

4 28

RACK

RAIN

Back

(4), the same as wrark ; in the ' riif, rajr, a roof, cognate with O.H.G. 1'11/0,
phr. to go to rack and ruin'; see a spar, rafter. Allied to Gk.l5poq,os, a roof,
Wrack.
'po"""" to cover. (.vREPH.) ~ Not
Back (5) ; see Arrack.
all ied to A. S. hrOj, a roof.
Rack (6), aneckofmutton. (E.) A.S.
rafter, a beam to support a roof. (E.)
hracca, the back of the head (occiput) ; A. S. rajter. An extension of the word
see Somner, and Vocab. 463. 21. ~ We above.
also find rack ( 7), for reck, to care ; rack Bag. (Scand.) M. E. ragge. We only
(8), to relate, from A . S. raeu, an account ; find A. S. raggie, for *raggige, rollgh,
rack (9), a pace of a borse, i. e. a rocking shaggy; as if formed from a sb. *ragg-. pace; see Rock ( 2). Also rack ( 10) , a Norw. ragg, rough hair, whence ragged,
track, cart-rut, from A. S. ram, a track.
shaggy ( E. ragged) ; Swed. ragg, rough
Backet ( I), Baquet, a bat with a hair, whence raggig, shaggy ; Icel. rogg,
net-work blade. ( F . - Span. -Arab. ) M.E. shagginess, raggalJr, shaggy. Orig. sense
raket; borrowed from O. F . ; cf. M. F . shagginess,' whence the notion of untidiraquette. - Span. raque/a, a racket, battle- ness. ~ The resemblance to Gk. plutos,
dore. - Arab. rahat, the palm of the hand a shred of cloth, is accidental. Der. rag(hence the game of fives, which preceded stone, i. e. rugged stone ; rag.wor/, i. e.
rackets). To this day, tennis is called in ragged plant.
F. pau1IIe, i. e. palm of the hand, though Ba.ge. (F. - L.) F . rage. - L. rabian,
now played with bats.
acc. of rabifs, rage. - L. rabere, to rage.
Racket ( 2), anoise. (E. ) Of imitati ve And see Rave.
origin; cf. rattle, rap. So also Gael. racaid, Ba.gout. (F. - L.) F . ragotit, a seaa noise; Irish racan, noise; Gael. rae, to soned dish. - F. ragot2ler, to coax a sick
make a noise like geese or ducks.
man's appetite. - F. reo, again ; a, to;
Racoon; see Raccoon.
goa/er, to taste. - L re-; ad; g'ltStare, to
Racy, of strong Ra vour, spirited. ( F . - taste. See Gust ( 2).
Ital.; with E. suffix.) Rae-y = indica- Baid. (North E. ) A Northern form
t ive of its race, due to its breed . See of E. road. Cf. Jcel. rei6, a riding, a
Ra.ce ( 2).
road . See Road.
Bac'Hant. (L. ) From stem of pres. Bail ( I ) , a bar. (F.-L.) M. E. rail.
pt. of L. radiare, to shine. -L. radius, a Not found in A . S. -0. F . reille, a rail,
bar; Norman dial. raile.- L. regula , a
ray.
Badical; see Radix.
bar. See Rule . Cf. L ow G. regel, a rail,
Badiah. ( F. - Provo - L .) F. radis cross-bar; Swed. regel, a bar, holt; G.
(not a true F. word , but borrowed from riegel, O. H. G. rigil, a bar, bolt ; all
Proven~ a l) . - Provo raditz, a root. - L. from L.
radium; see Radix. ~ Or the F. radis Bail (2 ) , to brawl, scold. (F. ) F.
is from Ital. radice.
railler, to deride; O. F . raille, sb.,
Badius, a ray . (L.) L. radius, a ray. mockery. Origin unknown. Der. rail/Doublet, ray ( I) .
ery, F. rail/erie, banter.
Badiz, a root. (L.) L. radix (stem Bail (3), a bird. (F. - Teut.) O. F .
rtidie- ), a root.+Gk. p6.lJt[, a branch, rod; raalle; M. F . rasle, 'a rayle,' Cot. ; F.
po.oop.vos, a tw ig. See Root and Wor t. nile. (From its cry.)
Der. radie-al , L. rtidrea/is.
Bail (4) , part of a woman's night-d ress.
Ba1lle.. a kind of lottery. (F. - G .) \E. ) See H alliwell and Palsgrave. M.E.
M . E. rajle , a game at dice. - M. F. raJle, re)el. - A. S. hragl, hregl, a dress, robe,
raJlle, a game at three dice; O. F . rajle, swaddling.clothes. + O . Fries. lIreil, reil;
a gust of wind; F . rajler, to snatch up. - O. H. G. hregil, a garment. Tent. type
G. raffe/n, to snatch up; frequent. of *hragilom, neut.
raffell, to snatch away, carry off hastily. Baiment. ( F. - L. alld Scand . ; wilh
See Rap (2).
F. su.ifix.l Short for armi-men!; see
Batt. (Scand.) M. E. rajt, a spar, Arra.y .
beam; orig. sense 'rafter.' -Icel. raptr &in. ( E.) M.E .reilt. A.S.regn, also
(raftr), a rafter, beam (where the final l' is rin ( by contraction). +Du. regen, Jcel.
merely the sign of the nom. case) ; Dan. Dan. Swed. regn , G. regen, Goth. rign,
"aft, a rafter, a beam. Allied to lee!. rain. Cf. L. rig-tire, to moisten.

42 9

RAINDEER

RANCH

Baiudeer; see Reindeer.

ramm. Cf. Icel. ramr, strong. Der. ram,
Baise. (Scand.) M. E. rrisen . - Icel. vb., to butt, push, thrust; ramrtxi.
rriia, to make to rise, causal of rrsa (pt.
t. "cis', to rise ; so also Dan. reiu, Swed.
resa , to raise. See Rise , Real' ( I).
BaisiD.. (F. -L .) M. E. reist'n. -0. F.
raisin , a grape; also a bunch . -FolkL. racimum, for L. radmum, acc. of raclmus, a c1nster.
B~ah, prince. (Skt.) Skt. rajii, the
nom. case from the stem ra/an, a king.
Cognate with L. rex; see Regal.
~poot,a prince. (Hind. - Skt.) Hind.
ra/piil, a prince; lit. 'son of a rajah.' Skt. rii/-a. a king; putra, son.
Bake ( I), an implement. (E.) A. S.
raea, a rake.+Du. rakel, a rake. Dan.
rage, a poker, Swed. raka, an oven-rake
(with base mk-) ; also Ice!. reka, a shovel,
G. rec"en, a rake (with base rek -). All ied
to Goth. rikan (Tent. type *rek-an-, pt. t.
rak), to collect, heap up. Cf. Ice!. raka,
vb. , to rake. Del'. rake, vb.
Bake (1) , a dissolute man. (Scand.)
M. E. rakel, rash ; oddly corrupted to rake"ell (Trench, Nares) ; finally shortened to
rake. -Swed. dial. rakkel,a vagabond, from
raka, to run hastily, M. Swed. racka, to run
about. Cf. A. S . racian, to run.
Bake (3), the projection of the extremities of a ship beyond the keel, the inclination of a mast from the perpendicular.
(Scand.) ' In sea-language, the rake of a
ship is so much of her hull or main body,
as hangs over both the ends of her keel;'
Phi1lips (1706). Evidently from rake, vb.,
to reach, extend ( Halliwell).-Swed. dial.
raka , to reach, "aka fram, to reach over,
project; Dan. ragefrem, to project,jut out.
Cf. Icel. rakr, Swed. rak, straight. Allied
to Rack ( I ).
Bakehell, a vngabond; see Rake ( 2).
B'Ilrl, arrack. (Turk. - Arab ) Turk.
riiqi. arrack . - Arab. 'araq , arrack; see
Arnck.
Ba1lY ( I), to re-assemble. (F . -L.) F .
ral/ier. - F . reo, again; allier, to ally ; see
Ally. Cf. provo F . railer, to rally, grow
convalescent; dial. de la Meuse (Labonr
asse).
Bally (1 ) , to banter. (F.) We also
find the sb. rallery, ' pleasant drolling,'
Phillips, ed. 1706. This is, of course,
another spelling of raillery; and rally is
merely another form of rail (2) , from F.
rail/e,, to deride. See Ran ( 2).
Bam. (E.) A. S. ,am.+Du. ram, G .

B.a.madan, a great Mohammedan fast.

(Arab. ) So called because kept in the ninth
month,namedRamadan.-Arab.ramaqan,
pronounced ramazlin in Turkish and Persian. Asitisintheninthmonthofthelunar
year, it may take place in any season; but
it is supposed to have been originally held
in the hot season. The word implies' consuming fire'; from Arab. root rameq, it
was hot. (Devic, Richardson.)
Bamble. (E. ) Frequentative of M. E.
ramien (?) , provo E. rame. to rove, to gad
about (Yks.) ; ce. E. Fries. ramen, ramen,
to rove, ramble. The b is excrescent, and
ramble is for provo E. rammle, to ramble
(Whitby Glossary ).
Bamif,y. ( F. - L. ) F . ra11lijier, to put
forth branches (hence, to branch off). - L.
ram;-, for raml/s, a branch, bough; ji,are,
for faure, to make. With L. ramus. cf.
Gk. pr.~ap-"o ., a twig. Bmgm. i. 5l9.
Bamp, Bomp, to bound, leap ; properly to climb, scramble, rear; also to
sport boisterously. (F.- Teut.) M. E.
rampen , to rage; cf. ramp-alit (F. rampa1"), rearing, said of a lion. - F. ramper,
' to creep, run, crawle, climb; , Cot. Orig.
sense ' to clamber' ; cf. M.lta!. rampare,
to clutch. rampo, a hook. According
to Diez, the Ita1. rampare (Prov. mpar)
is a nas~lised form from Low G. rappm,
to snatch hastily, Dan. rappe, to hasten ;
cf. G. rajfen, to snatch; see Rape (I ).
But Korting derives Ita\. rampa, a grip,
from Low G. ramp (Lubben), Bavar.
ramp/, a cramp, seizure; which is allied
to ramp/, lnd grade of O. H. G. ri1llpfan,
to cram p. Cf. Ripple (1).
Bampart. (F.-L.) Also spelt rampire, rampier, rampar. - M. F. 1'empart,
,'empar, a ram part of a fort. - M. F, remparer, to put again into a state of defence.
- L. re, again; im- (in), in ; pariire, to
get ready. See Pare.
BamSODS, broad-leaved garlic. (E.)
A double plural; for rams-enos. Here
ramsen = A. S. nraIIlsan , ramsons; a pl.
form , from a sing. hramsa.+Swed. rams
10k (lok=leek) ; Dan. rams; Lithuan .
kermusse, wild garlic ; Irish cream", W.
cra/, garlic; Gk. "pOP-I/O", an onion (StokesFick, p . 98).
B&DCh, B.a.ncho, a rude hut. (Span.
- Teut. ) Common In Mexico. - SP:IU:
mnrho, a mess, set of persons who cat

0430

RANCID

RAPE

and drink together; fonnerly, 'a ranke,' Dan. rr.nsagt. - Icel. rann, a hoose, abode:
Minsheu. Prob. borrowed from Provo sak-, related to stZkja, to seek. The Icel.
rene, a rank; O. F. r~j see Rank, ra.m stands for razn, and is the same as
Range.
A. S. arn, a cot, Goth. ra~n, a hoose ; see
Bancid. :;L.) L. rnneidus, rancid. Cf. barn. Cf. A. S. ram, a plank, beam j
L. raneens, stinking, as if from an infin. and see Seek. ~ Cf. Norman dial. ran*ranclre, to stink.
s~ Gael. rannsa~ck, from Scand.
rancour. (F.-L.) M.E. rancour.Bom,redemptton. (F.-L.) M.E.
A.F. ralICOllr. - L. ranconm, acc. of rancor, "ansoun (with final n). - O. F. ramson ,
s~:rig. ranciclness. See above.
later rant0n, a ransom . - L. rcdemptio.U!m,
dom, said or done at hazard. (F.- acc. of I'edemptio, a buying back.-L.
Teot.) M. E. randon; esp. in phr. in redcmptus, pp. of redimere, to redeem; see
randun, in great haste. - O. F . rantiun, the Redeem. Doublet, redemption.
force and swiftness of a great stream; Bant. (Du. ) M. Du. randlen, to dote,
whence phr. Ii ra.uion, in great haste, with be enraged; also spelt randen ; see Kilian.
impetuosity; from O. F. randir, to run Cf. Westphal. rantffn, to prate.
swiftly. So also Span. de rwdon, de rondon, Bantipole, a romping child. (Low G.)
rashly, impetuously. - G. rOlld, a brim, Cf. M. Du. 1tJmntigk, E. Fries. wranttrig,
edge, verge, margin; wheuce Ital. a randa, Low G. wra1ltig, reevish, quarrelsome j
with difficulty, exactly (lit. near the ,erge). and Poll. See Frampo1d.
Cf. G. cis a.m rande voll, full to the brim. Banunculus. (L. ) L. ranunmltts, a
The sense of O. F. randir has reference to little frog; also, a plant. Double dimin.
the course of a full or brimming river. + of d ina, a frog.
A. S. rand, Ice!. rond, Dan. rand, rim, Rap (1\ to strike smartly; a smart
verge; Swed. rand, a stripe. See Rind. stroke. (Scand .) Dan . rap, a rap, tap;
Bange. (F.-O. H . G.) The sense' to Swed. rapp, a blow; Swed. rappa, to beat;
rove' arose from the trooping about of cf. G. rappeln, to rattle. Of imitative
ranks of armed men. - F. ratlger (0. F. origin; allied to &tt1e, Racket ( 2).
renger), to range, rank, order, array, lit. Rap ( 2), to snatch, seize hastily. (E. )
, to put into a rank.' - F. rang (0. F . reng), M. E. rapm , to hasten, act hastily. Cf.
a rank (below).
M. Du. rapen, 'to rap up, gather,' Hexrank ( I). a row, line of soldiers, class. ham ; Du. rap, quick; Ice!. krata, to
(F.-O. H. G. ) M. E. reng, renk.-O. F. fall , tumble, hasten, hllTry; Swed. "al'pa,
rmg (F . rang), a rank, row, list, range. - to seize, snatch, Dan. rappe, to make
O. H. G. hrine, a ring, ring of men, hence haste; Swed. rapp , Dan. rap, quick,
brisk; G. mffen, to snatch. From Teut.
a row or rank of men. See Ring.
Bank ( l ) , coarse in growth, very fertile; base *hrap-. ~ Chiefly in the phrase to
also rancid. (E.) The sense' rancid' is rap and rmd. And see Rapt, Rape (I).
due to confusion with O. F. rance, ' musty,' Rapacious. (L.) Coined from L.
Cot., which is from L. rancidlls. But M.E. rapiiri-, for "apax, grasping. - L. rapen,
rank means ~trong, forward; from A. S. to grasp. Brugm. i. 4i7.
rane, strong, proud, forward.+Du. rank, Rape (I ), a seizing by force. (F. - L.)
lank, slender (like things of quick growth ); A. F. and Norm. dial. 1'ap~, rap; cf. Late
Ice!. rakkr (for rankr), straight, slender, L. rappus, ra/us (for L. raptlls), O. F.
Swed. ranR, long and thin, Dan. rank, erect. rajt. - L. raPtt~m, acc. of raptlls, a rape.
Rankle, to fester. , F. - L. - Gk. ' -L. raptttS, pp. of rape.e, to ~ eize.
A. F. rankler, to fester ; O. F . d,-aonc/er, Cf. O. F. raper. Gascon rapa, to seize.
monder, ,-allder (so that it once began fl But , apparently, confused with M E.
with d; see Godefroy) . -0. F. drnonde, rape, haste, hurry, a common word; see
rnone/e, rande, an eruption of the ski n. - Chaucer's lines to Adam Scrivener. - Icel.
Late L. dracunculus, dranculus, ( I) a hrap, ruin, falling down , hrnpa6r, a hurry,
little dragon; ( 2) a kind of ulcer (as hrapa, to hasten; Swed . rapp, Dan. mp,
dragons were supposed to he ,enomoos) . quick; see Rap ( 2). Der. raje, vb.
- Late L. draco, a dragon. See Dragon.. Bape ( 2), a plant. (L.) M. E. rap~.
(Phil. Soc. Trans. 1891. )
L. riipa, rapm, a turnip, a rape.+Gk.
BaJula.ck. (Scand.) Ice\. rannsaka, to F' ffVf, a turnip, """,ads , a radish; Russ.
se:lrch n house, ransack j Swed. ransaka, riepa, a turnip; G. riib~.

43 1

RAPE

RAT

Bape (3), a division of a conoty, in

Sussex. (Scand.) Icel. hreppr, a district;
prob. orig. a share. - Ice!. hreppa, to catch ;
cf. A. S. hreppan, to tonch, lay hold of.
Allied to B'l.p ( 1).
Bapid. (F.-L.) F. rapide -L. rapidus, quick, lit. snatching away. - L.
rapere, to snatch. See Bapacious.
Bapier, a light narrow sword. (F. Span.-O.H.G.) M. F. rapiere , rappiere,
also raspiere (Littrt!); it was considered
as Spanish. 'Rapiere, Spanische sworde;'
Palsgrave, p. go8. Perhaps raspiere was
a name given in contempt, meaning 'a
rasper' or poker; hence it was called
'a proking-spit of Spaine'; Nares.' Cf.
Span. raspatiera, a raker.-Span. raspar,
to rasp, scratch. - O. H. G. raspiin, to rasp.
See Basp. 11" So Diez; Littre rejects this
probable solution.
Bapine. (F.-L.) F.rapine,' rapine,
ravine; 'Cot. - L.rapina, robbery, plunder.
- L. rapere, to seize. See Bapacious.
Bapparee, an Irish robber. (Irish.)
Irish rapaire, a noisy fellow , sloven,
robber, thief; cf. rapal, noise, rapach,
noisy. Cf. Gael. rapair, a noisy fellow.
AIJ perhaps fmm E. ralJble (Macbain).
Bappee, a kind of snuff. (F. -0. H .G.)
F. rdpl, lit. ra<;ped, reduced to powder;
Pi>.- of rdper, to rasp; see Rasp.
Bapt, carried away. (L.) From L.
raptus, pp. of rapere, to !;Cize; see Milton,
P. L. iii. 521. 11" But in 'What thus raps
you,' Cymh. i. 6.51 , the word may be E.
S ~e Bap (1) .
raptorial. (L.) Used of birds of prey.
_ L. raptori-. from raptt", one who seizes;
with snffix -al _ L. rapere, to seize.
rapture. (L. ) Coined, as if from L.
*raptura, from L. raptus, pp. of rapere.
Bare. (f . -L.) F . rare. -L. rarnf1t,
acc. of rams, rare.
Bascal,a knave, villain. (F . -L.) M.E.
raskaille, the common herd. [It was a
term of the chase; certain animals, not
worth hunting, were so called. The hart,
till be was six years old, was acconnted
rascayie.] A. F. raskayle , a rabble; also
rascaille, whence mod. F. racail/e, 'the
rascality or base or rascal! sort, the
scumme, dregs, offals, outcasts of any
company,' Cot. D ue to an O. F. word
cognate with Provo Span. Port. rascor,
to scrape: the orig sense being' scrapings'; cf. M. F. rasque, 'scnrfe'; Cot.
All from a Late L. rnsicare, a frequent

form from rasum, snpine of riJdere, to

scrape; see ltase (below); and Bash (1).
Base, Base, to scrape, efface. (1".L.) M. E. rasen, to scrape. - F. raser._
Late L. rasor" to graze, to demolish.
-L. rasum, supine of radere, to scrape.
AlJied to Bodent.
Bash (I), headstrong. (E.) M. E.
rash, rasch, E. Fries. rask; cf. A. S.
rlZscan to flash.+Du. rasch, G . rasch;
Dan. Swed. rask. quick, rash; Icel.
roskr, vigorous; N. Fries. radsk, quick.
11" Brugm. i. 795. connects this word
with O. H. G. rod, a wheel; see Bobry.
Bash (1), a slight eruption on the body.
(F . - L. ) O . F. rasche, rasque, rache.
The same as Provo rasca, the itch. So
calJed from the wish to scratch it; d. Provo
rascar, to scratch, equivalent to a Late L.
*rasiciJre. - L . rasum, supine of r4dere,
to scrape. See BasoaL
Bash (3), to pull, tear violently. (F.L.) ' Rashing off helmes;' F. Q . v. 3. 8.
M.E.aracen, afterwards shortened to racen.
- O. F. esrachier (F. arracher), to root up,
pulJ away violently. -L.exriJdicore, to root
out. - L. ex, ont; riidicore, to root, from
riJdjc-, stem of radix, a root.
See
Badix.
Bash (4), a kind of serge. (F. -Ital.)
M. F. ras, serge. - Ital. rascia, ' silk rash ; '.
florio . From Rascia, a district in the S.
of Bosnia.
Basher, a thin slice of broiled bacon.
(E.) 'Rasher on the coales, quasi rashly
or hastily roasted,' Minsheu. This is
right; cf. 'Rashed, bornt in cooking, by
being too hastily dressed;' Halliwell.
See Ba.sh (I) .
Basoria!. (L.) L.riJsnri, from rasor,
one who scrapes; with suffix al.-L.
ras.u11l, supine ofrntiere, to scrape.
Basp, vb. (F . - O. H. G. )
M. E.
raspen -O.F. ra.sper (F. rdper). -O.H .G.
raspon, whence G. raspeln to rasp. Cf.
O. H. G . hrespan , to pluck, to rake
together. Cf. Rap (l).
rasp-berry, a kind of fruit. (F. O .H .G.; and E: ) Formerly called raspis.
raspes, but this is merely a pI. form used as
a singular. Named from its uneven surface. So also M. Ital. raspo, a rasp, also
a raspberry.
Bat. (E. ) M. E. ,.at. A. S. rlZt. +M. Du.
ratte, Du. rat, D an. rot/e. Swed. ratta , G.
ratte, ratr;; Low L. ratus, rato (whence F.
rat) ; Irish and Gael. roda", Beet. rtlJ.

43 2

RATAFIA

RAVEL

Der. rat, vb. , to desert one's party, as

rats are said to leave a falling house.
And see R a.tten.
Batafi., a liquor. (F. - Arab. and
Malay.) F . ralafia; cf. tajia, rum-arrack.
- Malay araqltijia, the spirit called lajia;
where araq is borrowed from Arab. 'oraq,
arrack.
Batch, a rack or bar with teeth. (E.)
A palatalised forql of 1"tlck (I) above, in
the sense of 'bar with teeth'; hence it
came to mean a kind of a toothed wheel.
Der. ralek-el, in watch-work, 'the small
teeth at the bottom of the fusee or barrel
that stop it in winding up ;' Phillips.
Bate ( I), a proportion, stanc ard, tax.
(F.-L.) A. F. rate, price, value.-L.
rala, fem. of ra/us, determined, fixed,
settled, pp. of reor, I think, judge, deem .
Brogm. i. lOO.
Bate (l), to scold, chide. (F. -L.)
M. K raten, Ch. C. T. 3463; araten, to
reprove. Also spelt rellen, arelten. -O.F.
l'eler, rateir, areler, aratler, to accuse, to
impute; Norman dial. reter, reller, to
blame. - L. ad, to; and reputare, to count.
See Repute. ~ Not from rale ( I).
Bath, early; Ba.ther, sooner. (E.)
Ratker is the compar. of ratk, early, soon.
A. S. kratJe, adv., quickly, k rtZtJ, adj.,
quick, swift; hence k ratJQr, sooner. +~ce l.
kratJr, SWift; M. H . G. rad, krad, qUIck;
Du. rad, swift. Cf. O. Ir. erolkim, I shake.
Batif,y. (F.-L.) F.rale,.. -LateL.
ralaire, to confirm. - L. rati-,for ra/us,
settled; -jietire, for /acere, to make. See
Rate (I).
r.tio. (L.) L. ralio, calculation. - L.
ralus, pp. of reor, I think, deem.
r.tion, rate or allowance of provisions.
(F . -L.) F. ration.-L. rah"thum, acc. of
ratio (above). Doublet, reason.

Also speJt rata11 (Johnson). - Malayrotall,

the rattan-cane _
Batten, to take away a workman's
tools for offending the trades' union.
(F.-LowL. - Teut. ) Ratten is the Hallamshire (Sheffield) word for a rat; hence
applied to working secret mischief, which
is attributed to rats. 'I have been ratlened; I had just put a new cat-gllt band
upon my lathe, and last night the rats have
carried it off;' N. and Q. 3 S. xii. 192.
M . E. raton, a rat - F. ralon , dimin . of
F . rat; see Ra.t.
Ba.ttle, to clatter. (E.) M. E. ratden .
A. S. *hrtl!telan, only preserved in A. S.
kralele, kralelwyrl, rattle-wort, a plant
which derives its name from the rattling
of the seeds in the capsules.+Dn. ratden,
G . l'asseln, to rattle; allied to Gk. Itpa6allff"" to shake. Cf. also Gk. 1t?6TaAO~,
a rattle.
Baught, pt. t . of Reach, q . v.
Bav.,e, sb., plunder. (F. -L.) F .
ravage, ' ravage;' Cot. - F . ravir, to bear
awaysuddenly.- Folk-L rapire, L. rapert,
to seize. See Rapid . Der. ravage, vb.,

BatlineB, Ba.tlins, Battlings,

F. ravager.

B&ve. (F. -L.) M. E. raven.-O. F.

raver, cited by Diez, s. v. rever, as a Lorraine word; hence the derivative ravasser,
'to rave, talk idly;' Cot. Godefroy has
O . F . ,'esver, raver, rever, to stroll about,
also to rave ; cf. F . rliver, dial. de la Meuse
(Labourasse). Allied to Spau. rabiar, to
rave, a verb formed from the sb. rabia,
rage, allied to L rabies, rage. - L. l'abert,
to rage; see Rabid. ~ This is the
solution given by Diez; but see K6rting,
659 8 .
BAvel, to untwist, unweave, entangle.
(M. Du. ) Th{' orig. sense has reference to
the untwisting of a string or woven texture,
the ends of threads of which become afterwards entangled. To unralle/ is to disen tangle; to ravel oul is to unweave. - M.
Du. rave/en, to ravel; mod. Du. raft/en,
E . Fries. rafeln, to fray out, unweave;
Low G. reffiln , to fray out. Cf. Du.
ra/eI, E. Fries. raftl, raft/, a frayed edge.
Also Norman dial. raviler, to ravel;
Pomeran . rabbeln, uprabbeln , to ravel out.
Of unknown origin; bnt cf. A . S. tirafian ~ or
ariifian ?), to unravel, Gregory's P astoral
Care, ed. Sweet, p. l45. 1. 22 . ~ The
M. Du. rave/en, to dote (from O . F . rdver,
see Rave), is a different word . Der. un -

the small transverse ropes crossing the

shroudsofaship. (E.;andF.-L.) Now
turned into ral-lines, as if affording ladders
for rats to get up by. But the old term
was raddeli1U!s, or radddyng 0/ Ihe
sk rowdes, Naval Accounts ( J 485-97), ed.
Oppenheim, pp. 185, 207. Prob. the
same as provo E . raddlings. long pieces of
underwood twisted between upright stakes
(hence, Toss-lines of the shrouds) ; cf. Du.
'U,eeflijnen (weave-lines), ratlines. Cf. provo
E. raddle, a hurdle; perhaps allied to rod.
Palsgrave has rady/I of a carte.'
BAttan, a Malacca cane. (Malay.) ravel.

RAVELIN
Bavelin, a detached work in fortification, with two embankments raised before
the connterscarp. (F. - Ita!.) F . rave/in.
- M. Ital. rave/litUJ, revel/itUJ (Ita!. rive/litUJ), a ravel in. Origin unknown; thought
to be from L. re-, back, ua/lum, a rampart; which is unlikely.
Baven ( I), a bird. ( E.) M. E. ravm .
A. S. hrrzjn, hriftt. +Du. raaf, Icc!. hraj1t,
Dan. ravtt, G. rabe. Teut. type *hrabnoz,
m. Perhaps allied to Gk. IeOp-ai, a raven,
L . cor-utts.
Raven (2), to plunder, to devour. (F .L.) Better spelt ravin. From M. E. ravine,
sb. , plunder. -0. F. ravine, rapidity, in~
petuosity (ol' lest sense' plnnder,' as in L .) .
- L. rapbta, plunder; see Rapine.
ravme, a hollow gorge. (F. -L.) F.
ravim, a hollow worn by Roods, also a
great Rood; O. F. ravine (above).
ravish, to seize with violence. (F.L. ) M. E. rallisehm. - F. raviss-, stem
of pres. pt. of ravir, to ravish. - Folk-L.
,'apire, for L. rapere, to seize.
Baw. (E.) M. E. "nw. A. S. hrlaw,
hr.ew.+ Du. raauw; Iee l. hrilr, Dan. rna,
Swed. ra; O. H. G. rlio, G. roh. Teut.
types */trnwoz, *hr/h/Joz. Allied to L.
criidus, taW, Skt. kriira-, sore, cruel, hard;
also to Gk. leplar (for *KpfFar ), raw Resh,
Sk t . kravya, raw Resh; Lat. eruor, blood ;
Russ. k,'ove, Lith. kraujas, Irish crii, W.
crau, blood. Brugm. i. 49l. (-v'KREU. )
Bay ( I). ( F.-L. ) O.F.raye;F . raie.
- L. radium, acc. of raditts, a ray. See
Radius.
Bay ( 2) , a fish. (F.-I..) O. F. raye ,
F. "aie. - L. rilia, a ray.
Ba.y (3), a danc\!. (Du.) M. Do. rey,
a dance; Du. rd, a chorus.
Bayah, a person, oot a Mohammedan ,
who pays the capitation-tax, a word in use
in Turkey. ( Arab.) It may be explained
as ' subject,' though the orig. sense is ' a
fiock,' or pastured cattIe.- Arab. ra'iyah ,
ra'iya(/ ), a Rock, subject, peasant; from
ra'y , pasturing, tending flocks. Cf. Ryot.
Balle, the same as Rase (above).
razor. (F.-L.) F. rasoir, a razor,
Ii t. a shaver. - F. raser, to shave; see
Rase.
Ballllia, a sudden raid. ( F.- Algiers.)
F. razzia, razia; borrowed from the Algerine raaia, which is a peculiar pronunciation
of Arab. ghazia, a raid, expedition against
infidels (Devic ). _ Arab. ghllzi, a hero, a
le:l<ler of an expedition.

REAM

Be-, Bed-, prefix,

again. (F. - L.;

Dr

I..) L. re-, red-; commonly re-, except

in red-eem, red-olent, red-dition, red-ound,
red-undo,tt. ~ Hence a large number of
compounds, such as re-address, re-arrange,
which cause no difficulty.
Beach ( I) , to attain. ( E.) M . E.
reehtll, pI. t . rnghte, rauglzte, pp. raught.
- A. S. rliean, rr'leea", pt. t. ,'?ilzte.+Du.
reiken, O. Friesic reka; G. reiehm. The
A. S. raean is closely allied to the sb.
ge-rae, opportunity; giving as the orig.
sense to seize an opportu nity.' Teut.
type *raikjan-. (Distinct from A. S. rerea",
to stretch.) Der. reach, sb., which also
means' a stretch in a river.'
Beach ( 2) , to try to vomit; see Retch.
Bead. (E.) M. E. reden. A.S. r~da1t
(strong verb), to counsel, consult, interpret, read; with the remarkable pt. t.
reord. [Also as a weak vb., pI. t . r~dde;
prob. by confusion with r~dan, to dispose
of, to govern.) Allied to Goth. garida",
to provide, IceL ratJa (pt. t. relf), to advise,
G. ralhm (pt. t. rie/h ), to advise. Teut.
type * r~datt-. Perhaps allied to L. re-ri,
to think. Der. riddle ( I) , q. v.
Beady, (E.) M. E. redi ; with change
of suffix from A. S. r?ide, ready; orig.
equipped for riding,' or 'prepared for a
raid'; [ready =' fully dressed,' is common
in Tudor E. ) ; tlsual form ge-rt'ide. - A. S.
".ad, 2nd stem of 1',-dan, to ride. So also
G . be'reit, ready, from reit-w, to ride;
Goth. garaids , I cel. g-reil1r, ready; cf.
Goth. raid;im, to order, appoint. And
cf. G. jertig, ready, from jaht'm, to go.
See Ride.
Beal ( I) , actual. ( F. - L.; 01' L.) Either
from O. F. reel ( F. reel). or directly from
Late L. reillis, belonging to the thing itself.
- L. res , a thing. Der. real-isl.
Beal ( 2) , a small Spanish coin. (Span.
- L.) Span. real, lit. a' royal' coin. - L.
riglilis, royal ; see Regal.
Bealgar, red ar~enic. (F. -Span.Arab.) F. rialgar. - Span. re}algar, red
sulphuret of arsenic. - Arab. rah} ai-ghar,
powder of the mine, mineral powder.Arab. rah}, powder; aI, the; ghar, a
cavern, mine.
Bealm. (F. - L. ) M. E. "oialme,
realme. - A. F. rea/me (F. royalt/lIe\ a
kingd om; answering to a Late L. *riglili111m. - L. regillis, royal; see Regal.
Beam. IF . - Span. - Arab.) M. E.
,ume. -O. F . rai1lle ( F. "ame\ a ream or

REAP

RECEPTACLE

bondle of paper. - Span. resma, a ream.Rebel. (F. - L.) The verb is from the
Arab. risma{t), pI. riZllm, a bondle.
sb., and the sb. was orig. an adj. M. E.
Beap. (E. ) M. E. repen (pt. t. rep , pp. rebel, adj., rebellious. - F.rebe/le, rebellious.
ropen ). O. Merc. reopan, A. S. npan, -L. rebellem, acc. of rebel/is, renewing
pt. t. mp. pt. t. pI. rtlp"'. [ Rot a com- war. - L. reo, again; bellum, war = O. L.
moner form is A. S. rlpm (pt. t. rap , pp. drullllm, war; see Duel. Der. rebel, sb.
ripen ) ; whence A. S. rip, E. ripe ; see and vb,; rebel/-ion, -ious.
Ripe. The co-existence of tht'Se two Rebound; see Bound ( r).
strong verbs is remarkable. ] The A. S. Be bu:ff, a repulse. (Ita!. ) In Milton,
repan is from a Teot. base *rep-, whence P. L. ii. 936. - Ita!. rebuiJo, ribuffo, a
Do. repel, a flax-comb (see Ripple (I )), check. - Ita!. ribu/fare, 'to check, chide;'
and Swed. "epa, to rip up (see Rip). The Florio.-Ita!' ri- (L reo), back; buiJare, a
A. S. ripan is from a Teot. base >treij>-, word of imitative origin, like E. PlliJ; see
whence Ripe and Rope.
Pu1f.
Rear ( r \ to raise. (E.) M. E. rerm. Bebuke, to reprove. (F. -L.) M. E.
A. S. riiran, to rear; the exact eqoivalent rebuRen; A. F. rebuker. - O. F. (Picard)
ofIceI. reisa, to raise. Teut. type *raizjdn. rebouquer, also reboucher, to blunt a
(cf. Goth. ur-raisjan, to mise op) ; whence weapon; metaphorically, to put aside a
A. S. rreran, by Verner's law. See Raise. request ; cf. Picard U rebuker, to revolt.Causal form of risan, to rise (pt. t. riis = F . reo, back; bOt/lJuer, Picard form of
Goth. rais). Doublet, raise.
bOtlCher, to obstruct, shut up, also to hoodRear ( 2) , the back part. (F. - L.) M. E. wink, nip with cold (hence to blunt);
rere, chiefly in adv. arere, arrere, in the formed from bOlllJue, Picard form of F.
rear.-O. F. riere, backward; whence bouche, the mouth. - L. reo, back ; bucca,
ariere (F . arri~re ), behind, backward.- the puffed cheek (later , the mouth). Thus
L. retro, backward; whence ad rdro>F. to rebuke is to stop one's mouth, obarriere. See Retro-.
stmct; cf. Gascon rebouca, 'refluer, en
Bear (3), insufficiently cooked. (E.) parlant d'eao.'
M. E. rere. A. S. hrer, half-cooked.
Rebus, a representation of a word by
pictures. (L.) Thus Bolton was repreRearmouse; see Reremouse.
Bearward, the rear-guard. (F.-L. sented by pictures of a bolt and a tun. - L.
and t;.) Th e old spelling is rereward, rebus, by things, i. e. by means of thi ngs;
M. E. r erewarde, i. e. guard in the rear. abl. p!. of res, a thing. Sec Real (I).
See Rear (2 ) and Ward.
Rebut. (F. -L. and M. H . G.) O. F .
Reason. (F.-L. ) M. E. resOttn, rebouter,torepulse. -L. reo, again; M.H.G.
nslJn. - A.F. and O. F. reison (F. raison). Mzen, to beat; see Beat.
- L. rationem, acc. of ratio, calcnlation, Recall. (L . and ScancI.) From L.
reo, back; and call, of Scand. origin.
reason. See Ratio.
Reave, to rob. (E.) M. E. reum Recant. (L. ) L. recantare, to sing
(= revm); pt. t. ra./fe, reftt, pp. raft, rift. back, echo; also, to recant. recall. - L. reo,
A. S. riajian, to despoil, lit. to strip ; cC. back ; can/lire, to sing. See Cant (I ).
A. S. rea/. clothing, a robe, spoil, plonder. Becede. (L.) L . reci'dere, to go hack.
- A. S. riaf 2nd grade of strong verb - L. ,'e-, back ; cedere, to go; see Cede.
.'eo.fan, to break.
Ice!. ratifa, to reave, Receive. (F.-L. ) A. F . receiv-, a
1'Quj. spoil, from rauf, 2nd grade of r:ju./a, stem of receivre, O. F. reroivre.-L. rerito break up, violate; G. rauben, to rob, pere, to take back. - L. reo, back; caperc,
rallb, plunder. The strong verb is of the to take. See Capacious.
Teut. type *rw"an- (pt. t. *raub ). Cf. L. B.ecent. (F. -L.) M. F . recent (F.
rlant). - L. recent-, stem of recens, fresh,
rumpere, to break. Brugm. i. 701.
Rebate, to blunt a sword's edge. (F.- new, orig.' beginning anew.'- L. re-, again;
L.) O. F . 'ebatre, to beat back again.- -cent-, a stem allied to Russ. po-chin-ate, to
F, re- (L, reo ), back; O.F. batre, F. battre, begin, O. Irish cll-. first; and to Gk. Ka.v6s,
new (Prellwitz) .
to beat; see Batter (I).
B.eceptacle. (F. - L .) F. r!ceplac/e.
Rebeck, a three-stringed fiddle. (F .Arab.) O . F. rebec, also spelt rebebe; - L. recl!ptiiculum, a place to store away.
M. Ita!. ribecra, also ribebba, a rebeck.- - L. reapt-tlS, pp. of rtcipe; see ReArab. raMb, rabiiba(t ), a rebeck (Devic). ceive.

RECEPTION

RECOUP

reception. (F . -L.) F.rlaptioll.- Recluse. (F . - L.) M.E. recluse,

L. ac~. receptiollem, a taking back. - L. orig. fe rn . - O. F. recluse , fern. of reclus,
rueplus ; as a bove.
pp. of rec/orre, t? shut up. - L. rtc/udere,
Recess. (L.) L. "easSllS, a retreat. - to tmclose; but In late La!. to shut up.L. recessus, pp. of re-cedere, to recede. L. reo, back; clauden , to shut. See
See R eced e.
Clause.
Recheat, a signal of recall, in hunti ng. Recognise. ( F . - L. ) F ormed from
~F. - L. ) From A .F. rechet, variant of O . F. the sb. rerogllisance (C haucer, C. T. J 3260).
reat, a pl ace of refuge, a retreat (Gode- - O. F. "uognisa'ta, an acknowledgmen t.
!roy). - L. ruepltml, ace. of recep/tIS, a - 0. F. retognis-ant, pres. part. of recogrdreating, retreat. - L. receptu s, pp. of noistre ( F. rcc01Z1taftre). - L. re-cognoscere,
"cripen , to receil'e; see Receive .
to kn ow again. See Cognisan ce. D er .
recipe. (L. ) L. recipe, take thc>u ; rccog71it ioll (from L. pp. recognit.w ).
im p. of reclpere, to receive (above).
Recoil, vb. (F. -L. ) M. E. recoi/en.
recipient. (L.) L. recipient-, stem - A. F. recui/ler ; F . ,-u u/er, ' to recoyle,
"f pres. pt. of ,-eeipere, to receive.
ret ire; ' Cot. Lit. to go backwards_- F.
Reciprocal. lL.) From L. recipro reo, back; w/, the hinder part. - L. reo,
w s, returnin g, alternating. Lit. ' directed back; CIlium, ace. of ciillts, the hinder
backwards and forwards;' from L. ore-coo , part.
backwards (from re , back) ; and *pro-co-. I Recollect, to remember. ( F. - L.)
forward s, whence proml. a far off. Brngm . . L it. ' to gather again ;' from I-e , again ,
and col/ect; see Collect.
i i. ~ 86 .
Recite. (F. - L. ) M . F. recifer. - L. , Recommend, to commend to another.
recita" e, to recite. - L. reo, again ; citare , to (I<'. - L. ) From R e- and Commend ;
quote; see Cit e.
imitated from F. recommander, ' to recomReck, to regard . (E.) M. E. rekkm; I mend;' Cot.
often recchen . A. S. reccall , recceall (for , Recompense, to rewa rd. ( F . - L .)
*rak-jrm) ; but th e pt. t. in use is roh-te, M. F. recompenser, ' to recompence ;' Cot.
from an infin. recan (for *rok.:Jan ), from - L . reo, again; compensiire, to com penthe strong grade *rok- . + Icel. rOlkja ; sate; see Compensate.
O. Sax. rokjan, to reck, heed. Formed Reconcile. ( F. - L.) O. F. recollfrom a sb. with base rae, strong grade cilier. - L. reo, again ; conciliare, to con
roc-, care, which exists in the cognate ciliate; see Conciliate.
M . H . G. ruoch, O. H. G. m oh o care, heed Recondite, secret. (L.) L. ,'ecol/ditus ,
(whence the M. H. G. m ochen, O. H . G. put away, hidden, secret; pp. of 1'econliere,
moldljall, to reck ). /3. The Tellt. stem *rok- to pnt back again. - L. reo, back ; (ondere,
is the strong grade of *rak. , as seen in to put together. /3. The L. cOlwen (pt . t .
Icel. rok , a reason, A. S. racu. account. c01w idi) is from COil (CUill ), with, and the
reckoninJ{, O. Sax. raka, a business, weak grade of .y'DHE, to place, put.
affair, O. H. G. rahha . Der. reck-less, Brugm. i. 573.
A .S. riceli as; cf. Du . roeke/oos, G'
Reconnoitre, to survey. (F . -L. )
I O . F . recolloisfre, M. F. recognoisfre , ' to
rllch/os.
reckon. (E .) M. E. rekmm. A. s. 1recognise, to take a precise view of;' Cot.
gerecenian , to explain; allied to ge-reccall , I - L . re coglloscere, to know again . See
reccan , to rule, order, direct , explain, ordain, I R ecognise.
teU.+Du. rekenen ; (whence Icel . n ik1za. ' Record. ( F.-L.) M. E. l-erordm. to reckon , Dan. rtgne, Swed . riikna, ore O. 1<. recorder. -1.. r~cordare , rerordari, to
borrowed) ; G. recllnelz,O . H . G. rehhalton, i recall to mind. - L. reo, again ; rord- . stem
to compute, reckon. fl. All second ary of cor, heart. See Heart.
verbs; allied to the sb. seen in A. S. ram , I Recount. ( F. - L.) F . rarollto', to
an account, Icel. rok , nent. pI. , a reasoD, I teil, relate. - F . '-e- (L. re ) , again ; acol1ter,
grou nd, origin, O. H . G. rahha, a thing, to account ; from a ( L. ad), to, and c01lfer,
subject. See Reck .
I to count . See Count ( 2) . RecolmtReclaim; from Re- and Claim.
, 1/!-ac,cOtmt.
Recline. (L.) L. reclintil-e, to lean I Recoup, to diminish a loss. (F.- L .
back, lie down. -L. reo, back; *cliniire. and Gk.) Lit. to secnre a piece or shred.
to lean. See Lean ( I) and Incline.
- F. reroupe, a shred. - F. recoup, to cut

I
I

43 6

RECOURSE
again.-L. reo, again; and F. couper, to
cut j see Coppioe.
Becourse. (F . -L.) F. recours.-L.
recursum , acc. of recursus, a running back ;
from pp. of recurrere, to run back. - L.
reo, back j curren, to run; see Current.
B.ecover. (F.-L.) O.F. recovrer,recuvrer (F. recouvrer). _ L. recuperare, to
recover , also to recruit oneself. A difficult
word j perhaps orig. ' to make good again,'
from Sabine cuprus, good, of which the
orig. sense may have been ' desirable,' from
L. cupere, to desire. Brugm. ii. 74.
Becrea.nt. ( F.-L.) O. F. recreant,
faint-hearted ; pres. pt. of recroire, to believe again, also to give up , give back
(hence, to give in). - Late L. recridere, to
believe again , recant, give in. - L. re,
again; crldere, to believe j see Creed.
B.ecreation. (F .-L. ) M . F. recreation. - L . recreatio11em, ace. of recreatio,
orig. recovery from illness (hence, amuse
ment). -L. recreatus, pp. of recreare, to
revive, refresh. - L. reo, again j creare, to
make. See Create.
Becriminate. (L.) From L. reo ,
again; and criminatus, pp. of criminari,
to accllse of crime, from crimi11-, for
crimen, a crime. See Crime.
Becruit. (F. -L.) F. recrtlter, to levy
An ill-formed word ,
troops (Littre).
from recrule, mistaken form of recn/(,
fern. of recrll , pp. of recroftre, to grow
again. F. recnte, sb., means ' a levy of
troops,' lit. new-grown.' - L. recresCl!re,
to grow again. - L. reo, again; crescere,
to grow; see CreBoent.
Bectangle, a four-sided right-angled
figure. (F . -L.) F. rectmlg/e, adj. , right
angled (Cot.). -L rectangu/us. having a
right angle. - L. reel-us, right; a11gu/US ,
an ang-Ie. Reelus was orig. the pp. of regere,
to rule . See Regent and Angle ( I).
rectify. (F.-L.) F.rectijie" .-Late
L. reclijicare, to make right. - L. 1'ecli- ,
for rectus, right (above) ; -ficare, for/acere,
to make.
rectilinelU'. (L.) From L. rt1clilineus, formed by straight lines. - L. recti-,
for rectus, right-, straight j linea, a line,
rectitude. ( F. -L.) :F. rectitude. L. rectiliido, uprightness. - L. recti(above) j with suffix -Iudo.
Becumbent. (L.) L. remmbmt-, stem
of pres. pt. of reCltfllbere, to recline; where
<'Umbere is a nasalised forDl allied to <'llbtln ,
to lie down. See Inoumbent IIDd Covey.

REDOUND
B.ecuperative. tending

to recover.
(L. ) 1.. recuperiUiuus, (properly) recoverable. -L. r~cuperare, to recover. See
Reoover.
Becur. (L.) L. recurrer~, to run back,
recllr. - L. reo, back; currere, to run; see
Current.
BecU8a.nt, opposing an opinion. (F . L. ) F. recusant, ' rejecting,' Cot. j pres.
pt. of dcuser. - L. reciisare, to reject,
oppose a cause or opinion. - L. re, back ;
caussa, a cause. See Cause.
Bed. (E.) M. E. reed (with long vowel ).
A . S. read.+Du. rood, Icel. rau(Jr, Dan.
Swed. rO'd, G. roth, Goth. rauds. Teut.
type *raudoz. Further allied to Gk.
fpufJp6r , Irish and Gael. ruath , W. rhudd,
L. ruber( fo r *r'" d;'ro-), red ; cf. Russ. ruda,
Skt. rudltira-, blood. Note also th e Ice!.
strong verb rjo{Ja (pt. t. rau(J), to redden;
A . S. reo(j'an, to redden; Teul. type * reudan, pt. t *1'aud. (-v'REUDH.)
Beddition, a restoring. (F . - L.) F.
,eddition . - L. "eddilionem, acc. of 1'edditio,
a restoring. -L. "et/den, to give back. -L.
red., back j dare, to give. See Date ( I ).
Bedeem, to atone fo r. (L. ) Formerly
redeme. Coined from L. red, back, and
emere , to buy. [Cf. M. F. redimer, 'to
red",emj' Cot. - L. redilllere, to buy back.]
Der. redemlt-ion (from the pp. redemptus).
Bedgum, a disease of infants. (E.)
M. E. reed gou1zde, lit. 'red matter' (of a
sore) ; Prompt. Parv. }o'rom A. S. rlad,
red j gt!nd, matter of a sore.
Bedintegration, renovation. (L. )
From L. redintegratio, restoration. - L.
redo, again j jflleger, whole, entire. See
Integer.
Bedolent, fragrant. (F.-L.) M. F.
redo/mt. - L. redo/ent-, stem of pres. pI. of
"edo/ere, to emit odour. - L. redo , again;
olere, for *odere, to be odorous; see
Odour.
Bedoubt, an intrenched place of retreat.
(F. - Ita!. _. L. ) 111 speJt j through confll sion with redoubtable. F. redoute. -lta1.
n 'dollo, a place of retreat. - It.~ l. ridotlo,
ridullo, pp. of ridurre, to bring home. L. 1'ediicere, t o bring back. - L. reo, back ;
di<cere, to lead. See Duke.
Bedoubtable. (F. -L.) M. F . redoublable, terrible. - O. F. redouter, M . F.
redoubler, to fear. See Re- and Doubt.
Bedound. (F. - L.) F. ret/onder. _ L .
I'edwldare , to overflow. -L. redo, again ,
back; unda, a wave. See Undula~.

+37

REDRESS

REFRESH

Bedress. (F.-L.) F. redresser, to A.S.gerifa, an officer; orig.senseperhaps

]>lll.traight again. - F. reo, again; dres>er, 'numuerer,' registrar (of soldiers ) ; for
to erect, dress; see Dress.
*ge-riifja. From -1'0/, a host (as in seegRedstart, a bird with a red tail. ( IL) -1'0/, a host of mell); cf. O. H. G. ruuva,
Fl"Ilm Red; and starl, a tail (A. S. sleorl ). a number. ~ N ot allied to G .graf. Der.
Reduce. (L.) Orig. to bring back. - borough-reeve; port-reeve; sheriff, q. v.
L. ret/iieere, to bring back. - L. reo, back ; Refection, refreshment. ( F. - L. )
diieere, to lead. See Duke. Der.redudioJt M. F. refectiOIl, a repast. - L . acc. rifee(from the pp. reduct-us).
liiilum, lit. a remaking. - L. rifectus, pp. of
Bedunda.nt. (L.) From stem of pres. nJieerc, to remake, restore. - L. reo, again;
pt. of L. redundare, to redound. See jacere, to make. See Fa.ot.
Redound.
Befel. (L. ) L. rifellere, to refute,
Beechy, dirty_ ( E.) Lit.' smoky;' shew to be false. - L. reo, back; jallere,
palatalised form of reeky; cf. Low. Sc. to deceive; see Fallible.
rukie, smoky. See Reek.
Befer,toassign. (F.-L.) O. F. riferer
Beed. ( E.) M. E . reed. A. S. hreod, ( F. riferer). - L. rifene, to bear back, rea reed.+Du. riel; G. riel, ried. Tent. lale, refer.-L. reo, back;jerre, to bear;
type *"rcudolll, nent.
see Fertile.
Beef ( I ), a ridge of rocks. ( Du: ) For- Refine. (F. -L.) Coined fromre- and
merly riif - Du. rij, a reef. + I cel. rif, a Jine (1), but imitaled from F. rajJiner, to
reef, allied to rifa, a fissure, rift; Dan. rev, refine, compo of L. reo, again , L. aj- = ad,
a sand-bank (revle, a shoal, revne, to split) ; to , and F.Jin, fine. Der. rdim-metll; cf.
Swed. refva, ref, a sand-bank, a cleft, gap. F. rajJinement.
Cf. L. r(pa, a bank; Gk. OP1ffV1J, a broken BeB.ect. (L. ) L. rejleetere, lit. to bend
cliff, scaur, 'PElffElV, to tear down. The back, hc:nce to return rays, &c. - L. reo,
orig. sense seems to have been 'broken back; fleetere, to bend; see Flexible.
edge.' Cf. Rive.
Reform. (F. -L.) F. riformer, to
Beef ( 2) , a portion of a sail. (Du.) shape anew.-L. reo, again; jormare, to
M. E. riff. - Du. reef, a riff in a sail,' form; see Form.
Sewel; M. Du. rif, rift, a reef.+Icel. rif, Refract, to bend back rays of light.
a reef in a sail; Dan. reh, Swed. ref, reef; (L.) L. refractus, pp. of refrillgere, to
Low G. reff, riff, a small sail; Pomeran. bend back. - L. reo, back; jrillJ!Jere, to
rli/!, a little extra sail, bonnet.
break; see Fragile. Der. rifract-or-y,
Beak, vapou r. (E.) M.E. reke. O.Merc. a mistaken form for rifractary, from L. reric, vapour; O. Fries. rek.+lcel. reykr, jractarittS, stubborn, obstinate. Also reSwed. rok, Dan. rog; Du. ,'ook, G. ,'aue/,; fra1lgihle, a mistaken form for rejrillgible.
Tellt. base *rauk-. From *rauk, 2nd grade Refrain ( I ), to restrain, forbear. (F.of Tellt. *reukan-, to smoke; as in A. S. L.) M. E. rifrei1U1'. -0. F. refrmer, to
reoealt, Icel. r/tika, O. H . G. riohha1l, G. repress; Cot. - L. rifrb,iire, to bridle,
riee/'ett. Brugm. i. 21 i.
hold in with a bit. - L. reo, back; jrenum,
Beel ( 1), a small spindle for winding a bit, curb. The orilf. sense ofjrinim, is
yarn . (E.) M. E. rele; A. S. kreol, a reel. 'holder' or 'keeper, from -v'DHER, to
+ E. Fries. rei; N. Fries. reel. Kluge support, maintain; cf. Skt. dhr , to sup~ Prob.
derives A. S. kreol from a form *hroeltil, port, dhara1za-, restraining.
but this would give A. S. hrel; see Eng. sometimes confused with M. F. refi-ei1ldre,
Stud. xi. 512. Der. reel, vb., to wind, 'to bridle,' Cot.; tbis is from L . rifri1lgere,
tl1m rouud, stagger.
to break back (below ).
Beel ( 2), a Highland dance. (GaeL) Refra.in (2), the burden of a song.
(F . - L.) F. rejrai1l; so also Provo
Gael. righil, ruidhil, ruilltil, a reel.
Beest, the wood on which a plough- refra1lhs, a refrain, rifranker, refrm/,er, to
coulterisfixed. (E. ) Alsowreest(wrongly ), repeat. So called from frequent repetition;
resl. A. S. reost.
the O. F . '-ifreindre, to pull back, is the
Beeve (I), to pass a rope through a same word as Provo refrtmker, to repeat;
ring. (Du.) Du. revm, to reeve.- Du. both are from L. rejri1lgere, to break back
reef, a reef in a sail; because a reeved rope (refract, hence, to repeat). - L . reo, back;
is used for reefing; see Reef (2).
jra1lgere, to break; see Fra.gile.
Beeve ( z), an officer, steward. (E.) Refresh. (F. -L. ami G.) M. E. re43 8

REFRIGERATE
Ir(J~"m.-O.F.refr.esc"i:; C.ot.-L.re-,

REGRET

F. regarder, to look, look at, view.-L.

agam; O. H. G. Insc (G. fnscll ) , fresh. reo, back; F. garder, to gunrd, observe;
See Frellh.
of O. H . G. origin; see Guard.
Befrigerate. (L.) From pp. ofL. re- Begatta. ( Ital.) Orig. a strife, conIrfgerare, to make cool again. - L. "e-, telltion, hence a race, rowing-match.again; {rigeriire, to cool, from frigus, Ita!. resatta, rigatta, 'a strife for the
cold. See Frigid.
maistrie;' Florio. - M. Ita\. ngattare, to
Beft, pp. of reave; see Reave.
contend for the mastery, to wrangle, to
Befuge. (F. -L.) M. E. refuge.-F. haggle as a huckster docs. So also Span.
refuge. - L. refugium, an es~ap c . - L. regatear, to haggle, retail provisions, to
rifugere, to flee back. - L. reo, back; rival in sailing. Of unknown origin.
fugere, to flee; see Fugitive.
Begenerate. (L.) From pp. of ~'erefugee. (F. -L.) M. F. refugii, pp. gemra,'e, to produce anew. -L.,e-, agam;
of se rejugier, to take refuge. - F. refuge gmeriire, to produce, from gener-, for
*genu" stem of getzllS, kindred. See
(above ).
Befu.lgent. (L.) From L. refulgent-, Genus.
stem of pies. pt. of refu~in, to flash back . . Begent. (F. - L.) M . F. "egent, a
- L. re, back; lu/gin, to shine. See regent, vice,gerent. - L. rtgellt-, stem of
Fulgent.
pres. pt. of ,'esere, to rule. Allied to Gk.
Befund, to repay. (L. ) L. refundere, 0P''YfW, to stretch, Goth. uf-rakja1l, to
to ponr back, also to restore, give back stretch out, Skt. rj, to stretch, ,'iij, to
(see below) .
govern . (-Vl{EG .) See Right. Hrugm.
refuse, to deny a request. (F. -L.) i. 474.
regicide, slayer ofa king; slaying of
M. E. refusm.-O. F. refttser (the same as
Port. refttsar, Ita!' refttsare, to reject) . It a king. (F. - L. ) M. F . r egicide (Minanswers to a Late L. type *rifttsare, formed sheu). -L. rigi" for re.x, king, allied to
as a frequentative of refttndere, to pour regere, to rule; -cida, a slayer, from
back, also to restore, give back (whence credere, to slay. Also : from L. ,'egi- (as
to reject). - L. reo. back; fundere, to pour; before ), -cidittlll. a slaying, from ctEden.
see Fuse (1). /3. We may also note E.
regimen. (L. ) L. regimetl, guidance.
refuse, sb., O. F. refus, refuse; cf. O. F. -L. regen, to rule, direct.
meltre til refus,laire ,'efus Ii, to abandon,
regiment. (F.-L. ) M.F. regimmt,
reject (Godefroy).
' a regiment of souldiers,' Cot.; also, a
refute, to oppose, disprove. (F . - L.j government. - L.,'egimenfum,rule,governM.F. refuter. -L. reftttii,'e. to repel, rebut. ment. - L. ,'egere, to rule.
The orig. sense was prob. 'to pour back;'
region. (F. - L. ) M. F . region. - L.
sec Confute.
regione1Jl, acc. of regio, territory. - L.
Begain. (F. - L. and O. H. G.) F . regere, to rule, govern.
regagller.-L. reo, back; and F. gagner, Begister. (F. -L.) M. F. registre,
to gain. See Gain ( I) .
'a record;' Cot. - Late L. registrttm, more
Begal. (F. -L.) M.F .regal,royal; Cot. correctly regestum, a book in which things
- L. ,';galis, adj., from rig-, stem of rex, are recorded (L. regenmturj. - L. regesa king. Allied to L. regere, to rule. Cf. tum , neut. of pp. of regerere, to bring back,
Skt. rajan-, a king; O. Irish rio Brugm. record . - L. reo, back; gerere, to carry.
i. 135, 549 C. Der. regal-ia, insignia See Gerund. Cf. L regesta, pl., a register.
Begnant, reigning. (L.) L . replant-,
of a king; neut. pI. of rigalis.
Begale, to entertain. (F.-Ital.?) M.:F. stem. of pres. pt. of regniire, to reign.-L.
regaler, to entertain. Not allied to regal, regnu11l, kingdom. - L. regere, to rule.
as Cotgrave suggests; but the same as See Regent.
Span. regalar. to make much of, pamper; BegreS8, return_ (L.) L. regressus,
orig. to melt (Diez). 1. Diez derives it sb. - L. regresJus, pp. of regredi, to go
from L. rege/are, to melt, thaw; from L. back. - L. reo, back; gradi, to ~o. See
reo, back, gelare. to freeze (see Gelid). Grade.
2. Hatz ~eld derives F. rigaler (ultimately) Begret, sorrow. (F. -L. alld Scand.)
from Ita!. regalare, to give presents to; F. regret, grief; regret/er, to lament (Col.) .
The oldest form of the verb is regrater.
from Ita!. ea/a, mi~_ See Gala.
Begarel, vb. (1'. - L . alld O. H. G.) Of disputed origin; see Scheler. The
439

REGULAR

RELIC

most likely solution is that which derives ex, much, very, and gaudire, to rejoice.
O. F. regrater from L. reo, again, and the See Gaud.
verb which appears in Icel. grata, Swed. Bejoin. (F. -L.) Lit. to join again;
grata, Dan. grfZde, A. S. grlZtan, Lowl. Sc. in legal language, to answer to a reply._
greif, to weep, bewail. See Greet (l l. F. rejoign-, a stem of rejoindre, to rejoin.
Cf. 'I mone as a chylde dothe for the -L. reiungere, to join again.-L. reo,
wantyng of bis nourse or motber, je again; iungere, to join. See Join. Der.
rwete ;' Palsgrave.
rejoinder, whicb is the F. inlin. mood used
Begular. (L. ) L. rigularis, according as a sb., as in the case of attainder.
to rule. - L. rlgula, a rule; regere,.to rule. BUapse, to slide back into a former
state. (L.l From L. relapsus, pp. of reSee Regent.
Behearse. (F. - L.) M. E. rehersen. labi, to slide back. - L. reo, back; labi, to
- O. F. reherser, rehercer, to harrow over slide; see Lapse.
again; hence, to go over the same ground. Belate, to describe, tell. (F.-L.) F.
- L. reo, again; O. F. hercer, to barrow, relater,' to relate;' Cot. -Late L. reliUiire,
from herce, sb., a harrow. See Hearse. to relate. - L. reliUus, used as pp. of reftrre,
Beign, sb. (F . -L.) M. E. regne. - to relate (but from a different root). - L.
M. f. regne. - L. regnum, kingdom. -L. reo, again; latus, for tliitus, borne, pp. of
rtffere. to rule. See Regent.
tollere, to bear. See Tolerate.
Beimburse, to refund. (F. -L. and Belax. (L. ) L. relaxiire, to relax.-L.
Gk.) Adapted from F. rembourser by reo, again; laxiire, to slacken; see Lax.
substituting L. re-im- for F. rem- (with D'oublet, release.
the same force).-L. reo, again; imrela7 ( I), a set of fresh dogs or horses,
(for in), in; F. bourse, a purse. See a fresh supply. (F.-L.) Orig. used of
Purse.
dogs and horses.-F. re!ais, a relay;
Bein. (F. -L.) M. E. reim.-O. F. chiem derelais , chevaux de relais, dogs or
rei,le, rein of a bridle (The same as Ital. horse. kept in reserve; Cot. The orig.
redi1Za, Span. rie,uia, transposed form of sense is 'a rest,' and chiem de relais are
redina. ) - Late L. *reti,ta, not found, but dogs kept at rest; cf. relais ' at rest, that
a short form allied to L. retinticulum, a is not used,' Cot.; and see rdais in
rein. - L. rt!tinire, to hold back. - L. reo, Godefroy. - O. F. relaissier, to relinquish.
back; tenb'e, to hold. See Retain.
-L. relaxare, to loosen, let loose, allow
Beindeer, ~deer, a kind of deer. to rest; see Lax. Cf. Italian ca,zi di
(Scand.) M. E. raynedere. Formed by rilasso, dogs kept in reserve (late edition
adding deer , see Deer) to Icel. hrlinn, of Florio by Torriano, 1688). .
a reindeer; cf. also O. Swed . ren, a rein- Bela7 (2), to lay again. (L. and E.)
deer, A. S. hrtin. [We also find Dan. From re- and lay. See Lay ( I).
rensdyr, Du. rendier, G. rennthier.] Teut. Beleaae. (F.-L.) M. E. relessen, retype "rainoz; a true Teut. word, as the lesm. -O. F . relessier (M. F. relaisser), to
forms shew. /3. Diez refers us to Lapp relax. - L. re!axiire, to relax; see Relax.
raing-o, but this is merely a bad spelling B.elegate, to consign to exile. (L. )
of Swed. renko, i. e. rein~ow . The true From pp. of L. rdigiire, to send away,
Lapp word is plztso, a reindeer; nor can remove. -L. reo, again, back; lig-are, to
the Ice!. word have been suggested by send, appoint; see Legate.
Lapp nino, a pasturage for rein-deer; Belent. (F.- L.) Altered from F. ralhre, Lexicon Lapponicum, p. 374.
lentir. to slacken, to relent (cf. L. relenBeins, the lower part of the back. (F . tescere, to slacken). - F. ra-, for re-a- (L.
-L.) 0.1<'. reins. -L. rinls, pl., kidneys, re ..ad) ; L. len/w, slack, slow, alli~ to
rein,;.
lenis, gentle, and to E. lithe. See Lenient
Bejeet. (F. - L .) M. F . rqeder (16th ano Lithe.
cent.; 1<'. rqeter; oldest spelling reg-eter). Belevant. (F. -L.) The orig. sense
- O. F. reo, back ; geter, getter, to throw, is' belpful ' ; hence, of use for the matter
in band.-F. relroant, pres. part. of reiever,
from L. iadiire; see Jet ( I ).
Bejoiee. ( F. -L. i M. E. reioism . - to raioe up, assist , belp. -L. releul/re, to
O. F. resjois .. , stem of pres. pt. of resjoi'r raise again. - L. re, again; lemire, to ra:se,
mod. F. rtjouir. , to gladden , rejoice. -L. from 'euis, light. See Levity.
re again; O. F. esjoi'r, to rejoice, from L. Belie, a memorial. (F . -L.) Chiefly
440

RELICT

REMUNERATE

in the pI.; M. E. rdikes. - F. reliques, s.

pl., 'reliques;' Cot. - L. reliquias, ace. of
retiquitz, pI., remains. - L. relinqllere, to
leave behind. -L. re-, back; linquere, to
leave. See Relinquish, Licence.
relict, a widow. (L. ) L. relieta, fem .
of relietus, pp. of rdinquere, to leave
behind (above).
Relieve. (F.-L. ) M.E. releuC1t ( =
releven). - F. relever, to raise up. relieve. L. re/mare, to raise again; see Relevant.
Der. relief, M. E. relef, O. F. relief (F.
relief), a sb. due to the verb re/ever.
Religion. (F.-L.) F . religion; Cot.
-L. ace. religiOnem, from religio, piety;
allied to rdigens, fearing the gods, pious.
Ne-ligem is the opposite of neg-ligens,
negligent; see Neglect. Allied also to
"i-Iigent, and to Gk. OAE'YElV, to reverence.
Relinquish. (F. - L.) O. F . relC1t'1uis-, pro pt. stem of relenquir, to leave
(Godefroy). -L. relinquere, to leave behind; see Relic.
reliquary, a casket forrelics.(F. - L. )
I'. reliquaire, ' a casket wherein reliques be
kept;' Cot.-LateL. reliquiiiriu11I (same
sense). - L. reliquia-, orig. stem of reliquia, relics; see Relio (above).
relique; the same as Relic.
Relish, orig. an after-taste. (F. -L.)
M. Eo reles, an after-taste, Sir Cleges,
208.-0. F. reies, relais, that which is left
behind; also a relay ; see Relay ( 1).
B.elucta.nt. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of re/uetare, reluetari, to struggle
against. - L. Ye -, back; luetart. to struggle,
from lueta, a wrestling. Allied to Gk.
AI1"Y-iCEtV, to bend, writhe in wrestling;
Lith. lugnas, flexible, Skt. ruj, to bend,
break. (.y'LEUG.)
B.ely, to repose on trustfully. (F.-L.)
We lind ' to relye their fait he upon';
where relye = fasten. -F. relier, to bind
up, or together. - L. rdigare, to fasten. L.
reo, back; lig,Fre, to bind; see Ligament.
~ But much influenced by E. lie, vb., to
repose, though this would have required
a pp. retain. Der. reli-allee.
Remain. (F.-L.) O. F. pres. s. Ue)
remain; cf. M. F. impers. vb. il remain-I,
it remains. [The inlin. 1'e1llailldrc is
preserved in E. remainder, used as a
sb.J -L. remalt-eo, I remain j reman-et,
it remains; remanere, to remain. -L. reo,
behind; manere, to stay. See Mansion.
Remand, to send back . (F. -L.) M.I!'.
relllalzder. - L. relllantitire , to send back

word. - L. re, back; mantiare, to send;

see Mandate.
Remark, to take notice of. (F. - L.
and Teu!. ) F. ra!larquer, to mark,
note, heed. - L. re-, again; marquer, to
mark, from ma"que, sb., a mark; see
Mark ( 1).
Remedy. ( F. -L. ) M.E. rC1ludie. A. F . remedie, O. F. re11lede, mod. F.
relllede. -L. remedium, a remedy ; that
which heals again. -L. re-, again; lIledm,
to heal. See Medicine.
Remember. (F. - L.) O . F. ,'emembrer. -L. re11lemorarf, to remember. -L.
re-, agaiJl; memorare, to make mention of,
from me1llor, mindful. See Memory.
Remind, to bring to mind again. (L.
a" d K ) From Re- and Mind.
Reminiscence. (F. -L.) M. F . remi1liseenee. - L. reminiscmtia, remembrance. - L. re11li,ziscenl-. stem of pres. pt.
of ,-eminisei, to remember. -L. reo, again;
and base of me-min-i, I remember. Allied
to Gk. POE-POOl'-<J, I yearn, Skt. mall, to
think. (.y'MEN.)
Remit, to abate. (L. l L. "emittere
(pp. remisstls), to send back, slacken, abate.
-L. reo, baek; mitten, to send; see
Missile. Der. remiss, adj., from pp.
re11lissus. remiss-ion.
Remnant. (F.-L. ) M. E. "emanaUllt. -U. F. remananl.-L. reman.ent-,
stem of pres. pt. of remanere, to remain ;
see Remain.
Remonstrate. (L.) From pp. of
Late L. remonstrare, to expose, to produce
arguments against. - L. reo, again; monstnire, to show, from monstrum, a portent;
see MOllster.
Remorse. (F.-L.) M. F. remors;
Cot. -Late L. remorsus, remorse.-L
remorsus, pp. of remordlre, to bite again,
to vex.-L. ,'e-, again; mordn-e, to bite';
see Morda.city.
Remote, distant. (L.) L. rmzolus,
pp. of remoun-e, to remove; see Remove.
Or from M. F. remote, f. remove, removed,' Cot. ; from L. pp. f. remota.
Remount, to mount agaiJl. (F.-L.)
F. re1ll01llel'. - F. reo, again j monter, to
mount; see Mount ( 2).
Remove. (F. -L.) M. F . remouvoir,
Co t. See Re- and Move.
Remunerate, to recompense. (L. )
From pp. of remunerare, rmzunerari,
to reward.-L. reo, again; mienerare, to
bestow a gift, from "lttner- (for *mulles- ),

RENAISSANCE
stem of munus, a gift, also, an office. See
Municipal.
Benaissa.nce, revival of learning.
(F.-L.) M . F . renaissance, 'a new birth,'
Cot. - L. re-, again; nascentia, birth, from
nascent-, stem of pres. pt. of nasci, to be
born . See Natal.
Ben.t. (F. - L.) M. F. renal. - L
rlnalis, adj. ; from rlnls, s. pI., reins. See
R eins.
Benard; see Reynard.
Bencounter, Bencontre. ( F.L. ) F. renCOtltre, a meeting. - F. rencontrer, to meet.-F. reo , again; ellcontrer,
to meet , encounter ; see Encounter.
Bend. (K) M. K rendm. A. S.
rendan, [0 cut or tear. +0. Fries. renda,
to tear ; N orth Fr. renne, ,'a,me, to tear
apalt. Der. rent, sb., from pp. rent.
Render. (F.-L. ) M. E. rmdren. - F.
rendre. - L. "eddere, to give back. - L.
redo, back; da re, to give; see Date (I ).
rendezvous. (F . .-L. ) F.rendezvous,
a rendevous, place appointed for the
assemblie of souldiers; Cot. - F'. rmdez
vous < L. reddite 1I0S, render yourselves;
imperative pI. of reddere (above).
Renegade, Renegado. (Span. - L. )
Span. renegado, an apostate, one who has
denied the faith; orig. pp. of renegar, to
forsake the faith . - L. reo, again; 1Iegare,
to deny. See Negation.
Renew. (L. and E.) F'rom L. reo,
again; and E . new.
Bennet ( I ), the prepared inner mem brane of a calf's stomach, used to make
milk coagulate. (E. ) M. K renet; from
M. K rennen, to run; provo K run, to
Hence
congeal, coagulate. See Run.
rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Kenticisms) ; also eming (Derbyshire), from
A. S . irnan, to run. So also M. Du. rinsel,
runsel, renninge, ' curds, or milk-runnet,'
from rinnen., ' to presse, curdle;' Hexham.
Cf. G. rJ'nnen, to run, curdle, coagulate.
Rennet (2), a sweet kind of apple. (F.
-L. ) Formerly spelt rmate, from an odd
notion that it was derived from L. renatlls,
born again 1- F. reinette, rainelle, a rennet;
the same as rainette, a little frog; from
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a
frog.- L. rana, a frog. Cf. RanunCulU8.
Benounce. (F. -L.) F. retltmClff'. L. renuntiare, to bri~ back a report, also
to disclaim, teBounce. - L . reo, back,
again: 1ffI1Uiare, to tell, bring news, from
nuntius, a messenger. See Nuncio.

REPEAT
Der. renuncial-ion, F. renunciation, from
L. pp. renuntiatltS.
Benovate. (L.) From L. renouatus,
pp. of ,'e'lOUare, to renew. - L. reo, again;
nouare, to make new, from nouus, new.
See Novel.
Renown, fame. (F. - L. ) M. E.

renou1Z. - A. F. renoun, renun; O. F.

"mon (12th cent.). [Cf. Port. renome,
Span. renombre, renown.] - O. F. renomer,
to make famous. - L. reo, again; ,l6minlire, to name, from nomen, a name; see
Noun.

Rent
Rent

( I ), a tear; see Rend.

(2), annual payment. (F.-L.)
M. E. rente. - F. rente. [Cf. Ita!' rendita,
rent.] - Late L. rendi/a, nasalised form of
L. reddi/a, fern. of pp. of reddere, to render;
see Render.
Renunciation. (F. -L.) M. F. re'lonciatio", renunciation;' Cot. - L. acc.
renttntia/iOnem, prop. an announ cement.
- L. re1llmtiiit-us, pp. of renuntiare, orig.
to announce; see Renounce.
Repair (I ), to restore, amend. (F. -L.)
M. F . reparer. - L. "eparare, to recover,
repaoir, make ready anew. - L. reo , again;
parare, to get ready ; see Pare. Der.
repar-able, M. F. reparable, L. reparabilis;
repar-at-ion, M. F. reparation.
Repair ( 2), to resort to. (F . -L.) M.F .
repairer, to haunt; Cot. Older form repairier (Burguy) .-L. repatriare, to repair
toone's own country. -L. reo , back; patria,
native country, from patri-, for pater, a
father.
Repartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
repar/ie, a reply;' Cot. Orig. fern. of
reparli, pp. of M . F. repartir, to re-divide,
to answer thrust with thrust, to reply. - F.
reo, again; par#r, to part, also to rush,
dart off, burst out laughing. - L. reo,
again; partire, to share, from parli-, for
pars, a part. See Part.
Repast, a meal. ( F.-L.) O.F. repast,
later repas. - L. reo, again; pastum, acc.
of pastus, food, from pasare, to feed. See
Pastor.
Repay. (F. -L.) O . F. repaier.-O. F.
re- (L. re- ), back; paier, to pay; see
Pay .
.B.epeaJ. (F -L.) Altered from O. F.
rapder, F. rappder, to repeal.-O. F. re(L. re-); apeler, later appeler, to appeal.
See Appeal. Repeal=re-apje1zl.
Repeat. (F.-L.) Formerlyrepe/e.M. F. repeter, Cot. - L. repe/ere, to attack

REPTILE

REPEL

agnin, reseek,repeat. - L. re-, again jpelere, lay up, store. -L. reo, again j p6nere, to
to aUack j see Petition. Der. repel-it- place j see Position.
ion.
Beprehend, to reprove. (L. ) L.re:&epel. (L.) L. repellere, to drive back. frelundere, to hold back , check, blame. - L. reo, back j pel/ere, to drive j see L. re-, back j freltendere , to seize, to hold.
Pulse. Der. repulse, from pp. repulsus. See Prehensile.
Bepent,tome. ( F . -L.) F.repentir, Bepresent. (F. -L.) O.F. refreto repent. _ L. reo, again j panilb'e, to smler. - L. reprtesenlare, to bring before
cause to repent; see Penitent.
again, exhibit. - L. reo, again; fr(1!senUre,
B.epercussion. (L.) From Re- and to present; see Present (2) .
Percu88ion.
Bepress. (F.- L. ) From F . re,
B.epertory, a treasury. (F. - L. ) M. F. again, and fresser, to press; but used with
repertoire. _ L. "eperlorium, an inventory. sense of L. reprimere (pp. repressus) to
- L. reperlor, a finder, discoverer. _ L. press back, check. - L. reo, back; fremere,
reperire, to find out. - L. reo, again; parire to press ; see Pre88.
(Ennius), usually parere, to produce; see Beprieve, vb. (F . -L.) [A doublet
Parent.
of reprove.] M. E . refrrom, to reprove,
Bepine. (L.) Compounded of L. reo, reject, disallow; to reprieve a sentence is
a~in; and pine, to fret; see Pine (2) .
to disallow it. -0. F. repreuve, 3rd pres.
~lace. (F. - L. and Gk.) From re- sing. iudic. of refrove,' (1'. rtprouver), to
( F. reo, L. reo ), again; and Place.
reprove; see Reprove. Cf. Schwan,
Beplenish. (F. - L.) O. F. rep/miss-, 34R(4) .
stem of pres. pt. of replmir, to fill up Beprimand. (F.-L.) F. rtprimam{e,
again; now obsolete. -L. reo, again; Late formerly reprimende, 'a reproof;' Cot.L. plmire, to fill, from L. plmus, full.
L. reprimeruia, a thing that ought to be
replete, full. (F.-L.) M. F. replet, repressed; hence, a check. Fem. of the
rnasc. ; replete, fem., full. - L. repU/us, gerundive' of reprimere, to .repress j see
filled up; pp. of re-pure, to fill again. - L . Repre88.
re-, again; plire, to fill; see Plenary.
Be~risal. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F. "eBeplevy, to get back detained goods presadle, a taking or seizing- on, a reprisal.
on a pledge to try the right in a suit. (F. [The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
- Teut.) F. re- (L. reo), again; O. F. reprise, to seize in return; from F. repris,
p/roir, to be surety. See Pledge.
pp. of reprmdre < L. refrehmdere, (here)
Beply. (F. - L.) M. E. replim. - to seize again.J-ltal.npresaglia, booty.O. F. replier, the old form afterwa rds re- M. Ital. rifresa, a taking again; fem. of riplaced by the' learned' form rtplique,', to freso, pp. of riprettdere, to reprehend, also
reply. -L. replieare, lit. to fold back; as a to retake. - L. repreltetuiere, to seize again,
law term, to reply. - L. reo, hack; plieare, al so, to reprehend j see Reprehend.
to fold. Der. "epliea, a repetition; from Reproach. (1'. -L.) F. "eproeher, to
Ital. rep lica, a sb. due to L. replieare, to reproach. Cf. Span. refroehar, Provo rerepeat, reply.
fropchar, to reproach; answering to Late
Beport. (F. -L.) M. E. reporten. - F. 1.. "repropiare, to bring near to, impute
reporter, to carry back. - L. reportan, to, reproach. - L. re-, again j fropi.us,
to carry back.-L. reo, back j partare, to nearer, compo of prope, near. See Procarry j see Port ( I). The E. sense' to pinquity. ~ A translation of L. obieere
relate ' is dne to F. rapporter, O. F . (objieere), to bring near or cast before one,
raporter; with prefix ra- < L. rt-ad.
to reproa ch.
Repose. (F. -1.. a"d Gk. ) F.reposer, Beprobate. (L.) L . rep"obatus, reto rest , panse ; Late L. repausare, to pause, proved , rejected; pp. of refr0bii,'e, to reject
rest. - 1.. re-, again ; pausare, to pause, upon trial. - L. reo , back ; frobtfre, to test.
from pausa, sb., due to G k. 1r(l U<TI S, a pause. See Probable.
~ Important; this is the verb which seems
reprove. (F . - L.) M. E. reprovm,
to have given rise to poser and its com- also refreven.-O. F. reprover (F . rtfrau
p onnds. See P08e.
ver), to reprove, condemn .-L. reprobiire,
Bepository, a storehouse. ( F.-L.) to reject, reprove (above).
M. F. repositoire, a storehouse. - L. repasi- Beptile, crawliug; usually, as a sb.
torium -L. repositus, pp. of reponere, to (1'.-1.) F. reptile , ' crawling; ' Cot.-L.

443

REPUBLIC

RESIST

reptilem, ace. of replilis, creeping. - L.

reptus, pp. of repere, to creep.+Lithuan.
reploti, to creep.
:&epublic. (F. -L.) M. F. republique,
the commonwealth ;' Cot. - L. respublica,
a republic.-L. ris, a matter, state; publica, fern. of publicus, public. See Real.
Repudiate. ( L. ) From pp. of L. repudiare, to reject. - L. repudium, a casting
off, divorce. Perhaps from L. reo, away;
pud-, base of pudere, to feel shame; cf.
pudor, shame, pro-pudium, a shameful
action.
Repugnant. (F.-L.) M. F. repugllani, pres. pt. of repugner, to repugne,
thwart;' Cot. - L. re-pugnare, to fight
against. - L. reo, back; pugniire, to fight;
see Pugilism.
Repulse. (L.) From L. repulsa, sb.,
a refusal; or repulsare, vb. - L. repuls-us,
pp. of repellere; see Repel. Cf. Norman
dial. repulser, to repulse.
Repute. ( F.-L.) M.F . reputer.-L.
reputare, to repute (lit. reconsider). - L.
reo, again; putare, to think; see Putative.
Request. (F. -L.) O. F. requeste. L. requisita, a thing a.ked, fern . of pp.
of requirere, to ask back. - L. reo, back;
and queerere, to seek. See Quest.
require. (F.-L.) M.E. requeren,
but also requirm.-M. F. requeri,.; O. F.
requerre, with I pro S. requier. - L .
requirere (above). Der. requisite, from
pp. requisi/us.
Requiem. (L. ) The Mass for the
Dead was called requiem, because it began
, Requiem reternam dona eis.' - L. requiem,
acc. of requies, repose. - L. re-; quiis,
rest. See Quiet.
:&equite. (1'. - L.) Also spelt requit,
Temp. iii. 3. 71. From re- and qu;t; see
Quit.
Reredos, a screen at the back of a
thing, esp. of an altar. (F.-L.) From
M. E. rere, rear; and F. dos, back, from L.
dorsum, back. See Rear (2) and Dorsal.
Reremouse, Rearmouse, a bat.
(K) A. S. hreremus, a bat; from the
/lapping of its wings. -A. S. hriran, to
agitate, allied to /'1'01', adj., stirring, quick;
mus, a mouse. Cf. provo E .Jl;tter-mouse.
a /lutter-mouse or bat. And cf. Uproar.
~ Perhaps a popular etymology; cf. early
A. S. hrealha-mus, a bat; Epinal Gl. 978.
B.ereward; sec Rearward.
Rescind, to repeal. (F. - L.) F. re-

schwer, to cancel; Cot. - L. resci,uiere, to

eu t off, annul. - L. reo, back; scindere. to
cut. Allied to Schism. (VSKHEID.)
:&escript. (F. - L.) M. F. rescript, a
reply in writing. - L. reseriptum, neut. of
pp. of rescribere, to write back . - L. reo,
back; scribere, to write; see Scribe.
:&escue,vb. (F.-L.) M.E. rescoum.
-0. F. rescou"e, to rescue, save. [The
same word as Ital. riscuotere.]-Late L.
rescutere (A . D. J 308) ; for re-excutere, to
drive away again. - L. reo, again; ex,
away; quatere, to shake; see Quash.
~ The M. E. sb. was rescous, from O. }<'.
rescousse < Late L. pp. fem. rescussa.
Research. (F. - L.) Compounded of
Re-, again, and Search. Cf. Norman
dial. rearche, research.
Resemble. (F. -L.) O. F. resembler.
- O. F. reo, again; sembler. to seem, be
like. - L. re-, again; simu/are, to make
like; see Simulate.
Resent. (F.-L.) M.F. se resmtir (or
rust1,tir), to have a deep sense of.-L. reo,
again; smlire, to feel. See Sense. Der.
reSelltment.
Reserve. (F.-L.) O.F.reserver.-L.
reseruare, to keep back.-L. reo, back;
seruiire, to keep; see Serve.
reservoir. (F.-L. ) F.reservoir.Late L. reseruiitorium, a store-house ,
formed from reserlliire, to reserve. Cf.
Late L. senzatoritl1Jl, a store-house
(Lewis).
Reside. (F. -L.) M. F. resider, to reside, stay. -L. residlre, to sit or remain
behind. -L. reo, back; sedere, to sit; see
Sedentary. Der. resid-ence.
residue. (F. - L.) O. F. resitizt. - L.
residuum, a remainder, neut. of residztus,
remaining . - L. "esidire (above).
Resign, to yield up. (F.-L.) M. F.
resigner.-L. resignare, to unseal, annul,
resign. - L. reo, back; signare, to sign.
from sigllum, a sign, mark. See Sign.
Resilient. (L.) L. resilmt-, stem of
pres. part. of resi/ire, to leap back. - L.
reo. ba ck; sali"re, to leap. See Salient.
Resin, Rosin. (F. - L. - Gk.) M . E.
recy", reci1Ze. -M.F. resi"e,' rosin;' Cot.
Norman dial. rosine.-L. resi1Za, Jer. Ii. 8
( Vulgate). - Gk. P'IT1v'l, resin , gum from
trees. See Prellwitz.
Resist. (F.-L.) O . F. resister.-L.
resistere, to stand back, withstand. - L. reo,
back; sistere, to stand, from stare, to
stant!; see State.

Hi

RESOLUTE

RESUSCITATE

Besolute. (L.) L. resolU/us, pp. of halting-place,' which (like O. H. G . rasta)

is from Teut. root *1'QS, to dwell, as seen
resoluere (below).
resolve. (L .) L. resoluere, to loosen , in Goth. ralZ-n, a house. See Ran8ack.
melt; hence to separate in to parts (also, Brugm. i. 903 c.
to decid e, resolve). - L . re-, back ; so/uere, Best ( 2), to remain , be left over. (F . to loosen; see Solve. D er. reso/ution L.) F. rester, to remain. - L. restare, to
stop behind, remain. - L. re-. back ; skire,
(from pp. resoliitus).
Resonant. (L.) From resonant, stem to stand; see State. ~ Distinct from
of pres. pt. of L. resonare, to sound back, rest (I ), repose.
ech o, resound . - L. rt-, back; sonare, to Restaurant. (F. - L.) Mod. F . resound, from sonus, sound. See Sound (3) . staural.t, lit. ' restoring;' pres. pI. of
Resort, to betake oneself to. (F. -L. ) restaurer, to restore, refresh; see ReM. F . resortir, ressortir, 'to issue, goe store.
forth againe, resort;' Cot. Orij!. a hw Restharrow, a plant. ( F. and E.)
term; to appeal. - Late L. resortin, to For arrest-harrow, because its tough roots
resort to a tribunal ; cf. resortiri, to re - stop the harrow. Cf. the F . name arr!teturn to anyone. - L. re-, again; sortiri, to breu/, lit. 'stop-ox::
obtain; so that re-so,t iri is to re-obtain, Restitution. (F.-L.) F. restituton .
gain by appeal. - L. re-, again; sorti-, for - L. restilutionem, ace. of restitutio, a
restoring. - L . restitfttus, pp. of restiluere,
sors, a lot; see Sort.
Resound. (F. - L.) O. F . resoner to restore . - L. re-, again; statuere, to
( 12th cent. ). - L. resomjre; see Re- set up, place, caulial of stiire, to stand; see
sonant.
State.
Resource. (F. - L.) M . F. resource, Restive. (F. - L. ) Con fused with res/later ressource, ' a new source ;' Cot. - F. less, but it really means stubborn, refusing
to move. - M. F . restif,' restie, stubborn ,
re-, agaill; source, source; see Source.
Bespect, sb. (F. - L.) F . respect , drawing backward ; ' Cot. - F. rester, to
'respect, regard;' Cot. - L. respectum, acc. remain; see Re8t ( 2) . ~ Hence E. rusty
of respectus, a looking at.-L. respectus, in the phr. to turn rusty = to be stubborn.
pp. of respicere, to look at, look back Restore. (F.-L.) O. F. restorer, also
upon. - L. re- , back; speeere, to see; see ,estaurer. - L. restauriire, to restore. - L.
Species. Der. respect, vb. ; respect-able, re-, again; *staurnre, to set up; see
rlSpeet-ive; also dis -respect.
Store . Brugm. i. 198.
respite, delay, reprieve. (F. - L.) Restrain. (F.-L.) O. F . restraign-,
O. F . resp;t, a respite. Orig. sense regard, as in restraign-ant, pres. pt. of restraindre
respect had to a suit on the part of a (F. restreind,'e) , to restrain . - L. reslringjudge. - L. acc. respectum, respect (above). ere, to draw back tightly, bind back.-L.
Bespire, to breathe, take rest. (F. - L.) re-, back; stringere, to bind; see StrinF . respirer. - L. respiriire , to breathe gent. Der. restraint, from O. F. re'
again or back. - L. re-, back; spirare, to strainte, fern. of pp. of restraindre.
brent he ; see Spirit.
restrict. (L.) From L. restrictus, pp.
Besplendent. (L.) From L. re- of restringere, to bind back (above).
splmdenl-, stem of pres. pt. of resplen- Result, vb. (F.-L.) M. F. resulter,
dire, to glitter. - L. re-, again ; splendire, , to rebound or leap back ; also to rise of,
to shine; see Splendour.
come out of;' Cot. - L. resultare, to reBespond. (F. - L.) O. F. respondre.- bound; frequent of resilire, to leap back;
L. respotulire (pp. resjJonsus), to answer. see Re8ilient. D er. result-ant.
-L. reo, back; sjxmdire , to promise; see Resume, to take up again. (F.-L.)
SpollBor. Der. response, from O. F. re- M. F. resumer. - L. resumere. - L. re-,
spons, an IUIswer, from L . responsum, neut. again; sumere, to take; see As8ume.
of pr. responsus.
Der. resumpt-ion (from pp. resumpt-us).
Best ( I ) , repose. (E.) A. S. rest, rtEst, Rellllrrection. ( F. - L .) O . F. resurrest. Cf. Du. rust, Dan. Swed. rast, Ice!. rection. _ L. ncc. resurrectiOnem. - L.
,-iist (the distance between two resting- resun'eetus, pp. of resurgere, to rise again.
places) , G oth. rasla (a stage), O. H . G. - L. rc-, again; surgere, to rise; see
,-asta, G. rast, rest. The A. S. rest, fern., Surge.
answers to Teut. type *rastjii, orig. ' a BeB1UlCitate, to revive . (L ) L. ,.esus445

RET

RETROSPECT

citalus, pp. of resuscilare, to revive. - L. retmu, pp. of retm ir, to retain; see Rare, agai n, sus-, up, and citare, to rouse; tain.
see Cite.
Retire. (F. - Teut.) M. F. retirer, to
Ret, to steep fla L (M. Du. ) M. Du. retire, withdraw;' Cot. - F . reo, back;
re!t1~ , reden; to steep flax; Du. rden. tirer, to pull; see Tier, Tirade.
Cf. Pomeran. roten, Swed. riJ~a, Norw. Retort, a censure returned; tube for
rOyta, to ret; also D u. rete, ret~te , Low distilling. (F.-L.) M. F. retort, pp.
G. rate, E. Fries. rotte, a retting-pit. Lit. 'twisted , violently returned,' retorte, , a
' to make rotten;' formed by mutation lymbeck,' Cot. ; lit. a thing twisted back.
from Teut. *rat~t; for which see Rotten . - M. F. retorl, pp. of retordre, to twist
back. - L. retorquere, to twist back. Cf. Du. rooten, to ret.
Retail, sb. (F. - L. ) To sell by retail L. reo, back ; torquere, to twist; see
is to sell by small pieces.-O. F . retail , a Torture.
shred , paring, smallpiece. -O. F. retailler, Retract. (F.-L.) M . F. retracter,
to shred , cut small. - O. F . re- ( = L. re- ) , ' to revoke ;' Cot. - L. retractare, frequent.
again ; tailler , to cut ; see Tailor.
of retrahere, to draw back. - L. re-, back;
Retain. (F. -L. ) F. retenir .-L. re- trahere, to draw; see Tract (I).
tinere, to hold back; pp. relmtus. - L.
retreat, sb. (F. -L.) M. E. retrete.reo, back ; tenere , to hold; see Tenable. O. F. retrete, later retraite, a retreat, fern.
Der. retent-io1t (from the pp.).
of retret , pp. of retraire, to withdraw. - L.
RetaJiate, to repay. (L.) From pp. rdrahere, to draw back (above).
of L. retaliare, to requite; allied to talio,
Retrench. (F. -L.?) M. F . retrenretaliation in kind, as in lex talionis, the cher, ' to cnrtall, diminish; Cot. - L. reo,
law of retaliation. - L. tali-, decl. stem of back ; and O. F . trencher, to cut; " see
flitis, such, of such a kind. Cf. Gk. TlI Trench.
>"II<Or, of such an age. From the Idg. base Retribution. (F . - L.) M. F. retritao, allied to Gk . T~, E. tha-t. See That. bution. - L. acc. retributionem, requita\.Retard, to delay. (F. - L.) F. retarder, L. retribtttus, pp. of retribuere, to pay
to hinder. - L. retardare, to delay. - L. reo, back . - L. re-, back; tn"buere, to pay; see
agaiu; taniiire, to make slow, from tardus , Tribute.
slow. See Tardy.
Retrieve, to recover. (F.-L. and
Retch, Reach, to try to vomit. (E. ) Gk.) F ormerly ,e!reve. - O. F . retreuve,
A. S. hriican, to clear the throat , hawk , 3rd pers. sing. indic. of rdrover, later
spit. - A. S. lmica, spittle ; cf. hriicgebrcec, retrouver, to find again. - L. reo, again;
hoarseness.+lcel. hrcekja, to spit ; from O. F. trover, to fi nd; see Trover .
hraki, spittle. Prob. of imitative origin.
Retro-, backwards. (L.) L. retro,
Retention. (F. -L.) M. F. retmtion , backwards ; a case of a comparative fo rm
' retention; ' Cot. - L. acc. retentionem, a fro m re- or redo, back. The suffix -tro
holding back. - L. retent-us, held back, (-tra), in ci-tro, ci-tril, answers to Goth.
pp. of retinlre ; see Retain.
-}ro in }a-}ro, thence ; see Brugm. ii. 75.
Reticent, silent. (L.) From stem of See R ear (2).
pres. pt. of L. reticere, to be very silent. Retrocession. (F. - L. ) F. rt troL. reo, back, very ; and taclre, to be silent. cession. - Late L . retrocessio1tem, acc. of
See T acit.
retrocessio, a going back. - L. retrecess-us,
Beticule. (F. - L.) F. rttieule, a net pp. of relrffcMere, 10 go further back. - L.
for the hair, a reticule. _ L. reticulum, retro, backwards; elden, to go ; see Cede .
a little net; double dim in. of rete, a net. RetrolP'ade. going backward. (F . ~ F ormerly also ridicule (both in F . and L.)
O. F. relrograde. - L. retrogradus,
E.), by confusion with Ridicule (Littn!). retrograde (used of a planet). -L. retroC. provo F . rMieule, a reticule, dial. of g rad., to go backwards. - L . retro, backVerdun (Fertiault).
wards ; g rad. , to go ; see Grade.
retina, the innermost coating of the
retrogression. (L.) Coined from
eye. (L. ) Neo-Lat. retina; so called pp. of L. relro-grad. (above).
because resembling network. Coined from Retrospect. (L.) From L. retrospectw, (unused ) pp. of retrospict
riti-, for rete, a net.
Retinue. (F. - L.) M. E. retenue. - look back. - L. retro, back; spece.
O. F. retume, a body of retainers; fern. of i look.
446

RETURN

RHAPSODY

Beturn. vb. (F.-L.) F. relqu,.,,~r

(Cot.). - F. re- ( = L. re-), back; lourner,
to turn; see Turn.
Bevea.l. (F. - L.) M. F . reveler, ' to
reveale ; , Cot. - L. reul/are, to draw back
a.vei!. - L. reo, back; ul/um, veil; see Veil.
Reveille. an alarum at break of day.
(F. - L.) rCf. F. rhlei/, a reveille, M. F.
resvdl, ' a bunt 'sou p, or morning-song for
a new married wife, the day after the marriage ;' Cot.] The E. reveilll was a trisyllable, and represented F. rlveillez, wake
ye, im per. plmal of r!veiller, to awaken;
O. F. resveiller. - O. F . re- (L. reo, again) ;
and esveiller, to awaken, from L. ex, out,
and uigilare, to watch (from uigil, awake) .
See Vigil. ~ The E. word is also spelt
reveillet; Brand , Pop. Antiq., ed . Ellis, ii.
176. T he F. rtveillez is used as a sb. (in
the E . sense) in the dialect of F orez, near
Lyons (Graz) .
Bevel, a noisy feast. (F.-L.) M. E.
,-euel (revel), sb. - O. F. revel, pride, rebellion, sport, jest, disturbance, disorder
(Roquefort). - O. F . reveler, to rebel, hence,
to riot. -L. rebel/are, to rebel; see Rebel.
Der. revell-er; whence revel-r-y.
Bevenge. (F.-L.) O. F. revmgi~r,
also reve'tcher, to avenge oneself (F. revancher). -F. re- (= L. reo ), again : O . F.
vmgier, venger, from L. uincbcare, to
vindicate; see Vindicate.
Bevenue, income. (F. -L.) M . F. revenu, m., and revenul, f. 'revenue, rent; ,
Cot. From revenu, pp. of revenir, to
come back. - F. reo, back; venir, to come.
- 1;. reo, back; uenire, to come ; see
Venture.
Beverberate. (L.) From pp. of L.
reuerberare, to beat back (hence, to reecho). - L. reo, back; uerberare, to beat,
from uerber, a scourge.
Revere. (F.-L.) M. F. reverer (F.
rlvirer), to reverence. - L. reuern-i, to
revere, stand in awe of. - L. reo, again;
tterlri, to fear, feel awe, allied to E.
Wary. Der. reverence, O. F . rev"ence,
L. reuerentia; also rever-end.
Beverie, Beve1'7. (F. - L.) F.
rlverie, a raving, a vain fancy, a revery.F. river, formerly resver, rliver, to rave.
See Rave.
B.everse. (F. - L.) M. E. reuers
(revers).-O. F. revers.-L. reuersus, lit.
turned backwards; pp. of reuertere, to tum
backward. - L. reo, back; wrlere, to turn;
see Vel'H.

revert. (F.-L.) M. F. rerJerlir, ' to

revert, returne; , Cot. - L. reuerlere
(above).
Review. (F. -L.) From Be- and
View.
Bevile. (F. - L.) M. E. reuilen (=
revilen ); A. F . reviler (Gowerl. - F . reo,
again; and F. vi! (L. uilis ), cheap; see
Vile. Lit.' to cheapen.'
Bevise. ( F.-L.) O.F.reviser. -L.
reulsere, to look back upon, revisit. - L.
reo, again; ulsere, to survey, from ulsus,
pp. of "idl re, to see; see Vision.
B.evisit. ( F . -L. ) From Re- and
Visit.
Revive. (F.-L.) F. revivre.-L. ,-euluere, to li ve again, revive. - L. reo,
again ; ttluere, to live ; see Vivid.
Revoke. ( F.-L. ) O. F . revocq"er ( F.
rhloquer). - L. reuocare, to recall. - L. ,'e-,
back ; uoClire, to call; see Vocal.
Revolt, a rebellion. ( F . -Ital.-L. )
M. F. revolte, ' a revolt;' Cot. - M. Ita!.
revolta ( Ita!. rivolta ), a revolt; fern . of
revolto, turned, overthrown, pp. of "roo!vere, to tum, roll back, overturn. - L. ,'euo/uere, to roll back ( below).
revolve. (L. ) L. reuoluere, to turn
again, revolve. - L. reo, again; uoluere, to
tum; see Voluble. Der. revolut-ioll, from
pp. reuoliitus.
Bevulsion. (F. -L. ) M.F. revll/siolZ,
a plucking away; also the drawing of
humours from one part of the body into
an other;' Cot. - L. reuu/siimem, acc. of
reuulsio, a plucking back. -L. reuulsus,
pp. of reuellere, to pull back. -L. ,-eo,
back; uellere, to pull, pluck. Cf. Convulse.
Beward, vb. (F.-L. alZdO. H . G.)
A. F. rewarder; O. F. regarder, to look
back upon, regard (with favour ) ; see
Regard. Doublet, regard.
Reynard, Benard, a fox. (F . Teut.) O.F. rmard,regnard ( F. rmard).
- Low G. (M. Flemish) Reinaerl, the
name given to the fox in the celebrated
M. Flemish epic so called. Cognate with
O. H. G. Reginizarl, lit. 'strong iu counsel ;' from O. H. G. regin-, ragin-, answering to Goth. ragin, judgment, counsel,
and hart (E. hard), strong.
B.ha.psocl:v. (.F . ...:-L.-Gk,) M.F.ratsodu, Cot. - L. rizajsiJdia. - Gk, /JalII9'~a,
the reciting of epic poetry, part of 'an epic
poem, &~thapsody, tirade. - Gk. p~"'9'36.,
one who strings (lit. stitches) songs to-

RHETORIC

RICKETS

gether, areciter of epic poetry. -Gk. ~-, Perhaps allied to G. rebe, a tendril; from
stem of fut. of paffTflJl, to stitch together, the idea of clasping (Kluge).
fasten together; .p~, an ode; see Ode.
Ribald. CF. - T eut. ) M. E. ribald,
Bhetoric. (F. - L. -Gk.) O. F. rhe- ribaud. - O. F. ribald (F.ribaud) . _ LowL.
torique; Cot. - L . rlUtorica, i. e. rhltorica ribaldtts, a ruffian ; cf. Low L. ribalda, a
ars, the art of rhetoric; fern. of rhetoricus, prostitute. Of Teut. origin. - O. H . G.
adj. - Gk. fnlTOpt"OS, rhetorical; adj. from hrfpa, M. H . G. ribe, a prostitute ; CC. O. F.
PflTOJP, an orator, speaker. For f pfJ-TOJp, riber, to be wanton. The suffix -aid
related by gradation to .tp.lJI, to speak is due to O. H. G. walt, power. Cf.
Korting, 4019.
(for *FfP-YflJl). Allied to Verb.
Bheum. ( F. -L.-Gk.) M.F. rheu,m . BiblUld, Ribbon. (F.) M. E. riban,
- L. rheuma.- Gk. jlflipa (stem pwpaT-). reban. [Also Irish ribin, a ribbon; Gael.
allow, lIux, rheum. -Gk.pn'- uopat , fut.of ribean, a ribbon, fillet; from E. J-O.F.
PEflJl, to 1I0w ; (for *upEf- v).+Skt. sru, riban (F. ruban), a ribbon (Littn!); Gasto 1I0w. Allied to Strea.m. ( -v'SREU.) con and Languedoc n 'ba1l; Norman dial.
Der.rheumat-ic.
riban . Low L. rubtinus (A. D. 1367 ).
Bhinoceros. (L. - Gk. ) L. rhinoceros. Origin unknown; cf. Dan. vride-baand, a
- Gk. ",JlO"fpM, lit. ' nose homed.' - Gk. twisted band.
"'vo-, for ",s, nose; "EpaS, a horn, allied Rice. (F.- Ital.-L.-Gk.-O. PeTS.)
O. F. ris, rice ; F. riz. -Ital. n so. -L.
to Horn.
Bhizome, a rootlike stem. (F . - Gk.) orjiza. - Gk. i5pv(a,i5pv(oJl, rice, grain. From
F. rhizome. - Gk. ",(OJI-'a, root. - Gk . an O. Pers. form, preserved in the Pushto
p.(oliv, to cause to take root.-Gk. ",(a, (Afghan) w rijzey, wnjey, rice; wrijza'h,
a grain of rice (Raverty) . Hence also
root. See Root.
Bhododendron. (L . -Gk. ) L. rhodo- Arab. UrttZZ, ruzz, whence Span. arroz,
dendron. - Gk. pofJ06fVtJpoV, the rose- bay, rice. Allied forms are Pers. birinj, Armen.
oleander. - Gk. />060- , for />030v , rose ; bri"j, rice; SkI. vrihi-, rice. (Horn, l08;
3Evapov, tree. Gk. ~o60v is of Armenian Yule.)
origin; see Rose.
Bich. (E.) M. E. ric1ze. -A. S. rice,
Bhodomontade; see Rodomon- powerful, rich. [ We also find O.F. riche,
ta.de.
from O. Sax. riki, allied to O. H . G. rihhi,
Bhomb, Bhombus. (L.-Gk.) L. M. H . G. riche (G. reich), powerfu1. ] +
rlzombtts (F . rlzombe). - Gk./>Op80s,athing Du. rijk, Ice!. rfkr, Swed. rik, Dan. rig,
twirled round, whirling spi ndle, a thing in Goth. reiks. Teut. type *rikiz, powerful,
the shape of a whirling spindle, a four- from the base rik- as seen in Goth. reik-s,
sided figure with equal sides but unequal a ruler; cognate with the Celtic base rig- ,
an~les. -Gk . plp8flJl, to revolve. Allied as in GauUsh rfx, a king (cf. O. Irish ri,
See also gen. rfg, a king, W. rhi, a chief); unless
to Wrinkle (Prellwitz).
Rumb.
the Teut. base rik- is merely borrowed
Bhubarb. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) O. F . from the Celtic rig-. Cf. L. rex, gen. reg-is,
reubarbe; F. rh ubarbe. - Late L . rheu- a king. AlI from -v'REG, to rule (L. regbarbarum (= rheum barbarum ). - Gk. ere) . See Regent. Brugm. i. H 135,549 c.
p'?Jov 8ap8apo., rhubarb; lit. ' Rhenm from
riches. (F . -O. H. G.) M. E. richesse,
the barbarian country.' Gk. P'?Jov is an a sing. sb. ; the pI. being richesses. - F.
adj. from pa, the rha-plant, rhubarb, which n 'chesse, wealth. _ O . H. G. rfhhi, M. H . G.
was also called RM. Ponljcum. Rhii rfche (G. reich), rich (above) . T he suffix
took its name from the river Rha, i. e. the is F. esse, I ~ -ilia.
Bick. (E .) Rick is from A. S. hrycce,
V()lga. And see Barbarou8.
Bhumb; see Rumb.
as in corn-hrycce, com rick. We also find
Bh~e; see Rime (I).
M. E. reek, A. S. hreac, a heap, a rick.+
Bhy-thm.(F.-L. -Gk.) M.F. rithme, Icel. hraukr, a rick; Du. rook. Cf. O.
Cot.-L.rhylhmus. -Gk./>v8I'os, measured Irish cruach , a rick; and see Ruck (2).
motion, time, measure. - Gk. pfflV, to flow. Ricj[ets, a disease of children, accompanied by softness of the bones and
See Rheum.
Bib. (E.) M. E. ribbe. A. S. ribb.+ great weakness. (E.) A provo E. word
Du. n 'h, Ice!. rif, Swed. ref-been (rib-bone), first noticed about A. D. 16l0; whence the
Dan. n'b-IJeen; G. n'ppe; Russ. rehro. medical term rachitis was coined about
#8

RIG

RICOCHET
1650, with allusion to Gk. />4xlS, the spine.
Cf. provo E. rickety, i. e. tottery, weak,
unstable. Formed from M. E. wrikken,
to twist, wrest, still in use in the phrase
to wrick one's ankle.' Allied to A. S.
wrin.f{an, to twist ; see Wring and
Wry. Cf. Du. wrikken, Swed. ricka,
to be rickety; Swed. rickug-, rickety.
Bicochet, the rebound of a cannon-ball.
(F.) F. ricochet, 'the sport of skimming a
thinne stone on the water, called a Duck
and a Drake;' Cot. Origin unknown .
Bid (I), to free. ( E.) M.E. ridden,
redden. A. S. IIreddan, to snatch away,
deJiver.+O. Fries. lzredda, Du. redden,
Dan. ruide, Swed. riidde; G. rellen. Tent.
tyj>l! *hradjan-. Cf. Skt. tralh, to untie.
Bid (2), to clear, esp. land. (Scand.)
Provo E. nil. M. E. ruden (pp. rid). Ice!. ry~a (orig. hry~a) , to clear, clear
out; Dan. rydde, to clear, grub up land.
Teut. type *hrudjan-, from *hrud-, weak
grade of *hrtuth.an- (Icel. lz~ii5t1a), to
strip. If Confused with rid (I) .
Biddle (1), an enigma. (E.) Properly
riddles; and the pI. should be riddles-es.
M. E. redels. - A. S. radels, radelse, a
riddle, ambiguity, something requiring
explanation. - A. S. radon, to discern , explain; see Read.+Du. roadsel, for *raadis-Io-, the A. S. -els being for -isl; G.
riithsel, a riddle. If We still say to read
a riddle, i. e. to explain it.
Biddle (2 ), a large sieve. (E.) M. E.
ridi!. A. S. hrit/der, a vessel for winnowing
com; older form lzrJder (Sweet); the
suffixed -cr and il (-Ie) being equiYfllent.
+0. Ii. G. rUera; Irish creatlzair, Gael.
criatlzar; L. cribrum. Lit. sense' sepa.rater.' All from Idg. root *bet', to
separate; cf. Gk. ICpi-vflv. See Critic.
Bide. (E.) M. E. riden, pt. t. rood, pp.
riden. A. S. ridan, pt. t. rati, pp. riden.
+Du. njiien, Icel. riiJa, Dan. ride, Swed.
rida; G. reiten. Also O. Irish riad-aim,
I drive, ride. (-v'REIDH.) Bnlgm. i.
llO. Der. road, read-yo
Ridge. (E.) M.E. rigg-e, rugge. A.S.
hryc![, the back of a man or beast.+Du.
rug-, back, ridge, Dan. ryg, Swed. rygg,
Ice!. lzryggr; G. rUcken, O. Ii . G. lzrucki.
Cf. O. Irish croccenn, ( 1) hide, (2) the back.
Bidiculous. (L. ) L.riduul.us,laughable; with suffix nus. - L. ritiffe, to
laugh.
Biding, one of the three divisions of the
counly 01 York. (Scand. ) For thn'ding-

(North-riding- = Norllz-thriding-). - Icel.

)rit1jungr, the third part of a thing, third
part of a shire. - Icel. )riM, third; cognate
with A. S. )ridda, third. See Third,
Three. So also Norw. Iridjung-, a third
part.
Rife. (Scand.) M . E. rtf, late A. S.
rif. - Icel. rilr, munificent, abundant; M.
Swed. rij, rife ; Norw. ,iv.+ M. Du. ri;/.
abundant; Low G. rive, abundant, munificent, extravagant. Cf. Icel. retfr, glad;
reija, to bestow.
Bi1f-ra1f, refuse. (F. -Teut.) M. E.ril
and raj, things of sm all value, hence every
bit. - M. F. nf el raj, every bit; also
njle el raJle. ' II ne luy lairra nf ny raj,
he will strip him of all;' Cot. Here nf
or riJle is a thing of small value, from
riJler, to rifle, ransack ; and raJle is from
M. F. ra.ffler , to rifle, ravage. :Both are
words of Teut. origin, drawn together by
their sound, though of different origin. F.
riJler is from Icel. hn1a (see RUle (I ;
M. F. ra.ffler is from G. raffen, to seize.
B.i1le (I), to spoil, plunder. (F . - Teut.)
M. F. riJler, ' to rifle, spoile;' Cot. Norm.
dial. riJler (D nmeril). Formed, with
frequentative .1-, from Icel. hrifa, rila,
to catch, grapple, grasp; allied to Icel.
lzrijsa, plunder.
B.i1le ( 2), a kind of musket. (F.Teut.) Short for riJled gun, from the verb
njle, to groove. - O. F. riJlcr, to scratch,
graze (Godefroy). - Low
eln, to
furrow, chamfer; E. Fries. ri eln (the
same), riffil, a groove; Dan. n' e, to rille,
groove, riJle, a groove; Swed. rejJla, to
rille. So also G. riele, a furrow; n 't/en,
rieftln, to rifle (from Low G.) . All allied
to Rivel, and to Rive.
rift. (Scand.) Dan. and Norw. rift,
rift, rent.-Norw. n'va, Dan. rive, to tear.
Cf. Icel. ript, a breach of contract. See
Rive.
Big (I), to fit up a ship. (Scand.) Spelt
rygge in Palsgrave.-Norw. n'gga, to bind
up, wrap round, also to rig a ship; n'gg,
sb., rig~g. Cf. Swed. dial. rigga pa, to
harness a horse. Also Westphal. n'ggen,
Du. rijgen, G. reilzen, to stitch together,
orig. to put in a row ; cf. E. Fries. rig-e,
rig-e, a row. See Row ( I).
Big (2), a frolic, prank. (E. ?) We also
find ng, to be wanton; riggislz, wanton.
For wng, and allied to wn'ggle; see
Wriggle. Cf. N orw. rigga, to rock; E.
Fries. wriggen, to wriggle; Du. wn'kkm,
+49

G'if;'

RIG

RIP

to stir to and (ro, wriggelm, to wriggle;

and see Rickets.
BUr (3), a ridge. (E.) M. E. rig,
Northern (orm of rigge, rugge, a ridge.
See Ridge .
Bight. (E.) M. E. riglzt. A. S. riM,
ryht; O. Merc. relzt.+Dn. regt, recht,
Icel. rlttr (for *rlhtr), Dan. ret, Swed.
rat, G. recht, O. H. G. reht, Goth. ,aihts.
Teut. type *rehtoz ; Idg. type *rektos, as
in L. rectus . Cf. W. rhaith, sb., right,
O. Ir. recht; Pers. riist. See Regent.
REG .)
righteous. (E .) Corruption ofM. E.
right7(Jis; A. S. rihtwis, i. e. wise as to
what is right. - A. S. riM, right; u'is,
wise.
Rigid. (L. ) L. rigilillts, stiff. - L, ng-lre,
to be stiff. Hrugm. i. 875.
Bigmarole. (Scand . ; and F. -L.)
Well known to be a corruption of ragmanroll, orig. a deed with man y signatures, a
long list of names; hence, a long stupid
story. Lit.' coward's roll.' - lcel. raglllmni,
a coward, from ragr, a coward, al,d matJr
( = lIla'l11r), a man; with the addition of
roll, for which see Roll. The Ieel. ragr
seems to be allied to Icel. argr, a coward,
A. S. earg.
Rigol, a circlet. (ltal. -0. H . G.) In
Shako -Hal. rigolo, a little wheel (Tor.
riano) ; cr. riga, a line, a stripe. - O. H . G.
riga, riga, a line, the circumference of a
circle (G. reihe). See Row ( I ) .
Bile; see Roil.
Rill, a streamlet. (Low G.) Cf. Low G.
rille, K Friesic and Dan. dial. n'lle, a
streamlet. Apparently for *rithele; cf.
A. S. ri6e, a stream; Low G. n'de, a
stream; G. reide (in place.names). See
Phil. Soc. Trans. 1888, p. 166. ~ Norm.
dial. risle, rille, the name of a river,
written Ridula, Risila, Risla in old
charters (Robin, p. 432).
Rim. (K ) M. E. rim. A. S. rima, a
verge, edge; cf. W. rhim, rhimp, rhimyn,
a rim, edge.+Icel. rimi, a strip of land.
Perhaps allied to G. rand, a rim, and to
Rind ( Kluge). Brugm. i. 421.
Rime (1), verse, poetry, &c. (F.-L.
-Gk.) Usually spelt rhyme, by confusion
with rhythm, but not before A. D. 1550.
M. E. rime. - F. rime, ' rime, or meeter; ,
Cot. Cf. M. F. rithme, ' rime, or meeter; ,
id. Prob. from L. rhythmus, rhythm ;
of Gk. origin; see Rhythm . ~ Hence
also M. 1-1 . G. rim . in the sense of' verse,'

which is a different word (rom M. H. G.

rim, O. H. G. rim (A. S. rim ), in the
sense o( number.' From F. rime came
also Ital. Span. Port. rima ; also Du.
ri~;,!cel. rima, G. reim.
. e (2 ) , hoarfrost. (F.) For Izrime.
A. S. hrim, hoarfrost. + Du. rijm, Ice!.
hrim, Dan. riim, Swed. nm. Allied to
Du. njp, G. rei/, hoar frost.

t.v

Bimer, a tool for en larging holes in

metal. (E. ) From A. S. ryman, to en
large. - A. S. rum, wide. See Room.
Bimple, to rippl e, as the surface of
water. (K ) To n 'mple is to shew
wrinkles. - A. S. hrympel, a wrinkle.A. S. h"ump-, rump, weak grade of
hri1llpa,z or rimpan, to wrinkle. + Du.
"impel, a wrinkle, rimpden, to wrinkle;
O. H. G. hrim/an, M. H. G. rimpjew(cf.
G. riimp/m ), t o crook, bend, wrinkle. (See
:Franck. )

!;ee Rumple.

Bind. (E. ) M. E. rirtd, rinde. A. S.

ritzde, bark of a tree, crust (of bread). +
M . Du. and G. rinde, bark. Allied to
Rim.
Bing (1), a circle. (E.) M. E. ring .
A. S./zring. +Du. ring, Low G . ring, rink,
Icel. lzringr, Swed. Dan. G. n'ng, O. H. G.
h,i~zc.
Teut. typ<: *hrengoz; Idg. type
*krmghos; also *kronghos, as in O . Bulg.
kr~gt" Russ. krug(e), a circle. See Rank
and Harangue.
Bing ( 2), to sound a bell. (EJ) M. E.
ringen. A. S. lln'ngan, to clash, ring; a
weak verb, as in Scand.; but English has
pt . t. rang, by analogy with sang from
sittg. Ice!. hringja, Dan. ringe, Swed.
ringa . Cf. Icel. hrang, a din; L. clatzgere,
to clang.
Bink, a conrse for the game of curling,
&". (E. ) A peculiar form of ,ing, in the
sense of pnuring, &c. Cf. Low G. rink,
a ring.
Binse. (F.) M. F. n'mer, ' to reinse
linllen clothes;' Cot . F. rinee,'; from
O. F. raj'ncer (Littre). Cf. O. F. reincier,
to rinse (Godefroy). Of unknown origin.
Riot. (F.-O. H. G.?) O. F. riote, a
brawling. The same as Provo n 'ota, 1tal.
riolla, dispute, strife. Of unknown origin;
see Korting.
Rip. (Scand.; or F.-Scand .) M. E.
ripen, to grope, search into; rypen vp, to
seek out (cf. E. np up). Cf. O. F. riper,
to scratch (Godefroy). -Norweg. n:pa, to
scratch, Swe(l. dial. ,.,pa, to scratch, pluck
asunder (like E. np opm ) ; Dan. oprtppe,

45 0

RIPE

ROAD

to rip up; Swed. repa upp, to rip up, repa, lLite. (L.) L. ril,lS, a custom.+ Skt.
to scratch. Allied to D u. rltpd, (;. riffel, rili, a going, way, usage; from t'i, to go,
a flaxcomb; see R ipple (I). The Teut. flow. Cf. Brugm. ii. 498. D er. diu aI,
ba, e takes a double fonn ; see Rea.p; cf. from L. rilu-, decl. stem of rflus.
Ripe (below) and Rope.
lLival. (F. - L.) F. rival. - L riun/is,
lLipe. ( E.) M . E. 1'1pe. A. S. ripe, fit sb_, one who uses the same brook as another,
for reaping; cf. rip, harvest. - A. S, rij>an, a near neighbour, a rival. - L. riuus, :l
to reap. + Du. 1'1jp, G. rei/, ripe. See stream . Cf. Skt. ri, to go, flow .
Rive, to tear. (Scand.) M. E. ritlm
Rip, Reap.
lLipple ( I ), to pluck the seeds from (u= v ). - Icel. rifa, pt. t. rei/, pp.djimt
flax-stalks. (E. ) M. E. npplm, npelm, ( > E. riven ), to rive; Dan. n've, Swed,
to ripple; from the sh. dPp/e, a flaxcomb rifva. Cf. Gk. fp.I,TfIP, to dash down;
(Jamieson). Formed, with suffix -Ie, of L. ripa, a bank (shore) . See R eef.
the agent, from the weak grad e, r ip., of lLivel, to wrinkle. (E. ) M. E. riue!m
A. S. ripa", to reap, cut; see Reap. Cf. (u = v ). A. S. rife/i'd, wrinkled (Eng.
Swed. npa, to ripple flax,orig. to scratch, Stud. xi. 66) ; cf. genjliatt, to wrinkle; a
rip; see Rip (above). + Du. t-epelm, to frequent. form from the weak grade of
ripple, from repel, a ripple, from M. Du. Teut. rei/a1t., as seen in Icel. ri/a , to
repe", to beat flax; G. riffe/n, to ripple, rive; see R ive (above). Cf. A . S. gerifod,
wrinkled; .lE1f. Hom. i. 614.
from dffil, a ripple.
lLipple (2), to cause or shew wrinkles River. (F . -L.) M.E.ritltr (tl =v).
on the surface, said of water. (Scand.) A - i\ . F . rivere, O. F. ,ivitre. (F. n vitre.)
late word; the same as R ipple (3) bel ow. The same as Span. n'bera, a shore, strand,
sea-coast, Ital. t7vie"a, shore, bank, :llso
The older word was R imple , q. v.
lLipple (3), to graze slightly. (Scand.) a river; Late L. "ipan'a, (I ) shore, ban k,
, R'pp7e, rescindere ; ' Levins ( 1570). Fre (2) river. - Late L. riplirius, belonging
to a shore. - L. rijJa, shore, bank. Allied
quentative of Rip (above).
lLise, (E.) M. E. risen. A. S. rism, , to R ive.
pt. t. ras, pp. nsen.+ Du. rijzm, orig. to Rivet. (F. - Scan d.) F . n'vel, 'the
move, also in M. Du. to fall (contrary to welt of a shoe,' Cot.; also a rivet (Littre).
the E. sense); Icc!. risa; O. H. G. rimll, - F. n 'ver, to rivet, clench, fasten back. to move up or down, to rise, to fall; Goth. Icel. ri/a , to tack, sew loosely together;
urreisatt, to arise. Tent. type -reis-att., ri/a samatt, to stitch together. cr. Shet.
to slip away. D er . raise, rem-, vb.
land riv, to sew coarsely, Aberdeen riv,
Risible. (F. - r.,) F. dsible. - L. risi to ri vet.
bilis, laughable. _ L . risus, pp. of ridere,
Rivulet. (L. ) Dimin. from L.rilltl/tls,
a small stream; dimin. of riuus, a stream;
to laugh. See Ridioulous .
R isk. (F.-Ita!.-L.) F . dsque, peril; lit. 'flowing.' Cf. I tal. n'vo/ello (Torriano ).
Cot. Orig. a maritime word. - Ital. n'seo, See Rival.
Rix-dollar, a coin. (Du . - G.) Du .
peril; Florio; the same word (probably)
as Span. dseo, a steep abrupt rock; whence djks.daa/der, a rix-dollar. - G. ,'tiehs.
the sense of ' peril,' as shewn by Span. ar thaler, a dollar of the empire. - G . reiells,
desgm', O. Span. a,.,':isear, to venture into gen. case of reich, empire, allied to G.
danger (lit. to go against a rock). The reiclt, rieh ; and Ihaler, a dollar; see R ich
orig. sense of n'sro is cut off, sheer, like a anel Dollar.
Roach, a fish. (F. - Teut.) M. E. todle.
sharp rock. - L. ,'eseclire, to cnt back, cut
off short (curiously verified by the use of - 0. N orth . F. anel Walloon roche, O. F.
the Como word "ese.Ra, a saw, also risk; roee (rosse in Cot. \. - M . Du . roeh, a skate;
Diez) ; and cf. Port. duo, ( I) rock, ( 2) cf. Dan . rokke, Swed . -orka , a ray; Low
danger. - L. re, back; seeare, to cut: see G. roche, whence G. roche, a ronch, ray.
S eotion. (See further in Diez and Kort Origin unknown. There is a remarkabl e
ing.)
confusion between roach, ~kate, ray , anel
lLisBole, a mincedmeat fritter. (F.- thomback. Cf. A. S. rtohhe, a fish .
L.) F. n 'ssole; O. F. roisso/e, rOllsso/e. Road. ( E. ) M. E. rood, rode (both for
L:lte L. type *1"1lSseola; from L. nusms, ships and horses). - A. S. ,'lid, a road, also
redd ish, or mther brownish ; from the a raid. - A . S. rlid, 2nd stem of rMan , to
ride. See R id e. Doublet, .-aid.
COlOUT. - L. "/ISNIS, reel . See Russet ,
451

ROAM

RODOMONTADE

Boam. (F. - L.) M. E. romen.

Coined from O. F. romier, a pilgrim to
Rome; cf. O. F . romel, a pilgrim, romeree,
a pilgrimage; Span . romero, a pilgrim;
M. E. R ome-,tlmere, a runner to Rome,
pilgrim; also Late L. romros, Ita!' Romeo,
one who goes to Rome, a pilgrim. All
from L. Roma, R ome.
Roan. (F.) M . Jf. roll~Il; 'chroaI- rouell ,
a roane horse;' Cot . Mod. F . r01lall ,
Span . roano, Ita!' rovallO, "oano ( Florio).
Origin unknown. ~ Someti mes derived
from the town of Roue.t, with which
Ita\. rovano can have not hi ng to do.
Roan-tree, Rowa.n-tree, the mountail) ash. (Scand.) Spelt roun-tree, roan
tree, rowan-tree in J amieson. - Swed. ~omt,
M . Swed. rmm, ,'onn , roan-tree ; Dan.
ron . I ce\. rey"ir. T he I cel. reY1lir is for
*ny111t'r< *rnu'nir, a derivative of rau(Jr,
red; from the colou r of the berries (Noreen). See Red.
Roar. ( E.) M . E. roren. A.S. riirian ,
to bellow.+ M. H . G. rerm ; cf. Lith.
refll, I scold, Brugm. ii. 465, 741.
Perhaps of imitative origin.
Roast. ( F .- G.?) M . E. roslen . - O. F.
rostir , 'to rost; ' Cot. (F. rOtir.) - O.H .G.
rosti n , to roast . - O. H . G . rost, a grate ,
gridiron.+ D u. ,'oosten, to roast; roosler,
a gridiron. C f. also Irish rost, roast meat,
Gael. rost, roist, W. ,'hostio, from E . ;
Bret. rosta , from F.
Bob ( I ). ( F.-O. H . G.) M. E. robhen.
- 0 . F . robber, more commonl y rober, to
disrobe, spoil, strip off clothing, plunder.
- F. robe, a robe; see Robe .
Bob ( l ), a conserve offruit. (F.-Span.
-Arab. ) F. rob, 'the juice of black
whortleherries preserved; ' Cot. - Span.
rob, thickened juice of fruit with honey. Arab. ruM , ' a decoction of the juice of
citrons and other fruits, inspissated juice ,
rob;' Richardson.
Robbins, Robins, ropes for fastening
sails. ( E.) Low!. Sc. ra-balld, rai-balld.
E. Fries. ra-band; where rn =yard of a
ship. Cf. Ice!. 1'0, Dan. raa, Swed. ra , G.
rahe. yard; and BlI.nd.
Robe. (F.- O.H . G. ) F . robe. formerly also robbe. - M. H. G . roub, O. H . G .
raul (G . .-nub), booty, spoil ; hence, a
garment taken from the slain , cl othing. +
A. S. ria/. Icel. rau/. ~b .; ~ee nnderReBve.
Der. dis-robe.
Robin. (F. - O. H. G.) F. Robin,
proper nnme ; pet name for Robert. -

O. H . G. Ruodpt rlzt (G. Ruprecht, i. e.

Rupert) . Lit . ' fame-bright, ' illustrious
in fame.- O . H . G. ruod-, allied to I cel.
hrlftJr. fame ; O. H. G. perM = E. brig"'.
See Hob gobli n .
Robnst. (F. - L.) F. rohw/e. - L.
robustus, strong. - O . L. robtlS ( L. robur),
strength; orig. a tough tree, oak.
Roc, a huge bird. \ F. -Pers.) F. rock
(Littre). - Pers. rI,kh, the nam e of a huge
bird; al so a hero.
Rochet, a fine white li nen robe, like a
surplice, worn by bishops . (l'-.- M. H. G .)
F . rochet, 'a frock; a prelate's rochet; '
Cot. - M. H . G. roe (G. rock ), a fr ock , coat .
+ ])u. ,'ok, O. F ries. rokk, A . S. rO(C, I cel.
rokkr, the same; T eu t. type *r1lkkoz.
Rock ( I ), a large mass of stone. ( F .)
O . F. roke ( 13th cent. ), also roque, rocqlle;
commonly rOc/Ie, a rock. The same as
\ Valloon roc, Languedoc ,'oquo, f.. P rovo
roea, Span. roea, Port. roca, ror/I.Il , Ital.
rocca, roccia , a rock. Cf. Low L. rorca
(Ducange ). We also find Ir. and Gael.
roe (prob. from E.), and Bret. rod, (prob.
from F. ). Also A . S. slan-rocc ( I!th c.) .
Origin tmknown.
Rock ( 2), to shake, totter. (E .) M . E.
rokken. A. S. roccian (C. Hall) ; N. I' ries.
rocke. + Dan. rokke, to rock, shake,
Swed. dia!' l'Ukka. to wag. Allied to
Dan. rykke , to pull , ryk, a pull; Ice!.
rykkr, a hasty pull ; G. ruck, a pull, jolt;
Du. rttk, a jerk. T eut. types *rukkojan-,
*rukkjall- . to jolt, jerk (Franck ). The
base *rttkk- may be related to *renkan- ,
to shake, as seen in Swed. dial. rinka, to
shake (pt. t. rank, supine runkit) ; Swed.
rIlnka, to shake. See Rietz.
Rock ( 3), a distaff. (Scand .) Ice\. "okkr,
Swed. rock, Dan. rok, a distaff. + G. rorkm;
Du. rok, rokken.
.
rocket ( I). a kind of fire-work . (Ita\.
-G. ) M. lta\. rocchetto, ' a bohbin towinde
silke upon; a squib of wilde fier ;' Flori o.
So named from its shape, resembling that
ofa bobbin or a rlistaff. -M. H. G. rocke,
G. rocken , a distaff ( above).
Rocket ( 2),a plant. ( I". - Ita\. - L. ) F .
roquet/e. _ Ita\. ruchetla, dimin . of rttca,
garden -rocket. - L. eriira, a sort of colewort; whence :llso G. rauke, rocket.
Rod, a wand . (E.) See Rood.
Rodent, gnawing. ( L.) From 1'0 den/-,stem of pres. p:lrt. of rOden, to gnaw.
Allied to Raae.
Rodomontade, vain boasting . ( F.-

453

ROE

ROOT

ltal.) F. rodolllolliade. -Ital. rodolllolliala,

a boast. Due to the boastful character of
Rodomo"Ie, in the Orlando Furioso of
Ariosto, b. xiv.
Boe ( I), a female deer. (E.) M. E. roo
A. S. ra, early form raha.+IceI. ra, Dan.
raa, Swed. rii, Du. ree, G. rei.. Der. roebuck.
Boe ( 2) , spawn. (Scand.) For rom,;
the final 11 was dropped, being mistaken
for the pI. suffix, as iu SllOOIl for shoes,
eym for eyes. M. E. rowne. -lceI. hrogn,
Dan. rop', Swed. rom, roe. +G. rogen, roe
(whence F. rogue, roe ).
Bog&tion. (F.-L.) F. rogalion.-L.
acc. rogtitionem, a supplication. - L. rogatus, pp. of rogare, to ask.
Bogue. ( F. -C.) F. rogue, 'arrogant,
proua, presumptuous, rude. surly;' Cot.
Cf. E. rogll-ish, saucy. The orig. sense
was a surly fellow; hence a vagabond.Hret. rok, rog, arrogant, proud, haughty,
brusque. Cf. Irishrucas, pride. (Doubtful;
see Scheler. )
Boil, Bile, to vex. (F.?) The old
word roil meant ( I ) to disturb, (2) to vex.
See Davies, Supp. Gloss. Of doubtful
origin; prob. French. Cf. O. F. roeillier,
roillier, to roll, to give one a beating;
M. F. rouiller, to pummel.
Boistering, turbulent. ( F. - L. )
From the sb. roister, a bully, turbulent
fellow . - F. ruslre, a ruffin, royster,sawcie
fellow;' Cot. By-form of O. F. ruste, a
rustic, the r being epenthetic; d. O. F.
ruislre, ruiste, ruste, adj., strong, vigorous,
rude, violent (Godefroy). _ L. rusticum,
ace. of ruslicus, rustic. See Rustic.
Boll, vb. (F. - L.) M. E. rollen.O. F. roler, F. rouler. - Late L . rotulare,
to revolve, roll. - L. rotula, a little wheel ;
dimin. of rota, a wheel. See Rotary .
Der. roll, sb., a scroll, O. F. role, L.
rolulus.
Bom&nce. (F .-L.) O. F. rOlilanz,
roma1ts, a romance. The form is due to
late L. adv. romiinicl, as iu the phr. romiinice 10qlli=O. F . parler rOmat1z, to
speak Romance, i. e. the vulgar Latin
dialect of every-day life, as distinguished
from book-Latin. Roma1ticl, i. e. Romanlike, is from L. ROlllanus, Roman.- L.
Roma, Rome.
rOm&unt. (F. - L.) O. F. romant,
oblique case of O. F. romanz, a romance;
see above. Der. romanlic.
Boap; see Ramp.

Bonde&u. ( F.-L.) F. rondeau,

&

kind of poem, O. F. ronde!; see Roundel.

Bood, the cross; a measure of land. (E.)
The same word as rod, which is shOitened
from M. E. rood (also rod) , a rood, a rod.
Hoth rood and rod are used as measures,
though the former is restricted to square
measure, and the latter to linear; both
senses are due to the use of a rod for
measurement. A . S. rod, a gallows, cross,
properly a rod or pole.+O. Fries. riJefe,
gallows; O. Sax. rikia, cross, gallows; Du.
roede, rod, perch , wand; G . ruthe, a rod
of land; O. H . G. ruola, a rod, pole. .
Teut. type *rOdlf, fem ., a rod , pole. ~ The
short 0 in rod is due to the final d; cf. red,
head, dead. M. E. rod(de) is not older
than the 13th cent. Cf. Ratlin8L
Boof. (E. ) M. E. rij. A. S. hrOf.+
Du. roe/. a cabin, Ice!. hrOf, a shed. Cf.
also Ir. ero, a hovel; W. craw, a pig-sty;
Hret. crou, a stable. Teut. type "r% - ;
I~.
*kriipo-.
Boo (I ), a kind of crow. (E.) M. E.
rook. A. S. hr. +IeeI. hrokr, Dan. raage,
Swed. roka, M. H. C. ruoeh, O. H. G.
hruoh, a jackdaw. Teut. type "rokoJl,
masc.; cf. Ck. ""w(ftV (for *"p&ry-yfW ), to
caw. Of imitative origin; cf. Goth.
hriikja1l, to crow.
Book (2 ), a castle, at chess. (F. - Span.
- Pers. ) M. E. rook. - F. ' oc. - Span.
roque (cf. Ita\. rocco).- Pers. rokh, a rook.
Said to have meant' warrior' (Devic).
Boom, space, a chamber. (E. ) The old
meaning is space, place. M. E . roum.
A. S. rUm; 'nrefdon rUm' = they had no
room, Luke ii. 7. We also find adj. rUm,
spacious. + Du. ruim, adj. , spacious,
rttim, sb., room; Icel. rumr, spacious,
rUIll, space ; Dan. and Swed. rUlli, adj. and
sb.; Goth. rums, adj. and sb., G. raum,
sb. Teut. type *rulIloz, adj., whence the
sb. forms are derived. Allied to L . rus,
open country; see Rural. Der. roomy,
adj ., used for M. E . rOUlll, adj.
Boost, sb. (E.) M. E. roosl, a perch
for fowls . A. S. I,rost, the same.+M. Du.
roest, a hen-roost; O. Sax. hrosl, the
woodwork of a roof. Cf. Low!. Sc. roosl,
the inside of a roof; the orig. roost was on
the rafters iniide a roof. Der. roosl, vb.
Boot ( 1),Iowest part ofa plant. (Scand.)
M. E. role. - lcel. 1'01, Swed. rot, Dan. rod,
a root. For *wrol, cognate with L. rlidix,
and allied to Goth. waurts, a root, A. S.
wyrl, a wort, a root; the initial w heini

..53

tyr

ROOT

ROULETTE

dropped, as is usual in Icelandic in the

combination WY (later VY). See- below.
And see Radix and Wort.
Boot ( 1), Bout, vb., to grub up, as
a hog. (E.) A. S. WYoiall, to grub up
(strong vb.) ; whence provo E. WYout, the
same. Cf. A. S. WYot, sb., a swine's snout;
G. russel, a snout.+M . Du. wroelen, the
same; Ice!. rota, to grub up, Dan. rode,
Low G. wroielZ, O. H. G. ruoz zall.
Bope. (E. ) M. E. roop. A. S. rap, a
cord, rope. +Du. reep, Ice!. reip, Swed. rep,
Dan. r~b ; Goth. skauda -raip, shoe-latchet;
G. reif, circle, hoop, ring, sometimes a
rope. All from Teut. base *raip-, with
the sense of' strip,' hence 'string.' Perhaps from the 2nd grade of Teut. *reipa1l -, to cnt; see Reap (Franck).
And
cf. Ripe, Rip. Der. rop-)" stringy, glutinous; stir-rup.
Boquela.ure, a short cloak. (F.)
Namea after the duke of Roque/allre (ab.
17' 5).- Todd.
Bose. (L.-Gk.-Armenian.) A.S.rou.
-L. rosa; borrowed from Gk. p:'6uv, a
rose (whence a form * p031<" > rosa ) ;
}Eolic 13"030,, (for *F,,06ov). - Armen.
ward, a rose; whence also Pers. gul.
See Julep. Der. rkododendron (Gk. t>iv3pov, a tree).
B08ema.ry. (F.-L.) M.E.rosmayin.
- O. F. rosmarin (Cot.). - L. rosmar;IZus,
rosmari"ulll, rosemary, lit. sea-dew; called
1'OS maris in Ovid. - L. ros, dew; mari"us,
marine. Named from some fancied conflexion with sea-spray; altered to rosemary
(as if for rose of Mary).
Bosin; see Rssin.
Boster, a military register. ( Du.)
From Du. rooster, a grate, gridiron ; hence,
a list in parallel lines; lit.' roaster.' - Du.
rooste", to roast; see Roast.
Bostrum. (L. ) L. rostrum, a beak;
pI. rostra, a pulpit for speakers in the
forum, adorned with beaks of ships taken
fro m the Antiates. F or *rOdtrum. -L.
rOdere . to gnaw, to peck. See Rodent.
eCf. claustrulII < *claudtrulll. )
Bot, vb. (E .) A weak verb; the
proper pp. is rotted, but rotten is commoner, which is a Scand. form (see below).
M. E. rolen, pp. roled. A. S. rotintl, pp.
rotocl.+ Du. roltel<, to rot ; O. H . G. rozln
(also rozlll), to rot. See further under
Rotten.
Bota.rv, turning like a wheel. (L.)
Formed lrom L. rota, a wheel. + Gael.

and Irish rotll, W. "'lOd, Lithuan. ratas ; G.

rae/, a wheel. Also Skt. mtka, a chariot,
car. All from Idg. root RET, as in
O. Irish rell,-im, I rllO ; Lith. r ittu, I roll,
turn round. Brugm. i. 159. Der. r otate,
from pp. of L. rotare, to turn round.
Bote e1), routine, repet it ion. (F. - L.)
M. E. bi rote, with repetition, by heart;
lit. in a beaten track.-O.F. rote (F. route),
a way, a beaten track. See Route.
Bote (2) , an old musical instrument. ( F.
-G. - C.) O. F. rote, a kind of fiddle;
answering to O. H. G. Ilrota, rota, a rote;
Low L. d,rotta. Of Celtic origin . - \\'.
crwtll, a violin; Gael. cruit, a harp; O.
Irish crot, a harp. (Stokes.Fick, p. 99 ')
See Crowd (2) .
Bother, an ox. (E.) M. E. ru(Jer.
Late A. S. hru6eru, pI.; orig. nrj6er,
hrifJer; and (in comp.) hrifJ. UriiJ- <
krin(J,cognatewith G. ri,zd. Cf. also Du.
rund. See Kluge and Franck.
Botten, putrid. (Scand.) M. E. roten.
- Icel. roti,m, Swed. rull~n, Dan. raaclen,
rotten. The Ice!. rotiml is the pp. of a
lost strong verb *rjo/a, to decay, orig. to
soak, wet, allied to A. S. riotan, O. H. G.
riuzan, to weep, shed tears; cr. Lith.
1'audJti, Skt. rud, to weep. (.vREUD.)
See Rot. Brugm. i. 59'*.
Botundity. (F.-L.) F.roto,zditt.L. ro/t"zditiitem, acc. of rotu,zditas, round
ness. - L. rotulUlus, round j see Round.
Bouble, Buble, a Russian coin.
( Russ. ) Russ. ruble, a rouble, 100 co
pecks. Perhaps from Pers. njpi)'a, a ru'
pee (Miklosich). See Rupee.
BoutS. (F.-L.) F. row!, lit. broken
on th e wheel; hence a profligate, supposed
to merit that punishment. Pp. of rouer, to
tum round (L. rotan). - F. roue, a wheel.
-L. rota, a whee!. See Rotary.
Bouge, red paint. (F. - L.) F . rouge,
red. - L. acc. rubetml , red; (whence F. rouge,
like F. rage from L rabiem). Allied to
L. ruber, red. See Red.
Bough. (E.) M. E. rough, rugh, row,
ruk, &c. A. S. roll, rough, hairy j also
rug.+DtI . ruig, M. Du . rll, Dan. ru, Low
G. ruug, O. H . G. roll, G. rauh. Cf.
Lithuan. raukas, a fold, rt'tkti, to wrinkle.
~ Distinct from raw.
Boulea.u. (F. -L.) F. rouleau, a roll
of paper; hence, coins in a roll of paper.
Dimin. of O. F. role, M. F. rou/e, a roll;
see Roll.
roulette, a game of chance. (F. - L.)

'*5'*

RUBBLE

ROUN
F. rOIl/~lIe, a game in which a ball rolls on
a turning table; dimin. of rouel/e, a little
wheel; see Rowel
Boun, Bound, to whisper. (E.)
Shako has ro/md, with excrescent d . M. E.
roune1l. A. S. 1'11ni01:, to whisper. - A. S.
run, a whisper. +G. raunen, to whisper;
from O. H . G . rtln, a secret; see Rune.
Bound. (F .- L.) O. F. roiind, F.
rond.- L. rotU1ldus, round. - L. rota, a
whee!. See Rotary.
roundel, a kind of ballad. (F. -L.)
O. F . r01ldel, later rondeau, a poem
containiug a line which recurs or comes
round again. - F. rond, round (above).
roundela.y. (F. -L.) M. F. rondelet,
dimin. of O. F . ronde! above. ~ Prob.
coufused, iu spelling, with E. lay, a song.
Rouse ( I) , to excite, to wake up.
(Scand.) 'Exciter, to stir up, rowse;'
Cot. - Swed. rusa, to rush, rusa upp, to
start up; Dan. ruse, to rush. Cf. A. S.
!lreOSatl , to rush, to fall down quickly ;
from Teut. base "!,reus-.
Rouse (2), a drinking-bout. (Scand.)
In Shako - Dan. ruus, intoxication; Dan.
sove rllsen ud = to sleep out a rouse, to
sleep oneself sober ; Swed. r llS , drunkenness. + Du. roes , drunkenness. Prob. allied
to East Friesic rUse, noise, uproar, ' row; ,
rllsen, to make a noise. [G. rauscll, a
dn1llken fit, is borrowed from some other
Teut. dialect.] ~ Really a Danis!1 word;
such a bout being called 'the Danish
rowza.' Cf. Row (3).
Bout (1) a defeat, (2 ) a troop or crowd.
(F. - L.) F . route, 'a rowt, defeature;
also a rowt, heard , flock , troope; also a
rutt , way, path;' Cot. - L. rupia, pp. of
ruP/us, broken ; from rumpere. This L.
rupia came to mean (1) a defeat, fiying
mass of broken troops; ( 2) a fragment of
an army, a troop ; (3) a way broken or cut
through a forest, a way , route.
route, a way, course. (F.-L.) F.
route, a way, route; see the word above.
routine, a beaten track. (F.-L.) F.
routine, usual course; lit. small path.
Dimin . of F. route (above).
Bover, a pirate. (Du.) M . E. rover. Du. roover, a robber, pirate, thief. - Du.
roovm, to rob. - Du. roof, spoil. +A. S.
reaf, Ice!. rauf, G. raub, spoil; see
Reave. Der. rove, vb., to wander;
evolved from the sb.
Bow (1), aline, rank. (E.) M. E. rowe.
- A. S. raw, raw, a row; hegeraw, a

hedge-row. Teut. type *raivr)wa, fern.,

from a rootverb " reihwall (pt. t. "raihw) ;
whence also G. reih-e, a row, Du. rij, M.
Du. rij-e, a row, O. H. G. riga, a line.
Idg. root *reikh, whence Skt. riMa, a
line.
Bow ( 2), to propel with oars. (E. )
M. E. rowen. - A . S. rOwatl, to row.+Du.
roeijen , Ice!. roo, Swed. ro, Dan. roe,
M. H. G. ritejen. Allied to O. Ir. nim,
L remus, an oar, SkI. aritra- . a paddle,
rudder, Lithuan. irti, to ro\\' ; Gk. fP ET,w.,
a paddle, oar. Der. rudder.
Row (3), an uproar. (Scand.) For
rouse; for loss of final :, cr. pea, chffry,
slurry, shay (chaise). See Rouse ( 2).
Rowa.n-tree j see Roan-tree.
Rowel. (F. -L. ) M.F.rouelle,a little
wheel (on a bit or a spur). - Late L.
rolel/a, dimin. of "ola, a wheel. See
Rotary.
Rowlock, Rollock, Rullock, the
pbce of support for an oar. (E.) Spelt
orlok in the Liber Albus, pp. 235, 237.
A corntption of oar-lock. - A. S. arloc, a
rowlock. - A. S. ar , oar; loc, cognate with
G . loci., a hole. The orig. rowlocks were
actual holes, and were called also oar
holes.
Royal. (F. - L.) M. E. real, roial.O. F . real, roial (F. royal). - L. regalis,
royal; see Regal. Doublet, regal.
Rub. (E.) M . E.,ubben. Not in A. S.
+ Dan. rubbe, Norw. rubba, E. F ries.
rubbetl, to ntb , scrub; Norw. rubbe1l,rough,
uneven; E . Fries. rllbberig, rough; Du.
robbelig, ' rugged,' Sewel; also (from E.)
Gael. rub, to rub, Irish rubadh, a rubbing,
W. rhwbio, to rub. Further allied to
Ice!. riijimz, rough, Lith. rupas, rough.
~ N ot allied to G. reibm; rather to 1...
rumpere and E. Reave .
Rubbish, broken stones, waste matter,
refuse. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. robows,
robeux, Prompt. Parv.; pI. of an old form
robel, clearly represented by mod. E.
rubble ; see below. ~ Rubbish is, in fact,
a corrupt form of the old plural of rubble.
rubble, broken stones, rubbish. (F. O. H. G. ) 'Rubble, or rubbish of old
houses;' Baret (1580). M. E. robel/,Pallad ius, p . 13,1. 340. This answers exactly
to an old form "robel. O. F . "robel. only
found in the pI. robeux. 'A grete loode
of robeux;' cited by Way in Prompt.
Parv. A. F. robous (for *robeus), rubbish,
Liber Albus, p. 579' Obviously the dimin.

455

RUGGED

RUBICUND
of F. robe in the sense of ' trash,' so well
preserved in the cognate Hal. roba, 'a
gowne, a robe, wealth, goods, geare, trash,
pelfe,' Florio. Cf. Hal. ro/laccia, old
goods, rubbish; robiccia, trifles, rubbish;
from roba. See Robe.
Rubicund, ruddy. (F. -L.) F. rubic01~d. - L. ruoicundus, very I'ed_ - L.
rubere, to be red . See Red_
rubric, a direction printed in red. ( F .
- L.) F. ru briq~. - L. rubrica, red
earth; also a title written in red. - L.
ruber, red (above).
ruby, a red gem. (F. -L.) O. F. rubi,
rubis; F . rubis (where s is the old. sign
of the nom. case). Cf. Span. rubi, rubi1t,
Port.rt~bim,lta!. rt~bino. -LateL. rubinus,
a ruby; from its colour. - L rubeus, red;
rubir~, to be red. Allied to Red.
Ruck ( 1) , a fold, crease. (Scand.) Ice!.
Itrukka, a wrinkle; cf. ltrokkin, curled,
pp. of hrokkva, to recoil, give way, curl;
Norw. rukka, a wrinkle. Cf. Swed. rynka,
Dan. ryn~, a wrinkle. From Teut. base
*ltrmk - (Noreen) .
Ruck ( 2), a heap, smal1 pile. (Scand.)
N orw. and M. Swed. ruka, a heap; cf. Ice!.
Iwaukr, a rick, heap; see Rick.
Rudder. (E.) M . E. roder, rotlter.
A . S. roiJer, a paddle. Here ro..lYer = towing
implement; from row-an, to row. (Paddles
preceded rudders.) +Du. roer (for roeder ),
an oar, rudder; Swed. roder, 1'01'; Dan.
1'01'; G. ruder. See R:>w (l).
Ruddock, a red-breast. (E.) A.S.rudduc. Hence W . rltuddog, Com. ruddoc,
a red-breast. See below.
rllddy. (E. ) M. E. rody, A. S. rudig, '
ruddy. From A. S. *rud-, weak grade of
reolia1t, to redden, a strong verb, whence
also A. S. read, red; see Red .
B.ude. (F . -L.) F. rude. -L. rudem,
acc. of rudis, rough, raw, rude.
rudiment. ( F . -L.) F. rudiment.L. rudimentuflt, a thing in the first rongh
state, a first attempt.-L. rudi-s , rude.
Rue ( I), to be sorry for. (E.) M . E.
rewm. A. S. ltreowan (pt. t. Itreaw).+
O. Sax. ltrewan, O . H. G. ltriuwan, G.
reUlm. Cf. Ice!. Ilryggr, grieved, krygtl,
ruth. Teut. type *krewwan-, to pity.
Rue ( 2), a plant. ( F.-L.-Gk. ) F.
rue. - L. rttta. - Gk. plrr"', rue; whence
also G. raute. Cf. A. S. nie, r ue.
Rd ( I ), a kind of frill. ( E.) 'Ru.lfe
of a shirt; , Levins ( I Sio ). So ca\1ed from
iti \lneven surface ; apparently shortened

from ruJ1le, verbal sb. from ruJ1le, vb.

which was in early use. See Ruffie ( 1). '
Rd ( 2), the name of a bird. (E.?)
Said to be named from the male having a
ruffround its neck in the breeding season.
But the female is called a reev~, which
points to formation by vowel-change from
some different source.
Rd (3), a fish. (E.?) M. E. ru.lfe.
Origin unknown.
Rd (4), a game at cards. (F.) A
modi fication of O . F. rf!fJle, roujle, ronfl~.
M. F. ronjle, 'hand-ruffe, at cards,' Cotgrave ;}OUff Ii la ronjl~, to play at handruffe,also to snore,' id. Cf. Ital. ron/a, ruff;
ron/are, to snort, to trump at cards. From
Tuscan ronfiare (F. ronjlff), to snore,
snort; supposed to be from L. re-in-jlnre,
to re-inflate (Korting). See In1late. But
it may be of imitative origin.
R1UIlan, a bully. (F. -Ital.-Teut. )
Walloon roujJian, . F. ruJien, ruiJim,
'a bawd, pandar ; ' Cot. - Ital. ruffiatto,
roJliano, a Pll!lder, ruffian, swaggrer;'
Florio. For "ruJ1lanus, formed with 1,-.
suffix -iinus from Low G . ru.lfeln, to act
as pandar. See Ruffie (2).
Rde ( 1), to disorder a dress. (Eo)
M. E. ru.lfelen, to entangle, run into knots;
also (apparently) to rumple, Cursor Mundi,
26391. Allied to Ru1f ( 1) above.+M. Du:
ruy.lfelen, to ruffle, wrinkle, ruyffel, a
wrinkle, a crumple; E. Fries. ru.lfelm,
ruffeln, to pleat. From *ruf, weak grade
of T eut. *reujatl-, to break, tear; see
Reave. Cf. Lithuan. ruple, rough bark
on old trees. Der. rtiflle, ab.
Rde (2), to bluster, be turbulent.
(M. Du.) Obsolete. RU.f1lffS were cheating bullies, highwaymen, lawless or violent
men (Nares). - M. Dn. ro.ffelett, ro.ffetl, to
pandar (Oudemans) ; Low G. ru.lfeltt, to
pandar, ru.lfeler, a pimp, intriguant; Dan.
ruffer, a pandar. A ru.f1lff and a ruiJialt
are much the same. See Ruffian.
Rug. (Scand.) Swed. rugg, rough entangled hair, cf. M. Swed. ruggig, rough,
hairy; Ice!. rog-g, shagginess. Also Low
G. ruug, rough, rugen, to be rough (like
flock s of hair) ; E. Fries. rUg, rough, ruge,
a roughness, a rough side of a skin; ruger,
arough-hidedorfurryanimal (e.g.acat).
See Rough.
rugged. (Scand.) M. E. rugged; also
n~ggy , Ch. C. T., A 2883. The latter is
from M. Swed. ru,t:g'ig , rough, hairy. Swed. rugg, rough entangled hair (above).
-fS 6

RUGOSE

RUNAGATE

BumiDate. (L. ) From pp. of L. ru~i'

from rUga, a wnngle. Cf. LIth. miniire, to chew the cud, ruminate. - L.
raukas, a wrinkle, run/uI, I grow wrinkled. rUmin-, for rumen, the thtoat , gullet.
Allied to L. ri'-glre, to roar, bray, Gk.
Hrugm. ii. 628.
BuiD.. (F. - L. ) F. ruine. - L. ruina, w-PV-'ri, a roaring . W-pu-oJAa" I roar; Skt.
an overthrow. -L. ruen, to rush, fall rtt, to hum, bray, roar. <"",REU.) See
Rumour.
down. Hrugm. ii. 529.
Bule, sb. (F. -L.) M. E. reule, riwle. Bummage, to search thoroughly.
-A. F . reule, O. F. riule, reule (F. regIe). (E.; with F. suffix. ) Dne to the sb.
_ L. rlgula, a rule. - L. regere, to rule. roomage, i. e. stowage; whence roomage,
romage, vb., to find room for close packSee Regent.
Bum (I ), a spirituous liquor. (Prov. K) ing of things in a ship, also rummage, vb.,
Called rumbo in Smollett, "Per. Pickle, c. ii to clear a ship's hold , to search narrowly
and c. ix; this is short for the sailor's (Phillips).
word rumbowling, grog. Orig. called Bummer, a sort of drinking-glass.
Rumbullum in Barbadoes, A. D. 165 I ; (Du.) Used for Rhenish wine. '}{henish
from Devonsh. rumbullion, uproar, rum- rummers ;' Dryden. - Du. roemer, romer,
pus, which is prob. allied to Rumble .
a wine-glass; Low G. romer, a large
Bum (2), strange, ~ueer. (Hindi.) 'Rum, wine-glass; hence G. riifner, a remmer.
gallant, acant word; Bailey (1737).' RUfll Du. roemer is prob. from Du. roem,
really means' Gypsy'; hence' good' from boasting, praise; as if 'a glass to drink
a Gypsy point of view, but 'suspicious' in praise of a toast '; Franck. Cf. G.
from an outsider's point of view. Hence ruhm, praise; O. Sax. hrlim; also Ice!.
rome bouze, rum booze, good wine. Rom hrutlr, praise. ~ Also M. Du. roomer
means 'a husband, a Gypsy'; ,-omman;, (Hexhaln) ; which some explain as a
adj., Gypsy. This Gypsy word rom :mswers , Romish glass.'
to Hindi 40m (with initial cerebral d, re- Bumour. (F.-L.) M.E. ru_r. sembling 1'), a man of low caste; Skt. F . rumeur. - L. acc. rUmiJrem, from rU4omba-, 'a man of low caste, who gains mor , a noise, murmur. Cf. L. rUmitiire, to
his livelihood by singing and dancing;' spread reports. - 'V'REU, to make a humming noise. See Rumble, Ruminate.
Benfey.
Bumb, B.humb, a line for directing Bump. (E.) M. E. rumpe. Ice!.
a ship's course on a chart ; a point of the rump, -Swed . rumjJa, Dan . rumpe; M.
compass. (F. - Span. - L. - Gk.) See Du. rompe, 'the buIke of a body or corps,
Rumb in Phillips. - F. rumb, 'a roomb, or or a bodie without a head,' Hexbam; Du.
point of the com passe, a line drawn directly romp; Low G. rump, trunk (of the body);
from wind to wind in a com passe, travers- G. rumpf.
boord, or sea-card;' Cot. - Span. (and Bumple. (E.) The M. K form is
Port.) rumbo, a ship's conrse (represented rimplen, to rimple. Rimple and rumple
by spiral lines on a globe). - L. rhombum, are from the same verb, viz. A. S. hrimpan
acc. of rhombus, a magician's circle, a (pp. gehrumpen), to wrinkle; see Rimple.
Du. rompelen, rompen, to wrinkle;
rhombus. - Gk. POJlo{3os, a top, a magic
wheel, whirling motion; also a rhombus. rompel, rimpel, a wrinkle ; cf. G. rUmp/en,
See Bhomb. Rhomb meant revolution of to wrinkle; O. H. G . hrimjan, str. vb.
the sphere, Milton, P. L. viii. 134; hence BUD. (E.) M . E. rinnen, pt. t. ran,
whirling or spiral lines, &c. ~ No con- pp. runnen, ronnen; A. S. rinnan, pt. t .
nexion with Du. ruim, which merely means rann, pp. gerunnen; also found in the
room or space, or sometimes the hold of a transposed form irnan, pt. t. am.
Du.
rennen, Ice!. renna, Dan. n'mie, Swed.
ship, i. e. its room or capacity.
Bumble, to make a low, heavy sound. rinna, Goth. n'nnan, G. nn~en. See
(E.) Provo K rOfllmle, rummle; M. K Brugm. i. 67; ii. 654.
romblen (with excrescent b). Frequent. Bunagate, a vagabond. ( F. - L.) A
fonn , meaning' to repeat the sound rum ' ; corruption of M . E. renegat , an apostate,
cf. L. riimor, a rumour; Skt. ru, to hum. villain; Ch. C. T. 5353. [The corruption
Du. rommelen, Low G. was due to a popular etymology from
See Rumour.
and Pomeran. rummein, Dan. rumle, to runne a gate, run on the road , hence, to
be a vagabond.]-O. F. renegat, ' a rene:
rumble, buzz.
457
Bugose, full of wrinkle;;. (L. ) L.

~osus, adj.,

+M.

RUNDLET

RUTH

gadoe;' Cot. -Late L. renegiUus, pp. of water), to rustle. Cf. M. Sweel. ruska, to
""lUgare, to deny again, forsake the faith. rush; M . Swed. rusa, N. Fries. ruse, to
- L. reo again; negare, to deny; see rush. See Bouse (I ).
Negation.
Bush ( 2) , a plant. (E. or L.) M . E.
BUD.cUet, Bunlet, a small barrel. ruseke, riseke, resdze. A. S. risee, resee,
(F.-L. ) Formerly rQUndlet; dimin. of a rush; oldest form rise. + Du. rusch,
O. F. rtmdelle, a little barrel, named from rush, reed; E. Fries. ruske; Low G.
its roundness. - F . rond, round.- L. rotun- rusk; N . Fries. rusken. pl., rushes. Perdus, round. - L. rota, a wheel; see haps borrowed from L . ruseum , butcher's
Bound.
broom; the Teut. word was Goth. raus
Bune, one of the old characters used (cf. F. ros-eau ), Du. roer, G. rokr (Teut.
for incised inscriptions. (E.) A learned type *rauzum, neut.); with which ntsC/lS
term.
A. S. run, a rune, mystery, may have been confused. ~ But this does
secret conference, whisper. Orig. sense not account for A. S. rise. Der. bul-rusk
whisper' or murmur, hence a mystery, (prob. for bole-rusk, round-stemmed rush) ;
lastly an incised character, because writing cf. bull-weed, i. e. bole-weed, knapweed.
was a secret known to few_+Goth . rUna, Busk. (Spau.) Span. rosea de mar,
O. H. G. rUna, a secret, counsel; O. Irish sea-rusks, a kind of biscuit; rosea, a roll
rt~n , W. rkin, a secret. Idg. type *rlina, (twist) of bread, also a screw. Cf. Port.
fern. Cf. Gk. Ip.v.aQl, I search out, rosea, the winding of a snake. Origin
fpfv.a, fem ., an enquiry.
unknown.
Bung, a round of a ladder. (E. ) M. E. Bus set. (F. -L.) M. E. russet. - M. F.
rOllge, a stake. A. S. lzrung, a stake of a rousset, ' russet, ruddy;' Cot. Dimin. of
cart, beam or spar.+M. Du. ronge, a beam F . roux \fem . rQUsse), reddish. - L. ruSSftS,
of a plough; G. runge, a pin, a bolt; reddisb. Allied to Gk. f-pv9-"os, red;
Goth. lzrugga ( ~lzrunga) , a staff. Cf. see Red. Cf. Brugm. i. 759.
also Icel. rong, rib iu a ship. Perhaps
rust. (E.) Provo E . rowst. A . S.
allied to Bing. The sense seems to be rust , rust; orig. redness. Allied to A. S.
'rounded stick.'
rudu, ruddiness, and read, red.+Du. roesl,
BUDD.el, a stream. (E.) A. S. rynel: Dan. rust, Swed. G. rost. Teut. type
cf. ryne, a course, allied to runn- , weak rusto-, from Idg. *reudh-to-; see Buddy.
grade of rimz;en, to run ; see Bun.
Cf. Lith. rudis, rust; L. robigo, rUbigo:
Bunt, a bullock, heifer. (Du. ) From Polish rdza, rust. Brugm. i. 759.
Du. rund (Hexham). And see Bother.
Batio. ( F. - L.) F. rustique. - L.
Bupee, an Indian coin. (Hind. -Skt.) rustieus, belonging to the country. -L.
Hindustani ru/,yalz,a rupee. - Skt. ru/ya-, rus, the country. Cf. Russ. raviina, a
handsome , also (as sb. ) wrought silver. - plain, Zend ravan, O. Irish roe, a plain;
Skt. ru/a-, beauty.
, ee Boom.
Bupture. (F.- L.) F. rupture. - L. Bustle. (E.) Cf. A. S. ge-lzruxl, a
ruptura, a brcakage.-L. I'll/I-US, pp. of noise, tumult. Frequent. of Bush (I ) ,
rum/ere, to break (pt. t. rupi). Allied to q. V. Cf. M. Du. ruyselen, 'to rustle ,'
Reave. (.vREUP.) Brugm. i. 466.
Hexham: LowG.andPomer.russe!,z; M.
Bural, belonging to the country. F . - Swed. ruska, to shake, rush: G. rausehen,
L.) F. rural.-L. ruralis, adj.-L. rUr-, ntsehen, to rustle, to rush.
stem of rus, country. See Rustio.
But ( I), a track left by a wheel. (F.Buaa, a kind of deer. (Malay.) Malay L. ) F. route, 'a rutt, way;' Cot. See
rt~sa, a deer. See Babiruaa.
Bout. Doubleta, rout, route.
Bus8, a trick. (F.-L. ) F. ruse, a But (2), to copulate, as deer. (F.-L.)
trick. - F. ruser, to beguile; contr. from M. E. rulien, to rut; from rut, sb. - M. F .
O. F . reuser, to refuse, recoil, escape, rut, ruil, 'the rut of deer or boars.' - L.
dodge. - L. reeusare , to refuse, to oppose rUgitum, acc. of riigitus, the roaring of
a cause. - L. re-, back: eaussa, a cause. lions: hence, the noise made by deer in
See Reousant.
rut-time_ - L. rUgire. to roar (whence
Bush ( I ) , to move swiftly forward. M. F. ruir). See Bumour.
(E. ) M. E. ruseken . + M. H . G. rUselzen Buth, pity. (E.) M.E. reutke. Formed
(G. rausclzen), to rush, rustle, roar (as from A. S. "rZow, S . f., pity (cf. G. rcue ),
waler); Du. ruisc"en, to murmur (as by adding -I"; suggested by Ice!. lzry~,
45 8

RYE

SAO

hryg lJ, ruth, sorrow. From A. S. hrl()Wan,

to rue; see Rue (I) .
Bye. (E.) M. E. reye. A. S. ryge, rye.
Du. "ogge, Icel. rugr, Dan. ru~, Swed.
r cig, G. roggen; O. H. G. rocco. Cf. Russ.
roj(e) , rye ; Lithuan. rugg-ei, pI. sb., rye.
Byot; the same as Rayah, q. v.

wine. (F.-L. ) F ormerly also seek , mean ing a 'dry' wine. - F. sec, dry; vin sec,
sack. Cf. Span . seeo, dry. - L. siccu1ll, acc.
of siccus, dry. S hems sack ~ Span. seco
de Xtres; see Sherry.
Sackbut, a kina of wind-instrument.
(F.-L.-Gk.-Chaldee.) F. saquebule, a
sackbut. Su bstituted, by some perversion,
for L. sa1llbiica, Dan . iii. 5 (Vulg.), which
was a kind of harp. - Gk. uOflfj';"T/ . Chald. sabb(e)khti,' a kind of harp. ~ Cf.
Span. sacabuche, a tube used as a pump;
also , a sackbut, trombone. Explained ,
by popular etym ology, as 'that which
exhausts the chest,' from the exertion
used ; as if from Span. sacar, to draw out,
exhaust, the same as M. F . sacquer, to draw
out bastily, lit. to draw out of a sack, from
lIeb. saq, a sack; buche, maw, stomach,
chest.
Sacrament. (L.) L. sac,tilllenlu1II ,
an engagement, military oath, vow; in
late L., a sacrament. -L. sacrare, to
render sacred . - L. sacr-, for sacer, sacred
(below).
sacred. (F.-L.) Sacred is the pp.
of M. E. sacren, to consecrate, render holy;
a verb now obsolete. - F . saerer, to CODllecrate. - L. sacriire, to consecrate. - L. sacr-,
for sac", holy. From base sac- of L.
sanel"e, to make holy. Brngru. ii. 7044.
(v SAK .)
sa.cri1lce. (F.-L.) F.sacryzce.-L.
sacrijicium, lit. a rendering sacred; cf.
sacriji",re, to sacrifice. - L. sam-, for
saar, sacred; -ficare, for /ac"e, to make.
sacrilege. (F . -L.) M. F. sacrilege.
- L. sacrilegitml, the stealing of sacred
things . - L. sacri- , for sacer, sacred; lege"e,
to gather, steal; see Legend.
sacristan, sexton. (F.-L.) Sacrisla'l is rare; it is commonly seXIOll ,
M. E. sex ttilt, orig. a keeper of the sacred
vestments, afterwards a grave-digger. A. F. secrultill, M. F. sacrislaill, ' a sexton
or vestry-keeper;' Cot. -Late L.saclist-a,
a sacristan ; with suffix -ames. - L . sacr-,
for sacer (above) ; with suffix -ista.
Sad. (E.) The orig. sense was sated ;
hence tired, grieved. A. S. sad, sated ,
satiated. +0. Sax. sad, Ice!. saiJr, Goth.
saths, G. salt , sated , full. Teut. type
sadoa, sated; a pp. form. Allied to O.
Ir. sa-ith, satiety, sa-theeh, sated; L. salur,
full; Lith. so-tus, full, so-las, satie!y; Gk.
ii-uo" a-fl'"01, to satiate. ( vSA, SA.)
Brngm. i. 196. Allied to SaM, Satiate.

S.
Sabaoth, hosts. ( Heb.) Heb.lsevtl'6Ih,
armies ; pI. of Isava', an army. - Heb.
Isavii', to go forth as a soldier.
Sabbath. (I,. - G k. - Heb.) M. E.
sabal . -L. sabbatU1Il. - Gk. ua{3{JaToII.Heb. sllabbiilh, rest, sabbath, sabbath-day.
- Heb. shabath, to rest.
Sable, an animal. CF. -Slavonic.) O.F.
sable. - Russ. sobole, the sable; also a furtippet; Polish sobol. ~ As black sable
was best liked, the word sable (in E. and
}'.) also means 'black.'
Sabre, Saber. ( F.-G.-Gk.1) F.
sahre. - G. stioe! (older form also sabel),
a falchion. Said to be from Mid. Gk.
(0{J6s, crooked (Diez) . We also find Russ.
sablia , Pol. szabla, Hungar. szablJla, Serv.
sab(ja, Wallach. sab,~; all supposed to be
borrowed words.
Saccharine. (F. - L. - Gk. - Skt. )
}'. sacehari", adj.; from L. saccl,anm,
sugar. - Gk. u/ucXaPOII. - Skt. (arkara ,
gravel, candied sugar; see Sugar.
Sacerdotal. (F. -L.) F . sacerdolal.
-L. sacerdoltilis, belonging to a priest.L. sacerdot-, stem of sacerdos, a priest, lit.
'presenter of offerings or sacred gifts'
(Corssen). - L. sacer, sacred; dare, to give.
Cf. dos (stem dOI-) , a dowry, from dare.
Sack ( I) , a bag. (L .-Gk. -Heb.Egyptinn 1) M. E. sak. A. S. sacco - L.
saccus. - Gk. u/uc"os. - Heb. saq, sackcloth, a sack of com. Prob. of Egyptian
origJ.n ; cf. Coptic sok, sackcloth (Peyron ).
From L. saccus are borrowed Du. zak, G.
sack, &c. Der. sack-clolh.
sack ( 2), to plunder. (F . .:..L., &c. )
From the sb. sack, pillage. _ F . sac, ruin,
spoil. From the use of a sack in removing
plunder; Cot. has Ii sac, a sac, 'the word
whereby a commander authorizeth his
souldiers to sack a place.' Cf. Late L. saccare, to put into a bag; Late L. saccus, a
garment, a purse, L. StlCCUS, a sack; see
above.
Sack (3), the name of an old Spanish

59

SADDLE

SALle

lladdle. (E.' M. E. sadel. A. S. sadol.

+Du. zadd, Icel. soiJull, Swed. Dan.
sadd, G. sattel, O. H . G. sattti. Teut.
type saduloz; possibly borrowed from a
derivative of Idg. sed, to sit, in some
other Idg. language. Cf. O. Slav. sedlo ,
Russ. siedlo, L. sdla (for sedla, from sedere,
to sit) ; but none of these exhibits the
grade sad.
Sadducee. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) L. pI.
SaddtlCtzi. - Gk. pI. ::EaMouKa''o.. - Heb. pI.
tsediiqilll; pI. of tslit/oq, just, righteous. H eb. tsndaq, to be just. Some derive it
from Tsndoq (Zadok ), the founder of the
sect, whose name meant' the just.'
Safe. (F.-L.) M.E. saul-F. sau/,
safe. -L. saluum, acc. of saluus, safe. See
S ~lvation.
Cf. O. Norman dial. saj,
safe.
Sa.1frOD, a plant. (F. - Arab.) A. F .
saffran , !'. safran. - Arab. za'jarnt',
saffron.
SaE', to droop. (E.) M. E. saggm.
Not III A. S. Low G. saUen, to settle (as
dregs); E. Fries. sakkett, Du. zaUen, to
sink; Swed. sacka , to settle, sink down;
cf. Dan. sakke, to have stem-way. Hardly
allied to sink.
Saga, a tale. (Scand.) Ice!. saga, a
tale; cf. Icel. ugja, to say. See Say (I ) ,
Saw (2).
Sagacious. (L.) From L. sagnci- ,
declo stem. of sagax, of quick perception;
with snffix -ous. - L. sngire, to perceive by
thesenses.+Goth. sokjan, A .S. slca,!, to
seek. S ~e Sesk. Brugm. i. 187.
Sage ( I), wise. (F.-L.) F . sage.Late L . *sabius, for L. -sapius, whence
Ilesapius, unwise (Petronius) ; see Schwan.
-L. sapere, to be wise. See Sapid.
Sage (2) , a plant. (F. - L. ) M.E.
sauge. - O. F. sauge. - L. saluia, sage;
from its snpposed healing virtues. - L.
sa/mjn, to heal; saltms, safe, hale, sonnd.
See Salvation.
SagittariUS. (L.) L. sagittarius, an
archer. - L. sagitta, an arrow.
Sago, a starch. (Malay.) Malay siigu,
sii.l[t~, sago, pith of a tree named 1'1ttllhiya.
Sahib, sir, master; a titlt'. ( H indo Arab.) Hind. saki". _ Arab. sahib, lord,
master; orig. 'companion.' Rich. Diet.,
p. 924.
Sail, sb. (E.) M. E. seil. A. S. segel,
segl, a sai1.+Du. uil. Icel. segl. Dan. seil,
Swed. G. segel. Teut. type seglom, nent.
Sense unknown; perhaps' driver'; cf. Gk.

I';;as, to urge on ships, Od. ix. 279.

See Scheme.
Saint. (F.-L.) M. E. slittt, saint._
A. F. stint; F. sa;'''. - L. sallctllm, acc.
of sanetus, holy.- L. sat,ettts, pp. of sandre,
to render sacred; see Sacred.
sainfoiD.. (F.-L ) F. sainfoin, M.F.
sai1letfoin (Cot.); as if 'holy hay.' -1..
sanetutll famutll , holy hay. ~ But thought
to represent saitz foitt, i. e. 'wholesome
hlly.' - 1.. snttulll fa,zulll; see Sane.
Sake. (E.) M. E. sake, purpose, cause.
A . S. sam, strife, dispute, crim ~, law-suit ;
orig. ' contention.' + Dn . wak, matter,
affair, business; Icel. sok, a charge, crime ;
Dan. sag, Swed. sak, G. sacke. Teut.
lype saka, fern ., strife. From Teut.
sakatl-, to contend, as in Goth. sakan,
A. S. sacatz, O. H. G. sakkat', str. vb. See
Soke.
Saker, a kind of falcon; a small piece
of artillery. (F.-Span.-Arab.) (The
gun was called after the falcon; cf. musket. )
- M. F. saere, 'a saker ; the hawk, and the
artillery so called; , Cot. - Span. sacre, a
saker (in both senses). - Arab. saqr, a
hawk; Rich. Diet., p. 938. Engelmann
has shewn that the word is Ilot of Lat.
origin, as said by Diez. (De vic ; and
Korting, 16.p.)
Sa.la.a.m, Salam. (Arab.) Arab.
salam, saluting, wishing peace; a salutalion. - Arab. sallll, saluting. + Heb. skalOm,
peace , from sknlam, to be safe.
Salad. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. salade. M. Ital. salata, a salad of herbs; lit.
'salted; ' fem. of salata, salted, pickled,
pp. of salare , to salt. -Ital. sale, salt.L. sal, saIto See Salt.
Salamander, a reptile. (F. - L.Gk. ) F . salamattdre.-L. salamatldra.
- Gk. CTaAa}lCiv~a, a kind of lizard. Of
Eastern origin; cC. PeTS. sa11lat"lar, a
salamander.
Salary, stipend. (F.-L.) F. salaire.
-1.. saltiriu1ll, orig. salt-money, given to
soldiers to buy salt. - L. sal, salt. See
Salt.
Sale. (E.) M. E. sale. A. S. sala.+
Icel. sala. fern ., sal, neut., a sale, bargain;
Swed. salu; O. H. G. sala. Orig. sense
'deli-'ery,' or 'a handing over'; as in
O. H. G. sala. Der. sell, lta1tdsel.
Salic, Salique. (F . -0. H. G.) F .
SaliqlU , belonging to the Salic tribe. This
was a Frankish tribe, prob. named from
the river Sala (now Yssel ).

Ix-tv

460

SALIENT

SALVE

Salient. (L.) From pres. pt. of L. salloz ; cf. W. hal/I, adj. salt, and L.
sa/ire, to leap, spring forwa rd. + Gk. CiAAO' salsm, salted. The sb. forms appear in
fW.< , I leap. (.y'SAL. ) Brugm. i. 514 L. slil, Gk. CiA., R uss. sole ; also in Goth.
( ~ \.
salt, G. salz, Du. %Out; also in O. Irish
Saline. (F. - L.) F. salin , fern. saline, sa/ann, W. halm, halflll. (See Kluge and
adj. _ L. salinllS, as in sali1lt1!, sal t-pits. - Prellwitz.) Brugm . i.
L. slil, sa lt. See Sa.lt.
Saltation, dancing. (L.) Rare; from
Saliva.. (L. ) L. saltten, spittle; whence L. sal/atio, a dancing. - L. salialtlS , pp. of
also O. Ir. saile, W. ha/iw, saliva. Der. saltare, to dance, freqnent. of salire, to
saliv-nle.
leap. See Sa.lient.
Sa.ilet, a kind of helmet. (F. -Ita\. Salt-cella.r. (E.; atld F.-L. ) For
L. ) Also salade. - "fo.L F. salade, a sallet, sal/-sellar or salt-stlar, where stlar is an
head-piece. - ItaL celala (or Span. alada), old word for I !iRlt-holder '; so thal the
a helm et. - L . calala (cassis), an orna- prefix sail is superAnous.-A. F. saler;
mented helmet. - L. (aliil"s, pp. of ({eUre, M. F. saliere, 'a salt-seller;' Cot. - L.
to engrave, orn ament (steel). - L. ((elum, saliinum, salt-cellar (in late L. ) ; from L.
a chisel, graver. Allied to cadere, to cut. saltirim, anj., belonging to salt. - L. slil,
salt. See Sa.lary_
Brugm. i. 944. See Ctesura..
Sallow ( I ) , Sa.lly, a kind of willow. Saltire,in heraldry, a St. Andrew'scross.
(E. ) M.E.salwe. - O. Merc. salh (A. S. (F. - L.) Across in this position (x ). sealh), a willow; pI. salas, later salgas, O. F. sallmr, a saltire \ Godefroy); M. I'.
+Ieel. selja , Swed. siik. siilj, Dan . se(ie, saulloir, St. Andrew's cross (Cot.). Also
G. salt/-weide, O. H. G. sa/aha (whence M. F. sauloir, orig. a stirrup of a triangular
F. smile ) ; also L. salix, Gael. seileach , shape ~ , also, a saltire (the cross being
Irish sail, saileach, W . helyg ( pl. ) , Gk. named from the position of the stirrup 's
fA,,''1 , a willow.
sides). - Late L. salliilorium, a stirrup. Sallow ( l ), pale, wan. (E.) M. E. L. salliilorills. belonging to leaping or
sal011J. A. S. salt~, sallow. + D u. zaluw, springing; suitable for mounting a horse.
Ice!. solr, O. H. G. salo, tawny (whence - L. sallalor , a leaper. - L. sa/lJfre, freF. sale, dirty). T eut. type salwo%. quent. of salire, to leap. See Sa.lient.
Rmgm. i. 375 (9).
Salt-petre, nitre. lE. ; andI'. - L.. and
SaJ1y. (F. -L. ) M. E. salim. - F. Gk .) }o or M. F . sa ~eslre, sa lt- petre (Col. ' .
saillir, to issue forth; also to leap. - L. - Late L. sa~elra; L. sal peIrce, salt of
saltre, to leap. See Sa.lient. Der. sally, the rock. - L. siil, salt ; Gk . ."fTpa, a rock;
sh., from F . saillie, a sally, from the fern. see Sa.lt and Petrify.
Salubrious. (L .) From L. saliibn'-,
of pp. sailli.
S&1ma.gundi, a seasoned hodge-podge. healthful. For salul-bris, i. e. healthful.
(F. -Ital.-L.) F . sal11ligrmtiis, speltsal- -L. salut-, stem of saliis, health; bns,
lIlagondin in Cotgrave, who describes the adj. suffix (Brugm. ii. 77 ). The L. saliis
dish. Orig.' seasoned salt-meats.' - ltal. is allied to saluus, safe, whole; see Salva.salami, p\. of salame, salt-meat, from L. tion.
sal, salt; c01zdili, pI. of ctmdito, seasoned,
salutary. (F. -L.) F . snlltlaire. - L.
jiBvoury, from L. cOlzdilus, pp. of condire, salutans, healthful.-L. salii/-, stem of
to pickle, season.
saltis, health; allied to saluus, hale.
S&1mon. (F. - L.) M. E. salmon, sausalute. (L.) L. saltitare, to wish
1II01l. - O. F. satlmOIl ; A. F . salmon. - L. health to, to greet. - L. saltil- (above).
sa/m01U11l, acc. of salmo, a salmon. Per- Salvage. (F. - L.) O. F . salvage, lit.
h~ps ' a leaper.' _ L. salire, to leap.
< a saving.' - O. F. salver, F. sau vcr, to
Saloon. (F. - O. H. G.) F. salOil, large save. - L. salun-re, to save. - L. sa/utlS
room. - F. salle, room . _ O. H. G. sal (G. (below).
saal), an abode, hall , room . +Du. zaal, l salvation. (F . -L.) O.F. sa/vali01l.
Ice\. salr, A. S. sal, sele, sa/or, hall. Orig. - L. acc. snluiitione11l, acc. of salt~a./io , a
saving. - L. salutilus, pp. of sa./uore, to
, an abode;' cf. Goth. saljan, to dwell.
-Salt. (E. ) M. E . salt. O. Merc. salt, save. - L. sa/u us, safe. Brugm. I. 860 c.
A. S. sealt, both adj. and sb. So also Salve, ointment. (E. ) M. E. saltle
O. Fries. salt, Icel. sallr, Dnn. Swed. saIl, (= salve). A. S. sealf; O. Merc. salb,
D11. %
0111, al\ arljectives, from a Teut. type I salf.+ Du. zalj, G. sa/he; cf. Goth. salbii",
.I

SALVER

SANHEDRIM

vb., to anoint. Teut. type *salbii, fern.

Alliec! to Gk. IA1ror, oil, fat (Hesychius);
Skt. sarpis, clarified butter. Brugm. i.
, _5 61 .
Salver, a plate on which anything is
presented. (Span. - L. ) In place of Span.
salva, a salver, a plate on which :mything
is presented; it also means the previous
tasting of viands before they are served up.
-Span. salvar, to save, free from risk, to
taste the food or drink of nobles to save
them from poison. - L. saluti,-e, to save
(below). ~ A salver (salva) is properly
a plate or tray on which drink was presented to the taster, and then to the drinker
of a health ; cf. Span. hacer la sa/va, to
drink one's health, also, to make the
essay.
Sa.mbo, the offspring of a negro and
mulatto. (Span.-L.-Gk.) Span. zambo,
formerly (ambo (Pineda), bandy-legged;
also as sb., a sambo (in contempt). - Late
L. scambus. -Gk. <1Kap./lor, crooked, said
of the legs.
Sa.me. ( E.) M. E. same. A.S. same,
only as adv., as in swli same swa men, the
same as men, just like men. The adj . use
is Scanc!.; from Ice!. samr, Dan. Swed.
samme, the same,+O. H. G. sam, adj.,
sama, adv.; Goth. sama, the same (cf.
samana, together), Gk. ol'6r, Skt. sanza-,
same; cf. Russ. samuii, same. Allied to
Skt. Sillll, with, Gk. aJ1.a, together, L. simul ,
together, similis, like.
Sa.mite,a rich silk stuff. (F. -L. -Gk.)
O. 1'. samit. - Late L. examitum. - Late
Gk. Ifcil"TOlf, a stuff woven with six kinds
of thread. - Gk. If , six; jdTor, a thread of
the woof. See Dimity.
Samovar, a teaurn. (Russ.) Russ.

Sanatory. (L.) From L. sanator, a

healer. -L. stiniire, to heal.-L. Sa1ZU!,
whole, sane; see Sane.
Sanctify. (F.-L.) F.sanctifier.-L.
san/ificare, to make holy. - L. sancti-,
for sane/us, holy; -jicare, for faure, to
make. See Saint.
sanctimony. (F.-L.) M.F. sancti1Ilollie. - L. sallctimo1tia, holiness. - L.
sallcfus, holy; see Saint.
sanction. (F.-L.) F. sanction. -L.
sa1lctionem, acc. of sallc/io, a rendering
sacred. - L. sanc/us, pp. 01 saneire, to render
sacred. See Sacred.
sanctity. (L. ) From L. sancti/as,
holiness; cf. F. sain/ell. - L. sa1lctus,
holy; see Saint.
sanctuary'. (F.-L. ) M. E. seintuar ie, a shnne. - O. F. saintuan'c (F.
sa1Zc/uaire). - L. sat:ctuan'ulll, a shrine.L. sane/us, holy (above).
Sand. ( Eo) A. S. sand. + Du. wnd;
Ice!. sandr; Swed. Dan. G. sand; Bavarian sa11l(b)d. Teut. types *sam(a)doz, m.,
*sam(a)dom, n.; Idg. type *samadhos.
Cf. Gk. aJlll8or, sand.
Sandal, shoe. (F. - L. - Gk.-Pers.)
F. sandale, f. - L. sat:dalia, pI. of sandalium . - Gk. <1alf&1AwIf, dimin. of <1cilfOOAOlf,
a wooden sole bound on to the feet with
straps. Of Pers. origin; cf. Pers. sandal,
a sandal.
Sandal-wood. (F . - L. - Gk. - PeTS.
- Skt.) F. sandal, sat:lal. - Late L. santalum. - G k. <1cilf,aAolf. - Pers. sandal,
chandal, chandan. - Skt. chm:da,za-,
sandal, the tree.
Sandblind, half-blind. (E. ) In Shakespeare; a corruption of sam-Mind, half
blind. The prefix ~ A. S. stim-, half, cognate with L. semi, Gk. '41"-; see Semi,
Hemi-.
Sandwich. (E. ) Named from John
Montague, 4th Earl of Sandwidt. died
J 792, who used to have sandwiches brou ght
to him at the gaming-table. - A. S. Sandwi'c, Sandwich, a town in Kent.
Sane. (L.) L. sanus , of sound mind,
whole, safe. Prob. allied to Ice\. son, G.
siinne, atonement (Kluge).
Sanguine. (F. - L.) F . sanguin,
bloody, of a sanguine complexion. - L.
san.f{Uineus, adj.; from sangui1t (for *snngllen.), stem of sanguis, blood.
Sanhedrim. ( H"b. -Gk.) Late Heb.
sanhedrin, borrowed from Gk. <1wl3!"oJl,
a council; lit. a sitting together. - Gk.

salllovar'.

Sampan, a small boat. (Malay - Chin. )

Malay sampan. - Chin. sa,:pan ( Yule) .
Samphire, a herb. ( F. -L. and Gk. )
Spelt sampier in Baret (1580). - 1'. saint
Pierre, St. Peter; whence herbe de saint
Pierre, samphire. - L. sanctum, acc. of
sanctus, holy; Petrum, acc. of Petrus,
Peter; see Petrel.
Sa.mple. (F.-L.) M. E. sample,O. F. essample, exemple. -1.. exemplum,
an example, sample; see Example.
sampler. (F.-L. ) O. F. examplaire
(XIV cent. ), the same as exemplaire, a
pattem.- L. exemplari1l11l , late form of
exemplar, a copy. - L. exempltiris, serving
as a copy. - L. exempl1t1ll (above).

SANS
trW, together; t3pa, a seat. from tCop.al,
I sit; see Sit.
SanS. (F.--L.) F . sans, without; O.F.
sens. - L. sine, without. - L. si ne, if not,
except.
Sanskrit. (Skt.) SkI. samskrta, lit.
'symmetrically formed.' - Skt. sam, together; krta, made, from kr, to make;
cf. L. cruire, to make. See Create.
Sap ( I), juice of plants. ( E. ) A. S.
StEp.
Du. sap; Low G. sapp; O . H. G.
saJ, cf. G. saft; I cel. safi. ~ Not allied
to Gk . Inros; but perhaps borrowed from
L. sapa.
Sap (2), to undermine. ( F. - Late L. )
O. F. sapper, F . saper. - O. F. sappe ( F.
sape), a kind of hoe. (Cf. Span. zapa,
Ital. zappa, mattock.) - Late L. sappa, sapa,
a hoe. Origin unknown; Diez suggested
Gk. trICQ1fa,,'1, a hoe; from trICa1fTfW, to
dig.
Sapid,savoury. (L. ) Rare. L. sapidus,
savoury. - L. sapen, to taste; also to be
wise. Cf. O. H. G. int- sef!en, to taste,
mark. Bmgm. ii. 718. Der. in-sipid.
sapience. (F.-L.) F. sapience. -L.
sapimtia, wisdom. - L. sapient-, stem of
pres. pI. of sapert, to be wise.
Saponaceous, soapy. (L. - Teut.)
Coined, as if from L. *siiponauus, from
L. siiponem, acc. of sapo, soap (Pliny).
See Soap.
Sapphic, a kind of metre. (L. - Gk. )
L. sapphicus, belonging to Sappho. Gk. "Ll1f~, Sappho of Lesbos, died about

592 B. c.
Sa~phire. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F.
saph,r. - L. sapph.rus: - Gk. (Ja1fCP.lpOS,

SASSAFRAS
Sarcenet, Sarsnet, a thin

silk. (F.
-L. - Gk. - Arab.) O. F. sarfwet, a sit If
made by the Saracens. - Low L. saracinicum, sarcenet. - L. Saraclnu s, Saracen; see
Saracen.
Sarcophagus. (L . -Gk .) L . sarcophagus, a stolle tomb; made of a limestone which was supposed to consume the
corpse (Pliny). - Gk. trap"expO.-yos, tleshconsuming; hence lime-stone. - Gk. trap"o-,
for trap(, Besh; </>a-y'Ut, to eat. See
Sarcasm.
Sardine ( I) , a small fish. (F . - L.Gk.) F. sardine. - L. sardina, sa,-cla. Gk. trap~ iv1J, trapoo, a kind of fish.
Sardine (2) ,agem. (L.-Gk .) L. sardinus. - Gk . (1ap~tv os; Rev. iv. 3. Named
from Sardis, in Asia Minor ( Pliny).
sardius, a gem. (L . -Gk.) Rev . xxi.
20. - L. sardi.u (Vulgate). - Gk. (Jap3IOs,
trap61Ov, a gem of Sardis (above).
Sardonic. used of grim laoghter. (F.
-L.- Gk.) F. sardollique, formerly sardonie.t, in phrase ris sardol1ien, ' a forced
or carelesse milth;' Cot. - L. Sardol1iCtls,
usually Sardollius. - Gk. (JapU1V< o<, also
trapMvlO s, said to be derived from uapMVIOV , a plant of Sardinia (:ap&i), said to
screw up the face of the eater; see Vergil,
Eel. vii. 41.
Sardonyx, a gem. (L. - Gk.) L. sardonyx. - Gk. uapMvv(, i. e. Sardian onyx.
- Gk. trap3-, for :ap~m, Sardis, in Lydia;
avv(, onyx. See Onyx.
Sarsaparilla. (Span.) Span. za.wparilla, a plant. (Span.) Za"za means
bramble,' perhaps from Basque sa,.tia,
a bramble; parilla is generally referred to
PariI/o, the name of a physician who prescribed the use of sarsaparilla.
Sarsnet; see Sa.roenet.
Sash (I ), a case or frame for panes of
glass. (F.-L.) Adapted from F.ckdssis,
'a frame of wood for a . window,' Cot.; or
from O . F. chasse (F. chdsse), a case, shrine.
- L. capsa, a case. See Chase (3) and
Case ( 2).
Sash (2), a scarf, girdle. (Pers.) Formerly shask. - Pers. shast, of which on~
meaning is 'a girdle worn by the fireworshippers'; also spelt shest.
Sassafras, a kind of laurel. (F. Span. - L. ) F. sassafras. - Span. sasa/ras,
from O. Span. sassafragia, the herb saxifrage; sassafras was so named from being
supposed to possess the like virtue. - L.
saxifraga; see Saxifrage.

a sapphire. - Heb. sapp.r (with initial

samech ), a sapphire. Cf. Pels. sa.f!ir,
saJ>phire.
Saraband. ( F.-Span.-Pers.) F.
sarabande, a Spanish dance. -Span. uzrabanda, a dance of Moorish origin. - Pers.
sarband, lit. ' a fillet for fastening a lady's
head-dress.' - Pers. sal', head ; band, band.
Saracen. (L. - Gk. - Arab.) L. saracinus, lit. one of the Eastern people.Late Gk . "Llpa"TJv,k -Arab. shar"'n, pI.
of sltarqiy, eastern. -Arab. sha"q, east,
rising sun. - Arab. roflt sharaqa, it rose.
Sa.rcasm, a sneer. (F.-L. -Gk.) F.
sarfasme. - L . sarcasmus. - Gk. trQPICQtrP.OS,
a sneer. - Gk. (JaPICa{V, to tear flesh, to
bite the lips in rage, to sneer. - Gk. trapIC- ,
stem of trap[ , flesh . Der. sarcastic, Gk.
trQPICQ(1TI ..6s, sneering.
46 3

SATAN

SAVORY

Satan. (Heb.) Heb. sti/an, an enemy. satyr"s. - Gk.

ao.TlJpos, a satyr, a sylvan

god.
- Heb. root sii/an, to persecute.
Satchel, a small bag. (F.-L., &c.) Sauce. (F.-L.) F. sauce.-L. salsn,
0.1". sachel, a little bag.-L. sQf;eellu11l, a thing salted; fern. of salsus, salted.
ace. of saccellus, dimin. of saccus, a sack; See Salt, Der. saue-er, orig. a vessel for
sauce; saue-y, full of sauce, pungent.
see Sack.
Sate, Satiate. (L.) Sate is from Sa.unders, a corrupt form of Sandalsated, used as a short form of saliale in wood.
sense of' satisfied.' (Suggested by L. sat Saunter. (F. - L.) From A. F.
for snlis; satur, full.) - L. satilitus, pp. of SfI/lntrer, to adventure oneself. I find
satilire, to sate, fill full. - L, sat, satis, mention of a man' qe saunlre en ewe:
sufficient; satllr, full. Allied to Sad. who ventures on the water, who goes to
Brugm. i. 196. Der. satiely, M. F. sea; Yea.r -book of I I Edw. III. p. 619.
satieN. from L. ace. satietti/em, fullness.
- A. F. S-, for es-, out (L. ex) ; and
Satellite. (F. - L.) F. satellite, a aunlrer, for aventttrer, to adventure or
sergeant. catchpole;' Cot. - L. satellitem, venture, from aVe1tture, an adventure. See
Adventure.
ace. of satelles,. an attendant.
Satin. ( F. - L.) F. salin. (Ital. selina, Saurian, one of the lizard tribe. (Gk.)
Port. selim. ) -Late L. satinus, sltin1ts, From Gk. aavpa, aaiipos , a lizard.
satin. - Late L. slla, silk; L. seta, soela, Sausage. (F. - L.) Formerly sausige
a bristle, a hair. Brugm. i. 2og.
(for *sausiee); cf. Guernsey saucz"ehe. F.
Satire. (F.- L.) F. salire. - L. salira, saueisse. - Late L. salsicia, fern. of salsidus,
satura, a species of poetry; orig. 'a adj. (Georges), made of salted or seasoned
medley.' Derived from salura lanx, a full meat. - L. salsus, salted. -L. sal, salt. See
dish, dish foil of mixed ingredients; where Salt.
sa/ura is fern. of satur, full. Cf. Sate.
Sauterne,a wine. (F.) FromSautente
satisfy:. (F. - L. ) O. F. satisfier in France, deJ:lartment of Gironde.
I\uter salis/nire). Formed as if from Late Sa.vage. (F.- L.) M. E. sauage.L. *satisfielire, substituted for L. satis A. F. savage; O. F. savaige, salvage (F.
facere, lit. to make enough.' - L. sntis, sauvage). - L. siluOlieus, belongint,: to a
tnough; facere, to make. Der. salis/ac/- ~ood, wild. - L. silun, a wood. See
;Olt, from pp. satisfactus.
Silvan.
Satrap, a Persian viceroy. (F. - L. Savanna, a meadow-plain. (Span.Gk. -Pers. ) F. satrape.-L. satrapam, L.-Gk.) Span. sabana (with b pron. as
ace. of satrapes. - Gk. oaTpO.IT1Jf.-O. Pers. bi-Iabial v ), a sheet for a bed, large cloth,
khsalra-pava, guardian of a province; large plain (from the appearance of a
from khsalra, province, and pa, to protect plain covered with snow). - L. saba1ta,
(Spiegel). Cf. Zend shoitkra-pall, pro- pL of sabanu11l, a linen eloth; used as a
tector of a region (Fick, i. 305), from Zend fern. sing. - Gk. aal3aYoII, a linen cloth,
skOithra, a region, pdn, protector; Skt. towel.
kslletra-, a field, region, from ksM, to Save. (F. - L.) M. E. sauum (=
dwell, and pa, to protect.
SattVe1I). - A. F. saver, sauver; F. sauveI'.
Saturate. (L.) From pp. of L. satur- - L. salutire, to save. - L. saluus, safe.
are, to fill full. - L. sa/ur, full. Cf. Sate. See Salvation.
Saturnine. (F. -L.) O. F. salurnin Saveloy, Cervelas, a kind of
(usually Saluntit1Z ), under the influence sausage. (F. - Ital. - L. ) Formerly eerofthe malign planet Saturn ; hence, mel an- velas (Phillips). - F. eervelas, M.F . arvetnl.
choly. - L. Stiturll1ts, Saturn; said to -Ital. eeroel/nto (Torriano), a saveloy;
mean the sower'; as if from satum, from its containing brains. - Ital. eeroetlo,
supine of sacre, to sow ( Festus); which \ brain. - L. cerebellum, dimin. of urebrtllll,
is improbable.
brain. See Cerebral.
saturday. (L. a1ld E .) A. S. Saler Savin, Savine, Sabine, a shrub.
dtzg, alsn Salemdtzg, Salemu dtz.i{, i. e. , (L.) A. S. sajine. - L. sabina; orig. SaP,"n
Saturn's day; a translation of L. .'iii/ttr,,' herba , a Sabine herb. The Sabines were
di~s; cf. Du. Zaterdag. - L. Sa/llrmtS, a people Of central Italy.
Saturn; A. S. dtzg, a day.
: Savory, a plant. (F. - L.) M. F.
SatJr. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. salyrt.-L. savor/e, a popular perversion of O. F
..6..

SAVOUR

SCALE

sarre (whence F. sarriel/e). -L. salureia, scauberk , scaberk, a scabbard; answering

savory.
to O. F. escauberc, only found in the
Savour. (F.-L.) O. F. saV01,r, later pI. esrallbers (Godefroy). The F. word is
saveur. - L. sapOrem, acc. of sapor, laste. made up of O. F. escate, a scale, husk, case;
- L. sapere, to taste. See Sapid.
and -berc, a protection (as in O. F. hnuSavoy, a kind of cabbage. (F.) berc, halberc, a hauberk ). - O. H. G. s(ala,
Brought from Savoy.
a scale, husk, case; bergOlz,- to hide, proSaw (1), a cutting instrument. (E. ) tect. Thus scnbbnrd = scnuberk = scaleM. E. sawe. A. S. sag", lit. a cutter; from be1'k, with the reduplicated sense of 'coverlnd grade of Teut. root SEG < VSEK, to cover,' or protecting case. See Scale ( I)
cut.+Du. zang, Icel. sog, Dan. sav, Swed . and Hauberk.
sllg, G. sage. See Seoant. Der. seesaw, Scabious. (F. - L.) M. F. scabieuse, f.
a reduplicated form; cf. scythe, sedge.
- L. scabosa (herba), a plant supposed to
Saw (2 ) , a saying. (E.) M. E. sawe. be good for skin.eruptions. - L . scabies, an
A. S. sagu, a saying; cf. A. S. secgan, to itch. See Scab.
say. Allied to Lith. pasaka, a saying. Scaifold. (F. - L. and Gk. ?) M. E.
Doublet, saga. See Say.
scafold. - O. F. *escafalt, only found as
Sa.zhorn, a kind of hom. Named escafaut, eschafaut (also chn/aut), mod. F.
after the inventor, Adolphe Sax, a French- echnfaud, a scaffold. Short for tscadafalt
man; ab. 1840.
(Burguy), where es- represents L. ex, prep. ;
S&lrifra.ge, a plant. (F. - L.) F. cf. Span. and Ital. calnfn Ico, a funeral
saxifrage. - L. saxifraga, spleen-wort; so canopy, also a stage, scaffold (whence F.
named because it was supposed to break and E. catafalque). ~ . The former part
stones in the bladder. - L. saxi-. for saXU1ll, of catafnlco may be allied to Span. calar,
a stone; frag-, base of frangere, to break. in the sense to view.' The latter part
Cf. Sassafras.
is perhaps due to L. /ala, a kind of
SUon, a Tellt. race. (L. - Teut.) Late scaffold. (Doubtful.)
L. Saxones, pI., Saxons. - A. S. Seaxa1z, Scald (I ), to bum. ( F.-L.) M. E.
Saxons; because armed with a short scalde1z. - O. F. *escalder, later tschauder,
sword. - A. S. seax, a knife, lit. ' cutter;' to scald (F. echallder) . - L. excaldiire, to
O. Fries. sax; cf. L. saxum, a stone wash in hot water.-L. ex, out, very; and
caldus = cnlidus, hot. See Caldron.
implement. Brugm. i. 549 c.
Say (I), to speak. (E.) M. E. seggm, Scald ( 2) , scabby. (Scand. ) For
pro s. Sly.elh, sei-tlz. A. S. secgan, North. scalled, i. e. afflicted with the scali; see
pro S. seg-etl, pt. t. sO!gde, pp. gesO!gd.+Du. Seall.
zeggen, Icel. seg/a, Dan. sige, Swed. siiga , Scald (3) , a poet. (Scand.) Icel. skald,
G. sagm, O. H. G. sagln. Cf. Lithuan. a poet, older form sluild (Noreen).
sakyti, to say; Gk. (""Urf (for *."-I1..,r'f) , Scale ( I), a shell, a flake. (1'. O. L. n-sec-e, imp. s., tell, say. See O. H. G.) M. E. senle.-O . F. escale (F.
tca/e). -O. H. G. scala (G. schale).
A. S.
Sweet, N. E. Gr. 1293.
Say (2) , a kind of serge. (F . - L . - Gk.) scealt~, scalu, a shell, husk, scale; Dan . and
O. F. sae, say. (Cf. Span. saya, sayo, a Swed. !kal, a shell, pod. From Teut. base
tunic; sayete, a thin stuff.) So called *skal, 2nd grade of str. vb. *skel-an-, to
because used for making a kind of coat cleave, divide; cf. Lith. ske/-tt", to cleave;
called in Latin saga, sagum, or sagus; Gk. <TK<l.Uft",to stir up, to hoe. (V SKEL. )
Late L. sagum, (I ) a mantle, (2) a kind of See Shale, Shell, and Skill.
scale ( 2), a bowl or dish of a balanc.e.
cloth. - Gk. 11<l-Yos, a soldier's mantle;
allied to l1a-yfJ, harness, 11<l-YI'lJ, a pack- (F.- Tent. ) [Formerly also scole; cf. Icel.
saddle; see Sumpter.
skii/, a scale of a balance.] M. E. scale. Say (3), to essay; short for assay or O. F . escale, a cup (Godefroy). - Icel. skal,
essay ; see Essay.
Dan. skaal, Swed. skal, bowl; Du. schaal,
Scab. (Scand.) Dan. Swed. skab. + scale, bowl. Allied to Scale (I ) ; being
G. schabe; A. S. sceab, scfl'b, scab, itch. from Teut. base skt!/-, 3rd grade of*lktlan .
Lit. 'something that is scratched; ' cf. L. Scale (3), a ladder, gradation. (L. ) L.
senbere, to scratch, scabls, itch. See sea/a, a ladder. L. sca-la< *sCn1I(t )-slfi,
Shave and Shabby.
i. e. *scan(d)-sla; from sca1ldere, to climb.
Scabbard. (F.-Teut.) M . E.seal/ber/ , i See Scan. Brugm. i. <414.
46 5

\CALENE
Scalene.

(L.-Gk.) L . scallnus, adj.

-Git. ultaA'I,,6s, scalene, uneven.
Scall, scab on the skin. (Scand.) From
Ice\. skalli, a bald head; orig. a peeled
head. Cf. Swed. skatlig, bald, from skala,
to pee\. Allied to Swed. skal, a husk;
see 80ale ( I ). Der. scald (2) =scall~d,
afflicted with scali.
ScaJlion, a plant allied to garlic. (F .
- L. - Gk. - Phoenician.) O. F. escalocne,
a scallion; see further under Shallot.
Scallop, Scollop, a kind of shell-fish.
(1". - Tent.) M. E. slalop. - O. F. escalope,
a shell. - M. Du. schelpe (Du. schelp), a
shell, especially a scallop-shell. Allied to
Scale ( I ) and ShelL Der. scal/op, vb.,
to cnt an edge into scallop-like curves.
8Ca.lp. (Scand.) M.E. scalp (Northern).
- lcel. skiilpr, M. Swed. skalp, a sheath;
Dan. dial. skalp, husk, shell of a pea; also
M. Ita\. scalpo, the scalp, a word borrowed
from Teutonic. Cf. M. Dn. sehelpe, a
shell (hence, sknll). See Scallop.
Sca.lpel, a small sharp knife. (L.) L.
scalpellttm, dimin. of scalprum, a knife. L. scalpere, to cut.
Sca.mmony, a cathartic gum - resin.
(I'. - L. - Gk.) M. F . scammonie. - L.
scammimia. - G. uKap.f'OJvia , CTKap.OJvia,
scammony, a kind of bind-weed.
Sca.mp. (F. -L.) Formerly a vagabond, or fugitive . - O. North F. u camper,
s'tscamper, to fl ee; O. F. eschamper, to
deca mp. -L. ex , out; and camj>t~s, battlefield. Der. scamper, to run or flee
away.
SCa.n. (L .) Short for scand; the d was
prob. mistaken for the pp. suffix -ed.-L.
scandere, to climb; also, to scan a verse.
+Skt. skand, to spring up. Brugm. i.

SCARF

as in skant, a dole, skanta, to measnre

closely. Cf. O. H . G. skam, short. Der.
scanty.
Scantling, a cnt piece of timber, a
pattern. (.Ii. - Teut. ; with L. px.)
From O. North F. ucantillon, for O. F .
esehantil/on, ' a small cantle, scantling,
sample;' Cot. - O. F. es-, prefix, from L.
ex; cantel, a cantle; see Cantle.
Sca.pegoa.t. Here seape is short for
ucape ; see Escape.
Sca.pula.r, belonging to the sh ouhlerblades. (L.) Late L. seapu Mr;s, adj ., from
seapttlfl!, pI. shoulder-blades. D er. scaptllar-y, a kind of scarf (worn over the
sholliders), F . scapttlaire, Late L.seapttlOre.
Sca.r ( I), mark of a wound. (F. - L.Gk.) M. F . escare. - L. eschara, a sca r,
esp. of a burn. - Gk . EuXapa, a -hearth, fireplace, scar of a hum.
SCa.r (2 ) , Sca.ur, arock. (Scand.) M.E .
scarre. - Icel. sker, a skerry, isolated rock;
Dan. skifl!r, Swed. skiir. So called because
cut off from the main land ; see Shear.
Sca.ra.mouch, a buffoon. (F. - Ita\. O. H. Go) From Scara11loche, a fam ous
Italian zany who acted in England in 1673
( Blount). Also calledScaramottehe,which
was the F. spelling; bnt his real name was
Scaramuccia, of which th e lit. sense is ' a
skirmish,' being the same word as the
O. F . escarmouehe, a skirmish. See Skirmish.
Sca.rce. (F. -L.) M. E. scan -O. F.
u ears, eschars, scarce, scanty, niggard (F.
Ichars). - Late L. searpms, short form of
excarpsus, used as a substitute for L . ex .
cerplus, pp. of excerytre, to select; see
Excerpt. Thui the sense was' picked out,'
select, scarce.
63~.
Sca.re. (Scand.) M.E.skerren, toseare;
Sca.ndaJ. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. sftlndale. fromskerre,.adj ., timid,sby. -Icel.skjarr,
_ L. scandalum. - Gk. uItQ,,3a~ov, a snare; timid, shy; allied to skirrask, to shun, lit.
also a scandal, offence, stumbling-block. to sheer off; see Sheer ( 2) .
Orig. the spring of a trap, the stick which Sca.rf (I), a light sash or band. (F.sprang up when the trap was shnt, and on O. Low G.) Confused, as to sound, with
which the bait was placed; usually called 8carf (2) . The particular sense is due to
O'KavM.\"Bpov. -.vSKAND, to spring np. O. North F. escarpe, O. F. and M. F. esSee Scan. Doublet, slander.
charpe, a scarf; Cot. - M. Du. seltarpe,
Scansion. (L.) From L. scansio, a a scrip (Oudemans) ; Low G . schrap. Cf.
scanning. - L. scansus, pp. of scandere, to E. Fries. scherpe, a scarf, which, like G.
schiirpe, is prob. from F. See below.
scan; see Scan.
Scast, adj. (Scand.) M. E. skant, in- Sca.rf (2 ), to join timber together.
sufficient. _ Ice\. skamt, nent. of skammr, (Scand.) From Swed. skar/, a scarf, seam ,
short, brief; whence ska11lta, to dole out joint.+Bavarian seharben. to cut a notch
(hence to scant or stint) ; Ice\. ska"'tr, a in timber, G. scharben, O. H. G. scaro,J1t,
dole. In Norwegian, nt appears for 111/, to cnt small. From Teut. *skarll, 2nrl
..66

SCARIFY

SCIATIC

grade of *sktrb-an-, to cnt, as in A. S. inqnmng; pI. O'l<flrT"<O[, tbe Sceptics, fols(eor/an, pt. t. saar./. to scrape.
lowers of Pyrrbo (3rd century, B. c.). - Gk.
Sca.rify. (F.-L.-Gk. ) F.scariJier. tI"'1rTOJlQ', I consider; see Species.
-L. scarijicare, to scarify, scratch open; Sceptre. (F.-L.-Gk.) F . sctp/re.from scarifare, to scarify. - Gk.O'l<ap'<P<i0l'ru, L. scipHum. - Gk. tltrfpr'TP0l', a s18ft to lean
I scratch. - Gk. O'l<ap,cpor, a sharp p6inted on, a sceptre. - Gk. tI""lI'1'.'I', to prop; also
instrument. Allied to L. sCrioere, to write, to hurl. Cf. L. scapus, a sbaft, stem.
Schedule. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly
and to E. Scribe.
Scarlet. (F.-Pers.) O. F. escariale, cedule.-M.F. schedule. adule, 'a schcdscarlet. (Span. escarlala, Ita!. scarlallo.) nle, scrowle,' Cot. ; F. ddule. - L. schedula,
- Pers. saqalO/, siqalOI, SllqlOl, scarlet a small leaf of paper; dimin. of scheda (or
cloth. Orig. the name of a stuff, which scida), a strip of papyrus-bark. Late Gk.
was often of a scarlet colour; cf. scarlet tlx'liT], a tablet, is borrowed from L. ; h(nce
reed.' Ch. Prol. 456. ~ Hence Pers. tbe L. word must be from the kindred Gk.
stz.]laliin, scarlet cloth, whence M. E. O'X[lIT], a cleft piece of wood, from O'X[(."',
ciclalolm (Chaucer). The Turkish iskerlat, to cleave. See Schism.
scarlet, is merely borrowed from Ital. Scheme. (L.-Gk.) Formerly schema.
scor/aiIo (Zenker). See Sueltil in Yule.
- L. schema. - Gk. O'x'il'a, form, appearscarlatina, scarlet fever. (Ital. - aIlce, also used as a term in rbetoric. - Gk.
Pers.) ltnl. scarlaititUl. - ltal. scarlallo, O'XT]-, as in O'xTT-O'OJ, fut. of ;X-flI', to hold,
have (base O'fX-)- Cf_ Skt. san, to bear.
scarlet cloth (above).
SCarp. (F.-Ital.-Teut.) F _ escarpe. (-v'SEGH.)
- Ital. scarpa, 'a curtein of a wall;' so Schism. (F. -L. -Gk.) F. schisme.
c.'\1led because cut sharP, i. e. steep. - Du. - L. sckisma. - Gk. tlX'O'l'a, a rent, split,
scherp; M. H. G. sc,~ar./. scharpf, sbarp; schism. - Gk. O'X'(f.I' (base O'X.3- ), to
see Sharp.
cleave.
L. scindere, SkI. chkid, to cut.
Scathe, to harm. (Scand). From Icel. Brugm. i. 586, 599.
skatJa, Swed. skada, Dan. skade.
A. S.
schist, slate-rock. (Gk.) Ck. O'X'O'sceaIJan (pt. t. scud); G. Du. schadetl; 'Tor, easily cleft. - Ck. O'X'(.'''. (above).
Goth.ga-skalhjan (pt.t.ga-skOlh). Cf.Gk. School (I). (l<'. -L. -Gk. ) M.E. scale.
a-tll<1J8T]r, unharmed. Der. scathe, sb., Icel. A. F . and O. F. escole, school. - L. scholo.
skaIJi.
- Ck. O'X0J..fJ, rest, leisure, employment of
Scatter. (E.) M. E. scaleren. North- leiliure time, also a school. Orig. a.
ern fOrIll of Shatter, q. v.
Gk. 0'".3- pause;' from O'XO-, a grade of the Lase of
6,I'I'v,..., I sprinkle, O'".li-aO',r, a scattering; IX."', to hold; see Scheme. (.vSEGH. )
Skt. skhad, to cut. Cf. Squander.
Der. s(hol-ar, A. F. escoler; scholi-ast,
Scavenger. (F. - Teut.) Formerly from Ck. O'xoJ...aO'rfJr, a commentator.
scavagtr; the n is intrusive. The sense School (2), a shoal of fish. (Du.) Du.
bas much changed; a scavager was an school visschetl, a shole of fishes,' Sewel.
officer who acted as inspector of goods Doublet of shoal. See Shoal (I ).
for sale, and subsequently had to attend Schooner. (Scand. ) Properly scootur,
to cleansing of streets. Scavage, i. e. in- but spelt as if derived from Dutch, which
spection, is an A. F. word, with F. suffix is not tbe case, the Du. schooner being of
-age L. -iilicum) ; from O. F. escauw-er, E. origin. First called a s(ooner in 1713,
to examine, inspect.-O. Sax. skowOn, to when the first schooner was so named in
behold; cognate with A. S. sceawiotl, to Gloucester, Massachusetts,from the remark
look at. See Show.
that' she scoons,' i. e. glides swiftly. This
Scene. (L. - Gk.) L. scrna, sctPnQ verb is the Clydesdale scon or scoon, to
(whence also F . sdne ). - Gk. O'I<1JI'fJ, a glide swiftly, applied to stones with which
sheltered place, tent, stage, scene. Der. one makes' ducks and drakes' in the water.
pro-scmimn.
- Icel. skunda, to speed. See Shun.
Scent, vb. (F . -L.) A false spelling Schorl, black tourmaline. (Swed.)
for sm/, as in Hamlet, i. 5. 58 (ed. 16l3). Swed. skiirl (with sk as E. sh). Perhaps
- F. smlir, 'to feel, sent;' Cot. - L. sen- su_ggested by Swed. sMr, brittle.
/it'e, to feel, perceive. See Sense.
Sciatic, pertaining to tbe bip-joint. (F.
Sceptic. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. sceptique. -L.-Gk.) F. sdalique,adj.-L.scial;CIIs,
- L. s(ejficus. _ Gk. 0'Irfrr.,,6r, thoughtful, corruption of L. isckiadicus, subject to gout
46 7

SCIENCE

SCORE

in the hips. - Gk. lITXlall", ~~, subject to

pains in the loins. - Gk. lITXlalJ-, stem of
lITXI<i" pain in thl! loins. - Gk. llTxiov , the
socket in which th e thigh-bone turns. Der.
sciatic-a, fem. of L. adj. sciaticus .
Science. (F . - L.) F. science. - L.
scimlia , knowledge. - L. scimt, stem of
pres. pt. of scire, to know, orig. to discern .
Allied to Skill. Der. con-, pre-science.
Scimetar, Cimetar. (F. or Ita\. Pers. ?) F. cime/erre, ' a scymitar;' Co t.
Cf. Ital. scimitarra, 'a simitar,' Florio.
Prob. from Pers. shimskir, skamskir, 'a
ci meter,' Rich . Dict., p. 909. Lit. lion's
claw. - Pers. sham, nail, claw; shir,
li on.
Scintillation. ( F . - L.) F . scilllillaliott. - L. acc. sci1Zlilltitio1Zem, a sparkl ing.
- L. scilltil/'/re, to sparkle. - L. sei,ztilla,
a spark .
Sciolist. (L. ) Formed, with su ffix -ist,
frum L. selol-w, a smatterer.-L. scius,
kn owing. - L. sr:f-re, to know. See
Science.
Scion. ( F. -L. ) M. E. si01ln.-0. F .
elOII, M. F. sion, F. sdon, ' a scion, shoot;'
Cot. Orig. ' a cutting.' - O. F. sier, F.
seier, to cut. - L. secare, to cut. See
Secant.
Scirrhous, pertaining to a hard swelling. ( L. - Gk. ) From Late L. seirrkus,
sb., a form used for L. scirros, a hard swelling. - Gk. ITl<ippos, ITl<ipo~, ITl<ipPQJp.a, a hard
swelling. - Gk. ITI<Ip6s, hard.
Scissors. I, F. - L.) [Ill spelt, and
not from seindere, to cut.] M. E. sisoures,
dsoures. - O. F. cisoires, shears; used
instead of eiseaux, 'sizars,' Cot. The
latter is the pI. of O. F. eisel, chisel; see
ChiBel. Both words are due to L. eadere,
to cut; see ClIl8ura. ~ No doubt the word
was confused with L. scissor, which properly means 'a cutter,' hence, a tailor;
from I,. seindere, to cut.
Scojf. (Scand.) M. E. skof. Swed. dial.
skoff-, as in skoffs-ord, n. pl., words of
abuse, skoff-sera, to abuse; O. Fries.
sekoj. a scoff; Icel. skaup, skop, mockery.
Cf. M. Du. sckoppm, sckobben, to scoff,
Icel. skopa, to scoff; also Dan. skuffe, to
deceive; see Scuftle. The orig. sense
was "prob. ' a rub' or ' a shove': cf. Swed.
slm.ll, a push, G. sckup/etI, to push; see
Shove.
Scold. ( Perhaps Frisian.) M. E.
!Colden; also skalde, scoMe, sb., a scold.
The lb. il formed from *skald, lnd grade

of Teut. *skelda1Z" to scold, blame, as seen

in O. Fries. ske/da, Du. sehelden (pt. t.
sehold), G. sche/lm (pt. t. sellall), to scold;
cf. Dan. skie/de, wk. vb., to scold. If the
orig. sense was ' to push,' it is allied to O.
Sax. skalda1Z, to push off (a boat).
Scollop; see Scallop.
Sconce ( 1), a small fort, bulwark. ( F.
- L.) Also applied to a helmet, and even
to the head. - O. F. eseome, a hiding-place,
sconce ; orig. fern. o f pp. ueolls. - L. abSCOllsa, fern. of absco1ZsUS, used (as well as
abscollditm ) as pp. of abseolldere, to hide ;
see Abscond.
sconce (2) , a cand le-stick . ( F.-L.)
M. E. seOllce , scons, a covered light, lantern. - 0. F. cscotlSe, a dark lantern ( Roquefort) . _ Late L. abseonsa , a dark lantern;
from L. abscomlls, hidden.
SCOOp. ( F. -Scand.) M. E. scope, sb.
- 0 . F . escope (F. leope), a scoop ( Hat zfeld ).-Swed . skopa, a scoop.
M. Du.
sclloepe, M. H. G. sclmoft, a scoop; cf. G.
schiip/elt, to draw water, to scoop. From
Teut. *skop, 2nd grade of Tellt. *skap-, as
in O. Sax. skeppiall (for *skapjan h Du.
sckeppC1l, O. H. G. scllep/an (pt. t. Sctto/),
to draw up water.
Scope. ( Ital. - Gk.) Ital. scopa, a mark
to shoot at, scope; Florio. - Gk. ITI<OffU~, a
mark, a watcher; allied to Gk. ITI<i-rrTop.tU,
I see, spy, which is cognate with L.
speeere; see Species.
Scorbutic, affiicted with scurvy. (Low
L. ) From Low L. scorbiitus, scurvy; said
to be Latinised from M. Du. sc!leur-uI, to
brenk, tear, and bot, a bone ( Weigand);
which is doubtful. From L. scorbiitus
were formed Low G. scharbock, sckii,'buuk, scurvy; M. Du. sckeurbuyck (Du.
.ckeurbuik), scurvy. These forms are due
to popular etymology, as the lit. sense of
M. Du. sckeurbuyck is 'rupture of the
belly,' from sc!ltUren, to tear, and bttyck
( mod. Du. buik), the belly. See Scurvy.
Scorch. (F.- L.) Orig. to flay; Knt.
de la Tour, p. 6. -0. F. escorcker, lit. to
Aay (Ital. scor/icare). - L. ex, off; eortic-,
stem of coria;, bark , rind, husk. Confused
with M. E. seorklen, to burn, scorktletl, to
parch; cf. Norw. skrokkna, to shrivel,
skrokken, shrunken; allied to Shrink.
Score. (Scand.) M. E. score, properly
a cut ; hence tweuty, denoted by a long
cut on a cut stick. - Icel. sktJr, a score, cut ;
also twenty; cf. Swed. skara, Dan. skaa,-,
score, cut. From Teut. *skor-, Icel. skor-,

..68

SCRAPE

SCORIA
weak grade of sku"-a, to cut, shear; see
Shear.
Scoria, slag. (L. - Gk. ) L. scoria. Gk. (fKOJpia , dross, scum. - Gk. (fKWP, dung,
ordure.+ A. S. scearn , dung.
Scorn. ( F. - L.) M.E.scorn. - O . F.
escorlle, scorn; COI. -O. F. escorner, to
humiliate, mock at; orig. ' to deprive of
horns; ' from L. ex, ou t, con.u, a horn.
~ But much influenced by 1\1. E. seamen,
to scorn, from O. F. esean.ir, eschar,,;r,
to deride; from O. H. G. scemon, (0
deride, a vb. due to the sb. seen., deri,ion.
Scorpion. ( F.-L. -Gk. ) F.scorpion.
- L. scorpioltem, acc. of scorpio, the same
a s scorpills. - Gk. (fKOp,,[or , a scorpion, also
a prickly seafi sh. (.vSKERP.)
Scotch, to cut with narrow incisions.
(Scand.) T o scolch is to cut slightly; short
for scor.ch, an extension of score; see Score.
With knyfe scorlche not the Boorde ;'
Babees Book, p. 80. Confused with
M. E. scorchm, to flay, which suggested
its form.
Scot-free, free from payment . (F. T eut. ) A. F. and O. F . escol (F. leol),
payment, esp. a contribution to a comm on
fund, into which it is shol. -Icel. ,-ko/, a
shot, a contribution.+Du. schol, G. schoss,
a sh ot, a scot. From *skttl- , weak grade
of T eut. *skettl-all-, to shoot. See Shoo t .
Scoundrel. (Scand .) Lit. 'a loathsome
fellow.' Aberdeensh. scoottrel; for *scllntler-e!, where eI is an agential suffix.
From Low!. Scotch SCUntler, scottner, to
loathe, also (formerly) to shrink through
fear, act as a coward; so that a scoo1trel
is one who shrinks, a coward. See
Barbour, Bruce, xvii. 651. The verb ScttnfUr is the frequentative of the North. form
of A. S. sCUlt-ia1t, to shun; see Shun.
Cf. Swed. dial. skunna sig, I ce!. skmula,
to hasten.
Scour (I ), to cleanse. (F. -L.) O. F.
esctenr, to scour. Cf. Span. euurar,
M. Ital. scurare , to scour, rub up. - L.
exciirtire, to take great care of. - L. ex,
very; ciirtir~, to take care, from cura, care.
(Korting.)
Scour ( 2), to run along. (F. - L.) 'CamiIla scours the plain ;' Pope. _ O. l'.
escorre, escourre, to run out (as a spy). L. excttrrere. _ L. ex, out; currere, to run.
Scourge. (F . - L.) A. F. escorge; cf.
O. F. escorgiee (1'". t!courgte), a scourge.
Cf. Ital. smriada , M. Ital. scoriata, a
scourge , scort"are, to whip. The M. Ita!.

scon'a/a answers to 1.. ,xroriala , lit. tlayed

off, hence a strip of leather for a whip, a
thong; pp. of excoriiire, to flay off, in
Late L., to whip; see Excoriate.
Scout ( I ) , a spy. (F . - L. ) M. E .
scollte. -O.l'. escoute, a ~py .- O .l' .
euoliler, to listen. - Folk-L. *ascol/tire,
for L auscultare, to listen ; see AU8cultation.
Scout ( 2), t o ridicule an idea. (Sca"d.)
Allied to Low!. Scotch scout, to pour OIlt
a liquid forcibly, to shoot it out. - IceJ.
skuta, sku/i, a tannt; cf. skot-yrfJi, scoffs.
-Icel. sku/ , a weak grade of the base of
skjo/a, to shoot. Cf. Swed. skjula, ( 1) to
shoot, (2) to shove; skjula skulden p3, to
cast the blame on; Dan. skyde, to shoot,
cast (blame on) , repel. See Shoot.
Scowl. (Scand. ) M. E . seoulm. N o(
in A. S. - Dan. skule, to scowl , cast down
the eyes; allied to E. Fries. and Low G.
schlllm, Du. schuilm, to hide oneself, provo
G. schulen, to hide the eyes, look sli ly,
peep. From (he sb. seen in E. Fries.
schUl, Du. se/wi!, Dan. skiul, shelter, I cel.
skjo!, shelter, cover. See Sheal.
Scrabble, to scrawl. (Scand. ) Lit. ' to
scratch or scrape;' for provo E . scrapple,
frequent. of sClape. Cf. Du. schrabbm , to
scratch; E. Fries. schrabbet., schraplell,
srhrapen, to scratch. See Scrape .
Scraggy, lean,rough. (Scand .) Allied
( 0 M. E. srroggy, covered with thin straggling bushes.
From provo E. scrag,
a forked branch, lean person; cf. scrog, a
stunted bush. - Swed. dial. skragga, a weak
old man; cf. Icel. skroggsligr, scraggy ;
North Fries. sk"og, a lean man; Dan. skrog,
a carcase. See Shrug, Shrink.
Scramble. (Scand. ) Nasalised form of
provo E. scrabbl~, to scramble, allied (0
scra.f!le, to scramble, scrapple, to grub
about; frequentatives of scrape, provo E.
sCl-ap, to scrape.
Scrannel, thin, weakly, wretched.
(Scand. ) In Milton, Lycidas, 124. Provo
E. scratmy, thin, lean; scratmel, a lean
person (Lincolnshire). - Swed. dial. skratl ,
weak; Norweg. skratl, thin, lean, dry;
Dan. sl:ranlm, sickly, weakly. Cf. Swed.
dial. and Norw. skrinn, thin, lean, weak,
dry.
Scrap. (Scand.) Ice!. skrap, scraps.
trifles, Tit. 'scrapings.' -Ice!. skrapa, to
scrape.
scrape. (Scand. ) Orig . to scratch
with something sharp. - Ice!. skrapa, Swed.
4~

SCRATCH

SCRUB

skrapa, Dan. skrabe, to scrape.

Du.
sc!traptm. From Tent. *skrap-, 2nd grade
of Teut. *sknpan-, to scrape; as in A. S.
scnp-an, pt. t. scrap. Cf. Russ. skrebok',
a scraper.
Scra.tch. (Scand.) Due to the confusion of M. E. skratten, to scratch, with
M. E. craccken , to scratch. /3. M. E.
skratten standi for s-kratten, where the
s (due to F . es-, L. ex-) is intensive, and
krat/en is from Swed. kratta (below). y.
M. E. craccken stands for *kratsm. - Swed.
kratsa, to scrape, krats, a scraper. - Swed.
kratta, to rake, scrape; cf. Icel. krota, to
kllgrave. From Teut. *kret-an-, to cut
(pt. t. *krat, pp. *krot-anoz). 50 also Du.
crasun (for *kratsen\, G . kratzen, O. H.G.
skrazzi5lt, to scratch. And see Grate (2 ).
Scrawl. (Scand.) A contraction of
scrabble, to write carelessly. ~ Confused
with M.E. scratllen, to crawl, a form of
crawl with prefix s (=0. F. es-< L. ex)
IIsed with an intensive force.
Screa.m. (Scand.) M. E. scremen.Ice!. skrtJ!ma, Swed. skriima, Dan. skramme,
to scare; orig. to cry aloud. Cf. Swed.
skriin, a scream; Dan. skraale, to roar.
Screech. (Scand.) Cf. M. E. scriken;
Lowl. Sc. scraile. - Icel. skrakja, to shriek;
cf. 5wed.skrika, to shriek, Dan. sknge.+
Gael. sgrellck , to shriek. cr. Shriek.
Screen. (F. -Teut.) M. E. scren.O. F. escren (Littre); escran, 'a skreen,'
Cot. ( Mod. F. /cran.) Also found as
asO.F.escranne (Godefroy). - G. sckranne,
a railing, grate. /3. In tlie sense of' coarse
sieve,' it is the same word ; so called because it screens (or wards off) the coarser
particlei, and prevents them from coming
through.
Screw ( I). (F. - Teut.) Formerly
scrlle. - M. F. tScroue, 'a scrue;' Cot.;
O . F. escroe (Godefroy). J:'. (crou. Per
hap; from Low G. sckruve; cf. M. Du.
!c!troeve, Du. sckroif, G . sckraube, a screw.
~ The Icel. skriiFz, Swed. skruj, Dan.
skrllc, are from Low G.; and it is doubtful
whether the Dn. and G. words are reaJly
T eutonic.
Screw ( 2), a vicious horse. (E.) The
North E. form of skrew, q. v.
Scribble. (L.; witkE.SIt/fix.) Formed
from scribe with frequent. suffix -Ie; the
suffix giving it a verbal force.
. scribe. (L.) L. scriba, a writer. - L.
scribere, to write, orig. to scratch or cut
slightly.

ScrilllDlage; see Skirmish.

Scrip ( I ), a small bag. (Scaud.)

A. F.
escrepe, a scarf. - leel. sknppa, Swed.
skriippa, a scrip. Orig. sense 'scrap,'
because made of a scrap of stuff; cf. N.
Fries. skrap, a scrip.
Scrip (2), a piece of writing; the 5ame
word as script (below).
scri,t. (F.-L. ) M. F. escript, 'a
writing. - L. scriptum, neut. of pp. of
scribere, to write.
scripture. (F. -L.) M. E. scripttlre,
a writing. - M.F. escripture. - L. scriptiira,
a writing. - L. scriptus, pp. of scribere, to
write.
scrivener. (F. - L.) Formerly a
scriven; the suffix -cr, of the agent, is an
E. addition. M . E. scrirlein (=scriveilt) .
-0. F. escrivain. -Late L. scribiinum,
acc. of scribiinus, a notary.-L. scribere,
to write.
Scrofula. (L.) L scrOfula, a little
pig; whence the pI. scrOfula:, used in the
sense of scrofu lous swellings; perhaps
from the swollen appearance of the glands.
Dimin. of scrOfa, a breeding sow, lit. a
dig~er; from the habit of swine; cf. L.
scrobis, a ditch.
Scroll, a roll of paper. (F. - Teut.)
Dimin. (with suffix -I) of M. E. scrowe, a
scroll. - M. F. escroue, , a scrowle; , Cot.M. Dn. sckroodt, a shred, strip, slip of
paper; O. H. G. scrot (the same). Allied
to Shred.
Scrolles, rascals. (F.-L.) In K.
John, 11. I. 373. -0. F. escroelles, later
escrouelles, lit. 'the king's evil,' i. e.
scrofnla; Cot. - Late L. scrobella (only
found as scrod/a), scrofula, dimin . of
*scrobula, for scrofula; see Scrofula.
Transferred, as a term of abnse, from the
disease to the person said to be afflicted
with it. (See Kiirting.)
Scrub ( I), brush-wood. (Scand.) Dan.
dial. skrub, brush-wood; Norw. skrubba,
the dwarf cornel-tree. See Shrub. Der.
scrubb-y, mean, orig. shrubby, stunted.
Scrub ( 2), to rub hard. (Scand.) M. E.
scrobben, to scrub. - Swed. skmbba, Dan.
skrubbe, to scrub. Low G. sckrubbm;
Dn. schrobbm; N. Fries. skrobbe, E. Fries.
sckrubbm. According to Franck, it is
allied by gradation to Du. and E. Fries.
sckrabbelt, to scratch; see Scrabble,
Scrape. /3. It is also, perhaps, related to
skrttb. Cf. E. broom, from the shrub so
called; Lowl. Scotch scrubber, ' a handful

-+7 0

SCRUFF

SCUTIFORM

of heath tied tightly together for clean- &c. (I'. -L.) The suffix -y (~}<'. -ie) is
the same as in but/tr-y,ptmlr-y. The orig.
iug culinary utensils;' Jamieson.
Scruif; see Scutt.
sense was that of' keeping the dishes.'Scruple_ (F. -L.) F . scrupule, a O. F. escuelerie, esculene, the office of
little sharp stone .. in a mans shooe,' Cot.; keeping the dishes (Godefroy). - O. F . eshence a hindrance, perplexity, doubt, also cuellt (F. Icue/Ie), a dish.-L. scule/Ia, a
11 small weight. _ L. sCrUpulum, acc. of dish; dimin. of scutra, a flat tray.
SCrtlpt./US, a sharp stone, dimin. of scrUpus Scullion, a kitchen menial. (F.-L. )
(the same).
Not allied to scullery. The true sense is
Scrutiny. (L. ) L.scruliniwll, a care- a dish-clout, a name transferred to the
ful enquiry. - L. scrUliiri, to search into maid who used it; just as mawkin meant
carefully, as if among broken pieces. - L. both' maid' and dish -clout.' - M. F. escouillon, a dish-clout, a maukin;' Cot.
scr,.Ia, s. pl., broken pieces.
Scud, to run quickly. (Scand.) Cf. The same word as Span. escobillon, a
Dan. skyde, to shoot; skyde over Slev1Z, lit. sponge for cannon , formed from escobiila,
to shoot over the stem,' to scud along; dimin. of escoba (0. F. escouve), a brush,
skudstee1Z, a stone quoit, called in Scotch a broom. - L. scopa, a twig ; pI. scOla, a
scudding-stam. Cf. Swed. dial. skudda, to broom or brush made of sOlall twigs.
shoot the bolt of a door. See Scuttle (3), Sculpture. (F . -L.) F.uulplure.-L.
Scout ( 2), and Shoot.
sculptura, sculpture, lit. a cutting. - L.
Scu1lle. (Scand.) The frequentative sculptus, pp. of sculpere, to cut, carve;
of Swed . skuffa, to push, shove, jog. allied to scalpere, to cut.
C. M. Du. schujfelm, to drive on, also Scum. (Scand.) Dan. SkUIll, froth;
to run or shuffle off, from Du. schuivm, Swed. skum, froth; E. Fries. Sclltllll_+Du .
to shove_ See Shuftle, Shove.
schuifll; G. sdlaum (as in lIleer-schaum)_
Scuft, Sed, Scruif, the nape of (.vSKEU, to cover.) Der. skim.
the neck. (Scand.) O. lcel. skopt (pron. Scupper. (E.) ' Scuppers, the holes
skofl). hair of the head, mod. lcel. skott, through which the waterruas off the deck ;
a fox's tail; N. Fries. skujt, the nape of Coles (1684). Phillips has scoper-Itoles.
a horse's neck.+G. schopf, a tuft of hair; For scoop-er, i. e. lader out of water ; from
O. H. G . . scujt, hair; Goth. skuJt, hair of scoop, vb., to lade out water. (The Du.
the head. Allied to Sheaf; cf. lcel. name is spiegat, lit. spit-hole.') See
skauf, a fox's brush.
Scoop.
Sculk, Slmlk.
(Scand.)
M. E. Scurf. (Scand.) From Swed. skoif,
skulkm. - Dan. skulke. to sculk, slink; Dan. sku1"V, scurf; lcel. skuifur, pl.
Swed. skolka, to play the truant. A + A. S. scud", scor/; Du. schuift, G.
derivative of Dan. skule, to scowl; see schorf From *skor/-, weak grade of
Soowl. Allied to Ice!. skolla, to sculk, *skeifa1Z-, as in A. S. sceor/all, to scarify,
keep aloof.
gnaw. Der. SCU1"V-y.
Scull(I),Skull,thecranium. (Scand.) Scurrile, buffoon-like. (L.) L. scurM. E. skulle, scolle. Named from its shell ri/is, adj., from scurra. a buffoon.
like shape.-Swed. dial. skulle, variant of Scurvy, scabby, shabby. (Scand.)
skOl/t, scull; Norw. skolt, scull. From An adj. formed hom scuif(above). Heuce
T eut. *skol, weak grade of *skelall- (pt. t. scurvy disease, the scurvy, much confused
*skal) , to cleave, divide. From the form with F. scorbut, the scurvy (Littn!).
*skal we have Swed. hufvud-skalle, the ScutILge, a tax on a knight's fee. (M.
scull (also hufvud-sMl) , and Dan. hje1"ne- Lat.) From Med. L. sciUtigium. - L. sculum , a knight's shield, orig. a shield. See
skal , scull; see IIcale (l).
Scull (2), a small light oar. (Scand. ?) Esquire.
Perhaps named hom the slightly hollowed Scutch, to beat flax. (F. -Scand. )
blades. See Scull (I ). Cf. M. Swed. From O. I'. escouche, escuche, a scutch or
skolla, sklz.lla, a thin plate; Swed. hu/vud- swingle. - N orw. skoka, skuku, a scutch
skal, scull (of the head ) ; vag-skat, scale for beating flax.
telY ... balance); s~alig, concave. Der. Scutcheon; see Esoutcheon.
scul/, vb., to use scull$.
Scutiform. (F . - L.) M. F. scutiScull (3), a shoal offish; see Sohool (l). forme, shaped like a shield. -L. s,uti-, for
Scullery, a place for swilling dishes, sczllulll, shield; /onlla, form.
471

SCUTTLE

SECULAR

Scuttle

( I), a shallow basket or vessel.

(L. ) A Northern form. I cel. sktttill;
A. S. smtd, a vessel. - L. scutella, allied
to scutttla, a small tray; cf. sctttra, a tray.
See Scullery.
Scuttle (2), an opening in a hatchway
of a ship. ( F. - Span. - Teut.) O. F.
escottlille, scuttle. -Span. escotilla, the hole
in the hatch of a ship. - Span. escota,., to
cut, hollow out, or slope out a garment
to fit the neck or bosom. - Span. escote, the
sloping of a jacket, &c. - Du. scltoot, lap,
bosom; Low G . schoot; Ice!. skaut; see
Sheet. ~ So Diez ; but Span. escotilla
is rather a dimin. from Low G. schott,
a trapdoor. Cf. E. shtttte,.. Der. scuttle,
vb. , to sink a ship by making holes in it.
Scuttle (3) , to hurry along. (Scand.)
Cf. Swed. dial. skutta, to take a long
jump; also provo E. scuddle (Bailey), fre
quent. of scud; see Scud and Shoot.
Scythe. (E.) M. E. sithe. A. S. sr~e ,
old form si~e. L it.' cutter;' from .vSEK.
+ Ice!. si~,., Low G. segd, segri ; cf.
O. H. G . segama, G. sense. See Secant.
Se-, away, apart. (L.) L. se, prefix;
full form sed, without.
Sea. (E.) M. E. see. A. S. sii, sea,
lake.+Du. zee; Icel. S<2,.; Dan. sii; Swed.
sjii ; G . see; Goth. saiws. Teut. type
*saiw iz.
Seal ( I), a stamp. (F . -L.) M. E. see!.
-0. F. seel, a signet ( F. sceau).-L.
sigillttlll, a seal, mark; dimin. form allied
to sig llum, a mark. See Sign. Der.
seal, vb.
Seal (2), a sea-calf. (E. ) M. E. se!e.
A. S. seolh.+Icel. sel,.; Dan. seel; Swed.
sjal; O. H. G. selah.
Seam (I ). (E.) A. S. seam. Ice!.
saulllr; G. saulll; Du. zoom; Dan. Swed.
sijm. Teut. type *saumoz, m.; from root
*seu-, *siw. (.vSIW.) Cf. Skt. sut,.a-,
a thread . See Sew (I).
Seam ( 2), a horse-load. (Late L.-Gk.)
M. E. seem , A. S. seam. Borrowed (like
G. sattm) from Late L. sauma, late form
of sag-mao a horse-load, pack . - Gk. aa-rfUl,
a pack-saddle. See Sumpter.
Seamstress, Sempstress. (E.;
witlt F . sujJix. ) A. S. seamest,.e, a seam
stress ; with suffix ess F. esse < Gk.
-,aaa). - A. S. seam, a seam (see Seam) ;
with suffix estre; see Spinster.
Sear, Sere, withered. (E. ) M. E .
sere, A. S. sea,., dry; sean 'an, to dry up.
+M. Du. S01"t, Du. ZOO1", Low G. soor.

Russ. suxoi, dry ; Lith. satlsas,

aliai (for *aavaoi ), dry; cf. Skt.
*sush, to dry up. Idg. type
See Austere. Brugm. i. 214 .
Search, to expl ore. ( F . -L.) M. E.
sen hen, ce,.chen. - O. F. ce,.che,. (F . che,.clter) ; provo F. se,.che,., dial. of Verd un
(Fertiault). - L. ci,.ca,.e, to go round ;
hence, to explore. - L. circus, a ring; see
Circus. Der. ,.esea,.ch; cf. sha,.k.
Season. (F.-L.) M.E.seson. -O.F.
SesOll, seison , saison . [Cf. Span. sazon,
O. Provo sadons, sasos, Bartsch. ] -Late L .
sationem, acc. of salio, sowing.time, i. e.
spring, regarded as the chief season for preparing crops. - L . satus, pp. of sere,.e, to
sow. ~ The Span. word is estacion, Ita!'
stagione ; from acc. of L. statio, a station,
hen ce a stage (period).
Seat, sb. (Scaud.) Ice!. seeti, a seat;
Swed. siite; Dan. seede. - Ice!. sat- , 3rd
grade ofsitja, to sit; see Sit. Der. seat, vb.
Secant, a line that cuts another , or that
cuts a circle. (L .) From secallt, stem of
pres. pt. of seciire, to cut.+Russ. siech', to
hew. Brugm. i. 635. (.vSEK. ) See
Saw, Scythe, Sickle.
Secede. (L.) L. seclde,.e, to go apart,
withdraw. -L. se, sed, apart; clde,.e, to
go. See Cede. Der. secession (from the
pp. secess-us ).
Seclude. (L.) L. secliidere, to shut
off. - L. se (for sed), apart; claudere, to
shut. See Se- and Clause. Der. secltlsion, from the pp. sic/us us.
Second. (F.-L ) O.F. secolld.-L.
secundus, second, next following. - L.
sUJur, to follow. See Sequence.
Secret. (F. - L.) M. E. secn, secr.e.
- O. F. sec,.et, ' secret;' Cot. - L. seaBus,
secret, set apart; pp. of sicernere, to sepa
rate. - L. se, apart; cente ,.e, to separate.
See Se- and Concern. Der. secrete, vb.,
from L. secretus; secret-ion.
secretary. (F.-L.) O. F.secretaire.
-Late L. secretan 'um, acc. of sicretarius,
a confidential officer. - L. secret us, secret
(above).
Sect. (F. - L.) F. secte, ' a sect or
faction;' Cot. -Late L. secta, a set of
people, a suit of clothes, a suit at law. - L.
sec- (as in sec-undus ), base of sequ i , to
follow, sue. ~ Not from seC/ire, to cut.
Section. (F. - L.) F. section . - L.
sectiiintm, acc. of sectio, a cutting. - L .
sect-tts, pp. of seCtire, to cut. See Secant.
Secular. (F.-L.) M. Eo seculere.Allied to
dry ; Gk.
,"Sll, for
*sausos.

SECURE

SEIZE

Seek. (E. ) M. E. sekm. A. S. secan,

pt. t. soh-te, to seek , strive after.+Du.
zoeken; Ice! . slZkja, sCl!kja; Dan. siige;
Swed. siika; Goth. sokjll1t; G. suchm.
Teut. type sokja1l - ; from sok- = Idg.
sag-, as in L. sag/re, t o perceive, Gk.
~-y, o}la" I consider; cf. O. Ir. sagilll,
I seek for. Der. be-seech.
Seel, t o close up the eyes. (F . -L.)
M. F. siller, 'to seal up the eie-lids ;' Cot.
Also spelt ciller.-O. F . cit, eye-lid . -L.
cilill m, eye-lid; which is probably allied
to Gk. Ta KVAa, the parts under the eyes.
See Supercilious.
Seem. ( E. ) M. E. semm. A . S. sema.t ,
to satisfy, conciliate (hence, to suit, a sense
due to the adj. seemly; see below). For
som-ian, where som- is the strong grade
of sam-, as in E. same.+lcel. SlZma, to
honour, bear with, conform to , allied to
SlZmr, fit, soma, to befit, and to samr, same.
See Same.
seemll, fit. (Scand.) M. E. semliclt. Icel. slZmtligr, seemly. _ Icel . sO!mr, fit;
with suffix -ligr, like (- Iy) ; where SIZIIlis the mu tated form of som- (as in I cel.
som-a, to befit ), strong grade of *sam-,
as in lcel. sama, to beseem, cognate with
Goth. samja1t, to please, lit. 'to be the
same,' agree with. - leel. samr, same;
see Same.
Seer j see S ee .
Seesaw. (E.) A reduplicated form;
from the verb to saw. From the motion
of a sawyer. See Saw ( I ).
Seethe, to boil. (E.) Pt. t. sod; pp. sodden. M. E. setlzen, pt . t. seeth (pI. sodm ),
pp. soden. A. S. seotJalt, pt. t. sia(), pp.
soden.+lcel. sjo~a, pt. t. sautJ; Dan. syde ;
Swed. sjuda; G. siedm. T eut. t ypestuthan-, pt. t. sauth, pp. sud-attoz. Allied
to Goth. sau/hs, a burnt-offering.
Segment. (L. ) L segmenfum, n piece
cut off ; for sec-menttlm. -L. seca.-e, to
cut. See Secant.
Segregate, to separate from others.
(L.) From p p. of srgregare, to set apart
from a flock. - L. se-, apart ; grego, stem
of grex, a flock. See Se- and Gregarious.
Seignior. ( F.-L. ) O. F. seig.tol",
seig1tCUr, lord . - L. seniorem, acc. of senior,
older, hence, greater ; see Senior.
Seine, a large fishing-net. (F. - L. Gk.) F. seim.- L. saglna. - Gk. O'a'Y'l"'1,
a large fishing-net.
Seize, to grasp. (F.-Late L.) M. E .
473

M. F. seculicr , ' se.:ular, temporall ;' Cot.

_ L. seClikiris, secular, worldly. - L. sewIUIII , SIZCUtUI1l, a generation , an age , the
world.
Secure. (L.) L. securus, free from
anxiety. - L. se-, apart from; (lira , anxiety.
Doublets, sicker, sure.
Sedan-chair. (F.) Named from
Sedan, a town in France. Cf. F . sedan,
cl oth made at Sedan (Littre).
Sedate, quiet. (L. ) L. sedatus, pp. of
sedart, to settle or make calm, causal of
sedere, to sit. See below.
sedent&17. (F. - L.) F. stdmtaire.
-L. sedmtiirzus, ever s:tting. -L. sedent,
pres. pt. of sedlre, to sit. See Sit. (.vSED.)
Brugm. i. 574.
Sedge. (E.) M.E.segge. -A. S.secgt,
g., d. , and acc. of secg, C., sedge; lit.
e cutter,' i. e. sword-grass; from the shape;
cf. recg, m. a sword. The A. S. secg, f. =
Teut. type "sag ja; from saX-, lnd grade
of Teut. root sex-, to cut.+Low G. segge,
coarse grass. Cf. Irish seisg, sedge.
<.vSEK, to cut.) See Secant.
Sediment. (F.-L.) M. F . sedimmt.
- L. sedimmtum, a settling ( of dregs).L. sedlre, to sit, settle. See Sit.
Sedition. (F. -L.) O. F. sedition.-L.
acc. seditionelll, a going apart, dissension ,
mutiny. - L. sed-, apart ; it-um, supine of
ire, to go. (.vEl. )
Seduce, to lead astray. (L.) L. sidfuere,
to lead aside. -L. se (for sed), apart; diicere, to lead. See Se- and Duke. Der.
seduct-ion (from the pp. seduct-us).
Sedulous, diligent. (L. ) L. sidulus,
diligent. Cf. sedu/o, adv. busily; from
se, apart from, dolO, abl. of dolus, guile.
Brngm. i. 244.
See ( I), to perceive by the eye. (E.)
M. E . seen, sm. A. S. se01t; pt . t. seah,
pp. gesewen. + Du. zim; Ice!. sja; Dan.
see; Swed . se; G . sellen; Goth. saihwalt,
pt. t. sahw. Teut. type sehwan-. Brugm.
i. 665. D er. seer, i. e. see-er.
Sae (2), seat of a bishop. (Y. -L.)
M.E. se. - O.F. sed, se,seat. - L. sldem,
acc. of sides, a seat. - L. sid-, as in sed i,
pt. t. of sedere, to sit. See Sit.
Seed. (E.) A. S. slid, seed. From
A. S. sowan, to sow. + Du. zaad, Ice!. slZtJi,
sati, Dan. slXd, Swed. siid, G. saat. Cf.
Goth. mana,sllhs, the worl d, lit. 'manseed;' Lat. se-mell, seed. The A. S. slEd
answers to T eut. type sa-dom, neut. See
Sow. Brugm. i. 132.

SELAH

SENESCHAL

seyse", saism, a law term , to put one in

se~. (L.) L. semi,Uiriu1Il, a
seisin or po;session rX a thing, also, to take seed-garden, seed-plot (hence a place of
possession; hence, to seize, take. -O.F. education).-L. semi,z- (above).
saisir, seisir, to put in possession of, to Semolina. (Ital. - L. ) Ital. semotake possession. - Late L. sacire, to put, lino, m., small seed, paste for soups;
place. ~ It is usual to refer this verb to dimin. of sem()/a, bran. _ L. simila, fine
O. H . G. *sazjan, to set, put, place, but wheaten flower. See Simnel.
this is an impossible form (it was really Sempiternal, everlasting. (L. ) F.
uzun) ; or else to Goth. satja,z, to set, scmpiteme!. - L. sempitenz-tts, everlasting.
which would have given *satiir, *sair. See - L. sempi-, for stmper, always; with
Set. Der. sds-in. O. F . seisine, saisine, suffix -ter-tzus. 13. L. semper was perhaps
formerly *sem-perti, where *sun- probably
from the verb saisir.
Selah, a pause. (Heb.) Supposed to meant ' one,' as in L. sem-e!, once, simmean a pause.'
plex, one-fold. Brugm. i. 1023 ( 12) ; ii.
Seldom. (E.) A. S. seldan, s~/d1tm, 160 ( I ).
seldon, seldom, lit. rarely; cf. se/d-lie, Sempster. (E.) Later forms Seamstrange, seld-sime, rarely seen, strange.+ stress, Sempstress; witk F. suffix.
Du. ulden, Ice!. sja/dan, Dan. sidden, A. S. seamestre, a sempster; with suffix
Swed. sal/an, G . se/tm, adv., seldom. -ess ( = F. -esse < Gk. -I(yO'a ) . - A. S. seam ,
Allied to Goth. sildaleiks, wonderful.
a seam (see Seam) ; with suffix -estre;
Select, choice. (L.) L. se/ectus, Pl'. see Spinster.
ofsel,gere, tochoose. - L.se-, apart; legere, Senary, belonging to six. (L. ) L.
to pick, choose. See Se- and Legend. sbuirt'tts, adj., from seni, six apiece; fo r
Der. select, vb.
*sex-lli. - L. sex, six; see Six.
Self. (E. ) A. S. self, also se()lj, silj, Senate, a council of elders. ( F. - L.)
self. +Du . sel/; Icel. .yill/r; Dan. selv; O.F. smat. - L. smalum, ace. of smatus,
Swed. sjel/; Goth. silba; G. se/b, se/b-sl. council of elders. - L. sm-, as in Sell-ex,
Sell (1), to deliver for money. (E.) old, sm-ium, old age. Cf. O. Gk. 'vas,
A. S. sellan, sillan, syllan, (0 hand over, old, Goth. sineigs, O. Ir. sen, W. ken, O.
deli ver; a secondary verb, from the sb. Skt. sana-, old. Brugm. i. 117.
Sale. + Icel. selja, Dan. s(J!lge, Swed. salja, Send. (E. ) A. S. smdalt. + Du. u1,de1t;
O. H . G. and Goth. sal/an, to hand over, Icel. smda; Dan. smde ; Swed. siillda;
offer. T eut. type *saljan-.
Goth. samijat' ; {; . smden. T eut. type
Sell (2), a saddle. (F.-L.) O. F . selle , *sand/rl1l-, for *santkjall-. by Verner's law,
seat, saddle. - L. sella, seat; for *sed-Ia. from "'sanlll, 2nd grade of *sentlzan-, to go.
- L. sedere, to sit. Brngm. i. 475. See Hence send is a causal verb, meaning' to
Saddle.
make to go.' The Teut. *smtllan- (pt. t.
Selvage. (Du. ) Also selvedge. Lit. *santk) is a lost strong verb, of which the
' self-edge.' - M. Du. seljegge, selvage. - prime grade appears in Goth. sifttll-s,
M. Du. self, self; egge, ed~; [mod. Du. A. S. siiJ (for *sinlJ), a journey, way, Teut.
:el/kant, selvage; from zelf, self, kant, t ype *senlll()z, m., Id g. type sentos, as
edge]; Low G . St4lj-egge, self-edge, seen in O. Irish slt ( for *sent), W. llynt,
selvage.
Hret. henl (for *sent), a way. Cf. G.
Semblance, appearance. (F . - L.) gesincie, foll owers; Goth. gasilltltja, a
semb/a1ue, appearance. -F. sembler, to travelling companion.
seem. - L. similtire, simulare, to make Sendal, Cendal, a rich thin silken
like. _ L. simi/is, like. See Simulate.
stuff. (F. -Late L. -Skt.) O. F . sendal,
Semi-, half. ( L.) L. semi-, half.+Gk. emdal ; Late L. cencialum, cindadtls, ci,,half; A. S. sam ,half; Skt. sami, half, datus, &c. So called because brought
prob. related to Skt. samya-, equality, from India. - Skt. sindhu-, the Ind us, also
from sama, even, same (Benfey). Allied Scinde. - Skt. syand, to flow: see Indigo.
to Same. Der. semi-breve, &c.
Cf. Gk. O'&v&iJv, fine Indian linen.
Seminal, relating to seed. (F. -L.) Seneschal, a steward. (F. - Teut.)
M. F. semina!. -L seminalis, relating to O. F. seneschal. Orig. sense old servant.'
seed. - L. simin-, for simen, seed. - L. se- - Goth. si,,-, old (only preserved in super!.
as in seoUl, pt. t. of serere, to sow; with sill-ista, eldest,and in sin-tigs,old) ; skalks,
suffix -men. See Sow (1).
I a servant. Cf. Senate and Marshal.

"'p..-,

47~

SENILE

SERAGLIO

senile, old. (L. ) L. smi/is, old; cf. Gk.)

St1l-eX, old.

Se~

Sena.te.
senior. (L.) L. senior, older; compo
of sellex, old.
Senna.. (Ita!. - Arab.) Ital. sma
( Florio). - Arab. sana, senna.
Sennet, a signal-call on a trumpet. (F.
-L. ) See Nares; and Wright's note to
K. Lear, i. I. 23. Also speltsimt.-O. F.
Silzet, seltel, segnet, presumably' a signal ' ;
dimin. of F. Slglze, a sign, mark, note.-L.
sIgnum, a signal ; see Sign, Tocsin.
Sennight; short for sevm IdgM, a
week.
Sense. (F. - L.) F. sms, 'sence;'
Cot. - L. sellSttm, acc. of sensus, feeling.
- L. senslts, pp. of sentire, to feel, perceive.
sensual. (L.) Late L. sensualis, endowed with feeling. - L. seIlSU-S, feeling.L. smslts, pp. of sentire, to feel.
sentence. (F.-L.) F.smtence.-L.
senlelltia, a way of thinking; for sentiattia. - L. smtient-, stem of pres_ pt. of
scll/ire, to feel, think.
sentiment. (F. -L.) M. E. sentement. -0. F. settlement; as if from a
Late L. *sentilllen/ulil. _ L. sentire (above).
Sentinel. (F.-Ital.-L?) M.F.smtilzelle. - Ital. sentinel/a, 'a watch, a sentinen;' Florio. Cf. M . F. smtinelle, a
watch-tower (Godefroy) . Etym. uncertain;
apparently ultimately from L . seltlire, to
perceive. See Korting, 7.~65, 7377.
Sentry. (F.-Ital.-L.?) Confused
with smtinel, but apparently of different
origin. Spelt sentrie in Minsheu (1627),
sm/ery ill Milton, P. L. ii. ,p2. Prob.
from O. F . sen/eret, a path, track, with
reference to the sentinel's beat; double
dimin. of O . F. sente, a path. - L. sbnita,
a path.
Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx of
a fl ower. (F. - L.) F. stpale, a sepal.
Coined to pair off with F. pltale, a petal,
by taking part of the Lat. adj. sep-ar,
separate, and adding the same suffix -ale
(Littre). Thus sep-al is, as it were, short
for separ-al, where separ- was regarded as
being allied to L. separare, to separate.
See Separate.
Sepa.ra.te, to keep apart. (L.) L.
slparatus, pp. of separiire, to sever. - L .
se, apart ; parare, to get ready, set. Der.
separate, adj., kept apart (not so old as
the verb in K ). Doublet, sever.
Sepia, ink from the cuttlefish. (L. -

L. sepza. - Gk. UTJ,da, cuttlefish.

sepia.

Sepoy. (Pers.) Pers. sipaki (pronounced nearly as sepoy) . a horseman,

soldier. - Pers. sipalt, sllpalt, an army
( Hom, 699).
Sept. a clan. (F .-L.) Used in the
16th cent. as synonymous with sect, of
which it is an arbitrary variant. Ducange
has Late L. septa for Ital. selta L.
secta ) ; and Wedgwood cites Provo cepte, a
sect. See Sect.
September" (L ) L. September, the
seventh month of the Roman year. - L.
scptem, seven. See Seven.
septenary. (L ) L. septmarius.
consisting of seven. - L. scptfni, pl., seven
apiece. - L. settem, seven.
septeDDlal. (L.) From L. septmIliulll, a period of seven years. - L. septetlnis, adj., of seven years. - L. sept-em, seven;
annus, year.
septuagesima. (L.) Lit. 'seventieth'
(day).-L. septuagesima (dils) seventieth
(day), fern. of septuagesimus, seventieth. L. uptuligillta, seventy. - L. septem, seven;
-gillta, related to Gk. -KOVTa, for ~EKoVTa.
from 3EKa, ten.
Sepulchre. (F.-L.) O. F_ seplllcre.
- L. scptt!crlml, ill-spelt septtlcllnml, a
tomh. - L . sepul-tus, pp. of sepelire, to
bury. Der. septtlt-ure, from the pp. sep"llw.
SequeL (l".-L.) M. F. sequde, ' a
sequell;' Cot.-L. seqll11a, a result.-L.
sequi, to follow. See below.
sequence. (F. - L.) O. F. sequen{e, a
sequence. - L. sequetttza, sb., a following;
from sequent-, stem of sequells, pres. pt. of
sequi, to follow. Lith. sekti, to follow;
G k. boJUl" Irish seiclt-illl, I follow; Skt.
saclt, to follow. (.vSEQ.)
Brugm. i.
118.
sequester. (F. -L.) M.F .sequestnr,
to sequester or lay aside. - L. seqttestrare,
to surrender, lay aside. - L. sequester, a
mediator, tru stee, agent. Prob. orig. 'a
fo llower.' - L. seqtti, to follow.
Sequin, a gold coin . (F. - Ita!. -Arab. )
F. sequin; Cot. -Ita!. zeccltiltO, a Venetian
coin. - Ital. zecca, a mint ; Florio. - Arab.
sikka(t ), pron. sikkall, a die fo r coins.
Seraglio. (Ital. - L.) Misused in E. ;
the true sense is mere! y 'enclosure'; but
it was confused with Pers. saray or strai,
a palace, king's court, seraglio. Really
from Ita!. serraglio, an enclosure; fonned

475

SERA)
with suffix -agliD L. -aculum ) from Late
I .. serare, to bar, to bolt, shut in. - L . sera,
a bar, bolt. - L. serere , to join together;
see Series. And see below.
Berai, a palace. (Pers.) Pers. serM,
a palace ( H orn, 727).
Seraph. (Heb. ) Coined from the pI.
form seraphim. - H eb. seraphim, s. pI.,
seraphs, lit. exalteo ones (Gesenius).
Seraskier, a Turkish general. ( 1".Turk. -Pers. all" Arab: , F. straskier,
strasquier. - Turk, ser'asker, chief of the
army, with a light sound of i after the k.
- Pers. sal', head (with ini tial si,, ) ; and
Arab. 'askar, an army ( Devic) . The Pers,
sari s cogn ate with Skt. (iras , head; cf.
Gk. I<apa, head. And see Birdar.
Sere; see Sear.
Serecloth; see Cerecloth.
Serene. (L. ) L. serhzus, bright, clear.
Brugm. i. Q2 0 (4).
serenade. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. 1".
serenade. - Ital. serenata, music beneath a
lady's window; orig.fem. of pp. of sermare,
to make clear or to cheer, to be merry. L. serilllts, bright.
Serf. (F . -L.) F. SCI/, aservant. -L.
sentltllt, ace. of seI'U1<S, a slave.
See
Serve.
Serge. (F .- L.-Gk.- Chinese? ) F.
serge, a silken stuff. - L. serim, fern. of
sericus, si lken, the same as Serims , belonging to the Seres. - Gk . ::;;~PH, pI., Chinese ;
cf. u.ryp, a silkworm. The name Seres is
from the Chinese se , sei, silk.

SETTLE

Serous; see Serum.

Serpent. (F. -L.) F: urpent. -L. serpmtem, acc. of serpens, a serpent; orig.
pres. pt. of serpere, to creep.+Gk. 'PJrfUl ,
to creep; Skt. srP, to creep, sarpa-, a
snake. Brugm. i. 477. ( v'SERP. )
Serrated, notched like a saw. (L.) L.
serYlitus, no tched like a saw. - L. serra, a
saw.

Serried, crowded together. (F.-L.)

F . serrer, to com pact, press close, lock.Folk-L . serriire, for L. seriire, to bolt. L. sera, a bolt. - L. serere, to join. Cf.
S eraglio .
Serum, whey. (L.) 1.. serum, whey,
serum. + Gk. 6pJf, whey; Skt. sara(s), adj .,
fl owing, sb., whey. C
"I/ SEl{, to fl ow.)
But cf. Brugm. i. 466. D er. ser-Dm, adj.
Serve. (F.- I..) F.servir.-L. seruire,
to serve.-L. seruus, a slave; cf. seruiire,
to keep , protect. Der. serv-ant, from
pres. pt. of F . servir; serv-ice, F . service,
1. seruitium; serv-ile, L serutlis ; servitude , F. u1'Vitude, 1.. acc. seruttUtiinem;
al so serf, sergeant.
Service-tree, a kind of wild pear-tree.
(L. a1ld E. ) Service is a corruption of
serv-;;s (dissyllabic), the M. E. plural of
uif or serve, the name of the fruit. A . S.
sytj-, the fruit of the service-tree ; syrftre011J, a service-tree (correctly, sirf-tree).
- L. sorbus, the tree; sDrbulIl, its fruit.
Session . . (F. - L.) F. seSS':DIt. - L.
sessio1le"" ace. of sessio, a sittin g. - L . sessus, pp. of sedi're, to sit. See Sit.
Sergeant, Serjeant. (F.- L. ) M .E. Set (1). (E. ) A . S. scttml, to set, make
sergeant, sergnnt. - O. F. serga1lt, serjattt, to sit; causal of sittan, to sit (derived
an officer. - Late L. Serl/telltem, aCe. of from the 2nd grade *sat). Ice!. setja j
serl/icw, an officer; orig. pres. pt. of Dan . sa/te ; Swed. satta; G. se/zm; Du .
serulre, to serve. See Serve.
zelle1l ; Goth. satjan ; all cau5.1.1 forms.
Series, a row. (L. ) L. scries, a row. T eut. type satjan-. See Sit.
- L. sere-re, to join or bind together (pp. Set (2). W hen we speak of a set of
sertus\.
Gk. f'PflV (fo r *UlpYfW); cr. things, this is a varian t of sect. The Late
Lith. seris, a thread; Icel. sorvi, a neck- Latin word is secta , com mon ill olll \Vilis;
lace.
for which we also fi nd sella.
Serif, the short cross-line at the end of Seton, a n arti ficial irritation under the
a stroke of a letter. ( Du .) Adapted ( with sk in. (F. - L.) F . SltDIl, ill nse in the
ser- for Du . schr-) from Du. schreef, M. Du. 16th century; the orig. sense is ' a thread.'
schreve, a dash, short line. Allied to Formed (as if from Late L. seto) from
O. H . G. serevon, to scratch, incise.
L. seta, a bristle, stiff hair. See Satin.
Serious. (1".-L.) O. F. serieux.- Settee, a seat with a long back; appaLate L. seriosus , seriolls. - L. sen'us, rently an arbitrary variation of settle, sb.,
grave, earnest. Cf. G. schwer, heavy; which see below.
Lith. swarUs, heavy. See Sore ( 2).
settle (1) , a long bench with a high
Sermon. (F. -L.) F. urmDn. - L. Lack.. (E.) A. S. sell, a seat.+Goth. sitls ;
sermUtu11l, ace. of sermD, a speech, dis- G. sesse!; L sella (for sed-/a). See
course.
Sell (l), Sit.
476

SHADE

SETTLE

settle (2), to fix, adjnst. (E.) M. E. of serus, sex; also secm , D . Was it orig.
Ulltn.

A. S. utlan, to fix; aiso, to take

a seat, settle down as in a seat, from A. S.
setl, a seat ; see above. ~ Perhaps it may
have been aff~cted by M. E. salztltn , to
reconcile, A . S. sakl/ia", stzlztlian, to reconcile. - A. S. uht, saht, reconciliation;
borrowed /i'om Icel. satt, stztt. reconciliation, peace; which Noreen ( 73 ) connects with L. sa"ctus , holy.
Seven. (E.) A.S. uojo" , siblm. + Dn.
UVtn; Icel. sjate, sjo ; D an. syv; Swe,t.
sjlt; G, siebm; Goth. sibU1l ; L. seP/em ;
Gk. <no; W. sai/It ; Irish seacM; 1{uss.
smu; Lith. stPly"i ; Skt. sapIa. Id /!'.
type *septam. D er . sevm-teen, A. S.

uojo"lym; seven-ty, A. S. hund-seojolltig

(hund being dropped) ; sevC1l-th.

Sever, to separate, ( F. - L.) O. F.

, di vision;' from ser-are, to cut! See S ~g

ment, Secant. Der. sex.u-a/, L. sexuiilis.
Sexagenary. (L. ) L. sexagmarius,
belonging to sixty. - L. sexagbli, sixty
each; distribute form of sexagi1tla, sixty.
- L. sex, six; and -gillta, related to
Gk . -t<QVTa , for *a't<ovTa, from a't<a, ten.
See Six and Ten.
sexagesima. (L.) L. sexiigesima
(dies). i. e. sixtieth (day) ; fern . of sex a/{es imus, sixtieth, ordinal form of sexiig illta,
sixty.
sexennial. (L. ). From L. sex(1tnium, a period of six years. - L. sex, six;
antlttS , a yea r.
sextant, the sixth part of a circle.
(L.) L. sexta1Xt-, stem of sextans , a sixth
part. - L. sext-us, sixth, from sex, six;
with suffix -am, like that of a pres. pt. of
a verb in -are.
Sexton; see Sacristan.
Sextuple, sixfold. (L .) Coined from
sextu-s, sixth; with suffix -pIe (as in quadrtt-ple), an swering to 1.. -jlic-, stem of
-plex, as seen in d,,-pJex, com-plex.

sevnr. - L. siparan, to separate. See

S eparate. Der. dissever.
several, adj. (F,-L. ) O.F. several,
- Late 1.. separale, a thing set apart. - L.
slpa rare, to separate (above).
Severe. (r. - L.) O. F. severe. - L.
seulr-us, severe, serious, grave, Der.
sever-ity, M. F. severiN.
Sew ( I ), to fasten with thread, (E.)
M . E. s01ven, sewen. A.S. siwian, to sew,
SE.
+Icel. sJia; Dan. sye; Swed. sy; O.H.G.
siuwan; Goth. siujan; L. Steere; Lith. Shabby, mean. (E. ) Also shaMed;
suti; Rnss. shite; Skt. siv, to sew. Cf. shabby and shabbed are the native E.
Gk. t<afT-fTu"v, to sew together; and see equivalents of the Scand. scabby and
Hymen. ("1/ SIW. )
scabbed. See Scab. For the sense, cf.
Sew (2), to follow; the same as Sue; scurvy ( = scurfy ) ; E. Fries. schabbig,
see S equence.
Sewer (I ) , a large drain. (F.-L. )
Frequently spelt shore. From O. F.sewiere,
seuwiere, a sluice, channel for draining a
pond . - Late L. type *exaquan'a, short
for Late L. exaqutit~ium, a channel for
draining.-L. ex, out; aqua , water, (The
derivation of E. ewer from L. aquiina is
parallel.)
Sewer ( 2), the officer who formerly set
and tasted dishes, &c. (E. ) 'Seware, al
mete , Depositor, dapifer, sepulator; '
P rompt. Parv. l Hence M. E. sewm, to
set meat, bring in dishes, &c.] The M. E.
seware, sewere is short for assewer, asseour
(N. E. D .) . - 0. F. asseour, one who sets
the table. -O. F. asseoir, to set, place;
orig. to sit beside. - L. assidire, to sit by.
-L. as-, for ad, near; sedire, to sit. See
Stt ann Assess. ~ Perhaps confused with
M.E. sew,pottage,from A.S.seaw, juice.
Sex. ( F.-L.) ~sexe.-L. sexttm,acc.

scabby, also miserable, mean.

Shackle. (E.) A. S. sceacul, bond,
fetter; orig. a loose bond; from its shaking about.+lcel. skiikull, pole of a carriage, from skaka, to shake; Swed. skakel,
loose shaft of a carriage; Dan. skagle, the
same. Cf. Swed. dial. skak, a chain. See
Shake.
Shad, a fish . (K ) A. S. sceadd.+Prov.
G. schade, a shad; d. Irish sgadan, O. Irish
scala .. , a herring; W . ysgadan, pl., herrings.
Shaddock, a large species of orange.
(E.) Named Irom Captain Shaddock, who
first introdnced it into the West Indies from
China, early in the eighteenth century.
Shade,Shadow. (E. ) M.E.shade ,
shadwe. A. S. sceadu, shadow, fern . sb.
The M. K shade is from the A . S. nom.
sceadte; the M . K shadtve (mod. E.
shad01V\ is from the dat. case sceadwe.
+ Du. sr!lad,l1v, Goth . skadtls, ~hadow;

477

SHAFT

SHANK

G. schaUen, O. Irish SCluh, Corn. seod,

shade; Gk. UI(6TO~, UICOTta, gloom.
Shaft. (E. ) A. S. seeaft, shaft of a
spear. +lcel. skapt, skaft, Dan. Sw. skaft ;
G. schaft, Du. sehackt (for schaft). Further
allied to L. scapus, a shaft, stem, stalk;
Gk. I1KTI1rTPOl', Doric UK(i-nov, a staff,
sceptre. All apparently from Idg. root
shap, to su pport. 2. Or else skaf-t =
tbnt which is shaven or cut smootli ; from
Shave, q. v.
Shag, rough hair. (E. ) A. S. sceacga,
hair. + Icel. skegg, Swed. skiigg, a beard,
Dan. skilZg. beard, awn, wattle; cf. I ce!.
skaga, to jut out. The orig. sense is 'roughness.' See Shaw. Der. s/zaggy , adj.
Shag tobacco is rough tobacco.
Shagreen, a rough-grained leather.
(F. - Turkish.) F. chagrin. It was (\rig.
made of ths skin of the back of the horse
or mule. - Turk. siighri. saghri, back of a
horse, shagreen.
Shah, king of Persia. (Pers.) Pers.
shah, a king. O. Pers. khshayathiya. a
king ; allied to Skt. kshalra(m ), dominion ,
from kshi, to rule; cf. Gk. KTQ.OP.OJ, I
possess. Lit. sense' ruler ' ; H orn, 77 2;
Brugm. i. 920. See Check. Der. pasha.
Shake. (E. ) A.S. sceacan, scaean, pt. t.
scoe, pp. scacen. +Icel. skaka, Sw. skaka,
Dan. skage. Teut. type *skakan.
Shako, a military cap. (F. -Hung.)
F. shako. - Hungarian csako, a cap, shako;
spelt tSiikoinDankovsky's Magyar Lexicon,
p. 900.
Shale, a slaty rock. (G. ) G. schale, a
shell, peel, scale; whence sehalgebirge, a
mountain formed of th in strata. Hence
also O. F. escale and E. scale (I). See
Scale ( I ).
Shall. (E.) A. S. Setal, I . hall, I must ;
pt. t. seeolde, I should, ought. The orig.
sense was ' to owe,' to be liable for; cf.
Lith. skilti, to owe, be liable.+Icel. skal ,
pt. t. skyldi; Sw. skall; Dan. skal; Du.
:a/ ; G. soil; Goth. skal, inlin. skulatt. Cf.
G. schuld, debt, guilt; Lith . skeleti, to be
liable. Brugm. l. 795.
Shalloon, a light woollen stuff. (F.)
From Chatom, in France, E. of Paris.
Shallop, a light boat. (F. - Du.) F .
chaloupe Lwhence Span. chalupa, 'a fl atbottomed boat,' Minsheu ( 1623) ; Port.
chalupa]. - Du. sloep, a sloop. See Sloop.
ShalIot, Shalot, a kind of onion. (F.
-L. - Gk.-Heb.) O.F. escha/ote, variant
of esealogne, a shallot. - L. asealiinia, a

shallot; fern . of Asealom'us, belonging to

Ascalon. - Gk . AUK.u.",V, Ascalon; a chief
city of the Philistines. - Heb. Ashqtlon.
Shallow. ( E. ) M. E. sehalowe; cf.
also schold, seha/d. Barbour, Bruce, ix. 354 ;
for which see Shoal. An E. word; but
of doubtful origin. However, M.E. sehalo'lIJe is allied to M. E. scha/d, shallow, as
they have a common base seha/. And
perhaps allied to Low G. schaal, scha/ig,
G. schal, insipid, stale (as liquids when
little is left in the vessel) ; cf. Du. 'ZI~"
sehalen, to grow stale or fl at.
Shalm.; see Shawm.
Sham. (E.) A London slang term, due
to Northern E. sham, a shame, disgrace
(hence, trick). 'Wheea's sham is it' =
whose fault is it? Whitby Glossary. See
Shame.
Shamble, to walk awkwardly. (E.)
Low!. Sc. shammei, shamble, to rack the
limbs with long strides; also, to di stort;
shamme/ shallks, crooked legs. Cf. E.
Fries. schamel, shamefaced, modest, also
poor, miserable; O. Fries. skalllel, poor;
Du. schamel. If this connexion be right ,
the adj. is formed from the sb. shame; see
Shame.
Shambles. (L.) Orig. stalls on which
butchers expose meat for sale; pI. of
shamble, a bench, butcher's bench or stall.
A. S. seamel, a stool.- L. seamellum, n
stool, little bench ; allied to seamllum,
step, bench, seabellum, foot stool. L. seam1tUm is for seab'1I1mt , *seap-1'tt11t, allied
to scapus, a stem. Brugm. i. 241.
Shame. (E.) A. S. scealllU, seam" .+
I ce!. skOlIllll; Dan. Sw. skalll ; G. seha1ll.
Allied to Goth . skalZda, shame, G. sehande.
shamefaced, modest. (E.) Corrup.
tion of M. E. shame/ast, modest. - A. S.
scamjtzst, lit. firm in shame, i. e. in modesty.
- A. S. seam1' , shame, modesty; jast, fast ,
firm ; see Fast.
Shammy, Shamoy, a kind ofleather.
(F. - G.) Orig.chamois1eather; see Blount
and Philli ps. See Cha.mois.
Shampoo. (H ind.) Hindustani chiimp
n a, to join, to stuff, press, thrust in, sham
poo ; from the kneading or pressure used
in the operation. Perhaps directly from
the imperative champo of the same verb;
Yule.
Shamrock. (C.) Irish seamrog, trefoil,
dimin. of seamar, trefoil ; Gael. Si!amrag .
Shank,lower part of the leg. (E.)
A. S. seeanca, sca"ea, bone of the leg.

47 8

SHEAR

SHANTY
+Du. schO'nk, Dan. SI.-a111.-. Swed. sl.:anl.-.
Further related to G. sehenkd, shank; G.
schinken , ham. Der. skink.
Shanty, a hut. (Irish.) Said to be
from Irish sean, old; tigh, a house.
Shape, vb. CE.) M. E.scllapen; anew
formation from the sb. schap, A. S. gesaap ; or from the pp., on the analogy of
scearan, pp. sceacen. The A. S. vb. is
seeppan , scieppan , with a weak infin . ; pt.
t. scop , pp. scapen. + Icel. skapa, Swed.
skapa, lJan. skabe, Goth. ga-skapja1z, G .
scl,affen; Du . seheppm (weak ). All from
T eut. type *skapa1z" *skapj an-, pt. t.
*skifp. Cf. Lith. skabeti, to cut, hew.
Brugm. i. 7or.
Shard, Sherd, fragment. (E. ) A . S.
seem'd, a fragment; li t. ' cut thing.' Fro m
*ska1', 2nd grad e of *skermz-, to shear.
See Shear. Cf. I ce!. skar6, a notch.
Der. p O't-sherd.
share ( I ) , a portion. (E. ) A. S. scean t,
a share, part. F rom *skar (above).
share (2) , a plough-share. (E.) A. S.
saar , plough-share. From the same.
Shark, a voracious fi sh. (F. -L. ) The
name of the fis h is from the Tudor verb
to shark, to prowl ; to sltark for a dinner,
to try to get one ; /0' shark for a living;
see Cent. Dict. Prob. from N orth F .
(Pica rd) eherquier, equivalent to O. F .
archer ( E . sem 'cll ), later altered to mod.
F. elw'cller. Cf. archer Ie brotHt, 'to
hunt after feasts ;' Cot. G odefroy has two
examples of the spelling clterquier. Cf.
Ital. a rcare del pane, 'to shift fo r how to
live ; , T orriano. - L. ci/'ciire, to go round.
- L. circus, a ring. See Search. Hthis
be right, to shark is a variant of to search,
but was much used (formerly) in the sense
of to prowl about for a living. Hence
shark, sb. ( I ) , a greedy fel low (Johnson ) ;
( 2) a greedy fish.
Sharp. ( E.) A. S. saarp. +Du. scherp,
lcel. skarpr, Swed. Dan. skarp, G. scharf.
T ent. type *skarpoz. Prob. allied to
Scrape. Der. sea/'I, escarpment.
Shatter. (E.) M. E. sehateren, to
scatter, to dash as a falling stream; hence
to break in pieces. A. S. sea/erian, to
scatter, A. S. Chron . 1137. Cf. E. Fries.
scllattern, Dn. sda/eren, to resonnd; M.
Du. schetteren, to rattle. . See Scatter,
which is a doublet; cf. Milton, Lyc. 5.
Shave. ( Eo ) A. S. scea/an, sca/all, pt.
t . sr!'if, pro sca/en. + Du. sehaven; Icel.
ska/a; Swed. ska/va, Dan. skave, Goth.

s!.:al>an, G. schabm; Lith . s!.:apoti, to shave,

cut, Russ. skO'p ite, to castrate, Gk. O'Ka'IITflV,
to dig. CL also L. seabere, to scrape.
(.vSQAB, SQAP.) Brugm. i. H 56 9,
7or .
Shaw,thicket. (E.) A . S . scaga .+Tcel.
skOgr, a shaw, wood ; Swed. SRO'g, D an.
skov, N orth F ries. skog. All ied to Jcd.
skagi, a ness (Noreen) ; N . Fries. skage,
a nook of land ; cf. Icel. skaga, to jut Ollt.
Allied to Shag.
Shawl. (Pers.) Pers .shal (pron. shawl,
a shawl, mantle.
ShaWnl, Shalm, a musical instrument.
( F. -L.- Gk.) O. F. c1la/emie, a reed
pipe ; allied to cllflll;IIC, a straw; cf.
M. H. G . scha/mft . - L. calamus, a reed.
- G k. Ka"a!-'o<, a reed. See HaulIn.
She. (E.) M . E. SelIC, scho; also sece,
A. S. Chron. 1140. In the Northumbrian
dialect, we fi nd schO' used as a dem. pronoun, though the A. S. seo is the fern . of the
def. article. The A. S. seo would have
become see, bu t this form never occurs ;
rather, it became seo (Lind . sio, J ohn iv.
23) ; whence (perhaps influen ced by th e
Icel. m. and f. demonstr. pron sjn., that) ,
came N orthumb. ScllO or SIlO ; and thi s
seems to have suggested the Midland sche,
sIte, sl e; the tru e South. form being lieD,
he (wh ich caused confusion with the mase.
lu). LWe also fin d snch forms as hyO',
ltio, ho, litO', 10, m od. Lane. hDO, all from
heo.] The A. S. se~ is the fern. of u, orig.
'that;' cognate with Goth. sa, that.+ Du.
zij, G . sic; Ice!. sit, fern . of sa, that;
Goth. so, fern . of sa, that; Gk . Ti, fern . of
<I; Skt. sii, she, fern. of sa, sas, he.
For
lcel. sjc; see N oreen, 39Y. See Sweet,
E. Gr. 1068.
Sheaf. (E. ) M. E. sd u ej A. S. sclaj,
a sheaf, pile of com shoved together.A. S. scea/, 2nd grade of sCli/an, to shove.
+ Du. schoof, Icel. skau/, .Bavar. scllatlb,
sheaf; from Teut. *skaub, - 2nd grade of
*skiiban-, to shove; see Shove.
She&l, a temporary snmmer hut. (Scand.)
Also spelt shiel, shidili, sheelin. - lcel.
skjol, a shelter, cover, Dan. Swed. skjul,
a shed; Ice!. skyli, a shed . Cf. Skt. sku,
to cover.
Shear. (E.) A. S. seeran, pt. t. sctZr,
pp. scoren.+Du. schcrel', Icel.skera, Swed.
skiira, Dan. skare, G. scnerm, to shear.
Teut. type *sk~ran-, pt. t. *skar, pp. *skoranoz. Allied to O. Ir. scar-aim, I separate,
Gael. sgar, to sever; W. y sgar, to part ;

-.79

SHEATH

SHELTER

Gk. ".ip'"' (for *(cr )"'py.IV ), to cut; Lith.

ltirwis, an axe. (-VSQER.) Drugm. i.
~15, 631.
Shea.th. (E.) A. S. seeiiIJ, sciM, a
sheath, orig. that which separates, hence
a husk, shell , pod. + Du. scheede, Dan.
skede, Swed . skida, G . scheide, a sheath;
I cel. skeiiJir, fern. pl., a sheath (lit. thi ngs
that separate or open). AU from the
Teut. base *skaith; for which see S hed
(I ). Der. sheathe , vb.
Shebeen, a liquor-shop. (Irish -E. )
A pparently a dimin. (with suffix -In) of
Irish seapa, a shop. - E. shop; see Shop.
Shed ( I ), to part, pour, spill. (E.) O rig.
' to separate.' A. S. scendan, seddan, pt. t.
seiad, seed, pp. seelilien . to shed; whence
M . E. schMm, weak verb (with long e, but
the e has been shortened, the pt. t . being
shadde or slmide). + Goth. skaidan, G .
scluidm, to part; O. Sax. skdJan, O. Fries.
ske6a, skeda. From Teut. base *skeitll,
varying to *skeid, to split (see Shide ); or
from the 2nd grade *skailh, *skaid. The
Idg. root would, regularly, be *skheil, but
we only find -VSKREI D; cf. Gk . .crXi(fIV,
for *crXiayuv, to cleave; L. scindere, to
cut; Lith . skUziu, I separate. All from
an older -VSKREI. Drngm. i. 201 ,599.
Shed (2 ), a slight shelter, hut . ( E.) O.
Kentish shed (written ssed ) , shade; a
dialectal form; Ayenbite of Inwyt. See
Shade.
Sheen, fairness, splendour. ( E.) M . E.
schene, adj ., fair. A. S. seine , seiene, scjne,
fair, showy; , allied to sciawian, to show,
see.
O. Sax. scum', adj.; Du. schoon,
adj.; G. Se/IOn, adj.; cf. Goth . ibna-skau1lS ,
of like appearance. T eut. t ype *skauniz, ' showy;' see Show. ~ Not allied
to shine.
Sheep. (E.) A. S. seenp, sClp; pI. unchanged. + O. Sax. skap; Du. schaap;
G . schaf. Teut. type *skapolll, neut.
Sheer ( I ), bright, pure, perpendicular.
(Scand.) A sheer descent is a clear (un broken) one. M. E. shere, bright. -Icel.
skaff, Dan. sitar, sheer, bright; Teut. type
*skairiz . Cf. Icel. skirr, A. S. sefr, bright;
G. schier, Goth. skeirs (Teut. t ype *skeiroz);
from the base (skei- ) of the verb 10 s/zi"e;
see Shine (Noreen) . ~ The sh (for sk )
is due to A. S. srir. D er. S heer- Thursday, the day before Good Frirlny; cf. Icel.
skira, to cleanse, baptize.
Sheer ( 1), to deviate from one's course.
(DlI. ) DlI. seherm, to shear, cut, with-

d raw, go away; scheerje van hier, sheer

off ! (Sewel ). Cf. Low G . sclltre hen, get
out I See Shea.r.
Sheet. (E.) M . E. sehele. Anglian
scile, A . S. seie/e, seYle, a sheet; also (without mu,ation ) scial , sceata, a corner, nook,
fold of a garment , comer of a sail, hence a
shed or rope fastened to a corner of a sail,
called in A . S. sciat-line (sheet -line).
Cf. A. S. seial, 2nd grade of sceolan, to
shoot, hence to jut out. The orig. sense
of sheel was' projection,' hence' corner,'
&c. + Icel. skaut, corner, sheet of a sail;
Swed. skdle, the lap; Du. schOOl , shoot ,
sprig, sheet; Goth. skauts, hem of a garment ; G . schooss, flap of a coat, lap,
bosom. All from T eut. *skaut, 2nd grade
of *skeutatz-, to shoot; s ~e Shoot.
Sheet-anchor, an anchor to be ' shot '
out in emergency. (E.) From provo E.
sheet, M. E. schllen, A. S. sceolan, t o shoot.
See Shoot.
Sheik, a chief. (Arab.) Arab. sheikh,
an elder, chief; orig. sense' old.'
Shekel, a Jewish weight and coin.
(Reb. ) Reh. sheqe!, a shekel (weight). Reb. shnqal, to weigh.
Shekina.h. (Reb.) It sigpifies the
visible presence of God; lit.' dwelling.'Heb. shekanlih , dwelling . - R eb. shakan ,
to dwell.
Sheldrake. (E.) For she!d-drake, i.e.
variegated or spotted d rake. Cf. Orkney
sluld -fowl, a sheldrake (Cent. Dict.).
'She/d, fleck ed, party-coloured; ' Coles
( 1684) . M. E. sheld is a sh ield; and the
allusion is to the patch round the breast.
C f. A. S . sci/d, a shield, used also of part
of a bird's pl umage (G rein )_ So also Ice!.
skjdld,mgr, a sheldrake, skjdlduttr, dappled,
from skjdldr, a shield. See Shield.
Shelf. (E.) M. E . sehelfe, shelfe. A. S.
scilfe, story (of a building), shelf. Orig.
a thin p iece, flake; allied to shell and
skill. + Low G. sci/elf, a board , shelf; cf.
sehelfern, to flake off; also E. F ries.
schalfer, schilfer, a chip, splinter; Du.
sehilfer, a scale. Extended forms, from
the root of Skill and Sca.le.
Shell. ( E .) M. E. shelle, sb. A. S.
see/I, scyll.
Du. sehel ; Icel. ske!; Goth .
ska/ja , a tile. T eu t. type *.rkaljii , fern .
The sense is ' thin flake'; cC. Sweet. skala,
to peel. See Sca.le. Skill. Der. shell,
verb.
Shelter. (E.) A curious development
of M. E . .rheld/none, n body of guards or

480

SHELVE

SHINGLES

troops, a squadron; freouently spelt sitdIron , shtl/nm; It came to mean a guard

or protection of a ny kiud (P. Plowm.,
Halliwell). - A. S. scildlruma , lit. 'shield
troop,' 0. guard. - A. S. scild, shiehl;
Iruma, a band of men, allied to Irum ,
firm . See Shield and Trim.
Shelve, to slope down . (E. ) A deri
vo.ti ve of shelf, but the connexion is not
clear. A sheif came to mean a slab of
stratified rocks, also a sand-bank; and
the sense of ' slope' prob. refers to the
sloping edges of the latter. Torriano
translates M. Ital. slralare by 'to shelve
or go aside, aslope, awry'; a sense perhaps suggested by M. Du. scheel, awry,
G. schel, scheel.
Shepherd. (E.) A. S. sciaphyrde, a
keeper of sheep ; see Herd (2). Der.
sll(pherd-ess.
Sherbet, a drink. (Arab.) Arab.
sllarbat, a drink. draught, sherbet, syrup.
- Arab. root shariba, he drank. Der.
shrub (l ) , syrup.
Sherd; see Shard.
Shere-Thursda.y; see Sheer (I).
SherUf. (E. ) F or shire-I-eeve. A. S.
sdr-geri/a, a shire-reeve; see Shire and
Reeve. Der. sheriff-al-ty, usually spelt
shrievalty.
Sherry. (Span. - L.) Formerly sherris ; sh being an old pron. of Span. x.
- Span. Xens, a town in Spain, near
Cadiz. - L. Cruaris, gen. case of C~sar,
proper name (Dozy).
Shew; see Show.
Shibboleth, a test-word of pronunciation. (Heb.) Heb. shibbOlelh, an ear
of corn, also a river; see Judges xii. 6.
Shide, a thin piece of board. (E.) A. S.
seid, a billet of wood ; from the base
(.skcit/) of the verb 10 shed. +Ice!. skitJ,
G. schtit, a billet; O. Irish sclalh, a shield.
See Shed, Sheath.
Shield. (E.) A. S. scild, sceM.+Du.
schild, Ice!. skjOldr, Dan. skiO/d, Swed.
skold, Goth. ski/d,u, G. schild. Teut.
type *skelduz, m. P erhaps ' thin board';
cf. Lith. ske/-li, to split.
Shieling j see Shea.l.
Shift. (E.) M. E . schiften, to divide,
change, shift, remove; orig. 'to divide.'
Ice!. skipta
A. S. scijian, to divide.
(for skifta), to divide, parI, sh ift, change;
Swed. skifta, Dan. skifte, the same. Allied
to Icel. ski/a, to cut into slices, ski/a, a
,lice, provo E. shive, a slice, slleave, a

wheel of a pulley, Du . schiff. G. sc/uibe,

a slice, disc. See Shiver ( l ).
Shillelagh, an oaken stick used ali a
cudge!. (Irish. ) Named from Shilldagh,
a barony in Wick low famou s for oaks. It
means' descendants of Elach '; from Irish
siol, seed , descendants.
Shilling. ( E.) A. S. scillittg. + Du.
schellillg; Ice!. skillingr; Dan. Swed.
skilling; Goth. skilliggs (for *skillil1gs) ;
G. schilling. /3. The suffix -illg is a
diminutive which occurs also in E./arlhing, and in A. S. pe/t-ing, a penny. The
base is either *skef-, to resound , ring; or
*skil-, to divide; see Skill. Reason for
the name uncertain; but of. Swed. skiljemynl, Dan. skillelllynl, small change,
small money.
Shillyshally. (E.) F ormerly shill
I, shall I; a reduplicated form of shall I .
Shimmer, to glimm er. (E.) A. S.
scimrimt, frequent. form of scimatt, scimian,
to shine, allied to sdna", to shine; see
Shine.+Du. sc!wlterm; Swed. skimra;
G. schimme17t. Cf. O. H. G. selmo, a
bright light, Ice!. skimi, a gleam, Irish
sgeimll, sgamll, beauty.
Shin. (E.) A. S. sciltu; also srinban, shin-bone. + Du. schten; G. schime,
also a splint ; Swed. sken-belt, Dan. skilmebem, shin-bone. Orig. sense perhaps
'thinly covered bone,' and allied to Skin
(Franck; doubtful) . Cf. A. S. scia, shin.
Shine. (E.) A. S. sci/tan, pt. t. saln,
pp. seinen. + Du. schijnm, Ice!. skilta ;
Dan. skinne ; Swed. skina; Go th. skeinan;
G . scheinen. (Base SKEI.) Cf. Sheer (I ),
Shimmer.
Shingle ( I ), a wooden tile. (L.) M.E.
shiltgle, corruption of shindle (Minsheu),
as shewn by the corresponding G. schindel,
a shingle, splint, thin piece of wow. L. scindula, a shingle, as if frolD L. seindere, to cleave; but really for srandu/a,
a shingle.
Shingle (2), coarse round gravel on the
sea-shore. (Scand.) Corruption of Norweg.
singl or singling, coarse gravel, shingle,
named from the crunching or ringing noise
made by walking on it. - N orweg. singla,
to ring, tinkle, Swed. dial. siltgla (the
same) ; frequent. form ofSwed. dial singa,
the same word as E. sing; see Sing . Cf.
Low!. Sc. chingle, shingle, allied to chink.
Shingles. (F. - L.) A variant of
smg/es, pI. of the old word sengle. a girth;
the disease encircli n~ the body like a belt.

~81

SHORE

SHIP
_ 0 . North. F. ,hengle, 0. F. angle,
sa,tgle, ' a girth , a sengle;' Cot. - L.
cingula, a belt. - L. cingen, to surround;
see Cinoture.
Ship. (E.) A. S. scip. Du. schip,
Ice\. slip, Dan. skib, Swed. skepp, Goth.
skip, G. schiff. Teut. type skipom, neut.
Hence skiff, skipper, equip.
Shire. ( E.) A.S. scir, a shire, province;
orig. ' employment, government.' Cf. A. S.
scirian, to appoint, allot; 0. H . G. scira,
business. ~ Not allied to Shear.
Shirk. (F.- L .?) The ver b to sltirk
seems to be a variant of sherk or shark, to
prowl abont; hence, to act in a paltry
way, to keep out of danger. See Sha.rk.
Shirt. (E. ) M. E. shirtc, sburte. A.S.
scyrte. - A. S. scort, short; see Short.+
Ice!. skyrta , a shirt, kind of kirtle; Swect.
skjorta, Dan . skiorte. So ' called because
short. Doublet, skirt .

Orig. an adj. , meaning' shallow,' formerly

shole; M.E. sltold or shaM; see Shallow.
A. S. steald, shallow; found in placenames. Cf. Pomeran. schol" shallow
water; and note E. old, provo E. ole, from
0 . Mere. aId, A. S. eald.
Shoar, a prop; see Shore ( 2).
Shock ( 1) , a violent jolt. (E.) M. E.
schokkm , to shock, jolt. E . Fries. schokktn. + Du. schok, sb., schokkm , vb.; Low
G. schokkm, sch ukkm, vb.; 0 . H . G.
scoc, sb. (whence F. clIOC, sb., choquer, vh. \.
Cf. G. schaukel, a swing. See Shog.
Shock ( 2) , a pile of sheaves of corn.
(K) M. E. schokke.+M. Du. schockc, a
shock, cock, heap; so called from be ing
tossed together; from M . Du. schockm, to
jolt, shock, cock, heap up; see Shook ( 1)
above. Cf. Swed. skock, a heap, tJock ;
Dan. dial. skok, N. F ries. skock, a heap of
six sheaves.
Shitta.h - tree, Shittim - wood. Shock ( 3), a rough-coated dog. ( E.)
(Heb.) Shittim is a pI. form. - Heb. Shock-I,catled is roughheaded, wi th shaggy
sltittiih, pI. sltillim, a kind of acacia (the t hair. Perhaps from Shock ( 2), a heap.
is teth). Of Egypt. origin (Gesenius).
Shoddy, a material obtained from tcaring into fibres old woollen goods. ( E.)
Shive, Shea.ve; see Shiver (2).
Shiver ( I ), to tremble. (E.) For- Etym. uncertain; but cf. D evon shod, shed,
merly shever, in Baret ( 1580); M. E . spilt, M. E. schodm, schedm, to separate ;
, hillerelt, cI,ellcren (cldverelt, c"everen ), see Shed.
where , h stands fo r earlier c(k ), as if from Shoe. (E.) M. E. schoo A. S. seeo, scoh;
an A. S. cifer, which I suppose to be a pI. sceos, scos.
Du. schom; I ce1. skor ;
variant of cwifer. See Quiver ( I). ~ The Swed. and Dan. sko; Goth . sM I,s; G .
spelling with sl, was due to confusion with schul, . Teut. type *skiihoz, masc.
the word below.
Shog, to jog on. (E.) M . E. schoggm,
Shiver (2), a splinter, small piece of to jog; variant of sc/,okkm, to jolt. See
wood . (E.) A shiver is a small piece; Shock ( I ) ; and cr. Jog.
hence to sltiver, to break in pieces. Again, Shoot. (E.) A. S. sceota1z, later form
shiver is the dimin. of shive, a thin slice, of sceota", str. vb. [with eo for eo as in
the same as provo E. sheave, a thin disc of choose1 ; pt. t. sceat, pp. scotw, of which
wood , wheel of a pulley. E. Fries. s, hife, only the pp. shoftm is preserved , in the
sehive, sehif' , N. Fries. skiv, skeev. + D u. phrase shotlen he1'ri1lg = a herring th at has
schi; l; I cel. ski/a, Dan. skive, Swed. lost its roe).+ Du. sdu.'etm; Ice!. s~iota;
skt/va; G. sclLeibe, a slice. Teut. base D an. skyde; Sw. skjuta ; G . sc/,iesst1l.
*skeib, Idg. root *skeip; whence Gk. Teut. type *skeutall-, pt. t. skatlf, pp.
lTI<olrror, a potter's disc ( Hesychius) . See skuta1loz. Brugm. i. 623.
Shift.
Shop. (E.) A. S. sceoppa, a stall, booth.
Shoal (1), a multitude of fish es, a troop, Allied to scypen, a pen for cattle. + Low
crowd. (E.) Spelt shole in Spenser ; M. E . G. schupp, a shed; G. schoppm, a shed,
sco/e, a troop, throng, crowd. A. S. scolu, covert lwhence 0 . F. eSihoppe, a shop) .
a troop. +O. Sax. skola, a troop, band ; Shore ( 1) , strand of a lake or sea. (E. )
Du. scllool, a shoal. Teut. type *slm/ii, M. E. schore. A. S. score (Somner) ; cf.
fern.; from skul-, weak grade of ske/., to A . S. scorm eli/. a shorn cliff, precipice.
separate, set apart. See Skill. ~ The C f. A. S. scor-, weak grade of scera,t, to
sailor's phrase 'a school of fish' exhibits shear. See Shear.
the Du. form of the same word; it also Shore ( 2), Shoar, a prop. (E.) M. E .
schon. Not in A. S. E. Fries. schor,
nppears as scu ll, Troil. V. 5. 22 .
Shoal ( 2 ~ . a !ihallow, a sandbank. (E. ), schon (also schar, schare) , a prop. Cf.

...S,

SHORE

SHRINK

A. S. sceoriall , to project, jut OUt. + Du. ' skllr; Goth. skiirn, a storm; G. schaut.. ,
sehoor. n prop; M.Du.sehoorm, to under- O.I-/. G. sci;r. Brugm. i. 627 .
prop; Norweg. skora, prop. Cf. also Shred. (E. ) M. E. shrlde, sb. A. S.
Ice!. skor(Ja, a prop, stay, esp. \mder a serlade. + M.Du . schroode, a shred (Kilian) ;
boat ; skortJa , vb., to und er-prop, shore up. Pomeran. sen rood. F rom Teut. skraud,
Shore (3) , a sewer; see Sewer.
lnd grade of skreud-; for which see
Short. (E. ) A. S. seeor/, short. Cf. Shroud.
Du. schorttll, to lack (fall short) , Icel. Shrew, a scold. (E. ) M. E. shrewe,
skorlr, short ness, O. H. G. seurz, short. adj., applied to both sexes, wicked, bad.
T he Teut. base would appear to be *skert-, A. S. screa1va, a shrew-mouse, fabled to
to cut; as if extended from sker-, to cut; have a very venomous bite. Der. shr.:'UI,
see Shear. Cf. also Ice! . skartJr, dimin- to curse, talk like a shrew; be-shrew.
ished, cut down. ~ But as the G. kurz
shrewd, malicious, cunning. (E.) The
is irom L. curlus, short, it is usual to old sense is 'malicious.' M. E. sehrewed,
explain all these words as borrowed from accursed, depraved, hence malicious ; pp.
a L. type of-curlus; which is improbable. of schre1ven, tv curse, from the adj. se/lrewe,
Shot. (E. ) M. E. sehot. A. S. scot, a malicious, bad (above).
shrew-mouse, an animal like a
shot, .f e-seeo/, implements for shooting; cf.
A. S. seot-, weak grade of seeotan, to shoot. mouse. lE.) A. S. screawa ; see Shrew
+Icel. skot, Du. Se/lOt, a shot, shooting; (above).
G. schuss, a shot. See Shoot.
Shriek. (E. ) A nati ve form of
Shoulder. (E.) A. S. swlder ,smidor. screech; from M. E. schriken, to shriek.
+Du. sehouder, Swed. skuldra, Dan. skul- See Screech. Imitative; see Shrike.
der, G. schuller . Perhaps allied to O. H . Shrievalty; see Sheriff.
G. skerti, the shoulder ; cf. also O. H. G. Shrift, confession. (L.) A. S. senft,
harti, the shoulder blade.
confession, prescribed penance. Cf. A. S.
Shout. (E. ) M. E. sholtlm; Chaucer, scrif-, weak grade of serif-alt, to shrive, to
Troil. ii. 614. Cf. Ice!. skii/a, skiiti, a impose a penance; ult. of L. origin; see
Shrive_+lcel. skripl, Swed. skrifl, Dan.
taunt ; see Scout (2 ).
Shove. (E.) M. E. shouven. A. S. skrifte; Du. and G. Sl"hrift, writing. See
Scii/all, pt . t. scea/. pp. seofen, to shove. + Shrive.
Icel. skU/a; Du. schuiveJl, G. sehiebm Shrike, the butcher-bird . (E. ) Cf.
(pt. t. sehob) ; Goth. skittban. Teut. type Westphalian sehrik, a shrike; Ice!. skrrkja,
skmbalt- or skiiban-, pt. t. skaub, pp. a shrike, lit. 'shrieker,' from Icel. skrikja ,
skttballoz. CI. Lith. skubits, quick, hasty, to titter, orig. to slariek, and allied to Ice!.
industrious; SkI. ksuM, to become agitated, skrakja, to screech. See Shriek and
kshobha-, agitation. Brugm. i. 992.
Screech.
shovel. (E.) A. S. seojl, a shovel, for S~. (E .) M. E. skn'!; cf. Lowl.
lifting and shoving; cf. A. S. seo/- , weaker Scotch skid, a shrill cry, skid, to cry
grarle of seiifan (above) .+Du. sckoffe/; G. aloud. Cf. E . Fries. sehrd, L ow G. sehrell,
sehatifel, O. H. G. skiivala; a form which G. schrill, shrill; A. S. serallelan , to cry
makes a connexion with shove doubtful. a loud; Norweg. skryla , skrala, to cry
Der. skove!-er, a kind of duck.
shrilly. From Teut. root ' skrel (2nd grade
Show, Shew. (E.) M. E. sekewm, vb. skral ), to cry aloud.
A. S. sceawian, to see, behold; later, to Shrimp. (E.) M. E. shrimp; cf. Lowl.
make to see, point out, show.+Du. sckoft- Scotch scrimp, to straiten, sen'lIlpit, dwarfwm, Dan. skue, G. sehauen, to behold. ish. A parallel (orm to s/:rink; cf. A. S.
Cf. Goth. us-skaws, cautious, wakeful. serimlllan , to shrink; Dan. dial. skrimpe,
Teut. base *skaw, Idg. root .skat~; cf. Gk. a lean cow. See the traces of O. Swed.
9vo-uI(60r, an inspector of an offering; also skrimpa, strong verb, to contract, in mod.
L. cau~re, to heed, eau-Ius, watchful; Swed. dialects ( Rietz) ; and cf. M. H . G.
Gk. 1(0(0), I observe; Skt. kav-i-, wise. sehrimpfen, to shrink, G. schrumpfm,
From the same root we have cautious. Dan. skrttmpen, shrivelled; Du. sehromje,
Brugm. i. H 163, 639. Der. sheen, a wrinkle. See Shrink.
scavenger.
Shrine. (L.) A. S. serfll, a box. - L.
Shower. (E.) M. Eo sehOt~r. A. S. serinittm, chest, box.
mir. + Du. sehoer; Jcel. Sk,il'; Swed. ShriDk. (E.) A. S. se1";nean , pt. t.
-4 8 3

SHRIVE

SICCA

scraJU, pp. scY/ma ll . to contract, shrivel

up.+M. Du. scl,ri1tkm, to shrink, grow
smaller; Swe<i . skrynka, a wrinkle. Allied
to Shrimp, Shrug.
Shrive; see Shrove-tide.
Shrivel. (E. ) In Shako An E. word .
+ Swed. dial. skryvla, to shrivel up , to
wrinkle; skryvla, a wrinkle.
Perhaps
allied to Swed. skroJlig, rough, and to G.
schroff, ru~ged .
Shroud. ( E.) A. S. scru.i, garment,
c1 othing. + I cel. skru(J, orn ament, shrouds
of a shi p; Dan. and Swed. skrud, dress,
attire. Orig. a ' shred' of stuff, a piece cut
or torn off ; cf. A. S. scri ade ( = mod. E.
shred). The Teut. base is *skreud, to cut;
the 2nd grade *skraud appears ill Shred,
q. V . C f. L. scriita, broken bits? Der.
scroll.

Shrove-tide, Shrove-Tuesday.
(L. alld E. ) The time for shrift or confess ion. The sb. shrove is formed from
shrove, 2nrl grade of shrive ( M. E. schrittm,
pt . t. schroof ). - A . S. scri/an, to shrive,
impose a pen ance, pt. t. scraf, pp. scrif-m
(whence scrif-t, shrift).+O Fries. skriva
(pt. t. skrif) ; O. Sax. skritJatt, to write;
Du. schrijvm (pt. t. schreif ) ; Dan. skrive
(pt. t . skrev) ; Swed. skrifva (pt. t. skref ) ;
G. schreiben (pt. t. schrieb). Teut. type
*skreibalt-, pt. t. *skraib, pp. *skribaltOz.
Conjugated as a genuine Teut. verb. but
probahly an early borrowing from Lat.
scribere, to write. See Soribe.
Shrub ( I ),alowclwarf tree. (E.) M. E.
schrob. A. S. *scrob, a shrub; whence
scrybb, underwood. Cf. provo E. shrujf,
light rubbish wood, scrojf, refuse of wood;
Norw. skrubba, the dwarf cornel "; E.
dial. scrub, underwood; Dan. dial. skrub,
brushwood.
Shrub (l ), a drink, chiefly made with
rum. (Arab.) Ara.b. slzirb, shurb, a drink.
See
- Arab. root shariba, he drank.
Sherbet.
Shrwr. ( E.) M. E. shruggm, to shiver.
The old sense was to shrink, shrink lip.
Cf. Dan. skruKlJe, skrukke, to stoop; Swed.
dial. skrukka, skruggn, to huddle oneself
together, allied. to skrinka, to shrink,
Norw. skrukken, shrunken. See Shrink.
Shudder. ( E. ) M. E. schoderen,
schutleren. Low G. schuddem; Dan. dial.
skttddre, to shudder. A frequentative
verb. Cf. E . Fries. schudden. to shake;
O. Sa x. sktddia1t, to shake; M. Du.
sdwddm, to shake, tremble. Also G .

. sc!niltel" , to shake, frequent. of O. H. G.

' skuttall.
I
Shu1lle. (E.) Frequentative of sllove.
E . Fries. sc1mffeln, tn shuffie along, from
sc1tttfm , to shove, push. C f. scuJlle, whi ch
is the frequentative ofSwed. sku.i!a, to push,
shove. See Scuffle.
Shun. (E.) M. E. shlmim, shonim.
A. S. scultian. to shun, avoid; orig. sense
(perhaps) to hurry away, hasten. Cf. I cel.
sklmtia, skYltda, Swed. skynda sig , Dan.
SkylUle , to hasten, hurry, speed. Der.
sco1mdrel, scltooller.
Shunt. (E.) Provo E. SIIUltt , to tum
aside; M. E. shuntm, to start aside, avoid.
Perhaps allied to Shun (ahove ).
Shut. ( E.) M. E. shuttm, shitten.
A. S. scyttan, to shut; to fasten a door
with a bolt (called a shuttle). W e st ill
say 'to shoot a bolt.' The A.S. scyttan
is a weak verb; cf. scut-, weak grade of
sciotan, to shoot.+Du. schllttm , G. schutzett (from the same grade). See Shoot.
shuttle. (E.) So called from be ing
shot ncross the threads in weaving. M. Eo
s('hitel, also a bolt of a door; A. S. scyttel,
a bolt. Formed,withsuffix-eloftheagent,
from Teut. *skut = A. S. scut-, weak grade
of sciotalt, to shoot. +Dall. skytte, skyttel,
a shuttle ; cf. Du. schiet-spoel, a shuttle,
lit.' shoot-Ipool.' Der. Sh1tttie-cock ; from
its being shot backwards and forwards
like a shuttle, and because furnished with
feathers. ~ Not for shuttle-cork.
Shuttle-cock; see above.
Shy. (E.) M. E. shey, scheouh, said of
a shy horse. - A. S. sceoh, timid; cf. E .
Fries. schOi.+Dan . sky, shy; Swed. sl.y g,:"
skittish, shy, coy; Du. scltuw, shy; G .
scheu. timid. shy, M. H . G. schied,. Teut.
type *skeuhoz. See Eschew.

Si-S.....
"

Siamang, a large ape.

( Malay.)
Malay siama1tg.
Sib, related. CE.) A. S. siM, akin to;
see Gossip. Cf. M. Sweu. sif, akin to.
Sibilant, hissing. (L.) L. sibilartl-,
stem of pres. part. of sibiltire, to hiss. - L.
slbilus, hissing. Imitative.
Sibyl. ( L - Gk.) L. Sibylla. - Gk.
~lflv"Aa , a Sibyl or prophetess.
Sicca, in phr. st'cca ntpee, newly coined
rupee. ( Hind. - PeTS. - Arah.)
Hind.
sikka, a die for co iuing. -Pers. siNNa (h ), the

~8f

SILLABUB

SICK

same. -Arab. sikka(k ), saU, the same. I A. S. s[(a1l, to sigh, pt. t. sac (in oltslic),
Rich. Diet., pp. 839, 837. Cf. S equin .
pp. sicm. Cf. Swed. sucka, Dan. mkke,
Sick. ( E.) M . E. sik, slk. A . S. sioc. to sigh, groan. Of imitative origin.
+Du. auk; Icel. sjiikr; Dan. syg; Swed. Sight. (E.) M. E. sigltt. A.S. siM,
''luk; G . sieck; Goth. Sillks, which is guiM, commonly ges;/,(J. Verbal sb. allied
,elated to Goth. siuka1l, to be ill (pt. t. to A. S. Siotl, to see. + Du. gezigt ; Dan.
sallk). Teut. type *sellkoz.
sigte: Swed. sigt; G. sick!. See See.
Sicker, Siker, certain, secure. (L.) Sign. (F.-L. ) O.F.sig1lt. - L.sig1l1l1ll,
M. E. siker. Borrowed from Late 1.. a mark. Der. sipt, vb. ; s;p,.ature, from
s/curus, for L. SlCltYUS, secure; whence also the pp . of the L. verb s;g1llire, to sign.
O. Fries. siker, sikur, Du. uker, G . sicker, HI u~m. i. 762 (3). Der. semle!.
O. H. G. sick"r, Swed. saker, Dan. sikker,
sIgnal. (F . -L.) F. stgnal. - Late L.
W. sicr. See S ecure.
signiJle, sb., neut. of L. signalis, belonging
Sickle. (L.) A. S. sicol. - L. sewla, to a sign. - L. sig1tufll, a sign.
signet. (}o' . -L.) F. signet; dimin.
a sickle, cutter. - L. sec-tire, to cut. See
S ecant. Cf. Soythe, Saw ( 1).
of F. signe; see Sign (above ).
Side. (K) M.E.side. A.S.side,side;
signify. (F.-1.. ) F . ngn!fier, to be
allied to A . S. si(l, long, wide. + Du. zljae; token. - L. sipl!ficare, to shew Ly signs. Ice\. si(Ja (allied to I ce\. si(Jr, long, hang- L . signi., for sip,um, a sign; jicare, for
iug down); Dan. side; Swed. sida; G. facet'e, to make.
seite.
Signor. (Ital. - L.) Ital. signore, sir.
Sidereal, starry. (L. ) For sideral, - L. acc. smiOrem; see Seigni or.
Silence. (F . - L.) F . si/ma. - L.
from L. sidertilis, relating to the stars. - L.
sider., for *sides, stem of sidllS, a star. silett/ill"', silence. - L. silent, stem of pres.
Cf. con-sider.
pt. of silin, to be silent. Cf. Goth. atla
Sidesmen. (E.) O fficers chosen to silatl, to be silent. D er. silmt, from L.
assist a churchwarden; also called side silent, stem of silms, pres. pt. of silire.
mm, i.e. men at one's side. Cf. L. assessor, Silex, flint. (L.) L. silex (stem silic. ),
one who sits beside another.
flint. D er. silica. Brugm. i. 980.
Siege. (F. - L. ) The orig. sense was Silhouette. (F.) This meagre form
'seat,' or ' a sitting down,' esp. in order to of portrait, made by tracing the outl ine of
besiege a town. - O . F. siege, a seat, throne; a shadow, was named (in derision) after
F. siege. Not immediately from L. sedes, E tienne de Silkouette, French minister of
but from a verb answering to a Lat. type finance in 1759.
*sediciire; cf. Late L. assediulIl, a siege , Silk. (Chinese?) A.S. seole, seolltc (cf.
for L. obsidill Ht, a siege; both words milk, A. S. meolc) ; I cel. silki ; Ch . Slav.
being due to L. seder-e, to sit ; see Se sktlku(Russ.s/ltlk' ). Perhaps from Chinese
dentary. Der. besiege, with E. prefix.
se, sei, silk; cf. L. SiriwlIl, silk, nent.
Sienna, a pigment. (Ital.) Made from of Siricus, adj., belonging to the Sires;
earth of Siemta, a place in Tuscany.
from Gk. :If/PH, pl., Chinese. See Serge.
Sierra, a chain of hills. (Span. -L.) Sill, base of a door. (E.) A.S. syll,
Span . sierra, a saw, an outline of hills. a base, support.+lcel. syll, roi", a sill ;
L. serra, a saw.
Swed. syll, Swed. dial. roill; Dan . syld;
Siesta, Olig. a noon.day nap. (Span. G. sc/t1tJelle, sill, threshold. Cf. Goth. ga- L. ) Span. siesta, the hottest part of the suljan, to lay a foundation. The Teut.
day, the time for a nap, gen. from one to base appears to be *swd, to fmmd, to form
three o'clock. But orig. the si~t h hour, or as a base ; 2nd grade *swal. whence G.
noon. - L. sex!a (kora ), sixth hour, noon; schwelle ; the weak grade 'swul, *stll gives
Goth. go-silljan and A. S. syll, f. (Tent.
fern. of sextw, sixth. - L. sex, six.
Sieve. (c.) M. E. sive. A. S. sift; type *mlj a) . Der. gromld.sill, spelt
oldest spelling sibi (8th cent.).+ Du. zee/; grllnsel in Milton, P. L. i. 460.
G. sieb. Teut. types *sil>iz, *siboz, neut.; Sillabub, a mixture of wine with milk,
cf. Lith. niote, to sift.
&c. (E. ) Formerly sillibouk, or merrisift. (E.) A . S. siftatl, to sift ; allied bOllk. 'Laic! aigre, a sillihub or merri
to A. S. nfe, a sieve. + Du. ziften, to sift, bowke;' Cot. Apparently from E. silly
oifl, a si eve; ~eef, a sieve.
( me rry) and M. E. bOllk, A . S. b,(r, the
Sigh, vb . ( E. ) M. E. sigken, also sykm. belly. A jocose name.

485

SILLY

SIN

Sill;y. (E.) Orig.' timely;' then happy, - Heb. Slzim'oll, Simeon: lit. 'hearkening.'
lucky. blessed, innocent: lastly, simple, - Heb. root shama', to hear.
foolish. M. E. seli, sili: thus syly maft in Simoom. (Arab.) Arab. samllm , a
Seven Sages, ed. Wright, 1361 = seli malt suItry pestilential wind ; from its poisonous
in Seven Sages, ed. Weber, 1473. A. S. nature. - Arab. root sam111a, he poisoned
s~lig, gw1lig, timely; from s,zl, time, (Devic).
season, happiness.+Du. :talig-, G. selig, Simper, to smirk. (Scand .) From
blest. happy; cf. also Ice!. sall,Swed. sii/I, Scand.; cf. Norw. Slmper, fine, smart;
Goth. slls, good.
Dan. dial. semper, simper, affected , cov,
SUO, a pit for storing grain or fodder. prudish; M. Swed. semper, one who
(Span.-L.-Gk.) Span. silo.-L. sirum, affectedly refrains from eating: cf. Bavar.
ace. of sirus. - Gk. uipar. Der. ensil- zimpern, to be affectedly coy (from Low
age.
G.). Formed from M. Swed. sipp, simp,
SUt. (Scand.) 1. Either formed, with an affected woman, Swed. siPP, adj.,
participial suffix -I, from sile (M. E. s(/m), finical, prim. All from the notion of sip.
to drain. - Swed. sila, to drain, strain, pitzg, or taking only a little at a time;
filter: sil, a filter. 2. Or from M. Swed. hence, prudish, affected, coy, &c. Cf. Low
sylla, mud; allied to A. S. syl-u, a miry G. siPP, prim, dm Mum! sipp Irekkm, to
make a smalI mouth; and M. Du. sippelt,
place. See Sully.
SUvan, Sylvan. (L.) The spelling to sip. See note to Sip.
withy is bad.-L siltuf1lus, belongin~ to Simple. (F.-L.) I' . simple.-L. sima wood. - L . silua, a wood. Cf. Gk. I1A'I, pljam, acc. of simplex, lit. 'one-fold.'a wood (connexion with silua doubtful; L. sim- (appearing also in sin-guli, one by
Bcugm. i. 102).
one, scm-d, once, sim-ul, together); and
SUver. (E.) O. Merc. sylfur (Matt. plic-, from pliciire, to fold; see Simulate
x. 9); A.S. seolfor; earlier siolifr.+Du. and Ply. Der. simplicity, F. simpliciU,
silver; Icel. silfr; Dan. solv: Swed. silfoer; from L. acc. simplicitiitem; simplify, to
G. silber; Goth. si/ubl'; Russ. serebro; make simple.
simpleton. (F.-L.) I.e .simple-t-oll,
Lith. siddblas.
Similar. (F.-L.) F.similaire; as if with double suffix; fonned with F. suffix
from L. *similiiris, extended from simi/is, -01t from Picard and M. F. simplet, a simple
like. Cf. O. Ir. samail, Jr. sall/hail, W. person, fern. simplelte, ' a simple wench;'
kalal, like. Allied to simI/I, together, and Cot. - F. ' simple, simple; with suffixed
to E. Same. Brugm. i. H 438, 442.
-I. (So also mtlsk-et-oOlt.) Cf. Span.
simile. (L. ) L. simile, a comparison, sim/lolt, a simpleton.
a like thing; neut. of similis, like.
Sunulate. (L.) From pp. of L. simte
similitude. (F. -L.) F. simililttde. liire, also simi/are, to make like. - L.
- L. acc. similiUidimm. likeness. - L. similis, like; simul, together, lit. ' at once.'
similis, like.
From Idg. *sem-, one; cf. Goth. sim-!l,
Simious, monkey-like. (L ) From L.. once; Gk. Ell, neut., one, "ua, f. (for
sil1tia, an ape. - L. Sl11lUS (Gk. ulpas), flat- *up-Ia) ; Skt . sakrt, once; Gk. ii-"a[,
nosed.
once; Brugm . ii. 165.
Simmer. (E.) A frequentative form,
simultaneous. (L.) Late L. sillmlfrom the base sim, to express the sound of tiil/eus; coined from L. simult-im, at the
gentle boiling. Cf. Dan. sumllle, G. sum- same time. - L. simul, together.
111m, Swed . dial. SUIIl1/ta, to hum, buzz.
Sin. (E.) A. S. symt (simI, smn).+Du.
Simnel, a kind of rich cake. (F. -L. ) zOlwe; Ice!. syl1d, sylttY; Dan. Swed. sYl1d ;
(). F. si11tC1lel; Late L. si11l11lellus, simil1- G. stint/e, O. H. G. stll1lea. Thus the A. S.
tllus, bread of fine flour; also called sim- sy1l1t represents a Teut. type *sundja , fern.,
ella in Late L.-L. simila, wheat-flour of or rather an Idg. type *smtjii ; where *smt
the finest quality; whence si11linellus, for is the weak grade of smt : SOltt. Allied
*similelltls. Allied to Gk. Uf"uOO)\IS, fine to L. som (stem SOIlI- ) , guilty, si nful, orig.
flour. Cf. Semolina.
' real.' [' Language regards the guilty man
Simon;y, traffic in ecclesiastical prefer- as the man who it was; ' Cllrtills.] Cf.
ment. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F. simOltie ; Ion. Gk. ' -O~T-, stem of (.:w (for *'u-OJII),
Late L. sililiinia. Named from Simo" being, pres. pt. of fi,..l, I am. See Sooth.
Magus Acts viii. IS). -Gk. IipQJII, Simon. Der. sin, vb.
4f!6

SINCE

SIRRAH

Since. (E.) 'Written for sim, which is intrans., pt. t. satJC, pp.

Stll/CW .
Du.
for M. E. sithens, since. This is zinken; Icel. sokkva (for siltkva ", ; Dan.
formed, with adverbial suffix -s, from M. E. sYllkc; Swed. ~jtl11ka; G. sillkm ; Gotb.
sithm, since, a modification of A. S. sitJ~all, sigkwalt (for singl,:wa1I). 13. F or the trans.
for si~ tJatl, after that. 13. The A. S. siiJ form, cf. A. S. smca", to cause to sink, G.
was orig'. an adj., meaning ' late,' but here senkelt. Der. sink, orig. a place into which
repre euts th e compar. adv., later, after; filth sa11k or was collected; Cor. i. I. 126.
cf. Goth. uitizlls, late, seithu, adv., late, Bntgm. i. 421 (3), 679.
-seiths, adv., later. The A. S. tJatzis the Sinople, green. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.silloinst rumental of the definite article or de- p Ie, ' green;' Cot. - Late L. si1JoPis,
monst. pronoun. The G. scitdem, since, green ish, also reddish; L. siMpis, red
is similarly formed. See Sievers, 323, ochre. - Gk . 1Ivonrls, UIVOJ1WCfr, a red earth
found in Cappadoeia, and imported-from
3:17.
Sincere. (F. -L ) O. F. si1lcere. -L. Sitlope, on the Black Sea.
sillcenls, pure, sincere. Der. sincerity, Sinus, a bend, fold, &c. (L.) L. si1Jus,
from M. F. si,uen"t(, from L. ace. sinceri- a bosom, bend, bay, fold. Now only used
tiitem.
in anatomy, and , in the form sine, in
Sinciput. (L.) The fore part of the mathematics. Der. sin1lous, L. sinllosus,
head; lit. ' half head.' - L. sinciput, half full of curves.
the head. -L. semi-, half; and caput; see Sip vb. (E.) M.E. sippen. It answers
Semi- and Capital. Brugm. i. 121.
to A.. sypia1I, to absorb moisture, a causal
Sinder, the true spelling of Cinder, form allied to A. S. siipan, to sup. See
q. V.
Sup. ~ In the E. Fries. sippe", to sip,
Sine. (L.) :From L. si1l1ls, a bosom, M. Du. sippm, to sip, Norw. sip/a, to sip,
a fold, a curve; peculiarly used. See the i suggests a connexion with Low G.
Sinus.
sipen, to drip; but cf. E. Fries. siipken ,
Sinecure. (L.) F or sine curti, without I to sip, Swed. dial. syppa, to drink. Der.
cure of souls; hence, an office without sip, sb.
Siphon. (F.-L. -Gk.) F .sipizon.-L.
work.
Sinew. (E.) M. E. si1lewe. A. S. simI siplziinem, ace. of sij>/zO, a siphon, bent pipe
(dat. si1lwe), seoml.+Du. Ztlltt7CJ; Dan. forurawing off liquids. - Gk. altpOJV, a small
sene ; Swed. sma; G. seizne; also Icel. si1l. pipe or reed.
Sippet, a little sop. (E.) Dimin. of sop,
Perhaps allied to Skt. Sltiiva(s), a tendon.
Sing. (E. ) A. S. singa1l, orig. to sing, with vowel-change ( from Teut. tt to y>,) .
resound ; pt. t. Sa1tg, pp. slmgen. See See Sop.
Song; and see singe.
DIl. zi1lgm; Sir, Sire. (F.-L.) S ir is short for
lee!. sYl1gja ; Dan. sytlge; Swed. sjultga; sire. - F. sire, sir. - L. senior, older, elder;
Goth. siggwa1l (for si"gwan); G. singen. (the word seignior being from the acc.
singe, to scorch. (E.) For senge; smiort!lIl). Sire is a variant of O. F . senre
M. E. smgm. A. S. set/gan, to singe; lit. <L. senior (see Schwan).
, to make to sing,' from the hissing of a Sirclar, a commander. (Pers.) Pers.
burning log, &c. Causal of singall, to sardar, a chief. - Pers. sar, head (cf. Gk.
sing (above). Du. u llgen, G. smgm, l<1ipa) ; -dar, possessing, holding.
Siren. (L. - Gk.) L .sirbl. - Gk.UflP'7",
causal verbs, similarly formed.
Sin~le. (L.) L. singulus, single, sepa- n nymph who enticed seamen to destrucrate, In Plautus and in late Latin; in tion by her magic song.
classical Latin, we have only singuli, pl., Sirloin, Surloin. (F . -L.) M.E.mrone by one. Allied to Simple , q. v. loy,,; XV cent. - O. F. surlonge (14th
Bru~m. i. 441. ~ M.E. and O. F . sengk. cent.), the surloin. - F . mr, upon, above
sIngular. (F. -L.) M.E.singuler.- (from L. super) ; 100tgC, loin; see Loin.
F . si1tg7~/ier. - L. si1Jguli1ris, single. - L. ~ The story about turning the 10i1l into
singuli, pl., one by one (above).
sir-loin by knighting it is mere trash.
Sinister. (L.) L. Si1tister, on the left Sirname, for Surna.me, q. v.
hand , inauspicious.
Sirocco, a hot wind. (Ita!. - Arab.)
Sink. (E.) Properly intransitive [the Ital.sirocco, south-east wind. -Arab. sltarfj,
transitive form should rather end in -ch; cf. east (Devic). See Saracen.
drmc4 from drink]. - A. S. sincan, I Sirrah. (F.-L.) Sirra (Minsheu~ ;

~hort

S.

-487

SKERRY

SIR-REVERENCE
.rerrha (Levins) . A contemptuous exten
sion of sire, perhaps by addition of ah! or
Ila! (so Minsheu ).-O. F. sire, Provo sim,
sir. _ L. sl!nior ; see Sir.
Sir-reverence. (L.) Short for save"evere1tce , a translation of L. sa/ua reuermliii, i. e. reverence to you being preserved,
or, by your leave. - L. sa/ua, abl. fern.
of sa/ults , safe; and reuere1ttia, abl. of
rl!/ll!re,ttia.

Sirup; see Syrup.

Siskin, a song-bird.

(Low G . -Slavonic.) Low G. zieskl!, ziseke, a siskin;

Du. sijsje, where the dim in. suffix -je
answers to an older suffix -ken, so that
sijsje implies an older form *sijsken. Cf.
Van. sisgen, a siskin; Swed. siska. Of
Slavonic origin . - Polish czyiik, dimin.
form of czyz, a siskin; Sloven. chizhtk ;
Russ. chil'. See Miklosich, p . 36.

Sister. (E.) A. S. sweostor, S1IJt,ster;

!vI. K suster; affected by Ice! . .rystir.+Du.
:;uster; Icel. systir, Swed. syster, Dan.
soster, Goth.swistar; G.schwester. Further
allied to L. soror (for *swesor) ; O. lr. sUlr,
W. cI,waer, Lith. sesu; Skt. svasar-.
Brugm. ii. 112. Der. {(msi,t, q. v.
Sit. (E.) A. S. sit/a't, pt. t. sat, pp.
sete1t.+Du. zitten; lcel. sitja; Dan. sidde;
Swed. silta ; G. sitzm. Teut. type *setjan,
pt. t. *sat, pp. *setmtoz. Further allied to
Goth. sitan ; W. seddt,; L. sedere; Gk.
((Opal, I sit; Skt. sad. See Sedentary.
\.vSED.) Der. set.
Site. (F. -L.) F. site; M. F. sit. -L.
situlIl, ace. of situs, a site, place. - L. situs,
pp. of sinere, to let, suffer, permit; the orig.

sense seems to have been to place. Hence

Position, q. v. But see Brugm. i. 920.
Sith, since. (E.) Short for M. E. sithen;
see Since.
Situate. (L.) Late L. situntus, pp. of
sitwire, to place. - L. situ-, for situs, a
place. See Site.
Six. (E.) A. S. six. + Icel. , Dan., and
Swed. SI!X; G. seehs; Goth. sailzs; Russ.
shesle; W. chwec/l; Gael. and Irish se;
L. sex; Gk. it; Lith. szeszi ; Pers. shaslt;
Skt. shash. See Brugm. ii. 170. Der.
sixth, M. E. sixte, A. S. six-ta; six -ty,
A. S. sixtig. See Sexagenarian.
Sizar, a student admitted at lower fees,
at Cambridge, than a pensioner. (F. - L.)
Named f~om size, formerly a farthing'sworth of bread or drink ( Blount). Size is
short for assize, an allowance of provisions;
see Assize ( I). !:-iec below.

Size

( 1) , nn allowance of food; al so
magnitude. (1'. -L. ) Short for assi:e;
see Assize ( I).
Size (2), weak glue. ( Ital.-L.) Ital.
sisa , ' syse or glew;' Florio. Short for
a.rsisa, size. So called from making colours
lie flat. - M. ItaJ. assisare, 'to sute I suit ]
well;' Florio. - Ital. ass iso, pp. of aSj idere,
to sit; also, to situate. - L. assidere, lit.
to sit near. - L. as- (for ad), near; sedln,
to sit. See Sit.

Skain, Skene, Skean, Skein,

:l

dagger, knife. (Irish.) Irish and (iael.

sgia'l, a knife; O. Irish scian; W. y sgim,
a cutting instrument. Cf. W. )lsgi, a
cutting off; Gk. o"Xaflv, to slit.
Skate (I), a large flat fish. (Scand.)
M. E. scatl!. -lcel. skala; Norw. skala.
Cf. L. sqtuitttS, a skate (Pliny) ; also Irish
sgat, II. skate (from E.)
Skate (2 ), Scate, a frame with :l
steel blade, for sliding on ice. (Du.- F. Low G.) Properly skates; the s beingdropped because skates looked like a pI.
form.
[Cf. scatcllts (another form of
skateses, pl., but usually meaning' stilts '). ]
- Du. schaatsen, skates, a pI. form , from a
sing. schaats, whence schaatsryd~r, a skaterider, skater (Sewel) ; M. Du. skaetsm, pI.
-0. North. F.escache, Picard form ofO.F.
eschace, a stilt (12th cent.); whence I' .
!chasse. [So also M. Du. kaetsen, lit. ' to
catch; ' from Picard caeller, for O. F.
chacer.] - Low G. scllake, a shank, leg.
Thus scatches or skales arc' shanks,' contI i
vances for lengthening the stride; cf. F.
(e/,asse, a stilt, as above.
Skein, Skain, a knot (or quantity) of
thread or silk. (F . -C.?) M. K skeyne,
a quantity of yarn. -M .F. escaiglle , 'a
skain;' Cot.; F. (rogne . Perhaps of Celtic
origin; cf. Gael. sgeinnidh, flax, thread
(unless this is from K ) . Der. (probably)
skainsmales, companions (Shak. ), as if associated in w inding yarn; but cf. Skain.
Skeleton. (Gk .) Gk. dKfl\eruv, a
dried body; neut. of dKfAfTO" dried. - Gk.
dKfl\AflV, to dry, parch.
Skellum, a cheat. (Du.) See Nares.
Du. sckelm, a rogue, villain; the Du. sch
being rende red (as in /m,dscaje ) by sk =sc.
+ G. schelm; O. H. G. sce/mo, a pestilence,
carrion, worth less rogue.
Skeptic; see Sceptic.
Skerry, a rock surrounded by sea.
(Scand.) From lcel. sker, a skerry; see
Scar ( 2) .

488

SKITTISH

SKETCH

Sketch. (Du. -Ital.-L.- Gk.) Du. a thin film on milk; E. Fries. sd/limClt, to
schels, n d raught, sketch. -Ital. sclti:~, a skim.
first rough draught. - L. sc!ltdittlll, a th ing Skin. (Scand.) Icel. s!.-illIJ. ,Swed. skimz,
made hastily; from schedius, adj ., hastily Dan . sA'ind, skin. Cf. G. sehil/den , to skin ,
made. _ G k. "X'~LOS, sudden; allied to flay; also"' . em, skin , ) Isgm, dandriff.
UXE OUV, near; from the base UXE- , to hold.
Sldnk, to serve out wine. (Scand.)
Allied to Scheme.
M. E. sken!.-C/l; [also seltmken, from A. S.
Skew. (0. Low G.) M. E. skewm , scencalt , to pour out; orig. to draw off
verb, to tum aside.. - M. Du . sclmwclt, through a pipe; from A.S. SCalte, a shank,
scl/ouwelt , to avoid, ShUll; L ow G. shank-bone, holl ow bone (hencc, a pipe)].
Sc!III1iJCIt, schollell, to avoid.
O. H. G. - l cel. sA'e1lk)a, Dan. skimke.
Du.
sc'iultell , G. s,ItC1Iell, to avoid; from scheu , seltel/ken, G. schel/~'ell, to skink. Teut.
adj., shy. Thus 10 skew is to tum aside, type skallk)all-; from *SkOl1k-, a shank,
li ke a shying horse, and is derived from pipe of bone. See Nunchion _
the adj. appearing in E. shy. See Shy. I Skip. (Scnnd.) M. E. skippm; also
Der. askew, i. e. 011 the skew.
skeppm (Cursor Mundi). C f. ~wed. dial.
Skewbald, piebald. (0. LolV G. and skopa, to skip, leap (as animals), to dance;
C.) Marked in a skew or irregular man - M. Swed. skllppa, skoppa, Rietz; Icel.
ller; see Bald. Cf. pie-bald. ~ We find , skoppa, to spin like a top. And cf. M. H . G.
however, M. E. skewed, piebald ; perhaps sOljlett, to gallop. (The E. i is for y,
from M. E. skewes (blotches ?), used as the mutation of te .) Cf. Dan . dial. skippe sig,
pI. of sky, a cloud. If so, there is no COll- to move aside.
nexion with Skew (above) .
Slripper. (Du.) Du. schipper, a maSkewer. (Doubtful.) Formerly sktter riner. -'Du. schip, a ship; cognate with E.
(A. D. 141 I ) . Etym. unknown. ~ Provo sMp; see Ship.
E. skiver, a skewer, is th e Scand. form Slrirmish. (F. -0. H. G .) Also spelt
answering to E. slth'el', a small piece; cf. saimlllage. M. E. scar1llishe, sb., from
Dan. dial. skivrt, small sticks for fuel. scar1llishClt, vb. - O. F. eskermiss-, a stem
See Shiver ( 2) .
of eskermir, to fence, fight. [Cf. M. F. esSlrid. (Scand.) Orig. a thin slip of carmouche, 'a skirmish, bick ering ;' Cot.]
wood, to put under a wheel. - Norw. skidn, - O. H. G. si.-emzalz , to defend, fight , also
a thin plank j cf. Ice!. skUJ, a billet of scirmall. - O. H. G . scirm (G. schirm ),
wood; see Shide.
a shield, screen, shelter, guard, defence.
Slti.1r. (I'.-M. H. G.) M. F. esqulf,' a To skinllish is, properly. to fight behind
skiffe, little boat;' Cot. - M. H. G. skif, cover, hence to advance, under shelter, to
G . scltiff, a ship; see Ship.
fight. 13. Note also O. F . eskermisor, esSkiU, discernment, tact. (Scand.) M.E. cremisseor, a fencer; escremissemcllt,
skil, often in the sense of ' reason.' - Ice!. fencing.
skil, a distinction; cf. skil)a, to part, sepa- SJrirr, Scur, to scour a country. (F.
rate, distinguish; Dan. skiel , Swe(1. skal, - L.) "ariants of Scour (2) . Ct. M. E.
reason; Dan. skille, Swcd. skil)a, to sepa- seurrOttr, a scout.
Skirret, the water-parsnip. (Scand.)
rate. Allied to Lith. skelti, to cleave; Swed.
skala, to peel. From Teut. root skel; sce M. E. skirwil; old er form skil-Whit. A s if
Scale ( I). Der. skill, vb., as in phr. 'it 'sheer white,' from the colour of the root ;
skills not,' i. e. makes no difference; from from Ice!. skirr, sheer, bright; hv/tr, white.
Ice!. skil)a, often used impersonally, with Prob. a popular form, and pen-erted from
O. F. eschervis (M. F . clterVl) , a skirret.the sense 'it differs.'
Slrillet, a small pot. ( F. - L.) For- Span. chirivia. - Arab. karaw/ii, kanu/~ ;
merly skellet. -0. F. eSCl/ellette, ' a little whence also Carraway.
dish;' Cot. Dimin. of O. F. mueJ/e, a Slrirt. (Scand. ) M. E. skyrl. - Ice!.
dish. -L. scule/ia, a dish; dimin. of scutra , skyrta, a shirt, kind of kirtle; see Shirt.
a trar. See Scuttle.
A doublet of shirt, but restricted to tbe
Slrim, to take off scum. (Scand.) Dan. lower part of a garment.
sA.'u mme, Swed. skumma, to skim; from Slrittish. (Scand. ) From Low!. Scotch
skum, scum. The E. verb preserves an skit, to floun ce, caper about . This is a
old vowel-change from It to y , later i; cf. secondary verb, of Scand. origin, from tbe
jill from/,tll. And cf. Dan. dial. skimlllel, verb to shoot. - Swed. dia!' sklllta, skoffa,

489

It

SKITTLES

SLAP

to leap about; cr. sku!, weak grade of

Swed. skjuta, to shoot. 2. Note Swed.
skytl, Ice!. skyti, a marksmnn; whence
the verb to skit in the sense to aim at or
reflect upon a person, and the sb. skit,
an oblique taunt. See Shoot.
skittles, a game. (Scand. ) Formerly
skittle-pins; so called because shot at by
a skittle or projectile. _ Dan. skyttll, a
shuttle; Ice\. skulill, a projectile, harpoon ,
bolt of a door. Cf. Ice1. skut, weak grade
of skjola, to shoot; see Shoot.
Skua, a gull, bird. (Scand.) Ice1. sku!r,
shlmr, the skua, or brown gull. Prob.
from the colour. Cf. Icel. sk/lm;, dusk;
Swed. nnd Norweg. skum. dusky, dull (of
the weather), dusky (in colour); cf. Sky.
Skulk; see SouTh.
Skull; see SouIL
Skunk, a quadruped. (N. American
Indian.) Said to be from the Abenaki
uganku, a skunk ; this is a dialect of
Al/ionquin (Lower Canada).
Sky. (Scand.) M. E. skye, a cloud.Icel. sky, a cloud ; Dan. Swed. sky, a cloud.
Allied to A. S. scio, O. Sax. SetO, a cloud;
A. S. sCtla, shade; Skt. sku, to cover.
('V'SKEU.)
Slab (I), a thin slip of timber or stone.
(F. - Teut. ) M. E. slab, slabbe. Apparently a weakened form of provo E. slap,
a slab (Halliwell ). - 0. F. esclaft" eclat;
de menues eselapes de bois, i. e. thin
slabs of wood; Godefroy. Prob. of Teut.
origin . (Wedgwood cites Languedoc
tsc/apa, to split wood , bos eselapa, split
logs, esc/apo, a slab of wood or stone.')
Cf. Ital. sehiappare, to split. Perhaps from
the prefix ts- (L. ex) , and Low G. klappen,
to clap, make an explosive sound. ( Korting, 5453.)
Slab ( 2), slimy.. (E. ) The same as
provo K slabby, sloppy, dirty ; from provo
E. slab, a puddle; cc. Norw. slabb, filth;
Irish slab, slaib, Gael. slaib, mire, mud.
Also M. E. slabben, to wallow; E. Fries.
slabbm, Du. slabben, to lap up; Swed.
dial. slabba, to splash, to soil. And see
Slabber below.
Slabber, to slaver. (E.) M. E. slaberen ,
frequent. of M. E. slaMm , to wallow
(above).+E. Fries. slabbern, to lap, sup,
or lick up; Low G. slabbern, slubbern,
to slabber, lap, sip, frequent. of slabbm,
to lap ; G. seh/abbe rn, sc/,labben, to lap, to
slabber. Cf. provo E. slap, to lick lip food ,
cat quickly; Dan. dial. slabbe, sllOppt, to

lap up. Of imitative origiu; cf. slo664r,

slubber. See Slaver.
Slack. (E. ) M. E . slak. A. S. situ,
sleae, slack, slow. + Ice\. slak,-; Swed. Dan.
slak; provo G. sehlak, slack, loose. Teut.
type slakoz. Orig. sense 'fluid' ; see
below. Allied to Lax ; Brugm. i. 193
slaa:, dross, scoria. (Swed .) Swed.
slag, (fross of metal; so called from flowing over when fused ; Norw. slagga, to
flow over. Cf. Ice!. slagna , to flow over,
slag, slagi, wet, damp, water penetrating
walls. It is a variant of slack, as seen
by G. schlacke,' dross, slacks, sediment,'
FHigel; schlackem, to trickle, schlack,
slack, drossy, sloppy; Low G. slakke,
slag.
slake, to slacken, quench, wet. (E.)
A. S. slacian, to grow slack; cf. provo E.
sleek, to quench, A. S. sleccan, to grow
slack (hence, to make slack, slacken). A. S.sleac, slack; see Slack. +Jcel. slokva
(pp. slokinn), to slake; Swed. sliicka, to
quench , allay, slnke, from slak, adj.
Slade, a valley. (E.) M. E. slad(e'.
A. S. sla,{. + Westphal. slade, a ravine;
Dan. di al. slade, a flat piece of land.
Slag, Slake; see Slack.
SIam.. (Scand.) Norweg. slemha, slemma, to smack, bang, slam a door; Swed.
dial. sliimma, to push hastily; Icel. slamra,
to slam. Cf. Swed. slammer, a noise.
Allied to Slap. Of imitative origiu.
Sla.Ilder, scandal. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. E.
sclandre, sclatmdrt. -0. F . tsclandre, scan
dal. The oldest O. F . form was ucand/t,
whenceescandre, and finally ese/andre, with
inserted I. It is merely another form of
Scandal, q. v.
Slang, vulgar lAnguage. (Scand.) Norweg. slmg, a slinging, a device, a burthen
of a song, slengja , to sling, slengja kjeftm,
to slang, abuse (lit . to sling the jaw'J,
slengjenanltZ , a slang-name, slengjeord, a
slang word, insulting word. All from
slengja, to sling, causal form from the 2nd
grade of the Icel. slyngva, to sling. See
Sling.
Slant, to slope. (Scand .) M. E. slentttl ,
to slope, glide. - Swed. dial. slenta, sliinta,
causal of slinta (pt. t. slant ), to slide. ~lip
with the foot; S"ed. slinta, to slip, glance
aside. The K adj. slant, sloping, answers to Swed. dinl. slant, slippery. Der.
a-slant, i. e. on tlte slant.
Slap. (E.) M. E. slappe. a smart blow;
an imitative word; allied to S1am.+Low

490

SLASH

SLEEP

G. slap/', sound of a blo\\', a slap; G.

s(h/app, interj., slap! seltlappe, sb., a
slap, seltlappen, to slap. Der. slap-battg,
violently; slap-dash, off hand .
Slash. ( F. - Teut. ) [Lowl. Sc. slash, to
work in wet, is from Swed . slaska, Dan.
slaske, to dabble in water.] The sense' to
cut' appears in' slish and slas/l,' i. e. much
cutting; Tam. Shrew, i\'. 3. 90. - O. F.
eSe/aellier, to break in pieces. - O. F. es(L. ex), very; and Teot. type *klakja,.,
M. H. G. kleekm, to break with a clack;
cf. F. claque, a clack, M. H. G. klac.
, Korting, 4~'P. )
Slat,a thin bar of wood. (F.-O. H . G. )
M. E. slat, a slate: see below. ~ Hardly
from Gael. and Irish sial, a rod, twig;
though these are related to lath.
Slate ( I), aflakeofstone. ( F.-O.H .G.)
1\I. E. sial, sclat. -0. F. esclal, a splinter,
slice of wood, &c. (hence, a thin slice of
slate). - O. F. esdaler, to split, burst,
shiver. This answen to a I~'\te L . type
*exdapiltire, to break with a clap; from
L. ex, and Low G. klapp, a clap, loud
noise. ( Korting, 4543.) ~ The a in
slate was orig. short.
Slate ( 2 ), to bait, ridicule, criticise
sharply, abuse. (E.) M. E . sletm; A.S.
sl;;tall, to bait, set dogs on (an animal ) ;
causal vb. from slitall, to slit, tear, rend;
see Slit.
Slattel'D, an untidy woman. (Scand.)
From provo E. slaller, to waste , to be untidy, to throw about; frequent. of slat, to
dash or throw about. - Icel. slctla , (0 slap,
dab, dash liquids about; Norweg. slet/a, to
fling about, jerk; Ice\. sldta, sb., a dab,
spot of ink. Allied to which are Dan.
slat, a slop; slat, slattm , slattel, loose,
flabby; slat/es, to become slack; slatle,
a slattern; Low G. slatje, a slattern.
~ Slut is quite distinct.
Slaughter, sb. (Scand.) M . E. slaght".
- I cel. slatr, slaughter, whence sldtra, til
slaughter cattle; cf. Noreen, 22 4. The
A. S. word is slealtt, whence M. E. slaught.
+ Du. Swed. sla.r;t, G. sch/acltt (Teut. type
*slah.ta ). All from *slalt, the base of

slabbenl, to ~labber. See Slabber. Der.

slaver, sb., from Icel. slafr, sieja, sla.er.
Slay ( I), to kill. (E.) The form slay is
due to the pp. slai-,.; else, the inlin. would
have been slee. OriC'. to smite. M. E.
slutz. - A. S. sUan (contracted fOI m of
*slahan), to smite, p. t. sli5h, pp. slegm
(whence M. E. slein, E. slain ).+Du. slaall;
Icel. slii; Dan. slaae; Swed. sIB; Goth.
slaltan; G. seh/agm . Teot. type *sla/lan-; cf. O. lriEh slig-im, I strike.
slay (2 ), aley, a weaver's reed. ( E. )
A. S. slahte; see sleahe in A. S. Dict. ;
orig. form *sltege, gen. *slagan; Camb.
Phil. Trans. 1899, p. 139 (2 31 ). So calkd
from slrikittg the web togelher. - A. S.
slitl1Z *slahan), to strike; see Slay

Slay,

tj.

v.

Slave. (F. - L - Gk. - Slavonic.) F .

esdave. - Late L. sr/avm, a Slavonian
captive. a slave.- Late Gk. ' E<T/ClI.apr,vo<,
the same. The origin of Slavon-iall is
unknown; Miklosich, p. ~08.
Slaver, to slabber. (Scand.)
lee\.
>-{afra, to slayer; cognate with Low G.

( I ).

Sleave, Sleave-ailk, soft floss silk.

(Scand.? ) 'Ravelled sleave,' i. e. tangled
loose silk. Cf. Dan. dial. slave, a knot,
twist, tangle (in thread). Perhaps the
orig. sense was' loose'; cf. Ice1. sltefa, to
slacken.
Sled, a sledge. (Du.) M. E. slede.M. Do. sledde (Du. slede). + led. s/~i,
Dan. sltede, Swcd. slede, a sledge; G.
sehlittm, a sledge. From the weak grade
of the verb to slide; see Slide.
alecisre. (Du.) This is a cornlpt form;
apj>arenlly due to sleds, pI. of sled.
Sledge-hammer. (E. ) A reduplicated form; a sledge meanli 'a hammer.'A. S. sleeg, dat. sleege, a heavy hammer,
smiter. For Teot. type *slag/n, fem.;
from *slag, for *slah, base of A.~. sllan,
to smite.+ Du. slegge, sId, Swed. slaiza,
Tce!. sll'ggja, a sledge or heavy hammer.
~ee

Blay (I).

Sleek, Slick, smooth, glossy. (E.)

M. E. slike. + Ice!. sIU.,., sleek, smooth.
Allied to Du. slijk, North Fries. slirk, E.
Fries. slik, slime; G. sell/iek, grease; CC.
the Low G. strong verb slikm (pt. t. sleek,
pp. sleken ) = G. seh/eichm (pt. t. seh/ieh ), to
slink, crawl, move as if through mire; see
SUnk. The Tellt. type of the verb is
*skikan-, pt. t. *slaik, pp. slikmwz. Orig.
sense' greasy,' like soft mud .
Sleep, vb. (E. ) A . ~. slffpatt, slepall,
pt. t. sup.+Du. slapen; Goth. sllpa'l; G.
seh/afen, to sleep. The sb. is A. S. sl(p,
Du. slaap, Goth. sllps, G. sch/af, O. H. G .
slli/, (lrig. ' drowsiness;' allied to Low G.
slap!, G. seh/a./f, lax, loose, flabby, unbent,
relaxed ( as in sleep). T eut. type *sllEpan-,
redup!' vb. Allied to L. lflbi, to glide j

49 1

SLEEPER

SLIT

l{uss. slahl/ii, weak, slack. Cf. E . sleepy,

i. e. inactive.
sleeper, a block of wood under rails;
from the vb. above. (E.) Cf. F. dO:'lIIal/l, a
sleeper ; from dorllli,., to sleep.
Sleet. (E. ) M. E. sleel. From O.
Mere. *sllle, A. S. *slj!e, not found . Cf. E.
Fries. slaite, hail; Low G. slolm , pI. hailstones ( Lubben) ; G. selilosse, hailstone.
From Teut. type *slauti- ; orig. sense unkn own. Cf. al so D an. slud, sleet. tU Norw.
sletta, sleet, seems to be unrelated.
Sleeve. (E.) O. Mere. slg, a sleeve;
A. S. sljf + M. Du. sIeve, a sleeve; N .
Fries. slief; cf. M. D u. sloove, a veil, cover;
Du. sloof, an apron; Low G. sltt1ue, a husk,
shell. From Teut. root *slmb; variant form
of "sImp, whence M. H . G. slou/e, a cover,
all ied to M. H . G. slou/eII, to let slip, cover.
Cf. Goth. sliupalt (pt. t. slaup, pp. slupam ), to slip, creep into. It is thus allied
to slip, fro III the slippillg of the sleeve on
and off, in dressing and undressing. See
Slip, and Slop (2) .
Sleigh. (Du. ) An ill-spelt word;
there is no final guttural. - Du. slee, short
for slede, a sledge; cf. Du. sleekoets, for
sledekoets , lit. 'a sledge-coach.' Cf. Norw.
slee, for dde, a sledge; see Sled.
Sleight, dexterity. (Scand.) I' or
sle(lilttli; 1\1. E . sleiglithe. - Icel. sla~, slyness, cunning. - Icel. slagI', sly. So also
Swed. slOjd, dexterity, from slOg, dexterous.
See Sly, Sloid.
Slender,thin, feeble. (F. -O. LowG.)
M. E. sc/mdre, slet/dre. - O. F. esc/mdre,
'sklendre;' Palsgrave, p. 323. - 1\1 . Du .
stillder, slender, thin; as sb., a watersnake, named from its gliding or trailing.
- M. Du. slillderm, also slidderell, to drag,
train along, trail; Low G. sli1ldem, to
slide on the ice (whence Low G. slmd,,',
a tra iling gown). Nasalised form s from
the verb to slide. Cf. O. H. G. slilltatl in
Schade.
Sleuth - hound, a slot-hound ; see
Slot ( 2) .
Slice, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. slce,
selice. - O. F. esdice, a splinter, shiver,
piece of split wood. - O. F. esC/iei,., to slit
(whence E. slice, vb.). - O. H. G. slitjall,
slizzm, related to sclizalt, sltzalt, to slit,
shiver (whence O. F. esclier, to shiver),
cognate with E. slit; see Slit.
Blick; see Sleek .
Slide, vb. (E.) A . S. slidall, pI. t. sltld,
pp. slidm. Cf. also A. S. slidor, slippery ;

O. I-I. G. sWan, to slide, G. ulilillm, a

sled~e.
Also Lith. slidu.s, slippery.
Slight, adj. (0. Low G.) M. E . slight,
orig. sense even or flat; then plain , smooth,
simple, trivial, &c. - M. Du. slieht, even,
plain, sluht, slight, simple, vile; cf.
sHehten,' to slight, to make even or plaine,'
Hexham; O. Low G. sligltt, even, simple,
bad.+lcel. s/eltl', flat, smooth, t rivial ;
Dan. slet, level, bad; Swed . sid!, smooth,
worthless, slight; Goth. slaihls, smooth;
G. sckleeht, bad , scMicht, smooth, plain,
homely; O. H. G. sleht, smooth. Teut.
t ype *sle/doz, smooth . Root unknown.
Slim. (Du.) Orig. sense ' oblique';
thence weak , poor, thin, bad, slight; provo
E. slim, crafty. - M. Du. slim, awry, crafty.
+ G. srklillltll , bad, cunning; M. H. G.
slimp, oblique, slanting, awry; Dan. Swed .
slem, worthless; Icel . sl(fmr, vile.
Slime. (E.) A . S. slim.+Du. sli/m;
Icel. slim; Swed. slem; Dan. sliim; G.
sekleilll. Cf. L. limitS, mud.
Sling, vb. (Scand.) F rom Icel. slyngva,
slihtgva, to sling, throw, pp. slu1lgitm;
Swed. slittga, to twist; cf. O. H . G. sclt/iltgalt, to wind, t wist, sling, Du. slil/geren,
to toss, sling. Teut. type *slettg1ualt-;
pt. t. slattg. ~ A . S. slillgmt (rare), to
creep, seems to be a variant of slittealt.
See below. Der. slittg, sb. ; slmlg, q. V.
Slink. (E.) A. S. slillCflIl, to creep;
nasalised form of A. S. *slteall (not found ),
which is cognate with Low G. sltkm, to
creep (pt. t. sleek, pp. sleken) , and G.
schleiehm, to creep (pt. t. seMiclt ).+Swed.
dial. slittka ( pt. t. slallk); cf. L ith. slinkti, to
creep. Allied to Sleek; also to Sling.
Slip. (E.) A weak verb; due to the
weak grade of A. S. *slipall; cf. A. S. slip01', slipig, slippery. + Du. slippen, Swed.
slippa, O. H. G. slip/all, to slip, weak
verbs; allied to Du. slijpm, G. scMeijm ,
to grind smooth, whet, polish. We also
fin d A. S. slJ-'pall, pt. t. steap, pp. slopm;
cf. Goth. slit/pOll, pt. t. slaup, pp. sit/paIlS,
to slip or creep into. Teut. types *sleipalland sltupall-. The latter is all ied to L.
liibricus, slippery; see Lubrica.te. Cf.
Brugm. i. 5:;3, 563. Der. slipp-er, a
looie shoe easily slipped on; slippcr.)"
from A . S. slipor, slippery, with added -,y.
And see sleeve, sloop.
Slit. (E.) M. E. slitten, weak verb;
from the weak grade of slilm, strong verb.
- A. S. Slitatl, to slit, rend; pt. t. sltft, pp.
sli!eIl. +Icel. sltta, Swed. slila, Dan. slide,

41J 3

SLOW

SLIVER

to rend; Du. sliflm, to wear out; O. H . G. O. Fries. and Du. slot, a lock, fastening.slizan , G. Sc"hleissen, to slit, whence sch lit- Du. slot- (Teut. slut-), weak grade of
u n, to slice. T cu t. type sleilalt- , pt. t. sluitelt, to shut ; so also Low G. slot, a
s/'Iit. Der. slire.
bar, from sluletl, to sh ut; G. sch/oss,
Sliver, a sp li nter, twig. (E .) M. E. a lock, a castle. We find also Swed. s/1IIa,
siiver, dimin . of provo E.. slive, a slice, G. sch/iessuz, O. H. G. sliozan, to shut;
chip; from M. E. sli1lCll (slivell), to cleave. allied to O. Fries. siiila, also sk/tila, to
- A. S. -sli/alz, to cleave, pt. t. -sIal ; in shut; and hen ce to L. clalidere, to shut;
to-sl,la1z. A parallel form to A. S. sWan, see Cla.use. ('V SKLEUD.) ~ Slol , a
narrow depression or ape rture, is prob. the
pt. t. sial ; see Slit.
Slobber, Slubber, to do carelessly, same word; it is shaped like a bar.
to sully. (Scand.) Dan. sillbbre, to Slot (2) , track of a decr. (0. F . slabber; Swed . dia\. slubbra, to slubber, Scand.) O. F. esc/ol, track, trace. - Ice!.
slobLer, be disorderly, frequent. of Swed. sliJ(J, a track, trail (whence, immediately,
dial. slllbba, to mix liquids carelessl y, to M. E . sioth, slmlh, a track, E. sltulll.
be careless. cr. also Du. slobberen, to h01l1ld); Swed. dial. s/o, a track.
sup up; Low G. slubbenl, to lap, sip. Sloth. (E. ) Lit. ' slowness.' For
All ied to Sla.bber.
slow-Ik, directly from the adj. slow. See
Sloe. (E.) M. E. slo. A. S. sta, skih , Slow. ~ The M. E. word was slewtll,
p\. skitz. - Du. slee, M. Du. sleett; Dan. from A. S. s/r"lw(J, sloth ; Teut. type
slnaett; Swed. sl/lIt; G. schlehe, pI. sdzle- *slaiwi}lf. Der. slotll , an animal (transhm; O. H. G. sl.Ma.
lating Span. perezoso , slothful, a sloth) ;
Slogan, war-cry. (Gael.) Gael. sluagk. slollt/ul.
gkairm, the ,ignal for battle, lit. 'cry of Slouch, to have a clownish look or
the host.' - Gael. (and Irish ) sluagl" host, gait. (F. ) cr. slollch, sb., a great tub
army (W . Ilu ) ; gainll, outcry, gnirm, to berly fell ow (PhilIips).-O. F. esloucker,
cry out; cf. Irish gairm , W. garm, outcry, eslochier, to be loose in the joint, to waver.
O. Irish gait", \"'.gat/',, outcry, L. garrire, - O. F. is- (L. t'x), out, away; 10c/liet
(F. locker), to shak e, to be loose, prob. from
to prate. Cf. Slughorn.
Sloid, manual dexterity. (Swed.) Eng- M. H. G. lucke, G. locker, loose. Perhaps
Ii shed from Swe(\. sliijd; see Sleight.
affected by Norw. sloka, to go slowly and
Sloop, a ship. (Du. - Low G.) Du. heavily, Swed. slol:a, to droop.
sloep, M. Du. sloepe, a sloo p.-Low G. Slough ( I), a muddy pool , mire. (E.)
sluup, slupe, a sloop; whence (apparently) M. E. slOg", slough . A. S. slOl, (stem slog- ),
the o. F . chaloupe, a shallop; see Sha.llop. a slough. Hardly alJied to Irish slugpkoll,
Perhaps from Low G. slupm, to glide, a whirlpool; slugailll, I swallow up; Gael.
orig. to slip. See Slip.
slugan, a gulf, from slujg, to swallow up.
Slop ( I), a puddle. (E.) M. E. sloppe, Rather, to E. sing.
a pooT. -A. S. -sloppe, -slyppe, the sloppy Slough ( 2), the cast skin of a snake,
droppings of a cow, as in cit-sloppe (cow- &c.; the dead part which separatell from
slip); also A. S. slyppe, a viscid substance. a sore. (E.) Pronounced slllf. M. E.
Orig. sense' something slippery'; cf. Ice!. slouk, slughe, SIMtje, sk in of a snake.
sliip, sli.ny offal of fish. See further below. The corresponding word appears in Swed.
slop ( 2), a loose garment. (E.) M. E. dialect s as slug (Rietz) , which is prob.
sloNe. A. s. -slop, -slype, in compo ofer- allied to G. s,'hlauch, M. H. G. sltick, a
slop, ojer-slypI, an upper garment. F rom skin, bag.
A. S. slop- (Teut. slltp-), weaker grade of Sloven. (Du.) M. E. sloveytz. - M. D u.
Sltipall, to slip; because the outer garment slof, sloe/, a sloven; with M. E. suffix -el1z
is easily slipped on. So also Du. slop, a ( "" F. -aitt, L. -tIIIt1S). Cf. Du. slo/, caregap in a hedge to slip through ; provo E. less; slo/, sb., neglect, an old slipper;
sloppy, 100se.+lceI. sloppr, a slop, long slol/m , to neglect, to go slipshod. So also
Low G. sluf, slovenly; sluffin, to be carcloose gown. Compnre Sleeve.
slope, an incl inc. (E. ) M. E. slope; . less ; E. Fries. sluf, sluffi, a sloven;
a-slope, on the slope, ready to sl ip. From ' sill/Jm , to be careless.
the weak grade (slop- ) of A. S. sMpatl, ' Slow. (E.) A. S. s!.iw, slow. + Du.
, sle~w, Icel. slrer, sljiir; Dan. slO11, Swed.
to slip. See above.
Slot ( I) , a bolt of a door, bar. (Du.) slo, blunt, dull; O. Sax. sl.rtl; O. H .G. slio.

193

SLOW-WORM

SMALL

Teut. type *slaiwoz; allied to L. laeuus,

Russ. lievuii, Gk. Aalos, left (of the hand).
Slow-worm. (E.) In popular ety
mology, it is a slow worm,' but the true
sense is slay-worm,' the snake that strikes.
A. S. slli-wpm; where slti seems to be
borrowed from Icel. slii, to strike. This
is clearer from Swed. sla or ormslll, a
slow-worm, where or m = E. worm, and
sill is 'striker,' from sla, to strike; so also
Norw. ormslo, a slow worm, also called
slo, from slaa, to strike.
Slubber j see Slobber.
Sludge, soft, greasy mud. (E.) M. E.
sluc1u, sliche. North Fries. slick, E. Fries.
sIlk, slime.+Du. slijk, provo G. scMick,
grease; see Sleek. ~ The u is due to
confusion with E. dial. slud, wet mud; cf.
Du. sloe/der, a sloven.
Slug, to be inactive. (Scand.) M . E.
siugg~1t, vb., slugge, a sluggard. - Dan.
slug, weakened form of sluk, appearing in
slug:>ret, slukoret. having drooping ears;
Swed. dial. slogga, to be sluggish; cf.
Norw. sloka. to slouch, Swed. sloka. to
droop. Note also Low G. slul..hrll, slakkerll, to be loose, Slllkk, melancholy,
downcast; Du. slllik, slender, thin. Der.
slllggard. with F. suffix ard ( = 0. H. G.
-hart, cognate with E. han/).
Slug-horn, a battle-cry. (C. ) Igno
rantly used by Chatterton and Browning
to mean a sort of 1101"11; but really Mid.
Sc. slogo1"lu, a corruption of slogan, a
war-cry. See Slogan.
Sluice, a flood-gate. (F. - L.) O. F.
esc/use a sluce. floudgate;' Cot. - L'Ite
L. exc/tISa, a fl ood-gate ; lit. shut off
(water) ; pp. of ex -elftdere, to shut out.L. ex, out; clam/ere, to shut.
Slum j pI. slums, dirty back streets.
(I<:.) Cf. provo E. slt.",p, wet mire; Low
G. slam, mire (Liibben) ; Dan. and Swed.
slam , G. sc1zlamm, mire.
Slumber, verb. ( E. ) The b is ex
crescent. M. E. slumeren, frequent. of
M. E . sliimell; to slumber; from sl1lllle
(also sloumbe), sb., slumber. A . S. s/iima,
sh., slumber. + Du. sl1limerell; Dan.
s!umre, frequent. of slm,plIle, to slumber;
Swed. slumra, vb.; G. sch~ummern, vb.
The sb. sliillla is from Teut. root *slett,
tn be silent; 2nd grade *slatt, whence
Goth. sla1l.)"", to be silent (Kluge).
Slump, a sudden fall or failure. (E.)
Provo E .. Cf. Swed. Dan. slump, a chanc!!,
accident; Low G. slulllp (Danneil); G.

schlump. Of imitative origin; cf. Norw.

and LowL & . slump, the noise made by
an object falling into water. Cf. plump,
dump.
Slur, to contaminate, pass over lightly
with slight notice. (M. Du.) The Olig.
sense is to trail in mud, draggle; hence,
to pass Over s;lightingly. - M. Du . sleurm,
slooren. to drag. trail; cf. stoorigh, ' filthie.
Hexha m, and M. E. slor. mud; Du. slet.,.e",
to traiL AI,o Low G. slureJl, sliirell, to
draggle, Swed. diaL s/Ora, to be negligent;
Norw. sidra. to be negligent, sully, sldda,
sloa, to draggle. sIuda, slue, a trail; E.
Fries. sluren, slurnt, to go about carelessly
and noisily.
Slut. (Scand.) M. E. slut/e. Cf. Ice!.
slullr, a heavy, loglike fellow; Swed. dia!'
slata. a slut, slater, an idler; Dan. diaL
slQter, a slovenly person; Norw. slott, an
idler. Also Icel. slota, to droop, Norw.
stuta, to droop; allied to Dan. slat, slattm,
loose. flabby. Cf. slot-, weak grade of
Norw. sletla (strong verb), to dangle,
drift, idle about (Aasen). fJ. From the
2nd grade slat(t) we have Dan. slalte, a
slut, and slat, loose; see Slattern. Note
also Bavarian seltlotzen, scltlutzt1t, a slut;
s,hloloe1l. (0 be careless.
Sly, cunning. (Scand.) M. E. sligh,
sleill. slih. - Icel. slfl'gr, sly, cunning ';
Swed. slog, handy, dexterous; prob. allied
to Slay. ~ Distinct from Swed. slug;
Dan. slug, slu; Du. sluw; G. st'lliau.
Der. sle~l{lit.
Smack (I), taste. (E.) M. E. slllak,
smach. A. S. SlIItU, taste, flavour; cf.
M. Du. smauk,
smtZccan, to taste.
Du. slIIaak; Dan. smag, Swed. smak;
(;. gescll1llack, taste. Der. smack, vb., to
taste.
Smack (2 ), a sounding blow. (Scand.)
Confused with the word above, but perhaps distinct; prob. of imitative origin.
-Swed. smacka, to smack, Swed. dial.
smakka, to throw down noisily; S1Illikka,
to hit smartly; Dan. s1lltZkke. to rap; E.
Fries. smakkm, to smack the lips. Cf.
Dan. slllak, a smack, rap; Du. smak, a
loud noise.
Smack (3) , a fishing-boat. (Du.) M.
Du. smacke, Du. smak, a smack, hoy;
whence also Dan. slllakke. Generally
thought to stand for snack; cf. A. S. mace,
a small vessel; Icel. mekkja, a swift vessel,
Dan. sllekke, Swed. slliicka.
Small. (E.) A. S. smal.+Du . Dan.

SMALLAGE

SMITH

Swed. sma/, narrow, thin; Goth. sma/s,

small; G. schmal, narrow. Allied to Ice!.
sma/i, small cattle, sheep; Gk. !-,ij}-.ol', a
sheep; Russ. ma/uii, small. ~ Icel. snuir,
Dan. smaa, Swed. smd, small, are allied
to O. H . G . smaM, small.
smallage, celery. (E.; and F. -L.)
For small aCM; from F. ache, parsley <
L . apium, parsley.
SmaJ.t, blue enamel. (Ital. -0. H. G.)
Ital. sma/to, enamel. From the 2nd grade
of O. H. G. sme/zan, str. vb .. to become
liquid, whence also O. H. G. smeizen,
G. schme/zen, weak vb., to smelt ; from the
method of preparation; see Smelt ( 1).
See also Enamel.
Sma.r804fdus. (L. -Gk. ) L.smaragdus.
- Gk. o!-,ap'l'y/jof, an emerald. Cf. Skt.
marakala(m ), marakta(m ), an emerald.
See Emerald.
Smart, to feel pain. (E.) M. E.
smerten. A. S. smeortan.+Du. smartelt,
Dan. smerte, Swed . smiirta, G . schmerr.en.
Also allied to L. mordin, to bite; Skt.
mrd, to rub, grind , crush; Gk. o!-,fp6aAfof,
terrible. (.vSMERD_) Der. smart, sb.;
smart, adj ., painful, also pungent, brisk,
lively, A. S. smeart.
Smash. (E.) A late word. Apparently
formed from E. mash, to mix up, by prefixing s- (from O. F. es-, L. ex), an illtem.ive prefix.
Smatterintr, sb. (E.) M.E. smateren,
to make a nOise; hence, to prate, talk
ignorantly. Cf. Swed. smattra, to clatter;
G. schmettern, to smash, to resound.
From a repetition of smat, an imitative
sound; see Smack (2). Cf. M. H. G.
smetzen, to prattle. [Parallel to prat-Ile,
rllat-ter; cf. Swed. maUra, to chatter.)
Smea.r. ( E.) A. S. smirian, to smear.
- A. S. smeru, smeor", fat, grease. So
also Icel. smyrja, Dan. smore, Swed.
sll/olja, G. schmieren, to smear; and Du.
SImer, Dan. Swed. smor, G. schmeer, fat,
grease, O. H. G. s1llero; Goth. smairthr,
fatness. Cf. O. Irish smir, marrow; \\'.
m1r, marrow; Lith. smarsas, fat; Gk.
!-,vpov, unguent. Der. s1ltir-ch.
Smell, odour. ( E.) M. E. smel, smul.
Allied to Du. slltwlen, Low G. sme/en,
E. Fries. smiilen, to smoulder. Cf.
Smoulder. Der. smell, vb.
Smelt ( I), to fu se ore. (Scand.) Dan.
smt/le, to smelt; Swed. smiilta, to smelt.
(Properly a Sweet word .) +M . Du.smiltm,
smeltm, C. schmei:m, to smelt. These

are causal forms; cf. \\'estphal. snit/lei',

O. H. G. slllelIum, str. vb., to melt. From
the Teut. verb "sllldla1l-, to melt, pt. t.
"small (whence E. small), pp. smu/to110Z.
And cf. Gk. !-,EJ... /jf'V, to melt, render fluid.
Brugm. i. 475 .
Smelt (2),a fish. (E.) A.S. sm~/I,smy/I.
+Dan. smelt, Norw. sme/ta. The provo
E. smotl means a young salmon, when it
first assumes its silvery scales; and provo
E. smo/t means' smooth and shining.'
Smew, a small diving-bird. (E.) Also
called smee, smut/;. Cognate with E.
Fries. smint, Du. smiellt, smew. The Du.
smient is explained as 'small d uck '; from
O. Du. smilli anud, small duck; where
*s1ll1hi is cognate with O. H. G. smalli,
Icel. sma-r, Swed . sma, small ; and amld
(anid) is Du. emd, A. S. C1lcd, G. mte,
duck. Cf. G . sch mal-mle, small wild duck .
Smile, vb. (Scand.) Swed. smila, t o
smile, smirk; Dan. smile. Allied to L.
mirari, to wonder at; Russ. smiekh', a
laugh; Gk. !-,fI/jaOJ, I smile; Skt. smi, to
smile. (.vSM EL)
Smirch, to besmear. (E. ) Extended
from M. E. silleren, to smear; sec
Smear.
Smirk. (E.) A.S. smerdall, smearcian,
to smile. Cf. O. Northnmb. wlerdolt,
'deridebant,' Mat ix. 24.
Smite. (E. ) A. S. smitall, pt. t. smlll.
pp. smiten.+Du. smijtm; Dan. smide, tu
fling; G. schmeissm , to smite, flillg, cast;
O. H . G. smizall , to throw, stroke, smear.
cr. Goth. bislllcitfl1t, to beilmear. /3. The
orig. sense was to ' smear' or rub over, as
in Gothic; cf. M. Swed. smita, to smite,
smeta, to smear. . To rub over' seems to
have been a sarcastic expression for' to
beat'; we find well anop,Ied = well beaten,
Romance of Partenay, I. 5653.
Smith. (E.) A. S. smi6, a worker
with the hammer.+Du. smid; Icel.smi6r;
Dan. Swed. s1lled; G . schmied; Goth.
-smitha. Cf. Icel. smi~', smith's work;
Du. smijdig, G. geschmeiJig, malleable
(with i) . The forms "smith, smUII,
point to a lost strong verb smeith-all -, to
forge, pt. t. smaith, pp. smitholloz, to
forge. actually preserved in Swed. dial.
smida, to forge, pt. t. S1Iud, pp. s1lliJm
(Rietz) . Hence, as weak verbs, Dan.
smeie, Swed. smida, to forge. Cf. O. H.G.
smidtt, metal, Gk. o!-,l-AT}, a graver', tool.
Brugm. i. 849. Der. slllil/J-y, A . S_
smi/J(Je (Icel. smi~/a ).

495

SMOCK

SNARE

Smock, a woman's shirt. (E.) M. E.

smok. A. S. smoc. For SIllOCC; Teut.
type *sllmgJlOZ, Idg. type * smuq1Zos ;
Brngm. i. 899. The Teut. *s1llug is represented by A. S. smog- , weaker grade of
smiigan, to creep in to. So called because
'crept into,' or put over the head. Cf.
Shetland smook. to draw on a glove or
stocking. + Icel. smokkr, a smock; from
smog-, weak grade of slll/uga, to creep
through a hole, to put on a garment over
the head. Cf. M. Swed. smog, a round
hole for the head.
Smoke, sb. (E. ) A. S. Hlloen. Cf.
A. S. smoc-, weak grade of the strong verb
sllleoenn (pt. t. ~meac), to smoke, reek.+
Du. smook, sb. , G. schlllau.!l, sb. Per
haps Irish lIIiicn , smoke, 'vV. mwg, smoke,
are from E. Cf. Lith. smallg -iu, I choke i
Gk. I1!-'VXftV (2 aor. ll1!-'V-y'lv), to smoulder.
Der. smoke, vb., from A. S. smocian, weak
verb. Brugm. i. 849.
Smooth, adj. (E. ) M. E. smoothe;
also stllethe. A. S. smebe, Northumb.
slllii~Je; sometimes smiiJ, smooth. The
form -"nNJe represents *smiitll-/oz (with
mutation of ii to e) ; and furthe r, the base
*smiith-represents a Teut. b"se*sman!n -, so
that smotlt/oz is for *slllanthjoz, 'creamy.'
The base appears in Bohem. small! , cream
(Russ. smetana ) ; whence the G. selw.a,.t,
cream, is borrowed. Cf. Bavar. sel.mand,
cream. Der. smootlte, vb.
Smother, sb. (E. ) Formerly slllor!her ;
M. E. smortner, a suffocating smoke, lit.
'that which stilles;' formed (with suffix
-titer of the agent) from A. S. smor-iall, to
stille , smother.+Du. and E. Fries. smorm,
to stille, smother.
Smoulder, vb. (E.) M.E. smolderm,
vb.; from M. E. smolder, sb., a stifling
smoke. Smo/-der < smol-ther. Cf. Low
G. smeletl, smolen, to smoulder; smoln,
to give out fumes (Danneil) i Du. smeu/m.
Allied to Smell.
Smudge. (Scand. ) M. E. smogen
(Hall. ) ; weakened form of smutch. - Dan.
smuds, smut, dirt i smudse, to soil. Cf.
M. E. smod, dirt i E. Fries. and Low G.
smuddm, to soil; Du. smotidig, dirty. See
Smut.
Smug, neat, spruce. (Scand.-G.) Formerly sIIIOOg, smug; weakened form of
sml/k. _ Dan. smuk, pretty, fine, fair;
(South Dan. S11mgg, N . Fries. smock,
sclt11ll/ck, Outzen) i M. Swed. S1Il1Ick,
elegant, fair. _ Low G. S1Ilt/k, neat, trim ;

G. schmuck, trim, spruce; cf. scnmiickm,

to adorn, M. H. G. sllluckell, t o clothe,
adorn, derived from the weak grade of
the M. H. G. strong verb smiegm, to creep
into, cognate with A. S. sllliigan, to creep.
13. Thus smug meant' dressed' or 'trim ;
allied to smock, attire. See Smock.
smuggle, to import or export
secretly. (Scand.)
Dan. slllug /e, to
smuggle; cf. i smug, secretly, smug hattde!, contraband t rade; Swed. J1Ituga,
a lurking-hole, Icel. Slllll,tra, a hole to
creep through. - Icel. Slllug' , weak grade
of sm/,'ga, to creep, creep through a hole;
cognate with A. S. slllitgmt, to creep; see
Smock.
Smut, a spot of dirt or soot. (E .) For
the base Slllllt., cf. M. E. smotten, bi-smoteren, to smut; G. schmutz, dirt. 13. We
also find smutch, for - smuts; from Swed.
S11luts, smut, dirt; whence Swed. smutm.
to soil i see Smudge.
Snack; see Snatch.
Sna.ftle. (Du. ) For sna.ffle-pieCl, i.e.
nose-piece. - Du. S11ave/, a horse's muzzle;
M. Du. mavel, mabel, bil!, snout; cf.
O. Fries. snavel, mouth; G. srlmabel, bill.
Dimin. of M. Du. snabbe, snebbe, Du.
meb, bill, lit. 'snapper i ' from snab/1l1t,
parallel form to M. Du . S1Iappen, to snap
up; see Snap. Cf. Du. mebbig, snappish; Lith. mapas, bill.
Snag, a short branch, knot on a stick,
abrupt projection. (Scand.) Prob. of
Scand. origin; cf. Norw. snage, a projecting tongue of land; Icel. magi, a clothespeg. Hence, perhaps, provo E. mag, to
trim, cut small branches from a tree; Gael.
maign, to hew, cut down, trim trees; Irish
maiglt, a hewing, cutting.
Snail. (E.) M.E.snayle. A.S.slllzgl,
snegei, a snail. +Icel. snigill, Dan. meg/;
Swed. snigel, a slug. Teut. types *S1Iagi/oz,
snegi/oz, mase. Allied to A. S. S1Iaca.
a snake (Noreen, 252 ) . See below; and
cf. Low G. migge, G. s<'lzlIecke, a snail.
snake. (E.) A. S. snaca , a snake
+Icel. snakr, sll()kr; Dan. mog ; Swed.
mok. From Teut. verb -mak-all-, to creep,
pt. t. mok, as seen in O. H. G. maM/a'l,
pt. t. muol.
Snap, vb. (Du .) Du . mappm, to snap,
snatch. + Dan. snappe, Swed. mappa,
G. sc!mappm; M. H . G. S1/aben. Base
.snap, similar to *mak. See Sname,
Snatch.
Snare, n noose. (E. ) A. S. smart, cord,
-496

SNARL

SNORT

string, noose. +Du. snaar, a string; Icel.

suara; Dan. mare; Swed. mara; O.H . G.
" :;rngt"qnfia, a noose. 13. The O. H . G.
s/larahluz shew. an orig. final guttnral;
the sb. is from a strong verb, seen in
O. H . G. sntrhan, to twist tightly; from
a base SNERH = Idg . .vSNERK, whence
Gk. vap"'1 , cramp; see Narcisllus. Cf.
.vSNER, to t w~ t , wind; see Nerve.
y. All from .vSNE, to wind, spin; whence
L. tlere, to spin, G. schnur, a string.
Sna.rl, vb. (E. ) Frequentative form of
snar, to shew one's teeth like a dog, spelt
marn! in Palsgrave. Not found in A. S. ;
but cf. M. Du. marren, 'to brawl, to scould ,
or to snarle,' H exham. + G. sch1tarrell, to
growl, snarl; M. H. G. mar, a growling.
And see Sneer, Snort.
Sna.tch. (E.) M. E. snacchen, as if
from *mak-; cf. Lowland Sc. snak, a
snap of the jaWs.+D'l. makken, to gasp.
Base *snak, parallel to *map. See
Snap. Dar. m ack, sb. , a portion, lit. a
bit snatched up,' a hasty meal, a share; to
go S1Iarks=to go shares. Also provo E.
meek, snap or latch of a door.
Sneak. (E. ) Variant of M. E. snikm,
A. S. mican, to creep, Teut. type *sneikan-;
pt. t. *snaik, pp. *snikanoz. The A. S.
pt. t. snac would give a deriv. *snacatt,
representing E. meal... Cf. Guernsey miquer, to rob slily.+Ice!. snik-inn, hankering after, from a lost strong verb; Swed.
dial. snika (pt. t. snek), to hanker after;
Dan. sniga sir , to sneak, srnk; Gael.
and Irish snaig, maign , to creep (from E.) .
Snea.p, to pinch, check; see Snub.
Sneer, to scoff. (E.) M. E. sneren.
Cf. E. Fries. miren, to frizzle, to cause
a hissing noise, to sneer at; Dan. stftZrre,
to grin like a dog, shew one's teett. at a
person: allied to Snarl.
Sneeze, vb. (E.) M.E. m esen; Chaucer
has fnuen (Cant. Tales, H. 62 ), of which
m eun, occurring in the Camb. MS., is
a modification. A. S. ftteOSa1', to sneeze.
+ Du. fitiezm; Swed. ft,ysa; Dan. ft,yse.
Cf. Gk. llviQJ, I breathe; see Pneumatic.
Base *fneus-, parallel form to *nttezes-; see
Neese.
SnUf, to scent. (Scand.) M. E. meuim
(mevim).- Icel. *mifja , to sniff, a lost
verb, whence ma/(Jr, sharp-scented, s1lejill,
a slight scent; Dan. mive, to sniff.
Similar to Ice!. mitta, to snifT; and cf.
slIoppa, a snout.
Snip, vh. (Du .) Du . miPlen, to snip,

clip; allied to snappm, to snap, intercept;

see Snap.+E. Fries. mippm; Low G.
snippeln, to cut small; G. scnmppm, to
snap, allied to scnnappm . Cf. E. Fries .
smp, sharp ; snip, mippe, a small piece of
land . 4U Prob. confused with Nip. Der.
smp, sb.; smppet, a small piece.
Snipe, a bird. (Scand.) M. E. mype. Ice!. mipa, a snipe; Dan. meppe, a snipe;
Swed. miippa, a sandpiper.+Du. w iP,
snep, M. Du. mippe, meppe; G. schnepfe.
It refers to the long bill; lit. ' snipper.'
See Snip, Snap.
Snite ( I ), to wipe tbe nose. (E.) A. S.
*sttjlan, whence Sllylittg, sU., a sneezing;
E. Fries. miilelt , to snite. + Du. stm ile1l ,
from muil, snout, nose; Ice!. myla, Swed.
sny/a, Dan. myde, to snite; from Swed.
snut, Dan. smtde, snout; see Snout.
Snite (2) , a snipe. (E.) M. E. mile.
A. S. mite, a snite or snipe. Cf. Snipe.
Snivel, to slluffle, to whimper. (E.)
M . E. snuvelell , S1teuelm (meve/en ) ; as if
from A. S. *myjlialZ . From 1\. S. mojl,
mucus. Cf. Swed. miiJIa, Dan. m ovie, to
snuffle ; Low G. m uff, muff, a nose, snout.
See Snu1f.
Snob. (Scand.) Provo E. mob, a vulgar
person, aiso, a journeyman shoemaker,
map, a lad, servant, usually in a ludicrous
sense; Lowl. Sc. mab, a cobbler's boy.Dan. dial. mopp, mupp, bashful, silly;
Ice!. snap, a dolt, with the notion of
impostor, a boaster, used as a by-word;
Swed. dial. m opp, a boy, anything stumpy;
cf. Swed. dial. S1l0Ppa, to cut off, make
stumpy; and see Snub. Cf. Swed. snopen,
ashamed.
Snood, a fillet , ribbon. (E.) A. S. mOd,
a fillet; ong. a twist,' wreath. Cf. Ice!.
snUb"" a twist; Swed. modd, a string;
also W. ysnoden, a fillet; Irish sna/he, a
thread. All from Idg. root *mi, *ma, to
spin, to twist; whence G. schllu-r, a string ;
cf. Ice!. snua, Dan. snoe, Swed. mo, to
twist , twine.
Snore, vb. (E.) M. E. morm; for
*fnoren; cf. A. S. f"ora, sb., a snoring,
snore. F rom A. S.filor . fims- ), weak
grade of fn eosa1', to sneeze; see Sneeze.
Influenced by Snort.
Snort, vb. (E.) M. E . mortm, to snore.
Low G. S1ltwte1l, slla1'lett , to make an
explosive noise. From *SIlur-; as in Low
G. Slnn'nll , to hum , M. Du. S1101'retl, to
murmu r. Variant forms are Dan . snorke,
to snort; Swed. snorlia, to threaten (orig. to

-497

SNOT

SOBRIQUET

fume, be angry); Du. morgen ; G. ulmar- candle; Dan. S1lubbe, to nip otT. See Snub.
(nm. And see Snarl.
Der. muff, sb.
Snot, mucus from the nose. (E.) M. E. Snug. (Scand.) Cf. provo E. mug, tidy,
SIIol/e. A. S. ge-mot; O. Fries- molle; trimmed uJ?; mog, the same. - Icel. m ijggr,
Du. Dan. SIIOt. Allied to Snite ( I ) and smooth, saId of wool or hair ; M. Swe(1.
snout.
mygg, short-haired, trimmed, Swed . m)'g;;.
snout. (Eo) M. E. moute, E. Fries. cleanly, neat, genteel; Dan. ,lial. m iig,
JllIIte.
D u. Sllltit: Swed. S1Iut, snout, neat, smart. Cf. E. Fries. miiggc, slll:ege,
muzzle; Dan. mude; G. scnnattu. Cf. smooth, neat. Orig. trimmed;' hen,e
D!ll1 . .illite, to sniff, Low G. sualt, provo neat, smart, tidy, comfortable . Cf. Snag.
(; . st/matt, snout, beak. From a base SO. ( 1':. ) M. E . so. A . S. swa. +Du.
*snelt: whence Teut. vb. *slllitan- , pt. t. UJO, Icel. roa, roo, so; Dan. saa, Swed. stf,
*sllaut, pp. *SllItlalloz. From the 1St grade G. so, GOlh. swa; Teut. types *S7"{~, *swo,
we have Swed. SllIIt, Du. SlIttit , E. snout; *swa . Cf. Gk. <lis. 13. From a case of lng.
from the 2nd, G. s(nmwu; and from the swos, one's own; cf. L. StillS, Skt. sva,
one's own. Lit.' in one's OWII way.' See
3rd, E. SIIOt.
Snow. ( E. \ A. S. SIlI7U1 .+Du. meeu1i', Prellwitz; Brllgm . i. 362.
Icel. SIl<l!r, Dan . mee, Swed. mii, Goth . SOU. (E. ) It also means to suck up,
slIaiws, G. s(nuee; also Lith. m egas, R uss. imbibe. M. E. sokm, ( I) to suck , (2 ) to
sllieg' , L. llix (gen. nillis), Gk. ace. ~'",a , soak. A. S. soeiall, to soak; from A. S.
Tri;h meaclid, W. ny/ (.vSNEIGH. ) Cf. soe- (T eut. Sltk- ) , weak grane of siim", to
Lith. migti, to snow, 1.. lIiugit, Gk. vO'''''', suck. See Suck. Cf. W. swga, soaked,
sugno, to suck .
it sn ows. Brugm. i. 394.
Snub, to check, reprimand. (Scand. ) Soap. ( E. ) M.E.sope . A.S. stipe. +
Also SIleb, mib. M. E . mibbm. - Dan . Du . zeep; [cf. Icel. snpa, Swed. sllpa, from
wibbe, to reptimand; Swed. sll1tbba, Icel. A. S.]; G. stife. Teut. type *saipi;n,
slI1tb/Ja, N ..Fries. sllubbe, to snub, chide. fern.; from *saip, 2nd grade of *seitan-,
H. G. sift,,) ; hence a\,o
Orig. to ' snip off' the end of a thing; cf. to trickle
led. ml/bbiJlr, snubbed, nipped, with the A. S. sat, re sin, pomade, allied to Stipe.
tip cn t off; Swed. dial. S1lubba, to snip or ~ 1.. sapo (whence F. savo1" &c.) was
clip off; E. Fries. mubbelll, to snap or borrowed from Teutonic; the true 1..
snatch away. 13. Allied to obs. E. meap, (cognate) word seems to be se/mlll, tallow,
to pinch, nip, answering to Icel. meypa, to grease.
castrate, also to disgrace, snub; Swed. Soar. (F'. - 1..) M. E. sorm. - F.cs;-o1-er,
m iip a, to castrate. Cf. also Dan. dial. to expose to air; in M. F., ' to sore up,' Cot.
Slllve, to dock, to sn ub, to nip. Der. - Late L. *exaura1'e, to expose to air.SIII/f. .nosed, i. e. with a short or stumpy L. ex, out; aura, breeze, air. Perhaps
1.. aura was borrowed from Gk. aupa, a
nose, as if with the end cut off.
breeze; formed, apparently, with suffi x -1'a
snub-nosed; see above.
Snd ( I ), to sniff, smell. ( Du. ) From from .vAW, variant of WE, to blow. See
M. Du. muffm; cf. mttyvm (Du . s1Ittivm), Air.
, to snuffe out the filth out of ones nose,' Sob, vb. (E.) M. E. sobbm, related to
Hexham; Du. smif, smelling, scent; E. A. S. siojian, to lament.
G. sett/un,
Fries. smt/m, Sllllven, to snuff up.+Swed. to sigh, O. H. G. stiflon, to sob, O. H. C .
snujva, a catarrh, suufve1l, a sniff, scent; suft, a sigh, sob; all from O. H. G. sufall,
cf. G. sclmaubetl, se/maltfetl, scn1lieben, to to sup, sup up . Allied to Sup. Der.
snuff, snort (from a Teut. base *meub) ; sob, sb.
G. selimtpft1l, a catarrh , se/mupfen, to take Sober. (1'. - 1..) M. E. soore.-l'.soll1'e.
SHuff. Der. SIluff, powdered tobacco; 1.. sobn'u1ll, acc. of soo1'ius, sober.-1.. so
also s1lt1fle, provo G. sclmttffil1l, sennu/- = si-, apart, hence, not; -brills, drunk, as
in ibrim. See Ebriety . (Doubtful. )
fdll.
Snuif ( 2), to snip off the top of a candle- Der. sobriety, M. F . sob1'ieN, 1.. acc.
wick. ( E.) M. E. SItt1ffill, to snuff out soll1'ietnte1ll.
a candle: cf. snoffi, sb.. the snuff of a Sobriquet, Soubriquet, a nickcandle. Parallel to *mlllptII ; d . provo E. name. (l'. ) F . soin'iqlle/, . surname, nickSIIOp, to eat off, as cattle do young shoots; name, a jenst broken 011 amlin;' Cot.
Swed. dial. motta, to snip off, snuff :t He !llso spells it sotbriqlut, sOllllit/"rt.

eM.

~g8

soc

SOIREE

From O. F. soubzbrt"quet, a chuck under ibid. (Similarly O. F. sou/de, glasswOIt,

the chin ( 14th cent. ) ; h~nce, a quip, an answe rs to L. solida ; prob. from the hardaffront, a nickname. Hese O. F. soubz, F. ness of the products obtained from glassSOlIS, is from L. subtllS, below; briquet has wort.) - L. so/idtlS, solid. hard. ~ee Solid .
been conjectured to stand for bequet, dimin. Der. sod- i/lm , a coined word.
of bee, beak. mouth; cf. Ital. sollo-beao, a Sodden; see Seethe.
chuck under the chin. 'Percussit super Soder, Solder, a firm cement from
menton em faciendo dictum Ie soubriquet ; ' fu si ble metals. ( F. - L.) l' ormerl)' "oder,
A. D. 1335.
See Korting, and Liltl e.
sowcUr, sometimes soulder; now pi 0Soc l Socage; see Soke.
nounced (sod dr). - F. soud'4re, M. F .
Soclable. (F. - L.) F. sociable. - L. souldw'e, ' a ~ouldeJing, and particularly
sociiibilis, companionable. - L. sociii-re, to the knot of soulder which fastens the led
accompany.-L. socitlS, companion, fol- [lead) ofa glasse window;' Cot.-O. F.
lower; allied to L. seqt.i, to follow. See sOlider, soulder, to consolidate, make firm.
Sequence. Der. as-sociale, dis-sociate.
- L. solt"diire, to make firm. - L. solidus,
social. (L. ) L. socialis, adj., from firm. See Solid.
socius (above).
Sodomy. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F.
society. (F. -L.) M. F. societl.-L. sodomi-, a sin imputed to the inhabitants
ace. societatem, from nom. societiis, fellow- of Sodom. - F. Sodollle, Sod om. - L.
ship. - L. socius, a companion; see So- Sodoma. - Gk. :Iu05oJUl. - Heb . ~ edo1Jl .
ciable.
Sofa. (Arab.) Arab. suffat, stlffall, 'a
Sock. (L.) A . S. socc. - I.. soccus, a sopha;' Rich. Diet. p. 936. - Arab. root
light shoe, slipper, sock, bu skin of a saffa , to draw up in line, to put a seat to a
saddle; ibid.
comedian.
Socket. (F.-L.?) Cf.F.dial.soquette, Soft. (E.) A.S.sijte,adv.; so/t,also
O. Sax.
a stump of dead wood, patois de la Meuse sifle adj. (with i-mutatiou).
(Labourasse); Walloon sokelt, a stump. slfjlo, adv., softly; G . sal1j1, soft; O.H_G.
Godefroy has socquet, (apparently) a cup- sallljlo, adv., gently; Du. tacM, for zajl
hoard. Prob. an A. F . (limin. of O. F. SOc, (whence G. sacM ). Der. soft-en.
a wooden clog (A.n. 1473). Cotg. has Soil ( I ), ground , country . (F. - , L.)
'socque, a sock or sole of durt , cleaving to M. E. SOlie. - A. F. soil; (cf. F. semi,
the foot in a doggy way.' Cf. Port. socco, thrcshold of a door < 1.. soliulII ). -Late
wooden shoe or clog, mod. F. socque, a L. solea, soil , ground. Allied to 1.. solu1ll,
clog. fl All from L. socrus, sock, shoe, ground; whencc F . sol, soil, ground (from
hence , a wooden shoe or clog. I conclude which, however, the K word cannot be
that socket is a dimin. of sock, notwith- directly derived). Cf. Gk . ElJ-aq>o<, found astanding the change in sense; cf. E. shoe, tion , ground. See Sole ( I) .
a kind of ~ocket, as a term in machinery
Soil ( 2), to defile. (F.-L.) M. E.
(W ebster). ~ O. F. soht, a small plough- soilm . [Not allied to M. E. slllm. E.
share, is from a Celtic source, being allied suIQI. ] - O. F. soilHer, F. sou iller, to soil;
to O. Irish sore, a ploughshare.
se souil/e,-, to wallow as a sow. - O. F .
Sod. (E. ) So called from the use of soil, sou ii, 'the soile of a wild boar, the
turf as fuel (?) ; or from its frequent mire wherein he hnth wallowed;' Cot.
wetness (?). The connexion with the - Late L. suil/us, a pig; 1.. stlil/us,
verb 10 seethe appears clearly in Du . zode, adj., belonging to sw ine. -L. s,is, a sow.
sod, green turf, M. Du_ zode, seething, also See Sow. Der. soil, sb., a stain; quite
sod; G. sode, sod ,sod, bubbling up of boiling distinct from soil, ground.
water; Low (; . sood. a well, sode, a tllrf, sod; Soil (3), to feed cattle with green grass,
E. Fries. sOd, a well; sode, a cut turf, also, to fatten with feeding. (F . - L.) O. F.
boiling, cooking; Dan. dial. sod,l, saadd, *soeler, saoler, M. F. sQottler, to glut ,
a sod . (See Franck.) Cf. also A. S. sialJ, sat iate (F. sof1ler) ; cf. O . F. soele1llml ,
a well, pit, sialJ, pt. t. of slovan, to seethe; satiety (Godefroy).-O.F. saolJull, cloyed.
O. Fries. slilha, sod, slfth, a well; A. S. - L. acc. satul/um, filled with food. - L.
ge-sod, a cooking_ See Seethe .
satur, filiI. See Sstiate.
Soda. (Ital -1. ) Ital. soda , ' a kind of Soiree, Qn evening party. (F.-L: , F.
fearne ashes whereof they make glasses;' soin!e, e\'ening; hence, an evening party.
Florio. Fem. "fItal. s~do , . solicle, tough;' I Cf. Ita!' scrata, e\ening. - L. sirtIS: late in

-499

SOJOURN

SOLITARY

the day (whence Ital. sera, F . soir, even- Sole (3), alone. (F.-L.) O. F. sol (F .
seul). - L. solum, acc. of solw, alone.
ing) ; with suffix -ala (>F. -te l .
Sojourn, to dwell. (F.-L. ) O. F. Solecism, impropriety in speaking or
sojorlter, sojollY1ur. -L. sub, under; dillr- writing. {F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. soloeciJlIle;
",ire, to stay, from dillrnu! , daily; which Cot. -L. sO/(1'cismlls. _Gk. tTO}o.,O.ItHIp.O<, a
is from dies, a day. See Diary.
solecism. - Gk. tTo}o.,o.lti(ftv , to speak incorSoke, SOC, a franchise , land held by rectly.-Gk.tT6}o.,0t.tco<, speaking incorrectly,
~ocage. (E.) The A. S. sacu meant 'a like an inhabitant of ~6Jo..o. (Soloi) in
contention " a 'law-suit'; whence the L'lw Cilicia, where the Gk. dialect was corterm sac, the power of hearing suits and rnptly spoken. Der. solecist" sb.
admiuistering justice within a certain pre- SoleDUl. (I' . -L.) M. E. solemptte.cinct. The A.S. SOClt meant investigation,' O. F. solem/me. - L. solem1lCm , acc. of
or 'a seeking into '; whence the Law solei/mis, older forms sii/emu's, sollemzis,
term soke, the right of hearing disputes annual, occurring yearly like a religious
and enquiring into complaints, also, the rite, religi ous, solemn. - L. SOIlIlS, entire,
precinct within which snch right was com plete; amms, a year. Hence solemn
exercised; see Blount, Spelman, Ellis, = returning at the end of a complete year.
Thorpe, Schmid. p. Etymologically, sac The O . Lat. sol/ItS is cognate with W. holl,
(A.S. sac,, ) is the same word as Sake, whole, entire. Brugm. i. ,.17. Der.
q. v. Soke ( A. S. soc-) is the exercise of solmmily, -iu.
judicial power; and sokm (A. S. SOcIt, Sol-fa, to sing the notes of the gamnt.
sOce1l ) is an enquiry; both allied to E. suk, (L ) It means to sing the notes by the
and derived from A. S. sOc, strong grade names si, la, sol,/a, mi, re, ul (where, for
of J(U.'att, to contend; see Seek. Der. ul, do is now used ). These names are of
socage, a barbarous law term made by L. origin; see Gamut. Der. sol/eggio,
adding F . -age (L. -atimlll ) to A. S. sOc- . from Ita\. solftggio, the singing of the
(The 0 is long.)
gamut; cf. sol-mi-salion, coined from sol
Solace, a relief. (F. -L.) M. E. solas. and mi.
-0. F. solaz (where z ~ ts) . - L. soliili1lm, Solicit. (F. -L.) M. F. solidler.-L.
a comfort. - L. soliitus, pp. of solari, to solliciliire, to agitate, aronse, urge, solicit.
console. Allied to L . so/lus, Gk. o}o.,o<, - L. sol/ieilus, lit. wholly agitated.-L.
whole (Prellwitz). Der. solace, vb.
solli-, for sollus, whole; cilus, aronsed, pp.
Solan-goose, a bird. ,Scand. and K ) of ciere, to shake, excite. See Solemn
The E. goose is an addition. - Ice!. stUall , and Cite. Der. solicitous, for L. so/licilus;
lit. 'the gannet,' where -tt stands for the solicit-tide, M.F. solicilllde, from L. sollicidefinite article; def. form of Ice!. -sMa, liido, anxiety.
in haf-siUa, i. e. sea-gannet, solan goose; Solid. ,F. - L.) F. solide. -L. solidum,
Norweg. sula, the same.
ace. of solidus, firm. Der. solidar-ty,
Solar, belonging to the sun. (L .) L . ' a word which we owe to the F. comsiiltin's, solar. - L. siil, sun.
Ice!. sol, munists, and which signifies a fellowGoth. sauil, Lith. sattle, W. haul, Irish ship in gain and loss, a being, so to speak.
IIi/, Gk. ~}o.,to< (see Prellwitz); Skt. s;;,'a- , all in the same hottom;' Trench. Also
solid-i-fy, from F. solidijier, to render solid.
sun, splendour. Bmgm. i. 48 [.
Solder; see Soder.
Soliloquy. (L .) Late L. so/i/oquiulll,
Soldier. (F. - L.) M. F.. sodiour, a speaking to oneself(Augllstine) . - L. soli-,
sOlutiou,., sOIl/dier. - O. F. soldier, sot/doier, for so/ItS, alone; /oqt/i, to speak. See
SOtlldoye1', one who fights for pay ; Late Loquacious.
L. soltiaritls. - Late L. so/dttm, pay. - Late Soliped, an animal with llncloven
L. solidus, a piece of money (whence O. F. hoof. (L. ) Short for solidiped. - L.
sol. F. sou) ; orig. ' a solid piece.' - L. I solidiped-, stem of solidiprs, solid-hoofed
solidus, solid; cf. E. hard cash.' See Solid . . (Pliny). - L. so/iai-, for solidus, solid; t,'s,
Sole \ 1) , nnder side of foot or shoe. a foot; see Foot.
(L.) A. S. so/e. _ Late L. sola, for L. solea, Solita.r;r. (F. - L.) M. E. solilarit. sole of the foot, or of a shoe. - L. .<0/1111/, A. F. so/itarie; cf. F . solitaire. - L. solithe ground. See Soil.
ttin'tIS, solitary. Short for solitatiirills,
Sole ( zl, n fish. (F.-L.) M. E. .J/e.- from solitlit-, stem of sl;fi/tis, loneline... F. so/e; Cot.- L. solta, the solefish.
, L soltiS , alone.

500

SOLITUDE

SOOTH

solitude. (F.-L. ) F . So/ilttdc.-L .

so/ittido. - L. so/i-, for SO/liS, alone; and
suffix -liido .
solo. (Ital. - L.) }<' rom Ital. solo,
alone. - L. so/us, alone.
Solmisation: see Sol-fa.
Solstice. (F.-L. ) F . solslice. -L.
so/stitiwlt, the solstice; lit. a point (in the
ecliptic) at which the sun seems to stand
still. - L. sol, the sun; -stit-ttm , for slatltm,
supine of sist~re, 10 make to stand still,
from slare, to stand. See State.
Soluble. ( F. - L.) F. so/uble. - L.
soMbi/is, dissolvable. - L. so/ii-, base of
SO/t/tIlS, pp. of so/ttere, to loosen; with
suffix -bilts. See solve.
solution. (F . - L. \ }<-. soitttion.L. sO/iitiomm, acc. of solUlio, a loosing.L. so/iii-us, pp. of so/ttere, to loosen,
solve.
solve. (L.) Late L. so/ve1'e ; I.. soltten,
to loosen, relax, explain; pp. soliiltts. - L.
so- (for se-), apart; /ttere, to loosen, allied
to Gk. AU-OW, to set free, and to E. Lose.
llrugm. i. 12 I. Der. so/ve1zt, from the
stem of the pres. pt.; and see above.
Sombre, gloomy. (F.-L. ) F.somwe,
!;Ioomy. Cf. Port. and Span. soml'no,
gloomy, from Port. and Span. sombra,
shade. Diez refers these to L. umbrll ,
shade, with prefixsllb; c( Prov .solz-ombrar,
to shade. (See K urling.) Littre refers
them to L. umbra, shade, with prefix ex
(intensive). Either solution seems possible; the latter is the simpler. See
Umbrage.
sombrero, a broad-brimmed hat.
(Span. - L.) Span. sombrero. - Span. sombra (above ).
Some. (E. ) A. S. sum, some one, a
certain one, one; pI. sume, some. +lcel.
Sttmr, Goth. sums, O. H. G. sum, some
one; Dan. somme, pI.; cf. Swed. so1lt/ige, pl.,
some. Allied to Same. Der. some-body,
-Ilziug, -time, -limes (where -s is an adverbial suffix).
-some, suffix. (E.) A. S. -SlIm, as in
?iJ)'u-sum = E. uJin-some. Cf. G. lang-sam,
slow. From the weak grade of Teut.
*sallto-, same; see Bame.
Somersault, Somerset. (F. -Ital.
-L.) M.F. soubresau/t, 'a sobresault or
summersault, an active trick in tumbling ; '
Cot. -Ital. soprasa/lo. - Ital. sopra, above,
over; sailo, a leap. - L. supra, above,
over; sailu1n , acc. of saltus, a leap, from
pp. of L. salire, to leap; lee Salient.

Somntl>D1bulist, onc who walks in

his sleep. ( L.) Coined (with suffi x .isl =
L. -isla ~ Gk. -HTTT}S, as in bapl-isl) from
L. SmJt1l-tlS , sleep, and olllbul-iire, to walk.
See below, and sec Amble.
somniferous, callsing sleep. (L. ) L.
so1lt"ifer, sleep-bringing ; with suffix -ous.
-L. som,,;-, for SOII11/tlS, sleep; -1~r,
bringing, from f ern, to bring. /3. The
L. som1lUS is for *s-dJepllos, allied to
SkI. svap'ta-, Irish slia1Z, \V. hmt, sleep.
('V'SWEP.) See Soporiferous.
somnolence. (F. -L.) F.so/JI1lQ/e'llcc.
- L. sO/Jl1lo/c1tlia, sleepiness. - L. S01J11/0lenltls, sleepy. - L. S01111/0- (for S01ll1llt5),
sleep (above) ; with suffix -Imlus.
Son. (E. ) M. E. S01lt!_ A. S. suml. +
Du. zoon; Ice!. SUlIr, Dan. sihl, Sweel. S01',
G. solm, Goth. sunus. Teut. type *SU1tuz.
Cf. Lith. siinus, Russ_ sui,,'; Skt. siillu-,
from SkI. SI4, su, to beget; Gk. v/us, vius
(for UI!rU5); O. Irish sulk, birth. ('V'SU.)
llrugm. i. 104, 292.
Sonata. (ltal. - L.) Ital. sOllala, a
sounding, a sonata. From the fern . of pp.
of Ital. SOl/are, to sound. - L. sOllnre, to
sound, from sonus, sound. See Sound (3 ).
Song. (E .) M. E. S01lg. A. S. sang. A. S. smtg, 2nd grade of singall, to sing
Du. :Aug; Ice!. sOngr; Swed_ S01tg; Dan.
and G. sang; Goth. j'aggws (for sa1/gws ) ;
cf. Gk. 01'#1 , voice. See Sing.
songster. (E. ) A.S. sa1lgyslrc, sal/gestre, a singer. - A. S. sang, 2nd grade of
Si1tgalt, to sing; with double suffix -es-tre
of the agent. Der. s01tgslr-us, with F.
suffix, from Gk . -, uua.
Sonnet. (F . -Ital.-L.) F . S01l1tlt. Ita!. s01letto, a sonnet, eaJlzonet ; dimin. of
sono, a sound, tune. - L. S01/U1lt, ace. of
SOltUS, a sound. Der. s01tnel.eer, Ital. S()1ulli~re, a sonnet-writer. See Sound (3).
sonorous. (L.) For L. S01tOrus , loudsounding. - L. sonor-, stem of SOllor, sound,
noise.-L. sOllare, to sound.-L. sonus,
sound.
Soon. (E.) M. E. sOt/e. A.S. sOna.+
O. Sax. Sa1ta, saIl(); O. Fries., O. Sax,
M. H. G. san; cf. Goth. suns-aiw, suns,
immediately.
Soot. (K ) A. S. sol.+Icel. sol, Swed.
sol, Dan. sod; cf. Lith. sMis, soot. Perhaps from the 0- grade of Idg. root SED
(Teut. SET), to sit, rest upon. See Bit.
(Noreen, 146; Streitberg, 95.) Cf.
also Gael. suilk, soot.
Booth. true. (E.) A. S. s66, true;

501

SOOTHE

SORTIE

whence sJiJ, neut. sb. , tbe truth. [The A. S. supreme; highcst Y{licc in music. - Late L.
sJJ stands for solllh ., Teut. *sanlh - ; the Stt/'et'tlIIW , chief; see Sovereign.
los; of 11 follow in,:: the leng thening of 0.] Sorcery. (F. - 1..) O. F . sor{el'ie,
+ Icel. saw,r ( for sallll,r) , Swed . sam" casting of lots, magic. - O. F. sorrier, n
Ilan. sail'!; from Teut. base sailihoz , sorcerer. - Lllte L . sortiiirius. n teller of
l dg-. SOlltOS, short for *es-ollt, lit. being, fortnnes l,y lots, sorcerer. -L: sorti-, from
that which is, from -v'ES, to be. Allied sort-, stem of sors, a lot.
to L. -SOlS, being, as in absem (stem abo Sordid, dirty, vile. (F. - 1,.) F. Sal"
Jwt -), prl~ !eJlS ', stem pra-sellt-) ; Skt. dide .-L. sordidus, dirty. - L. sordi-, for
Jal-ya , true. See Suttee and Essence. sordes, dirt. Cf. Russ. sal", filth . Rrngm . i.
D ar. for-sootll, i. e. for a trnth; sooth-say, p. 1091.
to say truth.
Sore, adj. (E.) M. E. SOl'. A. S. sl;r ,
Boothe. (E.) The orig. sense was to painful. + Du. zeer, Ice!. siirr, Swed. snr,
assent to as being true , hence to say yes to, O. H . G. ser, wounded, painful; cf. G.
humour, fiatter , approve of. 'Is 't good se/lr, sorely, very, versehrell , to wound.
to soothe him in these contraries? ' Com. Teut. type sai1oz, adj. Cf. O. Irish Saet/l,
Errors, iv. 4. 82. M. E. soMen, to con- soelh, tribulation; but hardly L. StEIIIIS,
firm, verify. A. S . lre-soiJiaJl, to confirm, dire. Der. sore, sb., A.S. SIll' (Goth . sair) ;
prove to be true . - A. S. sob, true; see and sore, adv., very; see Sorry.
Sooth.
Sorrel ( I), a plant. (F.-M. H. G.)
soothsa.y. (E.) To say sooth, i. e. O. F. sorel ( F. surelle). - M. H. G. Sur (G.
tell trutli, predict.
satter\, sour; from its taste. So also A. S.
SOp, sb. ( E.) M. E. soppe. It answers siire, sorrel, from siir, sour. See Sour.
to an A,S. *soppe, a sop (whence soppia", Sorrel (2) , of a reddish brown colour.
to sop up) ; regularly formed from sop- (F. - Tent.) O. F. sorel; dimin. from
(Tent. *mp) weaker grade of supa", to O.F. SOl', }<'. SaUl', sorrel of colour. - Low
.up. Cf. Icel. soppa, a sop, from the G. soor, sear, dried up, withered; cognate
weaker grade of siipa, to sup; also Du. with E. sear. See Sear.
sop, M. Du. zoppe, M. Swed. soppa, Low Sorrow, grief. (E.)
M. E. sor-we,
G. soppe, G. suppe. See Sup.
sorJe. A. S. sorge, gen . dat. and acc. of
Sophist, a captious reasoner. (F.-L. sorh, sorg, sorrow, anxiety. + Du . 'AJrg,
- (;k. ) Ustlally sop/listet in old authors, Dan. Swed. sorg, G. sorge, G oth. sallrga,
but the final I' is unoriginal. - O. F. care, grief. Teut. type *sor.r:n., f. Cf.
sopMsle. - Late L. sophis/a. - Gk. O<X/'<OT~S, O. Irish serg, sickness, Lith. sirgli, to be
a skilful man, also a Sophist, teacher of ill, suffer. ~ Not allied to son or sorry,
arts for money (see Liddell) . - Gk. oO<pi,.w, though the present sense of sorry shews
to instruct. - Gk. oo pos, wise. Der. sophist- confusion with it. See below.
roy, sophist-ie (Gk. t1O<pIOTlItOS) ; sophis-m
Sorry, sore in mind, aggrieved. (E.)
(Gk. ou.pIt1p.a, a device).
M. E. sory. A. S. sang, adj., sorry, sad,
Sophy, a shah of Persia, A. D. 1505 - sore in mind; from siir , sore. +Du. zetrig,
1 7~o.
(Pers. - Arab. ) In Shako Merch. Swed. sarig, sore, full of seres, woros
Yen. ii. I. 26. Pers. Safi, a title. - Arab. which preserve the orig. sense. ~ Spelt
safiy, pure. ~ Distinct from Sufi, a with two r's owing to the shortening of
Moslem mystic; from Arab. si'fiy, intel M. E. 0 in smy, due to the addition of the
ligent.
suffix -y ( A. S. -ig\ ; but not orig. allied t o
Soporiferous, inducing sleep. (L.) sorrow.
F rom L. soporiftr, sleep - bringing; by Sort, a kind . (F . - L.) F. sorle, fem.,
adding-OilS. - L. sopon-, from sopor- ,stem of sort , kind; O. F . sorle, fern ., a company;
iopar, sleep; fir, bringing, from ferre, to allied to F. sorl, masc. , luck, fate. - L.
!'Iring. The L. sopor is allied to Skt. svap sortem, acc. of SOl'S, lot. Perhaps allied to
Illr-, sleep (from svap, to sleep), Gk. iJIWOS , Series. Brugm. i. 516 (I).
sleep, A. S. s7tJejm, a dream. (-v'SWEP.) Sortie. ( 1:'.- L.) F. sortie, a going
Rrngm. i. 551. See Somniferous.
forth; fern . of sarti, pp. of sorlir, to sally
BOp.riflC, causing sleep. (L. ) L forth . Cf. Span. surtida, a sortie, from
sopori- ~ qbove) ; and :jie- , for fa ren, to I O. Span. surtir, to rise. 13. F. sorlir,
make, cau:oe.
Span. surfir, answer to a Folk-L. form
Sopra.no. (Ital. - L.) Ita!. soprallo, sortire, to rise up, from *sortum, for L.
502

I'"

SOT

sow

surrec/u"" supine of surgen, to rise up;

see Surge. The contraction of surn c/um
to sor/um is proved to be correct by Ital.
sorto. occurring as pp. of sorgere, to rise ;
and by ~pan . surto, pp. of surgir.
Sot, a stupid fellow, drunkard. (Late
l ~ ) M. E. sot ( Ancren Riwle). A. S. sol ,
sott. La te L. so/tus (Ducange) ; abo A.D.
800. Prob. of Teut. origin ; cf. M. Du.
zot; M. H. G. sole, a sot. ~ Distinct from
Span. zole, n blockhead; Ital : ut;co (Florio
has %olt;co ). The Ital. zotico has been referred to L. idioticus, idiotic, iu which case
Span. :.Dte may represent L. idiotes, of Gk.
origin; see Idiot. Duc:mge basjotticus,
a foolish game; cf. M . E.jottes, unlearned
people.
Sou. (F. - L.) F. sou, O. F. sol, a
coin. - Late L. so/wus, solid, also a coin ;
cf. I. s. d., i. e. libra, solidi, denani. See
Bolid.
Soubriquet; see Bobriquet.
Souchong, a kind of tea. ( Chin~se.)
Can tonesesiu-cntmg, for sino-chtmg,'little
sort;' Yule, p. 691.
Sough, a sighing sound. ( E.) M . E.
swogh, swough, from A. S. swogan, to
resound. Cf. IceL anl-sf'gr , tbe rushing sound of an eagle's wings; and see
Surf.
Soul. (E.) A. S. siiwel, stiwl. Du.
ziti, IceL sii/a, sal, Dan. silel, ~wed. sjal,
G. seele, Goth . saiwala. Brugm. i. i 200.
Sound ( I ), adj., healthy. (Eo) M. E.
soulld. A. S. slllld. +Du. gezolld; Swed.
Dan. stUlll; G. gemnd. Perhaps allied to

sounding-lead. Diez derives F. s/1"der

from n supposed L. SIIb:'IIu1are , to go
under the water; from L. sub, under, And
tmda, A wave; cf. ah,ou1ld, red-ottnd, and
sombre. ~ Yet we find A. S . SIllldgyrd,
a sounding-rod; sUlId/i"e, sImi- rap, a
sounding-line or rope ; which point to It
derivation from Sound ( 2) .
Soup. (F.- Teut. ) F'. soupe. - F.
sOl/per, to sup. - Low G. supm, to drink,
quaff. See Sup, and Sop.
Sour. (E. ) A. S. Stw. + Du. ;ullr,
Icel. siirr, Dan.suur, Swed. sur, G. sauer;
W. sur, sour, Lith. mrllS, salt; Russ.
surovuii, raw, coarse, harsh , rough.
Brugm. i. 114.
Source. (F. - L.) M. E. sou,s. - O. F .
sorse, sttrse (F. sour(e), a source. Here
soru is fern . of soys, old pp. of O. F. sord,-e
(F. som-dYe), to rise. - L. sttrgere, to rise;
see BurKe.
Souse (I) . pickle. ( F. - 1..) lIIerely
another spelling of Sauce; cL M. E.
sowur, a saucer; Vocab. 661. 17. Hence
souse, vb., to soak in brine.
Souse ( 2). Sowse, to swoop down
upon. (F . -L.) From M. E. sours, the
upward spring or tbe swoop of a bird of
prey; Ch. - O. F. sorse, a rise, also ;l
source; see Source. Phil. ~oc. Tral1 ~ .
1888, p. 18.
South. (E.) A. S. sii{J. + Du. wid;
Icel. sii{Jr, also Stlmlr, south (cf. su{Jreyj01-,
lit. southern islands, ~odor , the Hebrides) ;
Dan. Swed. syd, Swed . sumlml, the south;
O. H. G. sund, G. siid. 13. The Tent.
base is *sunth-, south; perhaps allied to
Sun, q. V. Connexion with Gk. v,s,.os ,
south wind (Brugmann), is doubtful; sec
Prellwitz. Der. south-em; cf. O. H . G.
sundroni, southern, Icel. sutJrre1m.
Souvenir. (F. - L. ) F. souvenir, sb.,
a remembrance; merely the verb sQtlz'ellir,
to remember, used as a sb. - L. subtlellire,
to occur to one's mind. - L. sub, uuci er,
near; tunire, to come. See Venture.
Sovereign. ( F. - L. ) M. E. sot/era itt
(stnJerai,,). - A. F . stnJereill; O. F. sotlve-

salle.

Sound (2), strait of the sea. (E.) M. E .

sou,ld. A. S. sund, (I ) a swimming, ( 2)
power to swim, (3) a strait of the sea, that
could be swum across.+IceL Dan. Swed.
G. mIld. Probably derived from swum
(A. S. swum- I, weak grade of swim mall,
to swim ; with SUffilC -doz for Idg. pp.
SUffilC -Ms . Brugm. i. 377 ( 2). ~ee
Swim. Der. sound, swimming-bladder
of n fish, another use of the same word;
Shetland soolld, IceL sttnd-magi.
Sound (3), a noise. (F. -L.) The raill. -Late L.mperallus, chief.-L. super,
final d is added. M. E. soun. - F. son. above. See Super-.
- L. SOllum, ace. of sonm (for swenos), a Sow ( I ), to scatter seed. (E.) A. S.
Skt. svalla-, sound; A. S. swin, sawan, pt. t. si'ow, pp. siiwell.
Du .
sound.
melody. (-V SWEN.) Brugm. ii. 519. zaaijen, Ice!. sii, Dan. saoe, Swed. sd,
Sound (4) , to measure depth of water. O. H . G. si'i1lletl, G. siim , Gotb . saiml.
(F. - L.)
In PalsgTave. - F. sonder, to Also W . hau, Lith. sUi, Russ. sieiate, l~
sound the depth of. Cf. Span. Port. so,ular, seren (pt. t. si-u;, pp. sa-tum ), to sow; G~ .
to souod; Span. Port. sontia, }<' . sonde, a ''1'" (for .(1,-(1'1-"'), I send, throw. (VSE,
50 3

sow
to cast.) Brugm. i. 132, 310. Der.
seed; cf. seaNn.
Sow ( 2), a female pig. ( E.) Also
applied to oblong pieces of melted metal,
whence smaller pieces branch out, called
pigs. M. E. sowe. A. S. sugu, also sI7.+
Du. zog, Ice!. sjr, Dan. so , Swed. so,
sugga, G. salt; W. hWe/I, Irish mig, L.
sus, Gk. ~f, a sow; Zend 1m, a boar.
Perhaps' producer,' Jrom the prolific nature
of the sow. (v'SU, to produce.) Der.

swi'le.

SPARABLE
tween the outer mouldings of an arch and
a horizontal line above it. As if from
O. F. *espallderel, from O. F. espalldeur,
that which spreads. - O. F. espandre, to
spread, expand. See Expand, Spawn.
Spangle. ( E.) M. E. spallgd, dimin. of
spa"g, a metal fast en ing (hence, small
shining ornament). A. S. stange, a Inttal
clasp.+E. Fries. and M . Du. spallge, a thin
plate of metal; Ice!. spiing; G. spallge,
brooch, clasp, buckle.
Spaniel. (F. - Span. - L.) M. E.
spat/iel, spanejeo!e. - O. F. espag-lIett!, a
spaniel, Spanish dog. - Span. E spaJ1o!,
Spanish. - Span. E spalla, Spain. - L. Hispa1lia, Spain.
Spank, to slap, move quickly. (E.) We
also have spanker, a large active man or
animal; spa1lki1lg, large, lnsty. An E.
word.+Low G. spakkern, spmkerll, to
run and spring about quickly; E. Fries.
spmkelen, spmkem, to burst, Ry about;
Dan. spa1lke, to strut about. From a base
*spak, significant of quick action; cf. E.
Fries. spaktn, to split, burst with heat.
Der. spank-er, an after-sail in a barque.
Span-new, quite new. (Scand.) The
a has been shortened by the stress upon it.
M. E . spa1l-newc. -Icel. spannjr, spa1ljr,
span-new, lit. 'new as a chip.' - Ice!.
spa,,,,, a chip, shaving, spoon; nyr, new.
See Spoon.
Spar (1), a beam, bar. (E.) M. E.
sparre. The A. S. sb. is vouched for by
the derived verb spar,.-ia1l, to fasten a door
with a bar. +Du. spar, Icel. sparri, Dan.
Swed. sparre; O. H. G. sparro, G. sparrm,
spar, bar. [Irish and Gael. sparr, beam,
are from E.) Dar. spar, vb., to fasten a
door.
Spar (2), a mineral. (E.) A. S. sjxcrstan, a spar-stone. Cf. G. sparka!k,
plaster. ~ Distinct from G. sPaJ, spath ,
spar.
Spar (3), to box, wrangle. (F. - Teu!.)
Used of fighting-cocks. - M. F. esparer, ' to
fling or yerk out with the heels;' Cot.Low G. spat-re, sb., a struggling, striving;
G. sich spernn, to struggle against, resist,
oppose. Allied to Skt. sphur, to throb,
struggle; Gk. umJip*tIf, uU1TalP*IJI, to struggle convulsively; Russ. spori!e , to quarrel,
wrangle. ("",SPER.)
And see Spur,
Spurn. Brugrn. i. S09 (3).
Sparable, a small nail used for boots.
(E. ) Formerly sparrow-bill; from the

Soy, a sauce. (Japanese.) Also sooja,

, which has been corrupted into soy;' Eng.
Cyc!. Japanese shoyu, soy, sauce; though
the name is now gil'en to the bean (Dolie/,os s()ja) whence soy is made. But the
Jap. name for the bean is daidzu.
Spa, a place where is a spring of mineral
water. ( Belgium. ) Named after Spa, S. W.
of Liege, in Belgium.
Space. (F. - L.) F. espace. -L. spatium,
a spacc . Allied to Span. Brugm. i. 193.
Der. sp ac-i-ous.
Spade ( I) . (E.) A. S. spadu, spada,
a spade. + Du. spade, Ice!. spa/fi, Dan.
Swed. spade, G. spalm; Gk. u'I'a(!'1,
broad blade, sword-blade, spathe of a
Rower (whence L. spa/ha , F . Ipte). From
its Rat surface. (v'SPA, to draw out.)
Der. spat/die, a paddle.
spade ( 2), at cards. (Span. -L. -Gk.)
A substitution for the Span. espada, meaning ( I ) a sword, (2) a spade at cards.
Der. spadille, ace of spades, F . spadille,
Span. espadilla, small sword, ace of spades,
dimin . of Span. spada, a spade L.
spatha < Gk. u ..a9f1). See Spade (I).
S~alpeen, a mean fellow. (Irish.) Irish
spallpin, a common labourer, a mean
fellow, Gael. spailpeml. From Ir. spailp,
a beau; orig. pride.
Span, to measure , grasp. (E. ) M. E.
spantletl. A. S. Sp(l1Inatl, to bind, pt. t.
sp,nll; gespam,a", to bind, connect. +
O. H. G. spam/a", to extend, connect;
Du. SpatUle1l. to span, stretch, put horses
to, Dan. spf1'nde, Swed. spanna, to stretch,
span, buckle; Ice!. Spentla, to clasp.
All;ed to Space and Spin. (v'SPA.)
Der. spa", sb., stretch of the hand, 9 inches
in space.
Spancel. (North E.) 'A rope to tye
a cows hinder legs;' Ray. From span,
to tie, and Ice!. scil ( A . S. StU), a rope.
+Du. spa" uel ; G. spantzsei!.
Spandrel. (F.-L.) The space be- shape.

SPARE

SPECIE

Spare, frugal, lean. (E .) A. S. spar, quentative of sf'at-, with the sense to

spare; whence sparimt , vb., to spare. + throw, to splash. E. Fries. spallen , 10
lee!. spa,..,., Dan. spar-solll, Swed. spar-sam, burst, fly out, spirt.+Du. spatten , to
U. spar-sam, spiir-lich, thrifty. Der. spar- throw, spatter, splash.
Der_ spatte,'illg, spare-rib; spare, vb., from A. S. daskes, gaiters, to protect against spatter.<panan (above) ; so also Du. and G. ings and dashes_ See Spats.
spnren, Ice!. and Swed_ spara, Don. spare. Spatula, a broad-bladed knife for
Spark ( I ) , a small particle of fire. (E.) spreading plaisters. (L. -Gk.) L. spatula ,
O. Merc. sj>terca (Sweet) ; A.S. spearca. + dimin. of spatka. - Gk . .,.,,&/1,/, a broad
1\1. Du. sparcke; Low G. sparke. Perhaps blade. See Spade ( I).
so called from the crackling of a fire-brand, Spavin, a swelling near the joints of
which throws out sparks; cf. Ice!. spraka, horses, producing lameness. (Y. - Teut. )
to crackle, Lith. sprageti, to crackle like M. E. spaveyne.-O. F. esfarvi,t ( 13th c.,
burning fire-wood, Gk. I1<f>O.fHl-Y0S, a crack- in Hatzfeld) ; M. F. tspa,-vain,' n spavin
ling. Brug. i. 531.
in the leg of a horse;' Cot. The same as
Spark (2), a gay yonng fellow. (Scand.) Span. esparavan, ( I) a sparrow-hawk, ( 2)
The same as WHtsh. sprack, lively. - Ice!. spavin; answering to a Low I... adj. *sparsparkr, sprightly, also sp,'akr; Swed. dial. vonus, belonging to a sparrow, parallel to
spraker, sprak,sprng, talkative. Cf. Spark Late L. sparvarills, a sparrow-hawk, lit.
~ I) . Der. sprag, i. e. sprack, nsed by Sir belonging to sparrows; cf. G. sperber, a
Hugh, Merry Wives, iv. I. 84'
sparrow-hawk. Perhaps the lit. sense is
Sparkle, vb., to throw out sparks, to ' sparrow-like,' from the hopping or sparglitter. (E.) Cf. Du. sparke/en, to sparkle. row-like motion of a horse afflicted with
The form spark-Ie is frequentative. See spavin. Derived from O. H. G. spa,-we, a
Spark (I ).
sparrow, cognate with E. Sparrow, CJ. v.
Sparrow. (E.) A. S. spearwa.+lcel. IIU Generally explained as 'sparrow-hawkspij,..,, Dan. spurv, Swed. spa,/, Goth. like,' contrary to grammar and sense.
spa"wa; O. H . G. spa,'o, G. sperling. . However, the result is, in anycase, dolthtfnl.
Lit. 'fllttterer;' from -VSPER, to quiver. Spa..., the same as Spa, q. v.
See Spar (3). Der. sparrow-kawk; and Spawn, the eggs of fish or frog;;. (F.
see sparable, spovill.
-L.) From M. E. spawnm, Spa'U'I, to
Sparse, thinly scattered. (I...) L. spar- spawn, as fishes; l 'rompt. Parv. F'or
stlS, pp. of spargere, to scatter, sprinkle. spound, with loss of d. See Wright's Voc.
i. 164; N. & Q. 6 S. v. 465.-M. F. e.<panAllied to Gk. ",,.'pEW; see Sperm.
Spasm. (F. -L. - Gk.) F. spasme, the dre,' to shed, spill, ponr out, scatter abroad
cramp. - I... spasmum, ace. of spasmus. - in great abundance;' Cot. - I... expande,'e,
Gk. I1"al11-'6<, a spasm. -Gk. .,.1ra",I1rra ..", to to spread out, shed abroad; see Expand.
draw, pluck. (v'SPA.) Der. spasm-od-ic, Speak. (E. ) M. E. spckm , also (before
A. D. 1200) spreken; th~ word has lost an
from Gk . .,."al1"";'o,/<, convulsive.
Spat (I ), a blow, a slap. (E.) Of r. Late A. S. specall, A. S. spreean, pt. t.
sprac, pp. spyecen. + Du. sprekm; G.
imitative origin; cf. slap, slam, pat.
Spat (2), young of shell-fish. (Eo) spyecken, pt. t. sprock. All perhaps from
From spat-, to eject, the base of spatter. "feltt. base SPREK, to make a noise; cf.
Cf. Du. spat, a speckle, spot; and see Ice!. spraka, to crackle; see Spark ( I),
Spatter.
and Prellwitz, s. v. I1<f>O.pa-yo<. .
Spate, a rivcr-flood. (F. - Teut. ) Cf. Spear. (E.) M. E. and A. S. spert.+
Irish sp~id, a great river-flood; borrowed Du. speer, Ice!. spior, Dan. spar, G. speer ;
from E. spate. The same as North E. cf. L. sparus, a small missile-weapon, dart.
spait, a torrent of rain; also spelt speat. Perhaps allied to spar; a beam, bar (hence,
G. Douglas has spait. a torrent; cf. Verg-. a pole).
Aen. ii. 496. - A. F. *espeit=O. F. tspoit, Special. (F. -I... ) Short for especial;
a spouting out (God efroy). - E. Frie<. see Especial.
speitm, speuten, spoiten, W. Flem. spee/en, Specie, money in gold or silver. (L)
] )u. spuitnt, to spout; see Spout.
Evolved as a sb. from the old word species,
Spats, gaiters. (E.) Short for spatter- 'money paid by tale,' Phillips; prob. by
dashes.
confusion with 1_ ah!. specil, as if paitl in
Spatter, to besprinkle. (E.) A fre- specie-paid in visible coin.
50 5

SPECIES

SPENCER

species, a kind. (L ) L sped!s, look,

appearance, kind, sort. - L spectre, to
look, see.+O. H. G. spehiilZ, G. spiihm ,
to spy; Skt. par, spar, to spy. (.ySPEK,
to see. ) Brugm. i. 551 .
sJJecify. , F. -L.) O. F. specifier, to
partIcularise. - L speci/icare. - L. spedficus, specific, particular. - 1.. sped-is,
kind; -fico, for Jaure, to make.
specimen. (L. ) L. specimen, an example, something shown. - L sped-, for
specere, to see; with suffix -mm.
specious, showy. ( F.-L.) M. F . specieux, fair. - L speci15ws, fair to see. - L.
spedls, appearance; with suffix -15slts.
Speck, a small spot. (E.) A. S. speaa,
a spot, mark. Allied to Low G. spakig,
spotted with wet, spaken, to spot with wet;
M. Du. spickdm, to speckle, frequentative
of M. Du. spicken, to spit; Du. spikkel, a
speckle, spot. Der. speck-Ie, a little speck;
speck-Ie, vb.
Spectacle. (F. -L.) F. spectad e, a
sight. - L. spectamltlm, a show. - L. specltTre, to behold, frequentative of specere, to
see.
spectator. (L.) L. spectator, a beholner. - L. speclii-re, to see; with suffix
-tor. - L. speet-mll, supine of specere, to
see.
spectre. (F. - L.) F . spectre, 'an
image, ghost;' Cot. - L. spectrulII, a vision.
- L. spec-ere, to see.
specular. (L ) L.spemlaris, belonging to a mirror. - L. speclllulIl, a mirror.
- L. spec-ere, to see. ~ Hut Milton uses
it with reference to L. spewla, a watchtower; also from spec-ere; see below.
speculate. (L.) From pp. of L
specuUrr, to behold. - L. spemla, a watchtower. - L . spec-ere, to see. Der. speculatiOIl, ive.
Speech. (E.) M. E. speche. Late A.S.
spfcce, dat. of sp&c, earlier form sprac,
speech. - A. S. sprtEc-, 3rd grade of sprecall,
to speak. +Du. sp/'aak, G. sprache, speech.
See Speak.
Speed, success, velocity. (E.) A. S.
spia, haste, success. For *spodiz, with the
usual change from 0 to i. - A. S. spOw-ml,
to succeed; with suffix -diz (Idg. -tis).
+ Du. spoed, speed; O. H. G. sp"oI,
spot, success, from Sj>'UO/l, to succeed.
Allied to Skt. spMli-, increase , prosperity,
from spllay , to enlarge. Brugm. i. 156.
Der. speed, vb., A . S. spidan; from spM,
lb.

Speir, to ask. (E.) Northern E. A.S.

spyriall, to ask, track out. -A. S. spor, a
foot-track i allied to spora, a spur; see
Spur. + Du. spmren,. Icel. spyrja, G.
spurm; Low G. spiiiiretl, to track, from
spaor, a spoor, trail (Danneil).
Spelicans, thin slips of wood. ( Du.)
M.1)u. spellekm, a small pin; dim in. of
M . Du. spelle (Du. speU), a splinter. Sec
Spell (4). ~ Distinct from Du. spalk,
A. S. spe/e, a splint.
Spell ( I ) , an incan tation. (E.) M. E.
spel. A. S. spel, spell, a saying, story, narrative ; hence a form of words, spell. + Ice!.
spjall, a saying; O. H. G. spe!, narrative ;
Goth. spill, fable. Der.go-spel.
spell ( 2) , to tell the names of letters
in a word. (F. - T eut.) M. E. spellm, of
spell; also, to tell. - O. F. espder, I to
spell;' Cot. - Du. spetlen, to spell ; or
from O. H . G. spelloll, to tell , relate.+
A. S. spef/iall, to tell, recount, from A. S.
spell, a story (above) ; Goth. spillon, to
narrate. ~ M . E. .rpellm, in the sense
, to relate,' is from A. S. spelliml. We also
find speldrm, to spell, in the Ormulum ,
from spe/der, a splinter ; see Spell (4) ;
bnt this is a different word.
Spell (3) , a tum of work. (E.) Cf.
A. S. SPe/iOll, to supply another's room , to
act or be proxy for; allied to D u. spelm,
Ice!. spi/a, G. spidell, to act a part, playa
game ; from the sb. appearing as Du. Swed.
spel, Ice!. Dan. st.i/, G. spiel, a game.
Spell (4; , Spill, a thin sl ip of wood,
slip of paper. (E. ) Formerly speld. M.E.
speld, a splinter. A. S. speld, a torch, spill
to light a candle. Orig. a splinter; from
Teut. *spaldan- (G. spaltm), to cleave;
a reduplicating verb, like O. H . G. spallOll.
+ Du. speld, a pin, splinter; Icel. speld, a
square tablet, orig. thin piece of board,
spilda., a slice; Goth. spilda, a tablet;
M. H. G. spdle, a splinter. Cf. Shetland
speld, to split.
Spelt, a kind of com. (L.) A . S. spelt,
com. Cf. Du. spdl , G. spelz. Apparent ly
borrowed from Late L. spella, spelt; whence
also Ital. spella, spelda, F. tpeaulre, spelt.
Spelter, pewter, zinc. , Low G.) In
Blount (1674) . P erhaps from Low G.
spialte,', pewter; cf. D u. spialller, M. Du.
speauter, O. F. espeautre. ~ This seems
to be the original of Pewter, q. v. The
history of these words is very obscure.
Spencer, a ShOlt over-jacket. (F. - L.)
Named after Earl Spmcer, died 1845. The
506

SPEND

SPINE

name is from M. E. spm ser, also despmse,.

- O. F. dl!Spmciet" a spender, a caterer,
clerk of a kitchen; Cot. - O. F. despellSer,
to spend ; frequent. of despmdre. - L. dis
pmtiere, to weigh out, pay. -L. dis , apart;
pendere , to weigh. See Pendant.
spend. (L.) A.S. spendan, to spend.
Shortened from L. dispmderc, to spend,
waste , consume. We find Late 1.. spendittlll
for dispmdiu"" spema for dispmsa; also
spettdibilis ",01ula, money for expenses
(A. D. 9n). So aho Ital. spmdere, to
spend, spmdio L. dispmdium ), expense.-L. dis-, away, part; pendere, to
weigh out, pay. ~ Or (as usually said)
from L. expendere, which does not suit
the F. forms; see above. Jt makes no
great difference.
Sperm, spawn, spermaceti. (F . -L.Gk.) M. E. sperme. - F. spe'''1ne, '_perm,
seed;' Cot.-L. sjenlla.-Gk. "TrlpJACI.Gk. UTr';p.'v (for *"'Ir'P-YflV), to sow;
orig:. to scatter with a jerk of the hand.
(.v'SPER.) Der.sperm.alic(Gk."'Ir,pl'aT."us); spemlaceti, L. sperma-ceti, i. e. sperm
of the whale ; see Cetaceons.
Spew, Spue. (E.) A. S. spiwall,
pt. t. spaw, pp. spiwm, to vomit.+Dn.
.rptl1t1Ven, Icel. spyja, Dan. sfJ),e, Swed. sp)',
G. spdm, Goth. speiwan; L spuere, Lith.
.rpJauti; Gk. trTV"V (for *"trl1l"V), to spit.
(.vSP1W .) Allied to puke (1), spil (2).
Brugm. i. 567.
Sphere, a globe, ball. (F.-L.-Gk.)
!If. E . spere. -0. F. espere, M. F. sphere. L. spha11'a. _ Gk. "tpa'ipa, a ball.
S,Phinx. (L.-Gk.) L . sphillx. -Gk.
"'I""r (gen. "cp,,,,{,,(os), lit. 'the strangler,'
because the Sphinx strangled travellers
who cOllld not solve her riddles.-Gk.
ucplrrflv, to throttle. ~ The story suggests
that this is a popular' etymology; and
that the word is foreign to Greek.
Spice. (F. - L. ) M. E. spice, formerly
usea also in the sense of species or kind. _
O. F. espice, spice. - L. speciem, acc. of
species, a kind, which in Late L. meant
also a spice, drug. See Species.
Spick a.nd Span-new, wholly new.
(Scand.) Lit. ' spike and spoon-n ew,'
where spike is a nail, and sPOO,t is a
splinter. See Spike and Spoon. Cf.
Sweel. dial. spik spa1tga1uie tt)' in Ri etz
(with many variants), and Jcel. spall-njr,
lit. spoonnew, splinter-new.
Spider. (E.) M. E. spithe,', spion.
A. S. spider or *spi6er (for *spilt(Jer' ,

Leechdoms, iii .p. Formed from the verL

10 spill; cf. provo E . spinner, a spider.

Du. Spill, Dan. spinder, Swed. spindel, G.

spimte, spider or spinner. And cf. Spindle.
Spigot. (F . -L.) M.E. spigot, spikkd,
a peg for a cask. Cf. Irish and Gael.
spiocaid, a spigot (from E.).-O. F. *espigot,
(not found ) ; but cf. O. F . espig"ot, a
bad ear of corn, a dimin. frolll L. spJca , an
ear of corn (Godefroy) ; Walloon .rpigot,
the peak of a shoe. Also Port. cspicho,
a spigot, from L. spiculwn.-L. spica, a
point; sec below.
Spike ( I ), a sharp point, a nail.
(Scand.) From Icel. spik, Sweel. spik;
cf. Dan. spiger, Du. spijker, a nail. Appa
rently distinct from L. spica; and allied
by gradation to Spoke.
Spike ( 2), an ear of com. (L.) L.
spica, an ear of com, a point.
8pikenard. (F.-L. and Gk.-Pers.
- Skt.) O. F. spique1Iard. - L. spica
nardi, spike of nard; also 'lardus spicalus,
i. e. nard furnished with spikes, in allusion
to the mode of growth. And see Nard.
Spill ( I), a slip of paper for lighting
candles; see Spell (4).
Spill (2), to destroy, shed. (Scand.)
(Not allied to spoil.) M. E. spi/lm, to
destroy, mar; also, to perish.- Ice1.spilla,
to destroy; Swed . spi/la, Dan. spilde, to
spil1.+A. S. spild01l, to destroy; O. ~ax.
spildia1l. Tellt. type *spellh-jan-; all ied
to G. spalten, to split.
Spin, to draw Ollt threads. (E.) A. S.
spillnall, pt. t. spa,m , pp. spuwten.+ Du.
spi1mm, lee!. Swed. spi1tna, Dan. spil1de,
G. spimtm, Goth. spimlan. Allied to
Lith. pill'li, to weave. See Span.
Spinach, Spinage, a vegetable.
(F. - Span. - Arab. -Pers.) Spi1lage is a
'voiced' form of spillach. 0 : F . espinache,
esp/llage, espillace. - Span. espitlaca. Arab. aspalltikll, is/tina} ; of Pers. origin
(Devic.) . ~ The Ita!' spillace and Span.
espinaca are re fe rred, by popular etymology, to L. sp Jua, a thorn; some say the
frui t is prickly, some say the leaves are so.
See Spine.
Spindle. (E.) The d is excrescent
after 1l. M. E. spinel, also spindele. A. S.
spittl, i.e.' spinner ,' from spimum, to spin.
M. Du. spille (for *spi1tle ) ; G. spi1ldel,
O. H. G . spimli/a. Der. spiltd/)', thin
like a spindle; spindle-tree (Euonymus)
form erly used for spindle, ami skewers.
Spine, a prickle. (F.-L.) O.F. espim,

50 7

SPINET

SPLINT

a thorn. - L. sprna, a thorn , prickle; al!!O

the bnckbone. ~ Observe that in the
sense of back-bone' the word is Latin
only, not F.
apinet, a kind of musical instrument.
(F.-ltal.-L.) So called because struck
by a spine or pointed quill. 0.1'. espinette.
- It-'ll. spilletta, a spinet, also a prickle;
dimin. of spi,uz, a thorn. - L. spilla.
S~ink, a finch. (Scand.) M. K spink.
- ~wed. dial. spink, a sparrow; gull-spink,
a gold-finch; Norw. spikke ( for *spinke),
Dan. dial. spinke, small bird. + Gk.
tn"rrM, a finch, i. e. 'chirper;' from CTII'to chirp. Cf. CT""a, a finch, ""'vos,
a small bird. Doublet,finck.
.
S~y, a thicket. (F. - L.)
O. F.
tspme;; M. F. tspinoye, 'a thicket, grove,
a thorny plot,' Cot.; F. tpinaie. - L.
spinltum, a thicket of thorns. -L. spina,
a thorn. See Spine.
SpiDater, orig. a woman who spins.
(E. ) M. E. spimzestere.
From A. S.
"pinnalt, to spin; with A. S. suffix -estre
(E. oster). fl This suffix is a compound
one (-ts-tre). It was used in A. S. (as in
Du.) solely with reference to the feminine
gender , but this restricted usage was soon
set aside in a great many M. E. word s.
Cf. Dn. spimter, a spinster. zangster, a
female singer; also E. seamstress (i. e.
seam-steress).sOllgsf1ess (i.e. songster-us),
where the F. fern. suffix ess is supcraclded.
Spiracle. (F.-L.) F . spiracle. ' a
breathing-hole ; ' Cot. - L. spirticulum,
airh ole. - L. spiriire, to breathe.
Spire (I ), a tapering stem, sprout,
steeple. ( E.) A. S. spir, spike, stalk. +
Icel. spira, spar, stilt, Dan. spire, germ,
sprout, Swed. spira, a pistil, G. spiere, a
spar. ~ Distinct from Spire ( 2).
Spire ( l ), a coil, wreath. (F. - L. - Gk .)
F . spire. - L. spira, a coil. twist, wreath .
- Gk. CT'IIf'pa (for *CT'llfp-ya) , a coil; allied
to CT'IIap1'Ov, a rope, CTIIVpiS. n basket.
('Y'SPER.) Der. spiral, F. spiral, L.

Spit (2), to eject from the mouth. (E.)

M. l:. spil/m, A. S. spit/all ; cf. spa tan.
pt. t. sp'-il/e, to spit. Hut we also find Dan.
spytte, Swed. spotta, provoG. sputU!1I (cf. G.
spuckm) ; from Tent. ~put; see Spout.
l'erhaps spit-, *sput- are both from *sp~- ,
the root of Spew. Cf. 1:Irngm. i. 279
(1),567. Der. spillle, formerly also speltle,
spatil, spotil, A. S. sPlitl, spiitl.
Spite. (F. - L.) M . E. spyt, spite.
Merely short for despite, by loss of the
first syllable (as in/met forde:fence ). See
Despite. Der. spite-fi,I.
Spittle ( I) , saliva; see Spit (2).
Spittle ( 1), a hospital. (F. - L.) M . E.
spite!. _ O. F. ospital, kospital; see Hospital.
S;pluh, to dash water about. (E.)
COined, by prefixing s- (= O. F . es-, L. ex)
nsed for emphasis, to plask, used in the
same sense ( White Kennett). See Plash
(I) ; and cf. Du. plassm, to plash; E.
Fries. plassen, plasken , platskm, Dan.
pladske, to splash, dabble.
Spla.y, to slope, in architecture; to dis.
locate a bone. (F.-L.) In both senses,
it can be proved to be a contraction for
Display. Der. splayfooted.
Spleen. (L. - Gk. ) M. E. splm.1.. splbl. - Gk. CT1rAi]V , tbe spleen. Cf. SkI.
plihmt-; L. lim. 1:Irugm. i. 549 (c).
Der. splelt-etic.
Splendour. (F. -L.) F . splendeur.1.. splend6rem, acc . of splettdor, brightness.
- L. splewil re, to shine. Der. re-splmdent.
Spleuchan, a tobacco-pouch. (Gael.)
Gael. spliuckan, Irish spliuchan, a poncho
Splice. , On.) M. Du. splisse1l, to interweave rope-ends; so named from splitting the rope-ends beforehand; from Du.
splitsm, to splice (really an older form ).
Formed from split-, weak grad e of Du,
splijtm, to split. + Dan . split/se, to splice
\for *splitse), allied to splille, to split;
Swed. splism; G. splissm, to splice. See
Split. Der. splice, sb.
apliDt, .plent, a thin piece of split
wood. (Scana.) Formerly splent; from
O. F. esplente, a thin steel plate. - Swed.
splint, a kind of spike, a forelock (flat
iron peg) ; Dan. splint, a splinter; cf. Low
G. splinte, an iron pin; E. Fries. splinte.
splittt, the same. CE. Swed. splitttd, to
splinter, ultimately allied to Dan. splille,
Swed. dial. splilla, to split; see Split.
Der. splirzter; cf. Du. and E. I-ries.
,,/,l;'uer.

'.IV,

spiralis.

Stirit. (F. -L.) M . E. spi1'it. -A. F.

esplrit; F. esprit. - L. ace. spirilu1l1, from
spiritus. breath. - L. spiriire, to breathe.
Doublet, sprite.
Spirt; see Spurt.
Spit (I ), a skewer, iron prong for roasting meat. (E.) M. E. spite. A . S. spitu,
a spit.+Du. spit, Dan. spid, Swed. spell;
M. H. (;. spiz, G. spitss, a spit; cf. s/,itze,
a point, top.

:;08

SPRAIN

SPLIT

Split. (Du.?) Apparently borrowed Spook, a ghost. (Du.) Du. spook;

from M. Du. split/w, to split; cf. Dan. Low G. spook, Swed. sfoke, a ghost; cf.
splitte, to split, Swed. dial. split/a, to dis- Du. spoken, Low G. sfoken, Swed. sfo'ka ,
entangle or separate yam. From the weak to haunt.
grade split- of the Teut. strong verb splei Spool, a reel for winding yam on. ( M.
la,,-, as seen in O. Fries. splila, Du. spli.f- Du. ) M. E. spole. - M. Du. spoele, Du.
1m, E. Fries. splilen, Low G. spliten, G. spoel, a spool , quill; Low G. spale.+Swed.
spleissen, to split, cleave. Hence also spole, Dan. spole, G. spule, spool, bobbin.
Dan . split , D u. spleel, a spht, rent, G. Cf. Ice!. sfolr (base spal-), a bar.
spleisse, a splinter.
Spoom, to run before the wind. (L. )
Splutter, to speak hastily and con- Lit . to throw up spume or foam.' - L.
fusedly. (E. ) Of imitative origin; a spFmla , foam.
variant of sputter, which is a frequentative Spoon, an instrument for supping liquids.
of spout; see Spout, Spurt. It means (E. ) M. E. spon. A. S. span, a chip,
to ke"p on spoutitzg out'; spout being splinter of wood ( which was the orig.
formerly used (as now) in the sense' to spoon).+Du. spaan, Ice!. spann, spolln,
talk .' Pray, spout some French;' Beaum . Dan. spaan, Swed. splm, G. spahtz, a chip.
and Fletcher, Coxcomb, iv. 4. Cf. Low Spoor, a trail. (Du. ) Du. spoor ; see
Spur. Cf. A. S. spor, a foot-track; see
G. sprutten, to spout, spurt.
Spoil, to plunder. ~ F. -L.) M. E . Speir.
spoilen. - O. F. espoillier; F . spolier, to Sporadic, scattered here and there.
spoile ;' Cot. - L. spoliare, to strip off (GIC.) Gk. (nrOp4~II'OS , scattered . - Gk.
spoil.-L. spolium, spoil, booty; orig. skin (11ropa~., stem of CT.oplu, scattered.-Gk.
stri pped off, dress of a slain warrior. Der. ""'1''''' (for CT.OP-),O"'), to scatter.
spoil, sb.; spoliatio1l, from L. pp. spoliatus.
spore. (Gk.) Gk. CT"Op"I, seed-time;
Spoke, a bar of a wheel. (E.) A. S. also a seed. - Gk. U"lIp'''', to sow.
spnea, a spoke.+Du . speek, a spoke, G. Sporran. (Gael.- L. - Gk. ) Gael.
speiehe, proVo G. spruhe, a spoke. Teut. sporan , a purse, pouch worn with the
types spaiko,,- . spaikOn-. Allied by kilt; Irish sparan, sburan, the same. F or
gradati on to Spike ( I ).
s-burrall<.sburs-an. -L. bursa, a purse.
Spokesman. CE.) In Shako Two - Gk. 6,jPCT4, a hide. See Purse.
Gent. ii. I. 151. Formed from spoke, Sport, mirth. ( F. - L.) Short for dispt. t. of speak, instead of from the inlin. pori, desport; (so also splay for display).
speak ; for the s, cf. hllnt-s-man, sport-f- The verb is M. E. disporten, to amuse; see
man.
Disport.
Spoliation; see Spoil.
Spot, a blot, mark made by wet. piece
Spondee. , L. -Gk.) Themetricalfoot of ground. (E.) M. E. spot. C( Norw.
mailced (- - ). - L. spomllus. - Gk. CTTrO"- Spoil, m., a spot , a small piece of ground
~oi'os, a spondee, used for solemn me!odit:s (distinct from Spoil, f., mockery) ; led.
at treaties or truces.- Gk. u"ov~al, a solemn spo"i, spo"r , a small piece; E. Fries. spot,
treaty, truce; pI. of CTTrOVfnJ , R drink-offer- a spot; cf. M. Du. spot/en , to spot, stain.
ing, libati on to the gods. - Gk. CT"'V~fCV, F rom Teut. sput, weaker grade of spiito pour out. Prob. allied to Sponsor. lan- ; see Spout.
Brugm. i. 143, ii. 8 0 2 . Der. sponda-ic. Spouse. (Y. -L.) From O. F . es/,tmSe,
Sponge. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. esponge a spouse. - L. sponsa, a betrothed woman;
CF. lponge ).- L. spoltgia.- Gk . CT.O')''Yta, fern. pro of sporn/ire, to promise; see
a sponge; also UTru'Y'Y0s (Attic CTtpO'Y'YOf. Sponsor.
+ L. fu ngus, a fungus (trom its spongy Spout, to squirt out. rush out as a liquid
out of It pipe. (E.) M. E. spoutm. Cf.
nature).
Sponsor. (L .) L. Spolzsor, a surety. - Swed. sputa, occasionally used for spruta ,
I.. s/'01lSttS, pp. of spondere, to promise. to sqnirt,spont, spurt, spatter ; Du spuilm,
Pron. allied to Gk. UTrovool, a truce, and to to spout, spuit , a squirt; D an. spyle, to
Sponde e . Brugm. i. 143.
spit , sputter. From Tent. SPU/01I-, to spit
Spontaneous. ( I..) L.spontiine-tts, out, with weaker grade s/'ttt- (Franck).
wilTing; with ~uffix ous. - L. spont- , as Sprack, Sprag; see Spark ( 2\
seen in abl. spoute, of one's own accord , Sprain, vb. ( F.- L. ) Formed from
from a lost nom. *sPOlls.
J O. F. espreign- , a stem of O. F. espnilldrt ,

50 9

SPRAT

SPRUCE-BEER

'to press, wring,' Cot.; (cf. strahl from

O. F. estreilllb~) . Mod. F. Ipreilldre. L. expl'imere, to press out (whence espreiltdre, by analogy with F . forms from verbs in
illgere). - L. ex, out; prell/ere, to press.
See Press. Der. sprai1l, sl>.
S:l,)rat, a small fish. ( E. ) M. E . sprot.
A.:S. sp roll. Cf. A. S. sprot, a sprout. +
Du. sprot, a sprat; al so (in M. Du.) a
spront of a tree. ' Sprat, a small fish,
con.idered as the fry of the herring;'
Wedgwood. From A. S. sprot- (T eut.
*sprllt. ), weaker grade of spriitall-, to
spront; with thc sense of' fry,' or young
one. See Sprout.
Sprawl, to toss abont the limbs. (E. )
M. 'E. spraulm. A. S. spreawliall, to
move convulsively, to sprawl. + Norw.
sprala, Dan. sprtZlIa, sprtZlde, Swed. dial.
sprala, spralla, N. Fries. sprawle.
Spray (I ), foam tossed with the wind.
(Low G. ) A late word , given in Bailey's
Diet. (1735). From Low G. sprei, a slight
drizzle (Schambach ) ; in Coburg, sprtZ ; cf.
Bavar. sprtZe1l, to drizzle (Schmeller) ; G.
spriihe1t; M. H. G . sprtZJim, sprtZwm; Du.
sproeien (see Franck).
Spray ( 2) , sprig ofatree. (E. ) M. E .
spray; answering to A . S . *sprtZg, allied
to A . S. sprac, a shoot, spray; cf. Dan.
sprag , a spray (Molbech) , Swed. dia!'
spraggl!, a green branch , Icel. sprek, a
stick. Cf. a lso Lith. sproga, a spray of
a tree; also a rift, from sprog.ti, to crackle ,
split, sprout , bud. (Difficult and doubtfu1.)
Spread. (E. ) A. S. spra.da1l, to extend.
+Du. spreidm, Low G . spredm, G. sprei1m; cf. Swed. sprida, Dan. sprede, to
spread . T eut. type *,praidja1t-; from a
Teut. root *spreid.
Spree, a frolic. (Seand. ?) Cf. Irish
spn, a spark , flash , animation , spirit;
Lowl. Sc. spree, a frolic , also spelt spray
(Scott) ; cf. Swed. dial. sprag, lively conversation. Perhaps allied to Spry.
Sprig. (E.) M . E. sprigg-e. Allied to
A. S. sp rtZc, a twig. + lcel. sprek, a stick;
Low G. sprikk, K Fries. spr ikke, sprk,
~tick , twig.
Allied to Spra.y (2).
Sprightly, Spritely. (F . -L; witl,
E. suffix. ) Sprigntly is a false spell ing ;
sprifl!ly is from Sprite, q . v.
Spring, vh. (E. ) A. S. spri1tgall,
pI. t . spraltg, pp. spnmgm . + Du. G.
spril1gm, Swed. spri" ga, Dan. sprillge ;
lcel. s/,rillga, to burst, split. IJ. Orig.
sense to 'split or crack,' as when we say

that a cricket bat is sprtmg : or to spring

(i. e. burst) a mine. Teut. type *sprmgall- .
Perhaps allied to Gk. (T1ripx"" , to drive
on (P rellwitz) ; but this is doubtful. D er.
spn'ltg , sb., a leap, also a bursting out of
water, also the budding time of year, also
a crack in a mast ; springe, a snare made
with a flexib le (springing) rod, likeO.H. G .

spri1lga.

Sprinkle. (Du. 1) F ormerly sprenkle;

peroaps borrowed from Du. sprmkelm. to
sprinkle. Cf. G. spre1tkchl , to sprinkle,
from M. H . G. spl'mkel, a spot, allied to
Ice!. sprekla, Swed. spriikla , a little spot.
See Kluge (s. v. sprmkel ).
Sprint; see Spurt (2).
Sprit, a spar extending a fore-and-aft
sail. ( E. ) M.E. spret, a pole. A.S.sP,lot ,
a pole; orig. a sprout, shoot, branch of a
tree. Alli ed to A. S. spriitml , to sprout;
see Sprout.+K Fries. spril ; Du. spnet;
M. Swed. sprote.
Sprite, a spiril (F. - L.) The false
speTliug sprigltt is common, and is retained
in the adj. sprightly. M. K sprit, sprite.
- F. esprit, the spirit; hence, a spirit. L. spin'tum , ace. of spiritus ; see Spirit.
Sprout, to germinate. (E. ) M. E.
sp1"lttm. A. S. *spnUall (found in the pp.
n-sprotm) ; O. Fries. spriita , strong verb,
pp. sprutm, to sprout.+Low G. sprlllm ,
to spront; Du. spruilelt, G . spn'ess11 (pt. t .
spross) ; Swed. sprllta, D an. sprttde, to
squirt , spurt , spout. Tent. type *spriita1t-,
pt. t. *sprattt, pp. *sprnlalloz. Compare
Spout.
Spruce, fine, smart. (F.-G.) Hall's
Chron icle tells us that a particular kind
of fashionable dress was that in which men
'were appareyled after the manner of
P ru ssia or Spruce '; see Richardson's Diet.
M. K spruce, Prussia, P . Plowman, C. vii.
279, H. xiii. 393; also written (more
usually) pruce. - O. F. Pruce (F. Prusse) ,
Prussia. - G . Preussm , Prussia. See
Spruce-beer.
Spruce-beer, a kind of beer. (G.;
confused with F. mid K ) The E. name
for German sprossm-bio', i. e. sproutsbeer,' obtained from the young sprouts of
the black spruce fi r. - G. sprossm, pI. of
spross, a sprout (from spriessen, to spront) ;
and bier, cognate with E. beer; see Sprout
and Beer. Il Englished as Sprucebeer,
i. e. Prussian beer, where Spruce meant
Plussia; see Spruce above. So also
spntcc jir ' s\lh~tituted for sprosSI!njirh/l!)

5 10

SQUANDER

SPRY

meant Prussian fir ; and spma {ealflu' spout. Ice!. sprtl/a is for sprm/a, *sprin
meant Prussian leather.
ta (Noreen). See Sprint.
SprJ' active. (E. ?) Cf. Swed. dial. Sputter. ( E.) The frequentative of
sprygg, ' very active, skittish; allied to spout. It means 'to keep on spouting
Swed. dial. sprag, sprak, spirited, mettle- out '; hence to speak rapidly and in distinctly. Cf. Du. dial. (Groningen) spotsome. See Spark (l ) .
Spue; see Spew.
lern, to sputter; Low G . sjmlleNt , Norw.
Spume, foam. (L.) L. sprmla, foam; sjm/ra, to spout. ~ Distinct from bat
for spoima; Brugm. i. 791. Cf. Skt. allied to spatter nnd spot.
PfUlza-, A. S./am, foam .
SpY', to see. (F . -O. H. G. ) Short for
Sp1U1k, tinder; a match, spark, spirit, espy; see Espy. Der. spy, sb.
mettle. (C. - L. - Gk .) Orig.' tinder.' Squab, ( I) to fall plump; (l ) a sofa, a
Gael. sP01tg, Irish Spo'tC, sponge, spongy young bird. (Scand.) See squab, squob in
wood, tinder. - L. spongia, a sponge; see Halliwell. And see squab, to fall plump,
Sponge. Cf. W. )'s/ncmg, a sponge, from squab, with a sudden fall, in Johnson.
Latin.
L From Swed. dial. slroapp, a word imitaSpur. (E.) M. E. spure. A. S. spura, tive of a splash; cf. G . schwapp, a slap,
spora, a spur. + Du. spoor, a spur (allied E. swap, to strike. 2. From Swed. dial.
to spoor, a track) ; Icel. spori, Dan. spore, slroabb, loose or fat flesh, skvabba, a fat
Swed. sporre, O. H. G. sporo, spur. From woman, slroabbig, flabby; allied to Norw.
the weak grade of Teut. sler-an-, to kick. slroapa, to tremble, shake, and cf. 1\1 . E.
Brugm. i. 793 (2) . ("",SPER.) Sce quappm, to throb, and E. quavel- ; see
Spar (3) . The orig. sense is ' kicker' ; Qua.ver. Cf. l ee!. Iroap, jelly, jelly- like
from its use on the heel; cf. Lith . spil'li, things.
to kick. Der. SPU1', vb. See Spoor,
squa.bble, towrangle. (Scand.) Swed.
Spurn.
dial. s/.'Vabbel, a dispute. - Swed. dial.
Spurge, a plant. ( F. -L.) N amed s/.'Vappa, to chide, lit. make a splashing,
from its corrod ing (and so cleansing from the sb. s/.'Vapp, sqvapp, a splash. Cf.
away) warts. - O. F . spurge, espurge. - Provo E. swabble, to squabble, allied to
O. F. espurgel', to purge away. - L. ex - swab, to splash over, swap, to strike.
purgare, to cleanse away. - L. ex , away ; Squa.d, asmalltroop. (F . -Ital.-L.)
purgare, to cleanse. See Purge.
1\1 . F. esquadre, e!Cadre. -ItaL sqlladra, a
Spurious. (L.) L. spurious, false; squadron ; sec Square.
with suffiX -ous.
squa.dron. (F . - ItaL - L.) M. F.
' S~urn. (E.) M. E. spumm, to kick esquadron. -ItaLsquadl011t'; augmentative
agamst, hence to reject. A. S. SPUr1la1t, of squad,'a (above).
to kick against (pt. t . speartl, pp. spornm). Squalid. (L.) L. sqttalidtls, rough,
Allied to Spur. + Ice!. spema (pt. t. dirty. - L. sqtlalire, to be rough , parched,
sporn) ; Swed. spjiirna; L. spn-lIere, to dirty . D er . squal-or, sb.
despise, a cognate form. (Base *spern; Squa.ll, to .:rj" out. ( Sc~ n d . ) Swed.
"",SPER. ) See Spar (3). Brugm. i. sqvala, to gush out violelltly, sqval, a rush
565.
of water, sqval-regn, a violent shower of
Spur1'J', a. plant. (F. -G. -Late L.) rain (E . squall, sb., a burst ofrain) ; Dan.
M. F. spurrie, 'spurry or frank, a Dutch sqvaldre, to clamour, sqvalder, clamour,
[German ] herb;' Cot. Of Teut. origin.; noisy talk; Swed. dial. sl.'Vala, to gush
cf. G. spargel, spergd, spark, spnrry.- out, cry ont, chatter. + Gael. sgal, a loud
Late L spergula, A. D. 148 l (Weigand).
cry, sound of high wind; allied to G.
Spurt (I) , Spirt, to spout onto (E.) sckal/en, Ice!. skjalla (pt. t. skall), to reThe older sense is to germinate. Spurt sound , and W . chwaftt, to babble.
itands for sprut; M. E. sprulten, to sprout ~uander, to dissipate. (E.) Orig.
or shoot. A. S. spryttan, to produce as a to dIsperse, scatter abroad; Dryden, Annus
sprout or shoot; causal form from A. S. Mirabilis, st. 67. Na5alised form allied to
sj>rii.tan , to spront. See Sprout.
Low!. Sc. squatter, to splaah about, scatter,
Spurt (l ), a violent exertion. ' (Scand.) squander, provo E. swatter, to throw water
Formerly spirt. - Icel. sp'ettr, a spurt, abont; Swed. dial. slroiittra, to squander.
spring, bound, run. - I cel. spretta (pt. t. These are frequentatives from Dan. sqvatte,
spratt) , to start, spring; also to sprout, to to splash, spurt, also to squander ; Swed.

511

SQUARE

SQUIRT

sqviitta, to squirt, lee!. skvelta (for

*s/nvmla, perhaps allied to G. CT"'''&''', to
pour out; see Nor~en ) , to squirt out water.
The d appears in M . Du. swodderen, to
dabble in water; Swed. dial. skvadra, to
gush out of a hole (as water). Cf. scalier
and squirl.
S~uare. (F. - L. ) M. E . square. O. 1'. a quarr! , squared; tSquarre , a square,
squareness. Cf. Ital. squodrare, to square ;
squadra, a square, also a squad ron of men
(orig. a square) . All from Late L. *exqllodrtire, inten sive ( with prefix ex) of L.
quadrare, to square. - L. quadrus, fourcornered; see Qu '\drate.
Squash, to crush . ( F. -L. ) a.. The
moo. E. sq1#zsh a ppears to be due to quash,
with the prefix s- = O. F. es- < L. ex-,
used as an intensive. - O. F. esquasser ,
to break in piece., from O. F. es-, and
'luasser, casser, to break; see Quash.
11. But it commonly keeps the sense of
M. E. squllchm, to crush . - O. F. csquachier, to crush, also spelt cscacher, 'to
,;quash; , Cot. (Mo', 1. F. !cacher ). The
F. cacher answers to a Late L. type *coacticare, due to L. co-aclare, to constrain ,
force, press. The prefix es- = L. ex, extremely; L. coaclarc is formed from coact-us,
pp. of cogerc ( = coigere), to drive together.
See Ex- and Cogent; also Con- and
Agent. Der. squash, sb., an unripe
peascod (nearly flat).
squat, to cower. (F. -L.) Lit. to lie
Rat, as if pressed down; the old sen_c is to
press down, squash. M. E. squatten, to
crush flat. - O. F. esquatir, to Ratten,
crush. - O. F. a- ( = L. ex), extremely;
quatir, to beat down. Diez; shows that
O. F. qltatir ( Late L. type *coaclire) is
a derivative of L. coactus, pp. of cogere,
to press, compel; see above. Cf. M. ltal.
quattare, 'to squat , lie close.'
Squaw, a female. ( W. Indian. ) Massachusetts sqlla,eshqua, Narragansett squaws,
a female (Webster); Cree ishvew.
Squea.k, to cry out shrilly. (Scand.)
M. Swed. shvrzka, to squeak; Swed.
sqvdka, to croak; Norw. skvaka. to cackle;
Ice!. skvakka, to sound like water shaken
in a bottle. Allied to Quack.
Squeal. (Scand.) M. Swec.1. sqwa/a,
Swed. dial. sqvd/a, N orw. skve/la, to squeal.
Used as a frequentative of squeak, and applied to a continuous cry. See Squall.
Squeamish, over-nice. (F. - Teut. 1)
Squamish, Baret ( 1580). M. E, skeymous,

sweymolls, Prompt.Parv.; alsosquaimous,

skoymus, disdainful. - A. F. escoymolls,
delicate, nice as to food (Rozon). Perhaps
suggested by M. H . G. schemig, ashamed ,
from O. H. G. scam, shame ; cf. Swed.
skti'mma, to disgrace. If so, it is related
to Shame.
Squeeze, to cmsh, press tightly. (E. )
The prefixed s is due to O. F. es- ( = L. -ex),
very; queeze = late M. E. queisell, to
squeeze. This M. E. queise1t p robably
represents O. M erc. *cwesan, answering to
A. S. CWiCSatl, cwjsa1l , to crush, chiefly in
the compo to-cwilsan.
Sq,uib, ( I) a paper tube, with combustlbles; (2) a lampoon. (Scand . ) 1.
Squibs were sometimes fastened slightly to
a rope, so as to run along it like a rocket;
whence the name. From M. E. squippm,
swippen, to move swiftly , fly , sweep, dash.
-lcel. svipa, to flash , dart, svipr, a swift
moveme),t; Norw. svipa . to run swiftly.
2. A squih also means a political lampoon,
but was formerly applied , not to the lampoon itself, but to the w riter of it; see
Tatler, no. 88, Nov. I, I i09. A squib
thus meant a firework, a flashy fellow,
making a noise, but doing no harm. Squib
also means child's squirt, from its shooting
out water instead of fire, Cf. G. scllweifstern, a comet.
Squill. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. F. squi//e,
'squill, sea-onion;' Cot. - L. squil/a,
scil/a. - Gk. "I<,""a, a squill.
lilquina.ncy, old spelling of quinsy.
Sciuint, to look askew. (E.) The same
as prov. E. (Suffolk) squill k, to wink. Of
obscure origin. Cf. M. Du. schuyn, 'cross,
obl ique, byas-wise,' Hexham; E. Fries.
scnii1l, oblique, awry; Du. schuin, oblique;
schuinen, to slant; scnuinte, a slope, obliquity.
Squire ( I), the same as Esquire.
Sciuire ( 2) , II. square, carpenter's rule.
(F. - L.) M. E. squire. - O. F. esquire,
esquierre; mod. F. tqUt1TC. A variant
or o. F . esquarre ; see Square.
SquirreL (F.-L.-Gk. ) M.E.squirel,
scurel. - O. F. escure! (F. tcurmil ). Late L. scUrel/us, a squirrel; for *sciurelIus , dimin. of sciurus, a squirrel. - Gk.
CTI<iovpos, a squirrel; lit. 'a shadow-tail,'
from his bushy tail. - Gk. CTI<I-<I, shadow;
ovptl , tail. ~The explanation of the Gk.
word may be due to popular etymology.
Squirt, vb. (E. ) Provo E. sw':rt. Cf.
Low G. swirljm, to squirt; from swirm.

STAB
orig. to whir, like G. sc/,wirrm; see
Swirl So also E. Fries. kwirljen, to
squirt out, to dart about, from kwirt,
turning quickly about.
Sta.b, vb. (Scand.) Cf. Irish stob-aim,
I stab; Gael. stob, to fix a stake in the
ground, from stob, a stake, pointed iron or
stick, stub. Apparently from Swed. dia!'
stabbe, a thick stick or stump; Ice!. stabbi,
a stub, stump, allied to stafr, a staff;
Dan. dial. stabb, a short peg. Allied to
Stub, Statf, q. v. Der. stab, sb.
Stable ( I), a stall for h orses. (F . -L.)
O. F. estahle, a stable. -L. stabulum, a
stall. - L. stare, to stand still. Brugm. ii.
B 62, 77. See Stall.
stable ( 2), firm . (F.-L. ) O.F.estahle.
- L. stabilis, firm. - L. stare (above).
stablish. (F. - L.) Short for Establish.
Stack, a large pile of wood, &c. (. Scand.)
M. E. stak. - Ice!. slakkr, a stack of hay ;
stakka, a stump (as in our chimney-stack);
Swed. Slack, a rick, heap, stack; Dan. slak.
Teut. type *staknoz (Noreen). The sense
is C a pile.' Cf. Russ. stog', a heap, hayrick. Allied to Stake.
Sta.1f. (E.) A. S. SltEf; pI. slafas, staves.
+ Du. staf, Ice1. stafr, Dan. slab, slav,
Swed. staf, Goth. staft or Slabs, G. stab.
Allied to O. H. G. stabbe, to be stiff, E.
Fries. slaf, unmoved; cf. Skt. slamM, to
make firm.
Stag, a male deer. (Scand.) Also ap
plied (. in dialects) to a male animal generally. Late A. S. stagga (from Norse). Ice!. steggr, steggi, a he-bird, drake, tomcat; Norw. stegg, a cock.. lee!. steggr is
said to be for *slig-joz, lit. C mounter; ,
from slig-, weak grade of stigo, to mount;
see Stair. (Noreen, 140; but doubtful.)
Stage. (F. - L.) A. F. and M. I' .
eslage , I a story, stage, loft, also a dwelling - house;' Cot.
(Hence it meant a
stopping-place on a Journey, or the distance between stopping-places.] Cf. Provo
estalge, a dwelling-place; answering to a
Late L. form *staticutll, a dwelling-place.
-L. stat-UIIl , supine of stare, to stand.
Stagger, to reel , vacillate. (Scand.)
A weakened (voiced) form of stacker,
M . E . slakeren. -lee!. slakra, to push, to
stagger; frequentative of staka, to punt,
push, also to stagger; Norw. stakra,
staka, to stagger; Swed. dial. slagra ;
Dan. dial. staggt, slag/e. Allied to Ice!.
sljaki, a punt-pole; and to Stake.

STALE
Stagna.te, to cease to flow. (L.) From
L. stagniitus, pp. of stagmirt, to be atill,
cease to flow. - L. stagllum, a still pool,
a stank; see Stank. Der. stagnant, from
stem of pres. pt. of stagnare.
Staid, grave. (F. -M . Du.) Formerly
stayd, pp. of stay, vb. , to support, make
steady. See Stay ( I ).
Stain, vb. (F. - L.) Short for Distain.
I I
stayne a thynge, I e destaytls;' Palsgrave. The orig. sense was to dim the
colour of a thing. Der. stain, sb.
Stair, a step up. (E.) M. E. steir, steyer.
A. S. !tiiger, a stair, step; lit. a step to
climb by. Formed (with mutation to a)
from stag, 2nd grade of Sligo,. , to climb.
+Du . steiger, a stair; cf. lee!. stegi, step,
Swed. Siege, ladder, Dan. slige, ladder, G.
sleg, a path; respectively from Du. sli/get.,
Ice!. stiga, Swed. sliga, Dan. slige, G.
steigen, to mount, climb; Teut. verb
*sleigan-, pt. t. *staig, pp. *stiganot.
Allied to Skt. stigk, to ascend, Gr. un!xftll. (.vSTEIGH. )
Staithe, a landing-place. (E. ) A. S.
sltEtJ, bank, shore. + Ice!. stoD, halbour,
roadstead j M.Du. stade, 'a haven.' Allied
to Stead.
Stake, a post, strong stick. (E.) M. E.
stake. A. S. slaea, a stake. + Du. staak,
Swed. Slake, Dan. stage. From the Teut.
base *stak, 2nd grade of*stek-an-, to pierce,
appearing in G. stack, pt. t. of steeken, to
stick, pierce j see Stick (I ).
Stalactite, a kind of crystal hanging
from the roof of some caverns. (Gk.)
Formed, with suffix ile (Gk. -'T'1S), from
UTaAal<T-OS, trickling. - Gk. uTaAaC ..,
( = UTaAtl'Y-Yf'V) , to drip; a.llied to UTaAcill, to drip.
sta.la.gmite, a cone of carbonate of
lime on tile floor of some caverns. (Gk. )
Gk. uTclAa'YfI-a, a drop j with suffix -itt
(Gk. -cT'1<).-Gk. uraAaC..v (above).
Stale ( I) , too long kept, vapid, trite.
(E.; or F. - Teut.) 1. Stale, as a sb.,
means urine of cattle or horses. Cf. E .
Fries. and Low G. stallett, SweU. stalla, to
put into a stall, also to stale (as cattl e) ;
Dan. stalde, to staB-feed, stalle, to stale (as
horses) . From stall, sb. 2. Stale, adj.,
is that which stands too long, from M . F.
eslaler, to display wares on a stall, from
estal, a stall. Cf. M. Du. stet, stale, Du.
stet, a stall, place; G. stelle, a place,
stellen, to place, from G. stall, a stall.
See Stall.

STALE

STANCHION

Stamen, male organ of a flower. (L.)

(a), a decoy, bait; Shako (F. Teut.) - A. F. ulau, a decoy-bird (Bozon). Lit . a thread.' - L. stamen, a thread, the
Perhaps adapted from A. S. slal-, as in warp standing up in an upright loom. - L.
slal-lmIn, a decoy reindeer, allied to M. E. stare, to stand. Der. sta1ll;"a, orig. pI.
stale, theft, A.S.stalu, theft; allied to Steal. of stamen, lit. threads in a warp, a firm
Stale (3), Steal, the handle of any- texture.
stamm, a kind of stuff. (F. - .L .)
thing. (E.) M. E. stale, stele. The latter
answers to A. S. slela, sleola, a stalk, stem. M. E. stamin.-M. F. estamine, 'the stuffe
+ Du. sllel, stalk, stem, handle; G. stief, tamine ;' Cot. - L. sttimineus, consisting
stalk, handle. Cf. Gk. trTfAfOJl, a handle. of threads. - L. stam;n-, stem of stamen,
Allied to still and stall; the stale being a thread (above ). Also spelt sta1llmel,
that by which the tool is held firm and tamine, tammy.
Stammer. to stutter. (E). M. E. stamunmoved. And see Stalk (I).
Stalk (I), a stem. (E.) M. E. stalke, eren, vb. ; A. S. stomrian {Shrine, p .p ) ;
of which one sense is the side-piece (stem) from A. S. stamer, stamor, adj., stammerof a ladder. A dimin. form, with suffix -k, ing; where the suffix -er, -or is adjectival.
from M. E. stale, variant of stele; see From a base *stam, extended from .vSTA,
Stale (3) above.+Icel. stilkr, Swed. stjelk, to stand, remain fixed; cf. provo E . stam,
Dan. sli!ll, stalk; cf. Gk. trTIAfXO., stem to amaze, confound ; related by gradation
to G. stumm, dumb. + Du. stameren,
of a tree, allied to trTfAfOJl, a handle.
Stalk (3), to stride. (E. ) M. E . stalkm. stamelen , G. stammern, stamme/n ; Icel.
A. S. stealcian, to walk warily; allied stamma, Dan. stamme, Swed. stamma , to
to stealc, steep. + Dan. stalke, to stalk. stammer; Icel. stamr, O. H . G. stam, Goth.
The notion is that of walking cautiously. stamms, adj ., stammering. See Stem (1).
Cf. perhaps A. S. stellan, styl/an, to leap. Stamp, to tread heavily, to pound. (E.)
Der. stalk-ing.horse, a horse for stalking M. E. stampen. A . S. stempan (for *slampian).+Du. stampen, Icel. stappa, Swed.
game ; see Halliwell.
Stall, a standing-place for cattle, &c. stampa, Dan. stampe, G. stampfen; also
(E.) M. E. stal. A. S. steal!, station, Gk. ITTip.l1ft", to stamp.
stampede, a panic. (Span.- Teut.)
stall. + Du. stal, Ice!. stallr, Dan. staid,
Swed. stall, G. stall. Teut. type *stalloz, Stampede is a sudden panic, causing cattle
perhaps for *stad!oz; cf. A. S. staMan, to to take to /light and run for many miles;
stand, E. stead; Gk. trTa8-p.6s, a stall; L. any sudden /light due to panic. - Span.
stab - u fum (for st3dh -10m). Allied to (and Port.) estampido, a crash, sudden
Stead. Brugm. i. 593 (4). Der. stalled sound of anything bursting or falling.
ox, a fatt ed ox; cf. Swed. dial. slalla, to Formed as if from a verb *estampir, akin
to estampar, to stamp. The reference
fatten , stalloxe, fatted ox (MaUer).
stallion, an entire horse. (F.- appears to be to the noise made by the
O. H . G.) M. E. stalon. - O. F. estalon blows of a pestle upon a mortar. Of Teut.
(F. (talon), a stallion; so called because origin; see Stamp above.
kept in a stall and not made to work.Sta.D.ch. Staunch, to stop a /low of
O. H . G. sial (G. stall ), a stall, stable; blood . (F . - L.) O. F. Istancher, to
stanch; Walloon sta"chi (Remacle). see Stall.
Stalwart. sturdy. (E.) For slalworth. Late L. stancare, to stanch, a variant of
M. E. sta/worth, sttlewuriJe, stea!ewuriJe, Late L . type *stagnicare, to cause to stagstalewur6e; A. S. stalwyriJe, pl., service- nate, from L. stagnare, to cease to /low;
able (said of ships); A. S. Chron. an. 896. see Stagnate. ~ It is probable that the
fJ. We find A. S. gest?ilan used as short sense was influenced by G. stangl, a pole,
for gesta6t1ian. Hence Sievers explains a bar (Korting, 7733). Der. stanch,
the form sta!- or stiil- as being contracted adj., firm , sound, not leaky; cf. F . {tanche,
from sttd}ol, a foundation [or from a water-tight.
parallel form *sta}!]. Thus stal-W)lriJe Sta.D.chion, a support, beam, bar. (F.
is for *staIJol- wyriJe, lit. 'foundation- -L.) O. North F. estanchon, Norm. dial.
worthy,' i. e. firmly fixed , firm, constant; ,tanchon; M. F.eslanfon , eslanson, 'a prop,
cf. A. S. sttd}ol-/asl, steadfast. The A. S stay;' Cot. Not derived from the O. F.
stalJel, sta601 is allied to Stead. Cf. estancher, to prop (allied to E. slanch),
but a diminutive of 0.1". estaNe, a situation,
stead-rut.
51 4
~

STARE

STAND

condition, also a stanchion (Scheler). Late L. sla1llia, a chamber, a house, lit.

that which stands firm.' - L. sla1l1, stem
of pres. pt. of slare, to stand. See State.
~ But the word may have been confused
with O. F . esla1lcher, to prop (as above),
which is the same word as estancher, to
staunch j ior which see Stanch. The
ultimate root is the same either way.
(-v'STA.)
Stand. (E.) A. S. slandan, pt. t. sliXi,
pp. standm.+Jce!. standa, Goth. standan;
d . Du. staan (pt. t. st(md) ; Swed. sta
(pt. t. stod ) ; G. slehm (pt. t. stand).
Teut. type *stan.1an- , pt. t. *stoth; base
.stalh, *stad, the n being orig. characteristic
of the pres. tense. Allied to L. stare, Gk.
1(f'T1jv, I stood!.. Russ. stoiate, Skt. stha, to
atand. (-v'STA.) See State. Der. statzd,
sb.; standish , short for stand-dish, a standing dish (or pen and ink.
Standard. (F.-L.) A. F. estandard,
a standard or ensign. O. F. estel1dard, a
standard measure. The flag was a large
one, on a fixed (standing) pole j and hence
was modified by the influence of the verb
10 stat/d. The O. F. estendar.1, Ita!. stmdardo, are unmodified (orms j from L.
extend-ere, to extend; with suffix -ar.1
(=0. H . G. -hart, suffix, orig. the same
as hart, hard). See Extend.
Stang, a pole, stake. (Scand.) M. E.
sta1tge. - Ice!. stihtg (gen. stangar), a pole,
stake; Dan. stang, Swed. st/mg, Du. stang,
G . staltge; A. S. steng. From the lnd
grade of the verb to sting. Cf. Stake.
Staniel, a kind of hawk. (E .) A. S.
stangella; lit. rock-yeller.' - A. S. stem,
rock (see Stone) j and gellan, to yell (see
Yell ).
Stank, a pool, tank. (F.- L.) An old
word ; once common. - Walloon sta1tk,
O. F. eslang, a pond. (Th e same as Provo
estQ1tc, Span. estalzque, Port. tanque, a
pond , pool.) - L. stagnum, a pool of stagnant or standing water. See Stagnate,
Stanch, Tank.
Stannary, relating to tin-mines. (L.)
Late L. stannaria, a tin-mine. - L. slmtnun., tin.
Stanza. (Ita!.-L. ) Ita!' stanza, M.
Ita!. stantin, 'a lodging, chamber, dwelling, also stance or staffe of verses j , Florio.
So called from the stop or pause at the
end of it. - Late L. stantia, an abode. _
L. slant-, stem of pres. pt. of Stiire, to
stand see Stanohion, State.

Staple (I) , a loop of iron. (E.) A. S.

slapol, a post, pillar; also, a step. Orig.
sense a prop, something that holds firlll .
- A. S. stap-, base of sltXppan, strong
verb, to step, tread firmly; cf. slamp. +
Du. stapel, staple, stocks, a pile; Dan.
stabel, Swed. stapel; G. staffil, a step,
stapel, a staple (below).
staple (l), a chief commodity of a
place. (F . - Low G.) The sense has
changed j it formerly meant a chief market,
with reference to the place where things
were most sold. - O. F. estaple, M . F .
estape, a staple, a mart or general market,
a publique storehouse;' Cot. (F. Itape.) Low G. stapel, a heap; hence a heap laid
in order, store, store-house; the same
word as Staple (I). The Du. stapel means
( I) a staple, (l) the stocks, (3) a pile or
heap. All from the notion of fixity or
firmness.
Star. (E.) M. E. slerre. A. S. ste011'O.
Du. ster; O. H. G. sterro. Cf. lee!.
stjanza , Dan . stiertze, Swed . stjema, Goth.
sfai1'1zo, G. stent; also L. stella (for *slerla ), Gk . Q(fT.qp, Corn. stenn, Bret. sle1'e1l1t,
W . se1-e1z, Skt. tarii. Orig. sense uncertain.
Cf. Brugm. i. 473 (2 ).
Star-board, the right side of a ship.
(E.) M. E. slerebourde. A. S. stlorbord,
i. e. steer-board, the side on which thel
steersman stood; in the first instance. he
used a paddle, not a helm. Cf. Ice1.
Ii stjurn, at the helm, or on the starboard
side. - A. S. steor, a rudder or paddle to
steer with; bord, board, border, edge or
side; see Steer (2) and Board. The
O. H. G. stit/ra (G. sleue?' ) means a prop,
staff, paddle, rudder, allied to Icel. stau'-r,
a post, stake, Gk. (fTQVpOS, an upright pole
or stake. (-v'STEU, allied to -v'STA.)
Du. stuurbo01-d, Icel. stjumbor6i, Dan.
Swed. slyrbord; all similarly compounded .
Starch. (E.) Starch is stuff that
stiffens; from the adj. Stark, stiff, strong.
Cf. G . sta1-ke, (I) strength, (2) starch;
from slark, adj. , strong.
Stare ( I ) , to gaze fixedly. (E.) A . S.
starian; from a Teut. adj. slaroz, fixed,
appearing in G. stan-, fixed ; cf. SkI. sth ira ,
fixed, allied to sthii, to stand ; and Gk.
(fTfPf6s, firm .
(-v' STA.)
Du. staren;
I cel. slara, stira, to stare; Swed. stirra,
Dan. stirre, to stare; O.H.G. slarm.
4U Hence staring hair' is 'stiff-standing
hair.' Brugm. i. lOO.
.tare (2) , to glitter. (E.) M. E.

STARK

STEAD

starm; whence staring colours = bright sta!ionlm , ace. of statio, n standing still.colourll. The Slime word as stare (I); L. stattmz,lupine of sta,e. Der. statitm-e,',
from the glittering of staring eyes.
orig. a bookseller who had a station or
Stark, stiff, rigid, entire_ (E.) A. S. stall in a market-place; hence statim-er-y,
stearc, stiff, strong.+Du. sterk, Ice!. sterkr, things sold by a statiMur. Also statitmDan. stlZrk, Swed. and G. stark. From ary, adj. See State.
Teut. verb *sterkan-, to stiffen; of which
statist, a statesman, politician_ (F.the weak grade appears in Goth. ga-staurk- L.; with Gk. suJlix.) Coined from slate
nan, to become dry, Ice!. stork inn, pp. by add ing -ist (L. -ista, Gk. -lC1T'Ir).
coagulated. Further allied to Lith. stregti,
statue. (F . - L.) O. F. statui (trito become rigid , P eTS. mttlrg, big, strong. syllabic). - L. statflO, a standing image.Root STERG, extension of .vSTER; see L. statu- , for status, a position, standing.Stare (I). Der. stark, adv., as in stark L. statum, supine of stare, to stand.
mad.
stature, height. (F. - L.) F . stature.
Stark-naked, quite naked. (E.) A - L. statura, an upright posture, height.
substitution for M. E. start-naked, lit. _ L. statum, supine of stare, to stand.
'tailnaked,' i. e. with the hinder parts
status, condition. (L.) L. status; see
exposed, but used in the sense of wholly State.
naked. From A.S. steort , a tail; as in
statute. (F.-L.) F. slalul. -L.
"ed-slart, i. e. red-tail, a bird.+Du. slaart, statulum, a statute; neut. of statutus, pp.
Ice!. stertr, Dan. stierl, Swed. stjert, G. of statuere, to place, set, causal of stiire,
ster~ , a tail; cf. Gk. t1TOpS'I, a spike.
to stand.
Starling. (E.) M. E. stedi1tg, double Staunch; see Stanch.
dimin. oq M. Eo stare, a starling. - A. S. Stave, piece of a cask, part of:t piece
sltEr, a starling. + Ice!. slat-ri, stari, Dan. of music. (E. ) Merely another form of
sltEr, Swed. stare, G. staar, L. StUr1ZUS. staff, due to M. E. dat, sing. staue (stave)
Cf. A. S. slearn, a tern.
and pI. staues (staves ). Cf. Ice!. stair, a
Start, to move suddenly. (E.) M. E. staff, a stave; Dan. slav, staff, stave, stave.
sterlm; pt. t. stirle (Have!ok, 873), sturle, See Staff.
storie (Layamon, 23951) . Allied to Du. Stavesacre, the seeds of a larkspur;
stortm, to precipitate, fall, rush, G. sHin- Delphi1tiu11l staphisagria. (L. - Gk.)
en. Also, perhaps, to M. Du. steerten, to Lat. form of Gk. t1Tacplr o.,,(f"a; where
flee, ruu away. Some even connect it with o.,,(pta , wild, is from u."(pOr, a field (E.
A.S. stem, a tail. See Stark-naked. acre).
Der. statt-le; A. S. steartlian, to stumble. Stay ( I) , to prop, delay, remain. (F.Starve. (E.) M. E. steruen (slervm), M. Du.) M. F. estayer, 'to prop, stay;'
to die (without reference to the means of Cot. - M. F. Istaye, sb. fern. ' a prop, stay;'
death). A. S. steoifan, pt. t. steal/, pp. id. -M. Du. stade, :tlso statye, 'a prop,
stoifen, to die; whence -stieifan, to kill stay,' Hexham; O. Flem. story, a prop;
(weak verb). + Du. slerven , G . sterben. allied to E. Stead. [The loss of dbetween
Tent. type *sterban, pt. t. *starb. Der. two vowels is usul\l in Dutch, as in b"oer,
starve-l-ing, dou ble dimin., expressive of brother, teer (for teder), tender. ] See
contempt ; starvatiOIl, a hybrid word, Stay ( 2) .
introduced from the North about 1775.
Stay ( 2), a rope supporting a mast. (E.)
State, a standing, position, condition, A. S. sltEg, a stay (whence F . ltai, a ship's
&c. (F.-L.) O.F.estat.-L.stat1lm,acc. stay ; Hatzfeld).+Du . stag . Icel. Dan.
of status, condition. - L. statum, supine Swed. G. stag. Der. stay-sail. ~ It is
of stare, to stand.+Gk. lt1T1]v , I stood; difficult to decide whether E. stay ( 2) is a
Skt. slha, to stand; cognate with E. stand. survival of A. S. sttEg, 'a rope for a mast,'
(.vST A.)
OT is from O. F. estaye, a prop, for which
Statics, the science treating of bodies see Stay ( I) .
at rest. (Gk.) From Gk. t1TaTtKOr, at a Stays, a bodice. (F.- M. Du.) Merely
standstill; 7) t1TaTtKlf , statics.- Gk. t1TaT-Or, a pI. 01 stay, a support. (So also bodice =
placed, standing; verbal adj. from t1Ta-, bodies.) See Stay ( I ).
allied !o -fTT'I- in rt1T1]f" , I place, stand. Stead. (E.) M. E. sted!!. A. S. stede,
(-v'STA.)
a place.+Du. stede, slee, a place; cf. Du.
ltation. (F. -I_) F. slation . - I.. . stad, a town, Ice\. slath', sla6a,l\ place;
!\16

STEADFAST

STEER

Dan. ~wed. slad, town, Dan. sled, place;

G. sladt, .slatt, town, place, Goth. slatns
(gen. sladis), a place. Allied toL.slatio,
a station; Gk. t1TGt11r, Skt. slniti-, a
standing. (VSTA.) Der. nofM- stead,
bed-slead.
steadfast. (E. ) A. S. stedifa st, firm
in its place. - A. S. stetie, place; f ast,
firm; see FAst. + M. Du. stuievast, Ice!.
st~fastr, Dan. stadfast.
steady, firm . (E.) Spelt stedye in
Palsgrave. (The sole example of sted;
in Stratmann bas another form and sense.)
A new formation from stead, sb., with
suffix -)I; suggested by steadfast.
Steak, a slice of meat for cooking.
(Scand.)
M. E. steike. - Ice!. slrik, a
steak; so called from being stuck on a
wooden peg, and roasted before the fire;
cf. Ice!. steikja, to roast on a spit or peg.
Allied to Ice!. stika, a stick; and to Stick
( I ). + Swed. stek, roast meat, steka, to
roast; allied to stick, a prick, sticka, to
stick, stab; Dan. steg, a roast, at vende
steg, to tum the spit. Cf. G. amteckm, to
put on a spit, anstecnen, to pierce.
Steal. (E. ) A.~. stdan , pt. t. stat, pp.
siolen.+Du. stelen, Ice!. stela, Dan. stia/e,
Swed. stjala, G. steh/en, Goth. sti/an.
Teut. type stelan-, pt. t. sta/, pp. stu/anoz.
Stea.m, sb. ( E.) M. E. steem. A. S.
steam, vapour, smell, smoke.+Du. stoolll.
Der. steam, vb.
Stearine, one of the proximate prineipies of animal fat. (F.-Gk.) F. sltarinc;
formed, with suffix -inc, from Gk. t1Tfap,
tallow, hardened fat. Allied to Gk. t1T7;val,
to stand; Brugm. ii. 82. See StatiCll.
steatite, a soft magnesian rock with a
soapy fee!. (F. -Gk.) Formedwithsuflix
-ite, from Gk. (IT/aT- as in t1TE4T-OS, gen.
of t1T'ap, tallow, fat. See above.
Steed. (E.) M. E. stede. A. S. stida,
a stud-horse, stallion, war-horse; Teut.
type stOd1on-. - A. S. stM, a stud (with the
usual change from () to i ). Cf. G. stute,
a stud-mare; Ice!. stoMestr, stud-horse,
st56merr, stud-mare. See Stud (I).
Steel. (E.) M. E. sted. O. Mere.
stili; A. S. slYle, whieh is a late Wessex
spelling.+Du. staal, Ice!. stal, Dan. staal,
Swed. st(1/, G. staM, O. H . G. stanal. The
O. H . G . stanal answers to O. Pruss. stak10-, as in panu-stakla-, steel for kindling
fire; ef. also Sk.t. stak, to resist, Zend
staxra-, strong. Named from its firm re-

sistance. Hrugm. ii. 76. Der. sleel,

vb., A. S. stj/all (Icel. sta/a).
Steelyard (I ). (Low G.) Said to be
the yard in London where steel was sold
by German merchants (Stow); but really
for Low G. staal-nor, ' sample-yard,' from
staal, a sample o( "goods; see Bremen
Wort. Low G. staal is from O. F. uta/e,
a sample. - O. F. uta/er; see Stale (I).
Steelyard (2), a kind of balance,
with unequal arms. (F. -L.?) Now
generally misunderstood as meaning a yard
or bar of stee!; but spelt stel/eere by
Cotgrave, s. v. Crocket. Perhaps from
O. F. aste/ier, a spit-cratch, in which
spits lay horizontally (Roquefort) ; cf.
Span. astil/ero, the same, and asti/, the
beam of a balance. From L. luuta, a
lance.
Steenbok, a S. African antelope.
(Du.) Du. stembok, lit. rock-goat.' - Du.
steen, stone, rock; bok, he-goat; see
Buck (I).
Steep (I ), precipitous. (E.) M. E. steep.
A. S. sUap, steep, high. + Ice!. steyp6r,
steep, lofty. Allied to stoop, whence the
notion of sloping down, or tilted up; cf.
Swed. stupande, sloping; Norweg. stupa,
to fall, stup, a steep cliff. See Stoop.
steep ( l ), to soak in a liquid. (Scand.)
M. E. stepm, Ice! . steypa, to make to
stoop, overturn, pour out liquids, cast
metals (hence to pour water over grain or
steep it); causal of stupa, to stoop; see
Stoop. So also Swed. stopa, to cnst
metals, steep com; Dan. stObe, the same.
steeple. (E.) O. Mere. stljJel, A. S.
stype/, a lofty tower; so called from its
height. - A. S. sliap, steep, high (with
regular change from ia to y). + Icel.
stopull; Low G. stipe/. '
Steer (I), a young oX. (E.) A. S. stlor.
+Du. and G. stier, a bull, Ice!. stjOrr,
Goth. stiur; Teut. type sleuro:, m.
[Also *tneuroz, for Idg. *teuros; as in
Ice!. )jorr, Swed. tjur, Dan. tyr, a steer.
Cf. also L. taurus, Gk. Talipor, Russ.
tur'.] 13. The sense is 'full-grown' or
'large,' as in Skt. stnula- (for stnura-),
great, large, powerful, stnura~ , a man,
stnuri, a pack-horse; cf. Zend staora-,
Pers. sutur, a beast of burden. Der. stir-k,
a bullock, A. S. stjr-ic (with vowel-change
from io to Y) ; Low G. starR.
Steer (2), to guide. (E.) M. E. stere".
A. S. stioron, stjron, to stecr.+Du. sture",
lceL stYra, Dan. styre, Sowed. slJra, G.

51 7

STELLAR

STEVEDORE

steue1"1t, to steer; Goth. stiUlialt, to confirm. Il Weak verb; from the sb. appearing in M. E . stere, Du. stltur, Ice!. stjri,
G. steuer, a rndder, still retained in star.
board; see Star.board. The O. H. G.
stiura meant ( r ) a prop, staff, support, ( 2)
a rndder; and is allied to Icel. stallrr, a
stake. Noreen, r43; Brugm. i. 198.
Stellar. (L.) L. stelliins, starry. -L.
stella, star; for *ster-Ia, a dimin. form
allied to E . Star. Brngm. i. 473.
Stem ( r ), trunk of a tree. (E.) M. E.
st~m.
A. S. stei n. Stet/lIl, (I) stem of a
tree; (2) stem, prow of a vessel, for which
steftza (streftta) is also used. Apparentl y
allied to Stafl'; but the primitive forms
are uncertain. + Du. slam, trunk, steven ,
prow; Icel. sla/n, stamlt , stem of a vessel,
stofn, trunk; Dan. slamme, trnnk, slrevlt,
prow; Swed. stam, trunk, sta/, prow,jramstam , fore.stem, bak-stam , back-stem,
stem; G. stamm , trunk, vorder steven,
prow-post, stem, hinter steven, stem -post.
Some compare O. Irish lamon (Ir.famlza.z ),
the stem of a tree.
stem (2 ), prow of a vessel. (E.) See
above.
Stem (3), to check, stop. (E.) E.
Fries. stemmm, to check, stop, hinder.
So Icel. stemma. Dan. stemme, to dam up;
G. stemmen , to dam up water, check,
resist. From Teut. *stam, to stop; see
Stammer.
Stench, sb. (E. ) A. S. stme, a strong
smell, often in the sense of fragrance. A. S. stane, 2nd grade of sti.zcan, to stink,
also to smell Bweetly.+G. ge-stank. See
Stink.
Stencil, to paint in figures by help
of a pierced plate. (F.-L.) From O. F.
es(eneel~r, to sparkle, also to cover with
stars, to adorn with bright colours (Godefroy). - O. F . esfmce/e, a spark. - L. type
*sfi.zcilla, mistaken form of L. scintilla,:J.
spark. See Scintillation.
Steno~a.ph:v,
shorthand wntl!lg.
(Gk.) from Gk. I1TIVO-r, narrow, close ;
,,(pO.<{>-ft V, to write.
Stentoria.n, extremely loud. (Gk .)
From Gk. :E.TlvTQ)p, Stentor, a Greek at
Troy, with a loud voice (Homer). - Gk.
I1T'V-ftv, to groan ; with suffix -TOJp.
STEN.) See Stun.
Step, a pace, degree, foot-print. (E.)
M. E. steppe. From A. S. steppan , streppall (for *stapjan). a str. verb with a weak
present ; pt. t. stop, pp. stapen. Cf. Du .

stap, G. staPle, a footstep; Russ. stopa,

a step. Allied to Stamp.
Stepchild. (E. ) A. S. sllopcild; where
cild = E . cMld ; see Child. We also find
A . S. sllophearn, step-bairn , stepchild.
sleop/reder, stepfather, sllopmOdor, stepmother, &c. 1$. The sense of sllop is 'or
phalled,' and sllopcild is the oldest compound; we find A. S. astlaple, pl., made
orphans, also O. H. G. stitt/an, to deprive
of parents.+Dn. stit/ kind, stepchild; Icel.
stjzlpbarn, step-bairn; Swed. sty/bam; G.
stie/ki.ui.
Steppe, a large plain. (Russ.) Russ.
stepe, a waste, heath, steppe.
Stereoscope, an optical instrnment for
giving an appearance of solidity. (Gk.)
From Gk. I1T~/,.6-f, solid, stiff; I1KOII'-I"', to
behold.
stereotype, a solid plate for printing.
(Gk. ) Gk. I1TfpI6-r, hard, solid; and type,
q. v.
Sterile. (F. - L .) O. F . sterile. - L.
stenlem, acc. of sterilis, barren. Cf. Gk.
I1TfIpa (for *I1TfP-ya), a barren cow; Goth.
stairo, a barren woman. Brngm. i. i 838.
Sterling. (E.) M. E. sterling, a sterling coin; A. F. esterling. Said to be
named from the Esterlings (i. e. easter
lings, men of the east) ; this was a name
for the Hanse merchants in London, temp.
Henry III. - M. E. est, east. See East;
and see Easterling in N . E. D.
Stern ( I ), severe, austere. (E.) M. E.
stC1"1le, stume. A. S. styrne, stem. Allied
to G. storrig, morose, stubborn; Goth.
and-stnttrrall, to murmur against.
Stern ( 2), hind part ofa vessel. (Scand.)
Icel. stjom, a steering, steerage, helm;
hence a name for the hind part of a vessel.
Cf. Icel. stf or-i, a steerer, allied to E .
steer ( 2).
Sternuta.tion, sneezing. (L.) L . sternutdtio, :J. sneezing. - L. sternittiitlls, pp.
of ste"lliitiire, to sneeze, frequelltative of
stemuere, to sneeze. Allied to Gk. "'TapvlJI19at , to sneeze.
Stertorous, snoring. (L.) Coinedfrom
L . stertere, to snore.
Stethoscope, the tube used in auscultation, as applied to the chest. (Gk.)
Lit.' chest-examiner.' - Gk. I1Tij90-r , chest;
I1KOft-I"' , to consider.
Stevedore, one who stows a cargo.
(Span. - L .) Span. estivador, a woolpacker; hence :J. stower of wool for
exportation, and generally, ,.>De who stOWIi
5 18

(v

STEW

STILL

a cargo. -Span. estivar, to compress wool,

to stow a cargo.- L. stipare, to press
together. Allied to Stiff. Cf. Span.
esliva, O. F. estive, stowage; ltal. stiva,
ballast
Stew, to boil slowly. (F. - Teut.) M. E.
stuwen, orig. to bathe; formed from the
old sb. stew in the sense of bath or hothouse (as it was called) ; the pI. stews
generally meant brothels. An Anglicised
form of 0_ F. estuve. a stew, stove, hothouse (F. efuve).-O. H. G. slupa. a hot
room for a bath (mod. G. stube, a cham~ The
ber). Allied to Stove, q. v.
history of O . F. estuve and of O. H. G.
stupa is much disputed.
Steward. (E.) A .S.stiweard,stiward,
a steward. Lit. < a sty-ward ;' from A. S.
stigu, a farmyard, weard; a ward. The
orig. sense was one who looked after the
domestic animals, and gave them theirfood;
hence, one who provides for his master's
table, or who superintends household
affairs. We also find stiwita, stigwita, a
steward, where the former element is the
same. See- Sty (1) and Ward.
stick ( I), to stab, pierce, thrust in, adhere. (E.) The orig. sense was to sting,
pierce, stab, fasten into a thing; hence, to
be thrust into a thing, to adhere. Two verbs
are confused in mod. E., viz. (I ) stick, to
pierce; (2) stick, to be fixed in. a.. We find
( I) M. E. steken, strong verb, to pierce,
pt. t. stak, pp. steken, stiken; answering to
an A. S. *stecan, pt. t. *sttU, pp. *stecen
(not found); cognate with O . Fries. steka,
O. Sax. stekan. (pt. t. stak), E. Fries.
steken, Low G. steken (pt. t. stak , pp.
sIcken) ; G . stechen (pt. t. stadt, pp. gestochen). Teut. type *steka1z- (pt. t. *stak) ;
transferred to the e-series from an older
type *sleikan- (weak grade stik) ; cf. Goth.
slaks, a mark, stiks, a point. Further
allied to Gk. I1Ti("flV ( = url-y-Yftv ). to
prick, L. instfgare, to prick, Skt. til, to be
sharp; and to E. Sting. (V STEIG.)
~ . We also find (2) A. S. stician , pt. t. sticode, weak ver)1; allied to Ice!. stika, to
drive piles, Swed. sticka, Dan. stikke, to
stab, sting, G. sleeken, to stick, set. also
to stick fast, remain.
stick (2), a small branch of a tree.
(E. ) M. E. stikke. A . S. sticca, a stick,
peg, nail. So called from its piercing or
sticking into anything; the orig. sense
being 'peg,' also a small bit of a tree.
Allied to Stick (I ) above.+Icel. stika,

a stick. E. Fries. stikke, stik; Du. stu;

G. stecken.
stickleback, a small fish. (E. ) So
called from the stickles or small rrickles on
its back. Stick-Ie is a dimin. 0 stick ( 2);
cf. E. Fries. stikel, a thorn.
Stickler, one who Pllrts combatants, or
settles disputes between two who are fi ghting. (E.) Now only used of one who insists on etiquette or persists in an opinion.
Corruption of a sb. formed from M . E.
slightlen, stightlim, to dispose, order,
arrange, govern, subdue; commonly used
of a steward who arranged matters, acting
as a master of ceremonies. See Will. of
Paleme, 1199. 2899, 3281, 38,P, 5379;
Destruction of Troy, 117, 1997, 3193,
13282, &c. This M. E . stightlen is a
frequentative of A. S. stihtan, stihtian, to
control. Cognate with M. Du. stichten.
to build, impose II law ; Dan. stifle, to
in stitute, Swed . stifta, stikta, G . stiflen,
to found , institute. Cf. also leel. stitt (for
*sti"hti-), a foundation, base.
Sti1f. (E. ) M . E. stif. A. S. stif, stiff.
+ Low G. rtif (Danneil) ; Du. sti;f, Dan.
sliv, Swed . styf. Allied to Lith. stiprus,
strong, stip-ti , to be stiff, L. stipes, a stem,
stipare, to pack tight, stipulw, firm.
sti1le. (Scand.) X VI. cent. From
I cel. stijla, to dam up, choke;.. N orweg.
stivla, to stop, hem in , lit. to stiffen;
stivrn, to stiffen; frequentatives of Norw.
stiva, Dan. stive, to stiffen . All from the
adj. above. ~ The provo E. slive, to stuff,
from O. F. estiver, to pack tight, is ult.
from the same root; see Stevedore.
Stigmatise. (F.-Gk.) F.stigmatiser,
to brand with a hot iron, defame. - Gk.
ur<-Y}Ulrl(flv, to mark, brand. - Gk. (frl-yp.ar-, base of UTI-Y}Ul, a prick, mark , brand.
- Gk. I1rl(flll (= *uri-Y-Yflv), to prick.
Allied to Stick (I). (""STEIG.)
Stile ( I), a set of steps for climbing
over. (E.) M. E. stile. A. S . stigel, a stile.
- A. S. stig-, weak grade of sligan, to
climb; with suffix -e!. See Sta.ir. + M.
Du. and O.H.G . stichel.
Stile (2), the correct spelling of Style
( ! ), q. v.
stiletto, a small dagger. (Ital.-L.)
Ital. stiletto, a dagger; dim in. of M. ltal.
stilo, a dagger.-L. stilum, ace. of stilus,
an iron pin; see Style (I ).
Still ( 1), motionless. (E. ) M. E. stille.
A. S. stille, still; cf. stillan, vb., to remain in a place or stall. For stel:fl1z ;

5 19

STILL

STOCK

allied to A. S. stellan, to place, from A. S.

sttZl, a place; cf. steal!; see Stall. +
Du. stil, still, stillen, to be still, stellm,
to place, from stal, a stall; Dan. stille,
Swed. stt"lIa, G. still, still; Dan. stille, to
still, also to place, Swed. stilla, to quiet;
G. sti/len, to still, stetlen, to place; Dan.
stald, Swed. G. stall, a stall. Der. still,
adv., A . S. stille, continually, ever.
Still ( 2), to distil, trickle down. (L.;
ar F.-L. ) In some cases, it represents
L. sti1l4re, to fall in drops; more often, it
is short for Distil, q. v.
still (3), sb., an apparatus for distilling.
(L.) Short for M. E. stitlatorie, a still,
from stiltat-us, pp. of stillare (above).
Stilt. (Scand.) M. E. stilte. -Swed.
sty/ta, Dan. stylte, a stilt; Dan. stylte, to
walk on stilts.+ Du. stelt; G. stelze, a
stilt; O . H. G. stelza, prop, crutch. Perhaps allied to Stalk (1); cf. E. Fries.
stilte, a stem, stalk.
Stimula.te. (L.) From pp. of L.
stimulare, to prick forward. - L. stimulus,
a goad .
Sting. (E.) A. S. stingan, pt. t. stang,
pp. stungm.+lcel. stinga, Swed. stinga,
Dan. stinge_ Teut. type *stengan-. Der.

stang.

stingy, mean. (E.) The same as

Norfolk stingy, pronounced (stinji), nipping, unkindly, illhumoured. Merely the
adj. from sting, sb., which is pronounced
(stinj) in Wiltshire. So also Swed. sticken,
pettish, fretful, from sticka, to sting.
Stink. (E.) A. S. stincan, pt. t. sta,u,
pp. stuncen. + Dn. stinken, Dan. stinke,
Swed. stinka, G. stinken. Cf. Gk . .,.a1'y6r,
rancid.
Stint, to limit, restrain , cut short. (E.)
Orig. to shorten.' M . E. stinten (also
stentan). A. S. slyntan, in for-stynla1l,
properly to make dull'; formed from
A. S. stunt, stupid, by vowel-change from
u to y . The peculiar sense is Scand.+
Ice!. stytta (for *stynta), to shorten, from
stuttr, short, stunted; Swed. dial. stynta,
to take short steps, from stunl, short;
Dan. dial. stynte, to crop. See Stunted.
Stipend, salary. (L.) L. stipendiunt,
a tax, tribute; for "'stip-pmdium, a payment in money. _ L. slip-, stem of stips,
small coin; pendere, to weigh ont, pay;
see Pendant. /3. Stips is supposed to
mean pile of money'; cf. stiptire, to heap
together.
Stipple, to engrave by means of small

dots. (Du.) Do. stippelm, to speckle, dot

over. - Du. stippl, a speckle; dimin. of
stip, a point. Allied to Low G . stippelen,
to drip as raindrops (Danneil) , stipp", to
speckl~; G. steppen, to stitch, stift, a tack,
peg, pm.
~tip~&tion, a contrac~. (F ..-L.) F.
sltpulalzon. - L. acc. sttpuliittonem, a
covenant. - L. stiputatus, pp. of stipulari,
to settle an agreement. - 0 .. Lat. slipulus,
firm, fast; allied to stipes, a post. ~ Not
from stipula, a straw, though this is an
allied word.
Stir. (E.) M. E. stirm, st1~ren. A. S.
styrian, to move, stir. Allied to Icel.
styrr, a stir; Du. staren, Swed. stijra, G.
storm, to disturb, O. H. G. stOre", to
scatter, destroy, disturb.
Teut. types
*sturjan-, *stau,:jan- (Franck). Prob. allied
to Storm.
Stirkj see Steer (1).
Stirrup. (E.) For sty-"ope, i. e. a rope
to mount oy ; the orig. stirrup was a looped
rope for mounting into the saddle. M. E.
stirop. A. S. sti-rap, stig-riip. - A. S.
stig-, weak grade of stigan , to mount; "ap,
a rope; see Stair aud Rope.+Icel. stigreip, Du. stegreep, G. stegreif.
Stitch, a paiu in the side, a passing
through stuff of a needle and thread. (E.)
M. E. stiche. A. S. stice, a pricking sensation. - A. S. stician, to prick, pierce. See
Stick (I).
Stith, an anvil. (Scand.) M. E. stith.
- Icel. steM, an anvil; allied to stafj,', a
fixed place; named from its firmness; see
Stead. + Swed. stiid, an anvil; M. Du.
stiet. Der. stithy, properly a smithy, but
also an anvil, like M. E. stethi.
Stiver, a Dutch penny. (Du.) Du.
stuiver, a small coin. Perhaps mig. bit'
or small piece. Franck connects it with
Low G . stUtif, stumpy, Ice!. stufr, a stump,
Ice!. stjfa, to cut off.
StO&t, an animal. (Scand.) A late
word ; stote, Phillips, J706; Levins, 15io.
M. E. slot, a stoat, also a bull, stallion.
See Stot.
Stocc&do, StOCC&t&, a thrust in
fencing. (Ital. - T cut. l Sioccado is an
accommodated form, as if it were Spanish.
- Ital. stoccata, , a foyne, thrust,' Florio. Ita\. stocco, a short sword, a tuck,' Florio;
with pp. suffix -ata. - G. stock, a stick,
staff, trunk, stump; cognate with E.
stock.
stock, a post, &c. (E. ) The old sense

520

STOCKADE

STO-r

was a stump; hence a post, trunk, stem, stol, Goth. stols, seat, chair; G. stuM, chair,
a fixed store, fund, capital,' cat\l~, stalk, pillar. _ Lit. 'that which stands firm.'
butt-endofagun,&c. A.S. stocc, _stock, <-\I"STA.) Brugm.i. 191.
stump. + G. stock, O. H. G. stoch ; Du.: . S:toop (I ), to lean forward. (E. ) Provo
stok, lee!. stokkr, Dan . stok, Swed. stock. E : stowp; M. E. stoupm . A . S. stupian.
Allied to A. S. stykke, G. stuck, a bit, +M. Du:s!uypm , O. lcel. stupa, to stoop;
fragment .
Swed. stupa, to .tilt, fall. Allied to Steep
Stockade, a breastwork formed of (I ) .
. .. . :- .- .
stakes. (Span. -Teut.) Coined as if Stoop ( 2), a beaker.; see-Stoup.
from E . stock (above) ; but adapted from Stop. (L. ) Of L: origiJ?'" . M. E. stopSpan. estacada, a palisade, fence. - Span. pm , A. S. -stoppia1Z, to stop up'; 'sa also Du.
estaca, a stake, pale. - M. Du. stake, Du. stoppm, to stop, stuff, cram, Swed. stOJ!P.Il)
staak, a stake; see Stake.
Dau. sloppe, G . stopfin; Ita!. stoppare,'
StoclriDg. (E.) Stocki,zg" is a dimin . to stop up with tow, Late L. slt4ppiire, to
form of stocli, used as short for mther-slock . stop up with tow, cram, stop. All from
, Un bas des chausses, a slocking", or nether- L. stupa, stuppa, coarse part of flax, hards,
slock ;' Cot. The clothing of the lower oakum, tow. Cf. Gk. (IT","", ITT"","" the
part of the body consisted of a single same. Der. slopp-Ie, i. e. stopper; also
garment, called hose, in F. chausses. It estop, A. F. ,stoper, from Late L. stuppdre.
was afterwards cut in two at the knees, and Storax, a resinous gum. (L. - Gk.) L.
divided iuto tIpper-stocks, and nether-stocks storax, styrax. - Gk. ITTVpa.[.
or stocking-s. In this case, stock means a Store, sb. (F. -L.) M. E. stor, sloor,
piece or stump, a piece cut off; see Stock. provisions.-O. F. estor, store, provisions
Stoic. (L. -Gk.) L. Stoicus . - Gk. (Godefroy) ; Late L. staurum, the same
::ETQI,,yor, a Stoic; lit. 'belonging to a as instaurum, store. _ L. instaurare, to
colonnade,' because Zeno taught under a construct, build ,restore; Late L .instaurare,
colonnade at Athens. - Gk.ITTOO, ITTo"i (for to provide necessaries. - L. in, in; .stau*ITToF-y6.), a colonnade, row of pillars; cf. rare, to set up, place, also found in re"
ITTi/-Aor, a pillar. ("""STEU.)
staurdre, to restore.
From an adj .
Stoker, one who tends a fire. (Du.) staurus - Skt. sthdvara-, fixed; cf. Gk.
Orig. used to mean one who looked after a lTT<lvpOr, an upright pole. ("""STA. ) Der.
fire in a brew-house (Phi1!ips).- Du. stoker, store, vb., O. F. estorer, from Late L.
'a kindler, or setter on fire,' Hexham. - staurare = instaurare.
Du. stoken, to kindle a fire, stir a fire. Stork, bird. (K) A. S. storc. +Du.
Allied to Du. stok, a stock, stick (hence, a stork, Icel. storkr, Dan. and Swed . stork;
poker for a fire); cognate with Stock. Cf. G. storch. Cf. Gk. TOnor, a large bird
Westphal. stoken, to poke a fire.
(vulture, swan). Prob. allied to Stark.
Stole, long robe, scarf. (L. -Gk.) L. Storm. (K ) A. S. slorm, storm.+lcel.
stoIa. - Gk. ITTOA~, equipment, robe, stole. stormr, Du. Swed. Dan. slorm , G. stumz.
-Gk. ITTfAAfW, to equip.
Teut. type slur-moz. From the same
Stolid, stupid. (L.) L. stolidus, firm, root as E. Stir.
stock-like, stupid.
Story (1 ). (F. -L.-Gk.) M. E. slone.
Stomach. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.stomak. - A . F . storie (Bartsch), O. F. estoire,
-0. F. eslomac.-L. acc. slomachum .- a history, tale.-L. historia. -Gk. IITTopia,
Gk. ITTOl-'aXOr, mouth , gullet, stomach; information; see History.
dimin. oftTTo/Ul, mouth. Brugm. i. .pI. Story (2),setofroomsonalevelor flat.
I Stone, (E.) M.E.sloon. A.S.stan.+ (F.-L.) Orig. merely 'a building' or
Du. steen, Ice!. steinn, Dan. Swed. stm, 'thing built.' - O. F. esloree, a thing
G. slein, Goth. stains. Cf. Gk. ITTla , a built; fern . of pp. of estorer, to build.stone ; O. Bulgarian sib,,!, Russ. stit,ta, Late L. staurare, for L. instaurare,
a wall. Der. stan-iel.
to construct, build, &c. See Store. Der.
Stook, a shock of corn. (E.) It clere-story, i. e. clear-story, story lighted
answers to A. S. stoe, from stok-, strong with windows, as distinct from blind-story.
grade of stal-, as in E. Sta.ck.+Low G . Stot, stallion, bullock. (E.) M. E.
stuke, a stook; Swed. dial. sluke.
slot. Cf. Icel. stilty, a bull, Swed. stut,
Stool. (E.) M. E. stool. A. S. stOl, Dan. stud, a bull; allied to Swed. stota, to
seat.+Du. stoel, Ice!. stoll, Dan. Swed. push, G . stossen.
5al
S 3

STOUP

Stoup, 8toop, /lagon. (M. Du.) M.E.

stope. - M. Du. stoop, a large cup (Kilian) ;
Du. stoop, a gallon; cf. Ice!. staup, a
knobby lump, also a stoup; Low G. sloop,
a stoup (wheuce Swed. slop, three pints;
Dan. dial. stob, a stoup). + A. S. steap,
a cup; G. stauf, a cup. Allied to A. S.
stlap, steep; perhaps as being high and
upright; see Steep (I ), and Stoop.
Stout. (F.-O.LowG.) M.E.stoul.O. F. estout, stout, bold. - M. Du. stolt,
stout, stout, bold; Low G. stolt, A. S. slo/t,
the same. + G. stots, proud. Perhaps all
from L. stu/tus, foolish, foolhardy. Der.
stout, sb., a strong beer.
Stove. (E.) A. S. stifa.+M. Du. stove,
'a stewe, hot-house, or a baine: Hexham; Low G. stove ; cc. Icel. stifa, stu/a,
a bath-room with a stove; G. stube,
O.H.G. stupa, a room (whence Ital. stu/a,
F. {tuve). See Stew.
Stover, food for cattle. (F.-L. 1) In
Shak.; M. E. stouer (stover), necessaries.
- O. F. estover, estovoir, necessaries; orig.
the inlin. mood of a verb which was used
im"personallywith the sense 'it is necessary.'
Perhaps from L. est opus (Tobler).
Stow, to pack away. (E.) M.E.stoweIl,
lit. to put in a place. - A. S. stiiwigan
(Sweet); from stiJw, a place.+lcel.eldstu,
fire-place. Also Lith. stowa , place where
a thing stands. from stuti, to stand.
(ST}..)
Straddle. (E.) Formerly stn'ddle
(Levins) ; frequentative of Stride.
Straggle. (E. ) Formerly stragle.
For strac7de; cf. provo E. strackle-brained,
thoughtless. Apparently the frequentative
of M. E. straken, to roam, wander; P.
Plowman's Crede, 8a; with a shortened
before k-l. Allied t o Strike. Perhaps
Swed. dial. strakla, to stagger, totter, is
related.
Straight. (E.) M. E. strei)t, orig. pp.
of M . E. strecc/un, to stretch; A. S. streht,
pp. of streccan, to stretch; see Stretch.
Der. straight, adv., M. E. strei)t; straightway; straight-en.
Stram ( I), vb. (F. -L.) From estraign-,
a stem ofM. F. estraindre,' to wring hard;'
Cot. - L . stringere, to draw tight. See
Stringent.
Stra.iJ1. (2) , descent, lineage, birth. (E. )
Strahl in Shak.; strene in Spenser. M. E.
slreen, Chaucer, C.T., CI. Tale, '57. A. S.
strlon, gain, product, lineage, progeny;
whence strynan, to beget.

STRAW

Strait, adj. (F. - L .) M. E. streit. A. F. estreit (F. ttroit), narrow, strict.L. strictum, ace. of strictus; see Strict..
Strand ( I), shore. (E. ) A. S. strand. +
Ice!. strond (gen. strandar), margin, edge;
Dan. Swed. G . strand.
Strand ( a), thread of a rope. (Du.)
The final d is added. - Du. streen, a skein,
hank of thread. + G. strahm, a skein,
hank, O. H. G. strmo. Cf. Du. striem,
a stripe.
Strange, foreign , odd. (F. -L.) O. F.
estrange. _ L. extraneum, acc. of extrii,zeus, foreign, on the outside. - L. extra,
without. See Extra and Estrange.
Strangle, to choke. (F.-L.-Gk.)
O. F. estrangler. - L. strallguliire. - Gk.
UTparraAUfiJI. UTpayya}..ICflJI, to strangle.
- Gk. UTpa..,-ytiA'I, a halter. - Gk. UTparrOS,
twisted. Allied to String and Strict.
strangury. (L. -Gk.) L.strangilna.
-Gk. uTparrovpla,retention of urine, when
it falls by drops. - Gk. UTpa,,(,,(-, base of
UTpO.,,(C , a drop, that which oozes out (allied
to UTparrOS, twisted); otJp-OJl, urine.
Strap. (L.) Provo E. strop; A. S.
stropp. -L. struppus (also stroppus ), a
strap, thong, fillet . ( Hence F . {trope. )
Strappado. (Ital. - Tent.) A modified
form olstrappala (just as stomldo was used
for stoccala). - Ita!. strappata, a pulling, a
wringing, the stmppado. - Ital. strappare,
to pull, wring. - H. G. (Swiss) strap/en,
to pull tight, allied to G. straff, tight,
borrowed from Low G. or Du. - Dn. straf/m, to punish, from straf, severe; c '. E.
F ries. strabben, to be stiff.
Stratagem. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F.
stralageme. - L. stralegema. - Gk. (JTpaTf)"('If'll , the device of a genera!. - Gk. UTpaT'I",(OS, general, leader. - Gk. UTpaT-OS, army,
camp; d"'(-ftJl, to lead. T he Gk. UTpGTOS
is allied to UTOPJlUfll, I spread. See
Stratum.
strategy. (F.-L. -Gk.) F.straligie.
- L. strategia. - Gk. uTpaTT/",(la, generalship. - Gk. UTpann6s (above).
Strath, a /lat valley. (C.) Gael. sralk,
a valley with a river, low-lying country beside a river; Irish sralh , sralha, the bottom
ofa valley, fields beside a river; W.ystrad,
a /lat vale. Allied to Stratum (below) .
Stratum. (L.) L. stratum, a layer,
that whidl ~spread /lat; neut. of straus,
pp. of sternere, to spread. + Gk. UTOPJlVI",
I spread out. ( STER .)
StraW, sb. (E. ) A. S. slreaw (slr_).

STRIKE

STRAW-BERRY
+Du. stroo. Ice!. stni, Dan. stma. Swed.
strli, G. stroh. Teut. type *strawoJll,
n. Allied to L. stnimell, straw, ster"'lre, to
strew; see Strew, Stratum.
straw-berry. (E.) A.S. streawbenge, straw-berry; perhaps from its propagation by runners; cf. strew.
Stray, to wander. ( F. - L.) O. F.
estraier, to wander; orig. to rove about
the streets or ways. Cf. Provo estradier, a
wanderer in the streets, one who strays,
from Provo t strada ( = o. F. estree) , a
street; M. Ita!. stradiotto. a wanderer, from
strada, street. - L. strata, a street; see
Street. Der. stray, estray, sb.
Strea.k, a line or long mark. (E. )
M. E. streke, more commonly strike. A. S.
strica, from stric- , weak grade of stricall,
to stroke, rub. Cf. E. Fries. streke, striike,
a stroke, streak; Du. streek; Swed. streck,
a dash, streak, line; Dan. streg, the same.
Also Goth. striks, a stroke with the pen;
G. strich, from Teut. strik, weak grade of
streikan--; see Strike. Cf. alsoL.stnga,
a swath, furrow.
Stream. (E. ) A. S. stream. + Du.
str001ll, lee!. straumr, Swed. Dan. strom,
G. slr011l.
Teut. type strau1IIoz, m.
Allied to Russ. struia, Irish sruaim , a
stream. All from ""SREU, to flow. which
in Teut. and Russ. became STREU; cf.
Skt. sru, Gk. Pff'" (for *upfF-f'''), to flow.
Cf. Rheum.
Street. (L.) A. S. strati O. Mere.
strlt; a very early loan-word; cf. Du.
straat, G. strasse.-L. striita, i. e. slrlita
ttia , a paved way; strata being fem. of pp.
of stenzere, to strew, pave.
Stren~h. (E.) A.S. strengfJu; (for
strang-I-tAu). - A. S. strang, strong. See
Strong.
Strenuous. (L. ) L. strenu-us, vigorous, active; with suffix -oUS. +Gk. (T.,p..",r,.,
strong, allied to UT"fpEO', firm.
Stress, strain. (F. - L.) Sometimes
short for distress ; see Distre88. Otherwise, from O. }<' . estrecier, estressier, to
straiten , pinch, contract. This answers to
a Folk-L. type strectilire, regularly formed
from L. stn Ctus, tightened; see Strict.
Stretch. (E. ) M. E. strecchen. - A. S.
streccan, pt. t. strehle, pp. strehl. Formen
as a causal verb from A. S. strt1!C, hard ,
rigid, violent, strong. Thus streich = to
make stiff or hard, as in straining a conI.
+ Du. strekkm, to stretch, from strak,
stretched, tight, rigid; Dan. strtZkke, Swed.

striicka; G. streckm, from strack, adj.,

tig-ht. Perhaps allied to Strong.
Strew, Straw, vb. ~ E.) M. E.
strewel'. A. S. streowiall, to .trew, scatter.
Closely allied to A. S. streaw, straw. +Du.
strooijul, to strew, allied to stroo, straw;
G . streuen, to strew, allied to stroh, straw;
Goth. straujall (pt. t. strawida), to strew.
From a derivative of the root STER, as
in L. ster-Iure (pt. t. straUlJ. to strew;
cf. Gk. q.,6p""p.l. I spread; Skt. str, to
spread. See Stratum. Brugm. i. 570.
Der. be-strew.
Stricken j see Strike.
Strict. (L.) L. strictus, pp. of stri/~ gere. to tighten, draw together, &c. See
Stringent. DOUblet, strait.
Stride, vb. (..) M. E. stnlien, pt. t.
strad. strood. A. S. stridan, to stride, pt.
t. straa (rare; but cf. bestrad, 1E1f. Hom.
ii. 136). So also Low G. stnaell (pt. t.
streed), to strive, to stride; Du. strljdm ,
G. streitetl, Dan. striik, strong verbs, to
strive, contend; Ice!. stntJa, Swed. Jtnda,
weak verbs, to strive. I). Teut. type
*streitian-, pt. t. *straid, pp. *stridatlOZ;
whence also Ice!. strib, woe, strife; strifJr,
hard, stubborn. Cf. Skt. sneIk, to assail ;
also, an enemy. The orig. sense was' to
contend,' hence to take long steps (as if
in contention with another). Der. bestriik, strid, straddle, stnft, strive.
strife. (F.-Scand.) O.F. estnf,strife.
Apparently modified from lcel.strib,strife,
contention. Cf. O. Sax. and O. Fries. strid,
strife; Du. stri.Jd; G. streit. From the
verb Stride (above). lIT The connexioll
with G. streben, Du. strevttl, is obscure.
Der. strive, vb., q. V.
Strike, to hit. (E.) M. E. slrikm, orig.
to proceed, advance, to flow ; hence used
of smooth swift motion, to strike with a
rod or sword. The verb is 'str9ng; pt. t.
strak, pp. striken; the phrase' stricken in
years' meant 'advanced in years.' A. S.
strican, to go, proceed, advance swiftly and
smoothly; pt. t. strlfc, pp. stncen.+Du .
stn/ken, to smooth, rub, stroke, spread,
strike; G. streichm, the same. [Cf. Ice!.
strjuka, to stroke, rub, wipe, strike; !:iwed.
stryka, Dan. stryge, the same.] Allied to
L. stringere, to graze, touch lightly with a
swift motion; stnga" a row of mown hay.
Der. strike, sb., the name of a measure,
orig. an instrument with a straight edge
for levelling (striking off) a measure of
grain. Also streak, stroke.
533

STRING

Itring.

(E.) A. S. strenge, cord; from

its being tightly twisted. - A. S. strmtg,
strong, violent. Cf. Gk. uTpa-y-yaA,/, a
halter; from UTpa-y-yOS, tightly twisted.+
Du. stre1tg, string, allied to streng, severe;
so also Ice!. strengr, Dan. strang, Swed.
strilltg, G. strang, cord, string. See
Strong.
Stringent. (L.) L. stringent-, stem of
pres. pt. of stringere, to draw tight, compress, urge, also to graze, stroke; pp.
strictus. Perhaps allied to Strike.
Strip. (E. ) M. E . stripen. A. S. striepan, strjpan. to plunder, strip; in compo
be.strjipan.+Du. stroopen, to plunder; E.
Fries. stropm, strope,,; G. streijen, from
M. H . G. stroufm. Teut. type *straupjan- ;
from the lnd grade of the strong verb
*streupan-, for which cf. Norw. strUpa. to
grip, to throttle, pt. t. straup. Der. strip,
sb., a piece stripped off; see below.
Stripe. ( Du.) Orig. a streak; M. E.
stripe; not an old word; prob. a weaver's
term. - M. Du. strifpe, a stripe in cloth,
variant of strepe (Kilian) ; Du. stt'eep;
Low G. stripe, a stripe. + Norw. stripa.
Dan. stribe, a stripe, streak; G. streijm,
M. H. G. streif. From a Teut. base streip,
allied to streik; see Strike. Cf. O. Irish
srlab, a stripe. ~ Low G. stripe, a stripe,
also means a strip of cloth; although strip
belon~ strictly to the verb above.
Stripling. (E.) A double dimin. from
strip, variant of stripe; hence a lad as thin
as a sl1-;P, a growing lad not yet filled out.
Strive. ( F.-Scand.) M. E. str;lten
(striven ), properly a weak verb.-O. F.
estnver, to strive; Walloon striveI'. - O. :1<'.
estrif, strife; see Strife.
Stroke (I ), a blow. (E.) M. E. strook.
From strile, 2nd grade of A. S. stricalt, to
strike. Cf. G. streich, a stroke.
stroke (l ), to rub gently. (E.) M. E.
stroken. A. S. strikian, to stroke; a causal
verb; from striic, lnd gmde of striean, to
strike. Cf. G. streiche/n, to stroke, from
streiehen, to stroke; see Strike.
Stroll, to wander. ( F.- Teut.) Formerly strOltle. stroyle. Formed by prefixing
s- (0. F. /!S-, L . ex) to troll, used (in P. PI.)
with the sense 'to range'; see Troll.
Cf. Guernsey Itret4/ai' [= estreull], adj.,
idle, vagabond (Metivier; who notes that,
at Valognes. dep. Manche, the equivalent
term i. trtulier, i. e . 'troller '); cf. Norm.
dial. treuler, to rove (Moiay), dial. of
Verdun t,.IIe,., t,.aultr.

STRYCHNINE

Strong. (E.) A. S. strang, strong.+

Du. strmg, Ice!. strallgr, Dan. streng;

Swed. strang; G. streng; strict. Cf. Gk.
UTpayyOS, tightly twisted.
Strop, a piece of leather, for sharpening
razors. (L.) A.S. sltopp, a strap, from
L. ; see Strap. Cf. Westphal. strop.
Strophe, part of a poem or dance.
(Gk. ) Gk. UTPcxpr" a turning; the turning
of the chorus, dancing to one side of the
orchestra, or the strain sung during this
evolution; the strophe, to which the antistrophl! answers. - Gk. UTpf</>fIV, to turn .
Strow; see Strew.
Structure. (F.-L) F.strttclltt'e. -L.
strueft~ra, a structure. - L. structus, pp. of
strmre, to build, orig. to heap together.
Struggle, vb. (F. - M. Du. 1) M.E.
stroge/m, strugelen; apparently from A.F.
es- (L. ex) prefixed to M. Du. truggelm
( Du. tt'ogge/en), Low G. truggeln, to beg
persistently, which prob. also had the
same sense as E. Fries. troggeln, to struggle
against, as when a horse jibs or refuses to
move forward, also to beg persistently.
All from Teut. base *thnig-, as in Icel.
)ri'iga, Dan. true, to press, ultimately
related to A. S. )ryccan, G. driicken, to
press. (Doubtful. )
Strum, to thmm on a piano. (E.)
An imitative word. Made by prefixing an
intensive s- (=0. F. es=L. ex), very, to
the imitative word t1'1t111 (also thro1ll ), as
seen in Low G. tntlllTltelt, Du. trommen,
to drum; see Drum and Thrum.
Strumpet. (F. - Teut. 1) M. E. strompet. The form answers to O. F. *estrolll pette (not found ), as if from M.Du. strompe,
a stocking. Or (if the 1Il be an insertion)
it is from O. F. strupe, Late L. strttplwt,
dishonour, violation; from L. stuprlmt.
(Unexplained.)
Strut (I), to walk about pompously.
(Scand.) M. E. strouten, to spread or swell
out. - Swed. dial. stml/a, to walk with
a jolting step; Dan. strut/e, strude, to
strut; cf. Norw. stntt, a spout that sticks
out, a nozzle. The orig. sense seems to
be 'to stick out stiffly'; cf. Ice!. strutr, a
hood sticking out like a horn; Low G.
strutt, rigid. + G. 51rotze", to strut, be
puffed up; cf. strallss, a tuft, bunch.
.trut (l) , a support for a rafter.
(Scand.) Orig. a stiff piece of wood ; from
strut, to stick out or up. Cf. Ice!. stnU,.,
Low G. strut! (above).
8tr7ohDine. (Gk.) From Gk. O'TpclX-

STUPEFY

STUB
I'O~,

nightshade, poison i with F. suffix word being Germanised before it passed

-i"e.
into French (Diez). Cf. G. stoff, stuff,
Stub, stump of a tree. (E.) A. S. stybb, materials. tJ. The sense of the L. word is
a stub ; E . Fries. stubbe. +Du. stobbe, Icel. better preserved in the verb to stuff, i. e . to
slubOi, D a n. stub, Swed. stubbe. Allied cram, to stop up, M . F. estoujfe.', to stifle
to Icel. slu]r, a stump (Noreen) ; and see (Col. ), G. stopfen, to fill, stuff, quilt, from
Sta.b. Also to Gk. U";"O~, a stump, Skt. Late L. stupptire, to stop up i whence also
stupa-, a heap. Allied to Stump.
E. Stop. q. v.
Stubble. ( F . -LateJ".) M. E. stobil, stu1l'y, close, stifling. (F.-L.) From
stobIe. - A. F . estub/e, O. F. estoub/e. -Late O. F. estouffer, to ch oke (F. "ouffer) ; the
L. stupula, stup/a, stubble; a variant of same as O. F . estoffer, to stuff or cram
L . stipula, stubble, due to the influence of up. Cf. Walloon stoft, stifled (Remacle). L ow G . stoppel, stubble (Liibben ), Du. and O. F. estoffe, stuff (above ). ~ So Scheler,
E. Fries. stoppel, cognate with M . H. G . disputing the suggestion ofDiez, who needstup/eI, O. H. G. stupfi/a , stubble.
lessly goes to the Gk. TVCPO~, smoke, mist,
Stubborn. (E.) M. E. stobum, sti- in order to explain estojJe.
born; also stibomesse, stybomesse, stub- Stultifv. (L.) Coined, with suffix-jy
bomness, for which Palsgrave has stubble- (F . -jier, L. -jicti1'e), from L. stttlti-, for
1ltIse. The final 1l is prob. due to mis- stu/tus, foolish.
understanding stibom csse as stibom-1usse ; Stumble, vb. (E.) The b is exin an y case, it has been added; cf. bitter-tl, crescent. M. E. stomblctl, stome/en, slums/atter - n. *Stubor, *slibor represent an lell; also slomeren. E. Fries. stummeln, to
A. S. form *stybor; -or being a common go stumbling along; cf. Dan. dial. stum/e,
adj. suffix , as in bit-or, bitter. From A. S. to stumble; Icel. stumra, Norw. slumstybb, a stub. Thus stubborn = stock-like, ra, to stumble; Swed. dial. stambla,
not easily moved, like an old stub or stomla, stammra, to stumble, falter. From
stump. See Stub.
the base *stum. Practically a doublet of
StuCCO. (Ita!.-O. H. G.) Ita!' stucco, stammer, with reference to hesitation of
hardened, encrusted; stucco. - O. H . G. the step instead of the speech; see Stamstucchi, a crnst; G. stuck, a piece, patch; mer. Cf. O.Sax. and O. H . G. stum, mute.
cognate with A. S. stycce, a piece, bit. Stump. (E.) M . E. stumpe ; E. Fries.
Allied to Stock.
stump.+lcel. stumpr, Swed . Dan. stump,
Stud (I), a collection of breeding-horses stump, end, bit ; Du. stomp; G . stumpf.
and mares. (E.) M. E. stood. A. S. stM, Allied to G. stumpf, blunt, stumpy; Du.
a stud; orig. an establishment or herd in slomp, blunt, dull. Also to Lith. slama stal1.+Icel. stotJ, Dan. stod, M. H . G. bms, stalk of grass, &c. lIrugm. i. 424.
stuet ( whence G . gestut). Cf. Russ. stat/Q, Stun, to make a loud din, to amaze,
a herd or drove, Lith. stodas, a drove of esp. with a blow. (E.) M. E. sto1lim.
horses. (.vSTA.) Der. stud-korse, steed. A. S. sttmian, to make a din ; ge-stU1l,
Stud (2) , a rivet, large-headed nail, a din. Cf. Icel . stynja, to groan, stynr, a
&c. ( E.) Alsoastoutpost,proPi hence groan; Du.stenen,G.stelmen , to groan,
a projection , boss, support. _ A. S. studu , Russ. sten-ate, Lith. slm-eli, Gk. UTE' -UI',
stuju, a post.+lcel. st~, Swed. sted, a to groan; Skt. stan, to sound, to thunder.
post; Dan. sted, stub, stump; G. stu/lte, (.vSTEN.) Brngrn. i. 818 (2 ). And
a prop.
Cf. Gk. UTV-).O~, a pillar. see Thunder.
St1U1ted, hindered in growth. (E.)
(.vSTEU, allied to .vSTA.)
Student. (L. l F rom L. student-, stem From A. S. sttmt, adj., dull, obtuse,
of pres. pt. of .tudere, to be busy about, to stu pid , orig. 'sh ort ;' hence , metaphostudy.
rically, short of wit; also not well grown;
study, sb. (F.-L. ) M. E. studie. - but the peculiar sense is Scand. + Ice!.
A. F. estude ( F. et ude). _ L. studium, sttlllr (for *stuntr), ahort, stunted (Nozeal , study. Der. studio, Ital. studio, a reen) ; M. Swed .sttmt,cutsbort. Cf.Stint.
school, from L . studium.
StUpefy. (F. - L.) F . stupijier; due
Stuft', materials. ( F.-L.) O. F . estoffe, to L. stupifacere, to stupefy;
F . Sttlpt' stuffe;' Cot. ; Walloon stoff (Remac1e). fa it, pp., directly from L. stupe/actus,
- L. stupa, stuppa, the coarse part of flax, made stupid. - L. stupe-re, to be stupid;
hards, tow; the pronunciation of this L. faure, to make.

ce.

52 5

STUPENDOUS

SUBJECT

atllpeJLdo118. (L) For L. stupmd- stile, as it is not Gk. M. E. stile.-M. F.

us, amazing, to be wondered at, gemn- stile, style, ' a stile, manner of indicting :'
dive of slupire, to be amazed; with snffix Cot. -L stilus, an iron pin for writing:
-ous.
a way of writing. Der. stiletto.
stupid. (F. - L) F. slupide. - L. Style (l ), the middle part of the pistil of
slupidus, senseless. - L. stupere, to be a /lower: gnomon of a dial. (Gk.) Gk.
O"TiI~Of, a pillar, long upright body like a
amazed.
.turdy-. (F.) It formerly meant rash pillar. Cf. Skt. sthii1}a, a_ pillar, post.
Ol" reckless; hence, brave, bold.
M. E. ('V'STEU, by-form of 'V'ST A.)
sturdi, slordy, rash. - O. F. est~lrdi, Styptic, astringent. (F.-L. -Gk.) F.
amazed, also rash, heedless; pp. of es- styptique. - L stypticus. - Gk. O"TV7rTII.Of,
t()Urtfir, 'to amaze;' Cot. (Mod. F. astringent. -Gk. O"~I", to contract, draw
ttourdir, ItaL stordire, to ston, amaze. ) together, to be astringent; orig. to make
Of unknown origin; see Korting.
firm; allied to O"T.51rOf, a stump, stem, block.
Sturgeon, a fish. (F. - O. H. G. ) Suasion, advice. (F.-L) M. F. maO. 1... ul()Urgeon, estttrgeon: Late r:. acc. sion. - L. acc. suasiimem; from masio,
sturitJnem, from nom. sturn. - O. H . G. persuasiou. -L. slliims, pp. of slliitiere, to
sturjo, sluro, a sturgeon. Sometimes ex- persuade, lit. 'to make sweet.' Allied to
plained as 'a stirrer,' because it stirs up suiiuis (~*suadtlis) , sweet. See Sweet.
mud by /lounderiug at the bottom of the Bmgm. i. 187.
water: cf. O. H. G. storm, to spread, stir
suave, pleasant. (F. -L.) F . stlave;
(G. sliiren): see Stir. + . A. S. styria, Cot. -L. stllitlis, sweet (above).
styriga, a sturgeon, as if from slyrian, to Sub-, prefix. (L., or F.-L.) L. (and
stir: Swed. Dan. slor, sturgeon, as if from F.) SIIb-, prefix. Orig. form *!tIp: whence
Swed. slora, to stir: Ice!. stria; Du. the comparative form s1if>-er, above, al1ied
sleur (see J<'ranck). Origin doubtful.
to Skt. 1Ipari, above. The prefix s- prob.
Stlltter. (E.) Frequentative of sltll, answers to Gk. It; cf. s-uper with '[onee common in the same sense. 'I stutte, .5wfp8f,' from above.' Sub seems to have
I can nat speue my wordes redyly;' Pals- meant' up to '; hence it also came to mean
grave. M. E. slolm. Cf. E. Fries. stul- just under or below: it is allied to E. Up,
lern, to stutter; Du. stotteren (whence q. v., and to Gk. iI1r6;. see Hypo-. ~ Sub
G. stotlern). From M. E. slot- (Teut. becomes !tIC- before c, !lif- before f, sug*stu/) weak grade of Teut. root *steul, for beforeg, stlm- before m, sup before p, surwhich cf. Du. sluilen, to stop; 2nd grade before r: and see Sus- (below ).
*staul, as in Icel. stama, to beat, strike, Subaltern, inferior to another. (F.also to stutter, Swed. slola, Dan. stode, to L. ) F. stlballe1'1le : Cot. - L. suballerntls,
strike against, G. stossen, Goth. stalltan, subordinate. - L. !tIb , under; aller, another.
to strike. Orig.' to strike against,' to trip. Subaqueous, under water. (L. ) L
('V'STEUD; from the weak grade come stlb, under; aqua, water. See Aqueous.
Subdivide. (L.) L. stlb, under; and
Skt. Iud, L . lunoere. to strike.)
Sty ( I), enclosure for swine. (E.) M.E, oiuidere, to divide. See Divide. Dar.
slie. A, S. sligu, a sty, a pen for cattle.+ subdivision (from the pp.).
lce!. stia, sli, sty, kennel, Swed. stia, pig- Subdue. ( F.-L) M. E.soduen (aftersty, pen for geese, Swed. dial. sli, sleg, wards' learnedly' altered to stlbdtle). First
pen for swine, goats, or sheep, G. sleige, used in the pp. sodued, sodewed.- A. F .
*subdut, as in stlbduz (for subduts) , pp.
pen, chicken-coop, O. H. G. stia.
Sty (2 ), small tnmour on the eyelid. pl. , subdued. - Late L. *mMulm, for L.
(E.) The A. S. name was stigend, lit. subditus, subdued. - L. subdere, to sub'rising:' as if from the pres. pt. of stigan, due. -L. sub, un_d er: -oe1'e, to put, weak
to ascend, climb, rise ; but this is doubtful. grade of 'V' DHE, to put. tU Not from
M. E. styanyt, as if jt meant' sty on eye.' L. mbducere, with an alien sense.
+ Low G . stieg, sli~, sty on the eye, as if Subiacent. (L.) From stem of pres.
from sligen , to rise: E. Fries. stiger ; pt. of L. sub-iacire, to lie under.-L. sub,
Norw. sligo, sligfe, also sligkoyna (from under: iacere, to lie. See Jet ( I ).
ltiiyna, a pustule).
subject. (F . -I..) M.E. mgel, subjet.
S91e (I ) , a pointed tool (or writing, a -0. F. miet, s1tiert (later whiert ), mod. F,
mode of writing. (F.-L.) It should be mitl , a suhjt'Ct.-L. su/Jierlus, pp. of mb5 26

SUBJOIN

iure, to put under, subject. - L. sub,

under; iacere, to cast, to put.
Subjoin. (F. - L.) M. F. sub;"q,gn-, a
stem of subjoindre. - L. subiungere, to join
beneath, annex, subjoin. -L. sub, beueath;
iungere, to join. See Join.
subjuga.te, to bring under the yoke.
(L.) From pp. of L . subiugare, vb. - L.
sub iugtY, under the yoke; where iugo is
abl. of iflgum, a yoke. See Yoke.
subjunctive. (L.) L. subiuntliuus,
lit. joining on dependently, from the use of
the subjunctive mood in dependent clauses.
_ L. sflbiunclus, pp. of subiungere, to subjoin; see Subjoin (above).
Sublime. (F. -L.) F. sublime. - L.
sublimis, lofty, raised on high. Perhaps
from L. sub, and limen, lintel; 'up to the
lintel;' Brugm. ii. Il.
Subluna.r, under the moon, earthly.
(L.) Coined from L. sub, under; and E.
ltmar, belonging to the moon, from L.
Irma, moon; see Lunar.
Submerge, to plunge underwater. (F.
-L.) F. submerger. - L. submergere. L. sub, under; merge1'e, to dip; see
Merge.
Submit. (L.) L. submiltere, to let
down, submit, bow to (pp. submissus).L. mb, under; mit/ere, to send. See
Missile. Der. submiss-ion, ive.
Subordina.te, of lower rank. (L.)
From the pp. of Late L. subordinare, to
place in a lower rank.-L. sub, below;
ordiniire, to rank, from ordin-, stem of
ordo, order. See Order.
Suborn, to procure secretly, bribe. (F.
- L.) F. suborner. - L. subornare. - L.
sub , secretly; orniire, to furnish, properly,
to adorn. See Orna.ment.
SubpmJ1&, a writ, commanding attendance under a penalty. (L.) L. sub, under;
jxznii, abl. of jxzna, a penalty.
See
Pain.
Subscribe. (L.) L. substribere, to
write (one's name) under; pp. substriptus
(whence substriplion). - L. sub, under;
scribere, to write. See Soribe.
Subsequen~. (L.) From stem of pres.
pt. of subsequi, to follow close after. - L.
sub, under, near; sequi, to follow. See
Sequence.
Subsene. (L.) L. subseruire, to serve
under another. - L. sub , under; seruire,
to serve. See Serve.
Subside. (L.) L. subsidere, to settle
down. - L. sub, under, down; sidere, to

SUBURB
settle, allied to setih-e, to sit. See Sedentar7. Brugm. i. 882.
subsi~. (F. - L.)
A. F. subsidie
(Godefroy) ; F. subside. - L. subsidium,
a body of troops in reserve, assistance;
lit. that which sits in reserve. - L. sub,
under, in reserve; sedire, to sit. Der.
subsidi-ary, from L. adj. subsiditlri,ls.
Subsist, to live, continue. (F. -L.)
F. subsisler, to subsist;' Cot. - L. subsistere, to stay, abide. - L sub, near to ;
sis/ere, to stand, also to place, from sliJre,
to stand. See State.
substance. (F. -L.) F . subslante.L. substantia, substance, essence. _ L. substant-, stem of pres. pt. of subs/are, to exist,
Iit. ' to stand near or beneath.' _ L. sub,
near; stare, to stand. Der. subs/anti-al;
also mbstanl-ive, F . substa111if, L. substallIiuus, self-existent, used of the verb esse,
and afterwards applied, as a grammatical
term, to nouns substantive.
substitute,sb. (F.-L.) F.subslilut,
a substitute.-L. substitutus, pp. of subsliluere, to put in stead of. - L. sub, near, instead of; stattlere, to put, place, causal of
sliire, to stand.
Subtend. (L.) L. subtendu'e , to stretch
or extend beneath. - L. sub, beneath; tendere , to stretch. See Tend (I ) .
Subterfuge. (F. -L.) F. subleifuge,
, a shift;' Cot. - Late L. subteif"gium.L. subte1fugere, to escape by stealth .-L.
subler, stealthily (from sub, under, with
compar. suffix); fugere, to flee. See
Fugitive.

Subterranean, Subterraneous.

(L.) From L. subterrtl1te-Us, underground.

-L. sub, under; terra, ground. See
Terrace.
Subtle. (F.- L.) Formerly solil, solel;
the b was a pedantic insertion, and is never
sounded. - O. F. solil, soulil, later mbtil.
-L. subUlem, acc. of sublilis, fine, thin,
accurate, subtle. The orig. sense of sublilis
was 'finely woven'; from L. sttb, under,
closely, and tlla, a web, for which see
Toil ( 2 ) . Der. Stlblle-Iy, M. E. soleilee,
from O. F. solilletl, subtlety, from L. acc.
sublililalem. Brngm. i. 134.
Subtract. (L.) From L. sublractus,
pp. of sublmkere, to draw away underneath, to subtract. -L. sub, beneath; trakere, to draw. See Trace (I).
Suburb. (F.-L.) A. F. suburbe
(A. D. Il8S) . - L. suburbitlfll, suburb.
-L. sub, near; IIrbi- decl. stem of

SUBVERT

SUGGESTION

uros, a town. Der. suburb-an. See

Urbane.
Subvert. (F. -L.) F. subverlir; Cot.
- L. su/mertere, to turn upside down,
overthrow. - L. suo, beneath; uertere, to
turn. See Verse. Der. mbvers-ion, from
the pp. mln~ers-us.
Succeed. (F. -L.) F. mcclder; Cot.
- L. suecedere (pp. successw), to follow
after. - L. SUl:- (mb), next; eedere, to go,
come. Der. success, O. F. meees, L. suecessus, result, from pp. successus.
Succinct, concise. (L.) L. succinclus,
pp. of succi1Zgere, to gird up, tuck up short.
-L. SIIe- (mb ), up ; dngere, to gird. See
Cincture.
Succory; see Chicory.
Succour. (F.-L.) M. E. soeouren.O. F. suCtlrre (Burguy). Mod. F. seeourir.
- L. succt~rrere, to nm near or to, run
to help, aid. -L. sue- (for suo), ' near;
currere, to run. See Current.
Succulent, juicy. (F. -L.) F. meeu/ent.-L. siieu/entlls, sucCtllmtus, full of
juice. - L. SIICt1-S, m ecu-s, juice; with suffix
-lmttlS. See Suck.
Succumb. (L. ) L. succumbere, to lie
under, to sink down.-L. sue- (for suo),
uuder; cumoere, to recliue, allied to
moare, to lie down. See Covey.
Such, of a like kind. (E.) M. E. sWl,llc,
s1tlilc, s1tlich, such. A. S. S'lo/lc.+O. Sax.
mlik, Du. zulk, Ice1. slikr, Dan. slig, Swed.
slik, G. soleh, Goth. s1tlaleiks. 8. The Goth.
swaleiks is from swa, so, and leiks, like;
hence mch = so-like ; see So and Like.
Suck. (E.) M. E. souken. A. S. siiean,
pt. t. seae, pp. socen. [There is an A . S.
by-form sugan; cognate with Icel. sjtlga,
suga, Dnn. suge, Swed. suga, G. saugm,
Du. zuigen. J /J. The A. S. suean is cognate with L. ' stlgere, W. sugno, to suck,
O. Irish szlg-im, I suck; cf. O. Ir. and W.
sug, GaeL sugh, L. sl/eus, juice; see Sue
culent. llrugm. i. Ill.
auction. (F. - L .) M. F . suction.
Formed (as if from L. suctio) from L.
met-us, pp. of si4gere, to suck.
Sudatory, a sweating-bath. (L.) L.
sttdiitoriu1Il, a sweating-bath; neut. of
si,dalorius, serving for sweating. - L.
sudotor-, stem of sudiitor, a sweater. L. stldd-re, to sweat; with suffix 101' (of
the agent) . Cognate with E. S~ea.t.
SUdden. (F. -L.) M.E.sodatn.-O.F.
sodaitt, sudai1l (F. soudain). [Cf. Ita!.
subitaneo, suoilano. sudden.] - Late L.

subilanus, for L. subilaneus, sudden,

extended from subilus, sudden. lit. that
which has come stealthily, orig. pp. of
subire, to come or go stealthily. - L. suo,
under, stealthily; ire, to go.
Sudori1ic. (F.-L.) F. sudonjiqtte,
causing sweat; as if from L. sUdorifieus.
-L. siidOri-, for sUd or, sweat, allied to
siidare, to sweat; jieus, making, from
faure, to make. See Sudatory.
Suds. (E.) The proper sense is 'things
sodden'; pI. of sud, which is derived from
A. S. sud-, weak grade of seotJan, to seethe.
Cf. provo E. sudded, /looded; M. Du. zode,
a seething, boiling; Low G. sod, cooked
broth, siide, a boiling. Cf. Sod.
Sue. (F.-L.) M.E. men, sewen.A. F. suer; O. F. sevre, suir (F. suivre),
to follow. - Late L. sequere, to follow, used
for L. sequi, to follow. See Sequence.
Der. en-me,pur-me, suit, suite.
Suet. (F.-L.) M. E. suet. Formed,
with dimin. suffix -el, from O. F. sm, suis
(Norman sim, Walloon sew, Littre; F .
sui/), suet, fat. - L. sebum, tallow, suet,
grease.
Su1fer. (F.- L.) M. E. sqffrm, suffren.
-0. F. sqffrir (F. souffrir). - Folk-L.
suffirire, for L. suffirre, to undergo. - L.
suf- (sub) , nnder; ferre, to bear. See
Fertile.
S1UII.ce. (F. -L.) From F. suffis., base
of suffis-ant, pres. pt. of suffire, to suffice.
-L. sufficere, to supply.- L. sut-, for suo,
under; facere, to make, put. See Fact.
S1rlIlz. (L.) From L. St'./fix-tlS, pp. of
sutligere, to fix beneath, fix on. - L . suf(for suo), beneath; j'igere, to fix. See
Fix.
Su1focate. (L.) From pp. of L.
sulfoeiire, to choke; lit. to squeeze the
throat.-L. suf- (for suo), under; faue- ,
stem offaue-es, sb. pl., gullet, throat.
S1rlfra.ge, a vote. (F. -L.) F. suffrage.
- L . suffriigium, a vote, suffrage.
Su1fusion. (F . -L.) F . suJltlsion.-L.
suffusi01tllll, acc. of suffilsio, a pouring
over.-L. suffums, pp. of suffundere, to
pour over. -L. wf- (for suo), under, also
over; fundere, to pour. See Fuse ( I ).
Sugar. (F. - Span. - Arab. -Pers. Skt.) F . sucre. - Span. azuear. - Arab.
assokkar; for ai, the,sokka1', sakkar, sugar.
- Pers. shakar. - Skt. farkara-, gravel, also
candied sugar. Prob. allied to Skt. karkara-, hard.
Suggelltion. (F. -L.) F. suggeslitm.

~l8

SUICIDE

SUMMONS

_ L. ace. suwstitfmm. - L. suggeslNs, pp. ' Sulph1l1'. (L .) L. sulphur. Cf. also

of suggerere, to bring under, supply, Skt. fUlviiri-, sulphur.
suggest. - L. sug- (for sub), under; gerere, Sultan. (F. -Arab.) F.sultan. -Arab.
to brin~. See Gerund.
sulttin, victorious, also a ruler, prince ;
SuicIde, self-murder; one who dies orig. ' dominion: Cf. Chaldee sholttin ,
by his own hand. (F.- L.) A word coined dominion. Der. sulta1z-a, from Ita!. su /in England (before A. D. 1750), but on lana, fem . of sulla110, sultan, from Arab.
a F. model ; yet the F. suicide was sultan.
borrowed from us. Like homicide, the Sultry, Sweltry, very hot and opword has a double meaning, (1) answering pressive. (E.) Sweltry is the older form ,
to L. *suicidium , from L. sui, of himself, and is short for swelter-y, from the verb
and -erdium, a slaying, from cadere, to to swelter (M. E. swelteren, swalterm).
slay ; (l ) =L. *suicida, from L. sui, of Again, sweller is a frequentative form from
himself, and -cida, a slayer. See ClBsura.. M. E. sweilm, to swoon, faint, die. - A. S.
Suit. (F. -L.) F. suite, a pursuit, suit swellan , to die. + O. Sax . swellan; Ice!.
at law, also a suite or ' following.'-Late welta (pt. t. wall), Dan. suIte, Swed.
L. *sequila, variant of uefa (L. seci4ta) , w iilta ; Goth. swiltan, to die. Cf. Ice!.
a following, a sect, a suite, a suit at sullr, Dan. sull, hu.nger, famin e; from the
law, suit of clothes, set, &c.; see Sect.
weak grade *swull >sult. Also O.H. G.
suite. (F.-L.) F. suile; see above. schwelzan, to bum, to be consumed by fire
Sulcated, furrowed. (L.) L. sulciitus, or love. The Teut. root swelt- seems to
pp. of sulcare, to furrow. -L. sulcus, a be an extension of .swel-, to burn, as in
furrow. + Gk. oMor, a furrow; from A. S. swelan, to burn, perish with heat,
IA ....''', to draw along; cf. A. S. surh, a Lith. swilli, to shine, burn, Skt. w ar,
plough.
splendour, M. Du. zod, sultrie,' Hexham.
Sulkyr obstinate, silently sullen. (E. ) Sum, amount, total. (F . -L. ) M. E.
Not an 0 d form, but deduced from the sb. summe. - F. som11le. - L. summa , Sl1m,
sulkiness, by dropping -ness. However, chief part, amount; Olig. fern. of SU1ll1/ItIS
sulkiness is ibelf a corrupt form for sulken- (sup-mlls), highest, super!. form from sub
ness, formed by adding -ness to the adj. *suP), above. Brugm. i. 76 ~ . Der.
st4lkm. This appears as A. S. solce1', stlmm-ar-y, sb., from F. sommaire, ' a sumslothful, remiss; chiefly in the compo mary,' Cot., from L. summarillm, a suilla-solem, also be-solem, With a like sense. mary.
The sb. asolcennes, sloth, disgust, sulkiness, Sumach, a tree. (F.-Span.-Arab.)
is quite a commen word. p. Further, F . sumac, M. F. sumaclt. - Span. zumaque.
ii-soleen was the pp. of a strong verb "ii-seol- - Arab. summtlq, a species of shrub,
can, to be slothful or languid. Cf. Skt. sumach.
sri, to let flow, let loose.
Summer (I), hot season. (E.) M. E.
Sullen, morose. (F.-L. ) Orig. soli- somer, sumer. A. S. sumer, su1/IDr. +Dll.
tary, hating company. M. E. solain, zomer, Ice!. sumar, Dan. som1ller, Swed.
mlain, solitary; also, a mess of food for sommar, G . som1ller, O. H. G. suma,.
one person. -0. F. solain, lonely; given Further allied to O. Irish sam, samrad,
as' a pittance for one monk' in Roquefort, O. Welsh ham, W . ltaj, Zend hallla, sumand in Ducange, S. V. solatium (5). - Late mer; Skt. sam a, a year. Brugm. i. 436.
L. sotanus; equivalent in sense to O. F. Summer (l ), a beam; see Sumpter.
sollain, solitary, Late L. soliliineus, rare. Summerset; see Somersa.ult.
L. solus, alone; see Sole (3).
Summit, top. (F.-L.) F. s01/mltl,
Sully, to tarnish, spot. (E.) M. E . top. Dimin. of O. F. som, top of a hill. sulien. A. S. sylian, to sully, defile, lit. to L. SU1llmum, highest point, neut. of sum bemire. Formed (with the usual change mus, highest; see Sum.
from Teut. u (> A. S. 0) to 7) from A. S. Summon. (F.-L.) A. F. sommoner
sol, mud, mire.+Swed. sola, to bemire, (Godefroy) ; O. F. somoner (Roquefort).
Dan. sole, Goth. 6isauljan, G. siiltlen; early altered to umoner and semondre (F .
from the sb. appearing as Dan. sol, G. semondre), to summon. - L. summonb-e;
sultle, O. H. G. sol, mire. .. Not allied to remind privily. - L sum- (for sub),
to the "erb 10 soil, with which it was doubt - under, privily; 1/lonh'e, to remind.
less often confuse<!.
summOJUl, sb. (F. - L.) M. F.. som

52 9

SUMPTER

SUPERIOR

ollns. - A. F. SORI01II, earlier SO_" (em. ; to sup, drink in. + Du. IZIIipen, lcel.
M. F. stlllOlICe, 'a warning, summons,' supa, Swed. supa, G. sauftn, O. H. G.
Cot.; orig. the fern. of the pp. o( the verb sufan.
S01l101Ier, lemondre (above). If Thus the Super--, prefix. (L.) L. supr, above;
final 1 of summons is not due to L . sum- cf. L. SUP"", upper. For s-UprttS;
1IlOneaS, as some have suggested.
where s- corresponds to Gk. it-; see Sub-.
Sumpter, a pack-horse. (F.-Low L. Cf. Gk. intlp, above; into, from under;
- Gk.) Sumpter is 11 derivative from Skt. upari, above, allied to upara-, upper,
M. E. somer, a pack. horse, which must be comparative of upa, near, close to.
first considered. fJ. M. E. somer is from Superannuate. (L.) Formerly (and
0.1<' . somier, sommier, a pack-horse, the better) superannate. - Late L. supra,,same as Late L. sagmarius, corruptly sal- naltls, orig. that has lived beyond a year.
marius, a pack-horse. - Gk. u4yp.a, a - L. supr, beyond; am,us, a year. See
pack-saddle. -Gk. aa.TTflV (base aaK-), to Annals.
pack, fasten on a load, ong. to fasten. Superb. (F. - L.) F. superbe. - L.
y. Hence E. sumpier, which ong. meant IttPcrOtts, proud; one who thinks himself
(not a pack-horse, but) a pack-horse- above others. For *Stlper-jzIOS, one who
driver, baggage-carrier. -O. }<'. sommelier, is above (cf. L.fiti, I was); Brugm. ii.
a pack-horse-driver; answering to a Late 4. - L. super, above. See Super-.
L. *sagmalarius, for which Ducange has Sup4trcargo. (L.; and Span. - C.)
Sttmmalaritts, saumaterius. - Gk. aa'YJA4T-, From L. super, above; and Span. cargo, a
stem of uaYJA4 (above). 8. The old word freight. Suggested by Spall. sobr~cargo, a
summer, a beam, was so called from its supercargo; where sobre < L. super. See
bearing a great weight, and is the same as Cargo.
M.E. sOlller (above) ; cf. F . sOlllmier, 'a SUperciliOlUl, disdainful. (L.) From
summer,' Cot. Hence E. bressomer, familiar L. Stlpercili-tlm, ( I) an eyebrow, (2)
form of breast -Stt1ll1ller, a beam placed haughtiness, as expressed by raising the
breastwise, to support a superincumbent eyebrows. - L. super, above; cil-iu1ll, eyewall. ~ I explain sumpter in K. Lear, ii. lid, allied to Gk. TO Kv.\a, the parts under
4- 21 9, as meaning 'pack-horse-driver' ; the eyes ( Prellwitz).
a man, not a horse.
Supererogation. (L.) From acc. of
Sumptuary, relating to expenses. (L.) Late L. Stlprlrogatio, that which is done
L . mmptutlrius, adj. from smnj>lu-s, ex- beyond what is due. - L. supererogiire, to
pense. See below.
payout in excess. - L. super, beyond; I,
8um~tuoU8.costly. (F. -L.) F.somp out; rog-are, to ask. (L. lrogiire = to lay
ttmIX (Cot. ) -L. sumptuosus, costly.-L. out, expend.) See Rogation.
sump"'s, expense. - L. sumj>lus, pp. of Superficies. (L.) L. supljicils, sursiimere, to take, use, spend; a derivative face, outer face. - L. sup~r, above; facils,
face.
from emere, to take. Brugm. i. 2,,0.
Sun. (E.) M. E. sonne. A. S. sunne, Superfine. (F.-L.) From L. supr,
fem. sb.+Du. zon, G. sonne, Goth. sunnii, above; andfine (I).
all feminine; Teut. type *sunniin-, fem. Supeduou, excessive. (L.) L.supr~ Cf. Icel. s61, Swed. Dan. sol, L. s61, flu-us, overflowing; with suffix -(IUs. - L.
Goth. sauil, Lith. saute, W. kaul, Gk. super, over; jiuere, to flow; see Fluent.
~I"'os (I/.\.os), Skt. sUra-, surya-, the sun. Del'. suptjlui-ty, F. superjiuitl, ftom L.
Der. SUIl-tiay, A. S. stmnan-dleg.
acc. supcrjluilatem.
Sunder, to divide. (E.) A. S. syndn'an, Su,armduce. (L.) L. super, beyond;
-swuirian, to put asunder. - A. S. sundor, and Indikere, to induce. See Induoe.
adv., asunder, apart. + Icel. sundra, Dan. Superintendent, an overseer. (F.siituire, Swed. sondra, G. sondern, to L.) M. F. mperintendant; Cot. -L. supersunder; from Icel. sundr, Dan. Swed. intendent-, ~tem of pres. pt. of suprintensiinder,adv., apart, G. sonder, adj., separate. der~, to supenntend. - L. supr, above;
Cf. Gk. 4.TfP (for *smter), without; allied int~nder~, to ~pply the mind to; ~
to Gk. 4"'11, L. sine, without. Brugm. i. Intend.
Superior. (F. -L.) Formerly sup 500.
Sup, to imbibe, lap up. (E.) M. E. riour. - M. F. suprieur. -L. supen'Orem,
SOUptn. A. S. supan (pt. t. slap, pp. sopen), ace. of mperior, higher; comparative from
530

SUPERLATIVE

SURCEASE

suprru, high, which is itself an old com- sMlple, supple, pliant. - I... supplice"" acc.
of suppkx, with the old sense of ' bending
parative form. See Super-.
Superlative. (F.-L.) F.superlatif, under.' - I... sup- (> suh) , nnder; plic- as
'
Cot. - L. superW,tnU, as a grammatical seen in plicilre, to fold. See Ply.
term.-L. superltitus, excessive, lit.' borne Supplement. (F. - 1..) F . suppllbeyond: _ L. super, beyond; !titus, pp. of mmt; Cot. - L. suppllmentum, a filling
tDlJere, to bear. (1f'TEL.) See Tolerate. up. -L. supplire, to till up.-L. sup- (suh),
SupernaL (F.-L.) M. F. superne/, uJ:>.; pure, to fill. See Plenary.
supemall ; 'Cot. Answering to a Late L. SuppliaDt. (F. - 1..) F. suppliant,
*superniilis, from L. supern-us, upper; pres. pt. of Stlpplier, to pray hnmbly.-L.
supplidire; see below.
from super, above; see Super-.
supplicate. (L.) From pp. of I... supSupernaturaL (L.) From I... super,
b4;yond; and natural, adj., from nat"re. plicilre, to beseech. - L. supplic-, stem of
Buperllumerar,y. (F.-L.) M. F. supplex, bending under or down, beseechsujJn'mlmeraire (Cot. ). - I... sujJernflmerii- ing; see Supple.
nus, excessive in number. - L. super, Su~17. (F. - L.) Formerly slIpploy
~ond ; ,,,,merus, number.
(Levini).-O. F. supp/lJier, F. supplier, to
BuperscriptioD. (F.-I...) M. F. supply; Cot.-L. supplire, to fill up; see
superscription; Cot. - L. ace. superscrip- Supplement.
tiOnem. - I... superscriptus, pp. of superscri- Support. (F.-I...) M. E. supporttn.
bere, to write above or over. - I... super, - F. supporter. - I... sujJjJorliire, to carry
to a place; in Late L., to endure. _ L.
above; scribere, to write; see Scribe.
SUpe:rsede. (F.-L.) O.F. superseder, mp- (sub), near; pqrliJre, to carry. See
to leave off, desist (hence to suspend or Port (I).
defer a matter). - L. superseJire, to sit Suppose. (F.-I... and Gk.) F. supupon, to preside over, refrain, de<!ist from. poser, to imagine. - I... sup- (sub ), under,
- I... super, upou; sedm, to sit. See near; F. poser, to place, put. See Pose.
Sedentary. Der. supersess-ion (from pp. Supposition. (F.-L.) F.supposilitm.
supersess-us~; cf. surcease.
- L. acc. suppositi6nem. - I... supposilllS,
Superstition. (F.-L.) F. supersti- pp.o{suppiinere, to suppose. - L.S1ip- (s1lb),
tion. - I... acc. superstitiiinlm, a standing near; pDnere, to place. See Position.
near a thing, amazement, dread, religious Suppress. (I...) From I... suppresslls,
awe, scruple. - L. superstit-, stem of pp. ot supprimere, to suppress.:- L. supsuperstes, one who stands near, a witness. (suh) , under;premere, to press. See Pore811.
- 1.. super, above, near; statllm, supine Suppurate. (I...) From pp. of L.
suppi,riire, to gather pns underneath.of stare, to stand.
Superstructure. (L.) From I... su- I... sup- (suh) , under; pur-, for f'ti s,
matter. See Pua.
per, above; and Structure.
Supervene. (L.) L. superumire, to Supra-, prefix, above. (L.) I... supra,
come upon or over, to follow, occur.-I... above, adv. and prep.; allied to superus,
super, beyond; uenin, to come. See npper; see Super-. Der.supra-mundane;
see Mundane.
Venture.
Supreme. (F.-L.) F. suprnne.- L.
Su~; see Vision.
Supine, on one's back, IIL9'. (L.) I... suprlmus, highest. Supr;-mus is from
supinus, lying on one's back. - L. *sup, *suprl, an adverb, with suffix -11/US ;
Hrug. ii. 7S. This *suprl is allied to
orig. form of sub, up; with suffix -inus.
Supper. (F. - Tent.) M. E. sopn-. - L. super, above.
O. F. soper (F. SMlper), a supper. It is the Sur- ( I ) , prefix. (I...) For sub before
infin. mood used as a ab. - O. F. sopn-, to r; only in sur-reptitiDlts, sur-rogate.
sup (F.sMlper)._ LowG. sujJm, Icel supa, Sur-(l),prefix. (F.-I...) F.sur, above.
-L. super, above. See Super-.
Swed. supa, to sup. See Sup.
Surceaae, to cease, cause to cease.
Supplant. (F.-L.) F. supplanter. I... supplantore, to put something under (F.-L.) Not allied to cease (except in
the sole of the foot, trip up, overthrow.- popular etymology). A corruption of
I... SJlp- (> 1IIb), under; planta, sole; see O. F. SJlrsis, masc., sursiu, {em., 'surPlant.
ceased, intermitted;' Cot. This word was
Supple. (F.-L.) M. E. Simple. - F. also used as a sb., to signify' delay'; hence
S3 1

SURCHARGE

SURROGATE
Surmise, an imagination, guess.

stlrcease, vb., to delay. Sursis is the pp.

(F.
of O. F. surseo;r, ' to surcease, delay,' Cot. - L.) O . F . surmise, an accusation,
-L. supersuhrt, to desist from, hence to charge; orig. fem. of 'surmis, pp. of SUrmetlre, to put upon,lay to one's charge._
delay proceedings; see Supersede.
Surcharge, sb. (F.-L. and C.) F . F. sur, above; mcllre, to put. - L. super,
surckarg~, an over-charge. - F. sur L. above; mitlere, to send, put. See Missuper) , above; and Charge.
sile.
Surd, having no rational root (in Surmount. (F.-L.) F. sur",onler. _
mathematics). (L.)
L. surdus, deaf; F . sur (L. super) , above ; monier, to mount;
hence, deaf to reason, irrational. Slirdus see Mount (2).
also means dim ; and connexion with sordid Surname. (F. - L .; and E.) From
is_possible. Brugm. i. 362 .
F . sur (L. super), above, over; and E.
Sure. (F. - L.) O. F. seur (F. NJr), Name.
earliest form segur. - L. slcurus; iee Se- SurpU (F. - L.) F. surpasser, to
oure. Doublet, secure.
excel.-F. sur (L. super), beyond; passer,
Surf, the foam of the waves on the to pass; see P&IIII.
shore. (E.) The l' is intrusive; spelt Surplice. (F.-L.) M. E. surplis._
suffi, with the sense of 'rush,' in Hak- F. surplis; Cot. - Late L. superpel/iceum,
luyt's V <ryages, ed. 1598, vol. ii. pt. i. 227 : a surplice. - L. super, over; pel/iceus,
The sU.l!e of the sea sweep or rush of the made of skins, from pellis, a skin; see
inflowing wave] setteth her [a raft's] lading Pelisse.
dry on land.' I surpose suffi to be the Surplu.. (F. - L.) F. surplus, 'an
same as 'sotlgk 0 the sea,' also spelt over-plus;' Cot. - Late L. superplus, a
SOtif, SOtKk in Jamieson. M. E. S'WolIgk, residuum. - L. super, above; p lus, more.
from S'Wougken, S'W()Wen, to make a rushing See Plural.
noise. Cf.' the swogk of the see,' Morte SUZJ?1'i8e, sb. (F. -L.) O. F. sorprise,
Arth. 759. - A. S. S'Wogan, to make a su ypnse, a taking unawares. Fern. of
sorpris, pp. of sorprendre, surprmtlre, to
~ing noise; see Sough.
Surf&ce. (F. - L.) F. surface, upper surprise. - L. super, upon ; frehtlltlere,
face.- F. stir, above; /ace,face. -L. Sitper, to seize, from fra, before, and -hendere,
to seize. See Prehensile.
above; /acus, face. See Face.
Surfeit, sb. (F. - L.) O. F. surfail, Surrebutter. (F.-L. andO. H. G.)
sorfail, eJcetIS; orig. pp. of sor/aire, to A legal term, meaning an answer or reply
augment, exaggerate. - L. super, above; to a rebul. From F. sur (L. stlper), upon,
in reply to ; and M.F. rebouter, to rebut, the
/acere, to make. See Fact.
Surge, the swell of waves. (F.-L.) inlin. mood being used as a sb. See Be but.
'Surge of the see, uague;' Palsgrave. And see Surrejoinder.
Coined from O. F. stem sourgt-, as in S1U"1'8joincler. (F.-L.) A rejoinder
souyge-anl, pres. pt. of sourdre, to rise.- in reply. 'The plaintiff may answer him
L. surpre ( =sur-rigere, i.e. *sub-regere), by a rejoinder; upon which the defendant
to rise. - L. sub, up; regere, to direct. may rebut; and the plaintiff may answer
him by a surrebutter;' Blackstone, ComSee Recent.
Sureeon, contracted form of chirur- ment. b. iii. c. 20. From F . sur, upon, in
geon; lee Chirurgeon. So also Gascon reply to; and F. rejoindre, to rejoin, used
surgen, a surgeon ; O. F. surgien (Gode- as a sb. See Rejoin.
froy) . Der. surgical, short for ckirurgical; Surrender. (F. - L.) O. F. suryend" e,
surgery, corruption of M . E. surgt1try, i.e. to give up. - F. SUI" t L. supey), above;
rentlre, to render, from L. redderc, to
surgeon-?" or of O.F. ci1"urgerie.
restore. See Render.
Surlom j see Sirloin.
Surq, proud, churlish. (E.) Spelt Surreptitiou (L.) L. smnptiti-t4s,
serly (Levins) ; syrly, Spenser, Shep. Kal. better surreplicius, done stealthily; with
July, 203. Prob. from A. S. *sUr-lic, lit. suffix -ous. - L. Sttrreptum, supine of sllr sour-like.' We find S()W1'e, meaning ' mo- npere, to pilfer, purloin. - L. mr- (sub),
See
rose ' (Baret) ; see Sour. Cf. G. sauer, under, secretly; rapere, to seize.
sour, surly; Swed. Dan. syrlig, sourish. Rapid.
Also M. E. surdaglz, ' sour dough;' Wrt. Surrogate, a substitute. (L.) L. surroga/lts, pp. of sttrrogiire, to elect in place
Vocab. 663. H.
53 2

SURROUND

SWADDLE

of another. - L. sur- (for sub), in place of; Sutler, one who sells provisions in a
rogtire, to ask , elect. See Rogation.
camp. (Du. )
Du. soele/aar (Sewel ) ;
Surro1Uld. (F. - L.) Confused with usually weldaar; M. Du. zoeleiaer, 'a
round. Orig. surolmd, i.e. 'to overflow;' scullion, a sutler, or a victualler,' Hexham.
as in Caxton's Statutes of Hen. VII, leaf Orig. a scullion, drudge, menial who does
c 7. - O. F. surollder. - L. superundtire, to dirty work; formed with suffix aar ( = E.
overflow (Lewis).-L. super, over, above; -er) from welden, 'to sullie,' Hexham.
u,uitire, to flow, from u,uia, a wave. Cf. Cognate with Low G. suddeln, Dan. sudle,
abound, redoulld.
G. sudeln, to sully, daub. All these are
Surtout. (F.-L. ) From F. sur tout, frequentative forms, with suffix e/- or -1-;
lit . over aiL' - L. super, over; totum, acc. from Teut. sud-, as in Swed. sudda, to
of totus, all. See Total.
daub, stain, soil. Allied to Icel. sudd;,
Surveillance, inspection. (F. - L .) steam from cooking, drizzling rain, sud
I-'. surveillance, superintendence. - F. su, daligr, wet and dank, so3, broth in which
veil/er, to superintend. - L. super, over; meat has been sodden; all from the weak
uigiltfre, to watch, from uigil, adj., awake. grade of Teut. seuthan, Ice!. sjoJa, to
See Vigil.
seethe. Further allied to E. sutis, and to
Survey. (F . -L.) A. F. surveier, sur the verb Seethe, q. v.
veer (0. l'. sourveoir), to suryey.-Late L. Suttee. (Skt.) Skt. sati, a true or
superuidtre, to supervise. - L. super, over; virtuous wife, a term applied to a widow
ttidire, to see. See Vision. Doublet, who immolates herself on the funeral pile
supervise.
of her husband; hence (incorrectly) the
Survive. (F.-L.) F. survivre, to burning of a widow . Skt. sati is the
outlive. - L. superuiuere, to live beyond, fern. of sant, being, existing, true, right,
outlive. - L. super, beyond; uluere, to live. virtuous; pres. pI. of as, to be. (.vES.)
See Victuals.
See Sooth.
Sus-, prefix. (L.) L. sus, prefix; for Suture, a seam. (F .-L.) F.suture.sups, extended form of sup, sub, under. L. sii/ura. - L. sii/us, pp. of suere, to sew ;
Susceptible. (F. -L. ) F. susceptible. see Sew.
- L. susceptibilis, ready to receive. - L. Suzerain, a feudal lord. (F. - L.) F.
sus, for .sups, under; and capt.um, supine suurain, ' sovereign, yet subaltern ; ' Cot.
of capere, to take. See Capacious.
A coined word , made from F. sus < L.
Suspect. (F.-L. ) M.E. suspect, orig. susum or surSU1ll, above; so that F.
n pp. with the sense suspected or suspicious. suze"ain answers to a Late L susertinus
- F. suspect, suspected.- L suspectus, pp. or surseranus. 13. The L. sursu1ll = su
of suspicere, to suspect, lit. ' to look under,' uorsum, lit. turned upwards; from Stt, for
mistrust. -L. suo (for sus, sups. ) , under ; sub, up, and uorsum =uersum, neut. ofpp.
spectre, to look. See Species.
of uerlere, to tum. See Verse. ~ Prob.
Suspend. (F. - L. ) F. suspetuire. -L. imitated from O. F . soverai" (from *supersuspendere (pp. suspensus ), to hang up. - anus), which accounts for the er.
L. sus- (for sups ), extension of sub, under; Swabber. (Du.) Older than swab,
pendlre, to hang. See Penda.nt. Der. vb. -Du.zwabber, 'a swabber, the drudge
suspeme, suspension.
of a ship;' Sewel. Cf. Du. zwabberen, to
Suspicion. (F. -L.) M. E. suspecitm. drudge; Swed. svaM, a fire-brush, svabla,
- A. F. suspeciun ; O. F. suspeccion, sus to swab; Dan. svabre, to swab; G.
picion; later sous}e,on, Cot. (mod . F. soup sckwahber, a swabber. Cf. also Norw.
,on). - L. suspicionw/., acc. of suspicio, svabba, Pomeran. swabbeln, to splash
suspicion. - L. suspicere, to suspect; see about; E . Fries. swabbeln. G. sch1t1abbeln,
Suspect.
Low G. swappen (Danneil), to shake about
Sustain. (F. -L.) M. E. susteinen. - (said of liquids) . Of imitative origin.
A. F . suslein. , a stem of 0.1'. sustenir, Compare M. E. '1uappen, to palpitate;
sostenir (F. soutenir). -L. sustinb-e, to and E. swap, swash.
uphold. -L. sus (for sups~), up; tet~re, Swaddle, to swathe an infant. (E.)
to hold. See Tenable. Der. sustenance , Formerly swatile, swadell; for swath~/.
O. F. sustenance, L. sustinentia, sb. ; sm M. E. swatklen. It means to wrap in a
lenlalitm, from L. sustentatio, maintenance, swaddling band, which was called a swa
from sustmtJre, rrequentative of suslinlre. i the! or swetkel. -A.S. swe6e! (once swtZMl),
533

SWAGGER

SWAY

a swaddling- band ; lit. 'that which

swathes ;' cf. O. H. G. swedil, a bandage ;
see Swa.the.
Swagger. (Scand.) Frequentative of
swag, to sway from side to side. ' I swagge,
as a fatte persons belly swaggetk as he
goth;' Palsgrave. - Norw. svagga, to
swag; cf. Ice!. sveggja, to cause to sway.
Swag is allied to sway; see Swa.y.
Swain. (Scand.) Ice!. sveinn, a boy,
lad, servant; Swed. sven, Dan. sventi, a
swain, servant.+Low G. sweell; O. H . G.
swein, a swine-herd; A. S. swan, a swineherd. Teut. type *swainqz; allied (by
gradation) to *sweinom, A.S. S?lIin, a swine,
pig. Thus' swine-herd' was the orig.
sense.
Swallow (Il, a bird. (E.) A. S.
sweaiwe.+Du. zwaluw, Icel. roala, Dan.
sva/e, Swed. svala, G. sc"wal6e. Teut.
type *swalwtJn, f. Cf. E. Fries. swalke,
Low G. swaa/ke, a swallow.
Swallow (2 ), -to absorb. (E.) M. E.
swelJen, sweiwen, S1.tloIJken,swolwen; A.S.
swelgan, to swallow, strong verb, pt. t.
swealh , pp. swolgen. + Du. ZfDe/gm, Ice!.
sve/gja, Dan. roa:lge, Swed. SfJijfja, G.
schwelgen. (The weak and strong fOnDS
are confused.) Der. grouncisel, q. v.
Swamp. (Scand.) Not an old word in
E. - Dan. Swed. svamp, a sponge, fungus;
(hence applied to swampy ground, which
is the usual E. use) ; Ice!. sviifJPr, a sponge.
Cf. G. sumpf, a swamp (whence Du.
somp) ; allied to M. H. G. Swalll, swamp,
G. scltwallllll, a sponge, fungus; Goth.
swamms, sponge; Low G .S1IJamm, swa"tP,
fungus; Du. zwam, A . S. S1.ttamm, fungus.
We find also provo E. swank, swang, a
swamp; Swed. dial. roa,Jk.
Swan. (E.) A. S. swan.+Dn. zwaan.
Ice!. svany, Dan. roane, Swed . .roan, G.
sc!twan. The form resembles that of Skt.
svan, to resound, sound, sing (L. sonan).
swan-hopping, taking up swans to
mark them. (E.) The usnal explanation,
that it stands for swanupping, is right.
See old tract on upping in Hone, Every-day
Book, ii. 958. From the prep. up.
Swap, to strike. (E.) M. E. STDappen ,
to striKe; also, to go swiftly. E. Fries.
swappe", to strike with a noise, trom swap,
a slap, noise of a blow; cf. Low G. swaps,
interj. crack !, said of a slap. Imitative;
cf. slap, w kap; provo E. swack, a blow.
Swa.rcl. (E.) It orig. meant skin, rind .
or covering. A. S. sweard, the skin of

bacon, rind. Green-sward is the grassy

covering of the land, green turf (of Scand.
origin).+Du. zzvoorri, rind of bacon; Ice!.
svijror, skin, sward, grfMsviiror, greensward; Dan. jlesluSTJiir, Resh - sward,
g riillSVterd, green-sward; G. sckwarte, rind,
bark, skin.
Swarm. (E.) A. S. SWtarflt ; lit. ' that
which hums;' from vSWER, to hum,
buzz, as in Skt. svr, to sound, svara-, voice,
L. susurrus, a hum; G. sckwirrell, to buzz.
+Du. zwenlt, Ice!. svar1llr, Dan. SVter1It,
Swed. svarm, G. sch1uarlll. Cf. Lith.
surma, a pipe. Brugm. i. 375 (8).
Swart, Swarth.,.. (E.) The proper
form wasSTvarl, afterwardsSUNJrlh, whence
swartk-y. M. E. swarl. A. S. S?lIearl.+
Du. rwarl, Ice!. svarir, Dan. sort, Swed.
svarl, G. sckwarlz, Goth. SUNJrls. Cf.
A. S. sweD1'can, to grow dark.
Swarth., a quantity of grass cut down
at one stroke of the scythe. (E.) In Tw.
Nt. ii. 3. J 62. An error fOf swat", as in
Troil. v. 5. 25. See Swath.
Swash, to strike forcibly. (E.) Of
imitative origin. Cf. Swed. dial. svasska,
to make a swashing noise, as when one
walks with water in the shoes. It stands
for *SfNlk-sa; CC. Norweg. svakka, to make
a noise like water under the feet; provo
E. S1lItZCk, a blow, fall, Sft1QC/ti,'If, crushing,
huge. Der. swask-buckler, one who strikes
or flourishes his shield.
Swath,arowofmowngrass. (E.) A.S.
STDtZ6, a track; swaIJu, a track, foot-track,
trace.
E. Fries. swad, a swath.+Du.
zwad, STIIat/e, a swath (Sewel) ; G. sckwad.
The sense of' tnI1'UIn grass' is original; cC.
Low G . s-wad, a swath, SWt7Iie, a scythe.
The earliest meaning may have been
'shred' or 'slice' ; cC. Norweg. svada, vb.,
act. and neut., to shred or slice off, to Rake
off. Franck suggests that swath answers
to an Idg. pp. form *S?lIa-to-, from the root
of the verb to STDay; with reference to the
sweep of a scythe.
Swathe. to enwrap, bandage. (E.)
M. E. STDaiken; also STDetken. From a
base swatk-; whence A. S. swebel (swalJil),
a swaddling-band; be-swdJian, to enwrap.
Cf. O. H. G. swdil, STuitkel, a bandage;
M. H. G. STDede, a plaster.
Swa;y, to swing, incline, rule over. (E.)
M. E. sweiyen. E. Fries. SUNiien, swiijen,
to sway about, to swing. Cf. Swed. svaja,
to jerk, Dan. SVtJie, Du. ztuaaijen, to sway,
swing. Allied to Swagger.

53+

SWINE

SWEAR

8wear. (E.) M. E. SUlerm. A. S. StWr- swear/, pp. S'UXJifm, to tub, file, polish
ian, pt. t. SUlOr, pp. SUI"m, to swear.+Du.
sw.rm, Ice!. svet:ja, Dan. sv(Zrge, Swed.
sviirJa, G. schwiirm. Allied to Goth.
STVtJran, ke!. svara, to answer. Orig. ' to
&peak loudly;' cf. Skt. svara-, sound, voice.
See Swann. (.vSWER.) Der. an-swer.
8wt, &b. and vb. (E.) M. E. swooI,
sweat, sb.; whence sweten, to IIweat. A. S.
swat, lib.; whence SUliilan, vb. The A. S.
swiitan became M. E. SUllten, and should
be mod. E. swet, the vowel having been
shortened; similarly A. S. tatan > M. E.
lilm > mod. E. let. The spelling sweat
is now unsuitable. The A. S. sb. SUltlt
would now be swole, but has been superseded by the verb. + Du. :zweel, sb.; Ice!.
svei/i, Dan. sv~, Swed. svelt, G. schweiss.
Teut. stem *swailo-. Allied to L. sudor,
sweat; G. 13<01, I sweat, IIlp&is, sweat; W .
~hwys, sweat; Skt. svida-, sweat, from
svid, to sweat. (.vSWEID.) See Sudatory. Brugm. i. 331 C.
Sweep, vb. (E.) M.E. swlpm. A
weak verb, formed from the base swiiP-,
as in swiip6, 3 p. s. pres. t. of A.S. swapan,
to sweep. Cf. also O. Fries. swipa, to
sweep; E. Fries. ftlIijJen (pt. t. swlptie),
to swing, sway, vibrate. Cf. Ice!. supa,
to sweep, M. Swed. nvepa, Swed.
soja. From Teut. base *swaip-; !;cen
also in O. H. G. swdfan (pt. t. swiif ) ,
whence G. schweijen, to rove, stray, sweep
along; Icel. sveipa, to sweep along, a
weak verb, from an old verb svipa (pt. t.
sveip, pp svipinn). Teut. root *sweip.
See Swoop, Swipe. Brugm. i. 701..
Sweet. (E.) M.E. swete, with by-forms
swote, sl)le. A.S. swlle, sweet (for *s-wot;-) ;
swott, adv. sweetly. + O. Sax. swot;, Du.
zoet, Ice!. sl1!lr, Dan. sOd, Swed. sot, G.
suss, O . H. G. suozi; Goth. sUfs. ~. From
the Idg. .vSW AD, to please; whence
Skt. svad, svild, to taste, eat, please, svlidu-,
sweet, Gk. ~3vs, L. Slliiuis. See Suave.
sweethea.rt. (E.) M. E. swete herle,
lit. sweet heart, i.e. dear love ; see Chaucer,
Troi!. iii. Jl8I, 1210, and last line.
Swell. (E.) M. E. swellm, pt. t. swal.
A. S. swellan, pt. t. sweall, pp. S"dlollen.+
Du. zwellm, Ice!. svella, Swed. svalla, G .
scltwellm. Teut. type .swe/lan-, pt. t.
swall, pp. swullanoll. cr. Goth. ufswalltins, a swelling up. Brugm. i. 903.
Swelter; see Sultry.
Swerve, to tum aside. (E.) M. E.
swertlen swerven). A. S. sweorf-, pt. t.

(hence to move swiftly to and fro, to tum

asideinmoving).+Du. nwt'Ve1r, to swerve,
wander, riot, rove; O. Sax. SUlertJan, to
wipe; O. Fries. STVervtJ, to rove; Ice!.
swifa (pt. t. svarj), to file; O. H . G.
swn'lJan, to nm round, whirl ronnd; Goth.
!tiswairhan, to wipe. Teut. type swerlJan-,
pt. t. swar", pp. swurlJano:z. Cf. E.
Fries. swarvm, to wander, Swed. svarfva,
to tum.
Swift. (E.) A. S. swift. From swil-,
weak grade of A. S. swifan, to move
quickly; with suffix t (ldg. -los ). .Cf.
Ice!. svi/a, to rove, tum, sweep; O. H. G.
sweibon, to move or tum quickly. Teut.
base swei!>.
Swill, to wash dishes, drink greedily.
(E.) M. E. swilim. A. S. swilian, to
wash. Der. SUlill, sb .. hog's-wash; whence
swill, vb., to drink like a pig, Rich. Ill,
v. 2. ~ .
Swim (1 ) , to move about in water. (E.)
A .S.swimman.pt.t. swa,mlZ.+Du. Z'Zuemmm, Ice!. svimma, Dan. svOmme, Swed.
simma; G.schwimmen. Teut.type*swemma,,-, pt. t. swamm, pp. *swummanor;.
Swim (2) , to be dizzy. (E. ) From
M. E. swime, a dizziness. A. S. swima,
a swoon, swimming in the head . + Du.
sWijfll, a swoon; E. Fries. swim; cf. Ice!.
svimi, dizziness, Dan. svimle, to be giddy,
"esvime, to swoon; Swed. svimma, to he
dizzy, swimning, swoon; Pomeran. swimm, to swoon; Low G. s-wimeill , to
reel (Danneil).
~. A. S. sw/rna ~
swi-ma; the real base is *s-wi (*swell ;
whence also O. H. G. S-Wlnan, to decrease,
disappear, allied to Swed. svindtl, G.
schwindtl, dizziness; Swed.jOrsvinna, to
disappear, Ice!. svina, to subside (as a
swelling). The orig. notion is that of
failure, giving way, subiidence, &c.; see
swindler.
swindler, a cheat. (G.) XVIII cent.
- G. schwindltr, an extravagant projector,
a swindler. - G. schwindt/n, to be dizzy,
act thoughtlessly. - G.schwinden, to decay,
sink, vanish, fail. + A. S . s-windan, pt. t.
swand, to languish; allied to O. H. G.
swinan, to fai!. See above.
Swine, a sow, pig, pigs. (E.) M. E.
11uin, both sing. and pI. A. S. swin, a
pig; pI. swin, swine. + Du. zwijn, a
swine. hog; lcel. svin, 1'1. svln; Dan.
sviin, pI. sviin; Swed. svin, G. schwein,
O. H. G. swin; Goth. swein, neut. ab.

535

SYCAMORE

SWING

sing. ; Teut. type swinofll, neut. So also Du. swick , ' a swich, or a whip;' Hexham;
Russ. svineya, a swine, sv;nka, a pig, cf. Low G. zwukse (Hauov. swutsdle), a
svinoi, swinish. All dimiuutive or adjec- long thin rod. We also find Norw. svige,
tival forms, like L. minus (Varro), re- sveig, a switch, lcel. svig i, sveigr, a
lated to swine, from sus, a sow. See Sow. switch; Swed. sveg, a green twig; all
allied to Icel. sveigja, to bend; cf. Sway.
lIrugm. i. 95.
Swing. (E.) M. E. swingm, pt. t. Swivel, a link turning on a pin or neck .
swang, pp. swungen. A. S. swingan , pt. t. (E.) Spelt swiuell in Minsheu (1637);
swang, pp. swungen, to scourge, also to formed , with suffix -el, from SWtj-, weak
fly, Rutter, flap with the wings.
Swed. grade of A. S. swifalt, to move quickly
svinga, Dan. svinge, to swing, whirl; G. (revolve). Allied to Swift. Lit. sense
schwingen; cf. also Goth. af-swaggwjan, 'that which readily revolves.' Cf. Ice!.
to cause to doubt or despair. Teut. type sveijla, to spin round; from svifa, to turn.
swengwan-, p~. t. swangw, pp. swung- Brugm. i. 818 (2).
wa"()z.
Swoon, to faint . (Eo) M. E. swounen,
swinge. to beat, whip. (E.) M. E. swogltenen, s1lJowmen, to swoon. Formed
swengm. A. S. swengan, to dash, strike (with formative n , usually with a passive
(cf. sweng, a blow) ; the causal form of sense, as in Goth. verbs in -nan) from
Swing. As if' to flourish a whip.'
M. E. swowen, swogken, to swoon, to sigh
swingle. a staff for dressing flax. deeply, also to sough , sigh. This is a
(M. Du.) M. E. swinglen , to beat flax ; strong verb, from A. S. swogan, to move
swingle, a swingle. FromM. Du.swingelen, or sweep along noisily, to sough, to sigh
or swingen, 'to beate flax,' Hexham; see as the wind, a strong verb, of which the
Swing. Cf. A. S. swingele, a scourging; pp. geswogen occurs with the actual sense
E. Fries. swengel, G. scltwengel, a pump- of' in a swoon.' 'Se laeg geswogen' = he
handle.
lay in a swoon, iElfric's Hom. ii. 336. So
swingle-tree, the bar that swings at also A. S. geswOwung, a swooning, A. S.
the heelsofhamessed horses. (E.) M.E. Leechdoms, ii. 176,1. 13. Cf. Low G.
swingle-tre. - M. E. swingle, a beater, but swogen, to sigh, swugten. to swoon;
lit. 'a swinger,' or that which swings; tre, Lith. swage/i, to resound. Allied to
a piece of wood; see Tree. Cf. Du. Sough, q. v.
zwengd, a swing; Low G. swengel SWOOp, vb. (E.) M. E. swopen, usually
(Danneil), G. scltwengel, a swingle-tree.
in the sense to sweep. [The 0, orig. open
SwiD.lt, to toil. (E.) Obsolete; once A. S. Ii ) became close owing to the
very common. A.S. swincan, pt. t. swanc, preceding w. ] A. S. swopan, to sweep
pp. swuncen, to labour, work hard. From along, rush, swoop; also, to sweep (pt. t.
the violent action; allied to Swing. Cf. sw1op, pp. swapen ).
lcel. sveipa, to
Du. zwenk, a swing, a tum; G. scltwenken, sweep, swoop; sopa, to sweep; G. ScllfVeito swing, whirl about.
jen, to rove. Base swaip, allied to
Swipe, to strike with a sweeping stroke. swaip, 2nd grade of Teut. sweipan-, as
(E. ) Allied to M. E. swippen; A. S. in O. lcel. svipa, to move quickly. See
swipian, swippan, to scourge, beat, from Sweep.
swip-, weak grade of Teut. sweipan-; Sword. ( Eo) M.E. swtrd. A.S. SflJeqrd.
d. Icel. sveipa, to sweep, swoop. Cf. +Du. zwaard, lcel. sverlJ, Dan. svtZrd,
A. S. swipe, a whip; Ice!. svipa, to whip, Swed. sviird, G. scltwerl.
Teut. type
svipa, a whip. In form, mod. E. swipe swerdom, neut.
answers to O. Icel. svipa, to sweep, swoop. S;yba.rite, an effeminate person. (L.See Sweep.
Gk.) L. Sybarita. - Gk. :f.lJlmpiTfJS, an
Swirl, to whirl in an eddy. (Scand.) inhabitant of Sybaris, a town named from
Norweg. svirla, to whirl round; frequent. the river Sybaris, on which it was situated;
of sverra (= Dan. svirre), to whirl, orig. in Lucania, Lower Italy.
to hum. Note also Norw. svervd, a whirl- Syca.miD.e, a tree. (L.-Gk.-Heb.7)
pool, svervla, to swirl. Cf. Swed. svil'ra, L.sjcal1linus.- Gk.<1lJttGp'vos ; Luke xvii. 6.
to murmur; G. scltwirrlm, to whir; Skt. Prob. a Gk. adaptation of Heb. sltiqmil1l,
svr, to sound. See Swarm.
pI. of slti'lmalt, a sycamore; that it has
Switch, a pliant rod. (M. 011.) For been confused with sycamore is obvious.
swiclt, palatalised form of swick. - M. . Sycamore. a tree. (L. - Gk. - Heb. 7)
536

SYNDIC

SYCOPHANT

Better sy{otfUlre. - L. sj{omorlls. - Gk. "a9fla, fellowfeeling. - Gk. <1111" , for <1UII,
<1 111t0I'Of>0S, as if it meant 'fig-mulberry'; with; "a9tw, to suffer. See Pathos.
[Gk. <1VItO-II, fig; I'UPO", a mulberry]; but Symphony. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. symprob. a Gk. adaptation of Heb. slziqmiih, phonie, Cot. - L. sympkOnia. - Gk. <1111'a sycamore; see above.
</><'W,a,mnsic (Luke xv. lS). - Gk. <1VI'</><'Wos,
S;fcophaut. (L.-Gk.) L.sj{opkanta, harmonious.-Gk. <1tJ1'-, for <1VII, together;
an mformer, parasite. - Gk. <1tJlto</JlwT1]S, M, sound. See Phonetic.
lit. 'fig-shewer,' also an informer, a false Symposium, a merry feast. (L. - Gk.)
adviser. [Etymology certain, but the reason L. symposi1tm. - Gk. alll'frOalOIl, a drinkingfor the peculiar use is un~:nOWD. The party, banquet. - Gk. <1111'- (for <1w), to
usual explanation, 'informer against those gether; "0-, base of "E-frOI-lta, I have
who exported sacred figs from Attica,' is drunk, WO<1IS, a drink. See Potable.
unauthorised.] _ Gk. <1VItO-II, a fig; -</><lJIT1]s, Symptom, an indication of disease.
lit. ' shewer,' from aIllflll, to shew. See (F.- L. - Gk.) Properly a medical term.
Hierophant.
M. F. symptome; Cot. - L. symptiJma. Syllable. <.F.-L.-Gk.) The third I Gk. tTtil'1/'TOJJlC, a casualty, anything that
is intrusive. M. E. sillable. - O. F . sillabe, befals one. - Gk. <1111''';.".rfllI, to faIl in
also sil/able. - L. syllaba. - Gk. <1I1AAafJft, with. - Gk. <1111" (<1w), together; "'WT'fW,
a syllable, lit. 'holding together,' so much to fall. (.vPET.)
of a word as makes a single sound or ele- Syn-, prefix. (L. - Gk.; or F. - L. ment.-Gk. <111"-, for <1{JII, together; "afJ-, Gk.) A Latinised spelling of Gk. <1VII, together. It becomes syl. before I; symbase of "aJl/Mllflll, to take, seize.
Syllogism, a reasoning from premises. before 0, m, p, ph; and sy- bc;fore
(F.-L.-Gk. ) F. syllogisme. -L. syllo s or z.
gismus.-Gk. <1tJAAO"'(I<1~S, a reasoning. SyumresiJI, the coalescence of two
Gk. <1I1AoAo0"Y'(oJllU, Ireckon together, reason. vowels into a diphthong. (L. -Gk.) L.
- Gk. <1I1Ao- (=<1VII), together; "O"'('(OJlCI, sYnl1!resis. - Gk. <1Wa'pf<1IS, a taking toI reckon, from "lYyos, disconrse, reason gether. - Gk. <1VII, together; a'ptaor, a
ing.
taking, from aipfw, to take. See Heresy.
Sylph, an imaginary being inhabiting Synagogue. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. synathe air. (F.-Gk.) F. sylplze.-Gk.<1lAot/>1J, gogue. - L. synagaga. - Gk. <1tJJ1a"YorrTI, a
a kind of worm or grub (Aristotle). On bringing together; congregation. -Gk.<1vlI,
this word it would seem that Paracelsus together; a"YorrTI, a bringing, from a"YfllI,
formed the name sylphe; he also used the to bring, drive. (.vAG.)
names gnome, salamander, and nymph (al1 SYD&lc:apha, a coalescence of two sylof Greek origin) , to signify,respectively, a lables into one. (L.-Gk.) L . synaltEPJuz.
genius of earth, fire, and water. Hence - Gk. <1tJJIa"OI1, lit. a smearing together.
the form sylph-id, a false form, but only - Gk. <1W, together; ciAEl.pf"', to anoint,
explicable on the hypothesis of a Greek allied to ",,,or, grease, Cf. Skt. lip, to
origin ; as if from a nom, *<1IAo.plr (base besmear, anoint.
<11".pI3-).
~ Littre's explanation, that
Synchronism, concurrence in time.
sylph is of Gaulish origin, seems to me (GIC.) Gk. <1l1"YxpolIl<1l'0r. - Gk . .ro'(XlxlJIor,
fntile ; Paracelsus conld hardly have known contemporaneous.-Gk. <1II"Y-, for <1VV, together; xp6110S, time. See Chronicle.
Gaulish.
Sylva.n, misspelling of Silvan.
Syncopa.te, to shorten a word by
Symbol, a sign. (F. -L.-Gk.) F. dropping a syllable. (L. - Gk.) From
symbole. - L. symboluln. - Gk. <1uJlf3oAoov, a pp. of L. syn{opiirt, of wh ich the usual
token, pledge, a sign by which one infers sense is 'to swoon.' - L. syncope, sYIl{opa,
a thing. - Gk. <1l1l'fJUA"flV, to throw to a swoon; also, syncope. - Gk. <1I1"YIt01/'~,
gether, compare, infer. - Gk. <1111'- (<1VII) , a cntting short, syncope, loss of strength.
together ; fJ<iA"fllI, to throw, put.
- Gk. <111"Y' (written for aVII, together,
Symmetry. (F. - L . -Gk.) M. F. hefore It); ItO,,-, base of lro...TfIV, to cut.
symmetrie; Cot. - L. symmetria. - Gk.<1I1I'- See Apocope.
I'f ...pla, clue proportion. - Gk. <1vp.I""'pos, I Syndic. (F.-L.-Gk.) F . sYllliic, 'a
of like measure with. - Gk. <1tJ1'- (= <1w), . syndick, censor, controller of manncrs ; '
with; I'f ...poV, a measure. See Metre.
: Cot. - L. syndicus. - Gk. uvv&ItOS, adj.,
Sympa.thy. (Gk.) From Gk. <1111'- ' helping in a court of justice; as a sb., a

537

SYNECDOCHE

TABOUR

syndic. - Gk. aW, together; 3,.", justice. shortening of a syllable. (Gk.) Gk. u.Allied to Diction. (.vDEIK.)
UTO)..;', a drawing together. - Gk. U\1(fTf)...
Synecdoche a figure of speech where- )...,1', to d~w together. - Gk. av-.. , toby a part is put lor the whole. (L. -Gk.) gether;
to place, put. See
L. sY1UCdocM. - Gk. ITVP.KOO)(~, lit. a re- Diaatole, Stole.
ceiving together. - Gk. uV", together; lK- S,..""., conjunction. (Gk.) Gk.17I1'II.
3EX0fl4<, I receive, from IK, out, and 3fX0fl4< "(la, conjunction. - Gk. u.;'oryos, conjoined.
(Ion_ 3/KOfl4<) , I receive_ (.vDEK. )
- Gk. UV-I' , together; 'ory-, weak grade
Synod. (F.-L-Gk.) F . synotie.- of ,.V-YVIl/U, I join j see Yoke, CoDjUCal.
L. synotium, acc. of synodus. - Gk. uwollos, (.vYEUG.)
a coming together, a meeting. - Gk. UW,
together; cS-'cSs, a way, a coming. See
T.
Metho"," (.vSED.)
Synonym. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. syno- Taba.rc1, a herald's coat. (F. ) M. E.
1ty me. - L. (pI. ) synifnyma, lit. synonyms; tahard. - O. F. tabart, tabard, also tribarl
from the adj. synifnymus, synonymous, (Ducange) , a kind of coat. Etym. unhaving the same sense as another word . - known. Cf. M. Ital. and L. trabea, a robe
Gk. UVVW"II/lOS , oflike meaning.-Gk. uV", of state.
together; ;;1'01-'0, a. name. Der. synony- Tabby, a kind of waved silk. (F. mous, from L. synOnymus; synonymy, Span. - Arab.) A tabby cat is one marked
from L. synifnymia, Gk. UWQlVII~a, like- like the silk. - F. tabis ( 15th cent. ) ; also
ness of name. See Onomatopceia.
atabis (Godefroy) . - Span. tabi, a silken
Synopsis, a general view. (L.- Gk. ) stuff j Low L. attabi . - Arab. "Itabi, a
L. synopsis. - Gk. u':'I'ot!'s, a seeing all rich watered silk. It was the name of
together. - Gk. uw, together; &{I.s, sight. a quarter in Bagdad where the! silk was
Der. s)moptic-a/, from Gk. adj. UWO.,.,..KOS. made j named after prince Allab, greatSee Optic.
grandson ofOmeyya. (See Dozy and Devic.)
Syntaz. (F . -L.-Gk.) F. sy ntaxe. Der. tabi-n-et, a variety of tabby j from
- L. syntaxis. - Gk. UWTa[I<, arrange- Ital. tabitt-o, , tabine, tabby;' Torriano.
ment ; hence , arrangement of words. - Gk. Tabernacle. (F . -L.) F. tabernacle.
uvv, together ; Tabs, order, from TaUUflJl, - L . taberniiculum , a tent j double dimiIt.
to arrange. See Tactics.
of tabeNta , a booth. See Tavern.
Synthesis. (L.-Gk.) L. synthesis.- Tabid. (L.) L. tabit/us, wasting away.
Gk. u':'v9.u,s, a putting together. - Gk. uvv , - L. tabere, to waste away , languish.
together; 9fU.S, a putting, from Tl9fVaI, to Table. (F.-L.) F. table. - L. tabula,
set, place. See Thesis. Der. synthet- a plank, flat board, table. Der. tabu l-ate,
ic-ai , from Gk. uI1V9fT'KOS, skilled in put- tabltl-ar, from L. tabula j tabl-eau , from
F. tableau, dimin. of F. table. Also enting together.
Syphon, Syren; see Siphon, Siren. tablatllre, talferel.
Syringe. (F.-L.- Gk.) M. F.sy rin- Taboo, Tabu, to forbid the use of.
gue,' a siringe, squirt ;' Cot. - L. sjringem, (Polynesian.) The verb is fonned from
acc. of sjrinx, a reed, pipe, tube. - Gk. the sb. ta/loo, which is the E . pronunciation
uvp."({, a reed , pipe, shepherd's pipe, of New Zealand tapu, a prohibition or
whistle. Der. syring -a, a flowering shrub, interdict ; pronounced tamhu in the Soloso named because the stems were used for mon Islands. Kotzebue mentions the
, Tabu , or interdict,' in his New Voyage
making Turkish pipes.
Syrup, Sirup. (F. - Span.- Arab.) Round the W orld, London. 1830, ii. 178.
M . F . sy rop ; F. sirop. -M . Span. x arope, ~ N ot in any way connected with the
a drink; Span . jarope. - Arab. sharab, cnstom of Ie p i, as erroneously said in
shurab, wine, beverage, syrup. - Arab. root some former editions.
Tabour, Tabor, a small drum. (F.shariba, he drank. See Sherbet.
System, method. (L. - Gk.) XVII Span. -Arab.) M. F . taboltr (mod. F . tamcent.-L. systima.-Gk. UVU'T7}I-'a, a com- bour ) . - Span . tam boy, M. Span. atambor
plex whole put together, a system. - Gk. (where a = aI, the Arab. def. article). uv-v, together; uT1j-I'a. , to stand, pres. t. Arab. tamb;;r, ' a kind of lute or guitar
with a long neck, and six brass strings.
TUT7}/U, I stand. See Statics.
_Tlltole, contraction of the heart , also a drum.' Prob. of imitative origin ;
53 8

tIT.)..)...,,,,

TAINT

TABULAR
cf. Arab. taM, a drum, tabbal, a drummer.
Der. tabQUr-et or tabret, a dimin. form;
also tambour.
'l'a.bular, 'l'abulate j see Table.
'l'ache (I ), a fast ening. (F. - Low G.)
'A tache, a buckle, a claspe; ' Baret
( 1580) , s. v. Claspe. - O. F. lache, a nail,
fastening (Godefroy). - E. Fries. take, a
point, prick , thorn ; allied to tak, takke,
a pointed thing, a twig; Low G. takk, a
point, pointed thing. See Tack. Cf. attach, de-tach.
'l'ache (2) , a blemish. (F.) M. E.
tache, also teccke, a bad habit , blemish,
vice, caprice, behaviour. - F. tache, < a
spot, staine, reproach;' Cot. Also formerly spelt taiche, tecke, t.que, leke, a
natural quality , esp. a vice, ill habit ; mod.
F. tacke, a stain; Picard take. Cf. ltal.
lacca, taccia, defect, stain; Port. and Span .
tacka, defect, flaw , crack. Root unknown;
it is difficult to connect it with Tache (I ) ;
yet this may be right. Ital. tacca also
means < notch' or 'dent'; cr. E. Fries.
takke, a notch, takje, a small notch, small
twig, take (Du. tak), a twig.
'l'acit, silent. (L. ) L. tacittls, silent.
- L. tacere, to be silent. + Goth. thallan,
Icel. }egja, Swed. tiga, O. H. G. dagen , to
be silent. Der. tacit-urn , F. tacitu,."e,
L. taciturnus, silent; tacit-urnity, F.
taciturnitt, L. acc. taciturnitatem , silence;
also re-ticen!.
'l'ack, a small nail , a fastening; also to
fasten . (E.) M. E. lakke, tak , a fastening;
takken, to fasten together. Of E. or Low
G. origin; cf. E. Fries. Dan. taUe, a tine,
pointed thing; Low G. lakk (the same);
G. zacke, a tooth, tine, prong, twig. Allied
to E. Fries. lak, 'a twig, bough;' the same
as Du. tak, a twig. [The Irish taca, pin,
peg, nail, fastening, Gael. tacaid, tack,
peg, are from E.) Cf. Norman dial. taque,
a nail. 13. Hence a tack or rope fastening
a sail; also the verb lack, to sew slightly,
attach. y. Perhaps a tack, in sailing,
refers to branching out in a given direction ; from Du. takken, to branch.
'l'ackle, equipment ,gear, tools. tScand.)
M. E. take!. - Swed . and M. Swed. tackel,
tackle of a ship; Dan. fakkel, tackle,
whence takle, to rig. Cf. Du. takel, a
pulley, takeien, to rig. The suffix -el
denotes the agent; lack-Ie is that which
takes or holds firmly; cf. M. Du. laeckel,
, a rope to drawe a boate.' - Icel. taka, to
grasp, seiZe, &c., allO to take ; cf. E. Fries.

taken, to grip. ~ The W. tad, a tool, is

borrowed from M. E. takel.
Tact. (L.) L. tactus, touch; hence,
delicacy. - L. tactus, pp. of tangere, to
touch. See Tangent.
'l'actics, the art of manceuvring forces.
(Gk.) Gk. TaI<TIKa, neut. pl., tactics.Gk. TaJCTlKOr, adj., fit for arranging. -Gk.
TaJCTOr, arranged, ordered; verbal ndj. of
TMO'fW (for *TtlK-YW'), to arrange, order.
Der. tactic-ian.
'l'adpole. (E.) Lit. a toad which is
nearly all poll or head; from its shape;
see Poll. Formerly called a bullhead,
which was also the name of a small fish with
a large head.
'l'afterel, 'l'affrail, upper part of the
stem of a ship. (Du. -L.) Du. tafereel,
a panel, a picture, a tablet or board. For
*tafel-eel, dimin. of Du. tafel, a table; cf.
G. taftlei, boarded work, from G. tafel,
a table.-L. tabula, a table, plank, board.
Doublet, tableau. ~ The spelling taffrail
points to confusion with rail.
'l'afteta, Taftety, a thin silk stuff. (F.
- Ital. - Pers.) I' . taffetas, 'taffata;' Cot.
- ltal. taffeta, < taffeta;' Florio. - Pers. taftah, twisted, woven, taffeta. -Pers. tafton,
to twist, spin, curl tHorn, 372).
'l'ag, a point of metal at the end of a
lace, &c. (Scand.) 'An aglet or tag of
a p?ynt;' Baret (1580). - Swed. lagg, a
pnckle, point, tooth; Norw. tagge, a tooth,
cog. + Pomeran. tagg, a point, tack; Low
G. taU, point, tooth. See Tack. Dar.
lag-rag, for tag and rag = every appendage
and shred.
'l'ail (I), hairy appendage, appendage.
(E.) M. E. tayl. A. S. tagel, tagl, a
tail.+lcel. tagl, Swed. tagel, hair of mane
or tail; Goth. tagl, hair ; O. H. G. zagel,
a tail. Cf. Irish dual, a plait, lock of
hair, Skt. tiarli, a skirt. Brugm. i.
783.
Tail (2), the term applied to an estate
which is limited to certain heirs. ( F. -L.)
Better spelt faille; see Todd's Johnson. F. taille, a cutting, shred; the same word
as Tally (below). And see Entail.
tailor. (F. -L.) Properly' a cutter,'
or cutter out. M. E. taylor. -0. F. failleor, later tailleur, ' a cnttcr;' Cot. - F.
taillcr, to cut; cf. F. taille, a slitting, an
in cision. - Late L. liiliare, to cut; cf. L.
talea, a thin rod, stick, slip; an agricultural
term for a slip or layer.
'l'aint, sb. (F . - L.) F . te;"t , ' a stain; ,

539

TAMPER

TAKE

Cot. -1". teittl, pp. of teilldre, to tinge.- rowed from Low G. ) ; cC. O. Mt:rc. tmlg,
L. ti,,!{ere, to dye. See Tinge.
a dye.
Take. (Scand.) M. E. takm, pt. t. tok, '.raJ.ly.a stick notched so as to match
pp. taken. - Icel. taka, pt. t. tok, pp. another stick ; an exact match. (F.-L.)
lekinn, to lay hold of, seize, grasp, take; M. E. tail/e, a tally; for keeping accounts.
Swed. taga, O. Swed. taka, Dan. tage. + - F. taille, a notch , cut, inCision, cutting;
Goth. tlkan , to touch.
also a tally, or score kept on a piece of
Talc, a mineral. (F. -Span. -Arab.) F. stick by notches. -F. tailler, to cut.-Late
tale.-Span. talco. -Arab. tal'l' talc, mica. L. tiiliiire, to cut; cf. L. tdlea, a slip of
Tale, a number, a narrative. (E.) M. E. wood. ~ The final 'J' in tall-y is due
tale. A. S. tal , a number, talu , a narca- to the frequent use of F. taillt, pp., to
tive.+Du. taal, speech; Icel. tal, speech, signify' notched'; cf. lev'J', jur-y,pun-y,
tala, number; Dan. tale, speech, Swed. where -J' = F. -I.
tal, number, speech, G. zah/, number. Talmud, the body of Hebrew laws, with
Der. tal-k, tell.
comments. (Chaldee.) Chaldee talmiid,
Talent. (F.-L.-Gk.) The sense of instruction, doctrine; cf. Heb. talmid, a
, ability' is from the parable; Matt. xxv. scholar, from lamad, to learn, limmad, to
F. talent,' a talent in money; also will, teach.
desire;' Cot.-L. talentum.-Gk. TOM"- Talon. (F.-L.) Particularly used of
TOV, a balance, weight, sum of money, a hawk's hind claw and toe. - F. takn, a
talent. Named from being lifted and heel. - Late L. talOnem, acc. of talo, heel.
weighed; CC. Skt. tul, L. lollere, to lift, - L. tillus, heel.
Gk. TtV.-aS, sustaining. (.vTEL.) Allied '1'amandua, an ant-eater. (Brazil. )
to Tolerate. Der. talent-ed, in use before From Guarani tamandud, an ant-eater
11.. I) . 1640.
(where
is nasal) ; see Granada, Vocnb.
Talisman, a spell. (Span. - Arab. - Rioplatense.
Gk.) Span. talisman, a magical character. Tamarind. (F. - Span. - Arab. and
- Arab. tilsaman, pI. of iiisam, lilism, Pers.) M.F.tamari,Id. - Span. tamarindo.
a talisman, magical image. - Late Gk. - Arab. tamr, a ripe date; Hind, India.
T'AEUJU1, mystery, initiation; Gk. T'AEU/A4, Lit. ' Indian date.' fl. The Arab. lamr is
a payment; TEAEUflOS, an accomplishment. allied to Heb. tamt,r, a palm-tree. Hind
-Gk. TEA'E'V, to accomplish, end.-Gk. is borrowed from Pers. (which turns s into
TOADS, end ; also initiation into a mystery. h ), and is derived from Skt. sindhu-, the
Talk. (E.) E. Fries. talken, to talk; river Indus. See Indigo.
cf. talke, a short tale. The Low G. Tamarisk, a tree. (L.) L. tamarisClls,
taalke means ( I) a jackdaw, ( 2) a talka- also tamarix, tamancl; of foreign origin.
tive woman. Extended (like walk, q. v. ) Cf. Gk. flUpilCT/ , a tamarisk .
from A. S. tal-, as in talu, a tale, talian , 'l'ambour, a small drumlike frame, for
F.
to account, with suffix -k-, which seems to embroidering. (F.-Span. - Arab.)
give a frequ entative force. Cf. Icel. Swed. tambour, a tambour, also a drum; see
tala. Dan. talt , to talk. See Tale and Tell. Tabour.
'l'all, high in stature, lofty. (C . 1) (We
tambourine. (F. -Span. - Arab.) F.
find M. E. tal, which meant seemly, also tamboun '1Z , a tabour, dimin. of F. ta",botlr,
obedient, obsequious, valiant ; allied to a tabour or drum; see Tabour.
A. S. tt1!/, appearing in 1l0f-tt1!/, friendly. 'l'ame, adj. (E.) M. E. tatllt. A. S.
So also Goth. un -tals, indocile, unin- tam, tame; whence temia'l, to tame.+
structed, from which we infer tals, docile. Du. tam, Icel. tamr, Swed. Dan . tam, G.
Note also. A. S. ~e-tal, quick , prompt; zalml. Allied to L. domilrt , Skt. dam ,
O. H . G. gl-za/, qUick.] But mod. E. tall Gk . oop.aflv, W. doji, to tame. (.vDAM .)
seems to be quite distinct, and of Celtic See Daunt.
origin. Cf. W. tal, high, Corn. tal, high ; Tammy. 'l'amine; the same as
Com. tal earn, the high rock; W. taMra, Stamin.
tallness, loftiness.
'l'amper, to meddle, interfere with. (F.
'l'allOW. (E.) M. E. talgh. E. Fries. -L.) -rhe snme word as temper, used
talg, tallig.+M. Du. talgh, taleh, tallow ; actively, but in a bad sense; ' to influt'nce
Du. talk , Low G. talg; Dan. Swed. talg-; in a bad way.' Godefroy gives tramjJer as
Icel. tolgr. So also G. talg, tallow (bor- another form of temper; and tempelln,
54 0

TAMPION

TAP

la"'peure, moderation, manner of operatin~, temper of a weapon.

See Temper.
Tampion, a kind of plug. (F. - Tent.)
F. tampon, bung, stopple ; nasalised form
of F. lapon, the same, augment. of O. F.
tampe , lape, a bung. Cf. F. laper, tapper,
to stop with a bung (a Pica.rd word). Du. tap, a bung, tap; Low G. tappe, the
same. See Ta.p (3).
Ta.n. (F.-G. ) From F. tan, 'the
bark of a young oak, wherewith leather is
tanned;' Cot. (Bret. tmln, an oak, also
tan.) - G. tamu, fir-tree.+Du. den , a firtree; M. Dn. dan, as in 'abiu, eyn dan,'
Mone, Quellen, p. 303. Der. tan, vu.,
&c.; tan-li'~g, Cymb. iv. 4. 29.
Ta.ndem. (L.) L. tandem, at length;
applied to two horses harnessed at lmgtn.
A University joke.
Ta.ng ( I) , a strong taste. (Dn.) Cf.
M. Du. tattger, sharp, biting to tht: taste;
lit. pinching. - Du. tang, a pair of pincers;
see Tongs. Cf. O. H. G. zangar, sharp
to the taste; A. S. ge-tingan, to press
hard upon (pt. t. getang).
Ta.ng ( 2) , to make a shrill sound. (E.)
To tang is to ring out; an imitative word;
allied to tinker, tingle, twang.
Ta.n( ( 3), tongue of a buckle, the part
of aknitewhich goes into the haft. (Scand.)
Ice!. tangi, tang of a knife, which is nipped
by the handle; Norw. tange, tang of a
knife, tongue of land; allied to tiing,
tongs; see Tang (I ) , Tongs.
Ta.ng (4), seaweed; see Tangle.
Tangent. (L.) From L. tangent-,
touching, stem of pres. pI. of tangere (base
tag), to touch; pp. tactus. + Gk. base
'7'a,),-, as in TfTa-y&w. taking.
taagible. (F.-L.) F.tangible.-L.
ta,~gibz7is, touchable. _ L . tangere, to
touch.
Ta.ngle, to knot confusedly. (Scand.)
Spelt tangell in Palsgrave. To tangle is
to keep twisting together like seaweed' ;
a frequentative verb from North E. lang,
sea-weed. - Dan. tang, Swed. tang, Ice! .
Jang, kelp or bladder-wrack, a sea-weed
(whence the idea of confused heap) ; cf.
Ice!. Jihlgull, sea-weed, Norw. longul, a
tangle-stalk. So also provo E. lallgle, seaweed; Nonnan F. langon, a kind of seaweed (Fums jlagelltformis, Metivier) .
Der. en-Iattgle, with F . prefix en- L.in).
Tanist, a presumptive heir to a prince.
(Irish.) Irish lanaisle, apparent heir.
Irish lattaise, second in rank (RhYs).

Tank, a pool. (Port. - L .) Port. tatltple,

cognate with Span. eslanque, O. F. estang,
a stank, pool.-L. stagnum, a pool. See
BtAulI:. ~ Anglo-Indian; see Yule.
Tankard. (F.) O. F. tanljuard, a
tankard (Rabelais) ; M. Du . tanckaert, a
wodden [wooden] tankard: Hexham (from
F.). Prob. from Swed. st4nka, a wooden
tankard; with F. augment. suffix -ard.
Swed. stanka is a dimin. of sl4nna, stdnda,
a vat (Rieu) ; note the aa in Norw.
taankar, a tankard. Cf. Tudor E.slandard,
a tankard, standing-bowl (Greene).
Ta.n8Y, a plant. ( F.-Low L.-Gk. )
M. E. lansaye, lansey. - O. F. lanasie,
tattaine; earlier form alnanasie, alanasie.
(Cf. M. Ital. alanasia , Port. atanasia,
tansy.) - Late L. *atnanasia, merely the
Latinised form of Gk. cl8allal1la, immortality. Cf. M. Ital. atanato (lit. immortal),
the rose-campion; Florio. Pl'ob. from its
supposed virtue, and its use in medicine.
- Gk. <i6ollaTos, immortal. - Gk. d-, not;
6all-ow, 2 aor. of 8vT,I1ItEIII, to die.
Ta.ntalise. (Gk.) Formed with F.
suffix -iser L. -izare < Gk. -1(.111), from
Gk. T.u.TtIA-os, Tantalus, in allusion to his
story. The fable was that he was placed
up to his chin in water, which fled from
his lips whenever he desired to drink.
Allied to '7'aJIT'eU.l'.... , TaJlTtlAfU"~, to oscillate, sway like a ualance; intensive form
from T(I.\-, as in TciAa~T"~, a balance. Set
Ta.lent.
Ta.ntamount. (F.-L.) First used as
a verb, with the sense to amount to as
much.'-F. lant, so much, all muCh, from
L. lantum, neut. of tantus, so great; and
E. amount (of F. origin); see Amount.
Ta.p (1) , to knock gently. (F.-Teut.)
F. laper, M. F. tapper, to tap, hit;' Cot.
-Low G. tappen, to grope, fumble, tappe,
a paw; E. Fries. tappen, to grope, lap,
a light blow; Ice!. tapsa, to tap. Prob.
of imitative origin; cf. Russ. topate, to
stamp with the foot, Arab. labl, a drum;
E. dub-a dub. ~ Perhaps a native word;
M . E. lappen occurs rather early.
"ra.p (2), a short pipe to drawliquorfroI?
a casK, a plug. (E.) M. E. lappe. A. S.
t(1!Ppa, (Toller); we also find A. S. 111'1pere, one who taps casks. + Du. tap, Ice!.
lappi, Dan. tap, a tap; Swed. tapp, a tap,
handful, wisp, G. Ulpftn, a tap. fJ. The
orig. idea was prob. a tuft or wisp of something, to stop n hole with; CC. Swed. lapp
(above) , Ilalm-lapp, a wisp of straw. Der.

5-4 1

TAPE

TARPAULING

141-1'001, lap-sler, A. S. tappeslre, a fern.

form of tappen (above); tampitm, q. v.
Tape. (L ...- Gk.) M. E. lape, also
lappe. A. S. lappe, a tape, a fillet; closely
allied to A. S. tappel, tapped, a tippet, a
carpet. The A . S. pI. tapj>an probably
meant strips of stuff or cloth. Borrowed
from L. lapete, cloth; see Tapestry.
Ta.per ( I) , a small wax caudle. (E.)
M. E. taper. A. S. tapor, laper. Cf. Irish
tapar, a taper, W. tamp, a taper, torch.
taper (2), long and slender. (E.)
Taper means laperlike, shaped like the
tapers used in churches, which were sometimes thinner at the top. Holland has :
, laper-wise, sharp-pointed in the top;' tr.
of Pliny, xvi. 16. See above. ~ The A.S.
laperax, a kind of ax, is unallied; cf.
Russ. topor' , Pers. labar, an ax.
Tapestry. (F.-L.-Gk.) A corruption of the old form tapisserie. - F. tapisserie, tapestry. - F. lapisser, to furnish
with tapestry. - F. tapis, tapestry, hangings; Late L. tapidus. - L. laple, cloth,
hangings. - Gk. Tarrrrr-, stem of T,br1]t, a
carpet, woollen rug. Cf. Pers. tabaslak,
a fringed carpet; tabtdan, to spin, ltiftak,
taffeta: see Taffeta.
Tapioca.. (Brazilian.) Braziliantapioka,
the poisonous juice which issues from the
root of the cassava when pressed (Littre) ;
hence tapioca, which is also prepared from
the root of the cassava. The Tupi or
Brazilian tipiOta means dregs squeezed
out'; from tipi, residue, dregs, and the
verbal root eg, ok, to take by force , pull,
pluck off, hence to squeeze (Cavalcauti).
Tapir, a quadruped. (Brazilian.) Tupi
or Brazilian laj>yra , lapira, a tapir.
Tar. ( E.) M. E . terre. A. S. teoru,
leru, (ar: d. also /yrwa . Du. teer, Ice!.
tjara, Dan. lia re, Swed. tjiira. Il Cf.
Ice!. tyri, tyrvi, resinous wood; allied to
Lithuan. darwa, derwa, resinous wood ,
particularly the parts of the firtree that
readily burn; also to Russ. drevo, a tree,
derevo, wood, timber , W. derw, an oaktree, and E . t,-te. Orig. sense' wood,' esp.
resinous wood for fuel; hence resin from
such wood. Allied to Tree.
Tar ( l ), a sailor: see Tarpauling.
Ta.r&Dtella.. (Ita!.) A dance so called
(also a tarantula) ; so named from Ita!.
Taranto, Tarento, a town in S. Italy.
Tara.za.cum, the dandelion. (Arab.)
From Arab. larasaton, explained as a
kind of succory, Pers. tarkltaskql~n, wild

, endi ve ; Latinised a.s taraxactm, in A vicenna.

(Devic: supp. to Littre.)
Tardy. (F. - L.) 1'. lardif, tardy. (Cf.
Ita!. tardivo, tardy.) From L. tard-us,
slow; with snffix -iuus.
Tare ( I), a plant. (E.) M. E. lare,
darnel (Matt. xiii. 25). Not in A. S.; but
the sense is peculiar to English, as the
mod. E. lare is short for larevelcn, i. e.
darnel-vetch. M. Du. terwe, Du. tarwe,
Low G. larve, wheat; Lith. dirwa, comfield; Skt. diirva, a kind of grass.
Tare ( 2), an allowance. (F.-Span.Arab.) F . lare, loss, waste in merchandise.
-Sp.an. tara, tare, allowance in weight.
Lit.' what is thrown away.' - Arab. tarna,
what is thrown away, detriment (Devic) ;
lirn, lurran, thrown away. - Arab. root
larana, he threw prostrate, threw down.
Target, a small shield, &c. (F.Scand.; wilk F. suffix.) Formerly also
lergat ; the -el is the F. dimin. suffix.O. F. largue/e (Godefroy), a small shield;
dimin. of O. F. targue (as in Cot.), F.
large. - Ice\. larga, a target, small shield;
A. S. large; O. H . G. zarga, a frame, side
of a vessel, wall, G. zarge, frame, case,
edge, border. ~ Distinct from Arab. darkat, darakal, a shield, whence Port. and
S~n. adarga, a small square target.
Targum, a Chaldee paraphrase of the
Old Testament. (Chaldee.) Chaldee targt~m, an interpretation. - Chal. targlm, to
interpret. Cf. Arab. tar/milan, an interpreter; see Dragoman.
Ta.rift'. ( F. - Span. - Arab.) F. lari},
M. F. tariffi, a casting of accounts. - Span.
tarifa, a list of prices, book of rates. Arab. ta'rif, giving information, notification (because a tariff gives notice).- Arab.
'iif, knowing, knowledge. - Amb. root
'amfa, he knew.
Tarn, a poo!. (Scand.) M. E. terne. Ice!. tjon: (gen. tjamar), a tarn, pool;
Swed. dial. tjiirn, tiim, Norw. tjorn, a pool
without an outlet.
Tarnish. (F . -0. H. G.) F. temiss-,
stem of pres. pI. of se ternir, to become
dim, lose lustre (Cot.) . - M. H . G. lemen,
O. H . G. tamen, to obscure, darken; from
O. H. G. larni, secret (whence F . lem~ ,
dim) .
A. S. ekman . dynlan, to hide,
from ekrne, dyrne, adj., secret ; Cl. O. Sax.
derni, hidden , secret.
T&rpauling, a cover of tarred canvas.
(E. and L.) It means larred pauling or
tarred pa/ling; a palli~ is a covering,

54 2

TARRAGON

TATTER

from the verb pall, to COTer. This verb is

from pall, lb., a COTer; see Pall. Der.
taryaf4lin, an old name for a sailor
(Smollett), now abbreviated to lar.
'l'arragOJl, a plant. (Span.-Arab. Gk.) Sllan. laragtma (Diez) ; usually larago"tia (cf. M. F. largm, Iragon ).-Arab.
lark!.un, dragon-wort. _ Gk. 3p<iICGIV, a
dragon. ~ Devic, s. v. eslragtm; and
see Dragon.
"l'arre, to incite, set on. (E .) In Shako
Hamlet, ii. 2. 370. M. E. ler ren, Itrim,
larim, to irritate, provoke.-A. S.lergan
(rare), tirgan, to vex, provoke; N. l-ries.
tarre, lerre, to set on & dog. See t&rr7.
tarry. (E.) The present form is due
to M.}[ tarim, lerim, to irritate, provoke, worry, vex; hence to hinder, delay.
[This is the true source of the word, though
Its meaning may have been affected and
fixed by the O. F . targer, to delay, from
LateL. *Iardicare, to delay, from L.tardus,
slow; see Tardy.]-A.S. lergan, usually
lirgan, to vex, provoke. + Du. tergen,
Low G. largen, larren, to provoke; provo
G. urgen, to provoke.
'l'a.rt (I) , acrid , sharp, severe. (E.)
A. S. leart, tart, severe. Perhaps lit. tearing, i. e. bitter. - A. S. *Iar (liZr) , 2nd
grade of leran, to tear. See Tear (I ).
'l'a.rt ( 2) , a small pie. (F.-L.) M. E.
larle. - O. F. tarle, 'a tart;' Cot. It
seems to be a perverted form ofO. F . lorle,
F. lourie, a tart, Ital. lartera, loria, a pie
or tart, Span. torla, a round cake. - L.
loria, fem . of lorl'ts, pp. of torqulre, to
twist. Perhaps confused with L . tracla, a
long piece of dough.
'l'a.rt&Jl, a woollen stuff. (F. -Span.)
F. lirelaint, 'Jinsie - wolsie, or a kind
therof, worn ordinarily by the French
peasants;' Cot. - Span. liritafla, a thin
woollen stuff; so named from its flimsiness;
cf. Port. lirilana, a light silk. -Span. and
Port. tin'tar, to shiver, shake with cold.
Perhaps of imitative origin.
'l'artar ( I), an acid salt in casks, a
concretion on the teeth. (F.-Late L.Arab.) A term due to the alchemists;
called sal tarlre, or larire, in Chaucer. F. tarlre, ' tartar,' Cot. ; Late L.lariarum
(by confusion with Tarlarus). - Arab.
dunl, dregs, sediment, tartar of wine;
durdiy, dregs. Cf. Arab. darad, a shedding of teeth; which Devic connects with
tartar on the teeth.
'ra.rtar (2) , a native of Tartary. (Tatar.)

A perverse spelling of Tatar, owing to n

popular etymology which regarded Tatars
as let loose out of Tartarus or hell (see
belo~.
From Ttltar, a Tatar or inhabitant of Tatary (as it should be spelt) .
'l'artar (3) , Tartarus, hell. (L. - Gk.)
' The gates of Ta11m' ;' Tw. Nt. ii. 5.225.
-L. Tarlarus .-Gk. TclpTapOS, Tartarus,
the inferual regions; conceived to be a
place of extreme cold; cf. Gk. TQprapl(flV,
to shiver with cold.
'l'ask, sb. (F . -L.) Lit. a tax. M.E.
laske. - O. North F.lasqtte, N orm . dial.
lasqf4t, a tax, O. F . lasche, a task (mod.
F. tdcne).-Late L. tasca, a tax, nnother
form of Late L. taxa, a tax. -L. taxa"e,
to tax. See T&X.
'I'&el (I), a bunch of silk, &c., as an
ornament. (F. - L.) M. E. lassel . - O. F.
tassel, an ornament, fringe; also a piece
of square stuff (cf. ItaI. lassello, a square,
a collar of a cloak).-L. taxil/u1Jl, ace. of
laxillus, a small die; dimin. of talus, a
knuckle bone, a die made of knucklebone. Talus = *Iax -Ius, as shewn by the
dim in. laxil/us, and means a bone cut or
squared; cf. Skt. laksn , to hew, prepare,
make. ~ The application to a tassel is
curious; a woodcut at p. 272 of Guillim's
Display of Heraldry (1660) shews a tassel
ornamented with strings and dots ; these
strings divide it into squares, eacll of
which (having a dot in the middle) resembles an ace on a die. It was confused
with L. lessella (see TeB8elated) ; cf.
'Tessera, tasol;' O. E. Texts.
'I'....el (2) ; the same as Teroel.
'l'ute. (F.-L.) Orig. to handle, feel,
the usual sense of M. E. laslen. - O. F.
lasler, to handle, feel , taste. Cf. Late L.
laxla, O. F. taste, a probe for wounds; so
that O. F. lasler answers to a Late L.
-taxitare, iterative form of laxare, to feel,
handle (Gellius). Again taxan *Iagsore) is an intensive form of L. langere,
to touch. See Tangent.
T&t, to make trimming. (Scand.)
North E. lat, to entangle. -M. Swed. latte,
Dan. dial. tat, Norw.laatt, a thread, strand
of a rope, whence Norw. tiZlla, to interweave. Cf.lcel.}iittr, Swed. tljt, a strand,
filament; Dan. tol; G. docht, a wick.
'I'&tter, a ahred. (Scand.) Also spelt
totter. - Icel. IOturr; pI. lotrar, lollrar,
rags, tatters; Norw. tolror, toUrur, also
laltral", pl., rags, tatters.+Low G. taltern ,
rags, ta/trig, ragged; E. Fries. lalle, a rag,

5<43

TATTLE
lailr;l, ragged. Thus laller stands for
lailer, witn loss of I; cf. Low G. lalfr,
ladder, a rag (Danneil); perhaps also
A. S. lattee, a rag. I suppose the orig.
sense was' that which flaps or flutters
about,' and that it is closely allied to
toller, q. v.
Tattle, vb. (E.) M. E.lalelen, lotelen,
tateren, to tattle, prattle. We also lind
M. E. titeren, to tattle, whence mod. E.
tillie, in the phrase tittletattle. Tatlle and
tittie are frequentative forms, from a base
T AT or TIT, expressive of the iterdion
of the syllables ta, ta, la, or ti, ii, Ii, to
indicate constant prattling. So also Du.
tateren, to stammer, E. taralantara, the
sound of a trumpet, Low G. lateln, to
tattle, tilelateln, to tittle-tattle, taa/goos,
a gabbling goose, a chatterer ; ItaL tattamella, chat, prattle. Der. tillie, weakened
form of tattle, as above; whence tillietattle.
Tattoo (I), the beat of a drum recalling
soldiers to their quarters. (Du. or Low G.)
Formerly tapt()() (Phillips) ; used as early
as A. D. 1663. - Du. taptoe, tattoo. - Du.
tap, a tap; toe, to, i.e. shut, closed. Due
to the phrase appearing in Low G. lappen
10 s/aan, lit. ' to strike a tap to,' a prover
bial phrase (like E. skul uP) signifying to
close, conclude; esp. used of closing the
taps of the public houses, at the sound of
the drum. So also G. zap/,-'tSlreiek, the
tattoo, is lit. 'tap-stroke; and Low G.
lapjJemiag, the tattoo, is its equivalent.
p. The Du. lap is cognate with E. tap;
and Du. toe with E. to, prep. See Tap
and To.
Tattoo{ l), to mark the skin with fignres,
by pricking in colouring matter. (Tahitian.)
See Cook's First Voyage, b. i. c. 17, b. iii,
c. 9. - Tahitian tatau, tattoo-marks; derived from ta, a mark (Littre). The
Maori la means to tattoo, to mark.
Ta1Ult, vb. (F.-L. ) Hardly from O.F.
tanter (see Littre), occasional form of
tenler, 'to tempt, prove, essay, suggest,
provoke, or move unto evill;' Cot. - L,
ten/llre, to try, 'prove, attack, assail, &c. ;
see Tempt. p. Rather from the M.F.
phrase tant pour tant, 'one for another,'
Cot.; cf. lit.for tat. - O. F. taunt, tant, so
much. - L. tantum, neut., so much.
Tauru.. (L.) L. taurus, a bull.+Gk.
'rtWpor. Allied to Steer (I).
TaUt, tight, firm. (E.) M. E. tOt.t,
logltl. Lit. ' pulled tight;' pp. of M. E.
l0t.en, to tow, pull. See Tow.

TEA
Tauto1OO. (F.-Gk.) L.lautol#giG.

- Gk. 'rOIlTOA.o-ylo, a repetition of what has

said already.-Gk. TOIITOA..ryos, repeating what has been said. - Gk. 'ro1lT6,
short -for TO aVru or 'rO oirT6,., the same
thing; -A.O"(os, speaking, from A.'''YEt,., to
speak.
Tavern. (F. - L.) F. laverne. - L
laDema, a hut, orig. a hut of boards; a
tavern. Perhaps allied to L. labula, a
plank, board ; see Table.
Taw, a game at marbles. (Gk.) Orig.
the mark from which the marbles were
shot, and marked (originally) with a T,
to denote an exact spot. From Gk.
'rail, among schoolboys; a lettername of
Semitic origin. Cf. Tee.
Taw, Tew to prepare skins, curry;
also to toil. (E.) M. E. lawen, lewan.
A. S. lawian, to prepare, dress, get ready;
also, to scourge. C( A.S.getawa, implements. + Du. touwen, to curry leather;
O. H. G. umwen, to make, prepare; Goth.
'at4jan , to do, cause. See Tool.
'l'awdr;y, showy, gaudy. (E.) Formerly
used in the phrase lawdry lace, which meaut
lace bought at St. Awdry's fair. held in the
Isle of Ely (and elsewhere) on St. Awdry's
day, Oct. 17. Tawdry is a familiar contraction of SI. Awdry. p. Again, Awdry
is a popular form of Etkeldnaa, the
Latinised form of the A. S. female name
./E)el}rjfJ. It means 'noble strength';
frolD A.S. a(Jel or tZ)el, noble, and)rj6 or
)rj{Ju, strength. Cf. Ice!. )riilJr, the name
of a goddess; aLd the suffix in Ger-trui/e,
a name of O. H. G. origin.
TaWD.7. (F.-G.) For lanny; spelt
lenny in heraldry. 'Tanny colowre, or
laW1lY;' Prompt. Parv. - F. tannl, tawny;
lit. tanned; pp. of lanner, to tan. - F. tan,
s~ tan.-G. lanne ~ a f,rtree. See Tan.
....az,sb. (F.-L.; M. E. ta.:u.-F.taxe.
-Io'. taxer, to tu.-L taxon, to handle,
value, appraise, tu. For *'ag-siire; from
lag- , base of langere, to touch. Doublet,
task.
Tazidermy, the art of stuffing the
skins of animals. (Gk.) From Gk. 'rab-s ,
order (see Tactioa); alpp.-a, a skin, from
3'p-f.", to flay, cognate with Tear (I).
Tea. (Chinese.) Spelt lee in Pepys'
Diary, Sept. l8, 1660; eM in Blount
( 1674). From the Amoy prouunciation
(tl) of the Chinese name for the plant,
which is (in other parts of the empire)
called ek'a or Is'a; Williams, Chin. Dict.
~

54-4

TEACH

TEETOTALLER

P. 5; Douglas, Chin. Dict. of the Amoy

vernacular, p. 481. Hence Ital. ria, tea;
F. tlzl, G. tlzu, Malay leh, tea.
Teach. (E.) M. E. ted/en. A. S. lilean,
to shew how to do, shew, pt. t . liMle, pp.
laM. Fonned (with change of Ii to ii
beforej, as in Teut. *Iaikjan-), from ltic
(Teut. *Iaik), base of liie-en, a token.
Allied to Gk. ~.iK-YlJJU, I shew. See
Token.
Teak, a tree. (Malayalam.) Malayalam
lekka, the teaktree; Tamil tekku, the same
(H. H. Wilson).
Teal. a bird. (E.) M. E. Ide (13th
cent. ) ; not in A. S. + Du. faling, older
form lading (Sewel), M. Du. leeling-h, a
teal (Kilian). The A.S. fonn would be *tiile.
Team, a family, set, animals harnessed
in a row. (E.) M. E. tim, lum. A. S.
team, a family, offspring.+Du. loom, a rein
(from the notion of drawing or guiding) ;
Low G. loom, offspring, also a rein; Ice!.
laumr, a rein; Dan. lamme, Swed. tOm, a
rein; G. zaum, a bridle. Teut. type
*taumoz, for -Iaug.moz (Noreen), from
taulz, 3nd grade of *teulz-an-, to draw.
See Tow ( I) . ('V'DEUK.) Der. teem.
Tear ( I), to rend. (E.) M. E . term.
A. S. teran, pt. t. lar, pp. IIWen.+Goth.
ga.lairan, to break, destroy; Lith. air-Ii,
to lIay, Gk. lifP-flV, to lIay; Rnss. ara-te,
to teal; Pers. tiarftian, to teu; cf. W .
darn, a fragment; Zend tiar, to cut; Skt.
ciaraya, to tear. Teut. type -teran-, pt. t.
*Iar; pp. -turanoz. (.vDER) C( also
G . d,ren (weak verb). Brngm. i. 594Tear (3), a drop of IInid from the eye.
(E.) M. E. tere. A. S. tiar, Irer, also
teager; O. Northumb. laner. + Icel.
Mr, Dan. laar, taare, Swed. tllr, Goth.
tagr, O. H. G. zahar (pt zaneri, whence
mod. G. ziihre). Cf. O. Lat. tiacruma, L.
lacrima, Gk. OOKPV, MKpvp.a, W . dogr, a
tear, O. Irish tier. Brngm. i. ~ 178. Der.

-Low G.) M. E. lete, tet/e. -O. F. tete,

tette; F. leI/e.-Low G. tille, M. Du.
litle.+A. S. lit (pI. liltas), whence E. Iii,
a teat; G. zilu. Cf. also W. diai, dia,
a teat. (As if from an Idg. base Dl.)
4I!r Distinct from Gk. TIT61] , TIT86r, a teat,
which appears to be allied to Skt. rilzi, to
suck, Goth. daddja" , to suckle.
Teazle, i. e. teasel; see teasel
Technical. (Gk.) Formed with suffix
-al (=L. liIis; from Gk. TfXJI/Ktlf, belonging to the alls. - Gk. TfX"'1, art, allied to
TfItTOlfI, a carpenler.
Cf. Skt. lakslzan, a
carpenter, from laksh, to cut wood. Allied
to Text.
Tech:y, fretful; see Tetchy.
Teel, to spread mown grass. (Scand.)
Icet. teWja, to spread manure, from tal/,
manure; cf. ta6a, hay gIown in a wellmanured field , t08u,verk, hay-making, lit.
' ted-work.' So also Norw. lelfia, Swed.
dial. tlida, to spread manure ; from tad,
manure. +Bavarian zellen, O. H. G. zettan,
to strew; cf. G. ver-zelteln, to scatter.
Tedious. (L.) L. tadiosus, irksome.
- L. tadium, irksomeness. - L. tadet, it
irks oue. (We also use tedium , sb.)
Tee, a mark. (E.) From the use of a
T to denote an exact spot. Cf. tee-lotu1Jl ;
and see Taw.
Teem (I ) , to be prolific. (E.) M. E.
lemerJ , to teem; Ibn, sb., progeny, offspring; whence mod. E. team. See Team.
The M. E . time" answers to A. S. tima" ,
tyman, older Iiema", to teem. Teut. type
.taumjan-, from taumoz, a team.
Teem (3), to empty. (Sc."Uld. ) Icel .
la",a, Dan. tOmme, Swed. tijmma, vb. ;
from the adj. loom ; see Toom.
Teen. vexation, grief. (E.) M. E. Ime.
A. S. tiona, nccusation, vexation. - A. s.
te'I, contracted form of Iil,an, to accuse.
+Goth. galeilzan, to tell , make known; G.
zeihm, to accuse; cf. L. dieiire, to make
known. Allied to Diction. (.vDEIK.)
4I!r Teen means a making known, public
accusation, reproach, injury, vexation,
grief, harm.
Teetotaller, a total abstainer. (F. L. ; with E. prefix anti suffix.) Tu-Iotal
is an emphasised form of Total, q .v. The
word originated with R. Turner, of Pres
ton, who, at a temperance meeting about
1833, asserted that nothing but le-Ie-total
will do; see the Staunch Teetotaller, ed.
by J. Livesey, of Preston, Jan. 186 7.
(Haydn.) See below.

trainoil.

Tease, to CaId wool, to vex, plague.

(E.) M. E. lesen. A.S. tilsan, to plnck,
puII.+M. Do. teesen, to pluck wool; Swed.
dial. Usa, Dan. lase, Bavarian zaisen
(Schmeller), O. H. G . ::eisan. All from
Teut. base teis.
teasel, a plant. (E.) M. E. lese!.
A. S. Ires', tiisel, lit 'teaser; from its use
in teasing wool. - A. S. llisa", to tease. +
O. H. G. zeisala, teasel; from uisa", to
tease.
Teat, nipple of the female breast. (F.

MS

TENDER

TEETOTUM
~eetotum, ~otum,

a spinning toy.
(L.) Formerly totum (Ash, 1775,Phillips,
1706). So called from the side formerly
marked T , which signified lolum, i. e. all
the stake, from L. lotum , neut. of tollts,
the whole; ~ee Total. Hence the name
rotUnl, or T -totum; which may have
snggested T-totol.
"l'egument, n covering. (L.) L. legu"ltntIt1ll, a covering. - L. tegere, to cover.
+Gk. lITh."" Skt. stkag, to cover. cr.
O. Irish teck , W. tj, a house. Allied to
Thatch. (.vSTEG.) Rrugm. i. 632.
~eil-tree, a linden tree. (F. -L.; and
E.) O. F. teil, a lime-tree; also, the inner
bark of a lime-tree (mod. F. ti/Ie). -L.
tilia, n lime-tree; also, the inner bark of
a lime-tree. +Irish teile.
~elegraph. (Gk.) Modern. From
Gk. -MiA', alar; -ypa.p.,,,, to write. Der.
telegram, coined to express 'telegraphic
message'; from -yp6.,..p.a, a written charncter.
telescope. (Gk.) From Gk. -MiA.,
afar; cr/to,.-.''', to behold. See Soope.
~ell, to count, narrate.
(E.) A. S.
lellan, pt. t. lea/de , pp. leald; a weak verb
(for *tal./an).- A . S. la /II , number, narrative; see Tale.+ Du. lellen, Ice!. tel/a,
Dan. IIZl/e, Swed. tiil/a, G. ziiklen; all
from sbs. Tent. type *ta//an-.
~elluric, belonging to earth. (L.) From
L. tel/ur. , stem of lellus, earth. Der.
telluri-Itm , a rare metal.
~emerity. ( F.-L.) M.F.temeritt.L . ace. temeritatem , rashness. - L. adv.
temere, rashly. The orig. sense of temere
was' in the dark'; cf. Skt. tamas, gloom.
"l'emper, vb. (L.) M. E. tempren.
A. S. temprian, to temper. - L. temperti1'e,
to apportion, regnlate, qualify. Allied to
temper/, tempflY!, adv., seasonably, and to
tempus, time ; see Temporal ( I). Brogm.
ii. 132.
tempest. (F . -L.) O. F . tempesle (F.
temp te), a storm; answering to a Late L.
temptsta, fern . of Late L. tempestus, adj.,
used instead of L . tempestas, season, fit
time, . weather, also bad weather, storm.
From L . lempus, time (above) . Brugm. ii.
102, 132.
~emple ( I), a fane. (L.) A.S. tempI,
tempel. - L . templum, a temple. + Gk.
T''''.''O<, a sacred enclosure, piece of ground
cut off ; allied to TfJ.""'''' to cut. (.vTEM.)
Brug11l. ii. 76. Der. templ-ar, Late L.

templiirius.

~emple

(2) , tlat portion of tbe side of

the heaa above the cheek-bone. (F.-L.)
M. E. templis, pI. -0. F. lemples, pl., the
temples (mod. F. lempes, N orm. dinl.
temples) . - L. tempora, pI., the temples.
Der. tempar-al, adj., belonging to the
temples.
"l'emporal (I ), worldly, secular. (F . L.) M: E. temporal. - O. F. temporal,
tem#rel, adj. -L. tempard/is, temporal.L. tempore, for *Iempos-, stem of tempus,
time.
~emporal (2), belonging to the temples; see Temple (2).
"l'empt. (F.-L.) O.F. tlmpter, Inter
tenter, to tempt, prove. - L. temptlire,
tentare, to handle, try the strength of,
assail, tempt ; frequentative of tendere (pp.
tentus), to stretch (Breal). See Tend ( I ).
~en. (E.) A. S. tjn, tien , with mu
tation; O. Merc. tln. The long vowel
appears in teen. + Du. tien; lcel. au,
Dan. ti, Swed. tio; Goth. taikun; G.
zekn; L . decem, Gk. ~'/ta, Lith. deszimtis,
Russ. desiate, W . deg , Irish and Gael.
deick, Pers. dak , Skt. data. Teut. type
*Iekm; Idg. type *dekam. Brugm. ii.
J 74. Der. ten-tk; see Tithe.
"l'enable, that can be held. (F.-L.)
F . tenable, hold able,' Cot. - F. lenir, to
hold. - L. tmere, to hold , keep; orig. to
extend.+Skt. tan, to extend, stretch ; Gk.
TE'"'''' (for *T'''Y.'''), to stretch. Allied
to Thin.
tenacious. (L.) Coined from L.
tenac-i- , declo stem of tenax, hold.ing fast;
with suffix -ous. -L. tenere (above).
tenacity. (F . -L.) M . F. tenacitl.L. Unifcitatem, ace. of tent1citas, a holding
firm. - L. tenact'- (above).
tena.nt. (F . -L.) F. tenant, holding,
pres. pt. of tenir . - L. tenere, to hold.
Der. lieu-tenant, q. V.
~ench, a fish . (F.-L.) O. F . teneke
(F. taneke ).-L. t inea, n tench.
"l'end (I ), to aim at, move towards, incline, bend to. (F . -L.) F. tendre.-L.
tendere, to stretch, extend, direct, tender.
Allied to tenere, to hold; see Tenable.
(.vTEN.) Brugm. Ii. 696 (3). Der.
tend-ene-y, formed by adding -y to the obs.
sb. tentience, coined from the stem of the
p:es. part. of tendere.
~end ( 2), to take care of. (F. -L.) A
docked form of Attend.
"l'ender ( I ), soft, delicate. (F . -L.) F.
tendre.-L. tenen"", ace. of tener, tender,

5-46

TEPID

TENDER
orig. thin; allied to lenuis, thin. ("",
TEN.) See Thin. Der. tender, vb., to
regard fondly, a word more or less confused with tender ( 2) ; whence lender, sb.,
regard, care, K. Lear, i. 4. 230.
Tender (2), to proffer, offer, shew. (F.
_ L.) F. tlnt/re, 'to tend, . . also to tender
or offer unto;' Cot. -L./mdere, to stretch'
out. See Tend ( I).
tender (3), a small vessel that attends
a larger, a coal-carriage attached to a
locomotive engine. (F. - L.; with E.
suffix.) Short for allentier, i. e. attendant
on; see Tend (2) and Attend.
tendon. (F.-L.) F.lention,' a tendon, or taile of a muscle;' Cot. From
a Late L . form *Iendo, gen. lendonis and
tendinis; cf. Span. tendon, Ital. lent/ine,
a tendon; Port. tendiio. Lit.' stretcher.'
-L. lendere, to stretch.
Tendril. (F.-L.) From O. F . lendrillons, pI.' tendrells;' Cot. ; or from an
O. F. *Iendri/le, not recorded. We also
find O. F. lent/ron, ' a tender fellow, also
a tendrell ;' Cot. - F. tendre, tender; see
Tender ( I).
Tenebrous, Tenebrious, gloomy.
CF . -L.) M.F.tenebreux. -L.tmebrosus ,
gloomy. - L. tenebra, pI., darkuess. Allied
to Skt. lamisra-, darkness , lamas, gloom.
1:!rugm. i. 413. C-v'TEM.) See Dim.
Tenement, a holding. (F. - L.) M. F.
tmement. - Late L. tenementmn, a fief. L. tenere, to hold.
tenet. (L.) L.tenet, he holds; 3rd pers.
sing. pres. of tenere. (Cf. habital, exit. )
Tennis. (F. -L. ) M.E. tmelz (accented
on latter e) ; Gower, Balade to Henry IV,
1. 295, also Imise, tmeis, fmeys; whence
Late L. Imisia, teniludium. - A. F. lenelz,
F . fmez L. fenele), imp. pI. of lenere,
to hold; perhaps used to mean' take this,'
and ejaculated by the player in serving.
Tenny, a colour in heraldry. (F.- G.)
The same as tawny or lanny; see Tawny.
Tenon. (F.-L.) F. tenon, 'a tenon,
the end of a rafter put into a morteise ;'
Cot. So called because it holds fast. - F.
lenir , to hold fast.-L. lenere, to hold.
tenor. (1':. - L.) Formerly (better)
IClIOur. M. E. lenoflr, import. - F. teneur,
import, content of a matter. -L. teniJrem,
acc. of lenor, a holding on; a course,
tenor of a law. _ L. tenere, to hold. ~ The
sense of tenor in music (Ita!. tenore) is due
to the notion of holding or continuing the
dominant note (Scheler).

TeDlle (I ), part of a verb, indicating

time of action. (F. - L.) M. E. lemps,

Chaucer, C. T. 16343. - F. temps, time
(also O. F. lens). - L. lempus, time, also
a tense.
Tense (2), tightly strained. (L.) L.
le'ls1~, rp. of lem/ere , to stretch; see
Tend (I) . Der. lensenus, with E. suffix.
tension, the act of straining, a strain.
(F.-L.) F. Imsion, used in 16th cent.
- L. lensianem, acc. of tensio, a stretching.
-L. lensum, supine of lendere (above).
So also te1tS-or, a coined word.
tent (1) , a pavilion. (F.-L.) F. lenle.
-Late L. lenla, a tent; fern. of L. lentu f,
PE: of lendere, to stretch, spread out.
Tent (2), a roll of lint used to dilate a
wound. (F.-L.) M.E. lenle. -F. tenle;
Cot. A verbal sb. from F. lenler < L.
Imtare, to try, prove, probe. Cf. Span.
tienla, a probe. See Tempt.
Tent (3), a wine. (Span.-L.) From
Span. vino linlo, a deep-coloured (lit.
tinted) wine. - L. linclus, pp. of ting-ere,
to dye. See Tinee,
Tent (4), heed, attention. CF.-L.) In
Lowl. Sc. lak lent. Short for altent, i. e.
altention.
Tentacle, feeler of an insect. (L.)
Coined from L. lenta-re, to feel; with
suffix -cu-lum; see Tempt.
tentative. (L.) L. tenlaliuus, adj.,
trying, tentative. - L. lentare, to try; see
Tempt.
Tenter, a frame for stretching cloth.
(F. - L.) Properly tenture; but a vb. lenl
was coined, and from it a sb. tenter, which
supplanted M.E. tenfure.-M.F. tenture,
a stretching. - L. lenlura, a stretching. L. tenlus, pp. of tmdere, to stretch. See
Tend (r) . Der. tmter-nook.
Tenth. (E.) M. E. ten}e, coined (by
analogy with seven-th , nin-th) from 1m ;
the true E. word is tilne.
Tenuity, th inness. (F. - L.) M. F.
Imuit{. - L. tenuitalem, acc. of tentlilas,
thinness. - L. tenui.s, thin; lit. 'stretched
out.' Cognate with Thin. (""'TEN.)
Tenure. (F.-L.) F. tenure. - Late
L. tenura, a holding (of land). -L. tenere,
to hold. See Tenable.
Teocalli, a temple. (Mexican.) From
teoll, a god; and calli, a house.
Tepid. (L. ) L. lepidu., warm. - L.
tepere, to be warm.
Skt. tap, to be
warm; Russ. topile, to heat; Irish te, hot.

(~'fEP.)

547

TERAPHIM

TERROR

Teraphim, idols, household gods.

(Heb.) Heb. leriipMm, s. pl., images
connected with magical rites.
Terce the same as Tierce.
Tercei, Tassel, the male of any hawk.
(F. - L.) M. E . lercel; dimin. lerce/et.
- O. F. tercel, tiercel; whence the dimin.
tierce/el , 'the tassell , or male of any kind
of hawke; so tearmed because he is, commonly, a third part lesse then the female;'
Cot. [Another alleged reason is, that
every third bird hatched was, in popular
opinion, sure to be a male. So also Ital.
terz% , ' a tassel gentle of a hauke;'
Florio.] -0. F. tiers, tierce, third.-L. leI'lius, third; see Tierce.
Terebinth, turpentine-tree. (L. -Gk.)
L. terebintlztts. - Gk. TfplfJuJ/Jor, the turpentine-tree; earlier form Tfp/-UlI(Jor.
Tergiversation, a subterfuge, fickleness. (F. - L.) F. tergiversation. - L. tergiuersiitionem, acc. of tergiuersiUio. a subterfuge. - L. te1'giuersiUus, pp. of tergiuer.
siiri, to tnrn one's back" tum right round,
shufHe.-L. lergi-, for lergum, the back;
uersari, to tum abont, pass. of uersifre,
frequent. of uerter4, to turn; see
Verlle.
Te1?!1. (F. - L) M. E. lerme. - F.
lerme.-L. terminum, acc. of terminus,
boundary, limit. + Gk. TfpJ.l4, limit; Skt.
taraya, to cause to pass over. (-vTER.)
Termagant. (F.-ltal.-L.) M. E.
Termagant, Teruagant, a (supposed) Sara
cen idol, hence a rantiug character in old
moralities [plays], and finally a scolding
woman.-O. F. Tervagant, Tervagan, a
(supposed) Saracen idol (Chanson de
Roland). - ltal. Trivigante, the same
(Ariosto, xii. 59)' Explained as Trivagante, the moon, wandering under the three
names of SeletU (or Luna) in heaven,
Artemis (Diana) in earth, Perseplwne
(Proserpina) in the lower world.-L. tel',
thrice; uagant-, stem of pres. pt. of uagiIri,
to wander. But perhaps Eastern.
Termination. (F. -L.) M.F .ter11linatiOlt. - L. acc. lerminiItiOtte11l , a bounding,
eoding. - L. terminaltlS, pp. of terminare,
to bound , end. - L. terminus, boundary.
See Term.
terminus, end. (L.) L. termi1lus
(abOve) .
Tern, a bird. (Scand.) Dan. terne,
ItzrtU, Swed. tiirna, Icel. )erna, a tern.
cr. A. S. stearn , ~ tern ; and Starling.
Te1'l1&l7' (L.) L. temiiritlS, consisHng

of three. - L lernf, pl., by threes. - L. ler,

three times; Iris, three; see Three.
Terra cotta, a kind of hard pottery.
(Ita\. - L.) Ital.lerracotta, baked earth.L.lerra, earth (below) ; coc/a, fem. of coc/us,
pp. of coquere, to cook; see Cook.
terrace. (l" . -ltal.-L.) M.F. terrace,
lurasse, a terrace, platform , plat. - M. Ital.
terraccia, lerraZY4, a terrnce , long mound of
earth. - ltal. lerra, earth. - L. lerra, earth.
13. Terra = Iersa, i. e. dry ground; allied
to O. Irish lir, W. lir, earth; also to Gk.
TJpaftT8a" to dry up. (VTERS.)
!:iee
Torrid, Thirst. Brugm. i. 706 (b).
tel'1"8en, tureen, a large bowl for
soup. (F.-L.) Hoth spelIings are bad;
tern'tU would be better. - F. territU, an
earthen pan. -L. terr-a, earth; with suffix
-i11a, fem. of -illus.
terrene, earthly. (L.) L. terrinus,
earthly. _ L. terra, earth.
terrestrial. (L.) From L. terrestri-s,
earthly; with suffix iilis. - L. terr~
earth; with snffix -sllr-.
Terrible. (F.-L.) F. terrible.-L.
terribilis, causing terror.-L. turire, to
ftighten. See Terror.
Terrier (I) , a kind of dog. (F. -L.)
M. E. lerrere, a burrow-dog,' one who
pursues rabbits, &c. at their holes.-F.
lerrier, as in chien terrier, 'a terrier;'
Cot. cr. terrier, , the hole, berry, or earth
of a conny [rabbit] or fox; also, a little
hillock;' Cot. - Late L. terriirius, belong.
ing to earth. - L. terra, earth. See
Terrace.
terrier (3), a register of landed property. (F.-L. ) M.F .papierferrier,aroJl
oftenants' names, &c.-Late L terriirius,
as in terrarius liber, a book wherein
landed property is described. - L. terra,
land.
TerriAc. (L.) L. lerrificus, causing
terror.-L. terri, for lerrin, to frighten;
-jicus, causing, from faan, to make.
TerriIle; see terreen.
Territo1'J', domain. (F. -L.) F. leI'ritoire, a territory. - L. territifrium, D.
domain, land rouud a town. - L. terra,
land. Formed as if from a sb. with decl.
stem lerrj/m, i. e. possessor of land.
Terror, dread. (F .- L.) Formerly also
terrour. - F. lerreur. - L. terrOrem, acc.
of terror, dread. - L. ferrin. to scare,
make afraid, orig. to tremble. Cf. Gk.
TpfE'" (for TpftTf''') , to tremble; Skt. tras,
to tremhle, be afraid; Lith. trisuti, to
548

TERSE

TEUTONIC

tremble, Russ. t";asti, to shiver. Allied to

Tremble. Brugm. ii. 657.
Terse, concise, neat. (L.) L.tersus,
wiped off, clean, neat, pure, nice, terse;
pp. of tergere, to wipe, wipe dry, polish a
stone.+Gk. TPlfjfIV, to rub.
Tertian, recurring every third day. (F.
-L.) M.F. tertiane, a tertian ague.-L.
tertiana, fem. of tertianus, tertian.-L.
tertius, third. - L. ter, thrice, tris, three.
See Tri-.
tertiary. (L.) L. tertia";us, containing a third part; used to mean belonging
to the third.-L. tertius, third (above).
Tessela.ted. (L. ) L. tl!Ssellatus,
checkered, furnished with small square

testicu/um, ace. of testicu/us , dimin. of

testis, a testicle.
Testify. (F.-L.) M. F.testijier.-L.
testijicari, to bear witness.-L. testi-s, a
witness; -Jicari, for/a cen, to make.
testimony. (L.) L. testimo1titt11l, evidence. -L. testi.s, a witness; with Idg.
suffixes -mon-io-.
Testy, fretful. (F. -L.) M. E. lestif,
Ch. - O. F. testif (not found ) ; M. I'.
testu, 'heady;' Cot. - O. F. teste, the
head; see Tester.
Tetchy, Techy, fretful, peevish,
touchy. (F.-Low G.) The sense is full
of freaks, whims, or caprices; from tetell,
M. E. teche, tecche, lacke, a bad habit,
whim; see Tache (2). ~ This is the
word which is now altered to touchy ,
as if sensitive to the touch.
Tether, a rope for fastening up. (E.)
Formerly written tedder. M. E. tedir.A. S. teoder (not found) ~ O. Fries. tiader,
tieder.+Icel. tj06r, a tether, Swed. tjuder,
Dan. to;r, Norw.tjor, tjoder ; Low G.tider,
O. H. G. zeota1', zitter. Teut. type *teudro-, of uncertain origin; sometimes referred to Teut. root *teuh-; see Tea.m.
~ Gael. teadhair is from E. Cf. llahder,
p. 147; lll'ugm. ii. 62.
Tetragon, a figure with four angles.
(F. -L.- Gk.) M. F. tetragone, adj., fourcornered . -L. tetragonus, adj. - Gk. TfTpO.",(Q)VOS, four-cornered. - Gk. TfTpa-, allied
to TfuuapH, four, cognate with E. Four ;
and ",(Q)vla, an angle, from "'(6VII, a knee,
cognate with E. Knee.
tetrahedron, a solid figure contained
by four equilateral triangles. (Gk.) Gk.
TiTpa- (as above); -~apov, from tapa,a base,
which is from ~a- .. v, to sit; see Sit.
tetrarch. (L.- Gk. ) L. te/rare/la.
Gk. TfTpO.PX1]S, one of four chiefs;
Luke, iii. 1.- Gk. TfTp , allied to TfuuapfS,
four; and IJPXft'" to rule. See Four and
Arch-, prefix.
tetruylla.ble, a word of four syllables. (F.-L.-Gk.) Coined from Gk.
TfTpa-, four (as above) ; and aIlAAafj~, a
syllable. Cf. M. F. tetrasy/labe, L. tetrasyllabus, Gk. TfTpauvAMfjos, of four syUables. See Sylla.ble.
Tetter,acutaneousdisease. (E.) M.E.
teter. A. S. leter, a kind of itch. Cf. G.
zitterma/, a tetter; Bavar.zittaroch,O. H .G.
z;taroch. Allied to L. derbiostlS, scabby;
Skt. dadru-, a tetter.
Teutonic. (L.-Gothic.) L. Teuto-

stones(asapavem~nt). -L . tesJ"ella,asmall

square piece of stone, little cube; dimin.

of tessera, a die (to play with), small
cube.
Test, a pot in which metals are tried, a
trial, proof. (F. - L.) M. E. test, a pot or
vessel used in alchemy.-O. F. ttst (F. tet),
a test, in chemistry.- L. testum , an earthen
vessel. Closely allied to O. F. teste ( F.
tEte), a pot-sherd, a skull, answering to
Late L. testa , a vessel used in alchemy.
So ..&~o Ital. testo, a test, melting-pot,
from L. teslum; testa, an earthen pot, potsherd , skull, head, burnt tile or brick, fIOm
L. testa, a piece of baked earthenware,
potsherd, shell, skull. Perhaps testa =
*tersta, i.e. dried, baked, allied to terra
( = tersa), dry ground; from ~TERS,
to dry. See Terra.ce.
testa.ceous, having a hard shell. (L.)
L. testace-us, having a shell; with suffix
-ous. -L. testa, tile, shell, &c.
Testament. (F. -L.) .1'. testammt, a
will. - L. testamentllm, a will. - L. tutti-ri,
to be a witness. - L. testis, a witness. Der.
in-testate, i. e. without a will; testa tor,
one who makes a will, fern. testa-tnx.
Tester, a sixpence; tlat canopy over a
bed or pulpit. (F.-L.) Mod. E. (slang)
tizzie, a sixpence; the tester, tester1Z, or
testoon was named from a French coin with
a head upon it (of Louis XII of France) ;
in England all coins bore the head , so that
our use of the term was borrowed.-O. F.
lutre, tbe head-piece of a bed; M. F.
teston, 'a testoon , piece of silver worth
xviijd. sterling;' Cot. - O. F. ttste, a head.
- L. testa, tile, skull. ~ A tester for a bed
also appears as M. F. testiere, 'a headpiece,' Cot.; from O. F. teste (as before).
'I'esticle. (F.-L.) I'. ttsticule.-L.
5<J9

TEXT

THAW

"ieus, adj., from Teutollts , sb. pl., the

Teutons, a people of Germany; lit. men
of the nation,' or the people.' - Goth.
Ihiuda, a people, nation (or from a dialectal variant of this word). See Dutch.
Ten. (F .-L.) M. E. texte.-F. texte,
a text, subject of a book. -L. textttl", a
thing woven, fabric, style of an author,
text of a book. - L. t~xtIlS, woven, pp. of
texere, to weave.+Skt. taksh, to cut wood,
to prepare; cf.Ross. lesiale, to hew. Further
allied to Teohnical. (.vTEK .) Brugm. i.
59.. Der. texlu-al, from M. F . texttte!.
teztile. (L.) L. textilis, woven. - L.
lexttt." pp. of texere, to weave.
texture. (F.-L.) F. texture,' a tex
ture, web;' Cot. - L. textura, a web. - L.
textus, pp. of texere, to weave.

'l'lI.
'l'h. This is distinct from t, and should
have a distinct symbol. Formerly, the
A. S. j and (J were used (but indiscrimin
ately) to denote both the sounds now de.
noted by th. When j degenerated into a
symbol closely resembling y,y was at last
substituted for it; hence we find y" and yt
used , by early printers, for the, that; it is
needless (I hope) to remark that y" ma1t
was never pronounced as ye 1IIa1l in the
Middle Ages, as it often is now.
I here use (J for A. S. words, and ti or
Ih for M. E. words, beginning with the
sound of th in that; and j for A. S. and
M. E. words, beginning with the sound of
th in thin. Observe these facts. (I) Initial
th is always pronounced as in thin except
(a) in words allied to that; and (b) ill words
allied to thou. (2) At the end of a word,
it is pronounced as th in thi1t, except
when a written e follows; compare breath
with breathe i exceptions are with, S11l00t/,.
(3' No word beginning with th (except
thun "ble, formed on a Greek base) is of
L atill origin; some (easily known) are
Greek; thumlllim is Hebrew; all the rest
are El'g lish or Sea"diall.
'l'han, conj. (E.) Freqnently written
the1Z, and ong. the same word as then.
?If. E. thalllte, thon1Ze. A. S. (Jon1tt, than.
Closely allied to the def. art.; see That,
~.
Du. da1z i G. dam" de",z. Cf. L.
tum.
'l'hane, a dignitary among the English.
(Eo) M. E.jeitZ. A. S. jegen, jepz,jbz,
a thane. Lit. 'child' or begotten.' +

Ice1.)egn; G. degm, a warrior, 0 . H. G.

degan. Teut. type *thetnbZ, m. Allied
to Gk. TbtllOll. a child; from TfK- , as in
TfK-fW , 2 aor. info of T(KTftll, to beget.
(-v'TEK.) Brogm. ii. 66.
Thank, Thanks. (E.) M. E. j)(11I.k,
a thought, kindly remembrance, goodwill;
hence thanks, pl., expressions of goodwill.
A. S.)a,IC,)onc, sb., thought, favour, con
tent, thank.
Dn. dank , Ice!. jokk, Dan.
tak, Swed. tack, Goth. t/,agks, i.e. thanks,
remembmnce, thank. Tent. type *thal1koz,
m. ; from thank, 2nd grade of thmkan-,
to think. See Think. (-v'TENG. ) Der.
thank, vb., A. S. jancia1t.
That. (E.) M. E. that. A. S. tiat.
orig. nenter of a demonstrative pronoun,
which came to be usedas'the definite article.
The mase. and fem. forms in use were se
(se), slo, which in late A. S. were replaced
by (Je, ti1o, by analogy with the neuter and
other cases. The neut. tiat is from
the Teut. pronominal base THA = Idg.
TO, meaning he' or that.' The suffix
-I is merely the sign of the neut. gender.
like.L8.t. -d in i-d, illu-d, istu-d, qui-d.
~. The declension was as follows. SING.
NOM. sl, slo, (Jat [replaced in late A. S.
by (Je, (Jlo, tiat]; GEN . tias, tillre, tias;
OAT. tiiim, (Jam, (Jiire, (Jiim, tinm; ACC.
(JOnt, tJil, "at; INSTRUMENTAL (tJj, (J01l):
PLURAL; NOM. AND ACC. tJa; GEN. tJa ra,
(Jara; OAT. tJlim.+Do. de, the, dat, that;
Icel. nent.jat, the; Dan. dl!1z,nent. det, the;
Swed. dm, neot. det, this; G. der, die, das,
the, dass, that; Goth. thata, nellt. of def.
article. Cf. Lith. tas, ta, that; Ross. tot',
ta, to, that; Gk. T6, neut. of def. art. ; Skt.
tat, it, that; L. .te, -ta, -tud (in iste, ista,
is-tud).
Thatch,sb. (E.) M.E.jak. A. S.jae,
thatch; whence jeccatz, to thatch. + Du.
dak, sb., whence dekkm , vb. (whence E.
deek is borrowed) i Icel. jak, sb., Dan. tag,
Swed. tak, G. dach. Teut. type thakom,n.
From *thak, 2nd grade of Tellt. root
thek-, to cover, cognate with L. teg-, as
in teg-ere, to cover. + Gk. Tf-Y0S, (lTf'YOS , a
roof i Irish teagh, Gael. teach, tig/' , O. Irish
tech , W. tj, a house; Lith. st~gas, a thatch,
sUgti, to thatch; Skt. sthag, to cover.
(.vSTEG, TEG.) Allied to Tegument.
Thaw, vb. (E .) M. E. thowm; provo
E. thow (ow as in. mow) ; A.S. jawirm, to
melt. + Dn. dooijm, to thaw, from dooi,
thaw; lcel.jeyja , fromjli, sb.; Dan . t oe,
Swed. loa. Cf. G. vertiatltn, to digest,

55 0

THERAPEUTIC

THE
concoct; t"atte1l, O. H. G. t/qUWetl , to
thaw. Perhaps allied to Gk. -rqltflJl, to
melt; W. toddi, to melt. ~ Not allied to
dew .
The (I), def. art. (E.) M.E. the. A. S.
tJe, used as nom. mase. of def. art. in late
MSS., but early common as an indeclinable relative; see That, fJ.
the ( ~ ) . in what (or that) degree. (E.)
Only in such phrases as 'tke more, the
merrier: This is the instrumental case
of the def. art. M. E. the ; A. S. tJj; see
That, fJ. + Goth. thi, leel.jvi,)i, inst.
elise of art. or demo pronoun.
Theatre. (F . -L.-Gk.) M.F. tkeatre;
Cot. - L. theiitrmn. - Gk. elo.TpOV, a place
for seeing shows. - Gk. efaOptll, I see.
Cf. e'o., a sight; see Prellwitz.
Thee (I ). (E.) A. S. tJl, dat. and ace.
of tJu, thou; see Thou.
Thee (~ ) . to prosper, thrive. (E. ) Obsolete. M. E. theen. - A. S. )lon , pion (for
*);han), pt. t.pah , )lah, pp. )igen, jogen ,
also ge)ungen, to thrive. +Goth. thtihatl,
to thrive, increase ; G.gedeiken ; Du .gedij tn. The A. S. pp. gejungen shews that
the A. S. *)ikan is for *)inkan ecf. O. Sax.
gejengian, to fulfil ). Teut. root *)inx ,
*)enx , Idg. root *tenk, as in Lith. lenku . it
suffices, O.Irish toead,prosperity ; W. tynged,
luck; cf. Lith. tekti, to suffice. Brugm. i.
421 (3).
Theft. (E. ) In place of tkeltk. M. E.
) ejie; for A . S. lief), }lof), theft. - A. S.
) lof, a thief.+lcel.)jf!Y, O. Fries. tkiu/lhe.
See Thief.
Their, belonging to them. (Scand.)
M. E. thai,.. - I ce\. )eirra, of them, used
as gen. pI. of hann, he, but really the gen.
pI. of a demo pronoun, as shewn by A . S.
) ara ; see They, and That, 8.
Theism, belief in a God. (Gk.) Coined,
with suffix ism (Gk. -1I1P.OS). from Gk.
e. OS, a god. Perhaps for an older form
*e.uos ; cf. O. Ir. dess, God (Stokes-Fick,
p. 151), Gk. 9fu",aTos, spoken by God
(Prellwitz).
Them, objective case of tkey . (Scand.)
Really an old dat. case. - Ice\. jeim, dat .
of)d r , they; see They.+A. S. )iim, dat.
pI. of def. art.; see That, fJ.
Theme. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. teme.O.F. teme, M.F. theme, ' a theam ;' Cot.L. Ihellla. - Gk. elp.o., that which is laid
down. a theme for argumcnt.-Gk. base
ef-. to place; Tl-fh/-p.z, I place~+Skt. dha,
to pllt; see Do ( I ). (-v'DHE.)

Then. (E.) Frequently written than in

old books, and originally identical with it;
see Than.
thence. (E.) M. E. tkennes (dissyllabic) ; whence thens, by contraction, later
written Ihence. The s is an adverbial
suffix; earlier forms were thenne, tkanne,
in which a final n has been lost. - A. S.
tJanan, thence; formed from base tJa-, with
the suffix -na-n, or-Ila-na. The basetJa- =
T ellt. base THA; see That.+G. dannen.
O. H. G. dannana , thence; from base da-.
The~. (Gk.) Lit. ' government
by God: From efO-, for efOS, God ; -1tp4Tla, government, from Itpan;", to f.0vem,
which is from Itp4TVS, strong. C . aristo - erae)" auto erae)" demo - elacy. See
Theism.
Theodolite, an instrument used in surVtying. (I' . - Gk. 1) Generally said to be
Greek. Formerly theodelitus, meaning' a
circle with l graduated border' ; used A. D.
15 i I. Also Iheodolet, tkeodt/il. Apparently imitated (it is not known why) from
O. F. Iheodelel, theodolet, the name of a
treatise, lit. 'a work by TheodultlS.' - Gk.
8EOaOV.\OS, Theodulus; lit. servant or
God.' 'Ung theodelet coute viij. s.;' Godefr~.

Theogony. (L.-Gk.) L.theogonia. Gk. ewyovla. the origin of the gods. - Gk.
ero-s, a god; "'YOVlo., origin, from ..,.fV-, base
of ..,.I'YVO/UJI, I become; see Genus.
theology. (F. - L. - Gk. ) M . E. theologie -M . F~theologie; Cot.-L theologia.
- Gk . efo.\o..,.[a, a speaking about God.Gk. efo.\lryos, adj., speaking about God .
-Gk. efO-S, a god; .\f..,.fIV, to speak.
Theorbo, a large lute. (Ital.) Formerly
theerea. - Ita\. tiorba ; the th being due to
the occasional F . spelling thloroe for "orbe.
(Said to have been named after the inventor.)
Theorem. (L.-Gk.) L theorlma. Gk. efWPTJp.o., a spectacle ; a subject for
contemplation, theorem. - Gk. efOJpfiv, to
behold. - Gk. BfOJPOf, a spectator. - Gk.
efQOP.CU. I see. See Theatre.
theory. (F. -L.-Gk.) M. F . theorie,
, theory;' Cot. - L IheOria. - Gk. efOJpia,
a beholdin~, contemplation, speculation.
- Gk. efOJpOS , a spectator (above) .
Therapeutic, pertaining to thehealing
art. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. therapeutique,
healing ; Cot. - L. therapeutiea (ars), the
healing art; fem . of therapeuticus. - Gk.
efpafffll'J"'lt6s, tending. - Gk. 9fpa.... urltS. an

55 1

THERE

THING

attendant. - Gk. 6fpanV<'I', to wait on. Gk. 6<par-, stem of 6lp<V/t, an assistant;
cf. 6<p<ir-illV, a servant. From .vOHER,
to maintain, support ; cf. Skt. dhr, to maiotain, bear, dhan'tri, a supporter.
There, in that place. (E.) M. E. ther,
thar. A. S. 3tlr. The sufIi.I. -r seems to
be due to a locaLival formation like that
in Skl. tlpa-ri, Gk. iurE-p. The base is
Tent. base THA ; see That.+Du. daar,
Ice\. Jar, Dan. Swed. der, Goth. thar, G.
da. Compare Here, Where. Hence
thcre-, in there-by, there-in, there-o/, &c.
Cf. G. dar- in dar-in, dar-an.
Thermometer,aninstrumentformeasuring the temperature. (Gk.) From Gk.
6<Pl'o-s, warm (allied to L/ormus, warm,
Skt. gharma- he:!t); and ptTpot', a measurer;
see :Metre.
ThesaU1"1UJ. (L. - Gk.) See Treasure.
These. (E.) M. E. thise, these, theos;
a new pI. of this. The old pI. (A. S. las)
is the mod. E. those. See Those.
Thesis. (L. -Gk.) L thesis. - Gk.
6Eu,r, a thing laid down, a proposition.Gk. base 6<-; cf. TUnIlU, I place. Der.
apothesis, para-thesis, pros-thesis, prothesis, all rare words, with prefixes drd,
rapri, rp/Jr, rp/J respectively; also antilhesis, hypo-thesis, mettrthesis,par-m-thesis, syn-thesis, which see.
"l'lleursrY, supernatural agency. (L. Gk.) L. "ilzeurgia. - Gk. 6<011".,10., divine
work, magic. - Gk. 6Ed-r, a god; E".,-Ol1, a
work, cognate with E . Work.
Thews, pI. sb., sinews; (formerly)
manners. (E.) Thews in Shale. means
sinews or strength; but M. E. tnewes
almost always means habits or manners.
A. S. ) eawas, pI. of )law, habit, custom,
demeanour (orig. sense' strength ').+0.
Sax. thau, custom; O. H. G. dau, thau,
discipline. Cf. Skt. tavas, strong.
They. (Scand.) M. E. thai (gen. thair,
dat. and acc. thaim. tham); chiefly in the
Northern diaJect. This usage is Scand.,
not E.,asthe A.S. correspouding forms were
used as pI. of def. art. - lceI. }eir, nom.
pl., they; )eirra, gen. pl., their; )ltim,
dat. pl., them. So also Dan. Swed. de ,
they , dem , them; Dau. deres, Swed. deras,
their, theirs.+A. S.)ii. nom. pI. of def.
art. ; gen. ) ,ira ; dat. pam ; see That, fJ.
'1"b.ick. (E.) M. E. ) ikke. A. S. ) icce,
thick. + O. Sax. thikki, Du. dik, Icel.
I!ykkr, Dan. tyk, Swed. tjok, tjock ; G. dick.

Allied to Gael and Irish tiugh, fat , thick ;

W. tew, plump, from Celtic b:lse teg u;
also to Tight. 4ft Not Scand.; see
below.
thicket. (E.) A . S.)iccet, i. e. a thick
set of bushes, &c.+Dan. dial. tykke.
'1"b.ief. (E.) PI. thieves. M. E.)eef, pl
)eues. A. S. #of. pI. )eo/as. + Du. die/,
lcel);iifr, Dan. tyo, Swed. tju/, G . dieb,
Goth. thiubs. Teut. type -theuboz, for
-t!zeu/oz. Perhaps allied to Lith. tupeti,
to squat down (hence, to hide oneself).
'l"high. (E.) M. E.)ih, )e!z. O. Merc.
) eh, A. S. )ioh, thigh.+Du. dij, Icel. )jn,
thigh, romp, O. H. G. dio". Teut. type
-theulwm, n. The orig. sense is thick
or plump part'; allied to Lith. tukti, to
become fat, Russ. tllch-nile, to fatten;
Russ. tuk', Pol. tllk, sb., fat; lith. taukas,
sb., fat (of animals).
Thill, shaft of a cart. (E.) Also spelt
jill; whencejill-Iume. M. E. }i/Ie. A. S.
litle, slip of wood, thin board, plank,
flooring; allied to }e/, n., a plank, as in
bene.n/, a bench-board.+lcel.)iba, plank,
Swed. ti!ie, a plank, floor; G. die/e, plank,
board; Du. deel, a plank. Teut. types
the!ion, f., thelom, n. Cf. Lith. tille,
a little pbnk in the floor of a boat. Cf.
Skt. tala-, bottom, floor. (See Franck.)
Doublet, dea/, a thin board.
Thimble. (E.) M. E.)imbi/; formed
(with excrescent b) from A. S. )jme/, a
thumb-stall. - A. S. )uma, thumb (with
the usual change from u to j ). Cf. G.
diiumiing-, a thumb-stall; from dati""
thumb.
'l"hiJ:l. (E.) M. E. )inne. A. S. )ym'~.
+Du. dun, lcel. }unnr, Dan. tynd (for
lynn), Swed. tunn, G. diinn, O. H . G
dunni. Cf. W. temu, Gael. lrishtana, Russ.
tonk;;, L. tenuis, Gk. Tal'aor, Skt. tantt-,
thin; Pers. tunuk, slender. Lit.' stretched
out: (-VTEN.) See Tend (1).
'1"h.ine, Thy. (E.) M. E. thin, shortened to thy before a following consonant.
A. S. 3in, thy, possessive pronoun, decliued
as an adj. ; allied to A. S. 3u, thou.+lcel.
) inn, Dan. Swed. din, G. dein, Goth. theins.
Der. t"y-se!f( = thine self ).
Thing. (E.) A. S. ) in8 , line, )ineg,
a thing, cause, orig. a discussion; cf.
ling-ian, to discuss, )ingere, a pleader.+
Du. G. di,'C; lcel. ling, a tbing, also at!
assembling, meeting, council (so also Dan.
Swed. li,:g) . Kluge compares it with
Goth. theihs, season, time; and even with

55~

THINK

THORP

L. tempus; but see tempus in Brugm. i. the Teut. pronom. base THA.+Dn. deze,
4T2, ii . '32. Der. hltstings, q. v.
Icel.)essi, G. dieser.
Think. (E. ) M. E. )enken, to think; Thistle. (E.) M. E.)i;til. A . S.)istel.
orig. distinct from the im pers. vb.)unchen, +Du. dislel, Icel.)istill, Dan. tidsel, Swed.
to seem, for which see Methinks. [But tiste!, G. distel. The i was once long, as
confusion between the two was easy and in some E. and G. dialects; cf. Somersets.
common. The pt. t. of M. E. )enkm daash-l, a thistle; E. Fries. dissel. Teut.
should have been thoghte, and of M. E. types *) fstiloz, m., *prstila, f.
}lItlchen should have been thuglite; both Thither. (E.) M. E . thider. A. S.
were merged in the form thoughte, mod. E . ~ider. Cf. Icel. )a6ra, there; Goth.
thought.]-A. S. )encan, to think , pt. t. thatIH'o, thence; also Skt. tatra, there,
)ohte. A weak verb; allied to A. S. janc, thither. Formed from Teut. base THA
a thought. also a thank. + Icel. ) ekkja, (Idg. TO) with a suffix which is to be
Dan. teenk", Swed. tanka, G . det/ken (pt. t. compared with L. -Ito in tll-tro.
dachte) ; Goth. thagkJi1tl, i. e. *thatlkjan Thole (1 ), Thowl, a peg to steady an
(pt. t. thahta). Teut. type *thankjan-; oar. (E. ) M.E. thol. A.S.)ol (8th cent.).
from *thank, 2nd grade of root *thenk, +Du. dol; Icel. )ollr, young tree, wooden
ldg. *tenk; cf. O. L. tongere, to think. See peg, thole; Dan. tol; Swed. tall, pine-tree;
Thank.. Der.be-thitlk, with prelix be- = I~. Norw. tall, toll, fir-tree, toll, a thole. Orig.
Third. (E.) Formerly thrid. M. E. sense' young tree'; hence a bit of lir-wood
)ridde,)ride. A. S. )ridda, third. - A. S. for a peg. Cf. Ieel. )ella, a young pine,
)ri-, forjreo, three.+Du. derde, Icel.)ri<l"i, ) iill (gen. )allar) , a young fir.
Dan. tredie, Swed. treriJ~, G. dritle, Goth. Thole (2) , to endure. M. E. )olien.
thridja, W. trydydd, Russ. trelii, Gk. TplTOS, A. S. )olian, to suffer, endure. + Icel. )ola,
Skt. trliya-.
Dan. taale, Swed. tlila, O. H . G. dolen
Thirl, to pierce; see Thrill.
(whence G. geduld, patience), Goth. thulan.
'l'hirst, sb. (E.) Lit.' dryness.' M. E . Cf. L. tollere, tolerare; Gk. TAijflat, to
)urst. A. S. )urs/, )Y"sl, thirst; whence suffer; Skt. tul, to lift. See Tolerate.
)yrstan, vb., to thirst. + Du. dorst, Icel. Thong, a strip of leather. (E.) For
)oYSti, Dan. lorst, Swed. lorst, G. dursl, thwong. M. E. thwotlg, a thong; A. S.
Goth. tllatlrstei. fJ. Goth. thaurstei is )wang, a thong, string, cord; also a bit.
from the Goth. weak stem thaurs-, as in +Icel. )wengr, a thong. From *)wang,
-thaurs-ans, pp. of thairsan (pt. t. -thars), 2nd grade of Teut. *)wengan-, to constrain
to be dry; with suffix -tei. The Goth. (0. Fries. thwinga). See Twinge. Cf.
-thairsan (Teut. *)ersan-) is cognate with O. Fries. thwong, thwang, compulsion;
Gk. TlpUEa9at, to become dry. Cf. Skt. Du. dwang, Dan. tvang, Swed. tvanl{, G.
trsh, to thirst; tal'sha-, thirst. (.y'TERS.) t wang, constraint.
Allied to Terrace and Torrid.
Thoraz. (L.-Gk.) L. thorax.-Gk.
Thirteen. (E.) M. E. jrettem. A. S. 9&ipa!,a breast-plate; also the breast, chest.
preotjne. - A. S. )reo, three; tjtJ, ten; with Lit.' defender;' cf. Skt. dhtiraka-, a trunk
pI. suffix -e.+Du. derlien, Ice!. )retftite, to protect clothes, from dhr, to carry,
maintain, keep. (.y'DHER.)
Dan. tretten, Swed. trelton, G. dreizehn .
thirty. (E.) M.E.)ritti. A.S.)ritig, Thorn. (E.) A.S.)orn.+Du. rhont.
)rittig. - A. S. )ri, also )reo, three; -tig, Icel. lorn, Dan. tiiirn, Swed. torn, G.
suffix denoting' ten'; see Ten.+Du. der- dorn, Goth. thaurnus. Teut. type *)urtig, Icel. )ri,' tigir, Dan. tredive, Swed. nuz, ID . + Russ. tern', the black-thorn;
trettio, G. dreis-sig .
Polish tarn, a thorn; cf. Skt. trna-, a grassThis. (E.) M. E. this, thes; pI. these, blade. Perhaps' piercer'; cf. L. terere,
thus~, thos, &c., the forms these and those t~ierce.
being both used as plurals of th'is; the Thorough. ( E .) Merely a by-form
plural of that being tho. Gradually these of the prep. through, spelt )oru in Havebecame the settled pI. of tMs, whilst those 10k, and }uruh in the Ancren Riwle. It
supplanted tho as pI. of that. - A. S. ~es, became an adverb, whence thoroughly,
~eos, ~is, this; pI. ~as. [M. E. tho answers adv., with added suffix. And hence, finally,
...
to A.S. ~a, pI. of def. art.; see That. fJ.] thorough, adj.
I). This (A. S. tle-s) is an emphatic form, Thorp, Thorpe, a village. (E.)
due to suffixing an emphatic particle to A. S. )orp, a village.+Du. dorp, Icel.)orp,
553
T 3

THOSE

THRESHOLD

Dan. Swed. 'orjI, G. tkr/; Goth. )aurp, a of lightning; Lith. tresakili, Iraszkeli, to
field. Teut. type .'huryo. Cf. Lith. rattle, crack. Teut. base I"resk; Idg.
trDba, a building, house. Also Irish Ireahh, root 'resk. Prob. first used of thunder,
village, W. Iref, hamlet; Idg. type .'reb.o. then of the noise of the flail. Der. Ihres".
B~Em . i. 553.
old.
Those. (E.) A. S. 6tis, origina.lly the Thruol1ical, vainglorious. (L.pI. of A. S. 6es, this. See This.
Gk.) Coined from Thrason, stem of
ThOU. (E.) A. S. 6u, thou.+lcel.ju, TlJraso. the name of a bragging soldier in
Goth. Ihu. Dan. Swed. G. dtl; Irish and Terence's Ennuchus. Evidently from Gk.
Gael. lu ; W. ti; L. tu, Russ. lui ; Gk. uv, Bpa.u.r'n, bold, spirited; allied to Dare (J).
TV; Pers. lu; Skt. Iva",.
(.vDHERS.)
Though. (Scand. ) M. E. IM,r"; [also 'l'hra.ve a number of sheaves of wheat.
Iheigh, A. S. (Jeah, (Jih .) - Icel. jo (for (Scand.) M. E. jraue, jreue (Ihrave,
,auh) ; cf. Dan. do,r, Swede dock . +0. Sax. threve). - lcel. }reji, a thrave; Dan.lrave,
Ihoh. Du. doch, yet, but; G. doch. Goth. a score' of sheaves; Swed. Ira/ve, a pile of
Ikallk. Tellt. type .'hau.h, in whichk wood; Swed. dial. Irafoe, 24 or 30 sheaves
seems to be an enclitic; cf. L. que, 'and.' set up in shocks (F. Moller). Cf. Icel.
Tkau is prob. from the same base as That. jre!, a loft for com.
~ In the Du. and G. doch, &c., the short 0
Thread. (E. ) M. E. }reed, jrid. A. S.
jrdd *jrl}.diz), thread; lit. 'that which
is due to loss of emphasis.
Thought, sb. (E.) Better Ihoghl. is twisted.' - A. S. }rawan, to twist.+Du.
M. E.poghl. A. S. pohl,ge-johl, a thought, draad, lcel.}rti(Jr, Dan. traad, Swed. triJd,
lit. thing thought of. - A. S. pohl, pp. of thread; G. drahl, O. H . G. dral, wire.
pencan, to think; see Think.+lcel.polti, Teut. type *pra.diz. See Throw.
jollr; cf. G. ,retiac"', adj., thought of, "l'hreat,sb. (E.) M.E.jret. A.S.preat,
orig. pp. of denken, to think.
a crowd, crush of people, also great pres
Thousand. (E .) M. E. }ousand. A. S. sure, calamity, trouble, threat. - A. S.
piisend. + Du. duizmd, Icel. jusund, jus- }rial, 2nd grade of str. vb. }riolan, to amict,
kund, jushundra(J; Dan. lusind, Swed. vex, urge. + Goth. ustkriulan, to vex
lusen, G. lausend, Goth. thusundi. Cf. greatly, G. verdriesun, to vex; Russ.
also Lith. lukslantis, Russ. tuisiacka, a 'rudile, to make one work, urge, vex;
thousand. ~ Not yet explained; in Icel. L. lrUtiere, to push, crowd, urge. (Base
jiis-kund, the syllable kund=A. S. kund, TREUD.) Der. tkreat-en, vb.
a hundred,and is due to popular etymology, '.rhree. (E.) M.E.jre. A.S.jri(}ry),
which may (however) be correct.
)rio (}rio), three.+Du. drie, Icel. }rir,
Thowl; see Thole (I).
Dan. tre, Swed. Ire, Gotb. Ihreis, G. drei.
'rhra.ll, a slave. (Scand.) O. Northnmb. Cf. Irish, Gael. and W. fri, Russ. tri, L.
(Jriil, borrowed from Norse, Mk. x. 44; Ires (neut. lri-a). Gk. TPfls (neut. Tp(-a )
the (e was perhaps shortened in M. E. Lith. t1')ls, Skt. rnasc. nom. pl. Irayas;
jraldom , from Ice!. prlZldOmr. - Ice!. prlZll, Idg. masc. nom. pI. *treyes.
a thrall, serf; Dan. Iro:!, Swed. Iriil. The Threnody, a lament. (Gk.) Gk. Bpt]IIIcel. prlZll stands for *priilt.iloz, rn., and is 9'aia, a lamenting. -Gk. Briv-os, a wailing,
cognate with O. H . G. dregil, drigil, a from Bpf-opa. , I cry aloud; ,pflq, ode; see
thrall, serf; lit. 'a runner,' i. e. one who Drone (I) and Ode.
runs on messages. From base of Goth. Thresh; see Thrash.
Ikragjan, A. S. pr~,ran, to rnn; allied to Threshold, a piece of wood or stone
Gk. Tp'Xflll, to run. See Trochee, Feu- under an entrance-door. (E.) Thresk-old
terer. Der. tlt.ral-dom, Ice!. }rOJldomr. was usually written t"resh-wold, as if it
Brugm. i. 784.
were the piece of wood threshed or beaten
Thrash, Thresh. (E.) Thresh is by the tread of the foot; but tbis was dne
older; M. E. preshen, for )ershen. - A. S. to a popular etymology (sug~ested by
)erscan, to thrash (strong verb). + Du. wald, perhaps~floor) . A. S. )erscwald,
dorscktn. Ice!. prukja, Dan. tOJrsk~, Swed. late form of A. S. )erscold. - A. S. )ersc(roska, G. dreschen, Goth. 'kriskatl (pt. t. an, to thresh; with -old, suffix. + Ice!.
Ihrask ). Orig. to rattle, make a din or preskQ/der, threshold; from }resk-ja, to
rattling noise; cf. Russ. lresk-ale, to crackle, thresh. /3. The A. S. jersco/d is from a
burit, tresk', a crash, O. Slav. troska, stroke form jcrsc-o-(J/to;' ; cf. O. H. G. drisc-u.
554

THRUM

THRICE

Jli.

And -3/0- represents Idg. -11'0-; see

Prine. of E. Etym. i. 228 (k).
Thrice . (E.) For tlzris , contr. form of
M. E.priiis, pryiis (dissyllabic), where the
suflix -s is adverbial (orig. a mark of gen.
case). Earlier form p .- A. S. ) riwa,
thrice. - A. S. )ri, three. See Three.
Thrid, a thread. (E.) Another form
of tkread (Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii.
278).
Thrift, frugality. (Scand.) M. E.)rift.
- Icel. )rift, thrift; also )riJ, the same.
-Icel. weak grade prij-, as in )rif-inn,
pp. of pri/a, to thrive. Cf. Dan. trivelse,
prosperity. See Thrive.
Thrill, ftirl, to pierce. (E.) The old
sense of tkrill was to pierce; also spelt
tkirl, which is an older spelling. M. E.
pir/en, }riI/en. A. S. pyrlian, to pierce;
shorter form of)yrelian, the same; lit.' to
make a hole.'-A. S. brei, }jrel, a hole,
orig. an adj. with the sense 'pierced,' for
brk-i/, as shewn by the cognate M. H. G.
durckel, pierced. Derived from A. S.}urlz,
through (with change oC u to y ), just as
M. H. G. durclzel is from G. durck ,
through. See Through.
Thrive. (Scand. ) M. E.prium (tkrivm), pt. t. )raj, )rof, pp. )num. -Icel.
)rifa (pt. t. preiJ, pp. }njinn) , to clutch,
grasp, grip, seize; hence )rifask (with
suffixed -sk = .sik, self), lit. to seize for
oneself, to thrive. + Dan. tn'ves, Swed.
tn/vas, rellex. verb, to thri~e; cf. Norw.
triva, to seize. Der. tkrif-t, q. v.
Throat, the gullet. (E.) M. E. )role.
A. S. protu, also )rote, throat.+O. H. G.
droZ%lZ, whence G. drossel, throat, throttle.
Prob. allied to Du. strot, M. Du. stroot,
stroote, the throat, gullet; Ital. strozza,
the gullet (a word of Tent. origin). We
also find Swed. strupe, Dan. strube, the
throat. Der. tkrottle, q. v.
Throb. to beat forcibly, as the heart.
(E.) M. E. )robben, to throb. Allied to
Russ. trepete, palpitation, throbbing; L.
trepidus, trembling. See Trepidation.
Throe, a pang. (Scand. 1) M. E.)rowe,
tkrafl1e. [C( O. Merc. tlzrauu, argutire,'
O. E. Texts; A. S. prea, a rebuke , alii iction, threat, evil; which seem to have
been confused with it.] Prob. from Icel.
}ra, a throe. Cf. A. S. )rii'Wian, to suffer;
O. H. G. drOiZ, burden, suffering, druoin,
driiin, to suffer.
Throne. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly
trone (Wyclif). -O. F. t~1e (F. tr6ne).-

L. Ikronum, acc. of tlzromlS. - Gk. 9pOpos,

a seat; l it. a snpport. (.vDHER .)
Throng, a great crowd of people. (E.)
M. E.prong . A. S. ge-prallg , a throng.
- A. S. )ra1Zg, 2nd grade of }rittgall, to
crowd , press. + Du. drallg, Icel. prong,
G. drmeg, a throng; d. Dan. It'aug, Swed.
Ir/mg, adj" narrow, close. Allied to
Goth. Ilzreilzatl, to throng, Lith. Ir&llk-ti,
to jolt, push. Der. throng, vb.
Thropple, Thrapple, wind - pipe.
(E.) Tlzropple is prob. a reduction of
A. S. )rot-bolla, the wind-pipe; from
)rot-u, throat, and bolla, prominence. See
Throttle, Throat, and Bowl (2).
Throstle, the song-thrush. (E.) M. E.
)roste!. A. S. proslle, a throstle.+M.H.G.
Irostel. Teut. type )rust/Ii, fem.; Idg.
type t:lrzdlli; cf. 1.. turdus, a thrush, and
Icel.)rost (gen.)rastar), Swed. and Norw.
trast, a thrush (from the 2nd grade, prast,
oC a Teut. base )rest). Also, with initial
s, Lith. strazdas, m., strazda, C., a thrush.
See further under Thrush (I). Throstle
has a variant tlzroslzel (M. E. tk,tlSski/,
Prompt. Parv.). Brugm. i. H 818 (2) , 882.
Throttle, the wind-pipe. (E.) Dimin.
oC tlzroat; cC. G. drossel, throat. Der.
tlzrott/e, vb., to press on the wind pipe ;
M. E. tkrollen.
Through, prep. (E.) M. E. )urk.
A. S.}ur..f, O. Northumb.jerk.+Du. door,
G. durck, O. H. G. duntk; Teut. type
}urk; allied to Goth. thairll, through
(Teut. type -perk). ~. The Goth. tlzairh,
through, is allied to thairkO, a hole; from
Teut. base -)el-k - Idg. base *terg, an
extension of .vTER, as in L. ter'ere, to
bore. Cf. Gk. TP&ry>"l1, a hole. Brugm.
i. 527. Der. tkrill.
Throw, to cast, hurl. (E.) M. E.
)rowen, pt. t. )rew, pp. prowen. A. S.
)ra'Wan, to twist, hurl, whirl; pt. t.)riow,
pp.)rdwen. [The orig. sense, to twist, is
preserved in tkread.] Allied to Du. draa ijen, to twist, whirl; O. H. G. drnen,
G. dreken, to turn; all from Teut. base
)rle = Idg. base *tri, as in Gk. TpTJTO',
bored through, TpfJ/A4, a hole. The grade
ter appears in L. terere, to bore, Gk .
nlpf'" (for -Tfp)'fW) , to bore. (.vTER)
ftrum (I), the tufted end oC a weaver s
thread. (E.) M. E. }rum, not found in
A. S. + Ice!. promr (gen. pramar), the
edge, verge, brim of a thing (hence the
edge of a web) ; Norw. trOm, tram, trumm,
edge, brim; Swed. dial. trumm, tromm,

555

THRUM

THWITE

a stump, the end of a log; M. I?u. drom,

thread on a weaver's shuttle; G. Irtml11l ,
end of threads, thrum. Teut. base *)ru,
weak grade of *)er = Idg. *ter. Hence
it is allied to Gk. TlpJA4, end, L.lerminus;
see Term.
Thrum ( ~) , to play noisily. (Scand.)
Ice!. )rtlma, to rattle, thunder; Swed.
trum11la, to beat, drum; cf. Dan. tromme,
a drum. See Drum, Strum.
Thrush ( I ), a bird. (E. ) M. E. )rusch.
A. S. )rysce, a thrush; Teut. type
*IItrtlSkj6n,f. Cf.O.H.G . drosca or drosca,
a thrush; whence G. drossel. Allied to
Throatle q. v.
( ~) , a disease marked by small
ulcerations ill the mouth. (E.) In Phillips
(1706). Orig. ' a dryness;' or lit. 'dryishness.' Formed by adding the A. S.
suffix -is, ( = -ish) to A. S.)yrr-e, cognate
with Ice!. )urr, dry, as proved by Dan.
Iroske, Swed. lonk, Swed. dial. trosk, the
thrush ; forms which are to be compared
with Dan. lorke, Swed. lorka, Ice!. )urka,
drought, and with M. E. Ihurst, thirst.
Closely alIied to Thirst, q. v.
Thrust, vb. (Scand.) M. E. }rusten,
)rislen. - Ice!. )rjsla, to thrust, press,
compel. AlIied to Threaten, and to L.
trUt/ere, to thrust.
Thud, a dull sound of a blow. (E.)
Used by G. Douglas and Burus. A. S.
"yddan, to strike. Cf. L. lundere.
Thug, an assassin. (Hindustani.) Hind.
Ihng, thug (with cerebral th), a cheat,
knave, II robber who strangles travellers ;
Marathi thak, thag, a thug (R. H. Wilson).
Thumb. (E.) M. E. )ombe; with excrescent b. A. S. juma, the thnmb. +
Du. dui11l, Swed. tumme, G. daumen;
also Ice!. )umal/, the thumb of a glove,
Dan. lommei-jinger, thumb. Lit. ' the
lkick finger; ' from -vTEU, to grow large.
See Tumid. Der. thimble.
Thumm;m, perfection. (Heb.) Urim
and thummim = light and perfection;
though the forms are, strictly, plural. Heb. tu",mim, pI. of tom, perfection,
truth. - Heb. root tiimam, to be perfect.
Thump, vb. (E.) Allied to lceI.dumpa,
to thump, Swed. dial. dompa, to thump,
dumpa. to make a noise.
Thunder, sb. (E.) Forthuner; tbe d
is excrescent. M. E. joner. A. S. )unor.
- A. S. Junian, to rattle, thunder; cf. gejun, a loud noise.+Du. dontier; Ice!.jorr
(for )onr), Thor, god of thWlder j G.

donner; L. toniire, to thunder, Skt. Ian,

to sound. 13. Vve further find A. S. Ionian,
to thuncter, prob. from L.; bnt compare
Skt. slan, to sound, thunder, sigh, stanila-,
thunder,andE.stun. (.vST&~.) See Stun.
Thurible, a censer. (L. -Gk.) English
from L. thuribulum , tiiribulul1l, a vessel
for holding incense. - L. thuri-, luri-, dec!.
stem of thii.r, tus, frankincense; with suffix
-bulum (as in/undibulu1Jl , from/un dere).
L. thus is borrowed from Gk. 8Vos, incense.
- Gk. etl-E.." to bum a sacrifice. Allied
to Fume. (.vDHEU.) See Thyme.
Th1U'llda.y. (Scand.) M. E.Jurs-day ,
)ors-day. A. S. jures dag , Thursday. A. S.jures, gen. of pur, Thor ; dag, day.
Borrowed from lcel.}6rsdagr, Thursday;
from )o,.s, gen. of)Orr, Thor, and dagr, a
day; cf. Swed. Dan. Torsdag. So also
A. S. )utlresdag (the native word); Du.
Donderdag, G . . Donnerslag. All translations of L dils Iouis. (See Sweet, Hist. E.
Sounds, 578.)
ThuS. (E. ) M. E. thus. A. S. flus.
+ O. Fries. and O. Sax. thus; Du. dus.
Allied to That; and perhaps to This.
Thwack, Whack, to beat. (E.)
Prob. imitative. Compare Ice!.)jOUa , to
thwack, thump; also )jaka, the same ;
provo G. wacke/n, to cudgel.
Thwaite, a clearing. (Scand. ) Common in place-names. Ice!. )veil, a paddock, ong. a clearing in woods, a cutting.
- Icel. *)veil, ~nd grade of *)vita, not
found, but = A. S. )wttan, to cut. See
Thwite. Cf. Norw. tveil, a cutting, also
a clearing; Dan. dia!' tved.
Thwa.rt, transversely, transverse.
(Scand.) Properly an adv. ; afterwards
an adj. ; lastly, a verb. M. E. Ihwert,
thwart, across. -Ice!. )vert, nent. of )verr,
adj. , perverse, adverse. Used adverbially
in phrases such as U11I )veri, across,
athwart, laka )vert, to take athwart, to
deny flatly. 13. The Icel. )verr, adj., is
cognate with A. S. )weorh, perverse, transverse, Dan. tvar, transverse (whence tva rl,
adv., across), Swed. tviir, across (whence
tvarl, adv., rudely), Du. dwar(s ) ; Goth.
Ihwairhs, angry; G. zUlerch, ad v., across,
awry. From Tent. base *)werh, Idg. root
*twerk; cf. L torqulre, to twist; Skt.
tarku-, a spindle. Brugm. i. 593 (3).
Allied to Twirl.
Thwite, to cut. (E.) Obsolete. A. S.
)wrtan, pt. t. )wal, pp. )witen, to cut.
Der. thwaite, wnitlle, q. v.

ThruSh

~56

THY

TIERCE

ticket; Nares shews that to take things on

Thyme, a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) The credit was' to take on ticket.' See below.
Ih is pronounced as I, because borrowed Ticket, a bill stuck up, a label. (F.from French. M. E. Iyme. -M. F. thym, G.) M. F. etiq1let, ' a little bill, note, or
the herb time;' Cot. - L . Ihymum, acc. ticket, esp. such as is stuck tiP on the gate
oflhymus. -Gk. 9vl'0S, 9QI'0", thyme, from of a court;' Cot. O. F.estiquet, estiquete
its sweet smell. Cf. Gk. 9vo~, incense; (Godefroy). - G. stecken, to stick, stick
uE.!.fix; see Stiok. And see lIltiquette.
see Thurible. (-VDHEU.)
Tickle. (E.) M. E. ticklen; frequentative form from the base tik, to touch
'l'I-'l'Y.
lightly; see Tiok (4) . It means' to keep
Tiara, a wreathed ornament for the on touching lightly.' Hence also M. E.
head. (L.-Gk.-Pers.) L. tiara.-Gk. tikel,unstable,ticklish,easilymovedbya
.,..apa.,..apa~. a Persian head-dress. Doubt- touch; mod. E. ticklish, unstable. ~ Not
less of Pers. origin.
necessarily a variant of Icel.kitla, to tickle;
Tibert, a cat. (F. - Teut.) See Nares. but a parallel formation.
O. F.Thibaut, Theobald. -0. Sax. Thiod- Tide. (E.) M. E. tide. A. S. tid, time,
bald; O. H. G. Dietbald. - O. Sax. thiod, hour, season.
Du. tij", Ice!. Itt}, Dan.
O. H. G. diet, diot, people (see Dutoh); Swed. tid, G. zeit. Teut. type *tf-tli-.
bald, bold.
Allied to Time. Der. tide waiter, an
Tibia, the large bone of the leg. (L.) officer who waits for arrival of vessels
L. tibia, shin-bone.
with the tide, to secure payment of duties.
Tic, a twitching of the muscles. (F. tiding. (Scand.) M. E. tidinde, also
Teut.) F. tic, a twitching; tic doulouretlX, tidinge; aftenvards tidings. Orig.' things
painful twitching, a nervous disease. For- that happen;' cf. A. S. lidung, tidings;
merly F. tieq, tiquet, a disease suddenly titian, to happen. But rather from Icel.
seizing a horse (Cot.). Cf. Ital. tic,/zio, a tMindi, neut. pl., tidings, news, Dan. tivicious habit, caprice. Most likely allied dende, tidings; cf. Du. tijding, G. zeitu1tg.
to Low G. tuUen, to twitch; G. s:ueken All from the sb. above.
tidy, seasonable, neat. (E.) M.E. tidy,
(M. H.G. s:ucken,ziicken), to twitch, shrug;
with which cf. zug, a draught, siehen, to seasonable, from M . E. tid or tide, time;
draw (Scheler). See Touoh.
see Tide. Du. tijdig, Dan. Swed. tidig,
Tick (I), a small insect infesting dogs, G. zeitig, timely.
sheep, &c. (E.) M. E. tyke, teke; cC. A.S. Tie, vb. (E.) M. E. tien, tiJen, teyen,
ticia (Sweet, O. E. T .). [The F. tique is to tie; A. S. tiegan, ge-/fgan; an unoriborrowed. from Teutonic.] + M. Du. teke, ginal verb, from A. S. /lag, a bond, chain,
Du. teek, Low G. teke, take, G. zeeke rope. - A. S. liah, Teut. type *taun, 2nd
(whence Ital. "cea). Cf. Lith. dygus, grade of*teuhan-, to pull, draw; see Tow,
sharp, digti, to sting (Franck).
Tua. Cf. Ice!. laug, a tie, tygill, a string.
Tick (2), cover of a feather bed. (L. Tier, a rank, row. (F. -Late L.) ForGk.) M. E. teke, 14th cent. - L. Uea, merly tire, a better spelling; Florio ex
tMea, a case (whence F. taie).-Gk. 9~K1J, plains Ital. tiro by' a lyre of ordinance.'a case to put 11 thing in. - Gk. 9rJ., base of F . tire, 'a draught, pull, also a tire;
.,.[9'/1"', I put, put away.
a stroke. hit, reach, gate, course, or
Tick (3), to beat as 11 watch. (E.) An continuance of course;' Cot. [Cf. Span.
imitative word , like click; perhaps sug- tiro, a set of mules; Ital. tiro, 'a shoot,
gested by Tiok (4). Cf. G . tiektaek, pit- shot, tire, reach, . a stones caste, a lyre
apat; E. Fries. tiktall, the ticking of a of ordinance;' Florio (I598).]-F. tirer,
clock.
to draw, drag, pull, &c.-Late L. tirare,
Tick (4), to touch lightly. (E.) M. E. to draw, pull, extend, hurl; whence also
teck, a light touch; whence the game called Ita\. tirare, Span. Port. Provo tirar. Of
tick or tig, in which children try to touch unknown origin. ~ The A. S. tier, occureach other. Not in A.S. E. Fries. tikken, ring but once, is an obscure and doubtful
Du. lik, a touch , pat, word, and has nothing to do with it.
to touch lightly.
tick , fikken, to tick, pat; Low G. likk, a Tierce. 'l'erce. (F.-L.) It meant
light touch; Norw. tilika, to touch lightly. a third hour, a third of a pipe or cask,
Tick (;;), credit. (F. - G.) Short fur a third card, a third thrust (in fencing). 557

'1'hy; see Thine.

TIFF

TIMID

O. F.lien, tierce, third.-L. tertius, third.

- L . ter, thrice; trh, three. See Tri-,
Three.
Ti1r ( I) ,todeck,dressout. (F. - O.Low
G.) M. E. tiffin. - M. F. tifter, tifer (more
commonly atliffir),' to deck , trim, adorn;'
Cotg. - Du. lippen, to cut, clip, cut off
the tip of the hair; Low G. tippen, to
touch lightly. See Tip (I).
Ti1r ( ~ ) , a pet, fit of ill-humour; also
liquor, drink. (Scand.) Orig.' a sniff;'
hence (I) a pet, ( 2) a sip or draught of
beer.-Norweg. lev, a drawing in of the
breath, sniff, leva, to sniff; Swed. dial.
lav, smell, taste; Icel.}efa , to sniff.
TURn, luncheon. (Scand.) AngloIndian; orig. Northern English tiffin, i. e.
tijJillg, sipping, eating and drinking out
of due season. From tiJl, a draught of
beer. See above.
Tiger. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pcrs.) M. E.
ligre. - F. tigre. - L. ligrc11l , acc. of tigris,
a tiger. - Gk. Ti"'(pu. - Zend tig"ri- , an
arrow (hence perhaps a tiger , from its
swiftness, also the river Tigris, from its
swiftness) ; mod. Pers. tir, an arrow, the
river Tigris. - lend tighra, sharp; allied to
Skt. tigma- , sharp, from II}, to be sharp.
Perhaps alIied to Stigma.
Tight. (Scand.) For *Ihight; but, as
bothnan. and Nonv. have I for Ih, it easily
became tight. Orkney Ihight, water-tight;
provo E. tllite, tight, close, compact; M.E.
li)t, also jJJjl, Ihyhl. - Icel. Jettr, tight,
esp. water-tight; Norw. Ijett, letl, close,
water-tight; Swed. dial. /jelt, titt; Swed.
tiit, close, tight, solid, compact; Dan. tlZl,
tight, close, compact, water-tight. M. E.
ti)l shews the old guttural; the Icel. }eltr
is for *}lhtr, as shewn by Du. dieht,
dig!, G. diehl, tight , M. H. G. (ge)dikle,
ad v., continually. Teut. type *}ihtoz, for
*}mxtoz. Allied to Lith. tenku, I have
enough, tnnkus, close, tight.
Tike, a dog, low fellow. (Scand.) M.E.
tike. - Ice\. Norw. tik, Swed. tik, a bitch;
Dan. dial. tiig, a male dog.
Tile. (L.) M. E. tile, coutracted form
of A. S. tigele, a tile. -L. ligula, a tile. L. legere, to cover. See Tegument.
Till (I ) , to cultivate. (E .) M. E. lilien.
A. S. tilian, to labour, endeavour, strive
after, to till land. + Du. lelen, to breed,
cultivate, till; G. zie/en, to aim at, O. H . G.
Zi/Oll, to strive after, Bavar. ulgen, to till.
From A. S. Iii, ac1j., beneficial, exceJlent;
cf. O. H. G. zil, Il goal, mark; Goth.

go-tils, fit, convenient; A. S. til, sb.,

use. Der. ti/.t", A. S. ti/ll, ;1 crop,
cultivation; cf. Du. tult, crop.
Till ( ~), to the time when. (Scand.)
M. E. til; chiefly in the Northern dialect;
O. Northumb. til, Matt. xxvi. 31. - Ice
til, Dan. til, Swed. till, prep., to. Also
O. Fries. til, prep. Apparently allied to
Ice!. tili, tili, aim, bent, coguate with
O. H. G. zil, aim, mark; see Till (I).
Till (3), a drawer for money. (E.) The
proper sense is 'drawer,' something that
can be pulled out. Dryden has tiller in
this sense, tr. of Juvenal, vi. 38... From
M. E. tillen , to draw, draw out, also to
allure; also spelt tullen. A. S. fyI/an,
only in the compo for-tyl/an, to draw
aside, lead astray. Cf. Toll (~).
tiller, the handle of a rudder. (E.)
ProvoE. tiller, a handle, lit. 'puller.' From
M. E. tillen, to draw, pull (above).
Tilt (I), the covering of a cart. (E.)
M. E. teld, later tell, the same. A. S. teld,
a tent. The final t was due to the cognate
E. Fries., Low G., and Dan. telt, Swed.
talt, a tent. + M. Du. lelde, Ice\. tjald,
G. zeit.
Tilt (2) , to cause to heel over, to joust
in a tourney. (E.) Orig. sense 'tototter';
hence to cause to totter, to upset, tilt over,
upset an enemy in a tourney. M. E. tiltm,
tullen, to totter, be unsteady; answering
to an A. S. *tyilan (not found) , regularly
formed (by change from ea to ie,y) from
A. S. teall, adj., unsteady, unstable.+Icel.
tiilla, to amble; Norw. fylta, to walk on
tiptoe; Swed. tuita, to waddle ; G. ult, an
ambling pace. Cf. Totter. Der. tilt, sb.
Tilth; see Till ( I).
"l'imber, wood for building. (E.) A. S.
timber, material to build with; for *Iimro(the b being excrescent) . + Ice1. limbr,
Dan. tiimmer, Swed. timmer; G. zimmer.
Cf. Goth. ti"'rjan, to build. From Teut.
base *tem-, to build; cf. Gk. "ff'-fIV, to
build; L. dot,tUS, a house. See Dome,
Bntgm. i. 421 (8). (.vDEM.)
"l'imbrel, a kind of tambourine. (F. L . - Gk.) Dimin. of M. E. timbre, a small
tambourine. - O. F . timbre, a timbrel. L. Iympanum, a drum. - Gk. TVf'fTavov,
a drum. See Tympanum.
"l'ime. (E.) A. S. tima. + Ice\. timi;
Dan. lime; Swed. timme. Teut. type
*Ii-man-. Allied to Tide.
"l'imid, fearful. (F. -L.) F. timide. L. ti1llidus.-L. timirt, to fear.
558

TIRADE

TIMOROUS

a bell ring; L . tinnire, to tinkle, ring,

linlinnum, a tinkling. Cf. Tudor E . linkler, a tinker (Levins).
tinlde, to jingle. (E.) Frequentative
of M. E. linken, to ring; lee tinker.
Tinsel, gaudy ornament. (F. - L.)
From M. F. eslinceie, a spark, a star-lw-e
ornament; for *escinlele. - L. scinlilla, a
sE1l-~k. See ScIntillation, Stencil.
Tint, a tinge of colour. (L.) Formerly
lincl. Spenser has linct = dyed. - L.
linclus, pp. of tingere, to dye; see Tinge.
Or from Ita1.linta, a dye. -L.lincla, fern.
of tinclus.
Tiny, very smal!. (F.-L.) Preceded,
in Shakespeare, by the word liltle ; as,
'a little tiny boy,' 'my little lilly thief,'
' pretty little tiny kickshaws;' spelt li,ze
or tyne in ed. 16l3. Lydgate has a lillie
tyne, a little bit. Perhaps from O. F.
lime, a tubful (hence, quantity, bit) ; from
O. F. tine, a tub. (Athen., July 2/, 1900.)
Tip (1). (E.) Often associated with
lop, out not etymologically connected with
it. M. E. tip.+Du. Swed. Dan. tip, Low
G. lipp; cf. G. zipf el, a small tip. Allied
to Du. and E. Fries. tepel. a nipple, tent,
and to E. Tap (, ). Cf. M. Du. lipken, a
teat. Der. tip, vb., chiefly in pp. lipped,
i. e. furnished with a silver top or iron
spike; whence lipped,slaff, later tipstaff,
an officer with a tipped staff; d . tipple.
Tip (2) , to tilt. (E.) Generally in the
phrase lip up, or tip owr; a secondary
fCorm of lap. Cf. lip ami run, i. e. tap and
run (a game); tip for lap, blow for blow
(Bullinger's Works, i. 283) , now tit for lal.
E. Fries. Ii.Ppen, to tap lightly.+Low G.
tippen; Swed. lippa, to tap, tip, strike
gently, touch lightly. Cf. Ice!. lapsa, to
tll}>~ See Tap (I ).
Tippet. (L.-Gk.) M. E. lipt, tepel.
A. S. ItZppet, a carpet, tippet. - L. lapile,
cloth, hangings; see Tapestry.
Tipple, to drink habitually. (Scand.)
Norweg. tipla, to tipple, frequentative of
tippa, to drip from a point or tip; Swed .
dial. lippa, to drip, from tipP, a tip; cf.
Du. lepel, a nipple, teat; see Tip (1).
Tips,.. (E.) Lit. ' unsteady: Formed
from tip ( l ) with suffix -sy, as in trick-sy,
&c. ; see Tip (2) above.
'.
Tirade, a strain of reproof. (F. - Ital.
-Late L. ) F . lirade, lit. 'a lengthening
out.' - Ita!' lirata, a drawing, a pulling.Ita!' lirare, to pull, draw, pluck; the same
as F . tirer; see Tier.
559

timOrolUl. (L.)Coined,withsuffix.ous,
from L. liflUJr, fear. - L. limere, to fear.
Tin. (E.) A. S. lin.+Du. tin, Ice!. lill,
Dan. lin, Swed.lmn, G.zinn. ~ Distinct
from L. slannum (F. tlai,,).
Tincture. (L.) L. linclura, a dyeing.
_ L. linclus, pp. of lingere, to dye. See
Tinge.
Tind, to light or kindle. (E.) Also
spelt line; nearly obsolete. M.E. lendm.
A. S. -Iendan, to kindle. + Dan. lamde,
Swed. landa, Goth. lantlJan. Teut. type
landJan-, from the lnd grade of a lost
strong verb .Iendan-, making pt. t. Iand,
pp. *ttmdanoz. See below.
tinder. (E.) M.E.linder,morecommonly lunder, tondre. A . S. tyntire, f.,
anything for kindling fires from a spark.
Cf. O. H. G. wntira, tinder. Teut. type
ttlnd-iron; from *tund, weak grade of
lost verb *tendan, to kindle; see above.+
Ice!. tU11dr (cf. tandri, fire) ; Dan.IOnder,
Swed. lumier; Du. londer; G. zU1u1er,
tinder.
Tine (1), the tooth or spike of a fork
or harrow. (E.) Formerly lim/. M. E.
l ind. A. S. lind. + Ice!. lindr, Swed.
1i1me, Dan. dial. lind, tooth of a rake;
M. H. G. zinl. Teut. type *Iendoz, m.;
allied to L . dms (gen. delllis), a tooth; cf.
al so Skt. danla-, a tooth. Noreen, 144.
See Tooth.
Tine (2), to kindle; see Tind.
Tine (3) , to lose. (Scand.) Icel. Ijna ,
to lose. - Ice!. Ijo1t, loss, damage; allied
to A. S. tiolla, harm; see Teen.
Tinge, to dye. (L.) L. lingere, pp.
tinctus, to dye (see Tint).+Gk. T<"Y"YftV,
to wet, dye; O. H. G. tlzunko", G. tu"ken,
to dip, steep (from the weak grade).
(-v'TENG.)
Tingle. (E.) M. E. linglen, a by-form
of lin7den, to tinkle, which, again, is a
frequentative form of M. E. linken, to
tink (see tinker), of which a weaker form
is ling. 'To ling, tinnire; tingil, tinnire;'
Levins (1570). Cf. E. Fries. lingeln.
The orig. sense was to ring, then to vibrate,
thrill, to fee! a sense of vibration as when
a bell is mng.
tinker. (E.) M. E. tinken. So called
because he makes a linking sound, in the
mending of metal pots, &c. From M. E.
linken, to ring or tinkle; Wyclif, 1 Cor.
xiii. /. Of imitative origin; cf. M. Du.
lingelange1t, to tingle, li1tle/ttI, to tinkle;
E. Fries. linken, tingen, lenl{en, to make

TIRE

TO-

'l"i1'e (I), to exhaust. (E.) M. E. tirien,

Title. (F. - L.) M. E. tit/e.-O. F.

title ( F. titre) . - L. titulutn, acc. of titulus,

teorien.

A. S. teorian, (I) to be tired, (2)

to tire; weak verb; see A tire in New E.
Dict. ' Fatigatus, atered;' Voc. 170. 30.
'!'ire (l ), to deck. ( F .) Both as sb.
and vb. M. E. tir, tyr, sb. ; which is
merely M. E. atir with the initial a dropped .
Thus tire is short for attire, like p eal (of
bells) for app~al. See Attire.
'l"i1'e ( 3), a hoop of iron that binds the
fellies of wheels. (F.) 'Tire, the ornament of womens heads, the iron band of
a cartwheel,' Phillips , ed. 1706. Prob.
identic.'\l with tire, a woman's head-dress.
Tire meant to deck, also to arrange, being
short for attire. Palsgrave has : I tyer
an egge, J e ac()Ustre; I tyer with garmentes,' &c. See Tire (2).
'!'ire (4), to tear a prey, as is done by
predatory birds. (F. - Late L .) M. E.
tinn, to tear a prey. - F. tirer, to pull ,
drag. See Tirade.
'!'ire (5), a train. (F. -Late L.) Only
in Spenser, F. Q. i. 4. 35. From F. tirer,
to d raw ; see Tirade and Tier.
'!'iro, 'l'yro, a novice. (L .) L. tiro, a
novice, rermit. ~ The frequent spelling
with y is absurd.
'l'isic; see Phthisis.
Tissue. (F.-L.) F. tissu, 'a ribbon,
fillet, or headband of woven st nffe ; ' Cot.
Also tissu, masc., tissue, fern ., woven; old
pp. of tistre (mod. F. tisser), to weave.L. texere, to weave. See Text.
Tit ( I), a small horse or child . (Scand. )
I cel. tittr, a tit, bird; Nor~. lita, a little
bird, small trout . Cf. provo E. titty, small.
Tit (2) , a teat. (E .) A. S. lit, titt, a
teat ; see Teat.
Titan, a giant. (L.-Gk.) L. Titan;
cf. tilio, a firebrand. - Gk. TtT!iv, a giant;
perhaps allied to TITW , day (Prellwitz).+
Skt. titha-, fire . (.vTEITH, to bum.)
Der. titan-ic.
Tit for tat, blow for blow. (Scand. )
A corruption of tip for tap, where tip is a
slight tap ( Bnllinger, Works, i. 283) .
Tithe, a tenth part. (E. ) M. E. tithe,
also tethe. A. S. tlotJa, tenth; O. Mere.
-ttg6a; fuller form teogotJa, corresponding
to Gk. ~'KaTos, tenth . See Ten.
Titillation, a tickling. (F. - L.) F.
titi/jation. - L. acc. titillntilfnem, a tickling. - L. ti/illatm, pp. of titillii1'e, to
tickle.
Titlark. (Scand . and E.) Lit. ' sm all
l::trk ;' {rom Tit ( I) and Lark.

a superscription on a tomb or altar. Der.

tttul-ar, from F . titulaire, titular.

Titmouse, a kind of small bird.

(Scand.

and E. ) Not connected with mome; the

true pi. should be titmouses, but titmice
is used, by confusion with mice. M. E.
titmose. Compounded of tit, small (see
Tit ( I; and A. S.mase, a name for several
small birds, e. g. A. S .fracmii.se, col-mase,
spic-mase, all names of birds. + Du. mees,
G. meise, a titmouse, small bird; Icel.
meisingr (F. mtsange). Teut. type*maislfn-,
f.; the sense of which was 'twittering';
cf. L. maerlre (for *11laeslre, cf. maes-tus) ,
to lament , mourn (Franck).
Titter, to giggle. (E.) The same as
M. E. titerm, to prattle; from a repetition
of the syllable Ii, wh icll was also used to
indicate laughter, as in the word le-hee (in
Chaucer) . See also twitter and twaddle.
And see Tattle.
Tittle, a jot. (F . -L.) M. E. titel.O. F. title, a title; M. F. titre, tiltre, 'a
tittle, a small line drawn over an abridged
word, also a title; , Col - L. titulum, acc.
of titulus, a title. 13. In late Latin titulus
must have meant a mark over a word, as
she\vo by O. F. title (above). Wyclif has
tite! for the Vulgate titulus (Matt. v. 18) .
Tittle-tattle, prattle; see Tattle.
To. (E.) M. E. 10. A. S. to.
Dn.
toe, G. zu; O. Irish do, Russ. do, to, up to.
Cf. Gk. -~f, towards.
to- (2), prefix, to. (E.) Only in to-day,

to-gether , to-morrow, to-night, lo-ward ;

and in the obsolete M. E. to-tzame, nick-

name, and a few other words; see To-day.

To- (I), prefix, in twain, asunder, to
pieces. (E.) Only retained in the phrase
all to-brake = utterly broke asunder, Judges
ix. 53. The M. E. phrase al to-brake meant
wholly brake-asunder, the al being adverbial, and to-brake the pt. t. of tobrekm,
to break asunder. But about A. D. 1500,
it was mistakenly written all-to brake, as if
all-to meant' altogether,' and brake was
separate from to; and later writers much
confused the matter, which is still often
wrongly explained. The A . S. too , prefix ,
was very common, as in tobrecan, to break
asunder, tobltiwan, to blow asunder ; cognate with O. Friesic too, te-; and allied to
O. H. G. zar- , G. zero, signifying 'asunder.'
To- (2), prefix; see To.
560

TOAD

Toad.

TOKEN

(E.) M. E. lode. A. S. tMige, Pers. lar, a palm-tree yielding toddy:

liJdie, a toad. Der. laa-po/e.
Skt. la/a-. ~ The Hind. r has a peculiar
toad-eater. (E.) Formerly a com- [cerebral] sound, which has come to be
pan ion or assistant to a mountebank, who represented by d in English.
pretended to eat toads, swaIlow fire, &c. : Toe. (E.) A. S. Iii, pl tlin. A connow represented by toady.
tracted form: O. Merc. tiihae. + Du.
Toast ( I) , scorched bread. (F.-L.) tun, Ice!. tii, Dan. taa, Swed . ta, G. zelle:
O. F. tostle, a toast of bread; orig. pp. O. H. G. zllla, a toe. Teut. type *laiMn.
fern. - L. losta (for *tors-ta), pp. fern. of (Further connexious unknown .)
torrlre, to parch; see Torrid.
Toft, a green knolI , open &'found, hometout ( 2) , a person whose health is stead. (Scand.) M. E. tojt, a knoIl. drunk. (F. -L.) The reference is to the Icel. topt (pron. toft), also tupt (prou.
toast usually put in stirrup-cups, &c., in tuft) , toft, tomt (the oldest spelling), a
drinking healths; see the story in the place to build on. Perhaps for *tllmjtTatler, no. 24, June 4, 1709 (Todd).
<*ttlm}- (Noreen, 83, 238), as if ' suitTobacco. (Span. - Hayti.) Span. ta- able place'; from *ttlm-, we:rlc grade of
baeo. A word taken from the language of *tem-an-, O. Sax. teman, to suit. Cf. G.
Hayti (Clavigero, Hist. of Mexico). Las zunjt, a gnild, O. H . G. zltmft; and Goth.
Casas says that ta!Jaco was the name of the ga-timan, to suit.
pipe in which the Caribs smoked the plant. 'l'oga. (L.) L. toga, a mantle, lit. cover'l'oboggan, a kind of snow-sledge. ing. - L. legere, to cover. See Tegument.
(Amer.lndian.) A Canadian perversion 'l'ogether. (E.) M. E.togedere.-A.S.
of an Amer. Indian odalJagan, a sledge.
to-glZare, 10.glZdere. - A. S. 10, to, gador-,
'l'ocher, a dowry. (Gae1.) Gael. and geador, together; see Gather.
Irish tochar, a dowry, assigned portion.- 'l'oil (I), labour; to labour. (F. - L.)
O. Irish lochur, a putting; lochurim, I M.E. toi/,disturbance, tumult ; toi/en, to pulI
put. - O. Irish to-, do-, to; cuir-im, I put, about (the sense having somewhat altered) .
assign.
- O. F. loillier, M. F. forli"er, to entangle,
'l'ocsin, sound of an a1arm-bell. (F.- shuffle together, mix confusedly, trouble,
Teut. and L.) M. F. loqutsing (F. tocsin), &c.; see Cotgrave. Godefroyalso gives
an alarm-bell, or its sound; see Cot. Lit. the sb. looil, toeil, toil, loel, a massacre,
'striking of the signal-beIl: - O. F. toqu-er, trouble, confusion, disorder. - L. ludicuto strike, touch (Picard foker, Norm. dial. liire, to stir up (Hatzfeld). - L. tltdimla,
toquer, to strike) ; O. F. sitlg (Norm. dial. a machine for bruising olives, d:min. of
sin), a bell, from Late L. signum, a bell, tudes, a mallet. - L. tud-, as in tutud-i,
L. signu"" a sign; see Touoh and Sign. pt. t. of lundere, to beat. ~ Toil is often
'l'oeI, a bush, a measure of wool, a fox. derived from M. Du. tuylen, to till or
(Scand.) Ice!. loddi, a tod of wool, bit, manure land , but it is impossible to explain
piece (the fox being named lod from his it from this source: the~. E. USAge is
bushy tail).+E. Fries. todde, a bundle; completely at variance with this view.
Du. todde, a rag; G. %Olte, %Ott, a tuft of 'l'oil (l), a net, snare. (F.-L.) }<' .toiie,
hair, anything shaggy.
cloth; pI. toiles, toils, snares for wild
'l'o-day, this day. (E.) Compounded of beasts. -L. ilia , a web, thing woven; for
10, prep., and day: to being formerly used *tex-Ia, from fexere , to weave. See Text.
in the sense of 'for.' Thus A. S. 10 dlZge=
toilet, toilette. (F.-L.) F.loilette,
for the day, to-day: kgt being the dat. oi 'a toy let, the stuff which drapers lap about
dlZg, day. So also to-night, to-1Ilorrow.
their cloths, a bag to put nightcloths in ; ,
Todclle, to walk unsteadily. (E.) The Cot. -F. loi/e, a cloth (above).
same as Low!. Sc. toftle, to walk with 'l'oise, a measure, 6 ft. 4! in. (F.-L.)
short steps, and equivalent to E. tolter; F. loiu, 'a fadome :' Cot. - L. tmsa, sc_
see Totter. Cf. loll/ish, tottery, unsteady brlichia, neut. pI. 01 tensus, pp. of lendere,
(Cent. Dict.); Bavarian zotte/n, zotten , to to stretch (reach) . See Tend.
toddle, walk feebly.
'l'oby, a wine. (Hungary.) From
Toddy. (Hindustani - PeTS.) Hind. Tokay , a town in Hungary, E. N. E. from
tari, tiit/i, ' vulgarly toddy, juice or sap of Pesth.
the palmyratree,' &c.; H. H . Wilson. 'l'oken. (E.) M. E. loken. A. S. tiicm,
Hind. ta,., a palm-tree, palmyra-tree. - "'en. + Du. feeken , Jee!. ftilm, Dan.
561

TOLERATE

TONSURE

tepl, Swed. teckm, G. zeiclzen, Goth.

taik1ts. Teut. types taik1tom, n., taik11iz ,
f. ; allied to Teach. Usually referred to
an Idg. base *deig-, by-form of *deik-, as
in Gk. 3fIK-vvp.l , I shew, cognate with
Goth. ga-leikall, to point out; which is
not wholly satisfactory.
Tolerate. (L. ) From pp. of L. tolerare, to put up with; allied to tol/ere,
to lift, bear, take.+ Skt. ttll, to lift, Gk.
TAijval, to sufter, A. S. Joliatz, to endure.
('V'TEL.) ~. From L. tliitttlll, snpine of
lollere, nsually written latum, are formed
numerous derivatives, such as ab-Ial-ive,
coIlat-ion, di-lale, e-lale, ob-Iale, &c.
Toll (I), a tax. (E .; or L. - Gk.) M_E.
tol. A. S. toll, tribute.+Du. tol, Icel. tollr,
Dan. told (for *toll), Swed. tull , G. zoll.
Teut. type *tttlloz, m. ; which might be
explained as < *tublOZ, from the weak
grade .ttt! (with suffix -noz) of *tel,
the root of Tale; with the sense' that
which is counted out or paid.' But the
existence of by-forms, as A. S. tobz, toll
(whence tolnere, a toller), O. Sax. tohta,
O. Fries. tolll(, toll, O. H. G. zollmt-ttIOIll,
as well as O. H. G. zol01lari, M. Du. tollenaer, a toller, suggest that the forms are
borrowed from Late L. tolonium, for L.
te/Ollitt11l. which is from Gk . TEA&WIOV. a
toU-house (Matt. ix. 9) ; from Gk. TEAor,
an end, a toll. Cf. F. to/dieu, a toll; from
Late L. tOllleiulIl, lolmwlt, for L. te/olliulIl.
Toll (2), to pull a bell, sound as a beU.
(E.) The old use was ' to toll a bell,' i. e.
to puU it; from M. E. tollen, to stir, draw,
pull, allied to tullen, to entice, allure, and
prob. to A. S. jortyllan, to allure ; see
Till (3).
Tolu, a kind of resin. (S. America.)
Said to be named from Tolu , a place
on the N. W. coast of New Granada,
now Colombia, in S. America.
Tom, pet name for Thomas. (L. - Gk.
- Heb.) M . E. Tlzomme. - L. ThOmas.
- Gk. eQll'ar, Thomas; 'a twin.' Cf.
H eb. tom I"', pI., twins.
Tomaha.wk, a light war-hatchet. (W.
Indian. ) Algonkin tomekagm, Mohegan
tU1/Inakegan, Delaware tamoiizeca1t, a war
hatchet. 'Explained by Lacombe from
the Cree dialect : otomakuk, knock him
down; ota11lakwaw, he is knocked down ;'
Cent. Dict.
Toma.to, a love-apple. (Span. - Mexican.) Span. (and Port.) fomate . - Mexican
lomall, a tomato.

Tomb. (F. -L.-Gk.) F . lombe.-L.

Itlmba. - Gk. TtJP.{Ja, a late form of TtJP.{JO<,
a tOmb. Al\ied to TumulUB.
Tomboy, a rude girl. (L. - Gk. - Heb.;
and E.) From Tom and Boy.
Tome, a volume. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
lome. -L. acc. 1011lum. - Gk. T61'0<, a
section, a volume. - Gk. TOP.-, 2nd grade
of TEP.-, as in TEI'-""'" to cut. Allied to
Tonsure. ('V'TEM.)
To-morrow; see Today.
Tomtit, a small bird. (L.- Gk.-Heb.;
a,zdScand. ) From Tom and Tit.
Tomtom, a kind of drum. (Bengali.)
Bengali {atz{atz, vulgarly tomtom, a small
drum. Prob. named from the sound.
Ton, 'l'un, a large barrel. great weight.
(L. ) M. E. lo,me, a large barrel, hence a
great weight. A. S. tmllle, a barrel. So
also Du. tOtz, Icel.Swed. tmma, Dan. tonde,
tun, cask; G. tOl1lte, cask, weight; Gael.
and Irish tumza, W. tyncll, tun, barrel.
All from Late L ttlntza , a cask (9th cent.) .
If the orig. sense was' wineskin,' perhaps
from O. Irish tOltn, skin.
Tone. (F. -L.- Gk.) F. tmz. -L. acc.
to,tum. -Gk. T6"Of, a thing stretched , a
string, note, tone. - Gk. TO"', 2nd grade
of TE"-, as in *TE"y"" > TEl""", to stretch.
+ Skt. tatz, to stretch. ('V'TEN.)
Tongs, sb. pI. (E.) M.E. tonge, ta,zge,
sing. sb.; the pI. is due to the two arms
of the instrument. A. S. tange, a pair of
tongs , pincers ; alsotang. + Du. talzg, Ice\.
to,t,g (pI. tangir ), Dan. lang, Swed. t!l1Ig,
G. zange. Orig. sense' a biter' or 'nipper'; from a nasalised form of 'V'DAK, to
bite, as in Gk. MK""". Brugm. i. 420.
Tongue. (E. ) M. E. tu,zge, totzge. A.S.
tunge. + Icel. Swed. tlmga, Dan. ttmge,
Du. tO'lg , G. zutzge , Goth. tuggo ( = ttmg fi) .
T eut. type *lungOtl, f. + o. Lat. dingua
( L. liHgua), a tongue. Root uncertain.
Allied to Lingual. Hrugm. i. 441.
Tonic. (Gk.) Lit. 'givingtone.'-Late
Gk. TO"'Kor, adj. , from T6"or; see Tone.
To-night; see To-day.
Tonsil. (F. - L.) M. 1". tonsille; Cot.
- L. lonsilla, formed from the pI. to'lsilM:,
the tonsils. 'There is one [Latin ] sb. in
-Ii, Lat. talis, pI. ffi . "wen on the neck,"
for *tons-li-, from lens- "stretch " (Goth.
aI-t/linsan, to draw towards one, Lith.
lis-ti, to stretch by pulling) ; tomilla,
" tonsils," points to an older form *tons-Ioor *tons-!tf;' Brugm. ii. 98.
Tonsure. (F.-L.) F. tonsure. -L.

,562

TONTINE

TORCH

lonsilra, a clipping. - L. fOIUUS, pp. of whipe a top;' Hexham. ~ Or from M:

tont:kre, to shear, clip. Cf. Gk. T'V~"V, to Du. lop, borrowed from M. H. G. topf.
gnaw; see Tome.
Topu, a gem. (F.-L.-Gk. ) M.F.toTontine, a kind of lottery. (F . -Ital.) pase. -L. topazus, topazion.-Gk. T6 ..aCos,
F. lonli,ze. Named from Laurence Tonti, T01fciC.ov, a topaz. ~ Pliny derives it
from an island called Topazas, in the Red
a Neapolitan (about A. D. 1653).
'1'00. (E.) The emphatic form of to, Sea, the position of which is ' conjectural';
prep.; used adverbially.
from Gk. To".ciCflV, to conjecture. This is
'1'001. (E.) M. E. 101, 1001. A. S. tol, 'conjectural' indeed.
a tool. + Icel. tol, nellt. pl., tools. Lit. Toper, a great drinker. (F. or Ita!.an implement for working with; Teut. Tent. ) Certainly allied to F . tOp", to
type *Iolom, n., for *Ioll-Iom; where *tou- cover a stake, a term in dice-playing;
is related to Ial~, as in A. S. tawian, to pre- whence tOpe, interjection (short for j e tOpe,
pare, dress, get ready. See Taw. Streit- I accept your offer) in the sense ' agreed! '
Also used as a term in drinking; cf. M.
berg, 85.
Toom, empty. (Scand.) M. E. tom, Ital. topa, in dicing, agreed ! throw! also
loom. - Icel. tomr, Swed. Dan. tom, empty. (in drinking), I pledge you! Cf. Span .
Toot (1), to peep, spy; see Tout.
topar, to butt, strike, accept a bet. Of
Toot (~), to blow a hom. (0. Low G.) Tent. origin; from the striking of hands
Spelt tllte in Levins (IFo) .-M. Du. tt~y- or of glasses together, as in Picard toper,
ten, to sonnd a comet, Hexham; cf. Du. to strike hands in bargaining, Ita!. intoethoren, a toot-hom, bugle. Cf. Swed. toppan, to strike against an obstacle.
ijuta, Dan. tilde, to howl, to toot; Ice!. jjota Originally from the placing together of
(pt. t. jaut), to resound, blow a horn; the tops of the thumbs, at the same time
E. Fries. and Low G. tulen, to toot; A. S. crying lOpp! See Ihre, Outzen, Brem.
jeotan, to howl; cr. Goth. thuthaum, Worterbuch.
a trumpet. Of imitative origin; but the Topiary. (L.-Gk.) Topiary work is
M. Du. form may have been borrowed a term applied to clipped trees and shrubs.
from Scandinavian.
L. topiiirius, belonging to landscape garTooth. (E.) A. S. 106, pI. te6 and tiJ6as. dening. -L. topia, fancy gardening. -Gk.
Lengthened 0 produced loss of n (toiJ < T U"'OS, a place, district.
tonlh).+Du. tand, Ice!. tiinn, Dan. tand,
topic. (F. -L.-Gk.) M.F. topiques,
Swed. tand, G . zalm, O. H. G. zand, zan. 'topicks, books or places of logical iDvenTellt. stem *tanth-; or (in Goth. lutzlhus ) tion.' - L. topica, sb. p!., title of a worl,: by
*tmth-.+L. dms (stem dent-), Lith. dan- Aristotle . - Gk. To ... l<ci (tbe same), neut.
tis, W . da1zt, Skt. da1tta-, Gk. 600vs (stem pI. of TO"..I<OS, local, relating to TO".O. or
6MvT-) . All participial forms; Idg. stem common-places. - Gk. TOlrOS, a place.
*(e)dtfnt-; orig. sense 'eating'; from 'V'
topography. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.topoED, to eat; see Eat.
grapliie. - L. lopograpllia. - Gk. TO"OTop (I), summit. (E.) M.E. top. A. S. '"1fKJ</>la, description of a place. -Gk. TO".OS,
top.+Du. top; lcel. toppr, tuft, top; D~n . a place; '"1pO.",-fll', to describe.
top, tuft, crest, top ; Swed. topp, summIt j Topple; see under Top (1).
G. zop/, tuft, top. Der. topp-k, to be top- Topsyturvy. (E. )
Formerly topheavy, tumble over.
turvy, toprydturvy, topsy-tervy (1528 ).
Top (2 ), a child's toy. (F.-G.) M. E. [Not for top-side-turvy, where top-side=
top. - A. F . *top, only found in the dimin. upper side j for tops)'lervy i. the older
form topet. 'Trocns, topet;' Glasgow form. ) Just as upside down was formerly
MS. (Godefroy) ; cf. O. F. topier, to turn upsodQ'UJ1t, so topsytervy prob. = top so
as a top; also tttpin, a pipkin (Cot.). - tervy. Teroy is from M. E. terven, to
M. H . G. top/' a top, pot, scull (apparently roll, roll back (hence, overthrow) j see
with reference to the large hollow hum- my Gloss. to Chaucer; cf. M. E. overming-top) .+Low G. dop, a shell; M. Du. tyrvm, to upset; A. S. teatjlia" , to tum,
dop, doppe, a top (also lOp, from H. G. ), roll over; Low G. tarvm, to roll or tum
do/" a shell, dof>pe, a little pot; E. Fries. up a cuff. ~ Explaihed topside I'other way
dol, doppe, a shell. Prob. allied to M. E. by late writers, where t'olher way is a fal se
doppm, to dive, dip (a water-pot) ; and to gloss.
E . Dip, Deep. Cf. M. Du. toppen, 'to Torch. (F. - 1..) M. E. torcllt.-F.
56 3

TORMENT

TOUCH

t"c"e, 11 torch, also a wreath, wreathed

wisp or piece of tow (Low L. torlia, a
torch), twist. _ Late L. tortica, a torch;
(cf. porche from porticum ). - L. tortus, pp.
of torq~re, to twist. See Torture.
torment. (F. -L.) O. F. t"tmt (F.
tourment). - L. tormentu"" an engine for
throwing stones, or for inflicting torture.
Formed with suffix -mentum from tor-, for
torc-, base of torq~re, to twist, hurl.
tormentil, Il herb. (F. -L.) F. tor",entille (Cot.); Late L. tormentilla, Voc.
713. 6. Said to be so calIed from its
relieving tooth-ache. - O. F. torment, torment, pain (above).
'.rornado, a hurricane. (Span. - L.)
Dampier speaks of' tornadoes 01' thundershowers.' For trolZaia. -Span. tronacia, a
thunder-storm. -Span. tronar, to thunder.
- L. tonare, to tbunder.
'.rorpedo. (L.) L. torpMo, numbness;
also a cramp fish (which electrifies or
numbs). - L. torpere, to be numb (below).
torpid, sluggish. (L.) L. torpidus,
benuml>ed. - L. toryere, to be numb or
stiff. Cf. Lith. lirpt;, to grow stiff; Russ.
terynute, to grow numb. Brugm. i.
521.
'.rorque, a collar of twisted gold. (F.
-L.) F. torque, in Littn!. -L. torquem,
acc. of torques, a twisted collar, a torque.
- L. t"qulre, to twist. See Torture.
Cf. W. torch, a wreath, O. Irish torc.
Torrent. (F. - L.) F. torrent. - L.
acc. torrentem, a raging streRm; from
torrens, raging, impetuous, boiling, hot;
orig. pres. pt. of torrere, to heat (below).
torrid. (F.-L.) F. torride.-L. torridus, scorched.-L. lorrere, to scorch.
Gk. TfptTf{l()al, to become dry. See Terrace, Thirst. (""TERS.)
Torsion. (F. - L.) F. torsion, 'a
wresting; ' Cot. - L. acc. 10rsionelll, a
wringing. -L. torso, as in tors-i, pt. t. of
to~ulre, to twist.
Torso, trunk of a statue. (Ital.-L.Gk.) ltal. torso, stump, trunk, stalk. -L.
Ikyrsus, stalk, stem. - Gk. 9,Jpt1os, a stalk,
rod, thyrsus.
Tort, a wrong. (F. - L. ) F . tort, a
wrong, harm; pp. of lordre, to twist. L. lortus, pp. of torq~re, to twist.
tortoise. (F. - L.) M. E. torttlce,
lortu; later, tortoise, with changed suffix;
cf. Prov. tortera, a tortoise. The M. E.
tortu answers to F. torllte, a tortoise; Late
L. torlfica. So named from the twisted

feet; cr. O. F. t"tis, crooked. All due to

L. tortus, pp. of torquZre, to twist.
tortuoUS. (F.-L.) M.E. tortuos._
F. tort~:t. -L. tortfloSUS, crooked.- L.
tortus, pp. of tor,!~re, to twist (below).
torture. (F.-L.) F. torture. - L.
tortura, torture, wringing pain. -L. tortllS,
pp. of torqrdre, to twist, wring, whirl.
(-v'TERQ.)
'.r01'J'. (Irish.) First used about 1680
in the political sense. The Irish State
Papers, Jan. l4, 1656, mention 'tories
and other lawless persons.' -Irish toiridhe,
toruiglze, lit. a (hostile) pursuer, also a
searcher (hence, a plunderer) ; cf. toireacht,
pursuit, search, &c. - Irish toirighim, I
fancy, I pursue, search closely. Cf. Gael.
toir, pursuit, search; O. Irish toracht (for
dojo-racht), pursuit; where do (to) and
fo (under) are prefixes, Ilnd raclzt is from
""REG, as in L. regere, to direct, Irish
rig;"" I stretch out.
'.rOSS, to jerk. (Seand.?) Cf. W . tos;o,
to jerk, toss ; tos, a quick jerk, toss; borrowed from E. Perhaps from Norw. tossa,
to scatter! spread out; cf.' to toss hay; ,
Dan. dia. tusse, to stir, move, shake.
Allied to Touse.
'.rotal. (F.-L.) F . total. -Late L. 10
ttilis, adj.; extended from L. totus, entire.
Totter, to be unsteRdy. (E.) Provo E.
tolter, a form occurring in Clare's Village
Minstrel; cr. Lowl. Sc. tolter, adj. and
adv., unsteady (not a verb, as Jamieson
says). Toller, as a vb., is related to M. E.
tullm, to tilt, be unsteady (see Tilt (2 ;
and is allied to A. S. tea/trian, to totter,
from the adj. lealt, unsteady.
M. Du.
touteren *Iolterm), to tremble, shake.
Cf. provo E. totter, a swing; Bavar. zeilern,
to hobble along.
Toucan, a bird. (F.-Brazil.) F. Iou
can; a Brazilian word (Littre). - Guarani
t'lCa ; whence Port. tl/cano. Granada
gives Guarani tltCa (It and a bath nasal).
Touch. (F.-Teut.) F.toucker. [Also
O. F. toquer, Walloon loquer, to knock
or strike against; Ital. loccare, to touch,
strike, smite.] - Teut. *tukko1l, represented
by Low G. lukken = O. H. G. zucchen, G.
zucken, to twitch, draw with a quick
motion; cf. M. Du. tucken , tocken, 'to
knock head to head; to touch;' Hexham.
A secondary verb, due to the weak grade
(Otuh) of Teut. *teuha11" as in Goth. lillhan, A. S. Non *liohQ1z) , to pull, draw,
O. H. G. ziohan (G. ziehen), cognate with

56 4

TOUCHY

TOXICOLOGY

L. dfkere, to draw, lead. (.vDEUK.) weak grade of *teuhan-, to draw, cognate

See Tuck ( I), Tow (I ). Der. toc-sin, with L. ducere, to draw, lead. (.vD EUK.)
ttlck-et.
Tow ( 2), coarse part of hemp. (E.)
Touchy, corruption of Tetchy, q. v.
M. E. tow. A. S. tow- , occurring in tow-Ife
Tough. (E.) M. E. tough. A. S. toh, weorc, material for spinning, lit. 'tow-like
tough.+Du. taai, flexible, pliant, viscous, stuff,' and in tow-htis, a tow-house, house
tough; G. ziih, O. H. G. zahi, tough, for spinning. Orig. the operation, not the
tenacious. T eut. type *tanxuz ( >*tiihuz) ; material; cf. A. S. getawa, implements.
allied to A. S. ge-teng-e, close to, oppres Allied to A. S. tawian, to prepare, work;
sive, O. Sax. biteng-i, oppressive. The see Taw and Tool. + M. Du. touw, tow,
orig. sense is 'holding close together' or touwe", to tan leather, touwe, a weaver's
, tenacious'; cf. Tongs.
implement; Icel. to, a tuft of wool for
Tour, a circuit. (F. -L.) Lit.' a tum.' sE!,nning.
- F. tour, lit. a turn; also 'a turner's 'l'oward, Towards. (E.) M. E.
wheel,' Cot. - L. tomu1Il, acc. of tormlS. towarties, formed by adding es (genitive
- Gk. T6p"os, a lathe. See Turn.
suffix used adverbially) to M. E. toward.
Tourmaline, the name of a mineral. The A. S. toweard is usually an adj., with
(F. -Cingalese.) F. tOtlnllaline. Formed the sense 'future, about to come;' to
from the native name in Ceylon, where it weardes was a prep., usually put after its
was called toramalli. Explained (vaguely) case. - A. S. to, to; -weard, in the direc
as 'a general name for the cornel ian '; tion of, cognate with Icel. -ver~r, M . H . G.
Clough, Singhalese Dict. (1830) , ii. 246.
-wert, Goth. wainhs, and allied to L.
Tournament. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. uersus, towards. p. All these suffixes are
tllrne1llent. - A. F. tOtlntement, O. F. derivatives of the verb appearing in E. as
to,-noieme"t, a tournament. - A. F. totlr- worth, to become; see Worth (2) . The
neier, O. F. tontoier, to joust; cf. A. F. tur- same suffix appears in ajter,uJard, inmy, torney, O. F. tontoi, a tourney, joust, ward, &c.; the lit. sense is 'that which
lit. a turning about. - O. F. tomer, to has become' or 'that which is made to
tum; see Turn.
be; or 'that which is turned'; hence itl'
tourney. (F.-L.-Gk.) A. F. ttlr ward = turned in, to-~vard, turned to, &c.
,uy, O. F. tornoi (above).
. Towel. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. towaille.
tourniquet. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. tOllr - F. touaille, 'a towel ;' Cot. O. F.
niquet, lit. 'that which turns about;' a toaille (Low L. toawla, Span. toalla, Ital.
name given to a stick turned round to tovaglia). -0. H . G. twakila, dwahila (G.
tighten a bandage, to stop a flow of blood. zweh/e), a towel. - O. H. G. twahan, to
-F. tOtlmer, to tum (above). Cf. Picard wash.+A. S.}wean -}wahan), O. Sax.
tontiker, to turn round.
thwahatt, IceJ.}vii, Swed. tva, Dan. toe,
Touse, to pull about, tear. (E. ) M. E. Goth. thwahan, to wash. Cf. A. S.
tusen, in compo to-tusm, to pull about. }wille, a towel (Sweet, O. E. T.) ; }weal,
[Cf. mod. E. Towser, a dog's name, lit. a bath; from}wean.
'tearer.'] This answers to E. Fries. tttsen, Tower. (F .-L.-Gk.) O.F. tur, tour.
to tear, pull, rend. + G . zausell, O. H. G. -L. turre1ll, acc. of tunis, a tower. - Gk.
(er)ziisa't, (zir)ziison, to tug, pull, drag nJp(flS, TVPP'S , a tower, bastion; cf. Gael.
about. Der. tusJ/e; cf. toss.
torr, conical hill, tower, castle. ~ A. S.
Tout, to solicit custom. (E.) A dialectal torr is from L. ttlrn's; and late A. S. tur
form of toot. M. E. toten, orig. to peep; from O. F. tur.
hence to be on the look-out for custom. Town. (E.) M. E. tOUIl, an enclosure,
A. S. totia't, to project, stick out (hence, town. A. S. t lin, a fence, farm, town.+
peep out) ; whence Toothill, Tothill, a Dn. tui", fence, Icel. tiill, enclosure, homelook-out hill (W. Twthill at Carnarvon). stead, O. H. G. zfm, hedge; Irish and
Tow (I) , to tug along. (E. ) M. E. Gael. dien , a fortress, W . din, a hill-fort.
towm, to]m. O. Fries. toga, to pull, tow; Lit. 'fastness;' cf. Gk. aV'''Qf'lS, strength,
cf. A. S. tOItli1U, a tow-line, towing-rope. Irish diir, L. diirus, firm. Brugm. i. 112,
- A. S. tog , as in tog-m, pp. of /lohan, ii. 66.
teon, to pull, draw. + E . Fries. tagm, Icel. Tozicology, the science which investoga, to pull; O. H. G. zogo/Z; all simi tigates poisons. (Gk.) From Gk. Tol"co''',
larly formed from Tetlt. -tult (> -tug), poison for arrows (from T6o", a bow) ;
56 5

TOY

TRAIL

13. T6(ov
may be from .vTEKS, to hew, shape; see
Technical. Hut cf. L. taxus, yew-tree.
"roy, sb. (Du.) Du. tuig, tools, utensils,
implements, stuff, refuse, trash; when ~e
speel-tuig, playthings, toys, lit. 'stuff to
play with.' M . Du. tt~yg, 'silver chains
witll a knife, cizzars, pincushion, &c. as
Ice!. tygi, gear,
women wear,' Sewe!.
Dan. toi, gear, legitoi, a plaything, toy,
Swed. tyg, gear, trash, G. uug, stuff, trash,
G. spie/uug, playthings. 13. The orig.
sense was stuff, material, gear; and G.
ullg is connected with G. uugen, to beget,
to produce, and even to witness. So also Du.
tuig is connected with Du.tuigen, to equip,
to witness, E. Fries. tiigen, to produce, prepare, equip, O. Fries. tiuga, tioga, to witness, M. H . G. ziugen, to produce, equip,
witness; all weak verb" due to the strong
Teut. verb *teuha'l- (Goth. tiuhan, A. S.
teon, O. H. G . ziohan, G. ziehm), cognate
with L . dUcere, to lead.
DEUK.)
As to the sound, cf. hoy-Flemish hui.
See Tow (1 ), Team.
Trace (1), a track, foot-print. (F. -L.)
F . trace, 'trace, path, tract;' Cot. A
verbalsb. from M. F.traeer, to trace, follow,
also spelt trasser, to trace out, delineate.
The same as Ital. tracciare, Span. trazar,
to trace out, plan, sketch. These answer
to a Late L. *tractiare, formed from
tractt~s, pp. of trahere, to draw, drag.
trace (2), one of the straps by which
a vehicle is drawn. (F.-L.) M. E. traiee,
trace, which Palsgrave explains by O. F.
trays; this is a plural form - mod. F.
traits, pI. of trait. - O. F. trays, later
traits, traicts, pI. of traict, explained by
Cotgrave as' a teame-trace or trait.' Thus
trace ~ traits, pI. of trait; see Trait.
Trachea..! wind-pipe. (L. - Gk.) L.
trlichea. - l7k. TpaXfla, lit. 'the rough,'
from the rings of gristle round it; fern. of
Tpaxvs, rough. Allied to Tf-TPl1X-a, pt. t.
of iip2',.,TEtv, Tapa.CI"CI"ftv, to disturb.
'l'ra.ck, a course. (F. - Teut.) From
F. trac, 'a track, beaten way;' Cot.
Norm. dial. trac. - Du. trek, a draught;
trekke", to draw, pull, tow, travel, march,
&c. Allied to Low G. and E. Fries.
trekkm, O. Fries. trekka, and O. H. G.
strong verb trehha1l, to scrape, shove,
draw; see Franck. Scheler regards F. trac
asdue to F. trac~r, to trace; see Trace ( I);
but N.Fries. has tracke for Du. trekkm.
Tract (I), a continued dllIlition, a
-AOrta, from AE-yEtv, to discourse.

(.v

region. (L., L. tractus, a drawing out,

course, region. - L. tractus, pp. of trahere,
t o draw.
tract (2), a short treatise. (L.) Short
for tractate, now little used. - L. tracttUus.
a tractate, treatise, tract. - L . tracttitllS,
pp. of tractlire, to handle ; see Treat.
tractable. (L.) L. tractiibilis, manageable. - L. tractiire, to handle, frequent.
oftrahere (pp. tractus), to draw.
traction, a drawing along. (F . -L.)
M. F. traction. -Late L. ace. *tractiihum,
acc. of *tractio. - L. tracf'!ztS, pp. of trahere (above).
Trade. (E.) The old sense was' path';
hence a heaten track, regular business.
cr. M. E. trede, a tread, a step; from A. S.
tredan, to tread; see Tread. Cf. A. S.
trod, a track, from the weak grade of
tredan. But the right form occurs in
Low G. trade, Swed. dial. trad, a beaten
path, track; from the 3nd grade of the
verb. Der. trtu?e-wind, a wind that keeps
a beaten track, or blows always in the
same direction.
'l'raditiOD.. (L.) From ace. of L.
traditio, a surrender, a tradition (Col ii. 8).
- L. traditus, pp. of trildere, to deliver.
- L. tra-, for trans, across; -dere, for dare,
to give. See Tr&n.I-, Date.
Traduce, to defame. (L.) L. tradilcere, to lead over, transport, also. to defame. Here tra- ~ trans, across; and
diicere is to lead.' See Trans- and
Duke.
'l'raiIlc, vb. (F. - Ital ) F . trajiquer,
to traffick;' Cot. _ Ital. tra.f!icare; cf.
Span. trafa![!Zr, Port. trafiear, trafeguear,
to traffic. (j. Origin unknown . It is proposed to derive the Ital. word from traffik,
a late Hebrew form of Gk. TP0fra"iItVS, the
Gk. rendering of L. uie/orintus, a silver
coin bearing the image of Victory (Athen.,
Apr. 7, 1900)
'l'ragedy. (F. - L. - Gk.) O.F. tragedie. - L. tragtZdia. - Gk. Tpar'l'~la, a
tragedy; lit.' a goat-song;' prob. because
the actors were clad in goat-skins to resemble satyrs. - Gk. Tpar'l'US, a tragic
singer; lit. goat-singer.' -Gk. Tpa.'Y-oS, a
he-goat; <pUs, a singer, contracted from
GOIUS; see Ode. Der. trag-ie, F. tragique, L. tragieus, Gk. TpalIIC{,S, lit.
, goatisll.'
'l'rail, vb. (F.-L.) M. E. trai/en, to
draw along, answering to A. F. trailer.
to trail, occurring in trailellaston (below).

566

TRANQUIL

TRAILBASTON
-0. F. trailler, to tow a boat; allit:d to
F. trail/e, a ferry-boat with a cord. - L.
tragula, a drag-net, sledge, traha, a sledge;
from trallere, to draw. Cf. Gascon trailno,
a track; Port. tralna, a net; Span. tralla,
a cord. ~ M . Du. treylen, to draw along,
is merely borrowed from F. trailler, 'to
tmile a deer, or hunt him npon a cold
sent, to reel, or wind yam,' Cot.; or else
from E. trail (see Franck). [The A. S.
triigliatl is a very scarce word, in a gloss,
and means' to pluck.']
traUb&8ton, a law term. (F.-L.)
Anglo-F . traylebastoun, a term applied to
certain lawless men. It meant' trail-stick'
or 'stick -carryer.' Fully explained in
Wright's Polito Songs, p. 383; but constantly misinterpreted. The justices oj
traylbaston were appointed by Edw. I to
try them. From trail, vb. (above); and
O. F. baston, a stick. See Baton.
train, sb. and vb. (F.-L.) M. E.

(= *triijicere), to throw across, fling. L. trli-, for trailS, across; iacere, to cast.
Der. trajtet (M. F. traject, a ferry), the
right reading for tramet, Merch. Ven. iii.

4 53

Tram, a coal-waggon, car on rails.

(Scand.) The words dram-road and tra1/lroad occur as early as A. D. 1794; we even
find tram in a will dated 1555 (Surtees
Soc. Pnblic. xxxviii. 37) . The same as
Lowl. Sc. tram, shaft of a cart, beam, bar,
provo E. tram, a milk-bench (orig. a log of
wood). The tram-road was prob. at first
a log-road, then a railroad on sleepers.Norw. tram, door-step (of wood) ; trQam,
a frame; cf. Swed. dial. tromm, log, stock
of a tree, also a summer-sledge; M. Swed.
trlJm, tnlfn, piece of a cut tree. Orig.
sense a beam, shaft, bar, log; then a shaft
of a cart, a sledge; cf. E. Fries. trame,
trime, step of a ladder, handle of a barrow;
Low G. traam, a beam, handle of a wheel
barrow; O. H. G. dram, tram, M. Du.
drom, a beam, O. Icel. jram (in jramvalr). ~ The 'derivation' from Outram
(abont 1800) is ridiculous; it ignores the
accent, and contradicts the history.
Trammel. (F.-L.) M. E. tramaile.
- M. F. tra11lail, 'a tramell, or a net
for partridges;' Cot. (Mod. F. tremail,
Littre; Gascon tramail; Ital. tra1llaglio.)
Late L. tremac(u )/um, a kind of net (Lex
Salica). Prob. from L. tri-, threefold, and
macula. a mesh, net (Diez). ~ The Span.
form tras11lallo is corrupt.
"1"ramontane, foreign to Italy. (1'.Ital. - L.) M. F. tramontain. _ Ital. tramontano, living beyond the mountains.-L.
trii-, for tra1ZS, beyond; m01u-, stem of
mons, mountain.
"1"ramp, vb. (E.) M , E. trampen; not
in A. S.; E. Fries. tralllpen .+Low G. and
G. trampen, Dan. trampe, Swed. trampa,
to tramp, tread; cr. Goth. ana-trimpan
(pt. t. ana-tramp), to tread on. Nasalised
form of base TRAP; see Trap (I).
trample. (E.) M. E. trampe/en, frequent. ofM. E.trampen (above); E. Fries.

tl'aill,sb.,trainell,vb.-M.F.train,agreat
man's retinue; traine, a sledge; trainer,
to trail along (Cot.).-Late L. traginlire,
to drag along (Schwan). - L. tranere, to
draw. Der. train-band, corruption of
train'd-band.
Train-oil. (Du.; and F.-L.-Gk.)
For oil, see Oil. Formerly trane-oyle or
trane. - M. Du. tram, 'trayne-oyle made
of the fat of whales; also a tear, liquor
pressed out by the fire;' Hexham. The
orig. sense is 'tear'; then drops forced out
in boiling blubber, &c. Mod. Du. traan, a
tear; cf.G.thriine. TheG.thraneisreally
R pI. form = M. H. G. trehene, pI. of/raken,
O. H. G. trakan, a tear; cf. O. Sax. trakni,
pl., tears; E. Fries. tran, tear-drops. VI' e
also find M. H. G. treker, pl., tears, which
may be connected with O. Northumb.
taker, a tear, and A. S. /lar, a tear.
Similarly, Du. traan may be allied to
Dan. taar, a tear, and to E. tear.
'l'ra.it a feature. (F. -L.) 1<'. trait, a
line, stroke; Cot. - F. trait, pp. of traire,
to draw.-L. traAere, to draw.
".rra.ltor, one who betrays. (F.-L.)
O. F. trg;'tor, oblique case from nom. trampeln.+G. trampeln.
traitre. - L. traditUrem, ace. of traditor, "1"ram-wa,.; see Tram.
one who betrays. - L. tradere, to betray; ".rr&Dce. (F.-I..) F. trame,' a trance,
see Tradition.
or swoon;' Cot. Lit. a passing away
~eotor,., the curve which a pro- (from conlcionsness). - O. F. transir, to
jectile describes. (F. - L.) Suggested by depart, die. - L. tratzsire, to pus away;
M. F. trajedoire, casting;' Cot. Formed see Trana.lt.
lUi if {rom I.. *trtiiecl6riru, belonging to
".rr&Da11il. (F. - L .) F. trtlllflliJk,
projec:tiOll. - I.. trlJieclru, pp. of triJic"e calm. - C. tra'l<JUilhu, at rat.
56 7

TRANS-

TRANSPOSE

Trans-, prefix. (L.) L. tram, beyond,

across, over. Orig. pres. pt. of a verb
trare (whence in-trare), to pass over;
cf. Skt. tara-, a cros:iing over. ~ It occurs
as trans-, tran-, aud Ira-. Brugm. ii.

Tra.nsla.te. (F.-L.) F. translater,

Cot. - Late L. trans/atare, to translate
( 12tl1 cent.).-L trans/atus, transferred;
used as pp. of transferre (but from a different root). - L. trans, across, beyond;
latus, borne, used as pp. of/erre, to bear.
See Tolerate.
Translucent, allowing light to pass
through. (L.) L. transIUcent-, ~t ' m of
pres. pt. of translUclre, to shine througl1.
-L. trans, beyond; IUcere, to shine; see
Lucid.
Transmigration. (Y. - L.) F.trammigration_ - L. acc . transmigrtiti01zem,
orig. a removing from one country to
another. - L . transmigrare, to migrate
across. - L. trans, across; migrare, to go;
see Migrate.
'l"ransmit. (L.) L. transmit/ere. L. trans, across; mittere, to send; see
Mis8ile. Der. transmiss-ion (from pp.
transmisst~s) .
Transmutation. (F. -L.) F. trammutation. - L. -ace. transmuttitiOnem. L. transmUtatus, pp. of transmutare, to
change over, shift, transmute. - L. trans,
across; mutare, to change; see Mutable.
Transom, a thwart-piece across a
double window, lintel, cross-beam. (L.)
Shortened from transtrom (see Florio,
under Transtri and Trast;'). - L. transtrum, a transom (Vitruvins). - L . tram,
going across; -trum, suffix (as in artitrum,
that which ploughs, a plough).
Transparent. (F. - L.) F. tramparent, Clear-shining;' Cot. - L. trans,
through; parent-, stem of pres. pt. of
parue, to appear; see Appear.
'1"ranspicuous, transparent. (L.)
Coined, as if from L. transpiculls, from
transpiure, to see through. - L. tran-, for
traIlS, beyond; specere, to look. Compare
perspicuous.
Transpire, to ooze out. (L.) From
L. tran-, for trans, through j ~piriire, to
breathe; see Spirit.
Transplant. (F.-L.) F.transplanter.
- L. transplantare, to plant in a new
place. - L. trans, across; plantare, to
plant, from planta, a plant; see Plant.
Transport. (F. -L.) F. tramporter,
to carry or convey over;' Cot. - L. trallSportare, to carry across. - L . traIlS, across;
portare, to carry; see Port (I).
'l"ranspose. (F . - L. ami Gk.) F.
traluposer, to transpose, remove. - L. trans,
across; F. poser, to put; see Pose (I).

f-i9

Tra.nsact, to perform. (L.) From L.

tratuactus, pp. of transigere, to complete.
- L. trans, beyond, fully; agere, to do.
See Agent.
Transalpine. (L.) From L. transalpi1lus, beyond the Alps; see Alp.
Transcend. (L.) L. transcentiere, to
climb over, to snrpass_ - L. tran-, for
trans, beyond; sca"dere, to climb.
Transcribe. (L.) L. transcribere, to
copy out from one book into another.L. tran-, for trans, across, over; scribere,
to write. Der. transcript, from neut. of
PE- tran-scriptus; also transcript-ion .
Transept. (L.) Lit. cross-enclosure.
- L. tran-, for trans, across; septum, enclosure, orig. neut. of pp. of sepire, sapire,
to enclose\ from sapls, a hedge.
Transfer. (F. - L.) F. Iransjerer. L. trans-ferre, to convey across. - L. traIlS,
across; ferre, to bear; see Bear (ly.
Transfigure. (F. - L.) F. transfigurer. - L. transjig'Urare, to change the
figure or appearance. - L. trans, across
(implying change) ; jigura, figure.
Tra.llIdlx. (L.) From L . tran!.fix-us,
pp. of tram./igere, to transfix. -L. trans,
through ; ./igere, to fix; see Fix.
Transform. (F. - L.) F. transformer.
- L. transformare, to change the shape
of.-L. trans, across (implying change);
/ormare, to form, from/or1lla, shape; see
Form.
Transfuse. (L.) From L. trans/Usus,
pp. of tralu/uluiere, to ponr out of one
vessel into another. - L. trans, across;
fundere. to pour; see FU8e ( I).
Transgression. (Y.-L.) 1'. transgression. - L. acc. transgressiOnem, a passage across, in late Lat. a transgression. L. transgressus, pp. of tralugredi, to go
across. - L. traIlS, beyond ; grtz<ll~ to step,
go; see Grade.
Transient. (L.) From transimt-,
supposed stem of L. transiuu, passing
away, though the real stem is trallSeunt- ;
pres. pt. of transire, to pass across or away.
- L. trans. beyond; ire, to go.
transit. (L.) L. traluitus, lit. a
passing across. - L. trtUlSitum, supine of
transire, to pass across (above).

TRAVERSE

TRANSPOSITION

Transposition. (F. -L) _ F. tram position_ - L. ace. transpontumml. - L.

traltspon'tus, pp. of tra,~ponere, to transpose. - L. trans, across; ponere, to put;
see Position.
Transubsta.ntiation, the doctrine
that the bread and wine in the Eucharist
are changed into Christ's body aud blood.
(F. - L.) F. transsubstantiation. - Late
L. acc_ transubstantiationem; see Hildebert of Tours (died I I 34), sermon 93 Late L_ transubstantiiitus, pp. of tranSIIbstantiiire; coined from trans, across
(implying change) and substa1ltia, substance; see Substance _
Transverse. (F. -L.) O. F. transvers, placed across. - L . tramllerstU,
turned across, laid across ; pp. of transuertere, to tnrn across.-L. trans, across;
uertere, to tum; see Verse.
Trap ( I), a snare, gin. (E.) M. E.
trappe. A. S. treppe, a trap, for *trlZppe,
whence be-trceppan, vb., to entrap (cf. F.
trappe, of Teut. origin); E. Fries. trappe,
trap ( I ) a step, (3) a trap.+M. Du. trappe,
mouse-trap; O. H . G. trappa. Orig. sense
, step'; a trap is that on which an animal
steps, or puts its foot. Cf. Westphal.
trappe, a step; Du. trap, a stair, step, kick ,
Swed. trappa, a stair. Allied to Du.
trappen, to tread on, Norw. trappa, E.
Fries. and Low G. trapjen, to tread on,
trample. Allied to Tramp. Cf. Span.
trampa, a trap. Der. trap, vb.; trap-door,
trap-bat.
Trap (2), to adorn, deck. (F.-Teut.)
M_ E . trapped, decked; from M.E. trappe,
trappings of a horse, &c. Coined, with
unusual change from dr to tr, by soundassociation with trap (I), from F. drap,
cloth, as proved by Chaucer's use of
trappure, trapFings of a horse, from O. F.
drapure, with the same sense (Godefroy).
Cf. also Late L. trapus, cloth (usually
drappus), trappalura, a horse's trappings,
Span. and Port. trapo, doth. See Drape.
D er. trapp-i1lgs, sb. pL
Trap (3), a kind of igneous rock.
(Swed.) Swed. trappa, a stair; whence
trapp, trap-rock; cf. Dan. trappe, stair.
So called from its appearance; its tabular
masses seem to rise in steps. Cf. Trap ( I ).
trapan, tr~pa.n ( 2), to ensnare. ( F.
-0. H. G.) Formerly trapa1l. - O. F.
Irappatt, trapallt, a snare, trap - door
(Roquefort) ; a plank (Godefroy).-Late
L. trapelltum, a plank for a trap-door. -

F. trappe, a trap.-O.H.G. trappa, a trap;

see Trap ( I) .
Trapezium, an irregnlar four - sided
figure. (L. - Gk.) L. trapezium. - Gk.
Tparr'(IOI', a small table, also a trapezium.
Dimin. of Tpa".(a, a table, of which the
orig. sense was a four-footed bench. - G k
TPO-, a reduced form of the Idg. word for
, four'; 110(a, foot, allied to "OUf (stem
IfOa-), a foot; see Foot. See Brugrn. ii.
168. Der. trapeze, F. trapeze, a swing
in the shape of a trapezium, as thus : D. .
From L. trapezium (above).
Trappings; see Trap (3).
Trash, re1use. (Scand.) The orig. sense
was bits of broken sticks found under trees ;
, trasn and short sticks,' Evelyn. Cf. let:!.
tros, rubbish, twigs used for fuel; Norweg.
tros, fallen twigs, half-rotten branches easily
broken; Swed. trasa, a rag, tatter, Swed.
dial. trlu, a heap of sticks. Derived from
the Swed. dial. phrase sla i tras, to break
in pieces, the same as Swed. sla in kras,
to break in pieces; so that Ir stands for
kr, just as Icel. trani means a crane (see
Crane). - Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to
crash, break; see Cruh. Trasn means
, crashings,' i. e. bits readily cracked off,
dry twigs that break with a eras" or
snap.
Travail, toil. (F. - L.) F . travail,
toil , labour. The same as Ital. travaglio,
Span. trabajo, Port. traba/ho, toil. labour.
According to P. Meyer (Rom. xvii. 411 )
it answers to Late L. trepalium, a kind
of rack for torturing martyrs (Ducange) ;
perhaps made of three beams (tris Piili).
Others make it answer to Late L. *trabticttlu1ll, formed from 1.. trab-em, acc. of
b -abs, trabes, a beam. Cf. Late L. trabale, an axle-tree. And see below.
Trave, a shackle. (F.-L.) A trave
was a frame of rails for confining unruly
horses. - O. F. traj, a beam (Supp. to
Roquefort), usual form tre/ (Co!.). Cf. F.
en-traver, to shackle, en-traves, shackles;
(Cot.); Span. trabar, to clog, traba, a
shackle. _ L. trabem, acc. of trabs, a beam.
Der. arc1zi-trave. q. v.
Travel, to journey. (F. - L.) The same
word as travail; from the toil of travelling
in olden times.
Traverse, laid across. (F.-L.) M. F .
travers, maso., traverse, fern. t crossewise ;'
Cot. - L. tra1~lIerSUs, transverse. - L.
trans, across ; tlersus, pp. of uertere, to
tum; see Verse. Der. traverse, vb" F.

569

TRAVERTINE

TRENCH

Iraverser, to thwart or go oyerthwart,'

Cot.
Travertine, a kind of white limestone. (Ital. - L.) From ltal. Iraverlino,
formerly liverlina (Florio). _ L. Tiburlinus , adj., belonging to Tlbur, the modem
Tivoli.
'!'ravesty. (F. -Ital. -L.) Orig. a
pp., borrowed from F. Iravesli, disguised,
pp. of se 'raveslir, to change one's apparel.
- M. Ita\. Iraveslire, to disguise, mask. L. Ira- (fo r Irans ), implying' change';
tustin, to clothe, which is from ueslis, a
garment; see Vest.
'!'r&wl, to fish with a drag-net. (F. Teut.) Walloon Irauler, O. F. Irauler,
to go hither and thither (Roquefort); also
spelt Iroller, mod. F . IrOler; see Troll.
Tray, a shallow vessel. (E.) M . E.
Ir(y . A . S. *Iryg, written Irig (A. S.
L~echdom5, ii. 340). - A. S. Irog, a trough.
+ Low G. Irugge (Stratmalm) ; deriv. of
trog. See Trough. (Doubtful; the alleged
A. S. Ireg is an error for Irog.)
'!'reachery. (F. -L.) M. E Irecherie,
tricherie. - O. F . Irechene, treachery. O. F. treehier, trichier, to trick; cf. ltal.
treccare, to cheat. - Late L. *Irimzre, for
L. Ir[care, to dally (Ecclus. xxxii. 15) , Iricari, to make difficulties. - L. Iricae, pI.
difficulties, wiles; see Intricate.
'!'reacle. (F. -L - Gk.) Formerlya
medicament; the mod. Ireacle i5 named
from resembling it in appearance. M . E.
Iriacle, a sovereign remedy. - O. F . lriacle,
also spelt Ihe,.jaque ;the I being unoriginal,
as in syllable) . - L. Ilzlriaca, an antidote
against poisons, esp. venomous bites. - Gk.
9'1P14l<a q.app.atCa, sb. pl.. antidotes against
the bites of wild beasts. - Gk. (I'1PIIlJtUS,
belonging to a wild beast. - Gk. 91]"011. a
wildanimal.-Gk. 91,p,awildbeast.
'l'read, vb. (E.) M. E. Ireden. A. S.
Ireda", pt. t. Ira!d, pp. Ireden.+Du. Ireden,
G.lrelen. We also find Icel. tr06a, pt. t.
IraJ, pp. lrolJinn (d. E. Irodden) ; Dan.
Irade, Swed. Irlztia, Goth. lrudan (pt. t.
Iratn). Der. Iread-Ie, a thing to tread on
(in a lathe); also Irade.
'!'reason. (F.-L.) M. E. Iraison.O. F. traison. - L. acc. Irtidilwnem. - L.
trtidilur, pp. of trtiJere, to deliver over,
betray. Doublet, tradilWn.
'1'reuuzoe. (F.-L.-Gk.) The former
r is intrusive. M. E. IrlslfY.-O. F. Irest1r
(F. lrlst1r); the same as Ital. lest1ro. Span.
tlSIfYD. - 1... tUS_nllII, acc. of IMsa.nll,

a treasure. - Gk. 91/UavpJs, a treasure,

store, hoard. - Gk. base 91]-, 91]<1-, as in
T[-9'1'IU, I place, store up, fut. 91,<1-OJ; (the
suffixes are not clear). Der. Ireasur-y,
O. F. Iresorie.
Treat, vb. (F. - L.) F. Irailer. - L.
Irad",re, to handle; frequentatiye of Irahere (pp. Iraelus), to draw.
treatise. (F. - L.) M. E. 'relis.O. F. Iretis, Irailis , a thing well handled or
nicely made; answering to a Late L. form
Iraclilius ..-F. Irailer, to treat (above).
traaty. (F. -L.) M.E . lrelee.-O.F.
Iraile [i .e. IraiM], a treaty, pp. of Irailer,
to treat (above) ; Late L. Iracttilus.
'!'reble, threefold. (F. - L.) O. F.
Ireble. -L. lriplum, acc. of lriplus, threefold ; see Triple.
'!'redelle, for '!'readle ; see Tread.
'!'ree. (E.) M. E. tree, Ire (which also
means dead wood, timber). A. S. Irio
or Irlow. a tree, timber.+Icel. Irl, Dan.
Ira!; Swed. trii, timber, also Irlid, a tree
(for Irii-el, lit. the wood, with post-positive article) ; Goth.lriu. Teut. type *IreWOIn, n.
cr. Russ. drevo, a tree, W. dent!,
an oak, Irish darag, Gk. 3pUs, oak, Skt.
dru, wood; cf. Skt. daru, a kind of pine;
Gk. Upv, a spear-shaft. Der. tar ( I),
Irough.
'!'refoil. (F. -L.) O. F . trefoil. -L.
Irifolium, lit. ~ree-leaf.' - L. Iri-, allied
to tres, three; folit4m, a leaf. See Foliage.
'l'rellis, lattice-work. (F. -L.) M. E.
Ire/is. - F . Ireillio', a trellis;' Cot. Ultimately from F. lreil/e, a latticed frame.Late L. Iriehila, frida , an arbour. But
the suffix -is is due to O. F. Ireilis, Ires/is
(mod. F. Ireillis, sack-cloth), adj., applied
to armour covered with a sort of latticework, Late J~ lrisliciu11l, a covering of
sack-cloth. - L. Irls, three, licium, a
thread; d. L. Iri-lix.
Tremble. (F.-L.) F.lre11lbler.-Late
L. tremukire. - L. Iremu/us, adj., trembling. - L. tremere, to tremble. + Lith.
Iri11l-ti, Gk. TPfP.-'III, to tremble. (,."
TREM.) Brugm. i. 474. Der.lrem-or,
L. lremor, a trembling; Iremulous, from
L. Iremulus (above); Irmmu/ous, from
L. Irementius, lit. to be feared, gerundive
of Iremere, to fear.
'.rreD.ch, vb. (F.-L.?) M. E. trmeM.
- A. F. and o. F. Irmelur, vb., to
cut, carve, slice, hew,' Cot. Now spelt
Irancn,r. fJ. Etym. much disputed. Cf.
Proy. trlllCar, lri~r. Span. and Port.

670

TREND

TRICE

tri1tthar, I tal. trituiarc. Apparently from

Late L. trellcare, to cut, substituted for
L. tYltttcllre, to lop, from tnmcttS, the
trunk of a tree. Der.lrellch-allt, cuttin g,
from the pres. part. of trencher; also
trench-er, a wooden plate, to cut things
on, O. F . trencheor.
Trend, to bend away, said of direction.
(E.) M. E. Irmden, to roll, turn round.
Allied to A. S. trmdel, a circle round
the sun, a rinlr. n-trmdliatt, to roll; A. S.
tryndel, a ring; Du . om-trettt, about ; Dan.
~wed. trind, round; M. H . G. trendel,
O. H. G. trentzila, a ball; O. H. G. Irenniloll, to revolve. See Trundle.
Trental, a set of thirty masses for the
dead. (F. - L.)
O. F. Irenle/, Irental
(Roquefort) . - F. trente, thirty. - L. trfg illta, thirty. - L. trf-, thrice; -ginta, allied
to Gk. -"'OIlTO, short for *3f"'OVTII, a decad,
from 31"'0, ten.
Trepan (I), a small saw for removing
a piece ofa broken skull. (F. -L.-Gk.)
M. F. trepan.-Late L. Irepallum. -Gk.
Tp'l1rovov, an augu, borer; also a trepan.
-Gk. -rpvrfjv, to bore.-Gk. TpU'1fQ, -rplnr'l'
a hole. From -TER, to pierce, as in
L. ter-ere, Gk. -rdpEw (=*TEPYflV).
Trepan (2); to ensnare. See Trapan .
Trepang i see Tripang.
Trepidation. (F.-L. ) M.F.lrepidation. - L. acc. trepidaiiOnel1Z, a trem bling.
- L. Irepidalus, pp. of trepidare, to
tremble.-L. trepidus, trembling, agitated.
Cf. Brugm. ii. 797 (note).
Trespass. (F.-L.) O. F. trespasser,
to exceed, pass beyond (hence, in E., to
sin). -O. F. tres-, from L. trans, beyond;
passer, to pass; see Pass.
Tress, a plait of hair, ringlet. (F.Gk.) M. E. tresse. - F_ tresse, a tress;
Iresser, to braid hair. [The same as Ital.
Ireccia, a braid, plait, Span . trenza.] Late L tricia, variant of trica, a plait. Gk. Tp1xo, in three parts, threefold; from
a common way of plaiting hair (D iez,
Scheler). - Gk. TP'-, thrice, allied to Tpfr~,
three ; see Three. (Doubtful. )
tressure, an heraldic border. (F. Gk.) Formed, with F . suffix -tIre, from
F . tresser, to plait.-F. tresse, a plait
(above) .
Trestle, Tressel, a support for a
table. (F.-L.) O. F. Ireslel, later Iresteau, 'a tresle for a table,' Cot. (Mod. F.
trlteatt.) -Late L IramtellulJI , the same
as L. trans/ilium, dimin. of Iramtrum,

n cross-beam. See Transom. ~ For

O. F. tres < L. t,-am, cf. tres-pass.
Tret. (F. - L.) Tre/,' an allowance
made for the waste, which is always 4 in
every 104 pounds;' Phillips. It prob.
meant nn allowance for waste in tmnsport.
- F. traile, 'a draught, .. also a transportation, shipping over, and an imposition
upon commodities;' Cot. -L. tracta, fem .
of tractus, pp. of trahere, to draw; see
Trace ( I). Cf. M. Ita!' tralta, 'leaue to
transport merchandise;' Florio.
Trey, three. (F.-L.) A. F. treis. L. Ires, three.
Tri-, relating to thre~. (L.) L. Iri-,
three times; allied to tres (nellt. tri-a) ,
three. So also Gk. TP'-, prefix; from TpEr~
(neut. Tp(,O), three. See Three.
triad, the union of three. (F. - L.Gk.) F. triade; Cot. _ L. triad- , stem of
trias, a triad.-Gk. Tp</U, triad.- Gk. -rp'-,
thdce (above).
Trial; see Try.
Triangle. (F.-L.) F . lnaltglt.-L.
triangulum, sb.; nellt. of trial/grlltes,
three-angled. _ L. Iri-, thrice; allgtt/ttS ,
an angle; see Tri- and Angle (I) .
Tribe, a race. (F.-L.) F. tribu, a
tribe;' Cot. - L. Iribu-, decl. stem of
Iribus, a tribe; cf. Umbrian trifo. Said
to have been one of the Ihree original
fam ilies in Rome; as if from L. lri -,
three. But see Brugm. ii. 104.
Tribrach a metrical foot containing
3 short syllables. (L. - Gk.) L . lribrachys.
-Gk. -rpiPpaxu~.-Gk.-rp<, three; ppaXrJ~,
short.
Tribulation. (F.-L.) F.tribulatum.
- L. acc. tribtllniiOnem, affiiction. - L. IribultitttS, pp. of triOOliire, to rub out corn;
hence, to affiict. -L. tribulum, a sledge for
rubbing out corn, consisting of a wooden
frame with iron spikes beneath it.-L. Irf-,
as ill Iri-tus, pp. of terere, to rub; with
suffix -bulu1Jl, denoting the agent. See
Trite.
Tribune. (F. -L.) M. E. tribun. - F.
tribull. - L. tribitnum, acc. of tribunttS,
lit. the ehief officer of a tribe. - L. tribus,
a tribe ; see Tribe.
Tribute, sb. (F.-L.) M. E. tribttl.
- F. triOO/, tribute.-L. triMlum , tribute,
lit. a thing paid; neut. of pp. of lribuere,
to assign, pay. Pemaps from L. tribu-s,
a tribe (Breal) .
Trice (l ),aahort space of time. (Scand.)
M. E. al a Iryse, at a (single) pull;

57 1

TRICE
Ipomydon, 392. From Trice (2), below
Later, in the phr. in a trice, as if imitated from Span. CIt UII tris, in a trice, in
an instant; from tris, the noise made by
the cracking of glass, a crack, an instant.
So also Port. triz, cracking of glass. a
crash, crack, instant; en hUIIl triz, in a
trice. Prob. of imitative origin; cf. Span.
tris tras, a noise; trisca, a cracking,
crashing; triscar, to make such a noise
as of treading on glass, nut-shells, or tbe
like;' Pineda.
Trice (2), TriBe, to haul up, hoist.
(Scand.) M. E. trism, to hoist sail (orig.
with a pulley). -Swed. trissa, a pulley,
friss, spritsail-brace; Norw. triss, also
trissel, a pulley; Dan . tridse, a pulley,
tridse, vb., to trice. Cf. also Low G.
trisel, anything that revolves, a dizziness,
a top. The Brem. Wort. also cites Hamburg drysen, to trice ; dryse-blok, a puUey.
~ Orig. initial = 1>.
Tricentenary. (L.) Coined from
L. tri- and Oentenary, q. v.
Trick ( I ), a stratage m. (Du.-F.- L. )
XVI cent. - M. Du. treke, a trick; Du.
treek. Prob. distinct from Du. trek, a
pull, draught; and borrowed from O. F.
triquer, Norman form of O. F. tricher, to
trick . In fact, E. trickery is from O. F.
triquerie, dinl. form of tricherie, whence
E. treachery; see Trea.chery; and trick
may have be.:;n borrowed directly from
Norm . dial. trique, a trick. ~ But doubt less influenced by Du. trek, a pull, stroke,
touch; from trekkClt, to pull; see below.
Trick (2), to deck out. (D u.) F rom
the vb. trick below; tbe sb. also meant a
neat contrivance, a toy, trifle, &c.
trick (3), to delineate a coat of arms.
\Du.) Du. trekken, to draw, also (in M.
D u.) to delineate, trick , or sketch out.+
O. H. G. trehha11, str. vb., to push.
Trickle, vb. ( E.) M.E. triklen, short
for strik/en, strike/,n, to trickle, frequentative of M. E. strikClt , to fl ow (Spec.
of English , ed. Morris and Skeat, p. 48,
I. 21 ) . - A. S. striCaft, to Row, a particular use of stricalt, to strike; see Strike.
Cf. streak, and G. streicllClt. ~ The loss
of s arose in the phr. teres strik/elt = tears
trick le; see Ch. C. T., B. 1864, &c.
Tricolor. (F. - L.) F . tricolore, for
drapea u tricolore, three-col oured flag; cf.
F. tricolor, the three-coloured amaranth.
- L. trio, three; co/Ur-, stem of (%r,
colour.

fl

TRILOBITE

trident. (F. - L. ) F. trident. - L.

tridentem, acc. of tn'dens, a three-pronged
spear. - L. trio, three; dens, tooth, prong.
triennial. (L.) Coined from L. triennium, a period of three years. - L. tri-,
three; amltts, year.
Tri1le. (F. -L. ) M. E. trujle, trrjle,
rarely trijle. - O. F. trujlc, mockery, raillery, a little jest, dimin. of truffe, a gibe,
jest (Cot.). Properly a truffle, a thing of
small worth; the O. F . truffe also means
a truffle (Cot.) ; cf. Provo trujo, a truffle,
mockery. See truffe in Scheler. See
Truftle.

Trifolia.te, three-leaved. (L.) From

L. trio, three; joli-um, leaf.
triforium, a gallery above the arches
of the nave and choir of a church. (L.)
From L. trio, for tres, three; jori-s, a
door, opening. ~ Now usually with but
two arches (within a third); some early
examples had three such.
triform, having a triple form. (L.)
L.tnformis. - L. tn'-, three; jorm-a,forrn.
Trigger. (Du. ) Formerly t";cker. Du. /1'e"'kker, a trigger; lit. that which
draws or pulls.' - Du. trekken, to pull.
See Track.
Triglyph, a three-grooved tablet. (L.
-Gk.) L. triglyphus. -Gk. Tpt"'(}"lJcpor, a
triglyph; lit. 'thrice-cloven.' - Gk. TPZ -,
thrice; "'(}"v", .. v , to carve, groove.
trigonometry. (Gk.) 'Measurement of triangles.' - Gk. Tpl"'(OJVO-v , a triangle; -p.'Tpla , measurement, from P.ETPOV,
a measure. Gk. Tpl"'(OJVOV is from TPI- ,
three; "'(OJv-ta, angle, allied to ",(6v lJ , knee.
tri1a.tera.l, trilingual, triliteral. (L.) From L. trio, three; and
lateral, &c.

Trill ( I ), to shake, quaver. (Ital.) In

music. - Ita!' trllare, to trill, shake ; trille,
sb., a shake. An imitative word, like
Span. trinar, to trill.
Trill (2 ) , to tum round and round .
(Scand.) Perhaps obsolete. M. E. tril/en,
Chaucer, C. T . 10630. -Swed. trilla, Dan.
trille, to roll, turn round; the same as
Du. drillm; see Drill ( I).
trill (3), to trickle, roll. (Scand.)
Merely a particular use of the word above.
Perhaps confused with trickle.
Trillion. ( F.- L.) A coined word;
to express tri-million; see Billion.
Trilobite, a kind of fossil. (Gk.)
It has three lobes. - Gk. TPI -, for Tpf'ir,
three; }"ofJ-ur, a lobe; -IT-'1r, suffix.

TRIM

TRIVIAL

Trim,vb. (E.) M.E.trimm,trtlflletl .

A. S. try",man, to set finn , to strengthen,
set in ord~r, prepare, array. Formed
(by usual change of u to y ) from A. S.
lrum, adj., firm, strong. Der. trim , sb. ;

of t1ip,is.-Gk. TpifrOV~ (stem Tjllfro3-), a

tripod, three - footed brass kettle, threelegged table.-Gk. TjII-, three; frOVf, foot;
see Foot.
tripos, an honour examination at Cam
bridge. (1.. -Gk.) Better spelt lripus. as
in An Eng. Garner, vii. 367 (1670). It was
orig. applied to a certain M.A. chosen at
a commencement to make an ingenious
satirical speech; hence the later triposverses, i. e. facetious Latin verses on the
reverse side of which the tripos-lists were
printed. Thus the orig. reference was
lnot to the tlzree classes, but) to the threelegged stool used by the Tripus, who was
also called a Pnzvaricator, or (at Oxford)
a Terra filius; and the lists were named
from the verses which took the place of
the speech delivered by the M.A. who sat
on the tripus. From L. tripiis (above).
trireme, galley with three banks of
oars. (L.) L. triremis, having three banks
of oars. - L. tri-, three; rlmus, oar.
trisect. (L.) Coined from L. tri-, in
three parts; and sect-Ilm, supine of secare,
to cut.
'.rrist; see Tryst.
Trite. (L.) L. tritus, worn, pp. of
lerere, to rub, wear away.+Russ. lerete,
Lith. In'li, to rub; Gk. Tf[fJEIV *T.~
YfW) , to ~ub. (.vTER.)
Triton,a sea-god. (L.-Gk.) L.tritim.
-Gk. TpITOIJ', a Triton. Cf. Irish triatk,
the sea; Skt. lrifa-, the name of a deity.
Triturate. (L.) From pp. of L trituriire, to rub down, thrash, grind. - L.
trit,ira, a rubbing. - L. fritus, pp. of
terere, to rub. See Trite.
Triumph. (F. -L) O. F. tn'umpke,
later triumpke. - L.. lriumpkum, acc. of
lriumpkus, a public rejoicing for a victory.
+Gk. (JplaJ.l/3o~, a hymn to Bacchus.
Triumvir. (L.) One of three men
associated in an office. L. pI. triu1ll1~irt,
three men, evolved from the gen. pI. trium
uiriirtmz, belonging to three men. - L.
tri'~m, gen. pI. of tris, three; uiriJrum,
gen. pI. of uir, a man; see Virile.
Trivet, '!'revet, a three-footed Sl1Pport. (L.) Spelt Irevid ( 1493). A. S.
treftl, Cart. Sax. iii. 367. -L. lripedem,
acc. of IriPls, having three feet. - L. tri-,
three; pi S, afoot. Cf. tripod.
trivial, common. (F.-L.) F. trivial.
-L. triuitilis, belonging to three crossroads; that which may be picked up anywhere, common. -L. triuia, a place where

I>e-tnm.

Trinity. (F. - L.) M. E. trinitee. O. F. trinite. - 1.. acc. trinitiite1ll, a triad.

-L. lrinus, pI. trini, by threes; for *trisnus, allied to trls, three. Brugm. ii.
66.
~ (I), a small ornament.
(F.)
M. E. trenket, a shoemaker's knife; also
spelt trynkel (Palsgrave). Tusser speaks
of 'trinkets and tooles: Hence it seems
to have meant a toy-knife , such as ladies
wore on chains; and, generally, a small
ornament. Prob. from O. North F. tretl'lUff, to cut, by-form of Irenelzer, to cut;
cf. Span. trinelzar, Ital. trinciare, to cut,
carve; Span. trinelzete, a cook's mincingknife, a shoemaker's knife (Minsheu). See
Trenoh.
'l'rinket (2), "1'riJlquet, the highest
sail of a ship. (F. -Span. -L) M. F . trin
'1uet, the highest sail; Cot. - Span. tn'n'1uete, a trinket. Cf. Ital. trineketto, a
trinket; Port. Ira'luete , a foresail. Prob.
from L. tn''1mtrus, triangular (from the
shape).-L. tri-, allied to Iris, three; see
Tri-; -'1uetrus, of doubtful origin. The
n may be due to Span. tn'nea, a rope.
TriO. (Ital.-L.) Ital. trio, music in
three parts. - L. lri-, three; see Tri-.
Trip, vb. (E.) M. E. trippen, to step
lightly. A lighter form of the base
TRAP, to trend; see Trap (1) and Tramp.
+ Du. trippm, to skip, whence trippelen,
to trip, dance; Swed. trippa, Dan. tnpPe,
to trip, tread lightly.
Tripang, an edible sea-slug. (Malay. )
Malay Iripang.
Tripe. (F.) M. E. tripe. - F. tripe;
cf. Span. and Port. tripa, Ital. trippa, tripe.
Also Irish triopas, sb. pl., entrails, tripes;
W. tnpa, intestines; Brei. stripen, tripe,
pI. stnpou, intestiues. Of unknown origin.
Perhaps from Low G. stripe, a stripe, also
a strip.
Triple three-fold. (F.-L.) F. triplt.
-L. trip7um, ace. oftriplus, threefold.L. tri-, three; -plus, allied to pllnus, full.
See Tri- and Double.
triplicate, threefold. (L.)
From
pp. of L. tnpliciire, to treble. - L. lri ,
three; pliciire, to weave, fold; see Ply.
tripod. (L. -Gk.) L. triptxi- , stem

573

TROUSSEAU

TROCHEE
three roads meet. - L. trio, three; uia, a
way; see Viaduct.
'l'rochee. (L.-Gk.) L. trochczlls.Gk. Tpo Xoios , running; also the tripping
foot which consists of a long syllable
followed by a short one. - Gk. TPfXfII', to
run. Allied to Thrall.
Troglodyte, a dweller in a cave. (F .
- L. - G k.) F. troglodyte. - L. troglodyta.
- Gk . TporfA03vTI'}S, one who creeps into
holes, a cave-dweller. - Gk. TporfAO-, for
TpWyAI'}, a hole, cave; 3Vf'V, to enter. fj.
TpWyAI'} is from TpWyf'V, to gnaw, bite,
gnaw a hole. Cf. Trout.
Troll, to roll, sing a catch, fish for pike.
(F. - Teut.) M. E. trollen, to roll ; to
troll a catch is to sing it irregularly (see
below) ; to troll a bowl is to circulate it;
to troll is also to draw hither and thither.
- M. F. troller, which Cotgrave explains
by hounds to trowle, raunge, or hunt out
of order'; O. F. traullr, to run or draw
hither and thither; mod. F. tr8ler. - G.
trol/en, to roll, troll.+M. Du. drollln, 'to
troole,' Hexham; Low G. drulen, to
roll, troll. Prob. allied to E. Fries. drallen,
to tum, roll; and to Drill (1 ). ~ Distinct from trail.
'l'rombone. (Ital.-G.-Slav. ) Ital.
trombone, a trombone, augmentative form
of Ital. trolllba, a trumpet ; see Trump (I).
'l'ron, a weighing-machine. (F. - L.)
O. F. trone, a weighing-machine; Low L.
trona (Ducange). - L. tnttina, a pair of
scales. Cf. Gk. TPVTCIVI'}, tongue of a balance, pair of scales. Der. trOll-age.
'l'roop, a crew. ( F.) F. troupe ; M. F.
trope. Also Span. tropa, M. Ital. troppa.
Origin unknown. Cf. M. Du. trop, Late
L. tropptls, a troop. Perhap3 from Norw.
torp, a flock , crowd, Icel. porp; cf. Icel.
brpast, to throng.
'l'rope, a figure of speech. (L. - Gk.)
L tropus. - Gk. Tplnros , a tum, a trope.Gk. TPffTftV, to tum. + O. Lat. trepere, to
turn.
trophy. (F . -L. - Gk.) F . tropMe,
, a trop!lee ;' Cot. - L. tropCZtl1lZ, a sign of
victory. - Gk. TPO-rrruOV, a trophy, monument of an enemy's defeat. Neut. of TpO1I'WOS, belonging to a defeat. - Gk. TpOm7,
a return, putting to /light of an enemy. Gk. Tpirmv, to turn (above).
tropic. (F. -L. - Gk.) M. E. tropik.
- F. tropique, a tropick ;' Cot. - L. tro/>I'cum, acc. of tropicus, tropical. - Gk.
Tpm",,6s, belonging to a tum; the tropic is

the point where the sun appears to tum

from N. to S., or from S. to N. in the
zodiac.-Gk. Tplnros, a tum; see Trope.
And see Trepa.n (I ), Trover.
'l'rot, vb. (F.-L.) F. trotter; O. F.
troler. We also find O. F. trotier, Low
L. trotan'us, a trotter, messenger, supposed
to be from L. to/utarius, going at a trot.
- L. to/utilll, adv., at a trot; lit. ' liftingly,'
i.e. lifting the feet. - L. tollere, to lift; see
Tolera.te. (So Diez, Scheler, and Littre.)
But cf. M. H. G. trotten, to run, perhaps
allied to treten, to tread; M. Du. tralten,
, to goe, to pace, or to trot.'
'l'roth. (E.) Merely a variant of truth.
M. E. trow))I, Ormulum; see Trow.
'l'roubadour. (Prov.-L.-Gk.) A
F. modification of Provo trolxuior, also
trobaire, a troubadour, inventor of songs
or verses. Here trobador answers to a
Late L. acc. *tropatorem (= Ital. trovatore, Span. trovador) ; whilst F. trouvere
answers to a Late L. nom. *tropiitor. Botb
from the verb *tropare (as seen in Ital.
trovare, Span. trovar , Provo trobar, F.
trouver) , to find. See Trover.
Trouble, vb. (F. -L.) F. "'ollbler,
O. F. lrubler. It answers to a Late L.
*turbtlliire, a verb made from L. turbt~/a,
a disorderly group, dimin. of L. turba, a
crowd. In fact, we find O. F . torbleur,
totlrbleur, one who troubles. Cf. Gk.
TVpfJI'}, disorder, throng; Skt. Ivar, tur,
to hasten. See Turbid.
Trough. (E.) M . E. trogh. A.S. troh ,
" 'og, a hollow vessel, trough. + Du. Icel.
G. trog, Dan. trug, Swed. trag. Teut.
type *trugOz, Idg. type *dru-kOz; from
*drt~- , as in Skt. dru, a tree, with adj.
suffix. Thus the sense is ' wood-en'; see
Tree.
'l'rounce, to beat. (F. - L.) To beat
with a truncheon. - O. F . trolls, a truncheon, m. ; tronce, f., variant of troncne,
a great piece of limber, allied to tronc, a
trunk; see Truncheon.
'l'rousers, Trowsers. (F.) The
latter l' is modern; from the old word
trowses, or trouses, breeches; older forms
trowze, trooze; also trews; esp. used of
the Irish trews or breeches; (whence Irish
tri1~S, triubhas, trousers ; M. Irish tribus;
Gael. triubhas). - }<' . tro1~sses, trunk-hose,
breeches (Littre) , pI. of trousse, O. F.
tourse, a bundle, package, case; from O. F.
tourser, trousser, to pack; see Trus8.
troUS8eau, 'a package; bride's ootfit.

574

TRUDGE

TROUT
(F.) F. trQtmeau, a little bundle; dimin.
of trousse, a bundle, a pack; from O. F.
troMser, to pack. Of doubtful origin.
See Truas.
Trout. (L. - Gk.) A. S. trukl. - L.
truda. _ Gk. T,xA"CTf/S, a nibbler, also a
fish with sharp teeth. -Gk. Tp&ry.. ", to
bite, gnaw. Lit.' nibbler.' Cf. Troglodyte.

Trover, an action at law arising out

of the finding of goods. (F.-L.-Gk.)
O. F. trover (F. trouver), to find; orig. to
devise, invent, make up poetry. The
same as Provo trobar, Port. Span. trovar,
Ital. trovare, to versify. /3. Since Ital.
v and Provo b arise from L. p, the corresponding Late L. form is *tropare, to
versify. - L. tropus, a trope; Late L. tro
PIIS, a song, manner of singing. - Gk.
Tp6rros, a trope, also a mode in music.
See Troubadour, Trope.
Trow, to believe, suppose. (E.) M. E.
trowen. O. Fries. trQtnlJa, E. Fries. troen ,
to believe. A. S. triiwian , to trow, trost,
from Teut. base *In~; also trlowian, to
believe, which is allied to the sb. trlow,
faith , trust, and to the adj. trlowe, true,
from Teut. base *trew(w ). Cf. Ice!. Irita,
to trow, tt"1,r, true; Dan. Iroe, to trow, 11'0,
trtle; Swed. tro, to trow; Low G. t rouen, to
trow , trou, true; Du. trouwen , t ~ marry,
Irouw, troe; G. tratten, O. H. G. triiwbt,
to trust, Goth. trauarz, to believe. See
True.

Trowel. (F.-L.) M.E. tntel. - F .

tnulle, O. F. tntele; La te L. tntel/a, a
trowel. Dimin. of L. tnta, a stirring.
spoon, skimmer, ladle (hence a trowel,
from the shape) ; cf. L. tntl/a.
Trowsera; see Trousers.
Troy-weight. (F. and E.) Orig. a
weight used at the fair of Troyes, a town
in France, S. E. of Paris. See Arnold's
Chronicle, ed. 18 11, pp. 108, 191; Haydn,
Diet. of Dates, &c.
Trua.nt, an idler. (F. -C.) F. tntand,
a beggar; truand, adj., beggarly; Cot.
[The same as Span. trohan, Port. tyuhiio,
a buffoon, jester.) - W. troatt, wretched ,
a wretch; Bret. tntek, a beggar; Gael.
and Irish truaghatt, a wretch, miserable
creature. Cf. W. tnt, wretched, Corn.
troc, wretched, Gael. tntagh, Irish trogha,
miserable, O. Irish tn~ag ; Celt. type
*trougos, wretched (Stokes, 138). The
Late L . trutiinus, a wandering beggnr, is
from the same source.

Truce. (E.) It should rather be tyews,

i. e. pledges; it is the pI. of trew, a pledge
of truth. (This is proved by the M. E.
forms.) - A. S. trlow, a compact, promise,
pledge, faith; cf. A. S. trlowe, true ; see
True.
Truck ( I), to barter, exchange. (F.)
M. E. trukken. - F. t roquer, to truck ,
barter;' Cot. So also Span. trocar, to
barter; whence some have thonght that the
F . form was borrowed. Cf. ItaI. troccare,
to truck, barter, to skud away;' Florio
(1598). Origin disputed; the sense ' akud
away' is clearly due to Gk. Tp6XOS, a
COUlOe, from TpEX"", to run; see Truck
(2). /3. But the Vocab. du haut Maine has
tric potlr troc, a simple exch ange; and we
find Nornl. dia1.faire la troque, to barter,
from W. Flemish trok , used with respect
to the (good or bad) , sale' of goods; cf.
in trok zijn , to be in vogue; and W. Flem.
trok = Du. trek. The form trok is from
D u. trok-, weak grade of trekkm, to pull,
for which W . Flemish em ploys troUen.
Truck (2) , a small wheel, low-wheeled
veh icle. (L.- Gk. ) Modified from L. trochtts, a wheel. - Gk. TpoX6s, a runner,
wheel, disc. - Gk. TPEXflll, to run . Der.
tntckle-bed, a bed on little wheels, where
trockle = L. troclzlea, a pulley; Baret has:
'Pulfie, trochlea; a trllckle, or pullie.'
Cf. Span. troc/a, a pulley.
truckle, to submit servilely to another.
(L. - Gk.) From the phrase to tn tck/e
Imder, due to the old custom of putting
a truckle-bed under a larger one; the
truckle-bed being occupied by a servant,
pupil, or inferior. It prob. originated in
University slang, from L. troclzlea (as
above).
Truculent, barbaro , S . (F. -L. ) F.
InlCulerzt. - L. acc. tniCu/en/lm., cruel.L. trtlc' , stem of trux, fierce, wild.
Trudge, to march heavily. (F . Teut.? ) Perhaps to slouch along, or go
about as an idle beggar. - F. tnlcher, to
beg idly; obsol. (Littre). Of Teut. origin;
cf. Low G. trttgge/en, to beg fawningly, to
wheedle; Du. troggele1Z, to beg, wheedle;
M . Du. troggelen, 'to trugge up and
downe a Begging,' Hexham; W. Flem.
trogge/en, to walk with difficulty; Dan.
Irygle, to importune ; E. Fries. triigge/n,
to press, push backward, also to be importunate. Allied to G. driicken, to press,
A. S. jryccan, to press, afflict, provo E.
thrutch, to press.

575

TRUE
'1'r1le, firm, certain. (E.) M. E. trewe.
A. S. tr~o'lIJe, trywe, true, Orig.' believed;'
allied to O. Prussian d,-ullJlt , to believe
(Fick); Lith. drlitas, firm. + Du. trouw,
Ice!. tryggr, Swed. trogm, G. treu, Goth.
triggws, true. Cf. also Ice!. tror, true,
Goth. trauan, to believe,trust, be persuaded.
See Trow.
'.rru1Ile. (F. - L.) M. F . truJle, F.
trujfi, a round edible fungus, found underground. Span. trufa, a truffie. It is
thought that the F. trujfi, Span, trufa ,
answer to L. pI. rubera, truffies, whence
was fonned a F. fern . sb. tufre, easily
altered to trujfi. We also find Ital. tartufo, a truffie < L. terra tuber, i. e. truffie
of the earth; whence G. kartoffel, earlier
form tartu./fel, a potato. See Trifle.
".rrull, a worthless woman. (G.) G.
trulle, trolle (whence Picard troulle), a
trull. Cognate with M. On. drol, a jester,
Icc!. troll, a merry elf; see Droll and
Troll.
'l'rump (I), a trumpet. (F.-G.-Slav.)
M. E. tru,npe, trompe. - F. trompe, a
trump;' Cot. Cf. Span. trompa, Ital.
tromba, a trump. - O. H. G. trumpa,
trumba, a trumpet. -O.Slav. type tromba,
as in O. Slav. and Pol. traba (with former a
nasal), Siovenian tromba, tr8ba, a trumpet ,
Russ. truba, a pipe, tube, trumpet.
Trum, (2 ), one of a leading snit of
cards. (F.-h) Well known to be a cor
ruption of triump"; see Latimer's Sermons, and Nares. - F. triomphe, 'the
card-game called ruffe, or trump; also the
ruffe ortrump at it;' Cot.: triompher,' to
triumph, to trump at cards;' Cot. - L.
triumphus, triumph; see Triumph.
Trumpery nonsense. (F.- G. -Slav.)
F. tromperie, ! a wile, fraud;' Cot. - F.
tromper, to deceive; orig. to sound a horn;
whence the phrase se tramper de quelqtl un,
to play with anyone, amuse oneself at
their expense. See Trump ,(I ).
trumpet. (F.-G.-Slav.) F.trom
pette, dimin. of trompe, a hom; see Trump

TRY

trundle-bed, n bed running on wheels;

lrundle-tail, a curly tail of a dog; A. S.
Iryndyled, rounded; Voc. 152. 5.-M. F.
(Picard) trondeler, 'to trundle;' Cot.;
Walloon Irondeler, to roll (Sigart). Of
Low G. origin; cf. Low G. trondeln,
Pomeran. trUm/eln, to trundle a hoop;
O. Fries. trund, round; N. Fries. trind,
round. From Teut. trund-, weak grade
of a lost verb trendan- , to roll (pt. t .
.trand) ; whence also A. S. sin-trynael,
a large ronnd shield. The i appears in
Dan. Swed. trind, round; the a, modified
to e, appears in M. E. trmae", to turn, roll,
secondary verb from trand, 2nd grade of
trmaan-. See Trend.
'l'runlI: (I), stem of a tree, &c. (F. - L.)
F. trone, trunk. - L. truncum, acc. of
truncus, trunk, stem, bit cut off. - L.
trunms, adj., cut off, maimed. Brugm. i.
144.. Der. tru1tk-hose, i. e. trunk'd-hose,
knee-breeches, breeches cut short.
'l'runk ( 2), of an elephant. (F.-G.
-Slav.) Formerly trump, signifying ( I )
trumpet, (2 ) tube. - F. trompe, 'a trump, or
trumpet, the snowt of an elephant;' Cot.
Cf. O. F. tromper, to blow a trumpet; see
Trump (I).
'l'r'IIlUliOD., one of the projecting
stumps on each side of a cannon, on which
it rests in the carriage. (F. - L.) F . trognon, a stump; from tronc, a trunk; cf.
M. F. tron, a stump; see Trunk (I).
'1'r1l88, to pack, fasten up. (F.) O. F.
trousser, tourser, to pack up; whence
the sb. trousse, tourse, a bundle; and the
dimin. trollssel, tOtlrsel, later trousseau;
see Trousseau. Cf. Port. trouxa, a pack,
Span. troja, a soldier's knapsack. Origin
doubtful; perhaps from O. F. tros, trous;
a small piece; from Late L. tllrsus, L.
thyrsus, a stalk. - Gk. (Jvp(fOS; see Thyr8US.
SO Korting.
'1'r1lat. (Scand.) M. E. trust. - Tee! .
traust, trust, protection, firmness; Dan.
Swed. trost , consolation. + G . trost, consolation, Goth. trallSti, a covenant. Re(I).
lated to Trow, True.
truth. (E.) M . E. t"/!'lvthe, trouthe ;
'l'runcate, to cut off short. (L.) From
pp. of L. t"uncare, to cut off. - L. truncus, A. S. trlowtJ, truth. - A. S. triowe, true;
see True.+ Ice!. try~ , truth . And see
a stump. See Trunk ( I).
truncheon. (F. - L.) M . E. tron- Troth.
choun. -O. North F. tronc"on (Norm. 'l'rY, to select, test, examine, &c. (F.dial. ) ; O. F.lronson, a thick stick; formed L.) M.E. trim, to select, pick out, choose.
from tronc, a trunk; see Trunk. Mod. F . _ F. trier, 'to cull out;' Cot. The
same as Provo triar, to separate corn
Iron(o".
'l'runclle, to roll. (F, - Low G.) cr. from the straw, also to choo!;C. - Lnte L.
1176

TUMEFY

TRYST
lriltJre, to pound small; d. luI. Imart,
to pound, grind, mince, also to ponder,
consider, scan.-L IritlU, pp. of lerere, to
rob. I t meant to thresh, pulverise, separate,
er.
purify, cull, pick. (Disputed.)
In-al.
~, '!"rift, an appointment to meet.
(F.- Teut.?) See Jamieson; orig. a set
station, place of meeting. M. E. triste,
Idslre, a station (in hunting), place to
watch. - O. F. tdste, tristre, station to
watch (in hunting) , ambnsh; Low L .
tds/a. Of doubtful origin ; but perhaps
related to Frankish L. tnutis, one in a
place of trust (see Ducange). Allied to
O. H. G. trost, help, M. H. G. vb. tr()tS:/m,
to assist; see TrwIt.
Tub, a small cask. (0. Low G.) M. E.
tuhbe. - M. Du. tolJlJe, a tub; Low G. and
E. Fries. tuhbe, a tub.
Tube. (F.-L) F. tuht.-L tuiJum,
acc. of tuiJus, a tube, pipe; akin to tuba,
a trumpet. Der. tuh-Jd-ar, from L tu
bulus, dimin. of tuiJus.
Tuber, a rounded root. (L.) L. tUber,
a bump, tumour, also a truffle. Lit.
I swelling;' allied to Tumid.
Brup. i.
f 4 1 3 (8). Der. tulJerde, a little swel1ing.
Tuclr: (1), to gather in a dress. (0. Low
G.) M. E . tuUe". - Low G. luHm, to
pull up, draw up, tuck up, also to entice
( = M. Du. tockm, to entice). G. IlUCkm,
to twitch up ; O. H. G ..auccAm. Teut. base
tuU; intensive form from the weak grade
(tuA) of Teut. teuAa,,-, to pull; see
Tow ( I), Tug, Touch.
Tuck (~), a rapier. (F. - Ital. - G.)
Short for F. I/oc, occasional form of
estoc, 'the stock of a tree, a rapier, a tuck ; ,
Cot. - luI. stocco, a truncheon, rapier,
tuck; Florio. - G. stock, a stock, stump,
&c. ; see Stock, Stoccado.
Tuclr: (3), beat of drum. (F. - Tent.)
From Picard or Walloon loquer, tORer,
to touch, strike ; variant of F. toucner, to
touch; see Touch, Tooain.
tuclr:er, a fuller. (F. - Tent.) M. F.
touker,lit. ' beater;' though the cloth was
worked up with the feet. - O. North F.
louker, toquer, to beat; variant of F.
toucher, to touch. See TOOIIin.
tucket, a flourish on a trumpet. (F.
- Teut.) North F . touquet, for O. F.
touchet, a stroke; equivalent to Ital. 11K.
cata, a prelude, tolling of a bell, a tucket,
a striking; from loccare, to strike, touch ;
see Touch. ~ Or from Italian.

'raeIIc1a:r.

(F.) A. S. Lmlel t/4g, the

day of LmI, the god of war.
lcel TjltIDgr, the day of Tjr; Dan. Tirst!ag,
Swed. Tist!ag ; O. H. G. Zits tac, the day
of Ziu, god of war. 11. The A. S. Tiw,
leel. Tjr, O. H. G. Ziu are the same as
Skt. alva-I, god, and allied to L. deus,
god, and even to L. III- in Iu.piter, Gk.
~Vs, Skt. Dyaus. A translation of L

dies Martis.
Tufa, a soft stone. (Itai. - L .) For
tufo. - Ital. tufo. - L. tOfus, topAus. Cf.
Gk. T,*". Origin unknown.
'raft (I ), a crest, knot. (F. - Tent.)
M. E . tuft, but the final I is excrescent';
provo E. tuff, a tuft. - F. touffi, a tuft or
lock of hair. -Swed. dial. tuppa, a tuft,
fringe; lcel toppr, a top, tuft, or lock
of hair; M. Du. tqp, a tuft; G. upf.
W. twlf is borrowed from E., and
preserves the correct form.
'raft (~ ), a plantation, a green knoU.
(Scand.) See Toft.
'rug, vb. (Scand.) M. E. loam. From
lcel. tog, M. Swed. tog, a rope to pull by;
allied to E. Fries. tokkm, to pUll; Low
G. tuUm, to pall up, draw up; c( Low
G. logg, a pull (Danneil). From the weak
grade (tuA-) of Tent. ttll"-a,,-, to pull;
see Tow (I), Tuck (I).
'Z'uition. (F.-L.) F. tuiti01l. -Lacc.
tuilimum, protection. -L. luil-us, pp. of
t#&i, to guard, protect.
Tulip, a flower. (F.-ltal.-Turlt.Pers.) "}d. F. tulippe, also tuliptl1l, a tulip;
so called from its likeness to a turban. ltai. tulipa, tJd;ptuw, a tulip. - Turk. tulbe1Id, a turban; also dulbmd. - Pers. dJd
!Jaml. a turban; see Turban.
"rulle, a kind of silk open-work or lace.
(F.) Named from Tulle, the chief town
in the department of Correze (France),
where it was first made (Littre).
'!'umble, vb. (F.) M. E. tumlJlm;
frequent. of tomlJnl, tumiJm, to tumble.A. S. tumbUl1I, to tum heels over head,
dance.
Do. tuimtlm; d . G. lummel",
from O. H. G. tijmm, to turu over and
over (whence F. tomlJer) ; Dan. tumk.
Der. tu""'ler, sb., (1 ) an acrobat, ( ~ ) a
glass without a foot, which could ontyile
set down when empty; tu",lJ-r-eI, a aut
that falls over, O. F. tomkrel, from F .
toml>er, to tumble, fall over, a word of

Teut . o~.

".l"ume!:J, to cause to swell. (F. - L .)

M. F . t.mJfor; Cot. - Late L. tumeficiJrt,

577

TUMID

TURN

for L. lumt/aur" to make to swell. - L.

luml-r" to swell; facere, to make.
tumicL (L.) L. lumidus, swollen.L. tumire, to swell. Cf. Gk. ",u~'7, a
swelling; Skt. lu, to increase. Brugm. i.
413 (8). (.vTEU.) Der. lu",-our, F.
IUflUUr, from L . acc. lumQr,m, a swelling.
Tump, a hillock. (C.) W . twmp, a
tump, is perhaps from E. But the word
seems to be Celtic; from W . 10m, Gael.
and Irish tom , a hillock ; cf. Gk . .,.uJA/Jos,
L. tu"mlt.s, a mound. See Tomb.
Tumult. ( F.-L.) F.lttmulle. -L.
acc. ttmzullum , an uproar. - L. tumere, to
swell, surge up.
tum-ula. ( L.) L. tumulus, a mound.
-L. lumere, to swell. And see Tomb.
Tun; see Ton.
"rune, tone, melody. (F. -L. - Gk .)
M . E. lune. - A. F. lun, F . Il)n, 'a tune,
or sound;' Cot. - L. acc. tonum. - Gk.
.,.&"os, a tone. See Tone.
"rungsten, a heavy metal. (Swed. )
Swed. lungsten , lit. ' heavy stone.' - Swed.
lung, heavy ; sten, stone. Swed. lung =
Icel. fungr, heavy; st,n is cognate with
E . stone.
Tunic. (F. - L.) O . F. lunique. -L.
lunica, an under-garment; whence A. S.
ItmiClz. Der. tunic-Ie, tunic-al-ed.
Tunnel. (F. -L.) O. F. tonnel (later
tonneat. ), a tun, great vessel; hence a
tunnel (or trap) for partridges, which was
an arched tunnel of wire, strengthened by
hoops at intervals (whence the name; it
was also called tonnelle in F. ). It came
to mean any kind of tunnel or shaft,
e. g . tbe shaft or pipe of a chimney, &c.
Dimin. from Late L. lunna, a ton; see
Ton.
"runny-, a fish . (F. -L. -Gk. ) F.thDn;
Cot. - L. thunm.m, acc. of Ihunttu$ , Gk. eu"pos, e;;"os, a tunny. Lit. ' tb.e
darter.' - Gk. e.;" ..", allied to eUf''', to
rush along. ( VDHEU.)
Tup, a ram. (Scand. ) Prob. a transferrea name; cf. Swed. and Norw. luP},
a cock, allied to Dan. top, a cock's crest,
and to Ice!. toppr, a top, a crest. See Top.
Turban. (F. - Ital. - Turk. - PeTS.)
Formerly turbanl, lurribanl, lurband;
also lolipant, tulipant, lulibant. - M. 1'.
turbanl, lurban, a turban; Cot. - Ital. lur
bante, 'a turbant; ' Florio. - Turk. lui
bend, vulgar form of du lbend, a turban. Pers. dttlband, a turban. Cf. Tulip.
Turbary, a right of digging turf, or a

place for digging it. (F. - O. H. G .) 0.'.

lor/Jerie; Low L. lurbdria, the same. _
O. H . G. Iurba, older form of zurba, turf.
+A. S. IUif. See Tut"t.
Turbi.cL (L.) L. lurbidus, disturbed.
- L. lurbOre, to disturb. - L. lurba, a
crowd, confused mass of people. See
Trouble.
Turbot. (F.-L.) F. turbot, a fish.Late L. turbo, a turbot; L. lurbo, a spindl e,
reel; from its rhomboidal shape. So also
L. rhombus, a spindle, rhombus, turbot.
Turbulent. (F.-L.) F.lurbulent._
L. lurbulenlus, full of commotion. - L.
lurbare, to disturb; see Turbid.
Tureen, the same as Terreen, q. v.
Turf. (E.) M. E. turf, pl. lurue.s
(/Urots). A. S.luif'+Du. IUrf, Icel. torj,
sod , peat; Dan. loro, Swed. loif, O. H. G.
zurba. Cf. Skt. darbha-, a matted grass,
from drbh, to bind .
Turgid. (L.) L. lurgidus, swollen.L. turgere, to swell out.
Turkey-. ( F. - Tatar.) Called a Turk!y
cock, or a cock of India, from the notion
that it came from Turkey or from India:;
so also G. Caleculischer hahn, a turkey
cock, is lit. a cock of Calicut. (It really
came from the New World.) From F .
Turquie, Turkey. - F. Turc, a Turk. Tatar 1i.rk, a Turk; orig. an adj. meaning
'brave.' ~ The usual Turkish word for
'Turk' is Osmdnli.
Turmeric. (Arabic?) New L .lurm,rica
(Minsheu). Cf. F. terre-mlrile, turmeric
(Littre; s. v. Curcuma) ; as if L. tetTa
merita, apparently ' excellent earth'; but
cf. terra menlum, the produce of the
earth,' in Ducange. ~ But terra merita,
like lurmnic, is prob. a corruption of an
Eastern word. Span. Port. curcuma, turmeric, are from Arab. kurkum, saffron;
whence. also L. crocus.
Turmoil, sb. ( F. 1 - L. 1) Formerly
turmoyl; probably a corrupt form, the
latter part of the word being assimilated
,to moil, q. v. ; and the former part to
turn. Prob. from M. F . Ir,mouille, 'the
hopper of a mill,' also called trameul
(Cotgrave) ; O. 1'. trameure. fJ. So named
from being in continual motion . - L. tre
mere, to tremble, shake. Cf. O. F. Iram
,oier, to tremble.
Turn, vb. (L. - Gk.) M. E. lumen.
tournen; A . S. Iyntan , turnian. l Cf.
O. H. G. tumen, to tum.] - L. torntir',
to tum in a latb.e. - L. tornus, a lathe.-

S7 8

TURNIP

TWEEZERS

Gk. T6p"o~, a toot to draw circles with; Fries. fiisk r Icel. foskr. Perhaps related
allied to TOp6~, piercing, L. ferere,. to nIb, to Tooth. Brugm. i. 795
bore. (.vTER.) Der. turn, sb.
Tussle, to scuflle. (E. ) The same as
Turnip, Turnep, a plant. (F. - L.; tousle, to disorder; frequent. of touse, to
and L.) The latter part of the word is pull about. See TOUBe. Cf. Westphal.
M. E. nepe, a turnip, A . S. nap, borrowed tusse/n, to pull about, and E. toss.
from L miPUS, a kind of turnip; cf. Irish Tut, an exclamation ofimpatienee. (E. )
and Gael. neip, a turnip. 13. The origin Cf. M. F . trut (the same) ; and cf. tusll.
of the former part is unknown; the sug- 'l'utelage, guardianship. (L.; with F.
gestion ferra nopus dOes not agree with suffix.) From L. ttltil-a, protection; with
the spelling, which rather resembles the F. suffix -age L. -oticum ). - L. tut-us,
F. tour in the sense of' wheel,' as siguify- short for tuitus, pp. of luir;, to guard,
ing its round shape; it looks as if it had protect ; see Tuition.
been turned. A turner's wheel was fortutelar. (L.) L. tiite/oris, protecting.
merly called a turn in English, and lou,.. -L. tiit-us, sh ort for tttitus (above).
in French. Cf. Irish turnapa, a turnep,
tutor. (L.) L . liilor, a guardian, tutor.
turnoir, a turner (from E. ).
-L. tiit-us (above) .
Turnpike. Formerly a name given Tutty, a collyrium. (F.-Pers.) F.
to the old-fashioned tum-stile, which re- lutie; M . F. tuthie, 'tutie,' Cot. - Pers.
volved on the top of a post, and resembled ttltiya, green vitriol. Cf. Skt. tu/tka-, blue
a frame with pikes, used for defence. vitriol.
From Turn and Pike.
'l'waddle, to tattle. (E.) Formerly
~Dtine, exudation from the tere- twattle, a collateral form of tattle.
binth. (F. -L.- Gk.) M. F. turbentine ; 'l'wain; see Two.
Cot.; Norman dial. turbentine.-L. le,'e- 'l'wang, to sound with a sharp noise.
binthus. _ Gk. Tfp'I3I"Bo~, the terebinth- (E.) A collateral form of tang; see
Tang (l). Cf. Tingle.
tree. See Terebinth.
'l'urpitude. (F. -L.) F. furpitude.- 'l'weak, to twitch, pinch. (E.) M. E.
L.lurpiliido, baseness. - L. turpis, base.
twikken ; A, S. Iwiccian, pI. t. twice-ode,
Turquoise, Turlds, a gem. (F . - (spelttwiccede,Shrine"p); cf.A.S. twicce,
Ita1. - Tatar.) F. lurquoise; orig. fem. of as in A. S. angeltwicce, a hook-twitcher,
Turquois, Turkish. -M. ltal. Turchesa, a the name of a worm used as a bait.+Low
turquoise, or Turkish stone. _ Tatar Turk, G. twikken , E. Fries. twikken, G. zwickm,
a Turk.
t~inch. See Twitch.
'l'urret. (F. -L.) M. F. tourette ; Cot. '!'weezers, nippers. (F. - Teut. ; with
Dimin. of O. F. tur, F . tour, a tower. - E . sujfix. ) A surgeon's box of instruments
L. acc. tUrrem. See Tower.
was formerly called a tweese, whence small
'l'urtle (1), a turtle-dove. (L.) A. S. surgical instruments were called tweezes, a
lurtle; formed, by change of r to I, from form afterwards turned into tweezers, and
L. turtur, a turtle (whence also G. turte!, used of small nippers in particular. 13.
Ital. tortora, tortola). An imitative word; Again, the word twetU was really at first
due to a repetition of tur, used to express twees, the plural of twee or etwu, a surthe coo of a pigeon.
gical case; etwte being merely an Englished
'l'urtle (l ), the sea-tortoise. (L.) Eng- form of M. F. estuy, F . ' Iu;.- M. F. estuy,
lish sailors, ill understanding the Port. 'a sheath, case, a case of little instrutarlaruga, Span. tortuga, a tortoise or sea- ments, now commonly termed an ettwee ; ,
turtle, turned these words into turtle ; see Cot. y. The M. F . esluy is cognate with
above. The Span. and Port. words are Span. (stucke, Port. (stojo, M. Ital. stuccio,
allied to Tortoise.
stucchio, ' a little pocket-cace with cisors,
'l'ush, an exclamation of impatience. pen-knives', and such trifles in them' (sic ) ;
(E.) Formerly twish , an expression of Florio. - M. H. G.stiiche (prov. G.stauche),
disgust. Cf. pish and lui; and CC. Low a short and narrow muff (hence a case).
G. tuss, silence! Also Dan. tysse, to + leeL stuka, a sleeve. ~ Etymology
silence.
quite clear; estuy became etwee, twee, the~
Tusk. (E.) South E. lush (as in Shak.). I'lllees, then tweeses, and lastly tweezers,
A. S. tusc, usually spelt tux; prob. origin- which might be explained as ' instruments
O. }<'ries. lUSCh, tusk; E. belonging tOil /weese or twet.'
ally .tiisc.
579

ce.

TWELVE

TWIRL

helve. (E.) M. E. lfIIe!f, whence But IfIIillnt is here a Low G. spelling

Iwtlj-e, a pI. form, also written IfIIeIIU of M. H. G. m/lutJ, to double; from
(=.lfIIehJe). A. S. twl/f, twe(fe.+O. Fries. M. H. G. nvi/C", O. H. G. mnli", adj.,
hIIilif, Du. twaall, lcel. t6/f, Dan. tolfl, two-threaded, a word suggested by L. biSwed. to!/, G. tflliilf, O. H.G. nvelif, Goth. liz, two-threaded (from L. bi-, double,
lfIIalij. fJ. The Goth. twa-iii is composed lidum. thread)_ Cf. G. nvil/ic!J. ticking.
of hila, two; and -lif, the equivalent of
twin. (E.) A. S. p-hIIin1l4S, twins.+
the Lithnan. -lilla, occurring in duly-lilla, leel. tvinnr, in pairs; Lithuan. tiwyni,
twelve. Again, the suffix -lila is &flied to twins; d. L. bini, two at a time. From
Lithnan. likas, remaining, left over, from the A. S.IfIIi-. double; the ~ gives a disliAt-ti, to remain. Hence lfIIa-li/ - two tribative force, as in L. "i-n-i, two at a time.
over ten, i.e. twelve. Brngm. il. 175. Cf. Goth. lfIIei!lnai. two apiece; Bavar.
Dar. twllj-t", for twe/It - A. S. IfIIelfta, nJin-Ii"g', G. swil-ling, a twin.
twelfth; twelve,noM"" M. E. hIIe(fmlmllJe.
twine, vb. (E.) M. E. twi_. to
twenty. (E.) A. S. twmtig. -A. S. twist together. From A. S. lfIIin, sb., a
IfIIm = twirl, short for IfIIlp". twain; and twisted or doubled thread. + Du.hllijn, sb.,
.tig, suffix allied to Goth. -tigjus and E. tm. a twist, twine, Ice1. Ivin";, twine; Swed.
+Goth. tvJaitigjus, Du. tw,"'ig, lcel. tut- tvinntrdd, twine-thread; also Du. hIIlern,
tugu, G. tfIIan.ig; all similarly formed.
G. mnrn. fJ. All from Tent. type hllistwibill, tw7bW, a two-edged bill. no- >lfIIis-no-, double; the is becomes i
(E.) M. E. twiD;/. A. S. twibill. - A. S. in A. S. twin, Du. lfIIijn; the.n becomes
1fIJi-, double; "ill, a bill; see twice nn in lcel. and Swed.; and the. becomes
(helow).
r in Du. and G. The hue twis- occurs
twice. (E.) M.E.lflliis (dissyllabic). in E. twis-t, Goth. lfIIis-, pre6x; d. L.
A. S. twiges, a late form, for the older "is tfor tlwis), Gk.3l,. Skt. this, twice.
twiwa, twice. - A. S. twi-, double; like Brngm. i. S 903 (c, note ,).
L. "i-, Gk. 3c-, Skt. tJvi-; allied to lfllii, ~e, to nip. (E.) M. E. lfIIenp",
two. See Two.
weak vI); (g-j). Causal of twi"Pn,
twig' (J),a shoot ofa tree. (E.) A.S. Itr. vb., O. Fries. twingrJ, t"winga (pt. t.
lfIIig (pI. twigu), a twig; Northumb. twang), to constrain, O. Sax. lJi-tllwingan,
tuig-p (pI. tuiggo). Jo. xv. 5, 6; orig. the Icel. juingrJ, Du. dwingm, G. mJingm,
fork of a bIch, and named from heing O. H. G. dwillg'an ; Teut. type t"weng-an-,
double, the small.boot branching off from pt. t. t"fIJQ"g'. Cf. also Lith. twenkti,
the larger one. - A. S. lfIIi-, double; see to he bot, to smart; twankas, sultry.
above.+Du.twijg,Low G.twig (Danneil), (~~K.) Der. tllo1lg'.
Westphal. twitll, twiclt, G. rweig. Cog
e. (E.) A. S. twinelian, to
nate with Skt. @i-Ila-, ' consisting of two,' twinkle; a frequenbLtive form of twink,
Gk. &11116r, double, twofold. Brngm. ii. appearing in M. E. twinken, to blink, wink.
, 166.
Again, this is a nasalised form of M. E.
Twig (,), to comprehend. (C.) Irish twiltltm, to twitch (hence to quiver); see
luig-i"" O. Irish lucc-im, I understand; Tweak. + Bavarian rwin!ttrn, frequent.
of mJinken, to blink.
Gael. tuig, to understand.
~ht. (E.) M. E. /wi/iglJl. The
twinkling. (E.) M. E. twinkeling,
prefix tw,- (A.S. twi-) is lit. 'double' (see the twitching of an eye.-M.E. twinkelm,
twioe above); but is here used rather in to wink; the same word as E. twinkll.
the sense of doubtful or bc..'tween; d. L. '.fwiDter, a beast two years old. (E.)
dubius, doubtful, from duo, two. + G. A. S. lwi-wintre, adj . of two years_ - A.S.
SfI1ieliclJl, M. Du. lfIIulicllt; similarly com- lfIIi-, double . (see. twioe), and wiMer,
pounded.
a winter, a year.
twill, to weave, shewing ribs. (Low '.rwire, to peep out. (E.) In Shako
G.) The word has reference to a peculiar Son. ,8. Onlyrecordedin the cognate Bavamethod of doubling the warp-threads, or rian nvirm, mlitrm, to peep (Scbmeller),
taking two of them together; tbis gives M. H. G. rwierm, to peep out (Scbade).
an appearance of diagonal lines, in textile ~ Nares is wrong in citing twire=twilter
fabrics. From Low G. /wi/Int. [One from Cbaucer; tbe true reading is twitret".
Low G. lf11il/m, to bifurcate, is allied to 'l'wirl, to tum rapidly round. (E.) It
O. H. G. SfI1inel, twin, and to E. Twin.] stands for tllwirl (like lfIIinge for t"winge).
580

UDDER

TWIST

Frequentative of A. S. -j'Weran, to tum, TYbalt, the Cprince of cats.' (Low G.)

whence j'Wiril, the handle . of a ch~. In Shako A. F. T ebald, Ttbaud. - O. Sax.
Cognate with G. querlen, quzrlen, to twnl, Thiod-bald, Theobald. Cf. T)'bert, the
querl, a twirling-stick.; from O. H. G. cat; in CReynard the Fox.'
twtran dweran, to whirl round . fJ. The Tympanum, the hollow part of the
frequen't. form appears also in Du.dwarfen, ear, &c. (L. - Gk.) L. t),mpanum, a
to twirl , dwarlwind, a whirlwind; cf. drum,tympanum.-Gk.T';~.avov,adrum,
Low G. dweerwind, a whirlwind. We also roller; the same as TVwavOV, a drum. - Gk.
find Ice!. )vara, a stirring-stick; from TV"-, base of TV.TfCV, to strike. Der. ty11lthwar, lnd grade of Tent. *thwtran-, as seen pan)" Gk. TV~'lrQv[as, 11 dropsy in which the
in A. S. -j'Weran. Also E. Fries. dwire!n, belly is tightly stretched, as a drum.
dwirlen, to twirl , dwarrel, a whirl, from
type. ( F.-L.-Gk.) F. type (Sherdweren, to tum; cf. Gk. TOPUV'l, a stirrer. wood). - L. typum, acc. of typuo. - Gk.
(.y'TWER.)
TWOS, a blow, mark of a blow, stamp,
Twist, vb. (E. ) M. E. twisten, vb. impress, mark, mould, type, &c. - Gk.
formed from A. S. twist, sb., a rope or TV1f-, base of Tunflv, to strike. Cf. Skt.
twisted cord. - A. S. *twis-, double (see tup, tump, to hurt; allied to Gk_
Twine); with suffix -t (Idg. suffix -too). uTVC/>f"l(flV, to strike. ("",STEU.) Der.
The Du. twist, Dan. Swed. tvist, G. zwist, tY.~ic, Gk. TVlflKCls; whence typic-ai, &c.
mean 'discord,' which is another sense
hoon, a violent whirlwind. (Arab.
of the same word; so also M . E. twist, - k.) [Sometimes claimed as a Chinese
a twig or fork of a branclt; Icel. tvistr, word meaning Ca great wind: - Chinese
ta, great; jOng (in Canton fung), wind,
the deuce, in card-playing.
Twit, to remind of a fault. (E.) whence la fung, a gale, a typhoon
Shortened from M.E. atwiten, to reproach. (Williams).] But this seems to be a late
- A. S. atwitan, to twit, reproach. - A. S. mystification. In old authors the forms
at, at, upon; witan, to blame, orig. to are tu./fon, tu./foon, tiplzon, &c. - Arab.
observe, hence to observe what is amiss. lit/lin, a hurricane, storm. - Gk. TvWv,
fJ. This A. S. wftan answers to Goth. better Tvcp4S, a whirlwind. The close
-weitan in compo fra-weitan , to avenge; accidental coincidence of these words in
cf. weitj"an, to observe; allied to Goth. sense and form is very remarkable, as
wi/an, to know; see Wit (I) . Cf. Du. Whitney notes. See below.
wijten, to reproach. G. ver-weisen, from Typhus, a kind of fever. (L.-Gk.)
T eut. base *we#. ("",WElD.)
L. tjphus. - Gk. TVcpOS, smoke, mist; also
Twitch, to pluck. (E.) M . E . twicchen , stupor, esp. if arising from fever; typhus
palatalised form of M . E. twikkm, A. S. fever=stupor-fever. -Gk.TvCPflv,to smoke.
twiccian, to tweak. See Tweak. For (oV'DHEU.) Der. tJlplzo-id, i. e. typhusresemblance.
the form , cf. A. S. angel.twicce, provo E. like, from
angletwitch, an earthworm (N .E. D.).
Tyrant. (F .-L. -Gk.) The final t is
Twitter, vb. (E.) Frequentative from added. O. F. tiran, also tyrant. - L.
a base twit; cf. titter, tattle, and twaddle; tyrannum, acc. of tyram/us, a tyrant.all of imitative origin. +G. zwitschern, to Gk. TUpaVVOS, a lord, sovereign, master;
twitter, Bavar. zwitzern; Du. kwetteren, orig. in a good sense (see Prellwitz).
Dan. qviddre, Swed. qvittra.
Der. tyrann-y, F. tyratmie, Late L.
Two, Twa.ill. (E.) The A . S. forms tyrannia, Gk. Tvpavvla, sovereignty.
shew that the difference between two and Tyro, misspelling of Tiro, q. v.
twai" was orig. one of gender only. A. S.
twegen, masc. , two (M. E. tweien, twein,
11.
E. twain ) ; tWli, fern., two; neut. twa or
tii, two. + Du. twee, Ice!. tveir, Dan. to, Ubiquity,omnipresence. (F.-L.) F .
Swed. tvlt., tu, Goth. twai, G. zwei (also ubiquitt, ' an ubiquity ;' Cot. As if from
zween, masc.) ; Irish da, Gael. da, do, W. L. acc. *ubiquitiitem, a being everywhere;
dau, Russ . dva, Lith. dwi, L. duo (whence a coined word. - L. ubique, everywhere.F. deux, E. dettce ), Gk. Mo, Skt. dVlitl, dva. L. tlbt, where; with suffix -que, allied to
Cf. also L. bi-, /lis, twice; and the pre- L__ g uis, who. Der. ttbiquitous.
fixes di-, dia-, dis- , Der. a-two, i. e. on l1dder. (E.) A. S. iirier, an udder.
+ M. Du . ude,., Du. uijtr, Icel.jiigr (for
two = ia two.
581

.roof,

UGLY

UN-

*jiidr), Swed. itt/vel', jur, Dan. yver; G.

euter, O. H . G. uteI' ; also L. tiber, Gk.
oU/lap,Skt.udkar, t,dkan, an udder. Brugm.
i . 1 X3.
Ugly. frightful. (Scand.) M. E. ugly,
uglike. - Icel. teggligr, fearful, dreadfu!'Ice!. ugg-r, fear; -It'gr=A. S. -lic, like.
Allied to Ice!. ugga, to fear. Der. uglituss.
U'hlan, lJlan, a lancer. (G. - Polish.Turkish.) G. uMan, a lancer.-Po!. ulan,
a lancer. Borrowed from Turk. ogliin, also
iilan, a youth, lad. Of Tatar origin.
lJ'ka.se, an edict. (F. - Russ.) F. ukase.
- Russ. ukaz', an edict; cf. ukasate, to
indicate, shew, order, prescribe. - Russ. u-,
prefix, allied to Skt. ava, away, of!'; kazate,
to shew, Ch. Slav. kasati. Brugm. i. is
J 6;\ (note), 6x6.
Ulcer, a dangerous sore. (F.-L.) F.
uldre. - L. ulcer-, for *ulces-, stem of
ulcus, a sore.+Gk. JAICOS, a wound, sore;
Skt. arras, hemorrhoids.
~e. the unfilled part of a cask.
(Prov. -L.) 'Ullage of a cas!, that which
it wants of being full;' Phillips. - Mod.
Provo ulkage; O. F. ouillage, eul/age,
a filling up. _ Mod. Provo ulka; O. F.
ouillier, eullier, to fill a cask up to the
bung. Cotgrave spells it oeiller, and the
sb. as oeil/age. The Late L. type of the
vb. is *oculare, i. e. to fill up to the oculus,
eye, orifice. We also find O. F. aouillier,
as if for *adoculare.
l1lterior, further. (L.) L. ulten'or,
further; compo of O. L. ulter, adj.
ultimate, furthest. (L.) L. ultimatus,
pp. of u/timare, to be at the last. - L. te/timus, last; ul-li-mus being a double super!.
form from the base tel-; see ultra-.
ultra.-, beyond. (L. ) L. ultra, beyond,
adv. and prep. Allied to O. Lat. ul-s,
beyond, ollus, that one.
ultramarine, beyond sen; as sb.,
sky-blue. (Span. -L.) Span. ultramarino,
beyond sea; also a blue colour. - L. ultra,
beyond; mat'-f!, sen; and suffix imts ; sec
Marine.
ultramontane, beyoud the Alps. (F .
- Ita!. - L.) F. ultramontai'l. - Ita!.
oltramon/atlo. - L. ultra, beyond; mOlltem, ace. , a mountain; with suffix anus;
.ee Tramontane and Mountain.
ultramunda.ne, beyond the world.
(L.)
L. ultra, beyond; mtmdatlus,
worldly, from mUlwus, world; see MUIl-

Umbel, an umbrella-like inflorescence.

( L.) L. umbella, a parasol; dim in. of
ttmbra, a shade; see Umbrage.
umber. (F.-Ita!.-Lat.) F. ombre,
short for terre d'ombre, lit. 'earth of
shadow,' a brown earth used for shadowing
in paintings. - Ita!.,terra d' ombra, lit. earth
of shadow (Torriano) . - L. .terra, earth;
rU, of; umbra, shadow.
Umbilica.l, pertaining to the navel. (F.
-L.) M. F. umbilical, adj., from umbilic,
navel (Col.). - L. umbilicum, acc. of umbilicus, navel, middle, centre.+Gk. oiUf>o.A6s, navel; cf. Skt. ntibhi-, navel; see
Nave ( I). Brugm. i. 467.
Umbrage, shade of trees; offence. (F.
- L.) Properly' shadow'; hence, shadow
or suspicion of injury. - M. F. ombrage, umbrage, shade, also suspicion.-F. ombre,
shadow (with suffix -age < L. -iiticum).L . umbra, shadow.
umbrella. (Ital.-L.) Ital. umbrella,
ombrel/a, a parasol; dimin. of Itnl.ombra,
a: shade. - L. umbra, a shade.
Umpire. (F.-L.) Fornwllpire,'the
old form of the word; M. E. nompere,
noumpere, also noutlpere, nounpier, 1'.
Plowman, B. v. 337.-0. F. nomper, later
nompair, peerless, odd (Cot.) ; earliest
form ,/Onper (Roquefort). -L. notl, not.;
parem, acc. of par, equal. Used, like L.
impar, in the sense of arbitrator; the
lit. sense is unequal, odd, hence a third
man caned in to arbitrate, a 'non-peer.'
See Non- and Peer.
Un- (1), neg. prefix. (E.) Prefixed to
5bs., adjs., and advs. (Distinct from un(2) below.) A. S. un-, neg. prefix.+Du.
Otto, Ice!. 0-, ii-, Dan. u-, Swed. 0-, Goth.
uno, G. uno, W. a1l-, L. in-, Gk. <iv-, a.,
Zend . att-, a-, Skt. all-, a-. Readily prefixed to a large number of words; a few
of these, such as tttt-coutk, of which the
simple form is not used, will be found
below.
Un- ( 2), verbal prefix, expressing the
reversal of an action. ( E. ) Quite distinct
from Utl- (x) above; only used with verbs.
Thus to un-lock = to reverse locking, to
open that which was closed by locking.
A. S. UII-.+Du . onto, G. mt-, O. H . G. ani-,
Goth. alld- (as in alw-bindall, to unbind).
Precisely the same as E. an- in answer,
A. S. and-, Gk. 6.VTt-; see Anti-. 'II In
the case of past participles, the prefix is
ambiguous; thus un-bound may either
mean 'llot bound ,' with prefix UII- (x ), or

d&ne.

UN-

UNIT

may mean' undone' or released, with prefix

u,,- ( 1).
U'n- (3), prefix. (E.) Only in un-1o,
ulI-lil, which see.
U'nlUleled, without having received
extreme unction. (E. ; anti L.-Gk .) In
Hnmlet,L5.77. Lit. 'un-on-oiled.' -A.S.
uno, not; M . E. an-eled, from an (for
A. S. on) and d ed,pp. of M .E. elien , to
oil, vb. , from ele, sb., oil. The A. S. de,
oil, is borrowed from L. olermz, Gk. lll.a,ov,
oil ; see Oil.
U'nanimous, of one mind. (L.) L.
unanimous, of one mind; with suffix -OIlS.
- L. Itn-US, one (see One) ; animus, mind.
U'ncial, large, applied to letters. (L .)
L. llneialis, adj. from uneia, inch; see
Inch. (From the large size of the letters.)
U'ncle. (F.-L.) M. E. une/e.-A. F.
unele ; F. uncle. - L. auuneululll, acc. of
aUl/nm lus, a mother's brother, lit. 'little
grandfather;' dimin. of auus, 11 grandfath er.
U'ncouth. (E.) A. S. tmat6, orig. I1nknown ; hence, strange, odd. - A. S. uno,
not ; and ciitJ, known, pp. of (Unna", to
know. See Can.
U'nctio.n . (F . -L.) F. onclion.-L.
unctionem, ace. of unelio, an anointing.
L. 1I1ul-1Is, pp. of u"gere, to anoint. Der.
u,ulu-ous, Late L. u'ldttosus. Brngm. i.
~98. See Unguent.
U'nder, beneath. (E.) A. S. under.+
Du. ornier, Icel. untiir, Dan. Swed. under,
Goth. umiar, G. un/~r, under. Common
a~ n prefix.
Brugm. i. 446, ii. 75.
U'ndern, a certain period of the day.
(E) The time denoted differed at different
periods. The A. S. undern meant the
third hour, about 9 a . m.; later, it meant
about noon; and, still later, the afternoon, in which sense it survives in provo E.
aunder, aaltdt1nf, t1nftiorns, dountirins,
&c.+Icel. untiorn, O. H. G. untorn, Goth.
undaurni-; the lit. sense being 'intervening
or middfe period.' Perhaps from A. S.
under, with the sense' among' or 'between.' like G. unler. Cf. 1.. inlemus,
inward; from L. inter. ~ Kluge explains
it as equivalent to A. S. un-dynu, 'not
dark,' hence' dawn.' (But tlynu usuall,.
means' Bot manifest.') See Eng. Stud.

U'ndertake, to take upon oneself,

attempt. (Eo a,1d Scand.) M. E. ulI(lerlakm, compounded of under and M. E.

laken, to take. Der. under/ak-er, lit.
one who takes a business in hand j Oth. iv.
I. 214.

U'ndulate. to wave. (L. ) From pp.

ofL. untiulare, to fluctuate.-L. undula,
dimi n.ofunda,awave. Allied to Water j
CC. Skt. JUian, water, und, to wet, Lith.
wantiil, water, Russ. voda, water. Bregm.
i. 102, 594.
U'neath, scarcely, with difficulty. (E.)
Obsolete. M .E. une}e. A.S. unla6e, adv.,
from adj. u~a6e, difficult. -A.S. uno, not;
la6e, la6, easy; the orig. sense being waste,
empty, hence easy to occupy. Cf. O. Sax.
06;, easy ; G. Ode, waste, deserted, Icet.
au6r, empty, Gotb. aulns, au/his, desert,
waste. ~ But some dis~ ociate A. S. la6"
O. Sax. 06i, from tbe rest.
U'nga.iD.l,., awkward. (Scand. j wil"
E. prtjix a,,,! sujJix.) l"ormed by adding
-Iy to M. E. ungein, inconvenient. - A. S.
uno, not; Icel. gegn , ready, serviceable,
convenient, allied to gegna, to meet, suit,
gegn , against, and to E. Acain. Cf. lcel.
ifgegn , ungainly.
U'nguent, ointment. (L.) L. unguenltlm, ointment. - L. unguent- , stem
of pres. pt. of ungere, to anoint. Skt.
a;/j, to smear. Hrugm. i. 398.
U'nicorn. (F. -L.) M. F. uniconu, a
fabulous one-homed animal. - L unuornem, acc. of unict1nfis, one-homed. - L.
uni-, for unus, one (see One) j corn-u,
a horn. See Horn.
uniform, adj. (F.-L.) F . unifqnne.
- L. tt"ijormem, acc. of unij_is, haTiog one form. - L. uni-, for unus, one j
form-a, form; see Form.
union (I), concord. (F.-L.) F._im.
-L. acc. uniiinem, dbenesa.-L. um-, for
unus, one.
union (2), a large pearl. (F.-L.) The
same word as the above; the L. u,""
means oneness, also a single pearl of a
large size, also a kind of onion.
unique. (F. - L.) F. Urlifue., single.
- L. ."uum, ace. of imiCJIs, slOgle. - L.
ii"i-, for u"us, one.
uniJIoD.,concord. (F.-L.) F. _is_.
xx. 334.
-L. u"isonum, ace. of unisonus, having
Unclentanc1. (E.) A.S. utuiersttuUitm, a like sound. - L. lini-, for u"us, ODe j
lit. to stand under or amOll(, hence, to com- somu, sound; see Bound (~).
prehend (like L. illiel-li,",). - A. S. -aw,
unit. (F. - L.) F OrRIed by dropping
the final -~ of "';17. 'UIIiI, U.u., or
under j sJtmtIint, to stand.
58 3

-I

UNITE

URINE

Unil)" in arithmetic" the fir.n .si~i6cant

figure, or number I, &c., PhillIps; see
Unity.
unite. (L.) L. iinUus, pp. of unire,
to unite. -L. iimu, one.
unity, oneness. (F.-L.) M.E.. _itu.
-M.F. unile (unilt). -L. unUaJem, ace.
of unitas, unity. - L. uni-, for unus, one,
cognate with One.
universal. (F. -L.) F . .,moene!
(Latinised). - L. iiniuersiilis, belonging
to the whole. - L. iiniuersus, turned into
one, combined into a whole.-L. un"-,
for unus, one; uersus, pp. of uerlen, to
torn; see Vel'88. Der. univers-it)" F.
universitt, from L. ace. iiniuersitiilem.
univocaJ., having but one meaning.
(L.) From L. iin;uoc-us, univocal; with
suffix -iilis. - L. Un"-, for iimu, one;
UOC-, "llied tOUDX, voice, sense; seeVoice.
Ullkem.,pt, i. e. uncombed; for unkemll'd. From A. S. cemlJan, to comb;
fonned (by vowel-change of a to e) from
camb, a comb. See Comb.
UDIess, if not, except. (E.) Formerly
on les, on lesse, in the phrase on lesse l!at,
i.e. in less than, on a less supposition than.
Thus un- here stands for on. See On
and Lea.
Uu.ruJ.y, disregarding restraint. (E.;
and F.-L.) From uno, prefix, and rule;
with suffix -y; a coined word. See Bule.
:Fabyan has unruled.
Until. (E..) The same word as below,
with the substitution of North E. (and
Scand.) Iii, to, for E. 10. See Till.
1IJlto, even to. (E.) M. E.. unto (not
in A.S.). For und-Io; where 10 is the
usual E. prep., and und is the O. Fries.
und, onl, Goth. und, O. Sax. und, unto,
whence O. Sax.. un-tii, unto. A related
form od
ant" ) is common in A. S.; cf.
also A. S. and-, plffix, for which see
Un- (2).
Up. (E.) M. E.. flP, up; A. S. up, upp,
adv. + Du. op, Icel. upp, Dan. op, Swed.
upp, Goth. iup, G. auf, O. H. G. iij.
Allied to Over; cf. alJ-ove.
Upas, the poison-tree of Java. (Malay.)
Mafay upas, a poisonous juice; pu"un
ijjas, poison-tree (pulzun=tree ).
Up-braid, to reproach. (E.) M. E. 11P/weiden, to reproach. - A. S. up, up, upon,
on; /;regdan, to braid, weave, also to lay
hold of, seize. The orig. sense seems to
have been to lay hold of, hence to attack,
accuse, &c. The A. S. /;regrlan , also = E..

lIraid, to weave; so that -mid in up. braid

is the usual verb /waid, used in a special
sense. So also Dao.k-/weide (lit. be-braid),
to upbraid.
Uphol8terer. (E.) Lengthened from
upMlsler, for upMId-sler, another form of
uPMIdw, which was formerly used of a
dealer in furniture; lit. one who "olds up
for sale.
Upon. (E.) A.S. uppon, upon.-A.S.
upp, up, up; on, on. + lce1. upp a, upon;
Swed. pel, Dan. paa (reduced forms).
Uproar, tumult. (Du.) The spelling
shews confusion with E.. roar. - Du. gproer,
uprore, tumult;' Hexham. - Du. op, up;
roeren, to excite, stir, move; so that gproer
=a stirring up, commotion.+Low G. upprir (Daoneil); Swed. uppror, Dan. upror,
G. aufrunr. I). The verb is D'4 roeren,
Swed. rUTa, Dan. rOre, G. rlJ"ren, A. S.
"riran, to stir; see Beremoulle. The
A.S. "riran is from "rir, adj., active, busy.
UpsiclecloWD.. (E.) From up, side,
and down. But the M. E. form was upso-tioun, i. e. 'up as it were down.'
Upstart, sb. (E..) From upslarl, vb.,
to start up; Spenser, F. Q. i. I. 16;
Chancer, C. T., A_ 1080. See Start.
Upwards; see Up and -ward, suffix.
UrbaD.e, courteous. (L.) L. urbanus,
belonging to a city. - L. urb-s, a city.
Der. urban, doublet of urbane; urllani-I)', F.urbanill, from L. ace. urbanilalem,
courteousness.
l1rchill, a hedgehog, goblin, imp, small
child. (F.-L.) Orig. hedgehog; hence,
goblin, imp, small child (Tempest, i. l.

3l6) ;itbein~supposedthatsomeimpstook

a hedgehog s shape. - Walloon ureeMn,

irchtm (Sigart); Norm. dial. Mrichon;
O. North. F . herichtm; O.F. irtfon, eri(olt,
herisson, a hedgehog; formed with suffix
-on (=L. -4nem) from L. iriaus, a hedgehog, lengthened form of ir (gen. "i-s ),
a hedgehog.+Gk. xflp, hedgehog; cf. xap40"0"(''', to scratch_
Un, practise, use. (F.-L.) Obsolete,
except in in-ure, man-ure. (Distinct from
use.) -0. F. eure, utvre, ovr~, work, action.
-L. opera, work ; see Operate.
Urge. (L.) L. urgi re, to urge, drive.
Allied to Wreak. <4/ WERG.) Der.
urg-en/, from stem of pres. part.
Urim. (Heb_) Heb. urim, lights; pI.
of iir, light. See Thummim.
Urine. (F.-L) F . urine.-L. iirina.
+Gk. o~po'" urine; Skt_ vari, var, water;

58.

VACCINAT

URN
lcel. ur, driz~lin~ rain ; , Icel. ver, A. S.
war, sea. Ong. water.
11m. (F.-L.) M. E. ume. - F. ume.
-L. urna, urn. For ure- na ; cf. tlre-eus,
a ..itcher. Brugm. i. 756.
118. (E. ) A. S. us, dat. pI. of 1tJi, we;
iis, us;e, acc. pI. of wl.+Du. /InS , Icel. 0$1,
Swed. oss, Dan. os, G. uns; Goth. uns,
unsis, dat. and acc. pI. Teut. base uns-.
Cf. L MS, Skt. nas; also Gk. Ilas, Skt.
asman , us. Brugm. i. .37 (1); n. i .36.
l1se ( I ), sb. ( F.-L.) M.E. use, v
O.F.us, use, usage. -L. Usu"', ace. of usus,
use. - L. usus, pp. of iiti, to use. Der.
use, vb., F. user, Late L _ usare, frequent.
ofL uti, to use; us-age, F. usage ; "su-a/,
L iisua/is, adj., from iisu-, stem of Usus,
use; &c.
11'8e (1), profit, benefit. (F. -L.) When
use is employed, legally, in the sense of
, benefit,' it is a modernised spelling of the
Anglo-F. form of the Lat. opus, employment, need. We find the Anglo-F. spellings OlS, oeps, tlOes; O. F. oes, eus, uts.
l1sher, a door-keeper. (F.-L.) M. E.
usehere, ussker_-A. F.usser; O. F. ussier,
uissier, later httissier, t an usher, or doorkeeper; ' Cot. - L ostiarium, ace. of ostiiirius, a door-keeper. -L. ostiu"" a door.
Extended from L os, mouth; see Oral.
l1squebaugh. (Irish.) Irish uisge
htallUi, usquebaugh , whiaky.- Irish uisge,
water (see Whi.sk7); kalka, life, O. Ir.
hetku , allied to Gk. /Jios, life. Brugm. i.
85, 368.

1181U'p, to seize to one's own use. (F.':'

L) F. usurper.-L Usurpiire, to employ,
acquire; also, to usurp. fJ. Clearly derived from iis-us, use, but the rest of the
word is obscure; Brugmann (ii. .)
suggests usu- and rapere, to seize to one's
own use.
!l81U"7. (F.-L.) M.E.usurye,usure.
- :F. usure, usury, the occupation of a
thing _- L usura, use, enjoyment, interest,
usury. - L Us-U)-, pp. of ;Ui, to use.
l1t, the first note of the musical scale.
(L.) L ut. See Gamut.
l1taa, the octave of a feast. (F.-L_)
Ulas is for utaves, an A. F . word corresponding to 0 _F . oitallVes, pI. of oitauve,
octave, eighth day.-L_ octaua (dus),
eighth day ; fem. of octauus, eighth. - L
octo, eight. See Octave.
l1tensil. (F. -L.) M. F . utensile, sb.
- L iUensilis, adj., fit for use; whence
utensilia, neut. pl., utensils. For utent-

Iilis, from the stem of pres. pt. of uti, to

use. Cf. Use (I ) .
l1terine, born of the same mother by a
different father. (F. -L) M_F _uterin, of
the womb, borne of one mother; , Cot_ - L .
uterinus, born of one mother.-L uterus,
womb. Cf. Gk. vnlpa, womb. Brugm. i.
706.

l1tiliae. (F . - L.) F . utiliser, a modem

word; coined from IItil-e, useful, with suffix
-iser (Gk. -.(m,). -L ;Uilis, useful.-L. ;Ui,
to use. Cf. Use (1).
utility. (F.-L.) F.utilitt.-L.acc.
utilitatem, from nom. Utili/as, usefulness.
- L. utili-I, useful. - L. uti, to use.
l1tis, festival merriment; see UtaB.
UtmOst. (E.) M. E. outeflllSt. A . S.
ute-m-est, double superl. form, from iii,
out. Doublet of outmost. See Out.
l1topian. (Gk.) An adj. due to Sir T .
More's description of Utopia, an imaginary
island, situate nowkere. - Gk. olJ, not;
T,s ..Of, a place; see Topic.
Utter, outer. (E.) M. E. utter. A. S.
ut/era, which occurs as well as utera; both
are comparative forms of ut, out; see Out.
Der. utter, vb.; d. G. iiussern, vb., from
iiusser, outer; also A. S. uljan, to put
out, from iii, out.
utterance (I), an uttering. (E. ; with
F. suJlix.) From the verb to utter, M. E.
outren; formed from M. E. outer, utter,
com par. of A. S. ut, out. See Out.
Utterance (3 ), extremity. In Shako
(F. -L.) F. outranee, extremity. - F.
outre, beyond. - L. ultra, beyond; see
Ultra-.
11vula.. (L_) Late L Uvula, dimin. of
L. uua, a grape, a cluster, also the t1vula.
+Lith. uga, a berry. Brugm. i. i 333 (3).
Uzoriou, exceiSively fond of a wife.
(L.) L. uxOrious, fond of a wife; with
suffix -ous. -L. uxOr-, stem ofux"" a wife.

V.
V.

In Middle-English, v is commonly
written as u in the MSS. ; conversely, v is
put for u in a few words, chiefly vp, vnder,
vnto, vs, vse, and the prefix vn-.
Vacation. (F.-L.) F. vacation.-L.
acc. uacatiomm,leisure.-L. uactltus, pp.
of uacare, to be empty or at leisure. Cf.
L _ uacuus, W.gwag, empty.
Vaccinate. (L ) Coined as if from
pp_ of vaceinare, to inoculate. -L uae,inus, belonging to cows.-L. uacca, a

585

VALLEY

VACILLATION

+ Skt. 'l1afii,

cow.
about

a cow. First used

;l,9:.
Vac' tion. (F.-L.) F. fJQCilltJlitm,

strong; see Valid. .. Johnson derives it

from Valentia in Spain, which is also
famous for silks.
Vale, a valley. (F. - L.) M. E. val. F . val.-L. uallem, ace. of uallis, valley.
Valediction, a farewell. (L.) Formed
from L. uahdictus, pp. of ualidleere, to
say farewell. - L. uah, farewell; dicere, to
say. fJ. L. ua/l, lit. be strong.' is the
:I..P.. s. imp: of ualire, to be strong.
Valentine. (F.-L.) Named fromSt.
Valentine's day, Feb. J4. - F. Valentin.L. Valenlinus. -L. ualent-, stem of pres.
pt. of ualire, to be strong.
vaJeria.n. (F.-L.) M.F.va/mane,
valerian; a flower. - Late L. ualen'ona,
valerian. Fern. of Valmiinus , prob. a
personal name; from L. ualire, to be
strong.
Valet. (F.-C.) F. valet, 'a groom;'
Cot. The same word as Varlet, q. v.
Valetuc1iD.ary. (F.-L.) M.F . valetudinaire,sickly.-r.. ualitudinarius,sickly,
-L. uahtudin-, stem of ,ta/ltUdo, health
(~od or bad). - L. uali-re, to be strong.
Valhalla, the hall ofthe slain. (Scaod.)
Ice!. valllOll (gen. valna/lar), lit. the hall
of the slain. - lcel. w/r, the slain,
slaughter; 1101/, 1IaI/, a hall; ~ Hall.
Valiant, brave. (F.-L.) F. vaillant,
valiant; O.F. vai/ant, pres. pt. of F.
valoir, to profit. - L. uallre, to be strong.
valid, having force. (F. -L.) F. va/ide.
-L. ua/idus, strong.-L. ualire, to be
litrong:
Valiae, a travelling-bag. (F.-ItaI.)
F. valise, a male [mail), wallet;' Cot.
- Ita1. valigia; corrupted in German
to ftlleism. fJ. Etym. unknown; Diez
supposes it to be founded on L. uidulus,
a leathern travelling-trunk. Devic suggests
Pers. _/lenan, a large sack, or Arab.
fDalilull, a com-sack.
V~, V~ one of the
handmaidens of OdID. (Scand.) lcel.
Va/kyria, a goddess; lit. ' chooser of the
slain.' - Ice\. val, ace. of w/r, the slain
(A. S. wrzl); -Rytja, f., a chooser, from
kur- *w-), weak grade of !tjisa, to
choose, cognate with E. eluKJse.
V&1leY. (F.-L.) M.E. fJaie, w/eie.O.F. vJee (P'. vall/,), a valley; parallel
to ltal valliiM, a valley, which appears
to mean, literally, 'formed like a valley!
Formed with auftix ~e 1.. -tJla), from
F. val, a vale, representing L fl4nn.,
ace. of _His, a vale.

a r~1ing , staggering;' Cot. - L. uacillii'

timem, acc. of uao//atio, a r~lin~, wavering. -L. uacilliitus, pp. of utIC,l/are, to
r~1.
Cf. Skt. vanR, to go tortuously,
vakra, bent.
Vacuum. (L. ) L. uacuum, an empty
space; neut. ofuacutlS,empty. -L. uaciire,
to be empty; see Vacation.
Vade, to fade. (Du.-F.-L.) M. Du.
vadden, to fade,' Hexham.-O. F. fader,
to fade ; ~ Fade.
Vagabond. (F.-L.) F. vagrzlxmli,'a
vagafiOnd ; ' Cot. - L. uag4bundus, adj.,
strolling about. - L. uag-ii-ri, to wander;
with suffix -bundllS.
vag&17. (L.) Alsovagrzre(trisyllabic;
Stanyhurst); orig. used as a verb; [cf. F.
vaguer, to wander, vagary;' Cot.]-L.
ttagiiri, to wander; ~ Vague.
Vagrant. (F.-G.) A. F. waIlerant,
a vagrant ; O. F. walcrant, wandering,
pres. pt. of walcrer, to wander. - M. G.
weikern, M. H. G. walgern, to walk about;
allied to E. Walk. Confused with L.
uagar;, to wander, but not derived frOID
it. See Phil. Soc. Trans., 1885,1888,1889.
Vague, unsettled. (F.-L.) F. vague,
wandering;vaguer,towander. -L.uagus,
wandering; whence uagari, to wander.
Vail ( I), the same as Veil.
Va.il (2) , to lower. (F.-L.) From
O. F. avaler, to let fall down. - F. Qf)tJ/,
downward.-L. adualle"" to the valley.
Va.il (3), a gift to a servant. (F.-L.)
A headless form of 0fJtJi/, sb., in the sense
of profit, he!p (Palsgrave). }<'romAvail,vb.
Vain. (F.-L.) F. vain.-L. utinum,
ace. of uanus, empty, vain. Brugm. i.
41~ (3)
V&U', a kind offur. (F.-L.) F. wi,.,
'a rich fur ; ' Cot.-L. uarillS, variegated.
Der. vair-y (in heraldry), from M. F. vair',
diversified with argent and azure;' Cot.
H~::e meni-ver (= F. menu voir), 'little
valr.
Valance, a fringe of drapery, now
applied to a part of the bed-hangin~
(F.-L.) Chaucer has' a litel kerchief
of valence'; Assembly of Foules, 373.
Prob. named from Valence in France, near
Lyons(stillfamousforsilks). -L. Valentia,
a name given to several towns, evidently
from the name Va/ens, lit. strong.' - L.
ualent-, stem of pres. pt. of ualire, to be
586

VALOUR

VARLET

Valour. (F.-L.) O. F. valor, valur, Vane, a weather-cock. (E.) A Southern

valeur, value, worthiness. - I.. ualorem, form; formerly also fane. A. S. fOlta, a
ace. of ualor, worth. - L. tlalire, to be small flag.+Du. vaalt, Icel. falli , Dan.
strong, to be worth.
falUl, Swed. Goth. fana, G.fahl1e. Teut.
value. (F.-I..) M. F. wlUi, fem. type *fa1t01t, m. Orig. a bit of doth;
' value;' Cot. Fem. of valu, pp. ofvaloir, allied to I.. pa,t11US, a cloth; see Pane.
to be worth.-I.. uallre, t() be worth.
Vanguard; see Van ( I ).
Valve. (F.-L.) F. valve, 'a fouJding, Vanilla, a plant. (Span. -L.) Span.
or two-leafed door, or window;' Cot. - vaillilla, a small pod, or capsule (which
L. ualua, sing. of ualUO!, the leaves of a is the orig. ieIlse). Di min. of Span. vailta,
folding-door. Allied t() l~ uoluere, to a scabbard, a pod. - I.. uagina, scabbard ,
revolve; see Voluble.
sheath, pod.
Vambrace, Vantbrace, armour for Vanish. (F. - 1..) M. E. valtissm,
the forearm. (F.-L) The word simply vanisshen; also evanisshen.
Derived
means' fore-ann.' It is short for O'1J(lnt- from an O. F. vb. vmlir, with pres. pt.
6race.-M.F. avant-bras, 'a vambrace, .vanissant. The verb is only recorded
annour for an arm; also, the part of the as A. F. evan;r, O. F. eroallil', ero01luir;
arm which extends from the elbow to the but we find O. F. eromtuir and va1mir.
wrist;' Cotgrave. (The latter is the orig. Cf. ltal. roan ire, to vanish (where s = I..
sense.) - F. avant, before; bras, the arm. ex) ; Late L. type *exvanire, for L.
- L. a/J ante, from before, in front; bra- luiinescere. - L. I, out, away; uanescere,
chium, arm (the pI. of which gave O. F . to vanish, lit. to become empty, from I..
"race, arm; see Scheler). See Van (I) uanus, empty. See Vain.
and Vamp. ~ Similarly, armour for the
vauit;y. (F. - L.) F. vattitt. - I..
upper part of the arm was called a rere- uil"itiltem, acc. of uilnittfs, emptiness.brau, i. e. rear-brace.
I.. uanus, vain, empty.
Vamp, the fore-part ofashoe. (F.-L.) Vanquish. (F.-I..) M.E. venkisen,
Short lor M. E. wmpay, also vaumpe, a vl1tquis7tl1t. - A. F . venquis-, O. F . veinvamp. -M. F.avant-piet1, ' the part of the quiss-, stem of pres. pI. of A. F. vtnquir,
foot that's next to the toes.' - F. O'1J(lnt, veinquir, occurring as a collateral form
before; pied (A. F. pee), foot, from L of veincre, to conquer (F. wincre) . - L.
pede"" acc. of pes, loot.
uincere, to conquer. Brugm. i. i 367.
Vampire. (F.-G.-Servian.) F.wm- Vantage. (F.-I..) Short for M. E.
pire. - G. va11'pyt'. - Servian wmpir, a avantafe; see Advantage.
bloOO-sucker, a supposed ghost that sucked Vap1d, insi~id. (I.. ) L. uapidus, stale,
men's bloOO. Prob. of Turkish origin; flat. said of wme; cf. I.. uaj>pa. vapid (lr
cr. N. Turk. ukr, a witch (Miklosich). palled wine; wine that has emitted its vaVampla.t e, an iron p1ate protecting a pour or strength. Allied to uapor (below).
vapour, mist. (1". - 1..) F . vapeur. lance. (F. - L) From F. O'1J(lnt, in front,
fore; and plate. See Vambraoe.
L. uapiirem, acc. of uapor, vapour. + Gk.
Van ( I), the front of an army. (F.-L.) ACa,."or, smoke. Bntgm. i. 193.
Short for van-guard, which stands for Varicose, permanently dilated, as a
M. E. vantwanie. - O. F. avant-warde, vein. (L.) I.. uiiricosus. - L. uaric-, stem
later awnl-garde, 'the vanguard of an of uiirix, a dilated vein; named from it5
army;' Cot. - F . O'1J(lnt, before; O. F. crooked appearance. -I.. UantS, crooked.
warde, a guard; iee Advance and Guard Variegate. (L.) From pp. of I.. uarieor Ward.
giire, to make of various coloms. - L.
Van (2),afan. (F.-L.) F .va",a{an. 14ario-,foruarius,of divers colours; ;gare,
-I.. uannum, ace. of ua"nus, a fan. due to agere, to drive, to make.
Doublet,fan.
various. (I..) L. uari"us, variegated,
Van (3), a covered waggon for good.. diverse, manifold; with suffix -ous. Der.
(F". -Pers.) Short for caravan, like !Jus varie-ty, M. F. varie", from L acc. uarii(or omnibus. See Caravan.
tatem, variety.
Vanc1al.a barbarian. (L.-Teut.) One Varlet. (F. - C.) M. F. varlet, a
of the tribe of Vandall (Pliny); answering groom, stripling, youth;' Cot. An older
to A.S. Wend/os, pI. (from Wendil-) . Cf. spelling was vaslet, dimin. of 0.1". vasal,
lcel Vnuiill (a.lso Vandill),a propernRme. vassal, a vassal; see Vaual. The suc"
58 7

VARNISH

VEHICLE

cessive spellings were vaslet, varlet, vallct, for uqlutus, pp. of uoluere, to roU, tum
valet.
round. Thus a vault meant a 'bowed'
Varni.h. (F.) F. vernis, 'varnish;' roof, hence a chamber with bowed roof,
Cot. Cognate with Ita!. vernice, Port. acellar which has an arched roof.
venliz, Span. berniz, varnish; Late L.
vault (l ), to bound, leap. (F. -Ital.vernicium, ver"ix, ber"ix. Origin un L.) M. F. volter, ' to vault;' Cot. - M . F.
known. Perhaps from M. Gk. P,pJlIKfJ ; volte, a round, tum, tumbler's gambol.sec Schade, p. 1439.
Ita!' volta, a sudden tum; the same word
Vary. (F . -L.) F . varier. -L. uariare, as volta, a vault (above ). See Volute .
to vary. -L. uarius, various.
Va1U1t. (F . - L.) F. It vanter, to
Vascular. (L.) From L. uasculum, a boast. - Late L. viiniltire, to speak vanity,
small vessel; double dim in. of uas (below). flatter; ( F. se vanter = to flatter oneself) .
vase. (F.-L.) F. vase, a vessel. -L. A frequentative form from uat/us, vain;
tmsum, allied to uiis, a vessel. Allied to see Vain.
Skt. vasana-, a receptacle, cover.
Vavasour, a vassal of the second rank.
Vassal, n dependant. (}<'. -C.) M. E. (F.-C.) A. F. vavasour.-Low L. vasStls
vassal. - F. vassal, a vassall, subject, ten- vassorum, vassal of vassals; see Vassal.
ant;' Cot. The Celtic sense is servant'; Vaward, another spelling of vanward
Low L. uassalltls; extended from Low L. or va"guard ; see Van (I).
uassus. tzasus, a servant. - O. Bre!. uuas, Veal. (F.-L.) O. F . vell, a calf.-L.
Bret. gwaz, a servant, vassal; W., Com. uitdlum, ace. of uitdlus, dimin. of uitulus,
gwas, youth, servant; O. Irishfoss. Celtic a.calf.+Gk.lTaIl.6s, a calf; cf. Skt. vatsa-, a
type wassos.
calf, properly' a yearling,' from Skt. vatsa,
Vast. (F.-L.) F. vaste.-L. uastus, Gk. ETOS, a year. Allied to Wether and
vast, great, of lar.ge extent. See Waste. Veteran.
Vat, a large vessel for liquors. (E.) Veda, knowledge; one of the ancient
M. E. vat (Southern) ; alsofat (Northern). sacred Skt. books. (Skt.) SkI. veda-, lit.
A .S.fat, a vessel, cask. Du. vat, Icel. knowledge.-Skt. vid, to know; allied to
fat, Dan. fad, Swed . fat, G.fass. Teut. Wit.
type *fatom, n. Lit.' that which con- Vedette, Vidette, a cavalry sentinel.
hills;' cf. E. Fries.faten, O. Fries.fatia , (F. -Ita1. -L.) M. F. vedelle, a sentinel.Du. vallen, to catch, contain, G.fassett, Ital. vedetta, a horse.sentry; formerly a
to seize, contain.
watch-tower. - Ital. vetiere, to see. - L . uiVaticinate, to foretell. (L.) From dere, to see; see Vision.
L. uiiticinatus, pp. of uiiticiniiri, to pro- Veer. (F. -L.?) F. virer, to tum, veer.
phesy. -L. uti/icinus, prophetic.-L. ua- Said to be derived from L.gjrare, to tum
ti, for utites, a prophet, allied to round (see Gyrate), but influenced by L.
Wood ( 2); cin-, from canere, to sing, uiriola, dimin. of uiria (only in pI. uiritZ),
proclaim \ Bn!al).
an armlet, large ring. Allied to Environ.
Vaudeville. (F. ) F. vaudeville, orig. Cf. also M. F. virolet,' a boy's wind-mill;'
a country ballad; 'so tearmed of Vaude- Cot. (Doubtful.)
vire, a Norman town, wherein Olivier Vegetable. (F .-L.) M. F. vegetable,
Bassel [or Basselin], the first inventer of adj.,' vegetable, fit or able to live ; ' Cot.
them, lived;' Cot. Basselin was a Nor This istheold sense. - L. uegetiibilis, full of
man poet (died ab. l.p8 ), whose songs life, animating.-L. uegetiire, to quicken,
were named after his nati ve valley, the enliven. -L. uegetus, lively. -L. uegere , to
Val de Vire; Vire is in Normandy, S. of quicken , aronse. Allied to Vigour. Der.
Bayeux.
vegetat.iott, M. F. vegetatiott (Cot. ).
Vault (1), an arched roof, cellar. ( F. Vehement, passionate. (F . -L.) M. F .
L.) For vaut; the I was pedantically in- vehemwt (Cot.). - L. uehemCllt-, stem of
serted. M. E. voute, vowte, vawte, vaule . - lIehemetts, passionate; lit. 'out of one's
M. F. 'lIoule (also voulte, with inserted I ), mind.' 13. Uehe has been explained as
'a vault, arch, a vaulted roof;' Cot. O.F. equivalent to ue-, 'apart from,' as in ue
volte, a vault (whence the later form vaute, cors, senseless; cf. Skt. vahis, apart. For
mod. F. votUe) ; this is the fern . of O. F . memo mind, see Mental.
volt, vaulted, lit. bent, bowed, the same as Vehicle. (L. ) L. uehculum, a carItal. volta. - Late L. .voltus, substituted riage. - L. uehere, to carry, convey.+Skt.
S88

VEIL

VENTAIL

van, to carry. Allied to Weigh and venene,' hunting;' Cot. - O. F. vener, to

Wain. (.vWEGH.) Brugm. i. !l8. hunt. -L. uemir., to hunt; see Venison.
Veil,sb. (F - L.) O. F. veile, later Venesection, blood letting. (L.) L.
voile . _ L. ui/llm, a sail; also a cloth. ubue, of a vein , gen. of uena; and sec/ion.
For uexlum = uees/llm; cf. uexillum, a See Vein and Section.
standard. Lit. 'propeller' of a ship; Venew, Venue, Veney, (1) a tum
from uentre, to carry along. Brugm. i. or bout or thrust in fencing; ( l ) a locality.
883.
(F. - L. ) M. F. venue, , a coming, a ventI!
Vein. (F. -L.) F. veine. - L. uma , a in fencing, turn, trick;' Cot. Lit. a coming,
vein. For *uecma. Lit. 'conveyer' of home thrust ; fern. of venu, pp. of venir, to
the blood. - L. utnere, to carry. Brugm. ii. come. - L. uenire, to come; see Venture.
66.
2. As a law-term, venue is the same
Vellum. (F.-L.) M.E.velim.-O.F. word, and signifies a place of arrival,
velin (F. viii,,); d. Late L. viluliniu"" locality.
~ Apparently confused by
or pellis vilulina, vellum, calf's skin. - L. Blackstone with O. F. viml, vicinity (a
uilulinus, adj., from llilu/us, a calf. See derivative of L. uilinus, near).
Veal.
Vengeance. (F . -L.) F. vengeante,
Velocity. (F. - L.) M.F. ve/ocill; swift- 'vengeance;' Cot. - F. venger, to avenge.
ness. - L. acc. Uiloct'lalem. - L. ueIOci., -L. uindicare; see Vindicate.
decl. stem of uilox, swift. Allied to Vola- Venial. (F. - L.) O. F. venia/.-L.
tile. Der. velocipede, lit. 'swift-foot,' uenialis, pardonable. - L. umia, pardon;
cointd from L. ue/oei- (above) , and L. also grace, favour. Allied to venereal.
ped., stem ofjJis, a foot.
Venison. (F.-L.) M. E. vmeison.Velvet. (Ital.-L.) M. E. ve/Qudte, A. F. vmeisun, M. F. venaison, 'venison,
velouel; Spenser has vel/el. A. F. velwe/, lIesh of beasts of chase;' Cot. - L. uintivelu,",; Low L. vel/uEftl"' ; answeriug to lionem, acc. of ublatio, the chase, also
a Romank type ~villiiletlum. Cf. M. Ital. game.-L. ulniitus, pp. of tlblar', to hunt.
velulo (Ital. vel/uto), velvet; answering to Cf. Gain, vb. And see Venery.
a Late L. uilliitus, shaggy, by-form of Venom. (F. -L.) M. E.venim.-A.F.
L. uillosus, shaggy. All from L. uillus, venim (F. venin).-L. uenenum, poison.
shaggy hair; allied to uel/us, fleece, and Venous, belonging to a vein. (L.)
For L. uinosus, adj.; from ulna, a vein.
to E. Wool.
Venal. (F . -L.) M. F. venal, saleable. See Vein.
-L. tlbtalis, saleable.- L. uinus, umum, Vent (1), an air-hole, lIue. ( F. -L.)
sale. Allied to Gk. WVDS, a price, c!w~, a 'A ven/, meatus, porus; To vent, aperire,
buying; Brugm. i. 329. Der. venal-ily. euacuare;' Levins. Doubtless influenced
vend, to sell. (F.-L.) F. vendre.- by a popular etymology from F. vent,
L. !undere, to sell; short for umunliare, wind, as if' air-hole'; but the true sense
lit. to give or offer for sale, also written was' fissure.' Formerlyfent. 'Fenl of a
uenum dare. - L. uinufn, sale; dare, to gowne,fente;' Palsgrave. - M. F.fenle, 'a
give, offer.
cleft, rift;' Cot. - F.fendre, to cleave. - L.
Veneer, to o\'erlay with a thin slice of jindere, to cleave. See Fissure. Der.
wood. (G. -F.-O. H. G.)
Formerly vent, vb., Temp. ii. l.llI; certainly conjimer. - G.furnirm, to furnish or provide fused with F. vent, wind; see Vent (3).
small pieces of wood , to veneer.-F.four- Vent (2 ), sale, utterance. (F . - L.)
nil", to furnish; a word of G. origin; see Formerly common. - F . vCIIle, sale, selling.
Furnish.
- F. z'endre. - L. uendere, to sell; see
Venerable. (F.-L.) M. F. venerable. Vend.
- L. uenerabilis, to be reverenced. - L. Vent (3), to snuff up air, breathe, ex
uenera.ri, to reverence. - L. uener-, for pose to air. (F. - L.) See Spenser, Shep.
*uenes, stem of uenus, love. Der. vene- Kal. Feb. 75; F. Q. iii. I. 42. Th e word
ralion, from pp. of umerari.
was prob. dne to a misuse of vent ( 1) ; but
venereal. (L.) Coined from L. uene- the popular etymology is obvious. - F . vmt,
re-us, Ileneri-us, pertaining to Venns or wind.-L. uen/ulII, ace. of ,"mtus, wind;
love. - L. ueneri-, declo stem of ttenUS, cognate with Wind (1). Der. ventage,
love. Allied to Sk t. van, to love, honour. air-hole, Hamlet, iii. 3. 373.
Venery, hunting. (F. - L.) M. F.
vent&il, lower half of the moveable
58 9

VENTILATE

VERMICELLI

part of a helmet. (F. - L.) M. E. allenlai/e

(with prefix a = F. a < L. ad). -M. F. venlail/e, breathing-part of a helmet;' Cot.
- F . vent-er, to puff ; with suffix -ai/Ie
L. -ncula).-F. venl, wind (above).
ventilate. (L.) From pp. ofL.ue1IIi/are, to blow, winnow.-L. uentu/us, a
light wind. _L. umtus, wind.
Ventral, belonging to the belly. (L.)
L. umtriUis, adj. ; from uenter, the belly.
ventricle. (F. -L.) F. venlncute,
the ventricle, the place wherein the meat
sent from the stomack is digested;' Cot.
- L. uentnm/mn, acc. of uentricu/us,
stomach , ventricle, double dimin. of uenler,
the belly.
ventriloquist. (L.) Coined from
L. uC1Ztriloqu-us, lit. speaking from (or
in) the belly. - L . tltntri-, decL stem of
umter (above) ; /oqui, to speak. See
Loquacious.
Venture, sb. (F. - L.) A headless
form of M. E. auenture (aventure), an
adventure, chance. - F. avenlure, a chance,
occurrence. - L. aduentiira, fern. of aduenlI'rtlS, about to happen.-L. ad, to; uentiinls, fut. pt. of uenire, to come. Cognate
with E. Come. (.y'GwEM.) Doublet,
adve1lture. Der. venture, vb.
Venue; see Venew.
Veracious, truthful. (L.) From L.
tlirad-, decl. stem of ulrax, true; with
suffix -Otls.-L. tlinls, true. See Very.
Veranda, Verandah, a covered
bnlcony. (Port. - Span. - L.) Port. va?"anda. - O. Span. varanda, a stair-railing;
in Pedro de Alcala (1505). If of native
Span. origin, it may be from Span. vara,
a rod, rail. - L. tiara, a forked pole_ Cf.
I.. tlarus, crooked. ~ Hence also was
borrowed Skt. va,a1Jl!a. a portico, which
is quite a modern word; see veranda in
Yule.
Verb, the word; the chief word in a sentence. (F.-L.) F. verbe. -L. tlerbum, a
word. For */lerdhum, cognate with E .
Word. Der. verb-iage. F. verbiage, from
O. F . *verbier, ve,-boier, to talk.
Verbena. (L. ) L. uerblna, orig. a
sacred bough; afterwards, vervain. Allied to uerber, a rod. See Vervain.
Verdant, flourishing. ( F.-L.) Afalse
form; as if from F. *verdant, substituted
for verdissa1lt, pres. pI. of verdir. to flourish.
-O. F. verd, green.-L. uiridis, green.
See Vert. Cf. also ve,-dure, F. verdure,
lit. greenness.

Verdict. (F.-L.) M.E. verdit.(the

correct form). - A. F. and O. F. verdil,
veirdil. - L. ulri dictum, truly said;
whence Late L. ulrldicttml, true saying,
verdict.-L. tllri, ad v., from u&us, true;
dictum, neut. of dictus, pp. of dicere, to
sa1. ~ Mod. F. verdict is from E.
Verdigris, rust of copper. (F.-L.)
M. F. verd de pis, verdigrense, Spanish
green;' Cot. Spelt verte gret in the 13th
cent . and verd de gnce in the r 4th (Littre) .
A better form is the M. E. verdegrece, i. e.
verd de Greee. lit. green of Greece;' so
also A. F. vert de Grece, Vie de S. Gile,
853. Cf. uiridegrecum. Ang. verdegrece;'
Wiilker, Voc. 619. 35. M. F. verd (F.
verI) is from uiridem, acc. of uiridis,
green. (See Acad. 1118, Oct. 1893.)
verditer, a green pigm~t. (1". - L.)
M. 1'". verd de terre, a green mineral; Cot.
- L. ace. uiridem, green (above); th, of;
lerra, earth.
Verge (r). a wand of office, edge, brink_
(F.-L.) Distinct from verge (3) below.
M.E. verge, a wand, rod, yard (in measure).
- F. verlre, a rod, wand, yard, hoope, ring,
rood of land ;' Cot. From the sense of
rod it came to mean hoop. ring (hence,
edge); the sense of edge also easily followed from the Law-term verlre, i. e. limi~
of jurisdiction.-L. uirga, a rod, pliant
twig. Der. verg-er, a rod-bearer, macebearer, F. verger, L. tlirlranus.
Verge (3), to tend towards. (L.) L
uergere, to bend, tend, incline towards, incline. ~ The phrase' to be on the verg-e
of' is quite distinct, and belongs to Verge
(I ).

Verif,y. (F.-L.) M. F. verifier; Cot.

- Late L. Vlnjicare, to make true. - L.
um-, for ulrlls, true; -jicare, for facere,
to make.
verisimilitude, likelihood. (F.L.) M. F. verisimilitude. - T!-. uirisimilitUdo. - L. ulri simi/is, like the truth. - L.
ulri, gen. of ulrum , the truth, orig:neuter
of ulrus, true; simi/is, like.
veri"tl, truth. (F.-L.) M. F. verill.
- L. uCr,latem, acc. of ulrilas, truth. - L.
ulri-, for ulrus, true. See Very.
Verjuice. (F. - L.) F. VcrjllS, verjuice; lit. green juice,' i. e. juice of green
grapes.-O. F. verd, green, from 1... uiridemo ace. of tliridis; j,lS, juice, from L.
it7s; see Juice.
Vermicelli. (Ital.-L.) Ital. vermicelli, lit . little worms;' from the shape.

VERMICULAR

VESTIBULE

Pl. of fJermuello, dimin. of venne,. worm. also, age. For ~-ttJ; from ""WERT
_L. uermem, ace. of wrmis, a worm. (Russ. vertiete), to tum.
See Worm.
Vert, green. (F. -L.) F. vert, O. F.
vermicular, pertaining to a worm . verd.- L . uiritiem , ace. of uiridis, green.
(L.) From L. wrmicul-us, a little worm; Cf. L. u irlre, to be green. + W. g'W)lrdd,
dimin. of uermis, a worm.
green; Com. guirl. Or (if these Celtic
ve1'JDilion. (F. - L.) F. wrmillon, words are borrowed) allied to vivid; d.
'a little worm, vermillion; ' Cot. - F. ver- Skt. jira-, active, jiva, living. Brugm.
meil, vermilion. - L. acc. wrmiculum, ii. 74.
dimin. of w,.",is (above). .. So named Vertebra. (L.) L. wrlebra, a joint,
from the cochineal insect (see Crimeon); vertebra. - L. wrtere, to tum.
but venllilion is now generally made from
Tertez, top. (L.) L. wrlex, top, pole
red lead.
of the sky (which is the turning-point of
vermin. (F. -L.) F. fJermine, ver- the stars), but afterwards the zenith._
min; applied to obnoxious inleCts, &c. L. wrlere, to tum. Der. verh"c-ql, F.
As if from a Lat. adj. uermfnus, formed verlical, from L. uerlictilis, vertical, which
from uermi-, dec!. stem of uermis, a is from uerlic-, for wrlec-, stem of wrlex,
worm, cognate with E. Worm.
top.
Vernacular, native. (L.) From L. TertigO giddiness. (L.) L. wrllgo,
wrnlfcul-us, adj., native; lit. belonging giddiness. -L wrlere, to tum round.
to a home-born slave. - L. uerna, a Vervain. (F.-L.) F. ve1'Veine, 'verhome born slave. Lit.' dweller i' cf. vaine;' Cot. - L. wrbina, a sacred bough;
Skt. vas, to dwell. (-v'WES.) Brugm. ii. afterwards, vervain. See Verbena.
66.
Very, true. (F.-L.) M. E. verrai.Vernal. (L.) L . uerntllis, extended O. F. verai (F. vn,i), true. Cf. Provo
from ""nus, belonging to spring.;" L . uh", verai, true. It answers to a Late L. type
spring.+ Gk. lap (for *Ffuap), Russ. vema, verticus, allied to L. ulriix , true. - L.
Ice!. var, Dan. vaar; Swed. vdr, spring ; Ud US, trut', credible (whence O. F. voir) .
the time of incrensing brightness. Cf. + W. gwir, O. Irish flr, true i G. wahr,
Lith. wasara, summer ; Skt. vasanta, A. S. w.!r, true. Cf. Russ. viera, faith.
spring, uslt, to burn, glow; also O. Irish Brugm. i. 367.
dir, \"". gwawr, dawn.
Vesicle, a small tumour or cell. (L.)
Vernier, a kind of scale, for fine mea L. 1I1s;(ula, dimin. of ulsi(a, a bladder.
surement. (F.) Invented by P . Vernier, Vesper. (L.) M. E. vesper, the eveningstar (Gower). - L. uesper, evening-star,
b. [580, died Sept. 14, 1637.
Verse. (L.) M. E. vers,fers (Ormu evening; cC. uespera , eventide. Hence
lum ) ; A. S. j ers (perhaps from O. Irish O. F. vespre (F. vepre), evening, and vesj ers, also from L.) . - Late L. versus, L. pres (F. vepres), vespers, even-song.+Gk.
uersus, a turning, conrse, row, line of ~UfIfPOS, adj. and sb., evening; O. Irish
poetry. - L. wrsus, pp. of uer/ere, to jescor, W. uc!zer, evening. Brngm. i. 339.
turn. Allied to Worth (I ). (""WERT.) Vessel. (F.-L.) M. E. vessel.-A. F.
Der. vcrsed, imitated from L. ""Sa/us, vessel; O. F. vaissel, a vessel, ship, later
pp. of lIersiiri, pass. of frequent. of uer vaisseau, a vessel (of any kind). - L.
tere; versaIile, quickly turning, M. F. uas(ellum, a small vase or um; dimin. of
vtrsa/il (Cot.), L. uersatilis, \"ersatile, utis, a vase. See Vaee.
Vest, a garment. (L.) L. wstis, a
likewise from L. pp. wrsiitus.
versify. (F.-L.) F. versijier.-L. garment,clothing.+Goth.wasti,c1othing;
uersijicare, to make verses. -L. wrsi-, for cI. Gk. ;"'JlVfI' (= FfU'''VJU), I clothe, 'uuersus, a verse; -.ficare, for jacere, to 6I,r, clothing, Skt. vas, to put on clothes.
make. Der. versijicat-ion, from pp. uersiji. (-v'WES.) See Wear.
cii/tls.
Vestal. (F. -L.) F. Vestale, a Vestal
version. (F. -L.) F. version. -Late virgin. -L. Vestalis, belonging to a Vestal,
L. tttrsiimem, acc. of uersio, a version, also a priestess of Vesta. - L. Vesta, Vesta,
translation. - L. uerSltS, pp. of wrlere, to goddess of the Rocks and honsehold. +Gk.
turn .
iUTia, goddess of the domestic hearth.
verst, a Russian measure of length. Veatib1lle. (L.) L. uestibulum, a fore(Russ.) Russ. versla, 3500 English feet; court; lit.' sePllJlllted from the abode.'59 1

VESTIGE

VIDELICET

L. #d-, separate from, slabu/ulll, an abode; - L. uicarius, a deputy, orig. an adj.,

deputed, put in place of. - L uie-,
see Stable (Vani~k ) .
VestUre. (F.-L) F. vutige, a step, base of uicis, gen. case, a tum, change,
foot-track. -L tmtrpum , foot-track.
successiou. (VWEIQ.) Brugm. i. 701.
Vestment. (F.-L.) M. E. vestimmt. Vice (I), a fault. (F. -L.) F. vice._
- O. F. vestelllmt (F. vetement). - L. L . uitium, blemish, fault. Der. vieious,
tlestimenhml, clothing. -L. uulire, to F. vicieux, L . uiliosus, faulty; vi/i-ate,
clothe; from uestis, clothing. See Vest. from pp. of L. ui/iare, to injure. And see
vestry. (}'. -L.) M.E.vestrie ; short- Vituperation.
elled from O. F. vesliarie; cf. M. F. vesli- Vice (2) , an instrument for holding
aire, 'vestry; ' Cot. - L. uts/iarium, things firmly. (F.-L.) M. E . vice, orig.
n wardrobe j neut. of utsliarius, adj., from 'a screw: because tightened by a screw.
uestis, a robe.
- F. vis, 'vice, a winding-staire;' Cot.
vesture. (F.-L.) O. F. vesture, O. F. viz.-L uitis, a vine, bryony, lit.
vestiure.-Lnte L. vestftura, clothing.- 'that which winds or twines.' (vWEL)
L. tlestir/!, to clothe. - L. utstis, a robe.
See Withy.
Vetch, a plant. (F. -L) Also jilek. Vice-gerent. (F.-L.) M. F. vieeM. E. fiche (of which the Southern form gerent, a deputy; Cot. - L. uice, in place
was veeke ). - O. F. veeke, veee, M. F. vesee, of; germt-, stem of pres. pt. of ~rere, to
vetch (where veeke is a Walloon and North carry on, rule; see Gesture. ~ So also
F. form) . - L. uieia, a vetch; whence also vice-admiral; vice-roy (from F. roi, L acc.
r~geml king), vice-regal.
G. wicke, Du. wi}:}:e.
Veteran. (L.) L. uttertlnUs, expe- ViCUlage, neighbourhood. (F. - L.)
rienced; as sb., a veteran. - L uelff- , for Altered from F. voisinage, neighbourhood.
"uetes, stem of uetus, old, lit. 'advanced in - F. voisin, near. - L. tticrnus, near, lit.
years.' Cf. Gk. lTos, Skt. vatsa-, a year. ' belonging to the same street.' -L. ufeus,
See Veal.
a vil\a~e, street; see Wiok (2).
veterinary. (L.) L uetermarius, of vicmiioT., neighbourhood. (F.-L.)
or belonging to beasts of burden; as sb., M. F. vicimtl. - L. ace. uieinitiJIem, neigha cattle-doctor.-L. ueterinus, belonging bourhood.-L uicitlus, near (above).
to beasts of burden. The L . ut/erina Vicissitude. (L ) L. "icissitudo,
meant an animal at least a year old, one change. Allied to uicissim, by tums. that had passed its first year; from the L . uie-is (genitive), a change; see Vioar.
base "utt-, year (above). See Wether.
Victim. (F. -L.) F. vidime.- L. uieVeto, a prohibition. (L.) L. ueto, I lima, a victim. Cf. Goth. wdhan, to
forbid; O. L. uoto.
consecrate. Brugm. i. 606.
Vex, to harass. (F. -L.) F. vexer.- Victor. (L.) L. uietor, a conqueror.
L. uexare, to vex; orig. intensive form of -L uie-, base of uincere, to conquer
utlzere (pt. t. uex-i). See Vehicle.
(pt. t. uie-i) j with suffix -tor.+Goth.
Viaduct. (L.) L. uia dueta, a road weilzan, to fight; d. A. S. wig, war.
conducted across (a river, &c.).-L. uia, a (vWEIQ.) Brugm.i.367. Der.victor-y,
way, road; due/a, fem. of pp. of dueere, to A. F. vie/orie, L. uictma.
carry, conduct. fJ. L. uja, formerly uea =
VictuaJ.a. (F. -L.) Pl. of victual, a
Skt. vaha-, a road; from L. uenere=Skt. pedantic spelling of M. E . vilaj//e. provivak, to carry; see Vehiole, Way.
sions. _ O. F. vi/oille,. usually in pI. viVial, Phial, a small bottle. (F.-L. tailles, provisions.-L. neut. pI. ujetua/ia,
-Gk.) M.E. viole,jio/e.-O.F. and F. provisions; from uietua/is, adj., belongjioie. - L. pllia/a. - Gk. ",10Af/, a shallow ing to nourishmeut. - L. uictu-, Item of
cup or bowl.
uictus, food. -L. uie/us, pp. of uluere, to
Viands, food. (F.-L.) PI. of viand. live; allied to uiuus, living, and to E.
-F. viande,food . _L. uiuenda, neut. pl., Quiok. (VGwEI.) Brugm. ii. 488.
provisions, food; from the gerundive of ViC1Ul&, a quadruped of the camel
uiun-e, to live. See Victuals.
tribe. (Span. - Peruv.) Span. "tJieufla; of
Vibrate. (L.) From pp. of L. uibrare, Peruvian origin (Acosta, iv. 40)'
to swing, shake. Cf. Skt. vep, to tremble. Videlicet, vis., namely. (L) In old
(vWEIP.) Brugm. i. 701.
MSS. and books, the abbreviation for et
Vicar. (F. -L.) F. vicaire, a deputy. resembled.r; hence viet (short for vide59 2

VIDETTE

VIOLATE

dwelling, from ''WES, to dwell; see

Was.
village. (F. - L.) F. village. - L.
ui/laticus, adj., belonging to a farmhouse.
-1.. uilla (above).
villain. (F.-L.) M.E .vikin.-A.F.
Vidette; see Vedette.
Vie, to contend for snperiority. (F.- vilein, servile; as sb., a bondman, sl ave,
L.) M. E. vim, a contracted form of en- villain.-Late L. villanus, orig. a farmvim, to vie, contend for superiority. (Cf. servant, hence a slave, serf, villain. -L.
fence for defence, story for history, &c.) - uilla, a farm-house. Der. villajn-~, A.F .
O. F. envier (au jeu), to vie;' Cot_ The vilanie, servitude, baseness.
lit. sense of O. F . envier wns to invite Vinculum, a link. (L.) L. uimulu""
[quite distinct from envier, to envy], esp. a bond, fetter. - L. uimire, to bind.
used in gaming in the sense to open a Vindica.te. (L.) From pp. of L . uingame hy staking a certain sum'; precisely dicare, to arrogate, lay claim to; cf. uindic-,
as Span. envidar, Illll. invitare, to invite, stem of uindex, a claimant.
to vie, or propose a stake. - L. inui/jj"e,
vindictive. (F.-L.) Shortened from
to invite (of which vie is thus seen to be a F. vjndicatif, 'revenging;' Cot. From
doublet). See Invite. ~ The sense was L. uindica/-tls, pp. of uindicare, to avenge;
to stake a sum to draw on or invite a game, with suffix -iUIIS, F. -if.
then to wager, bet against, contend, strive Vine. (F.-L.) F. vigne.-L.uinea, a
for the upper hand.
vineyard; in Late L. (apparently) a vine.
View, sb. (F.-L.) A. F. view, vewe, Fern. ofL.tlineus, adj., from uinum, wine ;
z'Ue ; M.F.veue,'aview,sightj'Cot. Fem. see Wine. Der. vine-~ard, substituted
of veu, pp. of O. F. veoir (F . voir), to see. for A. S. 'Win-geard, a vineyard, lit. ' wine
- L. uidire, to see. See Viaion.
yard.' See Yard (I).
VUril. (F.-L.) Lit. 'a watching.' F.
vinegar. (F. - L.) M. E. vinegre. vigiTe, 'a vigile, eve of a holy day;' Cot. O. F. vin egre (F. vinaigre). -L ufnulll,
- L. uigilia, a watch. - L. uiga, awake. - wine; dcrem, aec. of ticer, sharp. See
L. uigire. to be lively j cf. uegire, to Wine and Eager.
arouse; alJied to Wake. See Vigour. Vin.wed, mouldy. (E.) A Southern
Der. vigil-ant, F . vigilant, from stem of form. Also jinewed, jmo'Wed (Nares).
pres. pt. of L. uigiliire, to watch.
From M. E. jmo'W, mouldiness; with
Vig:a.ette, a smaJl engraving with orna- suffix oed; cf. A. S. jynegian, to become
mented border. (F. - L.) First applied to mouldy. -A. S. jynig, mouldy (Joshua,
borders in which vine-leaves and tendrils ix. 5). - A. S. fyne, mould, moistness.
were introduced; XVIIth cent. - F. vi Allied to Du. Vlms, rank; M. Du. vuns/igh,
gt/elte, a little vine; pI. vignettes, ' branch- 'mustie (as hay);' Hexham.
like flourishes;' Cot. Dimin. ofF. vigne, Vintage. (F.-L.) An alteration of
a vine; see Vine.
M. E. vi~, vendage; by 'influence of
Vilfour, energy. (F.-L.) O.F.vi~or; vint-ner. - F. vendange, M. F. vendenge,
F. vtgueur.-L. uigorem, ace. of uigur, vintage.-L. uindlmia, vintage.-L. ufn
liveliness. - L. uiglre, to be lively; see um, wine, grapes; -til1nia, a taking away,
from dlmere, to take away. Dlmerl- *diVigil. Der. vigur-ous.
V~, a Northern pirate. (Scand.) imere, from emere, to take.
Icel. vikmgr, a pirate, free-booter, rover.
vintner. (F.-L.) M. E. vintener,
Lit. 'a warrior;' for *vigningr (ign> altered form of earlier vineter, viniter.ik) ; allied to vig, war, Goth. 'Weihan , M. F. vinetier,' a vintner;' Cot. - Late L.
to fight, L. uimere, to conquer. See uinttarius, a wineseller.-L. uinttum, a
Victor. (So Noreen, ~5~; cf. SlVeet, vineyard. - L. uinum, grapes, wine.
H ist. E. Sounds, 319.) + A. S. wiring. Viol. (F.-Prov.-Late L.) M. F.
~ Usually explained as creek-dweller'; viole, viol/t, ' a violin;' Cot. -Provo viula.
from Ice\. vik, a creek.
- Late L. vidllla, vitllla. a viol; whence
Vile. (F. - L.) F . vi!, fern. vile, base. also O . H. G. jidttla, A. S. ji}ele, a fiddle.
- L. uilis, base, mean.+ W. p ae!, vile. See Fiddle.
Villa.. (L.) L. ui!la, a fnrmhonse; Violate. (L.) From pp. of L. tlioltirl,
O. L. ttella. Perhaps for *ues-!a, i. e. a to treat with force, violate. Formed as if
593

liut) was misread as vis. - L. uidZlice/,

short for uidire licet, it is possible to see,
it is evident, hence, to wit, namely.-L.
uU/ere, to see; licel, it is allowable; see
Vision and Licence.

VIOLET

VIVACITY

from an adj. *1Iiollls, due to ui-s, force. cidus, sticky, clammy. - L . fliseum, mistletoe, birdlime.+Gk. l(6r, mistletoe.
Bru~. i. 655.
VIolent. (F. - L.) F. violent. - L. Viscount. (F. - L.) Also spelt viuiolentlls, full of might. Formed as if counte (and the inserted s i5 not profrom an adj. *uiolus; see Violate.
nounced). A. F. viscontI!, viconte; F .
Violet, a flower. (F. - L.) M. F. violet, vicomte, a vicount, at first the deputy of
m., violette, f. (Cot.). Dimin. of M. F. viole, an earl,' Cot.; O. F . viscomle ( 12th cent.).
, a gilliRower ;' Cot. - L. tliola, a violet. - L. uice, in place of; comitem, acc. of
+ Gk. tov, a violet. D er. violet, adj.
comes, a count; see Count (I) .
Violin. (Ita!. -Late L.) Ital. violino, Visible. (F. - L .) F . visible. - L.
dimill. of Ita!. viola, a viol; see Viol.
uisi"ilis, that can be seen.-L. UIS-US, pp.
violoncello. ( Ita!. - Late L.) Ital. of tliaere, to see.+Gk. 13.;", to see ; Skt.
violoncello. dimin. of violone, a bass-viol, vid, to know. Allied to Wit. (v WEID.)
an augmentative form of viola, a viol.
vision. ( F.-L.) F. vtsion.-L. ulsiViper. (F .-L.) F.vipere. - L.uijlera, Onem, ace. of flisio, sight. - L. uisus, pp.
a viper. Ysually explained as 'that pro- of uiaere, to see.
duces living young'; short for uiuipara,
visit. (F.-L.) F. visiter. -L. ulsifem. of tliuilams, producing living young; tlire, to visit, go to see, frequent. of lIisere,
see vivip arous.
to behold; from flims, pp. of Ilidifre, to
Vira.go. (L.) L. uirago, a manlike see.
woman. - L. uir, a man; see Virile.
visor, visard, vizor. (F. - L.)
Virga-te, a measure ofland. (L.) From The d is added. M . E. visere. - M. F.
Late L . terra uirgata, land measured with visiere, 'the viser, or sight of a helmet;'
Cot. Formed from M. F. vis, the face; see
a rod. - L. uir..f{a, a rod; see Verge (I ).
Virgin. ( 1<'.-L.) O. F. virgine. -L. Visage. A visor also meant a mask,
uirgiJlem, acc. of tdrgo, a maid. Der. from its covering the face; Cotgrave has
virgilt-als, the name of a musical instru- 'Iawe visage, a maske, or visard:
ment, played upon by virgins.
vista. (Ital.-L.) Ita!' vista, lit. a
Viridity, greenness. (L.) L. uiriditas, view. - Ital. vista, fern . of vislo, seen, from
greenness. - L. uiridis, green. See Vert. vedere, to see. - L. tlidi!re, to see.
Virile, manly. ( F. - L.) F. viril,
visual. (F.-L. ) M . F. visual.- L.
, manly ;' Cot. - L. tli,ilis. adj., from tlir, lI'malis, belonging to the sight. - L. tlisu-,
a man .+A. S. wer ; O. H. G. wer; Goth. decl. stem of ftims, sight. - L. fllSUS, pp. of
wair; Ice!. ve,.,.; O. Irish flr, W . gwr, uidl re, to see.
a man; cf. Skt. vira-, a hero.
Visier; see Vizier.
virtue. (F. - L.) M. E. verttl. - F. Vital. (F. - L.) F. vital. - L. lIi/iilis,
verttl. - L. tlirtitte1ll , acc. of uirttts, manly belonging to li fe.- L. uita, life ; allied to
excellence. - L. tlir, a man.
u'flere, to live. See Victuals.
virtuoso. (Ita!. - L.) Ital. virtuoso, Vitiate; see Vice (I ).
one skilled in the fine arts, orig . virtuous.' Vitreous. (L.) L . tlitre-us, glassy ; with
-Ital. v irtzl, shortened form of virttlte, suffix -ouS. - L. tlItri-, for uitrum, glass.
yirtue, also, a love of the fine arts. - L. The i in uitrllm is common; some connect
tlirliile,n (aboye).
the word with uidlre, to see. ~ L. uitrllm,
Virulent. (F. - L .) F . virolent. -L. 'woad,' is cognate with E. Woad.
u,rulentus, full of poison. - L. lIirlls,
vitriol. (F.-L.) F. vitriol,'vitrioll;'
po ison. + Gk. I.>., Skt. visha-, poison. Cf. Cot. Said to be so called from its glassy
Wizen.
look. - L. Ilitreolus, glassy. _ L. lIitreus,
Visage, look, face. (F. -L.) F. visage, glassy. - L . ttitrum, glass (above).
face, look. - M. F. vis, visage ; with suffix Vituperation, blame. (F.-L.) M. F.
-age L . -liticum). _ L. uisu1ll, acc. of vituperation. - L. acc. uiltlperiiliOnem.ttims, sight, afterwards look, face. - L. L. lIituferatus, pp. of tlitltperiire, to blame,
lit. 'to prepare (or find) a blemish: - L.
tl istls, pp. of uidere, to see.
uitll.', for flili-, base of ttitium, a vice,
visard, the same as visor.
Viscera, entrnils. (L. ) L. lIisceYll, neut. fault; parare. to prepare, provide.
pl., entrails. D er. e-viscer-ale, to remove Vivacity. (F. - L.) F. vivacite, IiYeIiness. - L. IlllIiicitatem, acc. of tli uiicilas,
th e entrails.
Viscid, sticky, clammy. (L.) L. uis- liveliness. - L. uIUllci-, dec!. stem of uil/ax,
594

VIVID

VOLUNTARY

tenacious of life. - L . utuere, to live. See a wave; O. H. G. woc.+A:S. w.eg, Go~h.

Victuals.
wigs, a wave; Tent. type wllgoz, m. ;
vivid. (L.) L. u,uidus, live1y.-L. from w~g-, 3rd stem ofTeut. wega,, , to
uluere, to live.
move; see Weigh.
vivify. (F.-L.) F . vivtfier,toquicken. Voice. (F.-L.) M. E. vois. O. F.
-L. UIUijiCare, to quicken.-L. Uilli-, for vois (F. voix) .-L. uocem, acc. of uox,
UiIlUS, living; pcare, for lacere, to make. voice. sound. See vocal.
viviparous. (L.) From L. tltui- Void, empty. (F.) O. F. vuide, voide
parus, producing living young. -L. utui-, (F. v ide); a fern. form of which the masc.
is vuit. Origin unknown.
for U1UIIS, living; parere, to produce.
vivisection. (L.) Coined from L. Volant, flying. (F.-L.) F. volallt,
pres. pt. of vo/er, to fly.- L. uoltire, to
ului- (above) ; and sectiun.
Vizen. ( E.) M. E. vixen,jixen, a she- fly. Cf. Gk. po";', a throw; Brugm. i.
fox; answering to A. S.fyx.m, made from 663.
fox by vowel-change of Teut. u (A. S. 0)
volatile. (F.-L.) F.vo/atil, 'flying;'
to)l, with fern. suffix -en (for -in-jo-) ; pre- ' Cot. - L. 110/iitilis, hying. - L. uo/iitus,
cisely as A. S. gyden, a goddess, from god, flight. - L. un/are, to fly.
a god. See Fall:. Cf. G.fiichsin, f. of Volcano, a burning mountain. (Ital.fuchs, fox. The vforfis Southern.
L.) Ital. volcano, a volcano.-L. VokiiViz.; see Videlioet.
num, acc. of Volcanus, V1I/ciilluJ, Vulcan,
Vizard; see Visor.
god of fire, fire. cr. Skt. varcha-s, lustre.
Vizier, Visier, a counciIIor of state. Vole, a field-mouse. (Scand.) Also
(F. - Arab.) F. vizir. - Arab. wa:ztr, a OIllled vole-mouse, field-mouse, meat/()Wcouncillor of state; orig. a porter, one mouse, caf1,pagno/; L arvico/a. A modem
who bears the burden of state affairs. - word; abbreviated from North E. vo/eArab. root wazara, to bear a burden, //louse, i. e. field-mouse. From Norw. voll,
sustain.
field; cognate with E. Wold. Der. waterVocable, a term, word. (F.-L.) F. vole, i.e. water field-mouse.
vocaiJle. - L. uociibu/um, an appellation, Volition. (F. - L.) F. volition. - Late
namc. - L. unciire, to call. - L. ,we, re- L vo/ilionem, acc. of vo/itio, volition
lated to uoe-, stem of 1IOX, voice, name (prob. a term of the schools). -L. un/o,
(below). Der. vocaiJlI/ary, from Late L. I wish. See Voluntary.
1Iociibuliiriulll, a list of words.
Volley. (F. - L.) }<'. volle, 'a flight;'
vocal, uttering sound . (F. - L.) F. Cot. !fence, a flight of shot. -L. uo/iita,
vocal. _ L. uika/is, adj., from uQc-, stem of fern. of pp. of uo/iire, to fly.
uox, voice, sound.
Gk. lwos, a word; Volt, another spelling of Vault (2).
Skt. vacha-s, speech, from vach, to speak. Voltaic, originated by Volta. (Ita!.)
(.vWEQ.) Brugm. i. 678.
From A. Vo/la, of Como, died March ii,
vocation. (F.-L.) F. vocalion.-L. 1826.
acc. u()(otionem, a calling, invitation.-L. Voluble,flnent. (F.-L.) M.F.vo/ub/e,
uociitus. pp. of uocare, to call.
voluble, easily rolled, glib;' Cot. - L.
vociferation. (F.-L.) M.F.vocife- un/ubi/is, easily turned about.-L. 110/14-,
ration. - L. acc. uiJcij'iriilionem, an outcry. as in tw!ii-tus, pp. of uo/uere, to roll ; with
-L. uociferotus, pp. of tlociferiiri, to lift sllffix -bi/is.+Goth. wa/wjall, to roll, Gk.
up the voice, cry aloud. -L. uoci-, declo ';"UEIV, to enfold; allied to Russ. valile, to
stem of1lux, voice; fer-re, to bear, carry, roll. C.vWEL. ) See Helix.
cognate with E. bear.
volume, a roll. a book. (F.-L.) F.
Vogue, mode, fashion. (F. -Ital. - volume. - L. uo/umen. a roll, scroll; hence,
Tellt. ) Formerly vogue meant sway, au- a book on a parchment roll. -L. 1I0lii-, as
thority, power.- F. vogue, 'vogue, sway, in un/ii-tus, pp. of tzo/uere, to roll.
power; a cleere passage, as of a ship in a Voluntary. (F. -L.) M.F. vo/Jmlaire,
broad sea;' Cot. Orig.' sway of a ship,' v%nfaire. - L. tlo/tmtiiriw, willing.verbal sb. of F. voguer, 'to saile forth;' L. un/untas, free will. -L. uo/unf-, related
id . - Ttal. voga, sb., stroke of an oar, to tlo/enf-, stem of tlo/ens, willing, from
vOl{are. to row in a galley. - M. H. G. uelle, to wish, '40/0, 1 wish. Skt. vr,
wiigm, G. wogen, to fluctuate, be in motion to choose, select. Allied to Will (I).
on the sea. - M. H. G. wag, G. woge, (.vWEL.) Brugm. ii. tOl, 493.
595

VOLUPTUOUS
voluptuo1Ul. (F. - L.) F. vo/uPlueux, fire.

WADI

See Volcano . Der. vulcan-ite,

Cot. - L. uolupttliJSttS , addicted to, or full vulcanised caoutchouc.
of ple3SUre. - L . uo/uptas. pleasure. - L. V~. (F.-L.) F. Vttlgair~.-L.
uolup, uolupe, adv., agreeably. - L. uol-o, uulgifrts, belonging to the common people.
_L. uulgus, uolgus, the common people;
I wish. Cf. Gk. I)."i., hope.
Volute, a spiral scroll on a capita!. (F. a throng, crowd. Der. vulgar-ity; also
-L.) F. volule (Cot.). - L. uolUta, a vulgate, the E. name for the L. version
volnte; fem. of uoliitus, pp. of uoluut!, to of the Bible known as the iditio vulgala,
where vulgiita is a later form of the fern.
roll; see Voluble.
Vomit, sb. (L.) L. uomitus, a vomit- of the pp. of uulgiir~, to publish.
ing; whence uomiltfre, to vomit. - L. Vulnerable. (F. -I..) M. F. vulneruomilus, pp. of uo11lere, to vomit.+Gk. able. - L. uulnerabilis,1iable to injury. - L.
I/lE"', Lith. wt!mti, Skt. vam, to vomit. uulnerare, to wound. -L. uulner-, for
"uu/nes-, stem of uulnlls, a wound; O. L.
('V'WEM.)
Voracity. (l<'.-L.) F. voracitl.-L. UOlllllS. Allied to uellere, to pluck, tear.
uoriiciliilem, ace. of uortfeitas, hungriness. Cf. Skt. vra1JQ-, a wound , fracture; Gk.
- L. uoriici-, for uorax, voracious, greedy ou).~ , W. gw~li, a wound. ('V'WEL.)
to devour.-L. uorare, to devour.-L. Vulpine, fox-like. (F.-L.) M. F.
-uorus, devouring, as in earniuorru, Besh- vulpin; Cot. - L. uulpfmts, fox-like. - L.
eating. Allied to Skt. -gara-, as in aja- Ufllp , base of uulpes, a fox. Allied to
gara-, goat-devouring; Gk. (3o"o., glut- Wolf (Darbishire, Reliquire Philologicre,
tonons. ('V'GwER.) Brugm. i. 653.
P9 2 ) .
Vortex, a whirlpool. (1,.) L. uor/ex, Vulture. (L.) I.. flultur, a vulture:
also uer/t!x, whirlpool. - L. uer/ere, to O. L. uolturus; lit. 'tearer.' - I.. uul(uol-), as in uttl-si, pt. t. of uel/ere, to
tum; see Verse.
Vote, sb. (I..) L. t4u/um. a wish; orig. pluck, tear. Allied to Vulnerable.
a vow. - L. u6/u"" neut. of uo/us, pp. of
uoulre, to vow. Der. vot-ive, L. uutiuus,
W.
promised by a vow; vot-ary. a coined
word. like vo/aress, votress.
Wabble, Wobble, to reel, move un.
Vouch, to warrant. (F. -I..) M. F . steadily. (E.) Frequentative of wap,
voucher, 'to vouch, cite, pray in aid in a whap, to Butter (Halliwell) ; see Wave,
suit ; ' Cot. O. F. voelzier. ,- L. uocart!, to Whap. Cf. E. Fries. wabbeltl, to wabble;
call, call upon, summon. See Vocable. LOw G. wabbeln, quabbchl , to palpitate,
voucluiafe. ( F. -I..) Formerlyvoucll to wabble; Swed. dial. vaobla, to move
safe, i. e. warrant as safe; from VOUdl and f"od to and fro in the mouth.
saft.
Wacke, a rock derived from basalt. (G.)
Vow, sb. (F. -L.) M.E. vow, VOtI.- G. wacke, wacke; M.H .G. wacke, O.H.G.
.
O. F. veu, vou (F. vam) , a vow. - I.. uu/um, w!lJJgo, a kind of Bint.
a vow; see Vote. ~ Hence the M. E. Wad, a small bundle of stuff, little mass
avow, sb., common in the sense of' vow,' of tow. (Scand.) Swed. vadd, wadding,
Chaucer, C. T. 1237, 2'P4; and hence M. Swed. wad, clothing, stuff; cf. Ice!.
the verb avow, to vow. Another avow viJbmal, wad mal, a plain woollen stuff.+
answers to F. avout!r, I.. arluocare, and is G. wal/e, wadding, wad (whence F. oua/e).
a doublet of avouch.
Der. wadd-ing, wad-mal. Cf. Weed (2 ).
Vowel. (F . -L.) O. F. vouel, voie/; F. Waddle, to walk clumsily. (E.) Frevoyd/e, ' a vowell; 'Cot. - L. uoealem, acc. quentative of wade (below).
of uociilis (Iillt!ra), a vowel, vocal letter; Wade, to walk slowly, csp. through
water. (E.) A. S. wadall, pt. t. wud, to
see Vocal.
Voyage. ([' . - 1..) M. E. viage, vt!age. wade, go. + Du. waden ; Ice!. va6a, pt. t.
-0.1'. veiage, later voyage. - I.. ttiaticum , 06, to wade; (cf. Jcel. val!, a ford ) ; Dan.
properly provisions for n journey. -I.. uia- vade, Swed. varia , G. walm, O. H . G.
lieus, belonging to a journey. - L. uia, a 1Imtan, to wade, go. Further allied to
way. See Viaduct.
L. uadum (for *uadholll) , a ford, 1tiidt!re,
Vulcanise, to combine caoutchouc to go.
with sulphur by heat. (L.) Coined, with Wadi, a water-course, river. (Arab.)
.uffix -ue, from Vulcan , god of fire , Arab. wiLli.
596

WAIT

WAFER

Wafer. (F. -Teut.) M.E. wafrt.- *weif, Icel. veif, anything moving or
A. F. wafre, O. F. watifre (F. gaufi-e) ,
a wafer. _ M. Do. 7CJaejel, a wafer (D u.
wafe!); Low G. wafel, whence G . waffel,
wafer. 8. F. galifre also means' honeycomb'; hence Low G. wafe! may be allied
to G. wabe, a honey comb, Ice!. va/, a weft;
from Teut. waf, 2nd grade of *wetJan-, to
weave; see Weave.
Waft. (E.) For waif, like graft for
graff. Again, waff is the same as wave,
in the sense' to beckon by waving something'; see waft, pt. t. of waif, in Merch.
Yen . v. 1. II. See Wave (1).
Wag (1 ). (Scand.) M. E. wagsren. - M.
Swed. wagga, Swed. vagga, to wag, sway,
rock. Cognate with A. S. wagiQ1l (> M. E.
wawen), to wag, which is a secondary verb
derived from the 2nd grade of A. S. wegatt,
to carry, move. Similarly, the Swed. wagga
is a secondary verb, from O. Swed. *wega,
Ice! . vega, to weigh; sec Weigh. So also
Goth. wagjal', to shake. Der. wag-tail;
waggle, q. v.
wag (2), a merry knave. (E.) Short
for wag-halfer, one who deserves hanging
Uocosely).
,
Wage, a gage, pledge; pl..Wages , pay
for service. (F.- Teut.) M. E. wage, pI.
wages. -0. F. wage, later gage, a gage,
pledge; henceastipulatedpayment;whence
O. F. wager, to pledge, Low L. wadi,;,-e.
-Low L. wadium; formed from Goth.
wadi, a pledge-; see Wed. Der. wage,
vb., as in to wage war, orig. to declare (or
pledge oneself to) war; cf. Walloon wager,
to pledge.
wager, a bet. (F.-Teut.) M.E.
wager, waiour. - O. F. wageure, later
gageun, 'a wager;' Cot. -Low L. wadiatt,ra, from waditire, to pledge (above) .
Der. wager, vb. See also Ga~ (1 ) .
Waggle, to wag frequently. (Scand.)
Frequent. form of Wag (above) ; cf. Swed.
dial. vagla, Swed. vackia, to loIter; also G.
wackeltl, Pomeran. wa,lfgein, to waggle;
Low G. wigelwageltz, to wiggle-waggle.
wagon, waggon. (Du.) XIVth cent.
Borrowed from Du. wagen, a wagon; which
is cognate with Wain.
wagtail; from Wag and Tail.
Waif, sb., a thing abandoned, a thing
fonnd astray. (F. - Scand .) M. E. waif,
weif; pI. wayues, weyttes, (wayves,weyves).
- A. F. and O. F. waif, later gaif, pI.
waives, gaives; ehoses gayves, 'weifes,
things forsaken, or lost;' Cot. -0. Icel.

flapping about (a pplied, e. g. to the fin

of a seal) ; allied to veifa, to vibrate, move
ahout; see Waive.
Wail, to lament. (Scand.) M. E. weilm .
- O. Icel. wlZla, Ice!. VIZ/a, to wail;
also vala. Lit.' to cry wo;' from VIZ,
vei, interj., wo ! See Woo Cf. Swed.
dial. vtila, to wail; Dan. dial. vlZlIe, to
wail , vlZl, a wail; Norw. vlZla, to bleat.
Wain, a waggon. (E.) M. E. wain,
waYIl ; formed (by the usu al change of ag
to ay) from A. S. wagn, a wain; we also
find A. S. wan, a contracted form. From
the 2nd grade (wag) of w~gal' , to carry;
sec Weigh.
Du. wagC1l (whecce E .
wagon) , I ce\. vagn, Dan. VOgl', Swed.
vagn, G. wagel' . Allied to L. Iteh-icltlum,
Gk.IiX-or, O . lrishftn, a car. (-v' WEGH.)
Wainscot, panelled boards on walls of
rooms. (Du.) XIVtb cent.-Du.wagem chot,
'wainscot,' Hexham ;cf.Low G.wagellschot,
the best kind of oakwood. As if from
Du. wagelt, a wain; but really an alteration of M. Du. waeglle-schot, which Kilian
explains as 'oak-wood with a waving
grain'; from M. Du. waeghe (G . wO.fe,
M. H. G. wi/g), a wave, and schot,' a WnIUscot, partiti on,' &c., Sewel, or ' a closure of
boards,' Hexbam. The Du . sdlOf is cognate with E. scot and shot. ~ Not from
M. D u. weeglt, a wall.
Waist. (E.) M. E . wast, waist; lit.
'the growth' of a man, or the part of the
body where size and strength arc developed.
The same word as M. E. wacst, strength ,
answering to an A. S. form *waxt, not
found, but nearly allied to A.S. wast fll,
growth. - A. S. weaxan, to grow; see
Wax (I).
Goth. 'Ulahsttts, growth, increase, stature; lccl. vox'r, stature, shape I
Swed. viixt, Dan. vaxt, growth. Brugm.
i. 795 (2). Der. waist-coat.
Wait, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) Orig. a
watchman, sentinel, afterwards one who is
awake at night, a night-musician. - O. F.
waite, a guard, watchman; cf. F. guet. O. H. G. wah/a, a watchman, orig. a
watch, a guard , a being awake. From the
Teut. base wak-, as in Goth. wak-an, to
be awake ; seeWe.ke ( 1) ; with Teut. suffil!;
-ton-. ~ Also lIsed in the pin.
lie in
wait ; cf. Walloon weiti~r, to spy.
wait, vb. (F. - 0 . H. G.) O. F . waiter,
waitier, gaiter, later guetle'-, to watch,
wait. -0. F . wait~, a watchman, a watching (above).

597

'0

WALNUT

WAIVE

Waive, to relinquish a claim. (F.- wyrt-watu, the root of a (rce (with the

Scand.) M. E. 1tJ(liuen, weiuen (uJaivm, idea of ridge) . E. Fries. wale, a weal:

weiven) , to set aside, shun, push aside, O. Fries. walu, rod, wand, Ice!. viilr, a
remove.-A. F. weiver, M. F. guesver, to round stick, Goth. walt4s, a staff. Cf.
waive, refuse, abandon, give over, surren- E. Fries. wale", to turn round, roll:
der, resigne:' Cot. (Low L. waviare, to Russ. val', a cylinder, valiaie, to roll. fJ.
waive.) - O. IceL *wei/a, Ice!. veifa, to The sense of rod or beam is preserved in
vibrate, flap, flutter, whence veiJi-skali, a gun.wale, the plank along the edge of
spendthrift. Cf. Norw. veiva, to turn (a a ship_protecting the gnns.
grindstone), veiv, a crank, Swed. vefva, to Walk, vb. (E.) M. E. walken, pt. t.
wind. Allied to O. H. G. weibon, (0 hover, welk, pp. walken. A. S. wealcan, pt. t.
move about: M. Du. wey/elen, to be in- weok, pp. weaken, to roll, toss oneself
constant; E. Fries. wif, restless. And to about, rove about: hence, generally, to
Vibrate. (-v'WEIP.) Cf. Waif. ~ Dis- ramble, walk. Cf. M.Du. walcken, to press,
tinct from wave.
full cloth, Swed. valka, to roll, full, work,
Wa.ke (1), to be brisk, cease from sleep. Dan. valke (same), G. walken, to full.
(E.) M. E. waken, pt. t. wook: properly Allied to Skt. valg, to go by leaps.
intransitive: whence the weak verb wakien, ~ M. E. walker, a fuller, is from M. Du.
pt. t. waked, to cause to wake, rouse. A. S. Wall. (L.) A. S. weall, borrowed from
wacan, to arise, come to life, be born, pt. t. L. uallum, a rampart, ori~. a row of stakes:
wOe, pp. wacen; whence wacian, weak Cf. L. uallus, a stake, palisade, lit. protection. Allied to o. Irish/ai, a hedge.
verb, to wake, watch, rt. t. wacode.
Goth. wakan (pt. t. wok), wakjan (pt. t. Wallah, lit. an agent. (Hind.) H. H.
~ida): Du. waken, Ice!. 'lIOka, Dan. Wilson explains Hind. willa as one who is
vaage, Swed. vaka, G. wacken (whence Do. charged with doing any duty; Yule says it
wekken, Ice!. vekka, Dan. vakke, Swed. is practically an adj. suffix, like the L.
vilcka, G. weckm). Ultimately allied to -drius (or E. -er); orig. an agent, doer, &c.
Vigil; see Brngm. ii. 80+ Der. wake, See Competition-wallak in Yule: we may
sb .. a vigil, A. S. -wacu.
explain this as competition-er=co11lpelitor.
Wa.ke(2),thetrackofaship. (Seand.) Wallet, a bag, budget. (E.?orF.In Norfolk, a wake means a space of un- O. H. G. 1) M. E. walet, apparently equifrozen water in a frozen tam or broad.' valent to M. E. watd, a wattle, also a bag.
The proper sense is an opening in ice, In P.Plowman, C.xi. 269,wheresome MSS.
passage through ice, hence a track of a express bag-full' by wale/ful, others
ship through a frozen sea, or a track gene- have waletful. Again, Shakespeare has
rally. - O. Ice!. *wak-, Ice!. vall-, Item of wallets for bags of flesh upon the neck
fJiik, a hole, opening in ice; Swed. wk, (Temp. iii. 3. 46), which is the same as
Norweg. vok (the same). Hence Norweg. wattles. ~ Very doubtful: the form sugvekkja, Dau. vlZkke, to cut a passage for gests an A. F. walet, possibly from
ships through ice. The orig. sense was O. H. G. walliin, to go on pilgri!Dage.
a wet place.' - Ice!. viikr, wet (Low!. Cf. O. F. grzuler, to wander (Ducange).
Scotch wak); cf. Du. wok, moist, Gk. Wall- eyed, with diseased eyes.
iry-"or, wet.
(Seand.) Glauciolus, an horse with a
Wa.ken, to awake. (E.) Nowusually waule eye;' Cooper (1565).-Ice!. vald
transitive, but orig. intransitive only, in eyg6r, corruption of fJagleygr, wall-eyed,
the sense 'to become awake.' M. E . said of a horse. - Ice!. vagi, a beam, also
waknen, wakenen. A. S. wacnan, to be a beam in tbe eye, disease of the eye:
aroused, be born: intrans. form from ey~r, eygr, eyed, from auga, eye, cognate
wacan, to wake; see Wake. ~ The with E. eye. The Ice!. vagi is the same
verbal suffix -en has now usually a tran as Swed. vagel, a perch, roost, sty in the
sitive force: the M. E. snffix nen is pro- eye, Norw. vagI, a hen-roost. Cf. Wars
perly intrand/ive, as in Gothic. Cf. Goth. of Alexander, 608, 1706.
grzwaknan, Swed. vakna, Dan. vaagm, to Wallop; see Potwalloper.
become awake. Der. a-waken, where the Wallow. (E.) M. E. walwen. A. S.
prefix a = A. S. ii-; see A- (4).
wenlwian, to roll round. Cf. Goth . wal
Wale, Weal, the mark ofa blow. (E.) wiall, L. uoluere, to roll; see Voluble.
M. E. wale. A. S. walu, a weal; also Walnut. (E.) Lit.' foreign (Gaulit;h)
s!}8

WARD

WALRUS
nut.' O. Mere. walkhmttll, from O. Mere.
wall" A. S. w~a/l" foreign; h1lutre, a nut.
+ Du. waltzoot, lcel. valMlot, Dan. vahwd,
Swed. valniH, G . wallllltss. 13. The A. S.
wealh makes the pI. wealas, O. Mere.
walas, which is the mod. E. Wales (now
applied to the country itself) ; cognate
with O. H . G. walall, a foreigner, whence
G . Wii[scll, Italian. ~ The explanation
foreign' is inexact; the A.S. weal/, meant
a Celt, either of Wales or Gaul. In form
it answers to 'one of the tribe of Vo/ctZ,'
who occupied Southern Gaul.
Walrus, a large seal. (Du.-Scand.)
Du. walrus. - Swed. val/ross, Dan. hvalros,
a morse ; lit. a' whale-horse'; the same
as A. S. hors-hwtZl, a morse, horse-whale.
- Swed. val/, Dan. kval, a whale; lcel.
hross, a horse. Said to be named from
the neighing sound made by the animal.
See Whale and Horse.
Waltz, a dance. (G.) Short for G.
walzer, a waltz (with s sounded as Is ).G . walzelt, to roll, revolve; see Welter.
Wampum, small beads, used as
money. (N. American Indian.) Amer.
I ndian wampum; from the Massachusetts
wompi, Delaware wapi, white (Mahn) .
Cf. Algonkin wab, white (Cuoq ).
Wan, colourless. (E.) M.E. watt. A.S.
waml, wo,zn, dark, black, colourless; now
applied to pale objects deficient in colour.
Wand,. a slender rod. (Scan d.) M. E.
wand. - Icel. vondr (gen. valld-a,'), a
switch; M. Swed. WQlId; Dan. vamtd. +
Goth. wa.ldw , a rod , Olig. a pliant stick ;
prob. from wa,w, lnd grade of windall,
to wind, bind. From the use of wa,uis in
wicker-work.
Wander, to ramble. (E.) A. S. wa,/drian , to wander; used as frequentative of
wend, to go, but formed from wmtd, 2nd
grade of windall, to wind ; see Wend.
+E. Fries. wandern, wandel,,; Du. walldelm, G . wandeltt; Swed. vandra, Dan.
vandre.
Wane, to decrease (as the moon), to
fail. (E.) A.S. wanian, to wane,decrease.
-A. S. wan, won, deficient. + Ice!. vana,
vb., from vanr, deficient. Cf. Goth. wans,
lacking, Gk. IWIS, bereft of, Skt. una-,
wanting. Bmgm. ii. i 67.
waDiOD.. (E.) In the phr. witk a
waniOll, i. e. with ill-luck. I believe
wanton - North E. waniand, waning, pres.
pt. of M. E. wanitn, to wane; see Wane
(above). Sir T. Moore (Worla, p. 306)

writes i" the wa"iand, which I explain to

mean 'in the waning of the moon,' i. e.
with ill-luck; see Brand, Popular Antiq.
on The .1110011. (So also Wedgwood.)
want, lack. (Scand.) M. E. wa,,', fi rst
used as an adj., signifying' deficient.' l cel. va1lt, neut. of vanr, adj., lacking,
which was forme rly used with a gen. case
following ; as,var jJeimvetlugis va1tl, there
was lacking to them of nothing, i. e. they
wanted nothing. The Icel. va.zr = A. S.
wan; see Wane (above) . D er . want, vb.,
lcel. vania, from the neut. adj. valll.
wanton, unrestrained. (E. ) M. E.
wallfotm, unrestrained, not educat ed; full
form wallfowen. - M. E. wall-, prefix, lacking, a neg. prefix (from A. S. wa.l, lacking) ; lowen < A. S. logen, pp. of flon, to
draw , toed ucate. See Wane and Tow (I).
Wap, to strike; see Whap.
Wapenta.ke, a district. (Scand. )
M. E. wapmtake. A. S. w~pmgeltZc, not
an E. word, but borrO'Yed from Icel. viipnatak, lit. a weapon-touching, hence, a
vote of consent so expressed; and , finally,
the district governed by a man whose
authority was confirmed by the touching
of weapons. See Thorpe, Ancient Laws,
i. 455. - Icel. vapna, gen. pI. of viiplt, a
weapon; and tak, a touching, grasping;
see Weapon and Take.
Wapiti, the N. Amer. elk. (Amer.Indian. ) Cree wapitik, 'white deer;' c!.
Delaware wapi, white (see Wampum).
War. (F.- Teut. ) M. E. wen'e; A. S.
Chron. an. 1119. Also wa,'- ; we find:
armorum oneribus, quod Angli war-scot
dicunt,' Laws of Cnut, De Foresta, 9.
[Not common, the usual A. S. words being
w ig, hild, winn, gui7.) -0. F. werre, later
gtterre (see Low L. werra, guerra). war.
- M. Du. werre, war, cf. warren, to embroil; O. H. G. werra, broil, confu5ion,
strife. - O. Sax. and O. H. G. werran, str.
vb., to confuse. Base .werr-, for 'wen- ;
allied to Worse. Cf. G. verwirren, to
embroil. Der. war-fare, i. e. war-cxpedition; from A. S./ara", to go.
Warble, to si ng as a bird. (F. -O. H.
G.) M. E . werbeln, werbekn. - O. F.
werbler (Burguy) . - M. H . G . werbelen,
old form ofG. wirbeln, to whirl,run rooon,
warble; see Whirl.
Ward, a gnard, watch, &c. (E.) M. E.
ward. A. S. weard, mase., a guard, watchman, defender ; also weard, fern., a guarding, protection, defence. Allied to Warr.

599

WARDEN

WARY

(Base ~r.) + Ice!. v0r6r, (I) a watchman, (1) a watching; G. wart, Goth.
-wards in daura-wards, a door-keeper.
Cf. abo A. F. warde, sb.; see Guard.
Der. ward, vb. , ward-er, sb.; also bearward, ste-ward, &c.
wardeD, a guardian. (F. - Teut.)
M. E. wardein. - A. F . wardein, old spelling of O. F. gardein, gardain. Low L.
gardianlls, a guardian. _ O. F. warder,
later garder, to guard; with L. suffix
-iiittus. - O. Sax. wardtJn, to watch; see
Guard. Doublet, guardian.
wardrobe. (F.-G.) M . E. warderobe. - O. F. warderobt, later garderobe, a
guardrobe, i. e. place for keeping robes.
See Guard and Robe.
Wa.re (I ), merchandise. (E.) M. E.
ware. A. S. waru (L. "ltrx; Wright). The
orig. sellse was prob. ' valuables,' and the
word may be allied to A. S. waru, protection, guard, custody. +IceI. vara, Dan.
vare, Swed. vara, Du. WOOl", G. woore, a
commodity; prob. allied to Dan. vare,
Swed. vara, care; see Wary and Worth

Warn. (E.)

A. S. wearnian, warenian, (I) ~o take heed, which is the usual

sense, (1) to warn. Cf. the sb. wearn,
refusal, denial, orig. an obstacle; whence
wiernan, to refuse. Prob. allied to Weir.
+Icel. varna, to warn off, from vorn, a
defence; Swed. varna, G. wamen. Der.
jore-wan" pre-warn.
Warp, ,b. (E.) M. E. warp. A. S.
weary, a warp, in weaving. - A. S. weary,
for *wary, 2nd grade of weorpan (strong
verb) , to cast, throw, hence, to throw the
shuttle. + Ice!. varp, a throwing, from
vary, 2nd grade of verpa, to throw; Swed.
varp, a warp; O. H. G. waif (G. wet/t),
from werfen, to throw; cf. Goth. wairpan,
to throw. From Teut. s tr. vb. *werpa,,(pt. t. *warp, pp. wl~rpanoz). Allied to
Russ. vergate, to throw. Der. warp,
vb., from Ice!. varpa, to throw, cast
(hence, to twist out of shape); this mod.
E. wary is a secondary (weak) verb, not
the same as A. S. weorpa". So also Swed.
varpa, Dan. varpe, to warp a ship, from
Swed. varp, the draught of a net.
( I ).
W&1'1'aDt, sb. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E.
Ware (2), aware. (E. ) See Acts xiv. 6. warant. - O. F. warant, guarant, later
M. E. war; A. S. war, cautious. (The garant, 'a warrant;' Cot. The form wartrue form, whence wary was made by ant is that of the pres. pt., with the sense
adding -y.) See Wary.
, warranting: - O. H . G. werent-, stem of
pres. pt. of werln (G. gt'WaJlren), to cerWariness; see Wary.
WarisoD, WariaoUD, protection, tify, to warrant. Of obscure origin. Der.
reward. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. warisoun, warrant, vb. ; warratlt-y, O.F. warantie,
protection (the true sense) ; more com- fem. sb. formed from warantir, to warmon in the sense of reward or help; it rant; see Guarantee.
also meant recovery from illness or healing. WarreD, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E.
-0. F. warison, garison, surety, safety, wareitlt. - O. F. warentze, varenne, later
provision, healing. - O. F. warir, to pro- gare""e, 'a warren of conies,' Cot. ; Low
tect, heal. - O. H. G. warjan, werjan, to L. warenna, a preserve for hares, &c.protect; see Weir.
O. H . G. warjan, to protect, preserve;
Warlock, a wizard. (E.) M.E.war- see Warison.
loglte, a wicked one, the devil; war/awe, Warrior. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. wera deceiver. - A. S. w~rloga, a traitor, per- riour. - A. F. werreiur, old spelling of
fidious man, liar, truce-breaker; (hence, a A. F. guerreiur, a warrior. - A. F . werwitch, wizard) . Lit.' liar against the trnth.' reier, guerreier, to make war (whence E.
- A. S. wiZr, truth (cognate with L. ulrum, warray in Spenser, F . Q. i. 5. 48, ii. 10. 21 ).
truth) ; loga, a liar, from log- (Teut. *lug- ), - O. F . werre, guerre, war. - O. H . G.
weak grade of leogan, to lie. See Very werra , strife; see War.
and Lie (2).
Wart. (E.) M. E. wel'fe, A. S. wearte"
Warm. (E.) A. S. wearm. Du. G. a wart.+Du. wrat, Ice!. varta, Dan. vorte,
warm, Ice!. varmr, Dan. Swed. varnI. Swed. vlJrta, G. wane. Perhaps 'growth'
Teut. type wamloz. Cf. Lith. wirti, to as from a root; and allied to Wort ( 1).
cook, Russ. varite, to boil, scorch. Some connect it with L. tlerrUta, wart;
Brugm. i. 680. (Doubtful; some com- A. S. wearr, a callosity.
pare warm with L. jormus, Gk. fJfP,.wS, Wary, Ware, cautious. (E.) M. E.
warm, Skt. gltarma-s, heat; with labio- war; war-y is a rather late form, with
velar gil .)
added -y (as in murk-,). A. S. war, cau600

WAS

WEAK

tious.+lcel. 'Va", Dan. Swed. flar, Goth.

wars. Cf. G. gnoallr, aware. Allied to
Gk. lJp-aOl, I perceive, L. ue,.l,.i, to regard, dread. (.vWER.) Der. wari-ness.
Wu, pt. t. of the verb to be. (E .) M. E.
was, pI. weren. A.S. WIZS, I was, he was;
ware, thou wast; pI. w~on, were; sulr
junctive sing. w~re, pI. w~en. Mod. E .
substitutes wast for the A. S. wdre in the
indicative, and wert for the same in the
sUbjunctive; both are late forms. fJ. The
inlin. iii A. S. wesan, to be; cognate with
Du. wezen, O. Icel. 'Vesa, Dan. 'VlZre, Swed.
'Vara, Goth. wisan, to be, dwell, remain;
Skt. vas, to dwell. (.vWES, to dwell.)
y. The form was answers to O. Icel. vas, Du.
was, Dan. Swed. flar, G. war, Goth. was;
and the pI. were to Icel. viiru11l, viirut,
viiru, Du. G. waren, Swed. voro, Goth.
wesU11l, wesutk, wesun.
Wuh, vb. (E.) M. E. wascken, pt. t.
wessh. A. S. wlZscan, waxan, pt. t. wiJz,
pp. wlZscen.+Du. wasscken, Icel. Swed.
vaskal Dan. vaske, G. wascken (pt. t. wusch).
Allie<! to Water. Brugrn . i. 943.
Waap. (E.) Provo E. waps, wops; A. S.
WIZPS, wo:ft. + G. wespe, L. uespa; Lith.
wapsa, a gad fly; Russ. osa, a wasp.
Allied to Weave. Brugm. i. ~ 918.
Waasail. (E .) M. E . wasseyl, wassayl,
orig. a drinking of a health, from the
Northern E. 'Illes heil, answering to A. S.
'Illes MI, lit. 'be whole,' a form of wishing
good health. Here 'Illes is imperative sing.
of wesan, to be; and heil is cognate with
mod. E. whole. The dialectal ke;1 is the
Scand. form; Icel. heill, whole. See
Hail (3) and Whole.
Waate, desert, unused. (F.- O. H. G.
-L.) M. E. wast. - O. F. wast, in the
phrase /aire wast, to lay waste (Roque.
fort); whence mod. F. gdter gaster
<waste,.).-M. H. G. waste, sb., a waste,
wasten, to lay waste. Borrowed from L
uastus, waste, desolate, also vast, uastiire,
to lay waste. fJ. We also find A. S. wlste,
O. H . G . wllosti, waste; these forms are
not borrowed from Latin, but are cognate.
So also O. Irish /as, empty. Idg. types
wiistos, "wastios. Brugm. i. 317.
Watch, ab. (E.) M. E. waccke; A. S.
WlZcce, a watch , guard. - A. S. wacan, to
wake i see Wake ( I). Der. watck, vb.,
M. E. wacchen, A. S. WIZCCmt, weak verb.
Wa.ter, sb. (E.) A. S. waler. + Do.
water, G. wasser. Allied to Icel. vat1t,
Dan. vand, Swed. flatten, Goth. wato;

Russ. fIOda, Gk. GtOlP, L. unda, Lith.

Walldtl, Skt. wUm-, water. Brugm. i. ~ 594.
Der. water, vb. ; otte,..
Wattle, a flexible rod, hurdle; fleshy
part under the throat of a cock or turkey.
(E.) The orig. &elise was something twined
or woven together; hence n hurdle, woven
stuff, a fleshy flap on a cock's neck. M.E.
watel, a bag; A.S. watel, watul, a hurdle.
Cf. Weed (z).
Wave (I), to fluctuate. (E.) M. E.
wauen. A. S. wajian, to wave with the
hand; also, wonder at or waver in mind;
cf. the adj. wlZ/re, wavering, restless. Cf.
Icel. vafra, vajia, to waver; vaji, hesitation; Bavar. wokrn, to sway to and fro
(Schmeller). Der. wave, sb., from the
verb above (not the same word as M. E .
wawe, a wave, which is allied to wag ).
waver, vb. (E.) M. E. waueren
(waveren), to wander about.-A.S. WIZ/re,
restless, wandering.+Icel. va/ra, to waver;
cf. O. H. G. wabar, adj., wavering; see
above.
Wax (I), to grow. (E.) M. E. waxen,
pI. t. wox, wex, pp. woxen, waxen. A. S.
weaxan, pt. t. weox, pp. geweaxen. + Du.
wasun, Icel. vaxa, Dan. fIOxe, Swed. 'Viixa,
G. tlJacksen, Goth. waksjan, pt. t. woks.
Further allied to Gk. av{,u,m', Skt. vaksh,
to wax, grow. Brugm. ii. 657.
Wax (3), a substance made by bees.
(E.) M. E. wax; A. S. weax. + Du. was,
Icel. Swed. vax, Dan. fIOX, G. wacks, Russ.
vosk', Lith. waszkas.
Wa.y. (E.) M. E. wey, way. A. S. weg.
+Du. weg, Icel. flegr, Dan. vei, Swed. vag,
G. weg, Goth. wigs. Also Lith. weZiz, the
track of a cart; L. ttia; SkI. vaka, a
way, from vall, to carry. See Weigh.
(.vWEGH.) Der.al-way,always,seeAll;
way-faring, i. e. faring 011 the way, A. S.
weg-fa,.ende, where/arende is the pres. pt.
of/aran, to travel; way-lay, way-worn.
wayward, perverse. (E.) M. E. weiward, headless form of M. E. aweiward,
adv., in a direction away from a thing;
from M. E. awei, away, and ward, suffix.
See Away.
We, pI. of the 1st pers. pronoun. (E.)
M. E. we. A. S. wl.+Du. wi); Icel. vir,
Dan. Swed. vi; G. wir; Goth. weis; Skt.
vayam.
Weak. (E.) [The verbal form has
onsted the M. E. wook, A. S. wac, adj.,
weak.] A back-formation from the verb
signifying to weaken i from M. E. wlken

601

WEAL

WED

(Ch.), to make weak, A. S. 1lJiicaIJ; the

M. E k being due to association with the
adj. woo;'. T his verb is for *wiic-ialZ, from
A. S. wnc, weak. + Icel. veikr, adj ., weak,
Swed. vek, Dan. veg, pliant, Du. week, G.
weich. O. H. G. weih _ All from Teut.
*waik, 2nd grade of *wikall-, as in A. S.
and O. Sax. wi'calZ, G. wi!iclwJ, to yield.
Weal ( I) , sb. (E.) M. E. wele; A. S.
wela, weal , prospe rity; allied to A. S. wei,
adv., well; see Well ( I). + Dan. vel,
Swed. viii, G. woN, welfare.
Weal (2) ; see Wale.
Weald, a wooded region, an open
country. (E.) The M. E. wald became
wold ; but Layamon has a by-form wald;
I. 21339. Caxton speaks of' the weeld' of
Kent, which is apparently connected with
this M . E. wald, but seems also to have
been more or less confused with Wild.
Shakespeare and Lyly speak of' the wilde'
of Kent; see Wild and Wold.
Wealth, riches. (E.) M . E. weltne;
not in A. S. Extended from M. E. we/e,
weal; see W eal ( 1) .+ D u. wee/de, luxury;
O. H. G. we/ida, riches.
Wean, to accustom a child to bread
and meat, to reconcile to a new custom .
(E. ) We also use the word, less properly,
in the sense, ' 10 disaccustom,' because a
child that is wealled to meat is also being
wealZed from the breast. M. E . Weltefl ;
A. S. wenian, to accustom; iiwenian , to
wean away or disaccustom . From an adj.
base *wano -, accustomed, fonnd in the cognate I cel. vanr (Swed. van ), accustomed
(cf. vani, custom) ; from *wall, 2nd grade
of T eut. *WCIlO1I- , to crave; see Ween .
The weak grnde appears in A. S. gewwta,
accustomed, wtmian, to dwell.+Du. well1LCIl, to accustom, ajweltllC1l, to wean from ;
I cel. veil/a, Dan. vO!/tIte, Swed. viillja, G.
gewonnm, to accustom; D an. vO!lZne fra,
Swed. viinja af, G. entwon/ten, to wean
from.
Weapon. (E.) M. E. wepen. A. S.
wlZpm, a weapon. + Du. wapen, Icel.
vapn, Dan. vaabm , Swed. vapen , G. wa.ffe;
Goth. wlpna, neut. pI., weapons. Cf. A. S .
wfZplllllann, wapmann , a fnllgrown man,
a male.
Wear ( I) , to wear clothes, to consume
by use. (E.) M. E. weren, pt . t. wend.
A. S. wman (pt. t. werode). I cel. verja,
O. H. G. werian, to wear; Goth. wasj(lII,
to clothe. Allied to Vest. (.vWES, to
clothe.) See VOIIt. All the senses of

weal' corne from the sense of carrying

clot hes on the body; hence it means to

consume or use up by wear, to destroy,
efface. The pt. t. wore is modern. Not
allied to A. S. werian, to defend, which is
a differeut word_
Wear (2) a weir; see Weir.
Wear (3), to veer a ship; the same as
Veel' , q. v.
Weary, exha usted, tired. (E.) M . Eweri. A. S. weng. tired; cf. A. S. worian,
to trnmp about, wander, travel. - A. S.
war-, a moor, swampy place (tedious to
tramp over) in the compowar-nana, moorcock ; O. E. Texts, p. 465. + 0. Sax. wong,
weary. (The changefromotoeisregular.)
~ Not all ied to wear (I ).
Weasand, Wesand, the wind-pipe.
(Eo ) A . S. wasend, the gullet; but the
mod . E. wesand answers rather to a by
form *wiisend. O. Fries. wiisende, wind
pipe; Bavar. waisel, the gullet.
Weasel. (li.) M. E. wese/, wese/e.
A. S. wesle, wem/O!, a weasel. + Du. wezel,
Icel. -vis/a , Dan. vasel, Swed. vesla, G .

wiesel.

Weather. (E. ) M . E. weder; A. S.

wedel'.

(The tl,er for -der seems to have

arisen in prov o (Northern) E.; d . f atner.)
+Du. weder, Icel. ve~r, Dan. veir; Swed.
vatier, wind, weather; G. weller. Allied
to G. gewitter, a storm, Icel. 100ui-vi~ri,
a landwind; Russ. vietr', wind, breeze,
Lith. we/ra, storm. Allied to Wind ( I) ;
cf. Goth. waian, to blow, O. Irish feth , air.

weather - beaten, weatherbitten. (E.) Both forms seem to be

correct. The former means' beaten by the
weather,' from beat. The latter means
'bitten by the weather,' from bite, and
occurs in Wint. Tale, V. 2. 60; derived
from N orw. vedn-biten , Swed. viider-bitell,
lit. bitten by the weather.
Weave. (E.) M . E. weuen (wevett).
A. S. wefan, pt. t. waf, pp. wefen.
Du.
wevm , Icel. vefa, Dan. vt1!Ve, Swed. vefva,
G. weben. Also Gk . iup-aivflV, to weave.
Tent. type*weban. (.v WEBH.) Brugm.
i. 562.
web. (E.) A. S. webb, a web; Teut.
type *wabjom , n.; from *wab, 2nd grade
of *weban- (above). +Du. web, Ice!. vefr,
Dan. Vt1!V. Swed. viif, G. gewebe.
Wed, vb. (E.) M. E. w~dden. A. S.
weddian, lit. to pledge, engage; hence to
betroth. - A. S. wedd, a pledge; T eut.
type *wad.folll, n. + M. Du. wedde, Ice!.

602

WEDGE

WEIGHT

vetJ, Swed. vall, G. welle, Gotb. wadi, a

pledge, wager. All ied to L. uas (gen.
uadis), a pledge, Gk. o..OAov (= o.-F'O
AOv) , tbe prize of a contest ; Lith. wadoti,

weeha, wehlla (mod. G. woeht). V'le also

once find Goth. wiko in the sense of order
o,'dine (not to uiris) in the Vulgate version .

to redeem a pledge. (""" W E DH .)

Wedge. (E. ) M. E. weggt. A. S . weeg.
+ Du. wig, Ice\. veggr, Dan . vagge, Swed.
vgg, O . H . G . weeki, a wedge; G. week,
weeke, a kind of wedge-shaped loaf; cf.
provo E. wig , a kind of cake. Also Lith.
wdgis, a wedge, wooden peg-. Teut. type
*wagioz, m. Lit.' a mover,' from its
effect in splitting t rees; allied to Wag.
(""" WEGH.)
Wedlock, marriage. (E.) A. S. wedltie,
lit. a pledge, pledging. - A. S. wed, wedd,
a pledge ; ltie, a sport, also, a gift, often a
mere suffix. See Wed.
Wednesda.y. (E.) M. E. wednesday.
A. S. wodnesdl2,f{, Woden's day; O. Fries.
wemisdei (for *wednisdeiJ, where e is the
mutation of 0; N. F ries. 1lJeensdi, Outzen,
p . 38.
Du. womsdag, Ice!. oilinsdap',
Swed. Dan. omdor; all meaning' Woden's
(or Odin's) day. 8. The name WMm
signifies' furious,' from A . S. wod, mad ,
furious ( - Ice!. otJr, Gotb. wads ) ; or
else C filled with divine frenzy.' See Wood
(2). ~ A translation ofL. dies Mercurii;
Woden was identified with L. Mereunus.
B~m . i. 190.
Wee, tiny. (E.) M. E. we, wei, only ns
sb., in the phrase C a litel we' = a little bit,
a short time. I have little hesitation in
assuming the O. Northern E. we, or Wty
(Barbour) , or wei (Cursor Mundi), a way,
space, to be the same as M. E. wei, a way,
also a distance, mod. E. Way, q. v. Cf.
North. E. way-hit, also wee-bit, a small
space. ~ Certainly not allied to G. wenig,
little.
Weed (1) , a noxiolls plant. (E.) M. E.
weed; A. S. weod, wiod, a weed. O.
Saxon wiod ; whence Du. witdetl, vb., to
weed. Root llnknown.
Weed (2 ), a garment. (E.) "1'. E.
wette. A. S. wade, neuter, wad, fern ., a
garment. O. Fries. wlde, O . Sax. wiidi;
Ice!. vail, vo!) , a piece of stuff, cloth;
O. H. G. wat, wot, clothing, armour. Lit.
' so_mething woven;' from the Idg. root
WE, Skt. va, to weave.
Week. ( E.) M. E. weke, wike; A. S.
wicc, w iCll, a week. (There was a later
A. S. wuw , a week , which became M. E.
1IJouke, a week, and is obsolete.)
D u.
week, Iccl. vika, Swed. vuka, O. H. G .

The orif sense seems to have heen 'succession, series; cf. lee!. vfkj a, to turn, return; from *wik-, weak grade of *wfkan-,
to give way; see Weak. And cf. G.
weehsel, a change.
Ween, to suppose, think . (E. ) M. E .
We,te1Z, A. S. wetza" , to imagine. - A. S.
welt, sb., expectation ; orig. 'a striving
after.' Teut. type wa niz, f. (Sievers,
269); from *Wtffl, 3rd grade of a supposed Teut. str. vb. *wenan-, to crave,
desire. Cf. A . S. wine, friend , Skt. van,
to crave; L. uenus, desire.
Du. wa'len,
Ice!. vana, G. wiihnen, Goth. WNZJfl1t, to
expect, fancy; from Du. waan, I ce!. van,
G. wahn, Goth. we"s, expectation, conjecture, orig. ' a wish.' See Wish.
Weep. (E.) M. E. wepen, pt. t. weep,
wep. A. S. wepan, pt. t. weop, to cry aloud,
raise an outcry ; cf. A. S. wop, a clamour,
outcry (note the change from 0 to e).
O. Sax. wopian, to cry out, wop, outcry;
I ce!. ajJa, to shout, op, olltcry; Goth.
wopjan, wk. vb., to cry out. ~ Not allied
to whoop.
Weet, to know. (E.) Another spelling
of Wit ( I ) ; in Spenser, F. Q., i. 3. 6;
&c.
Weevil, a small beetle. (E.) M. E.
weuel, wiuei (wevel, wive!); A. S. wife/,
wibi/. +lcel. -J:fi", M. Du. wevei, O. H. G,
willil; d. E. Fries. wifer, (1) a weaver,
(2) a beetle. A dimin. form; cf. A. S.
wibba, a beetle. Apparently allied to
Weave. Cf. Lith. walia/as, a chafer,
wi!lEed insect.
Weft. (E.) A. S. weft. wefta, tbe
threads woven across the warp; from
wifan, to weave.
Ice!. viftr.
See
Weave.
Weigh. (E .) M. E. wtgltm. A. S.
wtgatl, pt. t . wag, to carry, bear; also , to
move; also to raise, lift (cr. to weiglt
nn chor) ; to weigh. Du. wegen; Ice!.
t1ega , to move, lift ; Dan. veie, Swed. viiga;
G. bewegett, to m ove, wiege't, to rock ; and
ct. wiigen , to weigh. Allied to L. uehere,
SkI. vall , to carry. ("""WEGH _)
weight. (E.) M. E. weght, wight.
A. S. wiht, gewiht, weight; for *wehti-<
*wegti- ; from wegan (above). + Du. gewigt, Ice!. vatt, Dan. va~t, Swed. vigt,
G. gewicht.

or succession (Luke i. 8), answering to L.

60 3

WEIR

WEN

Weir, Wear, a dam. (E.) M.E.wer ; A. S. wel, orig. 'agreeably to a wiah;'

A. S. wer; allied to werian, to defend, allied to will, sb. and vb.+Do. wel, IceL
protect, also dam up. + Low G. ware, a vel, Dan. vel, Swed . val, Goth. waila; G.
weir; M. Do. weer, a rampart; lcel. vOrY, wohl, O. H . G. wela, wola. Cf. W. gwell,
a fenced-in landing-place, verja, to defend; better ; also Skt. vara-, better, vara-, a
G. wellr, a defence, miihlwenr, a mill- wish; prati varam, according to a wish.
dam; Goth. warjan. to defend. Allied to See Will (1) and Weal
Skt. vr, to cover, varaya, to stop, hinder, Well (l ) , a spring, fount, (E.) M. E.
keep off.
welle; A. S. wylla, weI/a, a spring; with
Weird, fate, destiny. (E.) P roperly a two other by-forms. Tent. type *walljo1l-,
sb.; but used as adj . M. E. wyrde, wirde. m.; cf. A. S. weal/a" (pt. t. wzoll ),
A. S. wyrd, fate; Teut. type *wurd-iz, f. ; to well up, boil ; rbut the mod. E. well,
from *wurd (for *wur6<*wur), by Ver- vb., is derived ~rom the sb.J. + Icel.
ner's law), weak grade of Teut. *wcrtnan-, veil, ebullition, from vella, to boil Cpt. t.
to become, take place, happen ; see vall) ; Du. wei, a spring; Dan. vl1!Id; G.
Worth ( 1). + O. Sax . wurlJ, Ieel. uror, welle, a wave, surge; cf. wallm, to boil.
fate.
Further allied to Skt. val, \0 move to
Welcome. (Seand.) For well come. and fro, Russ. vaf, a wave, valiate, to
- Icel. VelkOllli1zn, welcome. lit. well come. roll. SeeWalk,He lix. (4 WEL.) Der.
- Icel. vel, well; kombzn, pp. of koma, to well, vb., as above.
come. So also Dan. velkolllflle,t, Swed. Wella.way, an exclamation of sorrow.
viilkommen, welcome. Hence A. F . wel- (E.) M. E. weilawry; also wa la wa.
comer, to welcome (Godefroy). ~ Dis- It stands for wei fa wei or wa la wa. A. S.
tinct from A. S. wi!cuma, one who comes wii la wa, lit. wo! lo! wo! - A. S. wa,
at another's pleasure ; where wmals ' a wo; Iii, 10; wa, wo; cf. Ice!. vei, woo
comer,' from cuman, to come.
~ Early misunderstood, and turned into
Weld (I), to I,eat metal together. wellaway, and even into welladay, Merry
(Swed.) Late M. E. well (G. Douglas). Wives, iii. 3. J06. See Woo
The final d is modern; the word is Welsh, pertaining to Wales. CE.) M.E.
Swedish, from the ironworks there. _ walsh, foreign. A.S. wl1!lisc, we/ise, wylise,
Swed. valla, orig. to well, whence valla Celtic. Formed, with suffix -isc (E. -ish)
up, to well up, viil/e ihop, to weld (iron ) ; and vowel-change, from A. S. weallz, a
cf. Dan. vl1!lde, to well up (with excrescent Celt; whence Wea/as, pl., mod. E . Wa les.
d, as in English). Cognate with E. well, +G. wiilseh, Italian. See Wa.lnut.
vb.; from Well (2).
Welt. (E.) The old sense seems to
Weld (2), dyer's weed. (E.) M. E. be border, hem, fringe. M . E. walt , 1ve//e;
weide, wolde; Lowl. Sc. wald. + Du. cf. Lowl. Sc. waut, a welt, provo E. welt,
WOltW; Low G . wo/de (Lubben); G. wau to turn down the upper leather of a shoe.
(from Du.). Teut. base *wald. as shewn Perhaps from A. S. wy ltall, wl1!ltall, to
by Span. gualdo, F. gaude, weld. Prob. roll ; cf. Ice!. velta, to roll over ; see
, belonging to the wood;' cf. A. S. weald, Welter. + W.gwald, a hem, welt,gwaltes,
a wood; see Wold. ~ Quite distinct the welt of a shoe; gwald1l, to wt:il, hem.
fr om woad.
Welter, to wallow, roll about. (E.)
Welfare. (E.) M. E. welfare.- M. E. Formerl y also walter. Walter, we/ter, a re
wei, well; fare = A. S. faru, a faring , lit. freq uentatives from M. E. waltm , to roll
a journey, from A. S. faran, to fare; see over, tumble, tum over. - A. S. wl1!!talz
Fare.
to roll (cf. geu'l1!llm , strong pp., Matt.
Welkin, sky, clouds. ( K) M. E. xvii. J 4, Lind .). Cf. Ice!. velta (pt. t.
welk1/.e , welke1te ; also wolklle. wolkelle, valt\, to roll, Dan. vl1!lte, to overturn;
A. S. wO!cnt~ , clouds, pI. of woken, a Swed. vii/tra , to welter, frequeut. of viilta.
c1oud.+O. Sax. wo/ka1Z, Du. wolk, Low G. to roll; G. wiilzen, to roll, welter, from
wulke; G. wolke, O. H. G. wolka, f., walzelt, to roll. Cf. Goth. m-waltjan, to
wo/ca1l, n., a cloud. All from the base subvert; L. uoltlere, to roll. (4W E L. )
*wulk-, weak grade of *walkan-, to rol\ (see Wen, a tumour. (E.) A. S. wt'1m.+
Walk) ; or else allied to O. H. G. we/c, Du. wm; Low G. wem; Dan. dial. vall.
moist.
A. S. wmn< Teut. type *wa1ljoz, m. Prob.
Well (1), excellently. (E.) M. E. wei; from walm, lnd grade of A. S. witman, to
604

WENCH

WHEEDLE

toil, to win, to suffer from illness (whence

E. win). See Win, Wound.
Wench. (E.) M. E. wmclle, earlier
form wenchel, a child (male or female).A. S. wmclo, wine/o, sb. pl., children (of
either sex). Allied to A. S. wancol, tottery (hence weak, infantine). From the
hue *wank, seen in G. watlRen, to totter,
M. H. G. wenkm, to render unsteady.
Allied to Wink.
Wend, to go. (E.) Little used except
in the pt. t. went (used as pt. t. of to go).
M. E. wenden; A. S. wendan, to tum, also
to tum oneself, proceed, go. The pt. t.
wmtk became wente, and finally went.
Causal of A. S. windan, to wind; see
Wind (3). + Du. wenden, lcel. venda,
DaD. vmtk, Swed. vanda, Goth. wand/an,
G. wmtkn, to tum; all causal forms.
went. (E.) See above.
Were, pI. of W .. , q. v.
Werwolf,aman-wolf. (E.) A.S.werefIIUIf, a werwolf, the devil. - A .~. wer,
a man; wulf, a wolf. + G. fIIa,;rwolj,
M. H. G. werwolf, a man-wolf; from
M. H. G. wer, a man, and fIIOlf. (Hence
O. F. garoul, F. garou, now loupgarou, i.e.
wolf-werwolf.) See Virile. ~ It was
supposed that fierce men could tum into
wolves; cf. Gk. Aultav6ponros, i. e. wolfman.
West. (E.) A. S. west, adv., westward;
west-d!il, west part or quarter.+Du. west,
Icel. vestr, Dan. Swed. vesl, G. west. Per
haps allied to Vesper.
Wet, moist. (E.) M. E. wet, weet;
A. S. w~t, wet. + IceJ. vtitr, Dan. vaad,
Swed. v8t, wet. Teut. type -fIIaloz. Allied
(by gradation) to Water. Der. wet, vb.,
A. S. w~tan.
Wether, a castrated ram. (E.) A. S.
we6r.+O. Sax. welnar, wilMr, lcel. ve1Jr,
Dan. vader, Swed. viidur, G. widder, Goth.
wilhrus, a lamb. Lit.' a yearling;' allied
to Veal. Brugm. i. 118.
Wey. a heavy weight ; from two to three
ew!. (E.) M. E. weft. A. S. w~ge, w~g ,
a weight. - A. S. wag-, 3rd grade ofweg-an,
to weigh.+IceJ. vag, O. H. G. woga. See
Weigh.

cC. E. Fries. and Westphal. wackeln, to

heat, to cudgel.
Whale. (E.) M.E. wMI, qual. A. S.
';wal.+Du. walvise,; (whalefish), G. walfisc';, Ice!. ,;valr, Dan. Swed. "val. It also
meant a porpoise, grampus, &c. Cf. Gk.
wlAOIP, a monster. Der. wal-rus.
'Whap, to beat, flutter. (E.) Also
whop, wap, wop. M. E. qUlljJjJm, to pal pitate, throb. E. Fries. kwabbm, kwappm,
to strike violently. From a base -kwap,
to throb; see Quaver.
Cf. also W.
e,;wap, a sudden stroke, ehwapio, to strike,
s~
_
'Wharf ( I), a place for landing goods.
(E.) A. S. ';wer./. a dam or bank to keep
out water (Thorpe, Diplomatarium, pp.
3+1,361); mere-hweaif, sea-shore (GrelD).
- Teut. -,;warh, A. S. hweaif, 3nd grade
of ';flleDr/an, to tum, tum about. ~. This
difficult word, with a great range ofsenS!(s,
meant a turning, reversion, turning-place,
'pace, dam, shore, doc~yard, as proved br.
the cognate words, VIZ. Du. weif. Ice.
,;vaif, Dan. varft, Swed. vaif, M. Swed.
';fllaif, &c. The A. S. hwtDr/an answers
to Goth. ,;wairhan, to tum oneself about,
walk, and to Ice!. ,;veifa, to tum. (Base
HWERB.) ~ Not allied to G. weifen,
to throw; but ratber to Gk. lta"..6s , the
wrist. Der. whatj'-ingrr, for wMifager;
with inserted n as in messmger,passengtr.
wharf (1), bank of a river. (E.) In
Shale. Hamlet, i. 5. 33. Cf. A. S. mere,;wear/, sea-shore (Grein) ; it is the same
word as Wharf (I).
What. (E.) A. S. "wat, neut. of "wa;
see Who.
'Wheal (I), a pimple. (E.) Distinct
from weal, wale, a muk of a blow. Perhaps from A. S. hweie, a wheal (Somner) ;
A. S. "we/ian, to form pus; ~.nweled,
inflamed. Cf. also W. ,nwiler, a maggot,
wheal, pimple.
'Wheal (2) , a mine. (C.) A Cornish
word. _ Com. hwll, a work, a mine. Cf.
W . ,"weI, e"wyl, a course, a tum.
'Wheat. (E.) M. E. w"tte. A.S. "wiile,
wheat; Teut. type -"wail/o-. m.; from
-';fllait, 2nd grade of-nweit-; named from
the whiteness of the meal; see White. +
Du. weile, weil, Ice\. "veili, Dan. nvede,
WJ[.
Swed. nvete, Goth. hwaiteis, G. weizm .
'Wh. This is distinct from w. The Der. wheat-en, adj., A. S. "wiilen.
mod. E. w" answers to A. S. hw, Ice!. "v, 'Wheedle. (E.1) Spelt wheat/Ie in
L1Ih'~ ", T, ", Idg. kw.
Blount. ed. 1674; who connects it (quite
, to bent; see Thwack. But unsatisfactorily) with W. e"wedla, to gos605

WHEEL

WHICH

sip, cnwed/, a fable, tale. But perhaps

from A. S. wiid/ian, to beg, orig. to be
poor; from wad/, poverty.
Wheel. (E.) A. S. hWeO/, shorter form
of hweowol, hweogu/, a wheel; also speIt
Aweoll/.+Icel. hjol, Dan. kiul,Swed . hjul,
O. Swed. killgM (Ihre). Teut type *hweg
wlOm, n., for -hwehwitJm, Idg. *qeqitJ-, as
in Skt. chalmi-, a wheel, Gk. KV"AO~, a
wheel. Idg. -qe-qlo- is a reduplicated
form, from .vQEL, to drive; whence Gk.
"'OAO~, an axis, Russ. kQleso, Icel. hvel,
a wheel. See Cyole and Pole (2).
B~gm. i. 658.
Wheeze. (E.) A. S. hwesan (pt. t.
hweos), to wheeze. Allied to A. S. hwos.ta,
provo E. hoast, a cough, Du. hoest, G.
hustm. From Tent. -hwos-, Idg. *qas, as
in Skt. Ms, to cough; from .vQAS, as ill
Irish cas-adu/ach, W. pas, a cough; cf.
Lith. kosli, to cough. See Pose (3) .
Whelk (I), a mollusc with a spiral
shell. (E.) III spelt; it should be welk or
wilk.
M. E. wi/k ; A. S. wiloc, also
weo/uc, weluc.+Du. wuik, aho spelt welk,
wilk, wil/ok, wul/ok. Prob. named from
its convoluted shell; cf. Gk. IAIf (F'A-If),
a volute; see Helix. Del'. whelk'd, i. e.
convoluted, K. Lear, iv. 6. 71; spelt
wealk'd in the first folio.
Whelk (2), a small pimple. (E.) M. E.
whelke, Chaucer, C. T., A. 632. Dimin.
of Whea.l (I ).
Whelm, to overturn, cover over by
something that is turned over, to overwhelm, submerge. (Scand.) M.E. whelmetz,
to tum a hollow vessel upside down (Palsgrave), to turn over; Low!. Sc. q,.hemle,
whom",le, whamle, to tnrn upside down.
Closely related to M. E. wheltten (whelvell)
and ouerwhelum (overwhelvm ), used in the
same sense. fJ. The only difficnlty is to
explain the final -m; this is due to the fact
that whelm, vb., is really formed from a
sb. whelm, standing for hwelf-m, the f
being dropped because unpronounceable.
This appears from M. Swed. hwalma, to
cock hay, derived from the sb. hwal"" a
hay-cock; where hwalm is for *hwalfm,
being derived from M.Swed.hwalj.an arch,
vault ; cf. hWii/fwa, to arch over (make
into a rounded shape). Thus the suffix -m
is substantival (as in doo-m, bloom, &c.),
and the Teut. base is HWELB, to become
couvex (M. H. G. welben, pt. t. wa/b), the
derivatives of which appear in A.S. hwealj.
adj., convex, sb., a vault, Icel. hviil/, hOI/,

a vault, hval/a, holfa, to 'whelve' or tum

upside down, G. walben, to arch over.
y. We thus trace the following forms, viz.
base HWELB, to swell out, become convex, Ice!. hvelfa, to vault, turn a round
vessel upside down; hence Whelm, sb., a
thing made convex, whelm, vb., to make
convex, tum a round vessel over, capsize.
Forby remarks that whel"" in the E.
Anglian dialect, signifies' to t11m a tub or
other vessel upside down, whether to cover
anything with it or not: From .vQELP;
whence also Gk. "OATrOS, bosom, a hollow.
Der. over-'lIhd",.
Whelp, a puppy. (E.) A. S. hwelp, sb.
+ Du. welp, Icel. hvelpr, Dan. hvalp,
Swed. valp, M. H. G. weif. Root unknown.
When. (E. ) M. E. whan; A. S.
hwanne, hwonne, when. + M. Du. wan ,
G. wann, Goth. hwan; W. pan. Allied
to Goth. hwas, A. S. hwii, who. Cf. L.
quatl-do, Gk. Tr6-Tf, when.
whence. (E .) M. E. whemzes, older
form Whatlelze. -A. S. hWatZOtl, whence;
closely allied to When (above).
where. (E.) M. E. wher; A.S. hw~r,
where; allied to hwii, who.+Dn. waar,
Icel. hvar, Dan. Izvot;, Swed. !tVar, G. war
(in war.ulll), Goth. Ilwar; Lith. kur.
Wherry, a shallow, light boat. (E.)
Spelt whiny by Latimer. Perhaps allied
to Whir; cf. Sc. wlzirry, to whir, to hurry.
Origin unknown.
Whet. (E.) M. E. whetlm . A. S.
hwettan, to sharpen *llwat-ja,t. ) - A. S.
hwtZt, keen, bold, brave.+Du. welten,
IceI. hve/ja, Swed. viitja, G. wetzen , to
sharpen, encourage ; from O. Sax. hvat,
Icel. Ilvalr, bold, O. H. G. hwaz, sharp.
Der. whetstone, A. S. lzwetsttill.
Whether, which of two. (E.) See
Matt. xxvii. 21 . A. S. hwaiJer, which of
two; formed with comparative suffix -{Jer
(Id g. -Ia'o-) from the base of who. +
Ice!. llvan, Goth. llwalhar ; cf. Lith. kaIras, Gk. ","fPOS, Tr6TfPOS, Skt. kalara-.
Whey. (E.) M. E. whey. A. S. hwreg,
whey. +M. Du. wey; Du. hui, wei. Cf.
W. cllwig, whey fermented with sour
herbs.
Which. (E. ) M. E. which; qukilk
(Barbour). A. S. hwilc, hwelc, which;
short for hwi-lfc, lit. 'of what form. ' A. S. hwi, allied to Ilwa, who; lie, like,;
see Who and L ike. + O. Sax. hwilt'-,
O. Fries. hwelik, Du. welk, Goth. hwileiks,

606

WHIFF

WHIRL

hweleiks, Icel. hvflikr, Dan. Swed. hvilkm, as Lowland Sc. wkimmer, to whimper,
G . welche,', O.H.G. hwelih. Cf. L. quiilis, fTequentative of whim, another form of
whine; see Whine. 'lThey] wil whYlllpe
Gk. lI',,)..tKOS. Brugm. ii. 88.
Whi1f', sb., a puff. (E.) M. E. weffi, and wlzine ; ' LatimeT, Seven Sermons, ed.
vapour. An imitative word, like puff,Jife. Arher! p. 77.+G. wi1ll11lern.
+ \'Ii. ehwiff, a puff, ehwnff, a gust; Dan. Whin, gorse. (C.) M. E. whytme,
vijt, a puff, gust. Cf. A. S. hwi6a, Icel. quyn. - \'Ii. chwyn, weeds; cf. Bret. chouemla (with guttural eh). to weed.
hviiJa, a breeze.
whiftle, to blow in gusts, veer as the Whine, vb. (E.) 'A. S. hwinan. to
wind. (E. ) Frequentative of whiff, to whine.+lcel. hVi'la, Swed. hvi,za, Dan.
puff. Der. whijJl-er, a piper, fifer, hence hvine, to whi r, whiz, whine. [Cf. Icel.
kvei1ta , to wail, Goth. kwainon, to mourn.]
one who goes first in a procession.
Whig. (E.?) See Todd's Johnson and Der. whimp-er, q. v.
Nares. Wlzi,( is a shortened form of whig- Whinyard, a kind of sword. (Scand.)
gamor, applied to certain Scotchmen who Lit. whme-yard, where yard (probably)
came from the west to buy corn at Leith; is a mere suffix (- i-ard). - Icel. Izvin -a,
from the word whigg-am, employed by to whiz, whistle through the air like a
these men in driving their horses. A weapon; the same word as E. WIzi1U, but
march to Edinburgh made by Argyle (in used in a different way. Cf. also E.
1648 ) was called' the whtggamor's inroad,' whinny; and Lowl. Sc. whin,(-er, a whinand afterwards those who were opposed to yard, from the verb whi",(e, an extension
the court came (in 1680) to be called whi,(s. of whine.
(Burnet, Own Times, b. L) But the term Whip, to move quickly, to flog. (E.)
had pTeviously been applied (in 1667) to M .E. whippen, to overlay a cord by rapidly
the Scotch Covenanters (Lingard). The binding the twine round it, whippe, a
Glossary to Sir W. Scott's novels has: scourge. From the sense of rapid move'whi,(amore, a great whig; whi,(pn,(, ment; M . E. wippen, to jump up and
jogging rudely, urging forward .' To whig down suddenly, to jig.+Du. wippen, to
awa' is to jog on briskly. Perhaps fOT skip, formerly to shake; Low G. wippen,
wzg; cf. E. Fries. wlg,(en, Norw. vi,(,(a, to bob up and down; Dan. vippe, to seeto rock; Icel. vigg, a horse; E . wi,(,(le saw, bob; Swed. vippa, to wag, jerk ; G .
and wa,(.
wippen, to move up and down, see-saw,
While, a time. (E. ) A. S. Izwil, sb., a jerk. (1 find no very early authority for
pause, a time.+Icel. hvila, a place ofrest; the h.) Cf. L. m:briire; see Vibrate. Der.
Dan. hv ile. rest; Swed. hvila, rest; G. whip, sb., M. Du. wippe (Hexham) .
weile, Goth . hweila, a time. Prob. allied
whipple-tree, a swing-bar for traces.
to L. qui-es, rest. (-v'QEI.) Brugm. i. (E.) The sense is ' piece of swinging 675 . Der. while, adv.; whiles, M. E. wood,' composed of tree (as in axle-tree )
whiles. adv. (with gen. suffix -es ) ; whence and the verb whipple, freq uent. of whip , to
wlzits-I, with added t (as in amonp-t, move about quickly, to see-saw (above).
amids-t ) ; also whil-om, formerly, fTom Whir, tel bu"". (SC[,...1.) .\ 0 imitative
A. S. Il1tJilu1Il, dat. pI. of hwit, a time. word, like whiz. -Dan. hvirre. to whirl,
Also mel11z-wkile, see Mean (3); also twirl; Swed. dial. Izvirra, to whirl. Allied
whilin,(-time, the waiting a little time to Whirl.
before dinner (Spectator, no. 448 ), whence Whirl. (Scand .) M. E. whirlm; a
the phrase to while away time, pTobably contraction for *whirf-Im , frequent. of
with some thought of confusion with wile. M. E. wherftn, to tum . - Icel. hvi1jla, to
Whim, a freak. (Scand.) Skelton has whirl; frequent. of hverfa (pt. t. Ilvarf ), to
wlzim-wlzam. - Icel. hvima, to wander with turn Tound; Dan. hvirvle, Swed. hvi1jla,
the eyes, as a silly peTson; Norw. kvima, M. Du. werveien, to whirl; G. wirbeln, to
to wbisk about, trifle. Cf. Swed. dial. whirl, to warble. ( Base HWERB. ) Allied
hvi",merkanttg, giddy in the head; Norw. to Wharf. Cf. Goth. hwairban, to go
kvim, fooleTY (Ross). Der. whimsey, a abont; Gk. J<ap.".6s, the wrist. Brngm. i.
whim, fTom the allied NOTW. kvimsa, 675. Der. wkirl-wimi, from Icel.
Swed. dial. hvimsa, Dan. vimsc, to be hvi'Jilvindr, Dan. hvirveivind, Swed.
hvirfvelvind, a whirlwind; also whirlgiddy, skip or whisk about,
Whimper, to whine. (E.) The same pool; wkirl-i-gi,( (see Gi,,),
60 7

WHISK

WHITTLE

Whisk, to move or sweep quickly. 319. (.vKWEI.) Der. whit-ing, a fish

(Scand.) The" is intrusive. It is pro- with delicate white flesh, also ground
perly wisk, orig. to wipe, brush, sweep, chalk; also w"it-ster, a whitener, bleacher;
esp. with a quick motion, as when using w"ittle (l), ttJlzeal, W"it-sunday, q. v.
a light brush; the" was dne to confusion Whither. (E.) M. E. whider. A. S.
with w"iz, wlJir, wlJir/, &c.- Dan. viske, lzltJider, "wader, whither.+Goth. "wadrF.
to wipe, rub, sponge, from wk, a wisp, Cf. "it"er, t"itlzer. Allied to Who.
rubber: Swed. viska, to wipe, also to wag Whitlow, a painful swelling on the
(or whisk) the tail, from viska, 'whisk fingers. (Scand.) Corruption of w"iek(sic), a small broom,' Widegren; Icel visk, j/aw, a whitlow (Halliwell): where wMek
a wisp of hay, something to wipe with, a is the Northern pronunciation of quick, i. e.
rubber.+G. wisclzen, , to wipe, wisk, rub,' the sensitive part of the finger round the
Fliigel; from the sb. wisclz, 'whisk (sic), nail: Icel kvika. Flaw is the Swed.j/oga,
clout,' id. Cf. A. S. weoxian (for wis- a flaw, crack, breach, flake. See Quiok
cion ), to wipe. ~. The sb. which thus and Flaw. The sense is ' crack near the
appears as Ieel wk, Swed. viska, G. quick,' hence a painful sore, afterwards a
wiselz, meant orig. 'a wisp.' Der. wlzisk- painful swelling. It was corrupted first to
cr, from the likeness to a small brush. wMtjlaw (Holland), or w"itjlowe (Pals'Nestor brus"'d her with his wlziskers;' grave), and afterwards to whitlow; by
Drydeu, Troilus, iv. l. Also wlzisk-y, confusion with w"ite and low (4). ' Para light gig, easily whisked along.
onychia, a whitjlaw:' Wiseman, Surgery,
Whisky, WhiIIkey, a spirit. (Gaelic.) b. i. c. I I.
Gaelic "isgebeat"a, water of life, whisky; Whit-.lUluy. (E.) Lit. wlzite Sunthe latter element being dropped: see day, as is perfectly certain from the A.S.
Usquebaugh.
name "wita sunnan-dtzg, Icel. "vitosunWhisper, vb. (E.) M. E. w"ispren. nudagr, Norwegian kvitsunndag: these
O. Nortnumb. lzW7spn'an, to murmur, are/acts, though constantly denied by the
Luke xix. 7, John vii. Il. + M, Du. lovers of paradoxical and far-fetched etywisperen, wJSjJelen, G. wisp In. Cf. also mologies. The difficulty lies only in the
Ieel. hviskra, Swed. hviska, Dan. "viske, reason for the name. 'The great festivals,
to whisper. (Imitative base HWIS. ) Allied Yule, Easter, and Pentecost, but esp. the
to Whiz and Whistle.
two latter, were the great seasons for
Whist, a game requiring silence. (E.) christening; in the Roman Catholic church
Orig. called wMsk, from the sweeping up especially Easter, whence in Roman usage
of the tricks (see Whiak): renamed as the Sunday after Easter wa.~ called Dom;wlzist, from the use of the word wMst tonica ;n Albis; but in the Northern
enjoin silence; cf. Mst and "us". Chaucer churches, perhaps owing to the cold
has both "us" and wMst in the sense of weather at Easter-time, Pentecost .. seems
, silenced' or 'quiet' ; tr. of Boethius, b. ii. to have been esp. appointed for christening
and for ordination; hence the following
met. f" I. 1341.
Whistle, vb. (E.) A. S. "wistlian, to week was called the Holy Week, lcel.
hiss ; hwist/ere, a whistler, piper. + Icel. Helga Vika;' Icel. Dict. The case is
lzvis/a, to whisper: Dan. lzvisle, to hiss, parallel to that of noon, which at first
whistle: Swed. "vissla, to whistle. (Base meant 9th hour, or 3 P . M., but was afterHWIS.) See Whisper.
wards sllifted. So also in other cases.
Whit, a thing, particle. (E .) The" is Cf. W . sulgwyn, Whitsunday: from sui,
misplaced: wllit is for wiht, the same as sun, gwyn, white. Der. Wllitsunweek,
wight, a person, also a thing, bit, whit. - short for Wlzitsunday's week (Icel. hvita
A. S. wilzt, a wight, a thing, bit; see sunnudags.vika) ; Whitsuntide, short for
Wight ( I). Der. aught = A. S. iiwilzt, W"itsunday-tide: cf. Palmson for Palmone whit; whence n-aught, not.
sunday, Lowson for Lowsunda:t.
White. (E.) M. E. whit. A. S. hwit. Whittle (I), to pare or cut with a
+Du. tvit, Icel. lzvftr, Dan. hvid, Swed. knife. From the obsolete sb. wllittle, a
!wit, Goth. "weits, G. weiss. Allied to knife, the same as M. E. }witel, a knife ,
Skt. (Veta-, white, from (Vit, to shine, to be lit.' a cutter.' - A. S. )wit-, weak grade of
white: also to Russ. roietite, to shine; Iwrtan, to cut. See Thwite.
Lith. szwaitinti, to illuminllte. Brllgm. i. Whittle (2 ), to sharpen. (E.) Used as
608

WHITTLE

WICKET

a slang term; well-whit/led' - thoroughly

drunk. Lit_ sharpened like a whittle or
knife; see Whittle (I) above. Doubtless
confused with whet, to sharpeu_
Whittle (3) , a blanket_ (E.) M. E.
white!; A. S. hwite!. Named from its
white colour.-A.S. I.wit, white.
Whiz, to hiss. (E .) 'The woods do
whizz;' Surrey, tr. of JEneid, b_ ii. 536.
An imitative word; allied to Hiss,
Whisper, Whiatle.+lcd. hvjssa, to hiss.
Who, pronoun. (E. ) Formerly who,
what, which, were interrogative pronouns.
What, whose, whom, occur as relatives as
early as the end of the Ilth century, but
who, nom., as a relative, is not found
before the 14th century. (Morris.) A. S.
hwa, who; neuter, hwtZt, what; gen.
hwtZs, whose; dat. hwicm, hwam; ace.
masc. and fem. hW01U, whom [obsolete],
neut. hwtZt, what; instrumental hWi, in
what way, how, why. + Du. wit, Icel.
hverr, Dan. hvo, Swed. hvem, G . wer,
Goth. hwas, Irish. co, L. quis, Lith. Nas,
Skt. kas. (Base QO = Teut. HWA.)
B!Dgm. ii. 411.
Whole. (E.) M. E. hole (without w).
A. S. hal, whole. + Du. heel, Icel. heill,
Dan. hetl, Sw. htl, Goth. hails, G . heil.
Teot. type *hailos. Cf. W. coel, an omen.
Doublet, hale. Der. hol-)'; heal-th.
Whoo." to shoot. (F. - Teut.) The
initial w IS modem; formerly hoop. M. E.
houpen. - F. houper, ' to hoop unto;' Cot.
From F. hOllp I an exclamatory interjection. Of Teut. origin; CC. E. Fries. hup I
up! G. hopsa, 'heyday I' Fliige\. Cf.
Hoot. Der. whooping-cough or hooping-

Whirl. + M. Du. worvel, a whirl, wor

vtlen, to twist or twine; Du. wervel, G.
wirbtl, a thing that toms round.
Whortle-berry, the bilberry. (E.)
Formerly hurlle - berry, nod later (in
America) IlIIckie-berry ; also hurt, by con
fusion with M. F. I.eurte, a small azure
ball (in heraldry). Hut the true name is
(Dorset) hart-berry, A. S. heorot-btrige.
From Hart and Berry.
Why. (E.) M. E. whi; for whi = on
what account (common). A. S. hwi, in
what way, instrumental case of hwa, who;
see Who.

cough.

Whore, sb. (Scand.) The w is unorigina!. M. E.hore. - Ice!. Mra, an adulteress, fem . of horr, an adulterer; Dan.
hore, Swed. hora. + Do. I.oer, G. hurt,
O. H. G. huora; Goth. htJrs, mase., an
adulterer. Allied to Polish kurUJa, ChurchSlavonic kuruva, an adulteress; L. dJrus,
loving; W. caru, to love; O. Irish caraim ,
I love. C-v'KAR.) ~ Certainly not allied
to hire! llrugm. i. 637.
Whorl. (E.) The same as wharl, a
piece of bone placed on a spindle to twist
it by. The likeness between a wharl on a
~pindle nod a whorl ofleaves is sufficiently
close. M. E . wharl, wherl, whorl, Cath.
Ang\. Contraction of M. E. wl/arml, for
whervil; from A. S. hWloifa, a whar!.
- A. S. hweoifall , to turn; see Wharf,

WI-WY.
Wick (I ), a twist of threads for a lamp.
(E. ) M. E. wicke, weyke, wike. A. S.
weoce, a wick. + M. Du. witcke; Low G.
weke, lint; Dan. vtZge, Sweel. veke, a wick;
Norw. veik; M. H. G. wieche, a wick;
O.H.G. wiol, (lucubrum). Origin doubt

ful.

Perhaps' a twist'; cC. O. lrishfig-

im , I weave.

Wick (2), a town. (L.) A. S. wic;

borrowed from L. uicus, a village. See
Vioinity.
Wick (3), Wich, a creek, bay, salt-pit.
(Scand. ) O. Ice!. *wik, Ice\. vik, a small
creek, inlet, bay. From vik-Ja, to recede;
see Weak, Wioker.
Wicked. (E.) Orig. a pp. form with
the sense 'rendered evil; from the obsolete adj. wikke, evil, also weak; evidently
allied to Weak, q. v. From the weak
grade wic- of A. S. wic-an, Ice!. vik-/a,
to give way. Cf. also A.S. wicca, a
wizard; see Witoh.
Wicker, made of twigs. (Scand.)
M.E.wiker, a pliant twig, properly a sb.;
cf. A. S. wic-, weak grade of wican, to
give way, bend, ply; see Weak. It corresponds to Swed. dial. vekare. vikker,
wiUow, from Swed. vika, to bend, ply;
Dan. dial. vegre, a pliant rod, allied to
Dan. veg, pliant, weak. See Witch-elm.
Wicket, a small gate. (F. - Teut.)
M. E. wiket. - A. F. wiket, also written
wisket; O. F. guischtt (Supp. to Godefroy); l'rov. guistjuet (Diez); mod. F .
guichtt; Walloon wichet. Origin doubt
ful; apparently formed with F. dimin.
suffix -lI, from Teut. base *wisk-, to whisk
or move quickly, from its lightness. Cf.
E. Fries. wisken, CJ) to wipe, (2 ) to move
qoickly; Norw. viska (the same) ; Swed.

609

WIDE

WIMBERRY

final t), Swed. vig-, n~mble, vigt, adv.,

nimbly. From Ice!. VIg- (= A . S. wig),
war: cf. Ice!. vtg-a, to fight, smite ; Goth .
weihan (pt. t. waih), to fight, strive; L.
uincere, to conquer. Cf. Lith. vik.l,
strength.
Wigwa.m, an Indian hut. (N. Amer.
Indian.) Massachusetts wik, his house;
this word, with possessive and locative
affixes, becomes wikou-om-tlt, in his hOllse ;
whence K weekwam or wigwam ( W ebster). Cuoq gives Algonquin mikiwam,
also wikiwalJl, a hOllse (pp. 221, 438) .
Wild. (E.) M.E.wilde; A.S. wiltie,
wild, untamed. + Du. wild; Icd. villr,
wild, also astray, bewildered, confused
(whence Low!. Sc. will, astray); Dan.
Swed. viM, G. wild, Goth. 1IJil'/ltis. Teut.
type *welt/,/oz. Cf. W. g-wyllt, wild.
Root uncertain.
wilderness, a waste place. (K) M . K
wildem.esse, Layamon, 30335. From A. S.
wilder, a wild animal; alRo wildor; Teut.
type *wilthos, n., a derivative of wilde,
wild. Sievers, 289.+M. Du. wildemisse.
And see Bewilder.
Wile, a trick. (E.) M. K wile; A. S.
wil, a wile. Cf. Lithuan. wilti, to deceive.
And see Guile. ~ The A. S. wil is a late
word; and a derivation from A. S. wig"liall, to practise sorcery, is possible; cf.
'wlltmg-. divinatio,' Kentish Glosses, 554;
also His [ the devil's] wiJeles, Ancr. Riwle,
300; A. S. 1IJig"I, divination (Napier).
Wilful. (E.) M. E. wilful; formed
with suffix -jul from M. K wil-Ie, will;
see Will (2) below.
Will ( I) , to desire, be willing. (E.)
M. E. willm, pt. t. wolde j A. S. 1IJillall,
wyllalt, to wish, be willing; pres. wille,
wile ( 2 p. wi/t), pt. t. wolde. +Du. willm,
woman.
Ice!. vii/a, Dan. ville, Swed. vilja, Goth.
Wig. (Du.-F.-ltal. - L.) Short for witjaft (pt. t. 1IJilda), G. wo{lett (pres. will,
pt. t. wol//e), Lithuan. we/iti, L. uelle
periwig, which see.
Wight ( I ), a person, creature. (K) (pres. uolo) ; Skt. vr, to choose. (.vWEL. )
M. E. wig-ht,wiJt. A .S. w iht, a creature, Der. will-ing-, orig . a pres. part. Also willyanimal, person, thing (very common). + nilly, answering both to will I , "ill I, and
Du. wicht, a child; I cel. vtl!/tr; Dan. to will he, m"ll he; from A . S. nillan, short
vtl!tte, an elf; G. wicht, Goth. waillts, for ne willafl, not to wish (= L. nolle, not
fem. a wight, waiht, neut. a whit. Teut. to wish).
will (2). sb., desire. (E. ) M . K wille,
type *wehtiz, f. Perhaps it meant' something moving,' from A. S. wegalt, to move; A. S. willa, sb. - A. S. willall, to will ; see
Will (I) above.+Du. wil, Ice!. viii, Dan.
see Weigh, Whit.
Wight (2) , nimble, strong. (Scand.) In viI/ie , Swed. vii/a, G. w il/e, Russ. volia.
Spenser, Shep. Kal., March, 91. M. E. Willow. ( E. ) M . .E. wilow, wilwe ;
wight, valiant. - Ice!. vig-r, fit for war, A. S. weltg. + Dn . wilg-. Low G. wilge.
neut. vfg-t, serviceable (accounting for the Wimberry, Winberry. (L. and E.)
610
dial. fJislea, to throw, swing; G. wisckm,
to rub, to slip aside. See Whillk. Used
of a small door, easily opened, made within
a large gate; cf. Norw. viskjm, light and
qnick (Ross). (Korting, 8714.) Der.
wicket (at cricket), which was at first' a
small gate,' being made l feet wide by I
foot high (A.D. 1700).
Wide. (E.) A. S. wid. + Du. wijd,
Icel. vFtJr, Swed. Dan. vid, G. weit. Tent.
type *witloz. Der. width, XVI cent.; in
place of the old word witiene;s.
Widgeon, a bird. ( F. - L. 1) Spelt
wigion in Levins (157o). -A.F.*wI:Reon,
for O. F. vig-eon, a whistling duck (Littn!).
Prob. from L. uipionem, acc. of uipio, a
kind of small crane (Pliny, x. 49).
Widow. (E.) M. E. wirlewe; A. S.
widwe, widuwe.+Du. weduwe, G. wittwe,
Goth. widuwo. Fnrther allied to L. uidua,
fern. of uidullS, bereft of, deprived of;
Irish jead/,b, W . g-wtddw; Russ. vdova,
SkI. vidhavii, a widow. Brugm. ii. 64.
~WIDH, ns in Skt. vidh, to lack (St.
Petersburg Dict. vi. 10io). Der. widow-er.
M. E. witiewer, coined from widow by
adding -er; so also G. witwer.
Wield. (E.) M. K weide", to govern,
possess, manage. A. S. f[ewyldatt, to have
power over. This is a weak verb. due to
A. S. wealdan (pt. t. wiold), to have power
over, govern, rnle, possess. + Ice!. valda,
G. waltm , Goth. waldan, to govern; allied
to Lith. waldyti, Russ. vladiete, to rule,
possess. Cf. W. gwlad, a region.
Wife. (E.) A. S. wi/, a woman, neut.
sb. with pI. wi/ (unchanged) . + Du. wij/'
Ice!. vi/, Dan. viv, G. weib, O. H. G. wij>,
a woman. T eut. type *wibolll, u. Root
obscure; certainly not allied to weave
(A. S. we/an), as the fable runs. Der.

WINE

WIMBLE

A. S. w l1lberie, Witlberige, a grape, lit. a Wind ( 1), air in motion. (E.) M. E.

wine.berry.-A.S. Witl, from L. uimml, Witld; A.S. wind. + Du. wind, Ice!.
villd1', Dan. Swed. vind, G. wind, Goth.
wine; ber(t;e, a berry; see Berry.
Wimble (1) , a gimlet. (E.) M. E. wimis. Teut. type wmdoz. Further
1tJimbil. Cf. Dan. vim mel, a boring-tool; cognate with Vi. gwyn/, Bret. gwen/,
Low G. 7tJemel, wemlllel, a wimble (LUb L. 11m/us, wind. Orig. a pres. part.,_with
ben) ; M. Du. wellle, 'on pearcer, or a the sense of ' blowing.' From ";WE, to
wimble,' Hexham; M. Du. we1lleien , 'to blow; whence also Skt. va, to blow,
pearce or bore with a wimble,' Hexham. va/as, wind , Goth. waian , to blow, Russ.
Apparently from a Teut. base wcm , to vieiate, to blow, v ie/er', wind , Lithuan.
tum; see below. Cf. Shropsh. wimwam , wejas, wind. From the same root is E.
wea/ker, q. v. Der. 1tJitld, to blow a horn.
a turn stile. Der. gimlet.
Wimble (2), active. (Scand.) In pt. t. and pp. winded. Much Ado, i. 1.143,
Spenser, Shep. Kal., March, 91.-Swed. often oddly corrupted to wound ! Cf.
dial. vimmla, to be giddy or skittish, fre- Sweet, Gr. 1367. Also wind-fall, 1IJindquent. of Swed. dial. vima, to be giddy, mill, &c.
allied to Icel. vim, giddiness. Compare Wind (2), to turn round, twist. (E.)
Wimble ( I ) and Whim.
M. E. windell, pt. t. wand, wOlld, pp.
Wimple, a covering for the neck. (E.) unmden. A. S. windan, pt. t. wand, pp.
M. E. wimpel; A. S. witlpel, a wimple.+ wUllden .+Du. ztJinden,Ieel. vinda, Dan.
Du. wimpel, a streamer, pendant; Icel. vinde, Swed. vinda (to squint) , G. witlden ,
vimpill, Dan. Swed. vimpel, G. wimpel, a Goth. -ztJilldan (in bi-windat/). Teut.
e ennon, O. H. G. 7tJimpal, a summer robe. type *wendan-, pt. t. *walld, pp. *wundJj. The A. S. winp el suggests *wind-pel; atlOZ.
from wind, the wind, and (perhaps) A. S.
windla.ss ( 1) , a machine with a tump all, pell (L. pallium). a covering; cf. ing axis. (Scand. ) M. E. windelas; from
O. H. G. wim-pal. See Wind ( I) and Icel. vindil-ass (still in use), a compound
Pall (I ). ~ This would also account for of I cel. vindill, a winder, and ass (exth e sense of streamer,' if pel can mean a plained below). Here Ice!. vindil=M.E.
st~p of bright-coloured stuff. (A guess.)
windel, Swed. dial. vindel, a winder; from
Win, to gain by labour, earn. (E. ) the verb /0 wit"'. 13. We also find M. E.
M. E. winnnl, pt. t. zuan , won, pp. wotmell. wintias"a windlass; Chaucer, C. T. 10498,
A. S. witman, to fight, struggle, try to get, &c. - Ice!. vindiiss, a windlass. - Icel.
labour, suffer; pt. t. wann, pp. wumzen. + vittd-a, to wind; iiss, a pole, rounded beam.
Du. winnen, Ice!. v llna, Dan. vinde, +D u. WilldaS, M.Du. wil1daes, a windlass.
Swed . v inna ; G . ge1lJiwletZ, O. H . G. 1/Jin- y. Here M. Du. aes, lee!. ass, is cognate
nan, to fight, strive, earn; 'Goth. witman, with Goth. ans, a beam (d istinct from Dn.
to suffer. Allied to Skt. van, to beg, ask as, M. Du. asse, an axis, for which see
for, honour; L. tumerori, to honour, umus, Axis) .
windlass (2) , a circuit. (Scand.)
desire ; W. gwen, a smile. (";WEN.)
Winberry j see Wimberry.
Formerly windlasse; Hamlet , ii. I. 65;
Wince. (F. - Teut.) M. E . ~tJitum. &c. A peculiar use of Windlass ( 1),
- A. F. *wmcir, necessarily the old form perhaps misunderstood as if used for Witldof A. F, g'Uetlcir (Toynbee), for O. F. gttm- lace, a winding course; from wind, vb.,
rhir, later guinclter, to wriggle, writhe and lace, a snare, twist, mod. E. lace.
asiue (Cot.). - O. Sax. wenkiarl; M. H. G. Window. (Scand .) Orig. sense' windwenken, to wince, start aside; for Tent. eye,' an eye or hole for the admission of
waJlkjatt-. - M. H. G. wank, 2nd grade of ai r and light. M. E. windowe, windohe,
witlkm, to move aside, nod, beckon; see wit/doge. -lcel. vindatJgn (fo r *windallga ),
Wink.
a window; lit. ' wind-eye;' Dan. vindtte .
winch, the crank of an axle. (E.) - Ice!. vind.. , wind; align, eye; see Eye.
M. E. wincke; provo E. wink; A. S. ~ Butler has windore, a corrupted form,
1tJince, a winch, orig. a bent handle. Cf. A.S. as if for wind-door.
wincel, a comer, lit. bend; from the strong Wine. (L.) A. S. wit" wine; borrowed
verb *wincan; see Wink. Note also from L. uinum , wine (whence also G.
Lithuan. winge, a bend or tum of a river wein, &c.).+Gk. orvos, wine; oil''1, a vine.
or road.
The Gk. oi"'l is from ";WEI, to wind,
611

WING

WISTFUL

twist,twine (see Withy); from the twining wis, wise.+Du. wi}s, lcel. viss, Dan. viis,
Swed. vis, G. weise, wise. Teut. type
growth of the vine. Brugm. ii. 66.
Wing. (Scand.) M. E. win~, wenge. *wisoz, for *wit-toz, from Idg. "",WElD,
- Icel. vangr (for *wangr), a wing; Dan. to know. See Wit (1). Thus wise ...
, knowing'; ef. cunni,,/{. Brugm. i.
Swed. vinge; N. Fries. winge.
Wink, to move the eyelids quickly. 759, 79i Der. wis-dom , A. S. wis-dum.
(E.) 1. M. E. winken, pt. t. winkede. wise (l), manner, way. (E.) M . E.
A. S. wineian, to wink. 2. But we also wise; A. S. Wise, way. Orig. sense' wisefind winken, strong verb, pt. t. wank, ness' or skill; from wis, adj., wise
wonk, shewing that there was also a strong (above). + Du. wi}s, Dan. viis, Swed. vis,
A. S. verb *wincan, (pt. t. *wanc, pp. *ge- G. weise, sb. Der. like-wise (!. e. in like
wlmcen), whence A. S. wane-of, wa~er wise) ; other-wise. Doublet, guise.
ing, and other forms. + M. Du. wincken,
wiseacre. (Du.-G.) Borrowed from
wencken, to wink; wanek, sb., a twinkling M. Du. wi.isseae,, supposed to mean a
of an eye, an instant; Icel. vanka, to wink; wise sayer, sooth-sayer. - G. weissa~r,
Dan. vinke, Swed. vinka, to beckon; G. supposed to mean' wise sayer.' 13. But the
winken, to nod; O. H. G. winkan, str. G. word is itself a corruption of O. H. G.
vb., to move aside, stir, waver (see Schade). wizago, a prophet, seer; from O. H. G.
Cf. Lith. wincis, a bend of a river, wancus, wizan, to see. The cognate A. S. word is
idle, wengti, to shirk work, to flinch.
witega, a prophet, seer ; from A. S. witan,
winkle, a kind of shell-fish. (E.) to observe. B. The verbs wizan, witan, are
A. S. -winela (in wine-wine/a), a winkle. cognate with L.lltalre (pt. t. uid-i), to
Named from the convoluted shell; ef. see; and closely allied to A. S. wilan, to
Dan. dial. vinktl, a snail-shell; allied to know; see Wit (I).
winee, a winch (orig. a bend, turn 1). See Wish, vb. (E.) M. E. wischen. A. S.
alw Wenoh.
wjscan, to wish; for Teut. *wl4nsk.fa1t-,
WiluLow. (E.) M. E. windewen, formed from T-eut. *wunsko-, sb., a wish.
winewen, to winnow. A. S. windwian, to Compare A. S. wusc- (in comp.), which
winnow, expose to wind. - A. S. wind, is cognate with M. Du. wunsch, Icel.
wind. So also O. H. G. winton, from usk, G. wunsch, O.H.G. wunsc, a wish
wint; L. uen/ilare, from uentus.
[the derived verbs being lceL O!sk.fa, G.
Winsome, pleasant. (E.) A. S. wy"- wiinschen, to wish]. Allied to Skt.
SUfi', delightful; formed with suffix -SlIm viilich, to desire, wish, formed (with verbal
from wynn, joy. A. S. wynn < Teut. suffix -sko-) from van, to ask. Similarly
*wunja, f., is formed (by vowel-change the E. word is a derivative from "",WEN,
of 14 to y) from wun-, as in Goth. un- to desire. whence E. wi,,; see Win.
wunands, unrejoicing, weak grade of Brugm. ii. 90. Der. wishful; and see
Idg. *weff, to desire. See Wont. Cf. G . wistful.
wonne, joy, O. Sax. wunnia.
Wisp, a small bundle of straw or hay.
Winter. (E.) A. S. winter, a winter, (E.) M. E. wisp, also wips. The form
also a year.+Du. winter, Icel. vetr, Dan. wips may be connected with the verb to
Swed. vinter, G. winter, Goth. wintrus. wipe. Allied to Low G. wiep, Norweg.
Teut. type *wintruz. Root unknown.
vippa, a wisp, Swed. dial. vipp, a little
Wipe. (E.) A. S. wipian, to wipe; sheaf or bundle, Goth. 'UJaips, a crown
orig. to rnb with a wisp of straw. From (orig. a twisted wreath) . Cf. Dan. vippe,
a sb. preserved in E. Fries. wip, Low G. to see-saw, go to and fro, Swed. vippa,
wiep, a twist or wisp of straw. Allied to G . wippen, to go up and down, see-saw.
Goth. waips, a wreath; from the str. vb. Perhaps from the vibratory motion in
weipan, to crown (twine).
rubbing; J;ee Whip, Vibrate.
Wire. (E. ) 1\.. S. wir, a wire. + Icel. Wist, knew; see Wit ( I).
virr, wire; cf. Swed. vira, to twist; Wiatful, eager. (E.) The history of
O. H. G. wiara, an ornament of (twisted ) the word shews it to be IL substitution for
gold; L. uiritZ, armlets. Some compare wishful, 3 Hen. VI, iii. I. Ii; which is
lrishfiar, crooked (bent); from "",WEI, from wish, sb., with suffix -/ul. 13. But it
to twine.
seems to have been confused with wisl/;t,
Wis; see Ywis.
a word used by Shakespeare in place of
Wise ( I) , discreet, learned. (E.) A. S. M. E. w is!;-, certainly, verily, exactly,
612

WIT

WITTOL

formerly a common word; see Chaucer, wilh-drmlJ-illg-roolll, a retiring-room, now

C. T . 1865, 3992, &c. This M. E. oddly contracted to drawillg room.
wisly is from Icel. viss, certain (distinct Withe; sec Withy.
from , yet allied to, viss, wise), orig. pp. Wither. (E. ) Orig. trans.; M. E. 1lJidof Icel. vila, to know (Noreen) ; see ren, wedere.., to expose to weather. F rom
Wit (1).
M.E. weder, weather; see Weather. Cf.
Wit (1), to know. (E.) T he parts G. verwillern, to wither; from wetter,
of this verb are often ill understood and weather.
wrongly given. M. E. infin. witen; pres. Withers, the ridge between the
t. / wot, wi th 3 p. he wot (later wolletl,), shoulder-blades of a horse. (E.) So called
and 2 p. that' wost (later wollest) , pI. witm; because it is the part which a horse opposes
pt. t. wisle, pp. wisl. A. S. wita,.; pres. to his load, or on which the stress of the
t. ic wtfl,}it wasl, he wat, pI. wiloll, pt. t. collar comes in drawing. - A. S. wilJer,
wiste, also w isse, pI. wisto1l; pp. witm; against; as sb., resistance; cf. also A. S.
gerund 1o witamze (mod. E. to wil) .+ Du. wi(J, against (above). Cf. G. widerweten, Icel. vita, Dan. vide, Swed. vela, risl, withers of a horse; from wider, byG. wissc", Goth. wila", to know. Further form of wieder, against. and d sl. an
allied to L. uidere, to see, Gk. l~.iv, to elevated part. A. S. wiDer is further resee (perf.' t. oT&. = I wot, I know), Skt. lated to Icel. viDr, against, O. H . G. widar,
viti, to see, veda, I know. (.v WElD.)
Goth. withra, against (for wi-thra, a
wit (2), sb., knowledge, &c. (E.) compar. form). Cf. Skt. vi, apart, viM. E. wit; A. S. witt. knowledge ; Teut. tamm, further. Brugm. i. 86.
type *wit-jolll, neut. - A. S. wita.. , to Withhold. (E .) From with, i.e. back,
kn ow; see Wit ( I ) ; + Icel. vit, Dan. vid, towards oneself; and hold.
Swed . vett, G. witz, wit.
Within, Without; see Witb.
wit (3), a wise man. (E.) M.E. wite; Withsay, to contradict. (E .) From
A. S. wita, lit. 'one who knows.' - A. S. with, in the sense' against'; and say.
witall, to know. D er. A. S. witma ge- Withstand, to resist. (E.) From with,
in the sense' against'; and sta"d.
mot, " meeting of' wits,' a p~rliament.
Witch. (E.) M. E. wiahe, both masc. Withl! Withe, ~ Ilexi,?le twig. (E.)
and fern ., a wizard, " witch; A. S. wiae, M. E. w zD,; A. S. wzlJ'g, a WIllow. Named
fern.; also wicca ,m . Allied to A.S. wiccztl1l, from its Ilexibility; from .v'rVE I, to twine,
to practise witchcraft; E . Fries. wikkm. plait, as in L. ui-ire, Russ. vite, to twine:
+M. Du. ~lJiclm',' a soothsayer,' Hexham; +M. Du. weede, hop-plant (twiner) ; I cel.
Low G. UJikkC1t, to pred ict. Cf. Norw. vitJja, a withy, vilJ, a withe, vitJir, a willow ;
vikja , (I) to turn aside, (2) to conjure Dan. vidie, Swed. vide , willow; G. weide,
away. This links it with Ice!. vikja (pp. willow. Also Lith. wytis, a withe, Zilvik-imz) , to move, turn, push aside; and wiltis, a willow (cf. i ill-as, gray); L.
with E. Weak. Thus wilch perhaps = uUis, a vine; Gk . lTfa, a wiIIow; W.
'avcrter.' Der. bewitch, vb. (above).
gwdm, a withe. Cf. L. tli-men, a twig.
Witch-elm, Wych-elm. (E.) M.E. Brugm. ii. 685, 789.
wiehe. A. S. wice. The sense is 'bend- Witness, testimony. (E.) Properly an
iug,' or drooping; from the pendulous abstract sb. A. S. witnu , testimony. branches. - A. S. w ic-ell, pp. of wica", to A. S. wit-an, to know, with suffix -/les ;
bend; see Wicker.
thus the orig. sense was ' knowledge' or
With. (E.) A .S. witJ, by, near, among ; ' consciousness.' Cf. Icel. vitlla, Dan.
it also means' against,' as in mod.E. wifl,- vidne, to testify; Goth. weit -wotls, a witstand, with-say.
Icel. vilJ, against, by, ness. Der. wit1ICss, vb.
at; Dan. ved, Swed. vid, near, by, at. Wittol, a cuckold. (Low G.) Formerly
Allied to A. S. wilJer, against; see supposed to mean' wit-all ' ; also thonght to
Withers. Der. with -ai, from M.E. witll, represent A. S. wilol, knowin~, wise, from
with , aile, dat. case of ai, all; with- in, witan, to know. There is no foundation
A. S. wilJi1man; with-out, A.S. wiOtUan . for this, as the word is not used in the M. E_
Hence also with-dmw, with-hold, with- period. Bp. Hall writes witwal; i.e. wittol
is the same as witwall, or woodwale, the
say, withstand.
Withdraw. (E.) From witl" i. e. name ofa bird. Florio (ed. 1598) explains
back, towards oneself; and draw. Honce Ital. grxIano by ' the bird called a witwal
61.3

WIVERN

WONT

or woodwall'; and in a later edition, 'a wood ; lcel. vallr, gen. vallar, a field,
wit/al or woodwale.' If this be so, we may plain. Teut. type walthtez. Cf. Weald.
he sure that allusions were made to ti,e Wolf. (E.) M. E. wolf, pI. wottees ( =
witwall similar to those endless allusions wolves). A. S. WIIlj, pI. wulfas.+Du. G.
to th e cuckoo which produced the wOld wolf, Ice!. ('If'-, Dan. ulv. Swed. ulf, Goth.
cuckold. W itwall represents the M. Du. wttlfs . Further allied either tq L. Uttlpcs
or Low G. form of E. woodwale ; and, (see Vulpine) ; or else (together with
while woodwale usually means the wood- lee!. )'Igr, a she-wolf) to Lith. wilkas,
peeker, 1tJitwaiiseems to have been-appli ed Russ. volk' , Gk. ~,;"os, Skt. vrka- , a wolf.
Teut. type *wulfoz, Idg. type *w31'los ;
to the oriole. See Woodwale.
Wivern; see Wyvern.
from wcl'l, to lear; cf. Skt. vrarch, to
Wizard, Wisard. (F. - Teut.) M. E. tear, L ith. wilkti, to pull. Brugm. ii.
wisa,-d. - A. F. *wischat-d, necessarily tbe 60. Der. wolv-er-mc, a coined word;
orig. form of O. F. guischard, gttiscart, wulverilt in Hakluyt, i. 277.
sagacious.-Ice!. vizk-r, clever, sagacious, Woman. (E.) A phonetic alteration of
kno\\ mg (where -r is merely the suffix of A.S. wi/matt, lit. wife-man , the word fIlatt
the nom. case) ; with F. suffix -ard = G. being formerly applied to both sexes. This
hart, hard, strong, confirmed in (as in word became Willl11ta1t, pI. wimmen, in
numerous other words). /3. The Ice!. the loth century, and this pI. is still in use
vizkr = vitskr, with z for Is; from vit-a, in spoken Englisb. In the 12th century,
to know, with suffix -sk- ( = E. -ish). it became Wttflllllan (just as, in A. S., widtt
Hence wiz-a,-d=wit-ish-a,-d.
became wttdu, see Wood), whence E.
Wizen, to shrive! or dry up. (E.) M.E. wOlllan and provo E. wUllllllan [wum un].
wisenen, to become shrivelled; O. North- ~ Cf. leman from A. S. leo/man, Lamumbo wis1tl(11I. to become dry , John xv. mas from A. S. hlli/masse; see Leman,
6; we find also A. S./or-wimian, to dry Lammas.
up. Ice!. visna, to wither, allied to the Womb. (E.) Low!. Sc. wallie, the
old pp. visilm, wizened, occurring also belly. M. E. wOllloe, walllbe. A. S. wamb,
as Dan. and Swed. vissen. This is a pp. womb, the belly.+Du. 1tJa1ll, belly of a fish;
of a lost strong verb, from a base WEIS, Ice!. valllb, Dan. V01ll, Swed. v8mb, v/111lm,
to dry up . Cf. O. H. G. wesallen, to dry G. wampe, wam1lle, Goth. WQlIlba, the
up,- And cf. Virulent.
~.
Wo, Woe. (E.) M. E. wO; A. S. wii, Womba.t, a marsupial mammal. (Ausinterj. and adv.; wea, wo, sb. + Du. vee, tralian.) A corruption of womoack, the
interj. and sb.; Ice!. vei, Dan. vte, Swed. native Australian name. (Collins, New
ve, G. weh, Goth. wai, interj.; also Dan. South Wales, 1802; Bewick,Quadrupeds;
vee, G . weh, sb. Allied to W. gwae, woe, E. E. Morris, Austral English. )
L. fla, wo! Orig_ an exclamation ; hence Won, to dwell, remain. (E.) M. E.
a ery of pain, &c. Der. wo-begollC, i. e. WOIle1t, A. S. wlmian, to dwell; see
wo-surrounded, from M. E. begiht, pp. of Wont.
begOlZ = A. S. began, to surround, lit. to go Wonder, sb. (E.) A. S. wlt1ufor, a
round about i from A. S. be- ( = E. by), portent, wonder.+Du. wOllder, Ice!. muir,
and g,itz, to go. Also wo worth, i. e. wo G. wlmder, O. H. G. wlmlar; Teut. type
w ulldrolll,1I. Origin unknown.
be to; see Worth.
Woa.d, a plant, used for dyeing. (E.)
wondrous, wonderful. (E.) A corM. E. wod, wood, woad. A. S. wad, ruption of the old word wo,/de,-s, wonwoad . + Du. weede, Dan. vaid, veid, drous, orig. an adv., but also an adj.
Swed. veide; G. waid, M. H. G. weit 'WOtzders dere' = wondrously dear; 'WOIl(whence O. F. waide, mod. F. g fll'de). de,-s men' = wonderful men. Wotlders
Allied to L. leitrum, woad. ~ Distinct was formed by adding tlte adv. suffix -s
from wtld (2).
(orig. a gen. case) to the M. E. WOtlder,
Wold, a down, plain, open country. (E.) adj., wonderful, Chaucer, C. T. 455. This
M. E. wold, waldo A. S. weald, wald, a adj. is short for wonderly, adj. = A. S.
wood, forest (hence waste ground, and wlt11derlic, wonderful, -ly being dropped
even open country, as in Icelandic). + because it seemed like an adverbial ending.
Du. woud, O. Sax. a lld O. Fries. wald, Wont, used, accustomed. (E.) M. E.
a wood; G _ wald; O. H. G . walt, a woned, pp. of wonien, to dwell, remain,
61 4

woo

WORMWOOD

be used to; it came to be used as a sb.; abb, A. S. /fweb, woof; from a-wefan, to
and, its origin being forgotten, the pp. weave together.
suffix oed was again added, producing a Wool. (E.) M. E. wolle. A. S. willI,
form !uont-ed = won-cd-ed ! Chaucer has 4Wul.+ Du. wol, Ice!. till, Dan. t<1d, Swed.
woned, i. e. wont, ns a pp.; C. T . 821 5 ; 1111, G . wolle, Goth. w tllla, wool. Allied
Troilus, i. 511. A.S. wu1tod, pp. of A.S. to L ith. wi/lIa , l{ US5. vO/lIa, Skt. ,I"'.'ii,
!U,miml, to dwell, be used to . - A_S. ge- wool; L. uel/us (fo r velma) , fleece.
w lma, sb. custom,use,'wont.' - A,S,w'tn-, Also to Gk. AijVOS (for *FAijVOS), L. liil1a,
weak grade of ,,", WEN, todesire,striveaft er; Irish o/am" W. gwlall.
see W in, Wish. "Vo"t is a habit due to
woolward, clothed in wool only, for
acquiescence in what seems pleasant. Cf. penance. (E. ) See L. L. L. v. 2. 717.
Ice!. vanr, adj., accustomed, valli, a usage, M. E. wolleward, lit. with the skin toallied to villr, a friend; G. gewoh11t, wont, wards (against) the wool. From woo/ and
pp. of w oMlen, to dwell. D er. WOltt, sb., -ward, suffix. See Toward.
for M. E. wone, usage (by confusion); WOOD, a governor, officer. (Burmese.)
henee WOllt , vb., wont-ed, accustomed.
Burm. w1m, a governor or officer of adWOO, to COtlrt. (E. )
M. E. wOjen, ministration; lit. 'a burden,' hence preWowt1Z. A. S. wog'ian, to woo; of obscure sumably ' the bearer of the burden'; Yule,
p. 867. See Vizier for the sense.
ori gin .
Wood ( I) , timber, fo rest . (E. ) M. E. Word. (E.) A. S. wOI'd. + Du. woord,
wode. A.S. wudu, of which the orig. form Icel. or6, Dan. Swed. ord, G. wort, Goth .
was widu, wood. + Icel. vitJr, a tree, wood; watt/d. Teut. type *wu l'dom, n . ; Idg.
Dan. Swed. ved; O. H. G. w itt<. Cf. Irish type *1uJrdho-. Cf. Lith. wardas, a name;
fiodh, a wood, tree; O. Irishfid, a tree; L. uerbulIl, a word. Lit.' a thing spoken;'
W. gwjltld, trees. Teut. type *widuz. rrom ,,", WER, to speak; cf. Gk . "p.IV, to
D er . wood-en, -y, oed; wood-bille, A. S. speak . Doublet, verb.
Work, sb. (E. ) M. E. werk. A. S.
w tldu-binde ; -ruff, -wale.
Wood (2), mad , furi ous. (E.) In Mids. weore, were.+Du. werk, I cel. verk, D an.
Nt. Dr. ii. 1. 192. M. E. wod. A. S. w ad, vre,'k, Swed. verk, G. werk. Teut. type
mad, ra ging.
Ice!. otJr, Goth . wods, *werkom, n. Further all ied to Gk. fP -Y0v,
frantic. Cf. G . w l/th, madness. P erhaps work, Eona, I have wrought , Zend. vareza,
allied to L. u ates, a prophet, one filled a working , Pers. warz, gain. (,,",WERG.)
with divine frenzy ; O. lrish/aith, a pro- Allied to Organ. Der. work, vb., wright.
phet. Hence pe rhaps the name W oden; World. (E. ) M. E. werld. A. S.
see Wednesday.
weoruld, weolold. + Du. wenld, Ice!. vero/d,
Woodruff, a plant. (E.) M. E. wod- Dan. verden (where -m is the article),
mjj'e, woderoove. A .S. wuderi5fe, wttduri5fe, Swed. ver/d, G. we/t, M. H . G . werlt,
woodruff. Perhaps allied to A. S. ri5j, O. H. G. weralt. {3. The lit. sense is
meaning ' strong' or fam ous.' Cf. G. 'age of man' or ' course of man's life,'
waldllleister, woodruff ; L. has/.Ila 1'egia. hence a life-time, course of life, experience
woodwale, a bird. (E.) Also called of life, &c. The componen t parts are A. S.
w itwall, w ittal. M. E. wodewa/e, perhaps weI' (Icel. verI', O. H. G. weI', Goth. wair),
a woodpecker. From A . S. wl/du, a wood; a man; and A. S. eld, an age (lee!. old,
the form witwall being dne to the Low G. Goth. aids, an age ) ; see Virile and Eld.
and M. Du. forms. The sense of -wale Worm. (E. ) M. E. worm. A . S. wynll,
is not known. +M. Du_ wedllwael, a kind a worm, snake. + Du. worm, I ce!. ormr,
of yellow bird; Low G. widcwaal; M.H.G. Dan. Swed. orm, G. wurm, Goth. wam'/IIs;
wi/ewa/, an oriole. (Cf. Wittol.)
also L. " ermis, a worm . Teut. type
Woof, the weft. (E.-) This curious *!uurmiz, Idg. type *wJrllliz. Brugm. i.
word is a corru ption of M. E. oof, the w 37 1 ; ii. 97.
P rob. allied to Gk.
being prefixed owing to a popular ety- pop.os (for *FpOJ.los), a wood-worm.
mology from weave (which is true , but not Wormwood, a bitter plant. ( E.) A
in the way which popular etymologists corrupted form, the word having no referwould understand) . The M. E. 001 is a ence either to worm or to wood. M. E.
contraction of A. S. (;we/, the woof. - wermode, later wor1llwod. A. S. wermOd.
A. S. 0-, variant of if- (as in ii-we/an ), wef, + G. wermuth, O. H . G . weri1llflo/a.
a sb. due to wefan, to weave. Cf. provo E. Origin unknown.
61 5

WRACK

WORRY

Worry, to harass. (E.) M . E. wirien, wort; M. H. G . win. Ii. The Icel. virlr,
WlmnlJen, orig. to strangle, and used of M. H. G. win are from a Tent. base
the worrying of sheep by dogs or wolves. *werti-; which differs in gradation from
A. S. wyrgan, to strangle, harm; see O. E. Wort (I), but is closely allied to it.
Textl, p. 91).
Dn. wi1rgtn, O. }<ries. Worth (I), adj., deserving of; sb., dewerg ja, wirgia, G. wiirgen, to strangle, sert, value. (E.) M. E. wur'h, worth.
suffocate. Ii. G. wiirgen is the causal A.S. wy~e, adj.,mutated by-form of weor},
form of the M. H. G. strong verb -wergan, adj. valuable ; flJ)'r}, Wet1r), sb., value.
only in compo ir - wergan, to strangle.
Du. waarti, adj., waartie, sb. ; lcel.
Teut. base *werg, Idg. ""WERGH; as in ve~r, adj., ve~, sb.; Dan. vlZrti, adj. and
Lith . wern-ti, to strangle, oppress. Brugm. sb. ; Swed. viirti, adj., viirtle, sb; G. werlh,
i. 634.
adj. and sb. ; Goth. wairlhs, adj. and sb.
Wone, comparative adj. and adv., Ii. Teut. type *we~o%, adj., valuable; cogmoro: bad. (K) M. E. _rs, wers, adv., nate with Lith. werlas, worthy; cf. W.
wUrse, werse, adj.; A. S. wyrs; adv., gwerlh, value; L uer-lri, to respect. Prob.
wyrsa, adj., worse. O. Sax. wirs, adv., from ""WER, to guard, keep. Allied to
wirsa, adj.; Icel. verr, ndv., verri, adj.; Ware ( I) and Wary. Der. wi1rth-y, adj.,
Dan. varre, Swed. viirre, adj. ; M. H . G. suggested by Icel. ver3ugr, worthy ; worthwirs, adv., wirser, adj.; Goth. wairs, less.
adv., wail'sisa, adj. Ii. The common Worth (3), to become, to be, to befall.
Tent. type is *wersison-, adj., where -illlm- (E.) In phr. wo wi1rth the day = wo be to
is the comparative suffix, and the base is the day. M. Eo wi1rthen, to become. A. S.
*wers, to twist, entangle, confuse; cf. w~an, to become, pt. t. wea~ , pI.
O. H. G. werran, G. wirren, to twist, wurtlon. Du. worden, pt. t . werd; Ice!.
entangle; see War. Der. wi1rs-en, vb. v~a, pt. t. va~; Dan. vortie ; Swed.
See Worst.
varda; G. werden; Goth. wa jrthan, to
Wonhip, sb. (E.) Short for worlh- become, pt. t . warth. Ii. All from Teut.
skip. A. S. w~scipe , T1IyrtJscipe, hOD our. base WERTH, to become = ""WERT, to
- A. S. we~, wy~, adj ., honourable; tum; cf. L. wrtere, to tum, uerti, to tum
with suffix -scipe (E. -ship), allied to E . to, become. See Verse.
shape. See Worth. Der. wDrskip, vb.
Wot, I know, or he knows; see Wit (I ).
Wont, superlative. (E.) A. S. wyrst, Would; see Will ( 1) .
adv., wyrsta, contracted form of *wyrsesta, WOlUld, a hurt. (E. ) A. S. wund.
adj., which also occurs as wyrresta, Matt. Du. wont/, wonde, Icel. und, Dan. vunde,
xii. 45. +0. Sax. wirsista, adj. ; Icel. verst. G. wuntie, sb. We also find an older type
adv., verstr, adj.; Dan. varst, Swed. viirst, in A. S. _nd, G. wund, Goth. wUluis,
O. H. G. wirsistD. Teut. type *wers-ist-oz, wounded, harmed; Teut. type wun-dtfz ;
adj. ; see Worse.
Jdg. type *WIn-tDS. Origin doubtful. Cf.
Wonted, twisted yam. (E .) M. E. Wen, Win.
worsted, Chaucer, C. T. 26+ Named from Wo1U'8li, Ourali, Oorali, Outhe town of Worsted, in Norfolk. Wi1rstetl rari, Curari, a resinous substance, used
stands for WOrlk -stead; from WDrlh, nn for poisoning arrows. (Guiana.) From
estate, and stead, a place.
' ourali, written also wourali, ttrati, urarl,
Wort ( I ), a plant. (E.) M. E. wort. curare, &c., according to the pronunciation
A. S. wyrl, a wort, plant, herb.
O. Sax. of the various tribes'; W . H . Brett, Indian
wurt, G. wun, Goth. waurts ; cf. Dan. Tribes of Guiana, 1868, p. 140.
urt, Swed. 01"/. Teut. type wurliz, f. ; Wrack, a kind of sea-weed; shipwreck,
Idg. type w~rdis. Allied to lee!. rot , ruin . (E.) Lit. ' that which is cast ashore ;'
L . radix, Gk. fJl(a, a root; /JO.3-a,.."os, a well shewn by mod. F. vareck, (1) seayoung shoot ; W. gwreiddyn , O. Irish weed cast ashore, (2 ) piec~s of a wrecked
trem , a root. See Radix, Root. Brugm. ship cast ashore; this F . word being borrowed from English. M.E. wrak, a wreck ;
i. H 350, 529.
Wort (2), an infusion of malt, new beer. a peculiar use of A. S. wrlZC, what is
( E. ) M. E. wort or 'lJJ()1"te. A. S. -wyrl, driven ' (Lat. actuarius). O. E . Texts, 37.
in the compound max-wyrt.lit. mash-wort, 62. - A. S. wrlZC, for *wrac, 2nd grade
an 4nfusion of worts. lcel. virlr, Norw. of wrecalt, to drive, urge, wreak; see
vyrt, vOrt , Swed. ,,,:;rl, G. bjer-wiirze, beer- Wreak. + Du. wrak, sb., a wreck, adj.,
616

WRAITH

WRIGHT

broken; Ice\. rek, anything drifted ashore; Wren, a small bird. (E.) M. E. u't'enne.
Dan. vrag, Swed. vrak, wreck,. trash. Cf. A. S. wrellna, wrtZllna, a wren. Cf. Icel.
Du. wraktn, Dan. vrage, to reject.
tim/iii, a wren.
Wraith, an apparition. (Scand.) Lowl. Wrench, a twist , sprain. (E.) M. E .
Sc. wraitlt, G . Douglas, tr. of Virgil , wrenche, only in the metaphorical sense
lEn. x. 6.p. The only similar word is of perversion. deceit. A. S. wrenc (dat.
Icel.rti6r, formerly vrei6r, angry, offended, wrence). guile, fraud, ori~. crookedness or
equiv. to E. wroth ; but the sense does not perversion, lit. 'a twist. + G. ra"k (pI.
suit. ~ Jamieson gives also an Ayrshire riinkel, a trick. Tent. type wrankiz, m.
wartlt, with the sense of 'apparition.' From wra"k-; perhaps allied to A. S.
Cf. Icel va""'a, va,...,i, a beacon, a pile wrillgan, to wring, twist; see Wrinkle.
of stones to warn a way-farer, Norw. Der. wrench, vb.
varde, a beacon, vardyvle (= ward evil 1), Wrest, todistorl. (E. ) M. E. wrestm.
a guardian or attendant spirit seen to follow A. S. wriestan, to twist forcibly. From
or precede one, vord, an attendant spirit, wriist, adj., firm, strong (orig. tightly
Dan. dial. vardyr, varedyr, a ghostly strung or twisted); formed with the suffix
creature resembling a man, who attends -t and vowel-change of Ii to ii, from wriitJ,
and preserves him. (Doubtful.)
2nd grade of writJan, to twist. (For the
Wrangle, vb. (E.) M. E. wrallglen, to form , see Sievers, 232; cf. A. S. Idst,
wrestle, also to dispute. Frequentative foot-track, from 56-an (pt. t.liitJ), to travel.)
of wring, formed from the A_ S. wrang, Cf. Icel. reista, to wrest. Dan. vriste, to
2nd grade of wring-an; see Wring. wrest.
Thns the sense was to keep on twisting
wrestle. (E.) M. E. wrcstlm. A. S.
or urging; hence to wrestle or argue vehe- wriistlian, to wrestle; frequentative of
mently. Cf. Dan. vYingle, to twist, en- wriistan, to wrest. twist about; see above.
tangle. Der. wra1zg1e, sb.; wrangl-er, +M . Du. wrasteu1', worstelen, to struggle,
a disputant in the schools (at Cambridge), wrestle ; E. Fries. worstel1'; N. Fries.
now applied to a first-class man in the wrasse/e.
mathematical tripos.
Wretch, a miserable creature. (E.)
Wrap. to enfold. (E.) M. E. wrappen; Lit. 'outcast.' M. E. wrecche. A. S.
also wlappen, whence Lap (3). Cf. N. wrecca, wrO!cca, an ontcast. an exile. +
Fries. wrappe, to stop up. Doublet, lap O. Sax. wrekkio, O. H . G. rackeD, G. recke,
(3). Cf. en-velop, de-velop.
a warrior (adventurer ). Teut. type wrakWrath. anger. (E') M. E. wraththe, jon-. m. - Teut. wrak, 2nd grade of
wreththe, A. S. wrie)}u, wrath; Teut. *wreka1l-, to drive, urge, hence to exile;
type*wraitltitha. - A. S. wra'tJ, adj., wroth; see Wreak. Cf. Lithnan. wargas, misery.
Teut. type wraithoz; see Wroth. + Icel. Der. wretch-ed, i. e. made like a wretch.
reitH, Dan. Swed. vrede, sb., wrath; from Wretchle.snes., the same as reckIcel. reitJr, Dan. Swed. vred, adj., wroth. usmess; see Reck.
See Wroth.
Wriggle, vb. (E.) Frequentative of
Wreak, to revenge. (E.) M. E. wreken . wrig, to move about, Skelton, Elinour
A. S. wrecan, pI. t. wrO!c, pp. wrecen, to Rnmming, I j6; which is a weakened form
wrellk, revenge, punish, orig. to drive, urge. of M. E. wrikkm , to twist; [we actually
impel.+Du. wreken; Icel. reka, pt. t. rak, find A. S. wrigia1l, but this passed into the
to drive, thmst, repel, wreak; G. rache1l, form wry.l O. Fries. wrigia, E. Fries.
to avenge; Goth. wrikan, to persecute. wriggm, Norw. rigga (whence rigla), to
13. Allied to Lith. wargti. to suffer affiic- move about, rock. By-form of E. Fries.
tion ; Gk. _Cpr_IV (for 'F_nEtJl), to shut wrikken, to turn hither and thither. + Du.
in; and to Urge. ("",WERG.)
wriggelen, to wriggle, freqnent. of wn'kken,
Wreath, a garland. (E.) M. E. wrelke. to move or stif to and fro; Low G. wn'ckA. S. wriitJ, a twisted band , bandage, ehl (Richey) ; Dan . vrikke, to wriggle,
fillet. Formed (with vowel-change of 0. Swed. vricka. to tum to and fro. See
to Ii) from wrtilJ, 2nd grade of wrilJa1l, Rickets and Wry.
to writhe, twist. See Writhe. Der. Wright. a workman . (E.) M. E.
wreathe. vb.
wrigltle. A. S. wyrhta, a worker. - A. S_
Wreck,ruin.remainsofwhatiswrecked. wyrht, a deed . work; formed with suffix
(E. ) Formerlywrack; the same as Wrack. -I from wyrc-Q1t . to work. [Tent. type
61 7

WRING

YANKEE

wurktiz ; related to *werk;tm- , to work. ] vrang, 2nd grade of vri"ga, to wring

-A. S. weore, work, sb. ~ee Work. + (only preserved in the pt. t . 3 p . pI.
O. Sax. wllrhtio, O. H . G. wllr/lto, a wright. v mngu) ; cognate with E. Wring.+Da.
Der. eart-wrigkt, skip-wright, wkee/- wrang, acid, sour (because acids wring
the mouth).
wright.
Wrinl1, to twist. (E.) M. E. wringen, Wroth, angry. (E.) A . S. wratJ; from
A. S. wn1Jgan, pt. t. wrang, pp. wrwtgen , wratJ. 2nd grade of w ril1an, to writhe. +
to press, compress, strain, wring. + Du . Du. wreed, cruel; I ce!. reil1r, Swed. D an.
wringen; G . ringen (pt. t. rang), to vred; O. H. G. reid, reidi, twisted, curly.
wrestle, to wring, turn. Allied to Wry, See Writhe.
Wry, twi5ted, turned aside. (E .) From
and perhaps to Worry. D er. wrollg.
Wrinkle ( I ), a small ridge or uneven- the M. E . wrim, vb., to twist, bend aside;
ness on a surface. (E.) M. E. wrinlul. A. S. wrigia1t, to tnrn, incline towards.
Perhaps allied to Wrench, and to A. S. See Wriggle. D er. a-wry, for Olt wry,
Writ'gatl, to twist. The lit. sense is I a Barbour, Brace, 4. 70 5.
little twist,' causing unevenness. + M. Du. Wych-elm; see W itch-elm.
wrinckel, a wrinkle, allied to wringen, to Wyvern, Wivern, a two - legged
twist. ~ Dan. rynke, Swed. rynka, l cel. dragon , in heraldry. (F. -L.) The final
krukka (for *krunka ), a wrinkle, forms n is added, as in bitter-1J. M. E. wittere
due to the pp. of an old strong vb. (wivere ), a serpent. - A. F. wyvre, O. F .
*hrenkan, are related to Ruck (I). Der. wivre -(F. givre), a viper. - L. uijera, a
viper ; see Viper. ~ The w is due to G.
w rittkle, vb.
Wrinkle ( 2) , a hint. (E.) Lit. I a influence; as if from O. H. G. wijera,
small trick;' dimin . of A. S. wrene, a borrowed from L.
trick; see Wrench.
Wrist. (E.) M. E. wrist, wirst. A. S.
X.
wrist, also called lul1uiwrist, i. e. that
which turns the hand about. Formed Xebec, a small three-masted vessel.
(like wrest, q. v.) with suffix -I from (Span. - Turk.) Span. xabeque. - Turk.
writJ-, weak grad e of wri~a1t , to writhe, sumbaki, a kind of ship. Cf. Pers. sumtwist about . + Low G . wrisl; Icel. rist, buk, Arab. sumbuk, n small boat, a pininstep, from ri~-, weak grade of rioa, to nace. (Devic; Rich., p. 852.)
twist ; Dan. Swed. vrist, instep, from vn'dc
or vrida, to twist; G. rist, instep, wrist.
Y.
Write. (E.) The orig. sense was I to
score,' i. e. to scratch the surface of wood Y -, prefix. ( E.) In y clept, y -wis. M. E .
with a knife. M. E. writm, pt. t. wroot, y o, i- ; A. S. ![e- , a common prefix. This
pp. w ritm (with short i). A . S. w rltatl, prefix appears as e- in e-nougk, and as apt. t . wrlit, pp. writm. + O. Sax. w,-Uan, in a-ware. +Du. G. gt-, prefix; Goth. gu-,
to cut , write ; Du. ri/tt1l, to tear; Icel. prefix.
rita, to scratch , write; Swed. rita, to Yacht. (Du.) Dn ./agt, M. Du . .Iacltt,
draw; G. reiSSell, to cut, tear. Teut. a swift boat, a hunting. - Du. /agen, to
type *wreitan. , pt. t . wrai/, pp. *wntanoz. hunt, chase. + G. / agen, to hunt. See
Der . w nt. sb., A. S.gewrit, from the weak Yaw.
grarle writ- .
Yak, a wild ox. (Thibet.) Thibetan
Writhe. (E.) M. E. writken, pt. t. 'YJ'ag, a mnle yak, where the symbol 'Y is
wrotk, pp. writkm (with short i ). A. S. used to denote a peculiar Thibet an sound;
wrioan , pt. t. wriitJ, pp. writJen, to tw ist H . A. Jiischke, Dict. p. 668.
about.+lcel.ritJa, Dan.vride, Swed .vrida, Ya.m, a large esculent tuber. (Port. to wring, twist , turn; O. H . G. rMan . W . African. )
Port. inkame, a yam
Tellt. type .wreitha1J-. Der. wroth, wratll, (Littffi) .
Formerly called inamia in
wreath, wres/, w,-isl.
Benin; Hakluyt, ii. 2 . 12 9 .
Wrong, perver~ed, bad. (Scand .) M. E. Yankee, a citizen of New England, or
wroltg. Late A. S. wrang, a wrong, sb. ; of the United States. (North . E.) In use
orig. an adj . - Icel. rangr, O. Icel. in Boston, 1765. Dr. Wm. Gordon, in his
*wrangr > vr(lltgr, awry, wrong; Dan. Hist. of the American War, ed. I 7B9, vol. i.
vrang, Swed. vrlmg, perverse. From pp. 32i, 325, says it was a favourite cant
618

YAP

YEAN

word in Cambridge, Mass. , as early as 171;1, I in orde~; from the old belief in its curative
a nd that it meant 'excellent; as ' a y alzkee properties as a healer of wounds.
good horse. ' The word may have spread Yata~han, Ataghan, a daggerlike
from the students through New England, sabre, with doubly cuned blade. (T urk.)
aud have thence obtained a wider currency. T urk. y iittiglzii11, the same; Zenker's Dict.
I t appears to be the same as Low!. Sc. pp. 94i , 958 .
.
.
y ankie, a sharp. clever, forward woman ; Yaw, to go nnstead!1y, as a ship.
ef. Low!. Sc. yanker, an agile girl, an (Scand. -Du.) Icel. Joga, to move to and
incessant tal ker, a smart stroke, y atlk, a fro; also, to hunt.- Du. jagetl, to hunt.
jerk, smart blow, Y01,killg, active (Jamie- See Yacht.
son). We also fi nd Y01lk, to jerk, noted Yawl (I), a small boat. (Du.) Du.
by Bockland (Log of a Naturalist, 1876, jol, a yawl, a Jutland boat ; M. Du.Jollep . 130 ) as an American word. Ii Thus ken, 'a small barke -'+D~n.jol/e , Swed .
yallk-y is quick, spry, from yank, to julie, a yawl; E. Fries. j ul, julie ; Low
jerk. ~ Dampier (Voyages, 1699, i. G.jolle (Lubben). Root unknown.
38) mentions a Captain lanky ~everal Yawl ( 2), to howl. (E.) Also yole,
times.
yowl (Halliwell) . M. E . jaulm. Also
Yap, to yelp. (E.) Of imitative origin; M. E . goulen. Cf. E. Fries. jaue/Il , Low
cf. E. Fries. and Low G.jappen, to gasp; G. jaueltl, to yawl. + leel. gaula, Norw.
F. japper, to yap. Note also Low!. Sc. gaula, to low, bellow, roar; cf. Do.Jokn,
yattp, to yelp,from lcel.g/aipa. See Yelp. t~oan. Imitative. Cf. Yell.
Yard ( I) , an enclosed space. (E.) M.E. Yawu.. to gape. (E.) M.E.ge01zien,
y ero. A. S. geard, an enclosure, court. + yonien; whence E. yawll , by lengthening
Icel. gar6r (whence E.gartlz ), Dan. Du. ofbtoopenlongo; cf.E./rost, brotlz.-A.S.
gaard, Swed. gard; Goth. gards, a house; geonian, to yawn. Also gin'ia1l; from gill-,
O. H. G. gart, a circle; allied to O. H. G. weak grade of -ginan, strong verb, to gape
garlo, a garden, Goth. garda, a fold. Teut. widely.+O. H. G.gi"ln, to yawn; cf.Ieel.
type *gardor:, m.; Idg. type *ghortos, as gi1ta, to gape, pt. t. gdn. Allied to L.
in O. Irish gart, a field, lttb-gort, a garden; lz;are, to gape; see Hiatus. (1/"GHEI.)
L. hortus, a garden; Gk. XOPTOS, a court- Yeo (I.) M. E. ye, je, nom.; your,
yard. But the connexion with Gk. XOpTOS jOur, gen.; you, JOU , yow, dat. and ace.
is not certain. Doublets, garden, garth. p!. A. S . gf, nom. ye; lower , gen. of
Dcr. court-yard, orchard.
you; low, to you, you, dat. and acc. +
Yard (2 ), a rod, 36 inches, cross-bar on Du. gij, ye, u, you ; Ice!. lr, u r, ye,y6ar,
a mast. (E.) M. E. Jerde, yerde, a stick, your, yfJr, you; Dan. Swed. i, ye, you;
rod. A. S. gyro, ~rd, a. rod.+Du.gal'de, G. ihr; Goth.jUs, ye, izwara, your, izwis,
a twig, rod, G. ~rte, a switch; O. H. G. you. fl The common .Idg. base is YU;
gerta ; Teut. type gardjii, f. Allied to whenee Lith. jus, ye; Gk. V-Pfls, ye, Skt.
O. Bulg. zrtid! (Russ. jerde), a rod. But yu-yam, yeo Brngm. ii. 436.
not to Icel. gaddr, Goth. gaws, a goad. Yea, verily. (E.) This is the simple
Strcitberg, 125 (4).
affirmative; yts is a strengthened form,
Yare, ready. (E.) M. E. ]are, yare, often accompanied by an oath in our early
ready. A. S. ~aru, gearo-, ready, quick, writers. M. E. ye. A. S. gla, gea, yea.+
prompt. + Du. gr:zar, done. dressed (as Du. Dan. Swed. G.ja, leel.jti, Goth.Ja,
meat) ; lee!. gorr, ready; O. H. G. garo, Jai; W. ie; Gk. ~,t ruly. Der. yes.
ready; cf. G. gar, adv., wholly. Teut. Yean, Ean, to bring forth young.
type *garwoz. Allied to Gear.
(E.) Here the prefixedy- answers to the
Yarn. (E.) M. E. yam. A. S. geanl, A. S. prefix ge-. A. S. lania1l, to ean ;
thread. + D u. gal'eII, Ice!. Dan. Swed . G. ge-lattia1l, to yean. We find ge-C-a1le eowa
gam. Allied to Gk. xop&r" a cord, orig. = the ewes great with young, Gen. xxxiii.
a string of Rut ; cf. Lith. zarnos, IceL 13; cf. Swed. dial. otllZ, to yean, '/lam
i 011, to be with lamb (Rietz, p. 114) .
ganu'r, guts. See Cord, Chord.
Yarrow, the plant milfoiL (E.) M. E . Teut. type *aunoJan-, to yean. From
yarowe, )'arwe. A. S. gtZruwe, gearttwe, Teut. type *auna- (for *agwtlo-), corregearwe, yarrow. + Du. gen II, G . garbe, sponding to L. agnus, a lamb (Kluge).
O. H. G. garawa. If allied to Yare, per- Cf. Irish itan, ' V. om, Com. oin, Bret.
haps it meant' that which dresses,' or puts oan, Manx eay", a lamb. Hence Manx
61 9

YEAR

YET

coyney, to yean . ~ Sievers derives tan pt. t. gol, whence E. llighti1l-ga/e. D er.
from A. S. eowu, a ewe; see Ewe. Brugm. stalI-iel.
i. 671. D er. yean-littg, a new-born Yellow. (E.) M. E.yelwe,yelu. A.S.
lamb.
geolo, geolu, yellow. + D u. geel, G. gelb.
Ye ar. (E.) M. E. Jeer, J'eer, often un- Teut. type *ge/woz, Idg. type *ghclwos.
al tered in the plmal l he n~e 'a two-year Allied to L. Ile/UUS, light yellow, Gk.
old colt ' J. A. S giar, ger, a year; pI. X).,6.,." yonng verdure of trees, Russ. ztlesame. + Du.jaar, Ieel. iir, Dan. aar, Swed. lluii, green, Skt. han, green, yellow.
dr, G.jaltr, Goth.jir. Teut. type *y/)rom, Further allied to Gall (1). Der. yolk.
n . Cf. Zend yiir(e), a year. P erhaps
yellow - ha.mmer, yellow - a.mallied to Gk. iLpos, a season, year, ;:'pa., mer, a song-bird. (E.) The It is an
season, hOllr; Skt. yiitu-, time. Lit.' that ignorant insertion; alllfller answers to A. S.
which passes.' (.vYE, to pass; from .vEl, amore, a small bircl. + M. Du. emmerick, a
to go.) Brugm. i. 308, ii. 587.
yellow-ammer, G.ge/bammer, goldommer,
Yearn ( I), to long for. (E.) . E. yellow-ammer or gold-ammer, emmerling,
yerncn. A. S. giernatt, to yearn, be de- the same; O. H. G. a1l1(10.
sirous. - A. S. geom, adj., desirous. + Ice!. Yelp, to bark shrilly. (E.) M. E. ye/gima , to desire, fr om giant, eager; Goth. pen, a1so to boast. A. S. gielpaft, pt. t.
gairlljlw, to long for, from -gairns, de- gealp, pp. golpm, to boast, exult, talk
sirous (Teut. type *gernoz). Ii Again, the noisily. + Icel. giiilpa, to yelp ; M. H. G.
adj. is from the verb appearing in O. H. G. gelfm. Allied to Yell C f. Yap.
geron, G. begeluelt, to long for; allied to Yeoma.n. (E.) M. E. yoman, also
Gk . xaipf.v, to rejoice, xapa, joy, Skt. yeman. It appears to answer to an A. S.
hary, to desire. (.vG HER. )
*giamatl (not found) , which might become
Yearn ( 2) , to grieve. (E.) Also spelt *geiiman; these would give yema1t,
corn, ent; Hen. V. ii. 3. 3, ii . 3.6; Jul. yoman in M. E. The word is cleared up
Cres. ii. 2. 129; Merry Wives, iii. 5. 45; by the existence of O. Fries. giilllan, a
Rich. II. v. 5. ,6; Hen. V. iv. 3. 26 ; the villager, from ga, also go, a village, anet
prefixed y- being d ue to A. S. prefix ge-, mall, a man; so also M. Du. goymamzen,
as in the case of y eafl. From A. S. eo1'' ''; arbitrators appoin ted to decide disputes,
as in eorn-igewle, murmuring; eont-fttl, from M. Du. gouwe, a haml et (Hexham) .
anxious; com-lie, diligent; perhaps alliecl Cf. also G. gatt , a province, Goth. gawi,
to Earnest.
a district; O . H. G .gawi (withont mutaYeast. (E .) M. E. yees!, yest. A. S. tion), ancl O. H. G. gewi (w ith mutation ),
gist, yeast.
Du. gest, g isl, N. Fries. jesl, like Bavarian g,i'u, whence g li'u lIlmw, ' landl cel. jast, jaslr, Swed. jcist, Dan. Kiar, mann.' Observe y ore, as compared with
G. gtischt, giscM. Teut. base *yesl-. All year. Many solutions have been proposed

from .vYES, to ferment, appearing in of this difficult word.

Yerk, the same as Jerk.
O. H . G. j eSafl, G . giilzrm, to ferment, Gk.
~EEtl' , to boil, ~ECTT6s, fervent. See Zea.l.
Yes. (E.) A strengthened form of yea.
Der . yeast-y or yest-y, fro thy, Hamlet, v. M. E. yis, )'us. A. S. gise, gese, yes. Prob .
2. 199.
sh ort for gill swii, i. e. yea, so; see Y ea.
Yede, went. (E.) M. E. yede, Jede; Yesterday. (E. ) M. E. yisterdai;
also code. A. S. ge-eode, also iode, went, from A. S. geoslra, giestra (yester-) , and
only in the pt. t. Cf. A. S. iodoll, pt. t. pl., dag, a day.+Du. g islerw, dag v (m gisler,
with Goth. iddiedun, pt. t. pI. Perhaps G. guler,, ; Goth. g ist1'adagis, tomorrow.
A.S.eo-=*'-o, from .vEl, to go. Cf. Skt. 13. Cf. Lat. hester- in ltes-le1'.1111S , aclj.,
nyiit, yal, he went. ilrugm. i. 309 ( 2) ; belonging to yesterday ; where again the
syllable hes- is cognate with Icel. gar,
ii. 478.
Yelk j see Yolk.
Dan. gaar, Swed. g d1', Lat. her-i, Gk. XliES,
Yell. (E.) M. E. ye/lw . A. S. gel/oil , Skt. Iz)'as, yesterday. The suffix -IeI' is
gid/an. to cry out, resound. + Du. gil/en. of a comparative form, as in in-Ie1'-;or , &c.
Icel. gella, also gja/la \ pt. t. gall ), Dan . Brugm. i. 6 24, 923.
gz'a//e, gz'alde, Swed. grilla, G. gel/en , to Y et. (E. ) M. E. yet, yil. A. S. gz't,
sounclloud and shrill. Teut. typt: *ge/lalt , get, giet, moreover. + O. Fries. ieta, ita,
pt. t. *gall. Allied to Icel. gala, pt. t. gal, M. H. G. ieztlo, ieu, yet; cf. G. jetS-I,
to sing, O. H. G. ga/afz; A. S. go/all, now. Origin obscure.
6 20

YEW

ZANANA

tree. (E.) M. E. ew. A. S. iw.

G. tibe, O. H. G. iwa, yew.
\"' e also find Irish eo, W.yw , ywen, Corn.
" ivill, Bret. ivin, a yew. ~ Not allied to
ivy.
Yell: to hiccough. (E.) M. E.yexm ,
y itSkm' A. S. giscimz, to sob. sigh. l'rob.
allied to L. ltiseere, to yawn, "iiire, to
yawn; see Yawn. (.vGHEI.)
Yield. (E.) M. E.gdden, yeMen, pt. t.
yald, pp. yoMen, to pay; hence, to yield
up. A. S. gieldatl, gildan, pt. t. gea/d,
pp. go/den, to pay, give up. + Du. geldm,
Icel. g;'alda, Dan. gielde, to pny; Swed.
galla, to be worth; G. gellm, pt. t. gall,
to be worth; Goth . /ra-gildmz, to pay
back. (Teut. base GELD. ) Der. guild.
Yoke, sb. (E.) M. E. yok. A. S. geoe,
gioe, ioe, a yoke for oxen. + Du. Jitk, Icel.
ok, Dan. aag, Swed. ok, Goth. juk, G .joe".
Teut. type *yltk01lZ, n.; Idg. type *jugom;
cf. W. iau, L. ittgum, Russ. igo, Lith.
jlmgas, Gk. (lI")'~v, SkI. yuga-. a yoke, a
couple. Lit.' that which joins;' all from
the weak grade Qf .vYEUG, to join. See
Join. Der.yoke, vb.
Yolk, Yelk, yellow part of an egg.
(E.) M. E. yo/ke, yelke. A. S. geoleea,
(eolea, the yolk, lit. ' yellow part.' - A . S.
geo/u, yellow; see Yellow.
Yon, adj., at a distance. CE.) M. E.
yo", Jon. A. S. geon, yon; .tElfred, tf. of
Gregory's Past. Care, ed. Sweet, P.443.+
Icc!. enn, the, orig. that, confused with
hinn; Goth. jains, G. jener, yon, that.
/3. Allied to Skt. yas, who. orig. that;
Gk. O~ (for yos ). From the same base
are yea, ye-s, ye-t. Der. yond-er, M. E.
yonder, adv.; cf. Gotb. jaindre, adv.,
yonder, thither.
Yore, formerly. (E.) M. E.yore. A.S.
geiira, adv., formerly; lit.' of years, during
years,' orig. gen. pI. of gear; see Year.
You. (E.) Properly tbe dat. and acc.
oCye; see Yeo
your. (E. ) M. E. your. A. S. evwer,
your; orig. gen. pI. of ge, ye; see Yeo
Der. your-s, M. E. you res, from A. S.
eowres, gen. sing. mase. and neut. of eower,
yonr, possessive pronoun.
Y0untr. (E.) M. E . yong,yuttg. A. S.
geong , gmng, iung, young. + Du. jong,
Icel. ungr, Dan. Swed. Uttg. G. jUllg,
Goth. jllggs (for *jungs). Tent. *J'Uttgoz, sbort for *Yllwtmgoz. Ii. Tbese
forms answer to Lat. illtleneus. a young
animal, hpifer; cf. Skt.yuvtl(a-, W. ieunnc,

young. Other forms (without the final

guttnral) are L. iuumis, Lith. jaunas,
Skt. yttvan, Rnss. iutzuii, young; from
Idg. base *Yllwen-. Der. young-ling,
young -ster; also yotm-ker, borrowed from
Du. Jimker, j01lkheer, i. e. young sir, compounded of J'ottg, young, and httr, sir, a
lord.
:youth. (E.) M. E. youtltt; earlier
JUwe6e, JUJe6e, youth. A. S. geogotJ,
geogut!, iugtlt!. [The middle g became w,
and then disappeared.J+O.Sax.jugutJ, Du.
jeugri, G.jugend, O.H,G .jugrtncl; Teut.
type *yuguntkiz, f. (where -lInI"->A. S.
-M> -uD ); from Idg. base *yuwmt-, which
is from *yuwm- (above). Cf. L. iuuenta;
also L. illuentas, Skt. yuvatii, youth.
Yowl; see Yawl (2).
Yucca! a genus of American liliaceous
plants. (:Span. - Caribbean.) Span. ytlCa,
said to be a word of Caribbean origin.
Yule, Christmas. (E.) M. E. Jole, yole.
A. S. geol, geonol, tbe feast; also illla,
glola, the name of a month. December
was called se fina geola, the former
yule; and January se aflera geola, the
latter ynle. We also find lcel. jul. a feast
in December, jlir, December, and Goth.
jiuleis, November. Of disputed origin.
~ The attempt to connect this word with
wheel is futile.
Ywis, certainly. (E.) M. E. ywis, iwis;
often written Iwis , I -wis, in MSS., whence,
by a singular error, the fictitious verb wis,
to know, has been evolved Ly lexicographers, though unknown to our old MSS.
A. S. gewis, adj., certain, which came to be
IIsed as an adverb. /3. Here the ge- is a
mere prefix; see Y- (above); the adj.,
wis, certain, answers to Tent. type *WiSSOIZ,
Jdg. type *wid-tos, an old pp. siguifying
'known,' hence' sure'; from lI'WEID, to
kuow. Cdt > ss.) See Wit, vb. + Du.
gewis, adj. and ad v., certain, certainly;
G. gewiss, certainly; Icel. viss, certain,
Dan. vis, Swed. viss, certain; Dan. vist,
Swed. visst, certainly.

Yew

11

+ Ice!.' jr,

Z.
Zamindar, Zemindar, a land-

holder. (Hind. - Pers.) Hiud. zamind,;r,

a land-holder. - Pers. ZQmin, earth, land
(allied to L. humus) ; dar, holding, poss~sing.

Zanana, Zenana, the female apart-

ments.

61[

( H ind. - Pers.)

Hind. zaniina,

ZANY

ZONE

the women's apartments. - Pen. s:aniin, sllzi!,a, from tnJa-slkil, to be finn: root
women; pI. of zan, a woman, which is STA); or, otherwise, as meaning' that
cognate with E. Quean.
which is proclaimed or made known' (cf.
Zany, a buffoon. (Ita!. - G1c. - Heb.) Skt. il-flid, to report: root WElD). See
O. ItaT. Zant , Ital. Zanni, a familiar form Max Muller, Lectures, 8th ed. i. l37.
of Giovanni, John; used to mean' a sillie Zenith. (F. -Span. - Arab.) M. E.
John, a gull, a noddie, clowne, foole, simple seny'k. - O. F. eenitk; F. zlnitk. - Span.
fellowe in a plaie,' Florio.-Gk. 'Iw~. unit, O. Span. unitk. -Arab.samt, a way,
John. - Reb. Yokkilnan, i. e. the Lord road, path, tract, quarter; whence samtgradously gave. - Reb. Yo, the Lord; "r-ras, the zenith, vertical point of the
kltanan, to shew mercy.
heavens; also as-samt, an azimuth. fJ.
Zariba., Za.reeba., an enclosure, slight Samt was pronounced semt, of which Span.
defence. (Arab.) Used in newspapers with unit is a corruption; again, samt is here
reference to the war in theSoudan.-Arab. short for SQmt-ur-ras or semt-er-ras (as
zaribat, 'a fold, a pen, an enclosure for above), lit. the way overhead, from ras,
cattle; den or haunt of wild beasts ; the head. See Azimuth.
lurking-place of a hunterj' Rich. Dict. Zephyr. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.upkyre,
p. 775.
the west wind. - L. upkyrll11l, acc. of
Zeal. (F. -L. - Gk.) Formerly ule. upkyT'Us, the west wind. - Gk. ('</>vpos,
- M: F. zele, 'zeale;' Cot. (Mod. F. die.) the west wind.
-L. zelum, acc. of zilus. zea!.-Gk. ViAOS, Zero. (ltal. - Low L. - Arab.) Ital.
ardour. Doric (iiAos, Idg. type *ya-Ios; zero, short for ze.firo. - Low L. zepkyrum
perhaps fromya. to drive; as in Skt.yatr, (Devic). - Arab. sifr, a cipher; see
a driver (Prellwitz). Der. zeal-ot, M. F . Cipher.
ze/ote, 'zealons,' Cot.; from L. zelotes, Zest. (F.-L.-Gk.) Fonnerlyachip
Gk. (TJJ..orn,s, a zealot.
of orange or lemon-peel, used for flavonrZebra.. (Port. - W. African.) Port. ing drinks; hence, something that gives a
zebra (Span. eebra, ubra). According to relish, or simply a relish. - M. F. ust, , the
Littre, the word is of Ethiopian origin, thick skin whereby the kernell of a wall nut
but this is due to some mistake, as the is divided,' Cot.; hence, a slice of lemonname originated in Congo. (N. and Q., 9 pee!. - L. sclzistus, selzistos, lit. cleft, diS. v. 480.)
vided. - Gk. O'XIO'TOS, divided. - Gk. O'X'Zedoar,-, an E. Indian root resembling (m" to cleave; see Sohist.
ginger. (F. -Low L.-Pers.) M. F. udo- Zigzag, having sharp, quick turns. (F.
aire, Cot.-Low L. zedoaria.-Pers. zad- -G.) F:' ziguzg.-G. zickzack, a zigzag;
war, zithvar, zedoary; also speltjadwar. [whence zickzack segeln, to tack, in sail~ The O. F. forms were citouart, citoual, ing.] Reduplicated from zacke, a tooth;
citoal; whence M. E. atewale, Chaucer, with reference to zacken-werk, notched
C. T. 13691.
work; hence zickzack is' in an indented
Zend, an ancient Persian dialect. manner.' Cf. E. Fries. takken, to notch
(Zend.) Properly the translation into the (whence E. tack, in sailing). See Tack.
Pehlevi language of the Avesta, or Zoro- Zinc, a metal. (F.-G.) F. zinc.-G.
astrian scriptures; but commonly nied to zink, zinc; of uncertain origin. Perhaps
denote the language, an ancient Persian allied to zi"", tin; and meaning' tin-like.'
dialect, in which the Avesta is written. Bnt see Schade.
It is supposed that Avesta means the Zodiac, an imaginary belt in the
'text,' and Zend the 1 commeutary' or heavens, containing the twelve signs. (F.
'explanation.' The word zend is mod. -1.. -Gk.) F. zodiaque. - L. zOdiacus.
Persian (Palmer) ; also written zand - Gk. ''''~''lKOS, sb., the zodiacal circle;
(Richardson) ; and corresponds to Zend so called from containing the twelve conzaiiUi, knowledge, information, appearing stellations chiefly represented by animals.
in the compounds a-s:ainti, paiti-zainti, -Gk. (",3"1I,6s, adj., belonging to animals.
knowleclge, and answering to an Idg. -Gk. (0/3101', a small animal; dim in. of
form *ganti, from the Idg. root GEN, (",01', a living creature. See Zoology.
to know (Fick, i. 67, 3H ;. See Can Zone, a belt. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. zone.
( 1). fl. Avesta has been explained as - L. zOna. - Gk. (&wr" a girdle; for .(~
meaning 'the settled' text (Skt. ava- VTJ. - Gk. (&II'I'IISU (= *(WO'-I'IISU), I gird.
6ll

ZOOLOGY

ZYMOTIC

Cf. Lith. josta, n girdle, from Jos/i, to gird.

(.vVOS.)
Zoology. (Gk.) From Gk. (wo''' , a
living creatnre, animal; and ->..o"(ta, allied
to >..6"(0S', discourse, from >"E'Y"", to speak.
13. Gk. (wo" is nent. of (wo~, living; allied
to (an7, life, (a .... , G.. , to live. Allied to
Zend ji, to live; see Vivid. (.vGwEI. )
Brugm. ii. 488.
zoophyte. (F.-Gk.) F. zoophyte. Gk. (Q)CxpVTO", a living being; an animalplant. - Gk. (Q)6.~, living; <pVTOV, a plnnt,
that which has grown, from <PUEty, to pro-

dnce, grow, from .vllHEU, to exist. See

Be.
Zouave, one of a body of soldiers in
the F rench service, orig. Arabs. (F. - N .
African .) F. Zouave. - N. African Zouaoua,
a tribe of Kabyles liv ing among the Jur jnra mountains in Algeria.
Zymotic, a term applied to diseases,
in which a poison works throngh the body
like a fermen t. (Gk. ) Gk. (vpQ)T,,<6~,
causing to ferment. - Gk. (vPOOJ, I cause
to ferment. - Gk. (ul-''1, leaven. Allied to
L. iiis, broth; see Juice.

APPENDIX
I.

LIST OF PREFIXES

THE following is a list of the principal prefixes in English, shewing their origin.
It is, perhaps, not quite exhaustive, but contains nearly all of any consequence. For
further information, see the etymologies of the words a dO'UJ1I, &c., in the Dictionary.
A- (I ), in a-down. (E.) See Of- (below). /ix, ng.gress, al-lude, an-nex, ap-pend, ar-

A- (2), in a-foot. (E.) See On- (below). rogate, as-sign, at-tract.

A- (3), in a.long. (E.) See An- (5).

Adv-; see Ab- ( I).
A- (4), in a-rise. (E.) A.S. ii-, intensive Af- ; see Ad-. Also for A- (II) in afprefix to verbs.+Goth. tiS" ur- ; G. er-.
ford; for A- (4) in af-fright; and for ExA-(s ),inachieve. (F. -L.) See Ad-. ( l ) inaffray.
A- (6) , in a-vert. (L.) See Ab-.
After-. (E.) E. after, prep.; A. S.
A-(7 ),ina-mend. (F.-L.) SeeEX-(I). after.
A- (8), in a-las. (F.-L.) O.F . a-; from A-; see Ad-.
L . an! intcrj.
AI- (1 ), all; al-most. See All, p . Il.
A- (9), in a-byss. (Gk.) See An- ( ~).
Al- (1); see Ad-.
A- ( 10), in ado. (E.) For at do.
AI- (3) ; al-ligator. (Span.-L.) Span.
A- ( II), in a-ware. (E.) M. E. i-; y-; el, def. art.-L. iIIe, he.
A. S. ge-, prefix. See Y -.
Al- (4); al-cohol (Arab.) Arab. ai,
A- ( 12), in apace. (E.) For apace; a def. art. This also appears as a-, ar-, as-,
for all, indef. art.
e/., 1-. Ex. : Q-pricot, ar-tichoke, assagni,
A- (13), in a-vast. (Du.) Du. nou vast, el-ixir,lute. See L- (2).
hold fast. (Doubtful.)
Am- (I); am-bush. (F. -L.) F. em.A- ( 14),in a-pricot. (Arab.) Arab. ai, L. im-, for in, prep.; see In- (2).
def. art. See AI- (4).
Am- (2) ; am-brosia. (Gk.) See AnAb- ( I) ; ab-dicate, abundance. (L.; or (2 ) .
F.-L.) L . ab, from. Lengthened to abs- Am- (3) ; am-bassador; see Ambi-.
in aOs-cond; cf. Gk. 6JfI. + E. of; Gk. Am- (4) ; am-putate. (L.) Short for
d".6; Skt. apa, away from. See Apo-, ambo, ambi-; see below.
Of-. This prefix also appears as a, adv-, Ambi-, Amb-; ambi.dextrous; ambavo, v-; ex. a-vert, adv-ance, av-aunt, ition. (L.; or F. - L.; or C.) L a1llbi-,
v-anguard.
on both sides, around.+Gk.4J'<I'I; O. Irish
Ab- (2) ; abbreviate. (L.) Used for L.ad; imm-; see Amb8.B8a.dor, p. 14. See
see Ad-.
below.
Aba-; abs-cond, abs-ent, abs-tain, abs- Amphi-. (Gk.) Gk. dJl<l>I, on both
tract. (L.; or F.-L) L. aOs-, extended sides, aronnd.+L. ambi-; see Ambi-.
form of ab; see Ab- ( I ).
An- (I); see Ad-.
Ac-; see Ad-. Also for A- (4) in ac- An- (2 ), A- (9), negative prefix. (Gk.)
cursed ; and for A- (2) in ac-knowledge.
Gk. av-, J -, neg. prefix. Hence am- in
Ad-; ad-apt, ad-dress. (L.; or F. - L.) am-brosia; a- in a-byss.+L. in-, E. tin-;
L. ad, to, at, for. + Goth. at, A. S. at, E. see In- (3) , Un- ( I ) _
al. This prefix appears as a-, abo, ac, ado, An- (3) ; see Ana-.
aj-, ago, al- , an, ap-, ar-, as-, al-; ex. : An- (4); an-oint. (F. -L.) For F . tn-.
a-chieve, ab-breviate, ac-cede, ad-mire, af- - L. itt, prep.; see In- (2 ).
62 4

1.

LIST OF PREFIXES

An- (5); an-swer. (E.) A. S. and, in Cat-; cat-echism; see Cata-.

reply to, opposite to . + Goth. and-; Dn. Cata-, down. (Gk.) Gk. ImT4, down,
Hence cat-, ca/It-, in catm i ; G. m/-; Gk. ant. Shortened to a- downwards.
in a-long; and all ied to un- in verbs. See echism, catholic.
Cath-; cath-olic ; see below.
Anti- ( I ), Un- (2) .
An- (6) ; an-cestor. (F -L.) See Ante. Circum-, round. (L.) L.circum,around,
Ana.-, An- (3) ; ana-gram, an-enrism. prep. H ence circu- in circu-it.
(Gk.) Gk. &.va, upon, on, up. + A. S. on, Co, Coi-; see Como.
Col-; see Como.
Goth. ana. See On-.
Anci-; anci-ent. (F.-L.) See Ante-. Como. (L.orF.-L) L com-, together,
Ann-; ann-eal. (E.) See Anneal in the used in composition for ctlm, prep. together. + Gk. u6/1, together; see Syn-.
Dictionary, p. 18.
It appears as co , colo, com-, con-, coy-,
Ant-; ant agonist. (Gk.) See Anti-.
Ante-. (L. ) L. anle, before. Also cotm- ; ex.: co-agulate, col-Iect, coman/i-, a1tci-, alll-, att- ; as in anti-cipate, mute, con-nect, cor-rode, coun-cil. Also
as coi- in coi-l; cou- in cou-ch, con-sin;
anci en t, ant-ique, an-cestor.
Anth-; anth-em. (Gk.) See below.
co- in co-stive, co-st; cu- in cu-ll, cn-stom;
Anti- ( I ), Ant-. (Gk.) Gk. ani, cur- in cur-ry ( I). ~ Combuslion is perhaps
against, opposite to. Also a1t/-, a1t/It-, as for comb-ustion.
in ant-agonist, anth-em. See An- (5), Con-; con-!lect; see Como.
Un- ( 2) .
Cont:ra-, against. ( L )
L. colt/ra,
against. Allied to colt/ro- in contro-vert,
Anti- (2) ; see Ante-.
Ap-; ap-pend; see Ad-.
contro-versy; loses final a in Ital. contrAph-; aph-reresis; see below.
alto. Hence F . COlt/re, against, as in
Apo-. (Gk.) Hence apli- in aph-reresis. contr-ol; but the F. form is usually
Gk. 0. ..6, from, off. + L. ab; A. S. of; see written coultler- in English. H ence also
Ab- (I), Of-.
cOlmlr-y.
Ar- (I ) ; see Ad-.
Cor-; cor-rode; see Como.
Ar- ( 2) ; ar-tichoke; see AI- (4).
COU-; cou-ch, cou-sin; see Como.
Arch-,Archi-,Arche-; arch-bishop, Coun-; coun-cil; see Como.
arch-angel, archi-tect, arche-type. (Gk. ) Counter-. (F.-L.) See Contra-.
Cu-; cu-Il, cu-stom; see Como.
Gk. aPXI-, chief. - Gk. apXfII', to be first.
As- (I); as-sign; see Ad-.
Cur-; cur-ry (I); see Como.
As- (2) ; as-tonish; see Ex- (I).
As- (3); assagai; see AI- (4).
D-; d-affodil; see De- (I).
At-; see Ad-.
De- ( I); de-scend , de-bate. (L.; 01'1".Auto-, Auth-, self. (Gk.) Gk. aiHo,s, L. ) L. di, down, downward. Used with
self. Hence aullt- in anth-entic; eft- in an oppositive sense in de-form; with an
eff-endi.
intensive sense in de-clare, &c. Changed
Av-; av-annt. ( F. -L.) F. av-; from to di- in di-stil. Distinct from the prefix
L. ab; see Ab- (I).
below.
De- (2); de face, de-fame, de-feat, deBa.-; ba-Iance; see Bi-.
fray. (F . -L.) F . de-, O.F. des-, from L.
Be-. (E.) A. S. be-, bi-, the same as bi, dis-, apart; see Dis-. Distinct from the
by, prep.; E. by.
prefix above.
Bi-, donble. (L.) L. bi-, double, from De- (3) ; de-viI; see Dia-.
an earlier form dui-, related to duo, two. Des.- i dea-con; see Dia-.
+Gk. m-, double, allied to (I""" two; Skt. DeDll-,half. (F.-L) F. demi. -L. drdvi-, allied to dva, two ; E. lwi- in twi-bill. midius, half; see Demi- in Diet., p. 135.
Hence F. bi- in bi-gamy, F. ba in ba-lance; Des-; des-cant; see Dis-.
and see below.
Di- ( I) , double. (Gk.) Gk. ~I- , double,
Bin-; bin-ocular. (L.) L. bin-i, distri- allied to (I,s, twice, and (lllo, two; see Bi-.
butive form allied to bi- (above).
Ex. di-Iemma, di-syllable (oflen wrillen
Bis- ; bis-cuit. (F.-L.) F . bis, L. bis, dissyllable).
twice; extended from bi- (above) . Cf. E . Dl- (2 ), apart , away. (L.) See DisIw ice ; see Dis-.
Di- (3) ; di-stil; see De- ( I).
Dia-. (Gk.) Gk. (lIa, through, between.
By- j by-path. A. S. bi; see By, p. 70.

62 5

I.

LIST OF PREFIXES

apart; allied to Di- (I). Shortened to - L. i titer, among; see Inter-. Shortened
di- in di-reresis; appearing as de-, tiea-, to etltr- in enlr-ails.
in de-vii, dea-con.
E~, Eph-; see below.
Epi-, upon. (Gk.) Gk. bt, npon.+Skt.
if- ; see Dis-.
Dis-,apart,away. (L; orF.-L.) L. api; allied to L. ob-. See Ob-. It apdis-, apart, in two, another form of bis-, pears as ep-, epk-, in ep-och, eph-emeral.
double; dis- and bis- are variants from an Es-; cs-cape; seeEx- ( x).
older form duis-, double, also used in the Eso-, within. (Gk.) Gk. IUGI, within;
sense in two, apart; see Bis-. Dis- be- from ls, Els, into.
comes des- in O. French, also de- in later Eu-, well. (Gk.) Gk. E~, well; neut.
F.; but the O. F. duo is sometimes al- of Ms, good.+Skt. vasu-s, good; cf. Goth.
tered to dis-, as in dis-cover. The various ius-ita, better. Hence ev- in ev-angelist.
forms are di-, dif- , dz's-, ties-, de-, and even Ev-; ev-angelist; see above.
s-; as in di-verge, dif-fnse, dis-pel, des- Ez- ( 1) , ant of, very. (L.; orF. -L. )
L. ex, also e, ont of; also used intensively.
cant, de-feat, de-luge, s-pend.
Dou-; dou-ble; see Duo-.
+Gk. Et, EK, ant. See Eo-, and see below.
Duo-, Du-, two, double. (L. ) L. duo, It appears as a-, as-, eo, if-, es-, ex, iss-, so,
two; cognate with Eo two. Only in d uo- iu a-mend, as-tonish, e-normous, ef-fect,
decima, duodenum; shortened to du- in es-cape, ex-tend, iss'ne, s-ample; also as
d u-al, du-plicate, &c. Appearing as dott- al-, a-, in af-fray, a-fraid.
in don-ble, dou-bt; as do- in do-zen.
Ez- (2), out of, away. (Gk.) Gk. Et,
Dys-, badly. (Gk.) Gk. Ms, badly, with out; as in ex-odus. See above.
difficulty. Some connect it with To- (2).
Ezo-, withont. (Gk.) Gk. ItGl, outside,
without; adv. from Et, out (above).
E- ( I ) ; e-normous; see Ex- ( I).
Extra-, beyond. (L.) A comparative
E- (2); e-nough; see Yo.
ab!. form, from L. ex, out; see Ex- ( I ).
E- (3) ; e-Iope. A. F. a-, perhaps Cor Cf. exter- in exter-ior, exter-nal. It appears
also as stra- in stra-nge; if. estra-nge.
O. F. es-, L. ex; see Ex- (x).
E- (4) ; e-squire. (F. ) This e- is a F.
addition, of purely phonetic value, due to For- ( x), in place of. (E.) E.for, prep.;
the difficulty which was experienced in in foras-mueh, for-ever, which might ju~t
pronouJlcing initial sq-, se-, st-, sp-. So as well be written as separate words inalso in e-scutcheon, e-state, e-special; to stead of compounds. Allied to Per-, Pro-_
For- ( 2) ; for-give. (Eo ) A. S.for-, inwhich add e-schew.
Ee-; ec-Iogue. (Gk.) Gk. Elf, also Et, lensive prefix. + Ice!. for-, Dan.for-, Swed.
out. + L. ex, Lithuan. isz, Russ. iz', out; foro, Du. G. ver-, Goth.fra-, Skt. parti-.
see Ex- (I). Also d-, ex-, as in e1-lipse, For- (3) ; Cor-feit. (F.-L.) F. foro,
ex-odus.
prefix. -L. foris, outside, out of doors.
Ef-; see Ex- ( x).
Also in for-close, sometimes spelt foreEif'-; eff-endi; see Auto-.
close; and infor -jttdge.
El- ( x) ; el-lipse; see Eo-.
For- (4); for-ward; see Forth-.
El- (2) ; e1-ixir; see AI- (4).
Fore- (1), before. (E. ) A. S.fore, Cor,
Em- ( x); em-brace. (F. - L.) F. em-; before, prep.; fore, adv. Allied to ForL . im-, for i1z; see In- ( 2).
( I ). See Fore, p. x94.
Em- ( 2) ; em-piric; see En- ( 2).
Fore- (2) ; fore-go. (E .) A bad spellEm- (3) ; em-bassy; see Am- (3).
in,g offor-go; see For- ( 2).
En- ( x) ; en-close. (F.-L.) F. etl-; Forth-_ (E.) In fortll -eoming,forlhL. i1z-; see In- (2).
witk . A. S. forl!, forth; see p. x95.
En- (2) ; en-ergy. (Gk.) Gk. 'v, in.+
Fro-; fro-ward. (Scand .) Icel.fra ; see
L. in; A. S. itl. Becomes em- before p, Fro, p. 2 00.
in em-pirie. See Em- (2), In- ( x), In- (2).
En- (3); en-emy. (F. -L.) Negative Gain-, against. (Scand.) Icel. gegn,
against. Ex. gain-say.
prefix; see In- (3) .
Endo-, within. (Gk.) Gk. Ev30-v, within; extended from EV, in; see En- ( 2), and Hemi-, half. (Gk.) Gk. ~I'I-, half.+
L. semi-, half; see Semi-. Shortened to
Indi-.
Enter- ; enter-tain. (F. -L.) F. elZlre. me- in me-grim.

626

LIST OF PREFIXES

I.

Hetero-, other. (Gk.)

other.
Holo-, entire. (Gk.) Gk. ~o-s, entire.
Homo-, same. (Gk.) Gk. dp/J-s, same ;
cognate with E. satlU!. Lengthened to
homao-, like, in homceo-pathy.
Hyper-, above, beyond. (Gk.) Gk.
Ur'p, above; see Over-.
Hypo-, Hyph-, Hyp-. (Gk.) Gk.
Ur6, under. T:C. sub, under; see Sub-.
Hence
in hyph-en;
in hypallage.

"n"-

vp-

1- (I); i-gnoble; see XL- (3).

I-(~);

i.w;

A.S.~-;

seeY-.

D- (I); iI-Inde; see In- (1 ).

D- (1 ); ii-legal; see In- (3).

Im- (I); im-bed; see In- (I).

Im- (1); im-mure, im-merge; see In(1 ).

Im- (3); im-mortal; see In- (3).

In- (I); in-born. (E.) A. S. in, prep.
It also becomes im- before 6 and p; as in
im-bed, im-park. See below.
In- (1); in-elude. (L; or F. -L.) L
in, in.
Gk. w, in; A. S. in. See In(I ), En- (3 ). It appears as am-, an-, em-,
en-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, in am-bush, an-oint,
em-brace, en-close, iI-lude, im-mure, in
elude, ir-ritate.
In- (3), negative prefiL (L.) L. in-,
neg. prefix. Gk. a..-, a-, neg. prefix; E.
uno, before nouns. See An- (~ ) , A- (9),
Un- (I). It appears as
i-, il-, im-,
in-, ir-, in enemy, i-gnoble, iI-legal, immortal, in-firm, ir-regnlar.
Indi-, Ind-; indi-genous, ind-igent.
(L) O. Lat. indu, within. + Gk. 1,,301',
within; see Eudo-.
Intel-; see below.
Inter-, between. (L.) L. inter, between.
A comparative form , allied to L. inter-ior,
within; cf. L. inter-nus, internal. It
appears as inlel- in intel-Iect, enter- in
enter-tain ; and cf. entr-ails; see Enter-.
Closely allied are L. jntrv--, within, intrii,
within.
Intra-, within; see Inter-.
Intro-, within; see Inter-.
Ir- (I); ir-ritate; see In- (3).
Ir- ( 3) ; ir-regular; see In- (3).
I ... ; iss-ue. (F. -L.) }I' . iss., from L.
ex; see Ex- (I).

en-,

.Juzta.-, near.

(L.)

L. iu.;rtii, near.

L- (I); I-one. (E.) Short for all; I-one =

aI-one. See AI- (I).
L- (1) ; I-ute. (Arab.) Short for Arab. ai,
the, def. art. See AI- (,.).
JIale-, Kal-, Kau-, badly. (L.; or
F.-L) L. male, badly, ill; whence F.
mal, which becomes fIlau- in mau-gre.
K8o; me-grim; see Remi-.
Keta., Keth-, Ket-, among, with,
after; also used to imply change. (Gk.)
Gk. JlfT4, among, with, after.+A. S. mia,
G . filii, Goth. mil", with. It appears also
as ",elh- in meth-od. fIlel- in met-eor.
JIin-; min-ster; see Mono-.
Xis- (I); mis-deed; mis-take. (E. and
Scand.) A. S. mis-, wrongly, amiss. +
Icel. Dan. Do. mis-; Swed. miss-; Goth.
missa., wrongly. Allied to miss, vb.
Kis- (3). badly, ill. (F. -L.) O. F.
mes-, from L. minus, less; used in a depreciatory sense. Appearing in mis-adventure, mis-alliance, mis-chance, mischief, mis-count, mis-creant, mis-nomer,
mis-prise, mis-prision. Quite distinct from
Mis- (I).
Kono-, Kon-, single. (Gk.) Gk.
fIo/wO-S, single, sole, alone. Hence mon-k,
min-ster.
Ku1ti-, Kult-,many. (L; orF.-L.)
From L mullus, much, many.
lI- (I) ; n-ewt, n-ickname, n-uncle. (E.)
A newl = an lU.I, where the prefixed n is
due to the indef. article. Nidmame = an
eke-name. My nuncle = mine uncle, where
the n is due to the possessive pronoun.
In n-once, the prefixed n is due to the dat.
case of the def. article, as seen in M. E.
lor Ihen anes, lit. 'for the once.'
lI- (3 ), negative prefix. (E. or L) In
noone, the prefixed n is due to A. S. ne,
not. In n-ull, it is due to the cognate
L. ne, not. See Ne-.
lIe-, lIeg-. (L.) L ne, not; nee
(whence neg- in negligere), not , short for
ne-que, nor, not. In ne-farioos, neg-ation,
neg-leet, neg-otiate, ne-uter. See N- ( 3).
lIon-, not. (L. ; or F.-L.) L. nOn,
not; O. Lat. nomu"" for *ne oino"" i. e.
ne unum, not one; see above. It appears
as um- in um-pire, for numpire.

0-; o-mit; see Ob-.

Ob-. (L.; orF.-L) L Db, near; allied
to Gk. l-rri, upon, near; Skt. api, moreover, Lith. api, near. See Epi-. The

63 7

I.

LIST OF PREFIXES

force of ob- is very variable; it appears as

0-, ob , oe , 0/-, op, also as extended to
os- (for ops?) in o-mit, ob-long, oc-cur,
of.fer, oppress, os-tensible.
00-; oc-cur ; see Ob-.
Of- ( I ) ; offal. (E.) A. S. oj, of, off,
away. This word is invariably written off
in composition, except in the case of offal,
where its use would have brought threef's
together.+L. ab, Gk. d.o; see Ab- (1),
Apo-. It appears a. a in adown.
Of- (1) ; of-fer; see Ob-.
Oil-; see Of- ( I).
On-, on, upon. (E.) A. S. on, on.+Gk.
.u.a. See Ana- (above). It often appears
as a, as in afoot, a-sleep, &c.
()p-; op-press; see Ob-.
Gr- (1); or-deal,or-ts. (Eo) A.S.or-;
cognate with Du. oor-, O. Sax. and G. ur-,
Goth. us, away, out of.
Or- (3); or-lop. (Du.) Short for Du.
over, cognate with E. over; see Over-.
Os-; os-tensible; sec Ob-.
Out-. (E.) A. S. iii, ad v., E. oul.+
Goth. ul, G. aus, Skt. ud, out. Shortened
to uti iu utt-er; and to ul- in ut-most.
Outr-; outr-age. (F . -L.) F.OIllre. L. 1lllra, beyond; see Ultra-.
Over-. (E.) A. S. ofer, E. over, prep. +
Goth. ufar, L super, Uk. ;'..-ip, Skt. upari,
above. A comparative form allied to Up,
q. v. See Hyper-, Super-,Or- (1 ).

Pa- i palsy; see Para-.

Palin-, Palim-, again. (Gk.) Gk.
.<lAtI', back, again.
palim-psest.

It becomes pa/jm- in

Pan-, Panto-, alL (GIc.) Gk. all,

neut. of .as, aU; lfaIlTO-, decL form of
the same, occurring in panto-mime.
Par- ( I); par-son; see Per-.
Par- ( l ) ; parody; see Para-- (I )
Para- (1), beside. (GIc. ) Gk.lfapa, beside. Allied to E. for, L per, also to Gk.
Iff",. See Per-, Peri-, and For- ( I). It
becomes pa- in pa-lsy, par- in par-ody.
~ Quite distinct from para. in parachute,
para pet, parasol, from L. parlire.
Para- (z) ; para-dise. Zend pairi =
Gk. IfEPI; see Peri-.
Pel-; pel-lucid; see Per.
Pen-; pen-insula. (L ) L /XZ1I-e, almost.
Per-, through. (L; or F .-L) L.per,
through. All ied to Para- and For ( I).
It appears also as par- in parson, par
don; as pel- in pel-lucid; and as pil- in
pil.grim.

Peri-, around. (Gk.) Gk. pl, around.

+ Skt. pari, Zend pairi, round about.
Allied to Para-, &c.
Pil-; pilgrim; see Per.
Po-; po-sition; see Por (I).
Pol-; pol-lute; see Por- ( I).
Poly-, many. (Gk.) Written for Gk.
"-01.11-, declo form of .MII-s, much, many.
Allied to E.fun.
Por- (1 ) ; por-tend. (L.) L. per-, to
be compared with Gk . apa, beside (Brugmann, if. 35). See Para-- (1). It
appears as pol-, por, in pollute, portend; and is allied to po- in po-sition.
Por- (1 ) ; por-trait; see Pro- (I).
Post-, after. (L) Lposl, after, behind.
Hence F. puis, appearing as Pll- in pu-ny.
Pour-; pour-tray; see Pro-.
Pr- ( 1) ; pr-ison; see Pre-.
Pr- (1) ; pr-udent; see Pro- (1).
Pre-, Pre-, before. (L.) L.pre-, for
prlZ, prep., before; for older, *prai.
Allied to Pro-. This prefix occurs alSo
in pr-ison; and is curiously changed to
pro- in pro-vost; and appears as prea- in
prea-ch.
Preter-, beyond. (L) L. prlZler,
beyond; comparative form of prlZ, before.
Pro- (I ) , before, instead of. (L. ; or
F.-L.) L. pro-, before, in front, used as
a prefix; also p ro, short for prod, aLl.
case used as a preposition, which appears
in prod-igal. Allied to Gk . pa, before,
Skt. pra, before, away; also to E . for.
See Le1ow; and see For- (1). It appears
also as proj-, pour-, por-, pur-, pro, in
prof-fer, pourtray, por-trait, pur-vey,
pr-udent; where pour-, por-, pur- are
due to the F. form pOllr.
Pro- ( 2), before. (Gk.) Gk.lfpO, before;
cognate with Pro- (I ). In pro-logue,
pro-phet, pro-scenium, pro-thalamium.
Pro- (3); pro-vost; see Pre-.
Prod-; prod-igal; see Pro- ( I).
Prof-; prof-fer; see Pro- (I).
Pros-, in addition, towards. (Gk.) Gk.
IfPUS , towards.
Allied to Forth- and
Por- ( I ).
Proto-, Proto, first. (Gk.) From Gk.
"'pWTo-s, first; superl. form of ..-,,0, before;
see Pro- (2). Shortened to prol- in protoxide.
PU-; puny; . see Post-.
Pur-; pur-vey. ( F. -L.) See Pro- ( I).

628

B.-; r-ally; see R e-.

B.a.-; ra-bbet; see Re-.

I.

LIST OF PREFIXES

Be-, Bed-, again. (L. ) L. n-, red(only in compositiun) , again, back. ReJoccurs in red-eem, red-integration, red olent, red-ouod, red- undant, red-dition;
and is changed to ren- in ren-der, ren-t.
In re-ly, re-mind, re-new, it is prefixed to
purely E. words; and in re-call, re-cast,
to words of Scand. origin. It appears as
,'- in r-ally ( I), r-ansom; and as ru- in
ru-nagate. 2. Re- is frequently prefixed
to other prefixes, which sometimes coalesce
with it, so that snch words require care.
:I<'or example, rabbet = re-a-but ; ragout =
re-a-gout; rampart = re-em-part; cf. also
re-ad-apt, re-col-lect, re-con-cite, re-surrection, &c.
Bear-; see Retro-.
Bed-, Ren-; see Re- (above).
Bere-; rere-ward; see R etro-.
Retro-, backwards, behind. (L.) L.
relro-, backwards, back again; a comparative form from reo, back; see R e-.
The prefixes rear-, "ere-, in rear-guard,
rere-ward, are due to L. relro, and are of
F. origin.
S- ( r) ; s-ober, s-urc ; see Se-.
S- (2) ; s- pend; see Dis-.
S- (3) ; s-ample; see Ex- (1).
S- (4) ; s-ombre; see p. ;,or.

beneath; comparative form from SIIb,

under; see Sub-.
Sue-, 8uf-, Sug-, Sumo, Sup-; see
SUb- .

Super-, above, over. (L.) L. mper,

above. + Gk. inrip, over, beyond ; . A. S.
oftr, E. ovcr. See Hyper-, Over-; also
Sub- . H ence supra-, beyond, L. stfprii.
Also sover- in sover-eign , which is a F.
form; and sopr- in sopr-ano, which is an
Ital. form. Also F. sur- = L. super.
Supra-, beyond; see above.
Sur- ( r) ; sur-rogate; see Sub-.
Sur- (2) ; sur-face ; see Super-.
SUS-; sus-pend ; see Sub-.
Sy-, Sy1-, Sym-; see Sy n -.
Syn-, with, together with. (Gk.) Gk .
uuv, with. It appears as sy-, syl- , sy m-,
and syn-, in sy-stem, syl-iogism, symmetry, syn-tax,
T- (r ) ; t-wit. (E.) Twil is from A. S.
al-wilan, to twit , reproach; thus 1- is
here used ror E. at.
T- (2 ) ; t-awdry. (F. -L.) Tawdry is
for Saini Awdry; thus 1- is here the final
letter of sai't-I.
T- (3) ; t-autology. (Gk.) Here 1- represen ts Gk. 70, neuter of def. article.
Thorough- through. (E.) Merely
another form 01 E. Ihrough.
To- ( r) , to-day. (E.) A . S. 10, to,
To- ( 2), intensive prefix. (E.) Obsolete,
A. S. 10-, apart,
except in lo-brake.
asunder; prob. cognate with L. dis-,
apart. See Dis-, ~ Some connect it
with Gk. M~-; see Dys-.
Tra.-, Tra.n-; see below,
Tra.ns-, beyond. (L.) L. trans , beyond.
Shortened to Iran- in tran-scend; and to
Ira- in tra-duce, tra-verse, &c. Hence
F . lres-, occurring in tres-pass; and lrein tre-ason.
Tre- ( r), Tres-. (F. - L.) See above.
Tre- ( 2) ; tre-ble. (F. -L. ) See below.
Tri- ( I ) , thrice. (L.) L. Iri- , thrice;
allied to b 'es, three. Hence tri-ple, treble, &c.; and Ira- in tra-mmel.
Tri- (2), thrice, (Gk.) Gk, Tp<-, thrice;
allied to Tpla , neut. of TPfir, three. Hence
tri-gonometry, &c.
Twi-, double, doubtful. (Eo ) A.S.lwi-,
double; allied to Iwa, two. Hence twibill, twi-light.

Sans-, without. (F.-L.) F. sarIS,

without. - L. sim, without; see S ine-.
Be-, Sed-, away, apart. (L.) L. si -.
apart; O. l~'lt. sed-, apart, wh ich is probably retained in sed-ition. The orig. sense
was probably ' by oneself.' It appears as
s- in s-ure ; if. sober.
Semi-, half. (L.) L. si1lli, half.+ GU.
~p1- , half; see Hemi-. It appears as sinin sin-ciput.;
Sine-, without. (L.) L sille, without ;
lit. if not. -L. si, if ; ,u, not. Hence F.
satts, without.
SO-; so-joum; see Sub-.
Sover-, Sopr-; see Super-.
Stra-; stra-nge; see E xtra- .
Su-; su-spect; see Sub-.
Sub-, under. ( L. ) L sub, under, (sometimes) up. Allied to Gk. wo, under;
Sk t. flja , near , under; also to E. up and
of. See Hypo-, Of- , Up-. Sub also appears as S, SO- , Stl-, suc-, suf-, su.g-, SU1JI- ,
sup., sur- , in s-omhre (7), so-joum , su-spect,
suc-ceed, suf-fuse, sug-gest, sum-mon,
sup-press, sur-rogate. It is also extended
to sus- (for sups- ) ; as in sus-pend.
'Ultra.-, beyond. (L.) L. ullra, beyond;
8ubter-, beneath. (L) L. mbler, allied to O. Lat. uller, adj., appearing in
62 9

II.

SUFFIXES

ttller-ior, which see in Dict. Hence F .\ Utter-. ( F . - L.) Only in ulter-ana

outre, beyond, appearing in outr-age; also ( 2) . F . outre, L. ultra; see Ultra-.
in E utter-ance (2) , corntption of F. outr.
V-; v-an (I). (F.-L.) See Ab- ( I) .
altce.
Um-; um-plre ~ see Non-.
Ve-, apart from. ( L. ) L. u~-, apart
~I1- ( I) , negative prefix to n.ouns, ~c. from. Only in ve-stibule, and (possibly)
( E.) A. S. Ult-, not; cognate with L. m- , in ve-stige.
not , Gk. av-, not. See An- ~2) ,. I~ - (3).
Vice-, Vis-, in place of. (L.; or F. -L)
'Un- (2) , verbal. prefix, slgmfymg the L. uice, in place of, whence O . F. vis, the
reversal of an actIOn. ( E.) A_ S. uno , same. The latter appears only in visverbal prefix; cognate with Du. onto , count.
mt- , G. ent-, O. H. G. ant-, Goth. and-.
The same as E. alt- in altswer; see
Wan-, negative prefix; see Wanton in
An- (5), Anti-.
Un- (3) ; un-til, un-to. (0. Low G . ) its due place; p. 599.
With-, against. (E.)
A. S. wi6,
See un-to in Diet., p. 584.
against; the sense is preserved in withUn- (4) , UBi-, one. (L.) L. unlts, stand.
In with-hold, with-drnw, it signione; whence uni-vocal, with one voice ;
un-animous, of one mind; &c. Cognate fies back.'
with E. one.
Under-. (E.) A. S. tlntier, E. untier, y -; y-wis, y-clept. (E.) A. S. geprefix; M. E. i-, yo. This prefix appears
prep.
'Up-. (E.) A.S. up, E. ttP, prep. Allied as a- in a-ware, as ;- in i-wis (for
y-wis) and as e- in e-nough. See A- (1l),
to Of, Sub, Hypo- .
E- (3).
'Ut-, Utt-. (Eo) See Out.

II.

SUFFIXES

:rHE nnmber of suffixes in modern English is so great, and the forms of several,
especiaUy in words derived through the F rench from Latin, are so variable, that an
attempt to exhibit them aU would tend to confusion. The best account of their origin
is to be fonnd in Brugmann, Grundriss der Vergleichenden Grammatik der Indogermanischen Sprachen. An account of Anglo-Saxon suffixes is given at p. "9 of
March , Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language. Lists of Anglo-Saxon
words, arranged according to their suffixes, are given in Loth, Etymologische angelsrechsisch-englische Grnmmatik, Elberfelcl , 1870. Simple accounts of English suffixes
in general are given in Morris, Historical Outlines of English A<:cidence, pp. 2 [2 - 221,
229-242, in Nesfield, Historical English and Derivation, pp. 185-2 52, and in the two
Series of my Principles of English Etymology, to which the reader is referred. See
also Koch , Historische Grammatik der E nglischen Sprache, vol. iii. pI. J, pp. 29-76.
It is clearly established that the Indo-germanic languages abound in suffixes, each of
which was originaUy intended slightly to mod ify the meanin g of th e Toot to which
it was added , so as to express the radical idea in a new relation. The fo rce of many
of these mnst, even at an early period, have been slight, and in man y instances it is
diffi cult to trace it ; but in some instances it is still clear, and the form of the suffix
is then of great service. The difference bet ween lov-er, lov-ed, and lov-iltg is well
marked, and readily understood. One of the most remark ahle points is that most
Indo-germanic languages delighted in adding suffix to suffix, so that words are not
uncommon in which two or more suffixes occur, each repeating, it may be, the sense
of that which preceded it. Double diminutives such as par/i-c.le, i. e. a little little

630

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN AND GREEK WORDS

part are sufficiently common. The Lat. superl. suffix -s-si-mlls is a simple example
of the use of a treble suffix, which really expresses no more than is expressed by -mus
alone in the word fri-mus. The principal Indo-germanic suffixes, as given by
llrugmann, are these: -0 , -i, -11, .yo, -lIJO, -m~, -mi, -l1!en (-mOl' ), -meno (-mella), -110,
-Ino, -ni, -nu, -en (olin), -enl (-onl), 10, -It, -1'0, on, -ru, er (-or), -es (-os), -10,
-menlo -Ii -Ii-on, -Ia-ti, -Iu, -li.-li, -Ier (-lor, -11'), -Itiro, -id, -d, -d-en, -d-on, -Iii-den,
-do,
-k~ -k, -sqo, -sqa, -Mo. But these can be readily compounded , so as to form
new suffixes'; so that from -men-to was formed -menlo (as in E. argu-mellf).
One common error with regard to suffixes should be guarded against, namely, that
of mis-dividing a word so as to give the suffix a false shape. This is extremely
common in such words as Iogi-c, civic, belli-c-ou, where the suffix is commonly spoken
of as being -ic or -ie-ose. This error occurs, for instance, in the elaborate book on
English Affixes by S. S. Haldemann, published at Philadelphia in 1865; a work which
is of considerable use as containiI1g a very full account, with numerous examples, of
suffixes and prefixes. The truth is that civi-c (Lat. ciu;eus) is derived from Lat. clui-,
declensional stem of eiui-s, a citizen, ,vith the suffix -cus (Idg. -ko) ; and logic is
from Gk. AO"(t-I<6s, from 11.0"(1- , for 11.6"(0-, declensional stem of A6"),os, a discourse, with
the suffix -KOS, as before. Compare Lat. ciui-tiis, Gk. AO"),Q-I'axia. Of course, words
in -i-c are so numerous that -ic has come to be regarded as a suffix at the present
day, so that we do not hesitate to form Volla-ic as an adjective of Volta; bnt this is
English misuse, not Latin etymology. Moreover, since both -i- and ko are Idg.
suffixes, such a suffix as -I-KOS, -i-cus, is possible both in Greek and Latiu; but in the
particular words above cited it is clearer to consider the i- as due to the original stem.
One more word of warning may perhaps suffice. If we wish to understand a suffix,
we must employ comparative philology, and not consider English as an absolutely
isolated language, with laws different from those of other languages of the Aryan
family. Thus the -Ik in tr-u-Ik is the ~ of A. S. trlOlIJ-(J, gen. case trlow-(Je, fern. sb.
This suffix answers to thaI seen in Goth. ga/Jaur.lks, birth, gen. case ga/JaU1'-lkais, fem .
sb., belonging to the -i-stem declension of Gothic strong substantives. The true
suffix is therefore to be expressed as Teut. -IIIi, cognate with Idg. -Ii, so extremely
common in Latin; cf. doli-, dowry, men-li-, mind, mor-li-, death, messi- mel-li-),
harvest, that which is mown. Hence, when Horne Tooke gave his famous etymology
of lrulk as being' that which a man Irowelk,' he did in reality suggest that the -Ii in
Lat. mor-h'- is identical with the 1 in meri-I-ur or in ama-I; in other words, it was
a mere whim.

-g;

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN AND

GREEK WORDS

IN the former edition of this work a list of Indogermanic roots was given, as
determined, for the most part, by Fick. The later researches of Brugmann and others
have much modified the former results, chiefly because the vowel-sounds have been
more exactly appreciated. As a list of roots is not usually much required in practice,
it has been here replaced by a useful and practical list of some of the more importa'nt
words in Latin and Greek which are, mostly, of rather freqnent occurrence in English
compounds and derivatives. In some cases, the form of the root is given, chiefly when
the derivatives from it are rather numerous. Both of these lists might be largely increased.
but it has not been deemed worth while to include such words as present no difficulty.
For example, the Greek word ItOUI'OS, order, is purposely omitted, because its derivatives (viz. eosm-ic, cosm-elie, and words beginning with cosmo- ) can readily be fOl1nd
at p. II4. On the other hand, the Greek aAAOS is inserted, for the sake of such
derivatives as par-al/-ax, par-al/-e/.

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

THE following list contains the principal Latin words which are (mostly) productive of rather numerous derivatives in English, and readily admit prefixes. Words that
have produced but few derivatives, or that are of no especial interest, are excluded.

ac, as in ac-ff', ac-idus, ac-utus, sharp- art-!m , ace., skill-art, artifice, artillery,
acerbity, acid, acrid, acrimony, acumen, artisan, inert.
acute, aglet, ague, eager, eglantine, asper, rough - asperity, exasperate.
aut/i-re, to hear - audible, audience,
exacerbate. (V AK , to be sharp.)
adi-s, a temple - edify, edile; cj. estuary, audit, obedient, obeisance, obey, oyer,
ether,oasthouse. ( VA1DH, to bum.)
oyez.
O!qu-us, equal-adequate, equal, equa- aug-ere, to increase -auction, augment,
nimity, equation, equilibrium, equinox, august, author, auxiliary; if. eke (I).
equipollent, equity, equivalent, equivocal,
AUG, to increase.)
aur-is, the ear-auricula, auricular, aus
iniyuity.
.
ag-ere, to drive-act, agent, agile, agitate, cultation, scout (I ) ; if. ear (I).
agriculture, ambiguous, coagulate, cogent, aur-um, gold - aureate, dory, loriot,
cogitate, counteract, enact, essay, exact, or (3), oriel, oriflamme, oriole, ormulu,
examine, exigent, peregrination, pilgrim, orpiment, orpine.
prodigal, transact. Cf. Gk.II'YfI"; p. 6#. auis, a bird-auspice, aviary, bustard,
( vAG to drive.)
ostrich.
alb-us, white-alb, album, albumen, barb-a, beard-barb (I), barbel, barber;
auburn.
if. beard.
ai-ere, to nonrish, grow up - adolescent, barr-a (Late L) - bar, barracks, barrel,
adult, aliment, alimony, altar, altitude, barricade, barrier, barrister, debar, emalto, coalesce, contralto, exalt, haughty, bargo, embarrass.
hautboy, proletarian. (vAL, to nourish. ) !>ass-us, low-abase, base (2), basement,
ai-ius, other-alias, alien, alibi, aliquot, bass (I), bass-relief, bassoon, dehase.
alter, altercation, alternate, subaltern. Cf. bat-ere (popular L.), to beat - abate,
Gk.II.\.\of; p.645.
battalion, batter (I ), batter (2), battery,
am-are, to love - amatory, amenity, battle, battledoor, combat, debate, reamiable, amicable, amity, amorous, amour, bate.
enamour, enemy, enmity, inimical, para- bell liS, beautiful-bean, beauty, beldam,
mour.
belladonna, belle, embellish.
ambul-are, to walk-amble, ambulance, bib.ere, to drink-beaver (3), !>everage,
ambulation, circumambulate, perambulate. bevy, bib, imbibe, imbrue (embrew).
ang-ere, to choke - angina, anguish, bonus, good- bonny, boon, adj., bounty.
anxious; if. ail, anger, awe, ugly. (V brachi-a, arms - brace, bracelet, brassart,
AGH, to choke. )
embrace, vambrace.
ani1ll.a, breath, anim-us, mind - animal, bretl-is, short -abbreviate, abridge, breve,
animadvert, animate, animosity; equani- brevet, breviary, brevity, brief (I), brief
mity, magnanimous, pusillanimous, unani- (2).
brocc-a (Late L.) . a pointed stick -broach,
mous. (VAN, to breathe.)
amI-tIS, a year - annals, anniversary, brocade, broccoli, brochure, brocket ,
annual , biennial, triennial , &c. ; perennial, broker, brooch.
bua -a, mouth - debouch , disembogtl.e,
superannuate.
apt-us, fit - adapt, adept, apt, aptitude, embouchme.
attitude, inept. ( V AP, to bind .)
bull-a, a bubble, boss - bill (3), billet
aqtl-a, water - ayua -fortis, aquatic,aqua- ( I), boil ( J), budge ( I), bull ( 2), bullet,
rium , aquarius, aqueduct, aqueous, ewer, bulletin, bullion, ebullition , parboil.
sewer ( I ), subaqueous; if. ait, eyot, island. buscus (popular L.), a bush - ambuscade,
anll-a, arms - alarm , alarum, ambry ambush , bnsh (1), bouquet, emboss ( 2).
(aumbry) , arm (2) , arms, armada, arma- bux -tlS, a box-tree- box ( I), boX(2) , bush
dillo, armament, armistice, armour, army. (2) ; if. bushel, pyx.
63 2

(v

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

caball-us (popular L_), a horse - cavalier, purchase, receive, receptacle, reception,

cavalcade, cavalry, chevalier, chivalry.
recipe, recipient, sash ( I ) , susceptible; if.
cad-ere, to fall - accident , cadaverous, haft, heave, heft. (1I"QAP, to seize, take
cadence, caducous, cascade, case ( I ), hold of.
casual, chance, cheat, coincide, decadence, cap-ut, the head - achieve, cabbage ( I),
decay, deciduous, escheat, incident, oc- cad, cadet, cape ( 2) , capital ( I) , capital
( 2), capital (3), capitation, capitol, capicasion , occident.
cad-ere, to cut-caesura, circumcise, con- tular, capitulate, captain, cattle, chapiler,
cise, decide, excision, incise, precise; chapter, chattels. chief, chieftain, corporal
also homi-cide, sui-cide, &c.; also chisel, ( I ), decapitate, hatchment, occiput, preciscissors.
pice, sinciput.
carum, heaven-ceil, ceiling, celestial.
carn-, stem of coro, tl e~h - carnage,
cal-tire, to snmmon-calends, calendar, carnal, carnation, carnival, carnivorous,
conciliate, conncil, intercalate, reconcile; carrion lfrom caro), charnel, incarnadine,
incarnation.
cf. cllimtire (below).
calc-tire, to tread-caulk, causeway, cock- ca,pere, to cull- excerpt, scarce; if.
atrice.
harvest. (1I"QERP, to cnt.)
calc.em, acc., lime - calcareous, calcine, carus, dear - caress, charity, cherish; if.
calculate, calx, chalk.
whore.
cal-ere, to be hot-caldron, calentnre, cas-a, a cottage - casino, cassock (1),
caloric, calorific, caudle, chafe, chaldron, chasuble.
nonchalant, scald ( I).
cast-us, chaste-caste, castigate, chaste
camer-a, a chamber-camera, chamber, chasten , chastise, incest.
chamberlain, comrade. (1I"KAM, to bend, catin'a, a chain-catenary, chain, chigcover, vault over.)
non, concatenation.
camp-us, a plain-camp, campaign, cam- cauda, the tail-caudal, coward, cue,
pestral, champagne, champaign,champion , queue.
caftssa, a cause-accuse, because, cause,
decamp, encamp, scamp.
cantil-,"s, a canal- canal, channel, ken- excuse, recusant, ruse.
cau-tls, hollow-cage, cajole, ca'e, connel ( 2) .
cancri, lattice-work - cancel, chancel , cave, excavation, gabion, gaol, jail.
red-ere, to come, yield -abscess, accede,
chancellor, chancery.
cand-lye, to shine- candelabrum, candid, access, ancestor, antecedent, cease, cede,
candidate, candle, candour, cannel-coal, cess, cessation, cession, cess-pool, concede,
censer, chandelier, chandler, incande- decease, exceed, excess, incessant, interscent, incendiary. incense ( I ), incense (2), cede, precede,predecessor, proceed, recede,
recess, retrocession, secede, succeed.
kindle ( 2). (1I"QEND, to shine.)
can-is, a dog-canine, kennel (I ) ; if. ell-lire, to hide - cell, cellar, conceal,
cynic. honnd.
occult; if. hall, hell, hole. (1I"QEL, to
cant-lire, to sing-accent, canorous, cant hid e.)
(I ), canticle, canto, canzonet, chant, de- cent-um, a hundred - cent, centenar\',
scant, enchant, incantation, incentive, pre- centennial, centesimal, centigrade, centipede, centuple, centurion, century, quintal.
centor, recant; if. hen.
ctfp-a (popular L.), a cape - cap, caparison, clr-a, wax - cerecl oth, cerement, ceruse.
cape ( I ), capuchin, chapel , chaperon, cerebr-u1Il , brain - cerebral, cerveJas
(saveloy).
chaplet, cope ( I I, escape, scape.
caj>-er, a goat - cab, cabriolet, caper, cern-ere, to separate - concern, decree,
capricorn, capriole, cheveril , chevron.
decretal, discern, discreet, discriminate,
Lap-ere, to sdze, lay hold of, contain - excrement, excretion, secret, secretary. See
accept, anticipate, cable, caitiff, capable, Gk. I<p[V.,v; p. 645.
capacious, capsule, captious, captive, ceri-Its, sure-ascertain, certain , certify.
captor, capture, case ( 2), casement, cash, dng-ere, to gird - cincture, enceinte,
casket, catch , cater, chase ( 1), chase ( 2), precinct, shingles, succinct.
chase (3) , conceit, conceive, conception, drc-us, a ring- circle, circus, research,
deceive, deception, encase, euchase, except, search, shark.
im perceptible, inceptive, incipient, intcr- cist-a, a chest-chest, cist, cistern, cistcept, occupy, perceive, perception, precept, vaen.
633

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

cil-tire, to incite - cite, excite, incite,

recite, resuscitate, solicit.
ciu-s, a citizen-cit, citadel, citizen, city,
civil.
clam-are, to call out-acclaim, acclamation, claim, clamour, declaim, declamation, exclaim, exclamation , proclaim,
proclamation, reclaim , reclamation.
cltfr-us, clear - claret, clarify, clarion,
clear, declare, glair.
claud-ere, to shut - clause, cloister,
close ( I), close ( 2) , closet, conclude , exc1ude, include, preclude, recluse, seclusion,
sIn ice ; if. slot (1 ). ('V'SKLEUD, to
shut. )
cltfu-is, a key-clavicle, clef, conclave.
cli-ttus, a slope - acclivity, declivity,
procli vity; if. decline, encline, incline,
recline; also lean ( I ), low (3). Cf. Gk.
I<)..lvflv; p.645- ('V'KLEI, to lean.)
cohort-em, acc., an enclosure - cohort,
cortege, court (1), courl (2), courteous,
courtesan, courtesy, courtier, curtain,
cUltsey; if. garden, garth, yard ( I).
('V'GHER, to contain.)
col-are, to trickle-colander, culvert (?),
cull is, percolate, portcullis.
col-ere, to ti1l-colony, cultivate, culture;
agriculture; if. bucolic. ('V'QEL, to tum
round , to till. )
coll-um, the neck - collar, collet, colporteur, decollation.
cond-ere, to hide - abscond, sconce (I),
sconce ( 2).
contra, against - counter, encounter, rencontre, rencounter.
cooper-ire, to cover - cover, coverlet,
covert, curfew, discover, kerchief.
copula, a bond - copulate, couple.
coqu-ert, to cook - biscuit, concoct, cook,
decoct, kitchen, precocious; also apricot,
terra cotta. ('V'PEQ, to cook. )
cord-, from cor, the heart - accord, concord, cordial, courage, discord, quarry (2),
record ; if. hearL
cor-iu11l, leath er - cuirass, excoriate,
scourge.
corn-u, a hom-core (?), com (2), cornea,
cornel, cornelian, comer, cornet, cornucopia, unicorn; if. hom, hart.
corolt-a, a wreath - corolla, corollary,
coronal, coronation, coroner, coronet,
crown.
corpus, body _ corporal (2) , corps, corpse,
~orpulent, corpuscle, corse, corset, corslet,
Incorporate.
cosl-a, a rib - accost, coast, costal, cutlet.

crass-us, thick, dense - crass, cresset,

grease.
crtit-es, a hurdle-crate, creel, grate (1 ),
griddle, gridiron, grill ; if. hurdle.
creare, to create, make-create, creole,
procreate, recreation.
cred-ere, to believe - credible, credit, credulous, creed, grant, miscreant, recreant.
crep-are, to crackle, burst-crevice, decrepit, discrepant.
cresc-ere, to grow - accretion, accruc,
concrete, crescent, crew, decrease, decrement, excrescence, increase, increment, recruiL
cret-a, chalk-cretaceous, crayon.
croce-us (popular L.), a hook-crochet,
crosier, crotchet, crouch.
cruc-em, acc., a cross - cross, crucial,
crncify, cruise, crusade, excruciate.
cub-are, to lie down-concubine, covey,
incubate, incubus; if. incumbent, procumbent, recumbent, succumb.
culp-a, blame -culpable, culprit, exculpate, inculpate.
culter, a coulter - coulter, curtleaxe, cutlass, cutler.
cUlIlul-tts, a heap-accumulate, cumulate.
cune-us, a wedge-coign, coin, cuneate,
quoin.
Cttj-a, a vat - coop, cowl (2), cupola,
goblet; if. cup.
cup-ere, to desire - concupiscence, covet,
cupid, cupidity.
ciir-a, care-accurate, assure, curate,cure,
curious, ensure, proctor, procurator, procure,
proxy, scour, secure, sicker, sinecure, sure.
curr-ere (curs-) , to run-coarse, concourse, concnr, corridor, corsair, conrier,
course, current, curricle, cursive, cursory,
discourse, discursive, excursion, incur, incnrsion, intercourse, occur, precursor, recourse, recur, succour. Also hussar, kraal;
if. horse.
curu-us, bent-curb, curve, curvet, incurvate, kerbstone.
damn-um , loss-condemn,damage,damn,
indemnify, indemnity.
da-re, to give-condone, dado, date ( 1) ,
die ( 2), donation, dowager, dower, pardon ,
reddition, render, rendezvous, rent ( 2) , surrender, tradition, traitor, treason. ('V'DO,
to give.)
decem, ten - denn, decaual, decemvir,
decennial, decimal, decimate, decussate,
denary, dime; if. decade, ten, tithe.
dec-ere, to become-decent, decorate, decomm.

63~

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

denl-em acc., tooth - dandelion, dental, comfit, confect, counterfeit, defeasance,

denticle, 'dentifrice, dentist, dentition, in- defeat, defect, deficient, difficulty, discomfit,
effect, efficacy, efficient, facile, facsimile,
dent, indenture; if. tine, tooth.
deus, god- adieu, deify, deity, deist; if. fact, faction, factitious , factotum , faculty,
fashion, feasible, fetish , feat, feature , fiat,
jovial; and see diis (below).
die-ere, to say, die-tire, to tell-abdicate, forfeit, hacienda, infect, mallecho, perfect,
addict, condition, contradict, dedicate, prefect, proficient, profit, ,!efection, suffice,
dictate, diction, dictionary, dight , ditto, sufficient, surfeit. (-v'DHE, to put, place.)
dilty, edict, index, indicate, in~ict, inter- faci-is, face - deface, efface, fas:ade, face,
dict, preach, predicament, predicate, pre- superficies, surface.
dict; if. avenge, benediction, benison, jail-ere, to deceive-default, fail , fallacy,
judge (adjudge, adjudicate, judicature, fallible , false, faucet, fault , refe!.
judicial, judicious, prejudge, prejudice), fti-ri, to speak -affable, confabulate, conmalediction, malison, valediction, verdict, fess, defame, fable, fairy, fay , ineffable,
infamy, infant, infantry, nefarious, preface,
vindicate. (-v' DEIK, to show.)
dii -s, a day-adjourn, dial, diary, dismal, profess; if. han. ( .vBHA, BHA, to
speak.)
diurnal, journal, journey, sojourn.
dign-us, worthy ':' condign, dainty, deign , -fetid-ere, to strike - defend, fence, fend,
offend.
dignify, dignity, disdaiu.
dol-ire, to grieve - coudole, doleful, dolour, fer-toe, to bear - circumference, confer,
indolence.
defer (I), defer (2), differ, fertile , infer,
dom-tire, to tame-daunt, indomitable; offer, prefer, proffer, refer, suffer, transfer;
if. tame. ( .vDAM , to tame.)
if. bear (1), barrow ( 2), bier. (-v'BHER,
domit'-lIs, a lord-dam (2), dame, damsel, to bear.)
danger, demesne, domain; dominate, do- ferrI -ire, to boil- effervesce, fervent, fermineer, dominical. dominion, domino, don vid, ferment.
( 2), donna, duenna, dungeon; if. monkey. fest-um, a feast - feast, festal, festival,
due-ere, to lead-abduction, adduce, con- festive, fete.
duce, conduct, condnit, deduce, deduct, jid-mz, ace., faith - affiance, affidavit,
doge, douche, ducal, ducat, duchess, duchy, confide, defy, diffident, faith, fealty, fideduct, ductile, duke, educe, induce, induct, lity, fiducial, infidel, perfidious; if. bide.
introduce, produce, product, redoubt, re- (-v'BHEIDH, to trust.)
duce, seduce, superinduce, traduce; if. fig-ere (.fix-), to fix - affix, fix, prefix,
educate. (-v'DEUK, to lead. )
suffix, transfix.
duo, two- belligerent, deuce (r ),deuce (2), fil-Ilm, a thread - defile (2 ), enfilade,
double, doublet, doubloon, doubt, dozen, filament, file (I), filigree, fillet, profile,
dual, dubions, duel, duet, duodecimal, purl (3).
duodenum, duplicate,duplicity, indubitable, jing-ere (jig- ), to fashion - configuration,
effigy, faint, feign, fiction, figment, fignre,
rebel, redoubtable; if. two.
dur-us, hard-durance, duration, dure , transfigure; if. dairy, dike, ditch, dough.
duress, endure, indurate, obdurate.
(-v'DHEIGH, to knead, mould.)
ed-ere, to eat-edible, esculent, obese; fit, -is, end -affinity, confine, defiue, final,
finance, fine ( I ), fine ( 2), finial , fillical,
el eat. (-v'ED, to eat.)
em ere, to take-assume, consume, en- fini sh, finite, refine, superfine; if. paraffine.
sam ple, example, exemplar, exemplify, jirm-us, firm-affirm, confirm, farm , firm,
exempt, im promptu, peremptory, premium, firmament , infirm. (-v'DHER, to support.)
presume, prompt, ransom, redeem , resume, jiiigra-re, to burn-conflagration , flagrant;
sample, sam pler, sumptuary, su mptuous.
if. lIambeau, lIame, lIamen (?), lIamingo.
err-are, to stray-aberration, err, erratum, (-v' BHLEG, to burn.)
erroneous, error.
jieet-en, to bend - circumflex, dellect,
I!S-st, to exist, be - absent , entity, essence, lIection, lIexible, inflect, rellect.
present, quintessence. Cf. are, sin, sooth; jiig-cre (jiiet- ), to strike-afflict, conllict,
also suttee. (-v'E.S, to dwell , exist.)
inflict. prolligate.
exler-, as in exler-ior, outer-estrange, jiOr-em, acc., a lIower-dellower, effioexterior, external, extra, extraneous, ex- rescence, ferret (2) , lIeur-de -lis, lIoral,
treme , extrinsic, strange.
lIorid, 1I0rin, lIoscule, lIour, lIourish,lIower,
fac-ere (pt. t. ft-et,>, to do - affair, affect , inllorescence; if. blow (2), bloom, bl ssom.
635

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

.fluere, to flow - affluence, confluence, gress, degrade, degree, digress, egress

detluction, effluence, floss, fluctuate, fluent, gl ade, gradient, gradual, graduate, graii
fluid, fluor-spar, tlux, influence, influenza, (1), grallatory, grise, ingredient, ingress,
influx, superfluous.
progress, regress, retrograde, retrogresfoe-tH, a hearth - focus, fnel, fnsiI (I).
sion, transgression. (.vGHREDH, to
fM-ere (joss-), to dig-foss, fossil.
go.)
foti-III1l, leaf -exfoliate, foil (2), foliage, graM-is, great-aggrandise, gaffer, gamfolio. perfoliate, trefoil.
mer, gramercy, grand, grandee, grandeur,
form -a, form - conform, deform, form, grandiloquent; if. grampus.
formula, inform,
reform,
transform . gra,.-um, grain - engrain, garner, garnet,
grain, granary, grange, granite , granule,
(.v OHER, to support. )
fori-em, acc., strong - comfort. deforce, grenade, pomegranate; if. corn. (.vGER,
effort, force (I ), fort , forte , fortify, forti- to grind.)
tude, fortress; if. borough. (.vBH ERGH, griit-us, pleasing - agree, congratula\e,
grace, grateful, gratify, gratis, gratitude,
to protect.)
fra1tg-ere (frag-), to break - fraction, gratuitous, gratuity, gratulate, ingratiate,
fracture, fragile , fragm ent, frail, fran gible, ingrate.
infraction , in fringe , irrefragable, refract, grau-is, heavy - aggravate, aggrieve,
refrain ( 2) ; if. break. (.vBHREG, to grave (2), grief, grieve.
break. )
greg-em, acc.,. a flock-aggregate, congregate, egregious, gregarious, segregate.
frie-tfre, to rub-fray (3), friction.
fr01tt-em , acc., forehead - affront, con- gross-tts, thick - engross, grocer, grog,
front , effrontery, front , frontal, frontier, grogram, gross.
gust-us, a tasting-disgust, gust ( 2), rafrontispiece, frontlet ; if. flounce ( 2).
fru-i (frl/ct- ), to enjoy - frnctify, fruit, gout; if. choose, choice. (y'GEUS, to
fruiti on, frumenty; if. frugal, broDk (I ). taste. )
(.vBHREUG, to enjoy.)
kab-ere, to have-able, avoirdupois, binf ug-ere, to tree-fugitive , fngue, refuge, nacle, cohabit, debenture, debt, deshabbow tl). ille, devoir, d ue, duty, endeavour, exhibit,
refugee,
snbterfuge; if.
habiliment, habit, habitable, habitant,
( y'BHEUG, to bend.)
fimd-ere (fi'S- ), to pour- confound, con- habitat, habitation, habitude, inhabit, infuse, confute, diffuse, effuse, foison, fuse ( I) , hibit , prebend, prohibit, provender.
fusil (3), futile, infuse, profuse, refund, h(er-ere (hils-), to stick - adhere, cohere,
refuse, refute, suffuse, transfuse; if. g ut, hesitate, inherent.
her-ls, an heir-heir, hereditary, heritage,
chyle, chemist. (.vGHEU, to pour. )
fUM-US, bottom - found ( I), founder, inherit.
hom-o, a man - homage ,homicide, human,
fund, fundament, profound; if. bot tom.
fU1tg-i (ju1tet-) , to perform - defunct, humane, ombre.
hOff-ire, to bristle - abhor, horrible,
function, perfunctory.
gattdi-um, joy -enjoy, gaud, joy, rejoice. horrid, horrify, horror, ordure; if. hirsute.
gel-II, frost - congeal, gelatine, gelid,jeily; hum-us, the ground-exhume, humble,
humiliate, humility.
if. chill, cool.
gen-us, kin - congenial, congenital, de- inl-us, within -denizen, intestine; if. en
generate, engender, engine, gender ( I ) , trails, interior, internal.
gender (2 ), general, generate, generic, i-re, to go - adit, ambient, ambition, ar
generous, genial, genital, genitive, genius, rant, circuit, commence, concomitant, congenteel, gentile, gentle, gentry, genuine, stable, count (I ), county, exit, eyre, initial,
genus, gin ( 2 y, indigenous, ingeniol1s, initiate, issue, itinerant, obit, perish, prretor,
ingenuous, progenitor,progeny, regenerate; preterite, sedition, sudden, trance, transient,
ef. kin. (.vGEN, to produce. )
transit; if. isthmus. (.vEl, to go. )
ger-ere (gesl-) , to bear-congeries, con- (i=y.) iae-tre, to throw-abject, adjagestion, digest , exaggerate, genmd, gesta- cent, adjective, agistment, amice ( I ) , cirtion, gesticulate, gesture, jest, register, cumjacent, conjecture, deject, ejaculate,
suggestion.
eject, gist, inject, interjacent, interjection ,
glt"in-, for g"Uen, glue - agglutinate, jesses, jet (I), jetsam, jetty, joist, jut,
conglutinate, glue, glntinous.
jutty, object, project, reject, subjacent,
grad-. (cress.), to step - aggress, con- subject, trajectory.
63 6

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

ilK-us, a jest - jeopardy, jewel, jocose. lin-um, flax, lin-ea, a line- align (aline),
jocular, joke. juggler.
delineate. line, lineage. lineal, lineament,
iWliex, a judge; see dicere; p. 635.
linear, linen, lint; if. lining, linnet, liniung-ere (iug- ), to join - adjoin, conjoin, seed, linseywoolsey.
conjugal, conjugate, enjoin, injunction. join. liqu-~re, to be fluid -deliquesce, liquefy,
joint. jugular. junction, juncture, junta, liquescent, liquid, liquidate, liquor.
junto, rejoin, subjoin, subjugate, sub- litera, a letter- alliteration, letter, literal,
junctive; if. yoke, syzygy. (.vYEUG, to literature, obliterate.
loe-us, a place-allocate, allow (1), coljoin.)
;ur-dre (ius-), to swear- abjure, adjure, locate, couch, dislocate, lieu, lieutenant,
conjure, injure, juridical,jurisdiction, jurist, local, locate, locomotion, locus.
juror, jury, just (1), justice, juatify, objur- longus, long-eloign, elongate, longevity,
gation, peJjure.
longitude, lunge, oblong, prolong, pur;uu-are, to help-adjutant, aid, coadjutor. loin; if. long.
liW-i (laps-), to glide, slip - coliapse, loqu-i, to speale - allocution, circumlocuelapse, illapse. lapse, relapse; if. sleep.
tion, colloquy, elocution, eloquent, loqualaIJor-em, acc . labour-belabour, elabo- cious, obloquy, prolocutor, soliloquy,
rate, laboratory, laborious, labour.
ventriloquist.
lac-ere, to entice - delectable, delicate, IUc.ue, to shine - elucidate, illuminate,
delicious, delight, dilettante, elicit.
illustrate, limn, lucid, lucubration, lulad-ere (las-), to hurt-collide, collision, minary, luminous, lunar, lunatic, lustre (1),
elide, elision, illision, lesion.
pellucid, sublunar, translucent; if. light
lau-dre, lu-ere, to wash-ablution, al- (I). (""LEUQ, to shine.)
luvial, antediluvian, delnge, dilute, laun- liid-e,.e, to play-allude, collude, delude,
dress, lava, lave, lavender, lotion; if. elude, illude, illusion, ludicrous, prelude.
mag-nus, great - magistrate, magnanilather, lye. (.vLOU, to wash.)
lax-us, slack-lax, laxative, lease (I), mous, magnate, magnificent, magnify,
leash, lessee, relax, relay (I), release, m~iloqu~ce, magnitude! main. ( 2),
relish; if. slack.
majesty, major, master, maXim, maXimum,
I~g-are, to appoint - allege, colleague. mayor, merino, miss (2), mister, miscollege, delegate. legacy, legate, legatee, tress.
relegate; cf. legere (below).
mal-us, bad - malady, malapert, malaria,
leg-ere, to collect. read-coil (I), collect, malediction, malice, malign, malinger,
cull, diligent, elect, elegant, eligible, in- malison, maltreat, malversation, maugre.
tellect, intelligence, intelligible, lection. ",and-are (cf. manus), to put into the
lecture, legend, legible, legion, lesson, hands of, enjoin - command, commend,
neglect, negligence, predilection. recollect. commodore, countermand, demand, manselect; if. leal, legal, legislator, legitimate, date, maundy Thursday, recommend,
loyal; also leg-are (above). (.vLEG, to remand. See manus.
collect. )
man-ire, to remain - manor, manse,
leu-is, light-alleviate, elevate, leaven, mansion, mastiff (1), menagerie, menial,
legerdemain, leger-line, levant, levee, lever, messuage, permanent, remain, remnant.
levity, levy, relevant, relieve.
(""MEN, to remain.)
libe,., free - deliver, liberal, liberate, man-us, hand - amanuensis, maintain,
libertine, liberty, livery.
manacle, manage, manciple, manege,manilibra, a balance - deliberate, level, fest, maniple, manipulate, manner, manceu~-re , manual, manufacture, manumit,
librate.
lic-~re, to be allowable -illicit, leisure, manure, manuscript.
mils (mari-) , a male-emasculate, male,
licence, licentiate, licentions.
ligare, to bind-alligation, alloy, ally. mallard, marital, marry, masculine.
league ( I), liable, Iictor, lien, lime-hound, mea-re, to go-conge, permeate.
ligament, ligature, oblige, rally (I).
med-irl, to be a remedy - medicine,
limen, a threshold - eliminate, lintel, remedy.
medi-tls, middle - demi-, immediate,
preliminary.
linqll.ere, to leave - delinquent, dere- mean (3 ), mediate, medieval, mediocre,
liction, relic, relict, relinquish, reliquary; mediterranean, medium, meridian, mezzoif. eclipse, ellipse. (.vLE1Q, to leave.) tinto, mizen, moiety.
637

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

mel, honey-marmalade, melilot, melli- moll-is, soft - emollient, moil, mollify,

mollusc; e{. melt, smelt (1). (v'MELD,
fluous, molasses; if. mildew.
1IIemor, remembering - commemorate, Teut. SMELT, to melt. )
memoir, memory, remember. (v'SMER, tIlO1l-ere ; see mellt-em.
mont-I!m, acc., a hill-amount, mount
to remember.)
";tlld-tlllI,
a fault - amend, amends, ( 1), mount ( 2), mountain, mountebank,
paramount, remount, surmOlmt, tantaemendation, mend.
menl-em, ace., mind, mOil-ire, to advise- mount, tramontane; ef. mound. See
comment , demented, memento, mental, milllre. (.vMEN, to project.)
mention; admonish, demonstrate, mint (1 ), /Ilord-lre (mors- ), to bite - mordacity,
moidore, monetary, money, monition, morsel, remorse; if. muse (I), muzzle.
monster, monument, muster, premonish, ( v'MERD, to rub, bite.)
remonstrate, summon, summons; if. mind , mor-i, to die - morbid , mortal, mortgage,
mean (1) ; also amnesty, automaton, mne- mortify, mortmain, mort!:.ry, murrain;
if. murder ; also amarnnth , ambrosia.
monics. (v'MEN , to think.)
mer-i!re, to earn - demerit, meretricious, ( v'MER, to die.)
tIlou-lre (mot-) , to move - commotion,
merit.
1IIcrx (mere- ), traffic - amerce, commerce, emotion, mob (1 ), mobile, moment,
market, mart, mercantile, mercenary, motion, motive, motor, move, mutiny,
mercer, merchandise, merchant, mercury, promote, remote , remove.
mercy.
mun-us, a duty-municipal, munificence,
mll-iri (mem-), to measure - commensu- remunerate.
rate, dimension, immense, measure, mensu- mut-are, to change-commute, mew (3),
moult, mutable, mutnal, permutation,
ration.
migrii-re, to wander-emigrate, immi- transmutation.
1IMci, to be born, nlft-lls (gnat-us), born
grate, migrate, transmigrate.
min-ari, to threaten -amenable, com- -agnate, cognate, impregnate, innate,
mination, demean (1 ), demeanour, menace, naive, nascent, natal, nation, native, nature,
promenade.
pregnant, preternatural,
supernatural.
mi1l-1re, to project - eminent, imminent, (v'GEN, to beget.)
prominent. (-v'M EN, to project.)
neet-ere (1Iex- ), to bind-annex, connect,
",,'flu-ere, to diminish, mi1l-or, less - ad- connexion.
minister, comminute, diminish, diminution, nega-re, to deny-abnegate, deny, negaminim, minish, minister, minor, minstrel, tion, renegade, runagate.
minuet, minus, minute, mistery.
noelre, to hurt - innocent, innocuous,
fIlir-us, wonderful-admire, marvel, mi- noxious, nuisance, obnoxious. (v'NEK,
racle, mirage, mirror; if. smile. (v'SMEI, to destroy.)
to wonder at.)
'tOllJe1l, a name-cognomen, denominate,
mise-ere, to mix-meddle, medley, mis- ignominy, nomenc1ator, nominal, nominate, noun, pronoun, renown; if. mmcellaneous, promiscuous; if. mix.
mitt-ere (miss- ), to send-admit, com- cupative; also name, onomatopceia, synmissary, commit, compromise, demise, onym, &c.
dimissory, dismiss, emit, immit, intermit, noseere (gnoseere, gnat-) , to get to
mass (2), mess (I), message, missal, missile, know - acquaint, cognisance, cognition,
mission, missive, omit, permit, premiss, connoisseur, ignoble, ignore, incognito,
premises, pretermit, promise, remit, sub- noble, notice, notify, notion, notorious,
mit, surmise. transmit.
quaint, recognise, reconnoitre. Cf. _ Gk.
mod-us, manner - accommodate, com- ...,.wJlal ; E. kin, &c. (v'GEN, GNO, to
modious, incommode, mode , model , know, get to know.)
moderate, modem, modest, modicum, nol-a, a mark - annotate, denote, notable,
modify, modulate, mood (l ), mould (2) ; notary, note.
if. meditate, mete. (v'MED, to measure. ) 'lOU -US, new - innovate, novel , novice,
mol-ere, to grind-mill, molar, mullet (2 ) ; renovate; if. neology, neophyte, neoteric ;
if. molest; also meal ( I). (v'MEL, to also new.
grind.)
nub-ere (nupt-) , to marry - connubial,
mol'ls, a heap-demolish, emolument. nuptial.
mole (3), molecule.
mlmer-us,anumber-enumerate,number,'
63 8

III.
numeral

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

numeration, numerous, supernumerar~. (.vNEM, to apportiou.)

nu.zti-us, a messenger-~noance, ~nunciation, denounce, euunclate, nuncIO,
pronounce, renounce:
.
niitri-re, to nounsh - nounsh, nurse,
nurture, nutriment, nutritious, nutritive.
owl-us, eye - binocnlar, inoculate, inveigle, monocnlar. ocular; if. ophthalmia, optics, canopy; eye. ("",OQ, to
see. ) See Gk. 61fT'1<6~; p. 64 6.
odi-um , hatred -annoy, ennui, noisome,
odium.
od-or, scent - olfactory, od our, redolent; if. osmium, ozone. ("",OD, to
smell. )
oft-are, to wish - adopt, optative, optimism, option; if. copious, copy, office,
opulent.
opus (ofer-), work - co-operate, inure,
opera, operate. ure, use (2) .
orb-is, a circle-exorbitant, orb, orbit_
ord-o (ordin-) , order- co-ordinate, extraordinary, inordinate, ordain, order, ordinal,
ordinance, ordinary, ordination, ordnance,
primordial, subordinate_
orr-ri, to rise - aborigines, abortion,
orient, origin_
orn-tire, to adorn - adorn, ornament,
ornate, suborn.
os (01'- ), the mouth-adore, ine. orable,
oracle, oral, oration, orator, orifice,
orison , osculate, peroration_
pac-ere, pac-isd (fact-), to agree ; pangere
(pact-), to fasten-appease, compact (I ),
compact ( 2), dispatch, impact, impinge,
pacify, page (2), pageant, pale ( I), palette,
palisade. pallet ( 2) , pay ( I), peace, peel
(3), pole ( I ), propagate, repay. ("",PAG,
PAK, to fasten .)
pann-us, a cloth - counterpane, pane,
panel, pannel, panicle.
fiir, equal-apparel, compeer, disparage,
disparity, pair, par, parity, peer ( I), prial,
umpire.
par-lire, to prepare-apparatus, com pare,
emperor,empire, imperative, imperial,parachute, parade, parapet, parasol, pare, parry,
prepare, rampart, repair (I), separate,
sever, several; if. sepal.
par-ere, to produce, fti t ere, to come to
sight-apparitor, appear, parent, parturient,
r epertory, transparent.
part-em, ace ., part-apart, apartment ,
apportion, compartment, depart, impart,
parcel, parse, part, partake, participate,
participle, particle, partisan (I), partition,

partner,
partee.

party, portion, proportion, re-

pasc-ere (pli-, past- ), to feed-pabulum,

pannage. pastel, pastern, pastille, l::astor,
pasture, pester, repast; if. feed , Odder,
food, foster. (.vPA, to feed .)"
fater ( fatr-i- ). [ather-expatriate, paternal, p:ttois, patrician, patrimony, patristic,
patron, pattern, repair (2) ; if. patriarch,
patriot, patronymic (from Gk. ) ; a/so
fath er.
fat -ere, to lie open, faud-ere , to spreadcompass, expand, pace, pass, passage, passport, pastime, patent, surpass, trespass;
if. paten . (.vPET, to spread ou!.)
fat-. (pass-), to suffer- compassion, compatible, passion, passive, patient.
f(lt~per, poor-impoverish, pauper, poor,
poverty; if. few .
feetus ( pector-), the breast-expectorate,
pectoral, peitrel (poitrel).
ped-em, acc_, foot-biped, expedite, impede, pawu (2), pedal, pedestal, ped estrian, pedicel, pedigree, pediment, piepowder, pioneer, quadruped; if. impeach; also tripod, tripos (Gk.); also foot,
fetter_
f ell-ere (puls- ), to drive - appeal, appellant, compel, dispel, expel, impel, mterpellation, peal, pelt ( I), propel, fulsate.
pulse ( I) , pursy, push, repeal, repe_
fel/-is , skin-peel (I), pelisse, pell, pellicle, pelt ( 2), pilch, pillion (1), plaid (1),
surplice; if. fell (2).
pend-ere (pem- ), to weigh, fetzd-ire, to
hang-append, compendious, compensate,
counterpoise, depend, dispense, expend,
impend, pansy, pendant, pending, pendulous, pendulum, pensile, pension, pensive,
penthouse , pentrnof, perpend icular, poise,
ponder, pound (I ) , prept!..se, preponderate,
propensity, recompence, spencer, spend,
suspend.
-peri-ri, to try - experience, expert, parlous, peril; if. pirate, pore (I); also fare,
ford. ("",PER , to fare. )
fet-ere , to fly, attack - appetite, competent, competitor, impetus, petition, petulant,
repeat ; a/so pen, pennon; if. feather.
(.vPET. to fly.)
fil-a, It ball- pellet, pile (I), piles,
pill ( I ), platoon; if. bullace (in Supplement , p. 66 2) .
pil-us, a hair-depilatory, periwig, permque, peruke, pile (3), plush, wig.
ping ere ( fict-), to paint- depict, paint,
picture, pigment, pimento, pint.

639

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

pi-us, holy - expiate, piacular, piety,

pious, pity_
plac-lre, to please-complacent, complaisant, placable, placid, plea, plead ,
please, pleasure_
plang-ere, to lament-complain, plaint,
plaintiff, plaintive.
pla'Jt-a, a plant - plant, plantain, planti.
grade, supplan t, transplant.
plall-us, lIat-esplanade, explain, pianofo rte. plain, plan, plane (1 ) , plane (2 ),
planisphere; if. placenta, plank.
plaltd-ere, to applaud - applaud, explode,
plaudit, plausible.
pli-nus, full, (com )pll-re, to fill-accomplish, complement, complete, compliance,
compliment, compline, comply, depletion,
expletive, implement, plenary, plenitude,
plenty, replenish, replete, supplement,
sUf.Ply; if. polygon; fulL (.vPLE, to
fil.)
plfe-are, to fold. pltct-ert ( plex-), to
plait-accomplice, apply, complex, complexion, complicate, complicity, deploy,
display, employ, .explicate, explicit, exploit, implicate. imply, perplex, plait,
pleach (plash), pleat. pliant, plight, ply,
reply, splay, supple, suppliant, supplicate;
hence also -pie in sim-ple, tri-ple, quadruple, -ble in dou-ble; if. simplicity. duplicate, treble, triplicity, &c.
plor-are, to weep-deplore, explore, implore.
:Ptf1,-ere (posit-), to place-apposite, component, composite, composition, compost,
compound, deponent, deposit, deposition ,
disposition, depot, exponent, exposition,
expound, imposition, impost, impostor,
interposition, juxtaposition, opponent, opposite, ponent, positive, post ( I), post (2 ) ,
postillion, postpone, posture, preposition,
proposition, propound, provost, purpose
(2), repository, supposition, transposition.
popul-us, people-depopulate, populace,
popular, public, publican, publication,
publish.
pori-are, to carry-comport, deport, disport, export, import, importable, port (I),
porter ( I), porter (3) , portesse (portous),
portfolio, portly, portmanteau, purport,
report, sport, support, transport.
pori-us, a harbour, pori-a, a gate-importune, opportune, porch, port ( 2), port
(3), port (.,.), portcullis, porte, porter (2),
portico.
pos-se ( pot-ent-) - posse, possible, potent,
power, puissant. (.vES, to exist.)

pOla-re, to drink - poison, potable, potation ; if. potion.

pree-ari, to pray -deprecate, imprecate,
precarious, pray. (.vPREK, to ask.)
prad-a, prey - depredation, predatory,
prey (see below ).
prehmd-ert, to seize-apprehend , apprentice, apprise, comprehend, r-omprise, emprise, enterprise, impregnable, imprese,
imprison, prehensile, prentice, prise (prize) ,
prison, prize ( I ), prize (3), reprehend, reprisal, surprise; if. get. (.vGHwED, to
sdze.)
p.em-ere (press-), to press - compress,
depress, express, impress, imprint, oppress,
print, repress, reprimand, sprain, suppress.
preti-um, price - appraise, appreciate,
depreciate, praise, precious, pnce, prize
( 2 ).

prim-us, first-premier, prim, prime ( I ),

prime ( 2), primero, primeval, primitive,
primogeniture, primrose, prince, principal,
principle; if. prior (1), prior (2 ) , pristine;
also first, fore, fonner.
priu-us, single - deprive, private, privilege,
privy.
frob-us, good - approbation, approve,
disprove, improve, probable, probation,
probe, probity, proof, prove, reprieve,
reprobate, reprove.
prop-e, near - approach, approximate,
propinquity, proximity, reproach.
propri-us, one's own - appropriate, impropriate, proper, property, propriety.
pugn--u.r, fist-impugn, oppugn, poniard,
pugnacious, repugnant; if. pugilism;
pygmy (Gk. ).
/UII-a (late L.), a hen-pool (2 ), poult,
poultry. pullet ; if. foal, filly.
pung-ere ( punct-), to prick - appoint,
compunction, counterpoint, expunge, poignant, point, pounce (I ), punch ( I ) , puncheon, puuctate, punctilio, punctual, punctuate, puncture, pungent, punt ( 2) ; if.
embonpoint.
pur-us, pure - expurgate, pour ,pure, purge,
purify, paritan, purity, spurge. (.vPEU,
to purify.) See put-us.
pus (pur-), matter-purulent, pus, suppurate; if. putrid ; foul. (.vpU, to stink. )
pUI-us, clear-account, amputate, compnte, count (2) , depute , discount, dispute,
impute, putative, recount, repute.
quar-ere (quasl-), to seek-acquire, conquer, conquest, disquisition, enquire, exquisite, inquest, inquire, inquisition, per-

6.,.0

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

quisite, query, quest, question, request, rupture, rut (1 ) ; if. loot, reave, rove, rob.
require.
.
(.vREUP, to tear, seize.)
qual-ere (quass-), to shake-concussIOn, sac-er (sacr- ), holy-consecrate, desecrate,
discuss, percussion, quash, rescue; if. execrate, sacerdotal, sacrament, sacrifice,
squash.
sacrilege, sacristan, sexton; if. saint, sancquatluor ( whence quadr-us), four-quad- tify, &c.
rangle, quadrant, quadrate, quadriennial, sal, salt - salad, salary, saline, salmaquadrilateral, quadrille, quadrillion, quad- gundi, salt-cellar, sauce, sausage, souse (1).
roon, quadruped, quadruple, quarnntine, sal-fre, to leap, spring forward-assail,
quarrel (2) , quarry (1), quart, quartan, assault, deaultory, exult, insult, redlient,
quarter, quartern, quartet, quarto, quater- result , salient, sally, saltire, saltation.
nary, quatrain, quire (I ), squad, squadron, sah~- :t s, safe -safe, sage ( 2) , salubrious,
. salutary, salute, salvage, salvation, salver,
square, squire (2) ; if. four.
quer-f, to lament - quarrel (1 ), quen- save.
sap-ere, to savour of, be wise-insipid,
mon.ious, querulous.
.
.
qmet-em, acc., rest-acqUiesce, aqUlt, coy, sage (1), sapid, sapience, savour.
quiet, quit, quittance, quite, requiem, re- sat-is, enough, sMur, full-assets, sate,
quite; if- while_
satiate, satire, satisfy, saturate, soil (3)rab-ere, to rave-rabid, rage.
scand-ere, to climb-ascend, condescend,
rad-ere, to scrape - abrade, erase, rascal, descend, escalade, scale (3), scan, scansion,
transcend; if. scandal, slander.
rase, rash (2), rasorial, razor.
radle-em, acc., a root-eradicate, race set-rlt, to know-ascititious, conscience,
( 3), radish, radix, rash (3); if. root, conscious, prescience, science, sciolist.
wort_
scrib-ere, tcil write - ascribe, circumscribe,
radi-us, a ray-irradiate, radiant, radius, conscript, describe, descry, inscribe, postray.
script, prescribe,proscribe, rescript, scribble,
rap-ere, to seize-rapacious, rapid,rapine, scrip ( 2), script, scripture, scrivener, subraptorial, rapture, ravage, raven ( 2), ra- scribe, superscription, transcribe.
vine, ravish; if. rape ( I).
sciit-um, a shie!d - escuage, escutcheon,
reg-ere, to rule-address, adroit, alert, esquire, scutage, scutcheon, scutiform.
correct, direct, dirge, dress, erect, escort, sec-are, to cut - bisect, dissect, insect,
insurgent, insurrection, interregnum, real intersect, scion, secant, section, segment,
(2), realm, rectangle, rectify, rectilineal, sickle, trisect; if. saw ( I ), scythe, sedge.
rectitude, regal, regent, regicide, regimen, (.vSEK, to cut. )
regiment, region, regnant, regular, reign, sed-ere, to sit - assess, assiduous, assize
resource, resurrection, royal, rule, sortie, ( I ), assize (2) , dissident, hostage, insidious,
source, surge, unruly; if. rajah, rich, right. possess, preside, reside, residue, sedate,
(.vREG, to rule.)
sedentary, sediment, see ( 2), sell ( 2),
re-rf (rat-), to suppose-arraign, rate (I), session, sizar, size ( I ), size (2 ), subside,
ratify, ratio, ration, reason.
subsidy, supersede, surcease; if. seat, set,
rid-ert:, to laugh - deride, ridiculous, settle (I), settle (2); also cathedral, chair,
risible.
chaise, polyhedron. (.vSED, to sit.)
rod-ere, to gnaw-corrode, erode, rodent, semen, seed-disseminate, seminal, semirostrum; if. rat (?).
nary_
rog-are, to ask - abrogate, derogate, in- sen/-frt (sens- ), to feel- assent, consent,
terrogate, prerogative, prorogue, rogation, dissent, presentiment, resent, scent, sense,
supererogation, surrogate.
sensual, sentence, sentiment.
rot-a, a wheel-comptroller, control, con- sequ-f (secUl- ), to follow (soci-us) -assolroiler, roll, rondeau, rotary, rotundity, ciate, consecutive, consequent, dissociate,
roue, rouleau, roulette, round, rounde!, ensue, execute, exequies, intrinsic, obseroundelay, rowel, rundlet (runlet).
quies, obsequious, persecute, prosecute,
rub-er, red-erubescent, rouge, rubicund, pursue, second, sect, sept, sequel, sequence,
rubric, ruby; if. russet; also red, ruddy, sequester, sociable, social, society, subsequent, sue, suit, suite_ (.vSEQ, to follow. )
rust. (.vREUDH, to be red.)
rump-ere (rupt-), to break-abrupt, cor- ser-trt:, to join -assert, concert, desert ( I ),
~upt, .disruption, cruption, interruption, dissertation, exert, insert, series, serried;
uruption, rote (1), rout (I ), route, routine, if. seraglio_

6.p

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

Jeru-us, a slave-conserve, desert

(~ ) ,

deserve, dessert. disservice, observe, preserve, reserve, reser.-oir, serf, sergeant,

servant, serve, service, servile, servitude,
subserve.
seiler-liS, serious - asseverate, persevere,
severe.
sign-urn, a sign-ancient (2 ), assign, consign , countersign, design, ensign, insignia,
resign, seal (1), sennet, sign, signal, signet,
signify.
simil-is, like, simul, together-assemble,
assimilate, dissemble, dissimilar, dissimulate, resemble, semblance, similar, simile,
similitl1de, simulate, simultaneous; if.
~ame.

solid.us, solid - consolidate, god a, soder

(solder) , soldier, solid, soliped, son.
solu-ere, to loosen - absolute, absolve,
assoil, dissolute, dissolve, resolute, resolve,
soluble, solution, solve.
sifl-us, alone - desolate, sole (3), soliloquy, solitary, solitude, solo, sullen.
Son-tIS, sound-assonant, consonant, dissonant, parson, person, resonant, resound,
sonata, sonnet, sonorous, sound, unison.
(-v'SWEN, to sound. )
sort-em, acc., lot-assort, consort, resort,
sorcery, sort.
sparg-ere (spars- ), to scatter - asperse,
disperse, intersperse, sparse.
spec-ere (speet-), to look - aspect, circumspect, conspicuous, despise, despite, especial, espy, expect, inspect, introspecti on,
perspective, perspicacity, perspicuous, prospect, respect, respite, retrospect , special,
species, specify, specimen, specious, spectacle, spectator, spectre, specular, speculate,
spice, spite, spy, suspect, suspicion, transpicuous; if. auspice, frontispiece .
sper, from spes, hope - despair, desperado,
de5perate, prosper.
sprr-are, to breathe-aspire, conspire,
expire, inspire, perspiration, respire, spiracle, spirit, sprightly, sprite, transpire.
spolld-ere (spom- ), to promise - correspond, despond, espouse, respond , sponsor,
spouse.
stagn-t411Z, a pool-stagnate,stanch, stank ,
tank.
stti-re (stat-, sist- ), to stand - arrest,
assist, circumstance, consist, constant, consti tute, contrast, cost, desist , destitute, distant, establish, estate, exist, extant, insist,
instance, institute, interstice, obstacle, obstetric, persist, press ( 2), prostitute, resist,
rest ( ~ ) , restitution, restive, stable (I ),

stable (2), stablish, stage, stamen, stamin,

stanza, state, station, statist, statue, stature.
status, statute, subsist, substance, substitute, superstition, transubstantiation; if.
statics,_ &c.; see Gk. 1(1T."I"'; p. 645.
( -v'ST A , to stnnd.)
-staw--are, to set up - restaurant, restore,
store, .tory (2).
stenz-ere (striit-), to strew-consternation,
prostrate, stratum, stray, street; if. strath,
straw, strew. (-v'STER, to strew.)
still-a, a drop-distil, instil, still (2 ),
still (3) .
-sting-It-ere (-stinct-), to prick -distinct,
distingnish, extingnish, instinct.
stip-tire, to press together - constipate,
costive, stevedore; if. stipend, stipulation.
striug-ere (strict-), to draw tight-astriction, astringent, constrain, distrain , distress, district, obstriction, restrain, strain,
strait, stre>s, stringent, strict; if. strike.
strlt-ere (struct-), to build up-construct,
construe, destroy, instrllct, instrument, obstruct, structure, supe rst ructure.
SUM-ere (stliis-) , to persuade - assuage,
dissuade, persuade, suasion, suave; if.
sweet.
sup-, as in sup-er, above - consummate,
soprano, sovereign, sum, summit, super-,
superior, supernal, supine, supra-, supreme,
sur- ( 2), sus-, suzerain .
tabula , a plank - entablature, table,
tableau, tabular, tabulate, tafferel.
tac-ere, to be silent-reticent, tacit.
talea (popular L. ) , a thin rod -detail,
entail, retail , tail ( 2), tnilor, tally ; if.
intaglio.
tang-ere (tag-, tact-) , to touch - attain,
attainder, attaint, contact, contagion, contaminate, contiguons, contingent, entire,
integer, redintegration, tact, tangent, tangible, task , taste , tax. (-v'TAG, to touch.)
teg-ere (tect-), to cover-detect, integument, protect, tegument, tile , toga; if.
thatch, deck, tight. (-v'STEG, to cover.)
temper-are, to regulate- attemper, distemper (1) , distemper ( 2) , !:tmper, temper.
temp-us (temp-or-) , time - contemporaneous, contemporary, extempore, tempest,
temporal, tense ( I \.
tntd-ere, to extend - attend, contend, distend, extend. intend, intense, intent,
ostensible, ostentation, portend, pretend,
subtend, superintendent, tend ( 1 \, tend
( 2), tender (2 ), tender (3), tendon , tense
( l ), tension, tent ( I), tent (4), tenter,
toise. (T EN. to stretch .)

1i42

III.

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

to hold-abstain, appertain, ap- tertian, tierce, treble, trental, trey, triangle,

purtenance, attempt, contain, content, con- tricentenary, tricolor, &c., trillion, trinity,
tinent, continue, continuou~ , c.ounte~ance, trio, triple, triplicate, trireme, triumvir,
countertenor, detain , entertam, Impertment, trivet, trivial; if. triad, tribrach, triglyph,
obtain , pertain, pertinacity, pertinent, pur- trigonometry, trihedron, tripod, tripos
tenance, rein , retain , retinue, sustain, (Gk.); perhaps tress, tressure; if. three.
tempt, tenable, tenacious, tenacity, tenant , t,-;bu-s, a tribe - attribute, contribute,
tenement, tenet, tenon , tenor, tent ( 2), ten- distribute, retribution, tribe, tribune,
taele, tentative, tenure; cj. tend, lieu- tribute.
tl"tl-ere , to thmst - abstmse, detrude,
tenant, maintain.
te1/.f~ -is,
thin - attenuate, extenuate, extrude, intrude, obtrude, protrude; if.
tenuity; if. thin . (.v TEN, to stretch.)
thmst. (.vTREUD, to thrust.)
ter-ere (trit-), to rub- attrition, contrite, tu-lri (Iu;t-, ti4t-), to protect - intuition,
detriment, tribulation, trite, triturate; if. tuition, tutelage, tutelar, tutor.
try. (.vTER, to bore.)
tum-ire, to swell-intumescence, tnmefy,
ter11li~us, end-determine, exterminate, tumid, tumult, tumulus; if. tuber, thumb.
term, termination, terminus.
(.vTEU, to swell.)
terr-a, earth- inter, parterre, subterranean, tund-ere (tiis-), to beat- contuse, obtuse,
terrace, terreen (tureen), terrene, terres- pierce (1). (.vTEUD, Teut. STEUT, to
trial, terrier (I), terrier ( 2), territory; if. beat.)
torrid, thirst. See torr-ire.
turb-a, a crowd-disturb, perturb, turbid,
terr-lre, to scare-deter, terrible, terrific, turbulent.
tllI1"ii, beyond - antepenultima, outrage,
terror.
test-is, a witness-attest, contest, detest, penultima, ulterior, ultimate, ultramarine,
intestate, protest, testament, testify, testi- ultramontane, ultramundane, utterance (2 ).
mony.
umbr-a, shade - adumbrate, umbel,
tex-ere, to weave - context, pretext, umber, umbrage, umbrella.
subtle, text, textile, texture, tissue, toil und-a, a wave-abound, abundance, in(2), toilet. (.vTEK-S, from TEK, to undation, redound, redundance, supercut out.)
abound, surround, undulate; if. hydrogen ,
tim-ire, to fear - intimidate, timid, hydra; water, wet, otter. ("",,WED, to be
timorous.
wet.)
ling-ere (tinct-), to dye - distain, stain, tmg-ere (unct- ), to anoint - anoint, ointtaiut , tent (3), tincture, tinge, tint.
ment, unction, unctuous, unguent.
toll-ere (Iiit- ), to lift - ablative, collation, ttn-tls, one - annul, null, onion, unanicorrelate, delay, dilate, elate, extol, oblate, mous, unicorn, uniform , union (I), union
oblation, prelate, prolate, relate, super- (2) , unique, unison, unit, unite, unity,
lative, translate ; if. emblements, legislator, universal, univocal.
tolerate; also atlas, talent, tantalise; thole. iiI-i ( ltS-) , to use-abuse, peruse, use,
(.v TEL, to endure.)
llsurp, usury, utensil, utilise, utility.
tont-US, a lathe - attorney, contour,
(U=1V.) uad-ere (lIIis-), to go-evade,
detour. return, tour, tournament, tourney, evasion, invade, pervade; if. wade.
tonrniquet, turn, turnpike. (Borr01Ved \ .vWADH, to go.)
from Gk. TOpI'OS; from .vTER, to bore. )
uag-iiri, to wander-extravagant, vagatorqu-lre (tort-), to twist- contort, dis- bond, vagary, vague.
tort, extort, retort, torch, torment, tor- ttal-ire, to be strong-avail, convalesce,
mentil, torque, torsion, tortoise, tortuous, countervail, prevail, vail (3), valediction,
torture; if. tart (2 ).
valentine, valerian, valetudinary, valiant,
torr-ere (tost-), to dry up-toast, torrent, valid, valour, value.
torrid ; if. thirst. (.vTERS, to be dry. )
ual/-is, a valley - avalanche, vail (2),
lrak-ere (trad-) , to draw-abstract, at- vale, valley.
tract, contract, detract, distract, entreat, uiilt us, vain- evanescent, vain, vanish,
estreat, extract, portrait, pourtray, protract, vanity, vaunt.
retract, retreat, subtract, trace, tract, tract- uap-or, vapour-evaporate, vapour: if.
able, trail (1), train, trait, treat, treatise, vapid.
tta,rt'-us, v~rious-meniver, vair, variegate,
treaty.
IrEs (Iri-, ler.), three - tercel, ternary, vanety, vanous, vary.
le1Z-1re,

6.3

Ill.

SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS

uar-us. crooked (whence udrie-) - divaricate. prevaricate. varicose.

uas, a vessel-extravasate. vascular. vase.
vessel.
uelHre (ueel- ). to carry - convex. inveigh. vehement. vehicle. vex; if. reveal.
veil, vein. venesection; also wag, waggon.
wain. way. weigh. wey. (.vWEGH, to
carry.)
uell-ere (uuls-). to pluck - convulse.
revulsion.
uend-ere. to sell - vend, vent (2); if.
venal. l1lDO, to give.)
uen-ire luent-). to come-advent. adventure. avenue. contravene, convene. convenient. convent, convention. covenant.
covin. event. intervene, invent, parvenu.
prevent, revenue. saunter, souvenir, supervene, venture, venew; if. come; see Gk.
PaWfl"; p.645. (1IGwEM, to go, come.)
uerb-um, a word-adverb, proverb, verb,
verbal, verbiage ; ef. word.
uerg-ere, to incline-converge, diverge,
verge.
uert-ere (uers-), to tum-adverse, advert,
advertise, avert, controversy, converse, convert, divers, diverse, divert, divorce, inverse,
invert, obverse, pervert, prose, reverse,
revert, subvert, transverse, traverse, verse,
versify, version, vertebra, vertex, vertigo,
vortex; if. verst. worth (2), weird.
C1IWERT, to become.)
ulr-us, true - aver, veracious, verdict.
verify, verisimilitude, verity, very.
uest-is, clothing-divest, invest, travesty,
vest, vestment, vestry, vesture; if. wear
(J). (1IWES, to clothe.)
uel-us (ueter- ), old-inveterate, veteran,
veterinary ; if. wether.

uia. a way-convey, convoy, deviate, devious, envoy, impervious, invoice, obviate,

obvious, pervious, previous, viaduct, voyage. See ue4ere. (.vWEGH. to carry.)
uiti-lre (uis-) , to see-advice, advise,
envy, evident, improvise, invidious, provide,
proviso, prudent, purvey, purview, review,
revise, revisit, supervise, survey, videlicet~
view, visage, visard, visible. vision, visit,
vi~r, vista, visual; if. w~ wiseacre,
WIt (2), wot; aNI Gk_ 13fUf; p. 645.
(1IWEID, to see.)
u;g-il, wakeful (lIig.qr), -invigorate, reveille. surveillance, vigil, vigour; if. wake.
(.vWEG, to wake.)
uinc-ere (uict-) , to conquer-convince,
evict, evince, invincible, vanquish, victor.
uiriti-is, green - farthingale, verdant, verdigris, verjuice, vert, viridity.
uiu-en (uiet-), to live-convivial, revive,
survive, viands, victuals, vital, vivacity,
vivid, vivify, viviparous, vivisection; if.
viper, _ wyvem ; also quick, biology.
C.vGwIW, to live.)
uol-o, I wish, uti-ie, to will- volition,
voluntary, voluptuous.
uo/u-ere (uolut- ), to roll-circumvolve,
convolve, devolve, evolve, involve, revolt,
revolve, vault (I ), vault (2), voluble,
volume, volute; if. helix. (1IWEL, to
wind, tum, roll.)
uou-l n (uot- ), to vow-devote, devout,
vote, vow.
uox (uoc-), voice, uoc-are, to cal1- advocate, advowson, avocation, avouch, convoke, evoke, invocation, invoke, provoke,
revoke, vocable, vocal, vocation, vociferation, voice, vouch, vouchsafe, vowel; if.
epic. (1IWEQ, to speak.)

SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS

T he following list contains the principal Greek words that appear in compounds or
in several derivatives. Such as have produced but few derivatives, or are of but
little interest, are excluded.

a'Y-fl", to drive - agony, antagonist, axiom;

epact, paragoge, stratagem, strategy; dem- ,
ped-, syn-agogne. Cf. L. agere ; p. 632.
(.vAG, to drive.)
alp-fl", to take - aphreresis, direresis,
heresy, heretic, synreresis.

alu9<iv-opGl, I perceive - aesthetic, anaesthe-

tic.

a,,, as in Cut-Pt, a point, a,,-pos, pointed

- acacia, acme, aconite, acrobat, acropolis,
acrostic. See L_ ac-; p. 632. (11AK, to
pierce. )

644

III.

SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS

ID-os, other - allopathy, parallax, par

allel, farallelogram. cr. L . alius; p.63 2
dpx-7J, a beginning-anarchy, arch-, arch,
archaeology, archaic, archetype, archi
pelago, architect, architrave, archives,
heptarchy, hierarchy, monarch, oligarchy,
patriarch, tetrarch.
dl1-riJp, a star- aster, asterisk, asteroid,
astrology, astronomy; if. disaster.
/3at ..-.", (/3a-) , to go, come - base (2),
basis, diabetes. Cf. L. umire, E . come.
(.,{GwEM, to come.)
/3a~-.w , to cast (/3.>..-, /30>"-) - belemnite,
devil, diabolic, emblem, embolism, hyperbole, palaver, parable, parabola, parley,
parliament, parlour, parole, problem,
symbol.
/3lo-s, life-amphibious, biography, biology. ('V'GwIW, to live.)
/3ofl/3-or, a humming - bomb, bombard ,
bound (1), bum per; if. boom (I).
/3vpa-"I, a hide - bursar, disburse , purse,
reimburse; if. sporran.
'Yafl-os, marriage - bigamy, cryptogamia,
monogamy, polygamy.
'Yw, as in 'Y'''-os, race - endogen, exogen, genealogy, genesis; if. cosmogony.
('V'GEN, to beget.)
earth-apogee, geography, geometry,
georgic, perigee ; if. ogee.
'Y>"Wl1II-O ('Y>"0J1"T-), the tongue - epiglottis,
gloss (2), ~lossary, glossographer, glottis,
gloze; also bugloss, polyglot.
-y.-W-VOI, to know - diagnosis, gnome,
gnomon, gnostic, prognostic. _ Cf. 1:.. noscere; p.638. ('V'GEN, GNO, to know.)
'Yptl</>-.... , to write, 'Yptlfl-flO, a letterautograph, digraph, lithograph, paragraph,
photograph; -graphy (as in biography,
&c.) ; graphic, graft; anagram, diagram,
epigram, glamour, gramarye, grammar,
grammatical, programme, telegram. Cf.
E. carve. (.,{GREBH, to carve.)
3'PfI-a, skin-derm, epidermis, pachydermatous. cr. E. tear ( I) . C-v'DER, to Bay.)
00-, cf. 31-&-1", I give - anecdote, antidote, dose. Cf. L . do, I give. ('V'DO,
to give.)
~3p4, a seat-cathedral, chair, chaise;
octahedron, polyhedron, tetrahedron. cr.
L. sedh-e, E. sit. C'V'SED, to sit.)
- In-ov (on -), work - energy, exergne,
organ, orgies; lito, metallo, the-urgy; if.
work. ('V'WERG, to- work.)
IX-'''' (OX-, IIX"I-), to hold-epoch, hectic,
Hector, scheme. ('V'SEGH, to endure,
hold in.)

n,

fj>"I-OS, sun - aphelion, heliacal, heliotrope,

parhelion, perihel ion.
IIfao-flat, I see - amphitheatre, theatre,
theorem, theory.
IIf-fIO, a theme, II,II-Is, a thesis, TI-II"1-fll,
I place-anathema, antithesis, apothecary,
epithet, hypothec, hypothesis, metathesis,
parenthesis, synthesis, theme, thesa!!rus,
thesis, treasure. Cf. E. do. C.,{DHE, to
put, place.)
IIf-os, a god-apotheosis, atheism, enthusiasm , pantheon , polytheism, theism,
theocracy, theogony, theology, thenrgy.
13-./v (fI3- ), to see - idea, idol, idyll; cj.
wit. ('V' WEID, to see.)
131O-S, own-idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot.
Tl1Trl"1" (IITa- ), I stand-apostasy, apostate,
ecstasy, hypostasis, imp ~sthume, statics,
system; if. stand. ('V'STA , to stand.)
Kol-fw (KOV-l1Q1) , to burn - caustic, cauterise, encaustic, h olocaust, ink.
KaAv[, a cup- calyx. See L. c1!tire ; p. 633.
KfjJ.tOI, I lie down - cemetery , coma.
('V'KEI , to lie.)
KE>">""V, to d rive - bucolic, pole (2),
cylinder; if. accelerate, celerity. C.,(QEL,
to drive. )
K'VTP O.. , a spike, goad - centre, centnfugal, centripetal, concentric, eccentric.
KA.I-vfI .. , to lean, slope - anticlim ax,
climacter, climate, climax, clime, cl inical,
enclitic ; if. lean ( I i, low (3). See L.
cliuus; p. 634. (.,{KLEI, to lean.)
Ko>"a</>os, a blow - cope ( 2), coppice,
copse, coupon, recoup.
Kp4T-VS, strong - aristo-cracy, auto-,demo-,
theo-cracy; cJ. hard.
KpI- ...... , to judge - crisis, criterion, critic,
diacritic, hypocrisy. See L. cernere; p.633
KPVffT-fl", to hide - apocrypha, crypt,
cryptogamia, cryptogram, grot, grotesque,
grotto.
)..0fl/3a..-fl .. ()..o/3-, )"7JI{I-) , to seize-catalepsy, epilepsy, syllable; dilemma, lemma.
)..O-y-os, a saying, >"/-y-fW, to speak -analogy, apologue, apology, catalogue, decalogne, dialect, dialogne, eclectic, eclogue,
epilogne, eulogy, lexicon, logarithm, logic,
monologue, prologne, syllogism; also
-logy, as in astro-logy, &c. ('V'LEG,
to collect.) See L. legue; p. 637.
flfTp-0", a meaaure- di ameter, metre, perimeter, symmetry ; _if. baro-meter, chronometer, &c. ('V'ME, ME, to measure.)
pOll-OS, single-minster, monad, monarch,
monastery, monk, monochord, monopoly,
mono-.

III.

SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS

""j.I-O''', to assign -nemesis, nomad, nu- TAij-"a" to suffe r, endure-atlas, tantalise,

mismatic ; astro -nomy, eco-nomy, &c. tale,!t ; if. L. tol/ere; p. 643. (.vTEL,
TLE, to endure.)
(.vNEM, to apportion, take.)
oo-or, a way -episode, method, period,
TOj.l-Or , II section- anatomy , atom, entosynod.
mology, epitome, tome ; if. litho-tomy,
;;(-.. " ( a~ ) , to smell-osmium, ozone ; phlebo-tomy; also contemplate, temple.
if. odour. (.vOD, to smell.)
CVTEM, to cut.)
(JVoj.la, a name - anonymous, homonyTOV-OS, a tone - attune, barytone, diatonic,
mous, metonymy, onomatopeeia, parony- intone, monotonous, oxytone, tone, tonic,
mous, patronymic, pseudonym, synonym ; tune; if. hypo-ten use.
(.vTEN, to
if. noun, name. See L. Mllle1Z; p. 638. stretch.) See L. tmdere ; p.643.
at-u-r , sharp - oxalis, oxide, oxygen, TOPV-OS, a tool to draw circles with; see
oxymel, oxytone, paroxysm.
tonzus in the list of Latin primitives;
aTrT'K-Or, visual- catoptric, dioptric, optic; p.643. C.vTER, to bore. )
if. a utopsy, ophthalmia, synopsis; also Tpo1T-or, a turn - trope, trophy, tropic;
ocular. See L. oculus; p. 639. (.vOQ, also contrive, retrieve, troubadour, trover.
to see.)
TU"-OS, a blow-antitype, archetype, ste1T<i9-or, suffering-antipathy, apathy, pa- reotype, timbrel, tympanum, type.
thos, sy mpathy; allo-, homeeo.pathy.
vO-OJP, water-dropsy, hydra, hydrangea,
1Tauu-, r , a pause -pause, pose ( I ) ; whence hydraulic, hydro-, hydropsy; if. water,
appose, compose, decompose, depose, dis- otter. C.vWED, to wet.)
pose, expose, impose, interpose, oppose, rpal,,-o,v (</>av- ) , to shew - diaphanous,
pose ( 2) , propose, purpose (I), repose, epiphany, fancy, fantastic, fantasy, phansu ppose, transpose; also puzzle.
tom, phenomenon; if. hiero-phant, sycolIETp-or, stone, 1TETP-a., rock -petrel, pet- phant.
rify, petroleum, pier, samphire.
rpEP-O'" (rpOp-) , to bear-diaphoretic, meta1TO'V-~ , a penalty - impunity, pain, penal, phor, periphery, phosphorus.
C.vEHER,
penance, penitent, pine (2), punch (2), to bear.)
punish, repent, repine, subpcena. (.vQEI, </>A'1-o,v, to burn-phlegm, phlox; if.
to appraise, fine, pay.)
flagrant. C.vBHLEG, to burn.)
"1I(ir, a box-pyx, bush (2), bushel. See </>v-o"', to produce - physic, physiology,
L. bllxlIS; p. 632.
physiognomy; neo-phyte, zoo-phyte; imp.
1TUP, fire - bolt ( 2) , bureau, empyrean, (.vBHEU, to become.)
pelleter, pellitory (2 ) , pyre, pyrit(S, pyro- rpQJJI-r" sound - anthem, antiphon, eutechnic; if. fire.
phony, phonetic, symphony, telephone; cf
PE-O'" (pOII- l, to flow - catarrh, diarrheea , blame, blaspheme, euphemism, prophet.
rhellm, rheumatism, rhythm, rime ( 1) or (.vBRA, to speak.) Cf. L.j'tiri; p. 635.
rhyme; if. stream. (.vSREU, to flow; XaPT-'1, a leaf of paper - card, carte,
Tellt. root STREU.)
cartel, cartoon , cartouche, cartridge, carOKETrTO-j.la, ( OK01T- ), I consider - bishop, tulary, chart, charter, ecarte.
episcopal, sceptic, scope, stereoscope, tele- XE-O"', 'to pour -chyle, chyme; if. alscope, &c.
chemy. (.vGHEU, to pour ) Cf. L.fimdo,!<ip-o", (01TOp-, U1T0p-) , to sow - sperm, ere; p. 636.
XpOv-os , time - anachronism, chronicle,
spore, sporadic. (.vSPER, to scatter.)
UTf).,).,-ELV (OTOA-), to scnd - apostle, dia- chronology, chronometer, isochronous, gynchronism.
stole, epistle, stole. systole.
OTI'Erp-ftV (UTPOrp- ) , to turn - antistrophe, <po ~ , a song - epode, monody, ode, pal inapostrophe, catastrophe, strophe.
ode, parody, prosody. (.vW EID, to cry
TaUU-ELV (TaKT-, Tat- ) , to arrange-syntax, out.)
tactics, taxidermy.

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS ACCORDING

TO THE LANGUAGES FROM WHICH
THEY ARE DERIVED
THE Dictionary ~hews from what language each wora is derived, as far as its
etymology is at present ascertained. The largest classes of words are the following.
1. Worns of purely ENG LISH origin. most of which are found in Anglo-Saxon, or
in Old Friesian. or are words of imitative origin.
2. Words of SCANDINAVIAN or OLD DANISH origin, due to the frequent
incursions of the Danes, many of whom permanently settled in England. Their speech
was closely allied to the oldest English as represented by Anglo-Saxon.
3. Words of CELTIC origin, few of which can be due to the ancient Britons.
Most of the words in this class have been borrowed from Welsh, Gaelic, or Irish
in comparatively modem times.
4. Words of LATIN origin; borrowed (1) from Latin directly; (2) through the
medium of F rench. Both these classes of words are very large. Here also may be
included words of Late Latin origin, chiefly borrowed from the debased or rustic
Latin, which employed wONs not to be found in the best classical authors.
5. Words of GREEK origin; borrowed (I) from Greek directly; ( 2) through the
medium of Latin; (3) through the medium of Latin. and afterwards of French;
(4) through the medium of French (the word not being used in Latin).
6. HYBRID WORDS, made up from two different languages. Such a word is
bankrupt, bank being of Teutonic, but -ropt of Latin origin. Words of this character
are rather numerous, but their component parts are, in most cases, easilya.counted
for.
Words strictly belonging to the above classes are numerous, and will not be further
noticed here. lIut there are also other smaller classes of words which are here brought
particularly under the reader's notice.
Before proceeding to ennmerate these at p. 655, a few remarks upon some of the
classes already mentioned may be useful.
I.

ENGLISH.

Among these we must include :

Place-names: canter, carronade, dunce,

Also a word that seems to have been
galloway, jersey, kersey. Persollal names: originally English, and to have been rekit-cat, negus, pinchbeck, shaddock, sheap- borrowed.
nel.
PDrluguesefrom EIIglish. : dodo (?).
2. Among SCANDINAVIAN WORDS we must also include the following:
let/andit : geysir.
brasier (brazier), breeze (3), equip, flounSwedish. : dahlia, gantlet (gantlope), der ( 2), gable, gallop, gauntlet. gawky,
alag. sloid, trap (3). tungsten, weld (I).
jib (3), jolly, locket. Norman, pocket.
Genna" from Swedish.: nickel.
rivet, slot (2) , strife, strive, waif, waive,
Danish.: floe, jib (1 ), jib ( 2).
wicket.
Norwegian : lemming (leming).
Dutch from Scandinavioll: doit, furFrencn from Scatulinavion: abet, bag- lough, walrus.
gage, barbed, bet, bondage, brandish,
Russiallfrom Swedish.: knout.

3. Among CELTIC WORDS we may also include the following:

Welsh. : bragget. coracle, cromlech, 1 Gaelic:
airt, capercailzie, cateran,
crowd (2), eisteddfod, flannel , flummery, clach:m, clan, claymore, coronach, corrie,
mag&ot, metheglin (of L. on'gin; p. 663). duniwassal, fillibeg (philibeg) . gillie, inch

647

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

(2 ), loch, mackintosh, ptarmigan, reel ( 2),
slogan, spleuchan, whisky.
Irish: colleen, culdee, gallow-glass,
kern ( 1) fir keme, lough, mavourneen,
orrery, rapparee, skain (skene), shanty,
shillelagh, spalpeen, tanist, Tory, usquebaugh.
Conzish : wheal (2).
Breton : dowlas.
Latinfrom Celtic: punt ( I ).
Frenchfro"l Celtic (or Breto1t) : beak,
bijou, bilge, bound (2) , bourn ( I ), bracket,
brail, bray (2), budget, bulge, car, cark,
career, carpenter, carry, carriage, charge,
chariot, cloak (cloke), dolmen, garter,

gobbet, gobble (Ulilll E . suffix), gravel,

javelin, lay (2 ), lock ra m, mavis, mien,
mine (2 ), mutton, petty, piece, quay,
truant, valet, varlet, vassal.
Spanish from Cellic: cargo, galliard,
garrote (garrotte).
Italian from C;eltic: caricature.
French from Iialian from Celtic: ca
roche.
Frmch from Latilt from Celtic: am
bassador, barge, bark ( I ), embassy, feuterer, league ( 2), marl, palfrey, pontoon.

Frm ch from

German from Celtic:

rote (2).

-4. Among LA TIN WORDS we may also mclude the following:

Late Lati,t from French from Lali1l : capriole, caress, carnival, cascade, cavalcrenellate.

cade, cavalier, cavalry , citadel, colonel,

Iialian from French from Lalill : oboe. colonnade, compm1ment, compliment, conSpa1tish from French f rom Lalitl: pla- cert, contonr, corridor, corsair, cortege,
tina.

costume, countertenor, courier, courtesan,

Dulch from Frmch from Lalitt: bnoy, cuirass, custard, disgrace, dome, douche,
r!lshier, commodore, domineer, excise, foy, ducat, esc0l1, esplanade, fa~ade, faggot (?),
quirk.
falchion, favourite, festoon, filigree, florin ,
PrMJenrai from Latin: battledoor.
fracas, fugue, gabion, galligaskins, gambit,
French from PrMJetlfal from Latin: gambol, gelatine, imprese, improvise, inbadinage, fad, fig, radish. Also, from carnadine, infantry, junket, lavender, luteSouthern French : cabin, cabinet, funnel, string, macaroon, manage, manege, marmot,
noose, puncheon (I), puncheon (2 ), tulle . mizen (mizzen), model, mole (3), motet,
Spanish from PrMJetlfal from Latin: mu:iket, niche, ortolan, paladin, palette,
flamingo.
pallet (2), parapet, partisan (I) , pastel,
Italian from Latin: accordion, peruke, pilaster, pinnace, piston, pivot,
allegro, alto, antic, askance, attitude, poltroon, pomade (pommade), populace,
belladonna, breve, broccoli, canto, canzo- porcelain, post (2), postillion, redoubt,
net, Caper (I ), casino, catacomb, cicerone, reprisal, revolt, rocket (2), salad, sallet,
comply, contralto, cupoln, curvet, dado, salmagundi, saveloy (cervelas), sentinel ?,
dilettante, ditto, doge, donna, duel, duet, sentry?, serenade, somersault (somerset),
ferret (2), forte, gmnite, gurgle, incognito, sonnet, spinet, squad, squadron, termagant,
inRuenza, infuriate, intaglio, isolate, la- terrace, tramontane, ultramontane, umber,
goon (Iagune), lava, league ( I ), levant, vault (2), vedette (vidette).
Dutch or Low German from French
macaroni (maccaroni), madonna, manifesto, maraschino, Martello tower, mezzo from Italian from Latin : m onkey.
tin to, miniature, motto, nuncio, opera,
German from Italian from Latin:
pediment, pianoforte, piano, pilgrim, por- barouche.
Spanish from Latin : alligator,
tico, p rofile, {lunch (-4), punchinello, quartet (quartette), quota, semolina, seraglio, ambuscade, armada, armadillo, booby,
signor (signior) , size (2 ), soda, solo, so- brocade, capsize, carbonado, cask, casket,
nata, soprano, stanza, stiletto, travertine, chinchilla, cork, corral, corregirlor, cortes,
trio, tufa, umbrella, velvet, vermicelli, desperado , disembogue, dispatch, don ( 2),
virtuoso, vista, volcano.
duenna, firm (2), fun ambulist, grandee,
Frmch from Italia1t from Latitt: acco- hacienda, hidalgo,junta, junto, lasso, I\ano,
lade, alarm (alarum), alert, apartment, mallecho, matador, merino, mosquito
arcade, artisan, battalion, bulletin, bnr- (musquito), mustang, negro, olio, ombre,
lesque, cab ( I), cabbage (2 ), cabriolet, peccadillo, picador, primero, puncti lio,
cadence, camp, campaign, cape (2 ), cap rice, quadroon, real ( 2), ren egade (renegarlo),

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

salver, sherry, sierra, siesta, s.ombrero,
stevedore, tent (3), tornado, vamlla.
Portuguae from SPanish fro,n Latin:
verandah.
French from Spanish from Latin: calenture, capstan, casque, comrade, creole,
doubloon, dulcimer, escalade, farthingale
(fardingale), grenade, jade (2), jonquil,
manchineel, parade, petronel, punt (2),
quadrille, risk, sassafras, spaniel.
Portuguese from Latin: auto-da-fe,
nyah, binnacle, caste, cobra, joss, junk (2 ),
lingo, madeira, moidore, molasses, pimen.
to, port (4), tank.
Fre1uh from Portuguese f,.om Lati1t:
corvette, fetich (fetish), parasol.
Dutch from Portuguese from Latin:
kraal.
Dutch from Latin: anker, bung,
cant (2 ), cornel, cruise, easel, pink (2),
tafferel (taffrail).
Scandillavianf,.om English f,.om Latin:
kindle.
German from Latin: drilling.
French from High Cerman f,,01/~ Latin:
baldric, coif, fife, pitcher, spurrey, waste.

Scalldinavianf,.om Latin: bush (1).

Russia.,from Teutonic from Latin: czar.
F,.e1uh f,.om Portuguese from Arabic
f,.om C,.eek f,.om Latin: apricot.
F,.ench/rom SPat~ishfrom A,.abicf,.om
Latin: quintal.
Late Latin: baboon, barrister, campanula, cap, capital (3), cope ( 1), edible,
elongate, elucidate, fine (2), flask, grate ( I),
hoax, hocus pocus, implement, indent (I ).
intimidate, pageant, plenary, proxy; a1td
perhaps ot/urs.
F,.mch f,.om Late Lati1' : ambush,
ballet, bar, barbican, bargain, base (1),
bassoon, bittern, bnrden (2), burl, cape (1).
dominion, felon?, ferret (I), festival, flagon,
flavour, frock, funeral, gauge (gage ), gouge,
hutch, oleander.
Freltchfrom p,.ovenralfrom Late Lath, :
ballad.
French from italian from Late Latin :
basement, canton, capuchin.
F,.mch f,.om Spanish f,.om Late Lati" :
caparison.
Ce,.man f,.om Hungaria1' f,.01ll Servian
f,.om Late Creek from Latin: hllssar.

5. Among GREEK WORDS we must also include the following:

Latin from Greek: abyss, acacia,

ailegory, alms, amaranth, amethyst, &c.,
&c.
Late Latin f,.om C,.eek: bursar, cartlllary,catapult, chamomile (camomile), hulk,
imp, intoxicate, ma.,onesia, pericranium, &c.
Italian f,.om Latit, from Creek: biretta,
grotto, madrigal, orris, piazza, torso.
French from Italian from Latin from
Creek: agate, air ( 2), baluster, I>alustrade,
cannon, canopy, espalier, grotesque, medal,
mosaic, piastre.
Dutch from Italian from Latin from
C,.eek: sketch.
Spanish from Latin from C,.eek: melocotone, morris, pellitory ( 2), sambo, savanna
(savannah), silo, spade (2).
F1'ench f,.om Spanish from Latin from
C,.eek: castanets, cochineal, rumb (rhumb).
Po,.tugllese f,.om Latin f,.om Creek:
buffalo, palaver.
Fre1u l, f,.om Portuguese from Latitt
from Creek: marmalade.
Provetl fal from Latin from C,.eek : trou.
badour.
Sca1tdinavian from Latin from Creek :
beaker.
Dutchfrom Latinf,.om Creek: bush (2).

French from German fron, Latin from

Greek: chamberlain, petrel (peterel).
Celtic from Latitt from Creek: sporran,
spunk.
Pre1uh f,.om Late Latitt from (;reek:
acolyte, anchoret (anchorite) , apoplexy,
apostasy, apothecary, bombast, bottle (I),
butler, buttery, bushel, calender ( I), calm,
card (1), carte, cauterise, celandine, chronicle, clergy, c1imacter, .climate, clinical,
dredge (2), embrocation, fleam, galoche,
gash, germander, liturgy, lobe, mangoncl,
patriot, policy.
Dutcn from Late Latin from Greek:
mangle (2).
Italian from Greek: archipelago,
banjo, barytone, gondola, scope.
Fre/un from Italian f,.om Creek :
cartel, cartridge (cartouche), emery, gulf,
mandolin, manganese, moustache (mustache), pantaloon (1), pantaloons, pedant?,
pilot.
Frcnclt /I'om Spa1lish from C,.eek: paragon.
}ire/un from Creek: acrobat, catalogue, mandrel (?), ophicleide, stearine,
steatite, stiFatise.
Frencn from Ce,.ma" from Creek : sabre?

IV.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

Scfllflli1l4'Vian from English from Greek:

Frmeh from Spanish frM1I A robie from
kirk.
Greek: alembic, limbeck.
Arabic from Greek: elixir, tyFrmck from Arabic from Greek: alphoon.
chemy.
Spanisk from Arabic from Greek: talisFrenck from Italian from Arabic from
man, tanagon.
Greek: carat.
Pmuguese f rom Spanisk from Arabic
Hebre'W from Greek : sanhedrim.
from Greek: albatross.
Turkish from GreeR; effendi.
6. Words of HYBRID origin cannot very well be classed, from the natnre of
the case. To the above six classes we may add these following.
7. Words of LOW GERMAN origin. The following words I call 'Old Low
German' for want of a better name. Many of them may be truly English , but are
not to be found in Anglo-Saxon. Some may be Friesic. Others may yet be found
in Anglo-Saxon. Others were probably borrowed from the Netherlands at an early
period, but it is difficult to assign the date. The list will require future revision, when
the history of some at least may be more definitely settled.
askew, bought, bout, brake (I), bully,
cranberry, cringle, fib, fob, frampold,
fraught, hawk (2), hawker, huckaback,
huckster, kit (I), knurr (knnr), lazy, loon
(I) (lown), mate ( I), minx, mum, nick (I),
nock, pamper, plnmp ?, poll, prowl, queer,
rabbit, rabble, rantipole, rill, skew, slight,
toot (2), tuck ( I ), twill.
Frmckfrom Old Low German: border,
butty, chuck (1), dace, dare (2), dart,
filter, fur, garment, garnish, garrison,
goffer, growl, gruel, guard, guile, hackbut,

hamlet, heinous, lampoon, loop-hole ?,

massacre?, mute (2), pledge, poach ( I) ?,
pottage, pottle, putty, staple (2), stout,
supper, wafer. Perkaps paw.

Late Latin from Old Low German ;

allodial.

Dutch from Low German: groat (2),

sloop.

F1'ench from Low Latin from Low

German; quail (2).
Dutch from Frenck ftom Low German :
morass, skate (2 ).

8. Words borrowed from DUTCH.

aloof, avast, beleagner, bluff, boom (2 ),
boor, bouse (boose), brackish, brandy,
bruin, bulk (2), bumpkin, burgher, buskin,
caboose, cam, catkin, cave in, clamp,
clank, clinker, dapper, deal (3), delf,
derrick, dirk?, dock (3), drawl, drill (I ),
duck (4), duffel, foist, freebooter, frolic,
fumble, gas, geck, golf, groove, gruff,
gnelder-rose, guilder, heyday (I), hold
(2 ), holland, hop (2), hope ( 2) , hottentot, hoy ( I), hoy (2), hull ( 2), hustle,
isinglass, jerkin, kails, kilderkin, knap,
knapsack, knickerbockers, landgrave, landscape, lay (4) , leaguer, lighter, link (2),
linstock (lintstock) , litmus, loiter, margrave, marline, mob (2), moor (2) ,
mump, mumps, mutchkin, ogle, orlop,
pad ( 2), pink (4), plack, plug, quacksalver,
rant, ray (3), reef ( I) , reef ( 2), reeve (I ) ,
roster, rover, ruffle, rummer, mnt, school
( 2) , selvage (selvedge) , serif, sheer (2 ) ,
skellum, skipper, sled (sledge, sleigh),

slim, sloven, slot (I), slur,smack (3), snaffle,

snap, snip, snuff (1), spelicans, splice,
spook, spoor, steenbok, stipple, stiver,
stoker, strand (2), stri pe, sutler, swab,
switch, tang (I ), tattoo (I ), toy, trick (2 ),
trick (3), trigger, uproar, wagon (waggon),
wainscot, yacht.
Middle Dutek: deck, doxy, firkin,
hoiden (hoyden), hoist, lollard, lop, mite
( 2) , mother (2), nag ( I ) , nap (2 ) , ravel,
ret, split, spool, stoup, swingle, tub.

Named from towns in Flanders or Belgium: cambric, dornick, spa.

Frenck from Dutch (or Middle Dutch ) :
arquebus, brick, clinquant, clique,cracknel,
dig, droll, fitchet, frieze ( I) , friz (frizz),
gleek ( I) , gleek (2) , hackbut, hoarding,
hotch-pot (hodge-podge), manikin (manakin), mow (3), mummer, mute ( 2),
placard, pouch, shallop, staid, stay ( I),
stays.

Spanish from Dutch: filibuster.

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

9. Words borrowed from GERMAN. The number of words borrowed directly
from German is very small; but many came in indirectly through the medium
of French. See 10 below.

Germatt (Mllravialt ) PSl1nai flame :

bantling, bismnth, cobalt, Dutch, elk,
feldspar, fuchsia, fugleman, gneiss, hock camellia.
Dute" /rl1m German: crants, dollar,
( 2), huzzah, landau, mangel wurzel, maulstick, meerschaum, mesmerise (wit" F. etch, holster, luck, rix-dollar, wiseacre.
sujfix), plunder, poodle, quartz, shale,
Polis" /nlm German: hetman.
spruce-beer, swindler, trull, wacke, waltz,
zinc.
10. Other words of TEUTONIC ongm.
Teutonic is here used as a general
term, to shew that the follQwing words (derived through French, Spanish, &c.)
certainly or probably belonged originally to the Teutonic family, though they cannot
in all cases be referred to a definite Teutonic language.

Frmcn from Teutl1nic: abandon, agraffe,

allegiance, allure, attach, attire, bacon,
ball ( I ) , bale (3) , balloon, band (2 ), bandy,
banish, bank (2), banner, banneret, baste
(3 ), bawd, bawdy, beadle, belfry, bend (2),
bistre, I>ivouac, blanch (I), blank, blanket,
blister, block, blue, board (2), booty, border,
boss, botch (2 ), bottle (2), brach, brawl (2),
brawn, bray ( I), bream, brewis, browse,
brunette, brush, burgeon, burgess, burin,
burnet, burnish, butcher, butt (I), button,
buttress, carcanet, carousal (I), carouse,
chamois, chine, choice, chuck (I), coat,
coif, coterie, cotillon, cramp, cratch,
crayfish, cricket (I), croup (2), cruet,
crupper, crush, dally, dance, eclat,
egret, enamel, equerry, ermine, eschew,
escrow, espy, etiquette, fauteuil, fee
(fief), feuter, filbert, flange, flank,
flatter, flawn, flinch, flunky, forage, foray,
franc, franchise, frank, franklin, freight,
frisk, frown, furbish, furnish, gaff, gage
(I ), gaiety, gain ( 2), gaiter, gallant,
galloon, garb (I ), garb ( 2), garden, garland, garret, gay, gimlet, gimp, giron,
goblin, gonfanon (gonfalon) , grape, grapnel, grapple, grate (2), grimace, grisette,
grizzled, grizzly, guarantee, guipure, guise,
g rumble, habergeon, haggard ( I ) , haggard
(2), halbert (halberd), hale (haul), halyard,
halt ( 2), hamlet, hamper (2) , hanseatic,
harangue, harbinger, hardy, hash, haste,
hatch (3), hatchet, hauberk, haunch, haversack, herald, heron, hob ( 2) , hobby, hoe,
hoop ( z), housings, hovel, hubbub, hue (2),
huge, Huguenot, but, jay, jig, jog, lampoon,
lansquenet, lattice, lecher, liege, list (2 ) ,
lodge, lumber ( I ) , lure, mail (2) , maim,
malkin, marque (letters of; , marquee,
marquetry, marquis, marshal, marten,

mason (?), mazer, moat, moraine, motley, mushroom, orgulous, ouch (nouch),
pawn (I ), perform (witn L. prefix),
pewter, pump (I), quiver (2), quoif,
raIRe, rail (3), ramp, random, range, rank
( I), rappee, rasp, raspberry (partly E.),
ratten, rebut (wit" L. prefix), retire (wit"
L. prefix), reynard (renard), ribald, riff
raff, ritle (I), riches, roast, rob, robe,
robin, rochet, romp, rubbish, rubble, Salic
(Salique), saloon, scabbard, scale (I),
scale (2 ), scallop (scollop), scarf (I),
scavenger, scot(free), screen, screw (I),
scroll, seneschal, sbammy (shamoy), skiff,
skirmish, slab (I), slash, slat, slate
(I), slender, slice, sorrel (I), sorrel (2),
soup, spar (3), spate, spavin, spell (2),
spruce, spy, stale (I), stallion, stew, stroU,
strumpet?, sturgeon, supper, tache (I),
tampion, tan, tap (I) , tarnish, tawny,
teat, tenny, tetchy, Tibert, tic, tick ( 5),
ticket, tiff (I ), top (2), touch, towel, track,
trap ( 2), trapan, trawl, trepan ( 2), trist,
troll, trudge, tuck (3), tucker, tuft ( I ) ,
tweezers, vagrant, wafer, wage, wager,
wait, war, warble, warden, wardrobe,
warison, warrant, warren, warrior, whoop,
wince, wizard, zigzag.

German from Frmc!t /rom Old Higlt

German: veneer.
L ow La"',. from French from Tmtonic :
feud ( 2), feudal.

Low Latin f rom Teutonic : allodial,

bedell, bison, corrody, faldstool, marchioness, morganatic, Vandal.
Italia,: from Teutonic : balcony, ballot,
bandit, bunion, fresco, lobby, loto (lotto) ,
rocket ( I), smalt, stoccado ( stoccata),
strappado, stucco, tucket.
French /rom Italian f rom Tel/toltic :

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

attack, bagatell~, banquet, escarpment, flotilla, gabardine, guerilla (guerrilla) ,

gala, group , guide, guy, ruffian, scara- marquess, ranch, stampede, stockade.
French from Spa1Zish from Teutonic:
mouch, scarp, tuck (2), vogue.
Spanish from Teutomc: demarcation, amice (~ ) , rapier, scuttle (2).
I I. Words of indeterminate ROMANCE origin. The Romance languages, which
include French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, are, strictly speaking, unoriginal,
hut we cannot always trace them. A large number of terms belonging to these
languages are derived from Lati1Z, Gruk, Cdtic, &c. Those in this section are words
of which the origin is local, obscure, or unknown.

Fre'tch: abash, agog, antler, arras,

artesian, average , awning, baboon, barnacles, barren, barter, basket, bastard,
bastile, baton (batoon), batten (2), battlement, bauble, bavin, bayonet, beaver ( 2) ,
beg, beggar, beguine, bevel bezonian,
bice, biggen, bigot, billet (2 ), billiards,
blazon (2 ), blemish, blond, blouse, bobbin,
boisterous, bonnet, boot (2) , boudoir,
bonrd, bran, brattice, breeze (2), brisket,
broider, broil (I), broil (2 ), budge (2),
buff ( 2), buffer 1I), buffer (2), buffet (1) ,
buffet ( 2) , buffoon, bugle (3), burbot,
burganet (burgonet), busk (2), cabbage
(2 ), caddis, cajole, caliber (calibre) ,
calipers, caliver, carp ( I ), caul, chablis,
chagrin, champague, chaudron, chevalde-frise, chiffonier, cockade, crare, curlew,
dagger, debonair, disease, drab (2), drape,
dupe, ease, embattle, emblazon, embrasure, embroider, embroil, flout, flute,
fricassee, frieze (2), frill, frippery, furbelow, gallery, galley, galliot, gallon, garboil, gasconade, gavotte, gewgaw, gibbet,
gibbon , giblets, gill (3 ), glean, gobelin,
gormandize, gourmand, greaves, (2 ), grebe,
grouse, grudge, guillotine, gusset, guzzle,
haberdasher, hackney, haha, halloo, harass,
haricot, harlot, harridan, haunt, havoc, hod,
holla, lawn ( 2), lees, lias, lists, loach, 100,
lozenge, lurch (2), magnolia, maraud,
maroon ( I), merelles, mignonette, minion,
mortise, musit, Nicotian, notch, paletot,
12. Words of SLAVONIC origin.
Polish, Bohemian, Servian, &c.
Frellc;' f rom Slavo",c : cravat, sable.

pamphlet ?, p atrol, patten, pavise, p aw,

pill ory, pirouette, piss, pittance, poplin,
rail (2 ), ricochet, rinse, riot, roan, ro o
quelaure, sauterne, savoy, sedan (chair) ,
shalloon, silhouette, sobriquet, sturdy,
tabard, tire (~) , tire (3), tripe, troop,
trousers, trousseau, truck ( I), truss, tulle,
valise, varnish, vaudeville, vernier, void .
Frenchfrom Provenfll/: charade, flageolet.
Italian : andante, bergamot ( I), bravo,
cameo, caviare, fiasco, galvanism, imbroglio, mantua, milliner. ninny, polony,
rebuff, regatta, sienna, tri!!, voltaic.
Frenc/, from Italian: bastion, brigade,
brigand, brigantine , brig, brisk, brusqne,
buckram, bust, canteen, canton, carcase,
carousal (2), casemate, cassock, catafalque,
charlatan, cornice, frigate, gallias, gazette,
jane, pasquin, pasquinade, pistol, pistole,
rash (4), ravelin, rodomontade, theorbo,
tontine.
Spanis/, : anchovy, banana, bastinado,
bilbo, bilboes, bravado, cachucha, cigar,
cinchona (chinchona) , cock roach, embargo,
fandango, galleon, launch (2), paraquito,
quixotic, rusk, sarsaparilla; if. trice (1 ).
Frenchfrom Spamslt: barricade, bizarre,
cannon (2), caracole, chopine, cordwainer,
embarrass, fanfare, maroon (2) , morion
(murrion), tartan.
Portuguese: cocoa (1 ) , dodo, emu.
Dalmatian: argosy, dalmatic.

This is a general term, including Russian,

Germanfrom BohU/lian : howitzer.

Frencll from German from Slavonic:
French from German from Servian:
calash, trump (1), trumpery, trumpet.
vampire.
Italian from German from Slavonic:
French from Latin from Greek from
trombone.
Slavonic : slave.
Low German from Slavonic: siskin.
Russian: copeck, drosky, rouble (ruble),
Dutc/. from Slavonic: praam.
samovar, steppe, verst.
Polis/, : mazurka, polka.
Frencllfro.", Russian: ukase.
13. A word of LITHUANIAN origin.
Dutch from Gn-man from Lithuanian: eland.

65 2

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

I Word s of PERSIAN origin.
French from Italian from Persian : jarPersian : bakshish, bashaw, bazaar, bulbul, caravansary, carboy, dervis (dervish ), gonelJe, taffeta (taffety).
French from Spanish from PersiaH:
divaD, durbar, firman , giaour, houri, Lascar,
mogul, mohur, nargileh, nylghau, Parsee, julep, marcasite, rook ( 2), saraband.
Portuguese from Persian : pagoda.
pasha (pacha. pashaw, bashaw ), peri, roc,
Frenck from Persian: bezique, calender
sash (2), sepoy, serai, shah, shawl, lirdar.
Hindustani from Persian: pajamas, (2), caravan, check, checker (chequer),
checkers (chequers), chels, chicanery, extoddy, umindar, zanana.
Greek from Persia,.: parasang.
chequer, goeber, khedive, lemon, lime (3),
Latin.from Greek from Persian: aspaza- scarlet, tutty, van ( 3).
gus, cinnabar, laudanum, Magi, paradise,
Lati" from. Greek frtml Arahic from
Persian: arsenic.
tiara?
Low Latin frtml Arahic from Persian :
Frtl1IClI from Latin fro". Greek from
Persian: jujube, magic, musk, myrtle, borax.
nard, parvis, sandal, satrap, tiger.
Frnuk from Lati" from Ara!Jic from
Frt1lCk from Italian from Latin from Persian: balas (ruby 1.
Greek from Persian: rice.
Frnull from Arabic from Persian:
SPanisll from Latin f rom Greek from azure. jasmine.
Persian: pistachio (pistacho).
Frmcll from Italian from A rahic frllm
Italian from Greek from Persian : gon- Persia,,: mummy, orange.
dola.
Spa"isk frllm Arabic from Persia,,:
Dutcll from Slavonic from Lnll Latin lilac.
from Greek from Persian : gherkin.
Fre1lCk from Spa"isk from A rahic frllm
Frenck from Latin (or Late Latin) Persian : bezoar, calabash, gaJingale,
from Persian : peach ( I), zedoary.
spinach.
Turkish from Persian: jackal, kiosk .
Fretu:k from Italial' from Latin from
Persian: muscadel (muscatel), muscadine.
Frenck from Italian frll1ll Turkisk frlllll
Ita/iall from Persian : scimetar (cime- Persian : tulip, turban.
ler) ?
15. Words of SANSKRIT origin.
Sanskrit: avatar, brahmin (brahman),
Frenek from Spanisk from Ara!Jic fr01ll
champak, juggernaut, pundit, rajah, San- Persian from Sanskrit : aniline, sugar.
skrit, suttee , Veda.
Arahic (rom Sanskrit: kermes.
Latin from Greek from Sanskn't :
Spanis), from Arabic from Samkrit :
pepper.
carmine.
Frenck from Latin from Greek from
French frqm A rabic from Samkril :
Sanskrit: beryl, briJIiant, ginger, mace crimson.
(2 ), saccharine.
Frenck from Italian frllm Arabic from
Fre1lCk from Low Latin from Sanskrit : Sanskrit : candy.
sendal (cendaI ).
Hehrew from Sanskrit: algum.
Persian from Sanskrit : bang ( 2), lac
Hindusta"i f rom Sa"skrit: cheetah,
chintz, ghee, gunny, jungle, lac ( 2), loot,
(I ) , nenupnar, nuphar.
Frm ck fro"l Latin from Greek from maharajah, nautch, pawnee, punch (3),
Persian f rom Sanskrit: sandalewood).
punk:1h, rajpoot, rupee.
Frmc1t from Spanisk from Latin f rom
Portuguese f rom Hindustani from SanGreek f rom Persia'l from Sanskrit: in- skrit: palanquin.
digo.
Canarese from Sanskrit : jaggery.
Frenck from Portuguese from Persian
Portuguese from Malay from Sanskrit :
from Sanskrit : lacquer (Jacker) .
mandarin.
French from Persian from Sanskrit :
Portuguese frqm Sanskrit: banyan.
lake (2).
16. Words of MAGYAR or HUNGARIAN, or of FINNISH origin. (These
languages do not belong to the Indo.germanic family.)
Hungaria,. : tokay.
Frmc1l from Finnish: morse.
Fren,:h from Hungariatt: coach, shako.

653

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

17. Words of TURKISH origin.
germanic family.)

(This language does not belong to the Indo-

Turkis": agha (aga), bey, caftan, chi- bergamot ( l), janizary, turquoise.
. .':ip(lI,is" from Turkis" : xebec.
bouk, choose, horde, turkey.
Persian from Turkis": begum.
Germall from Polish from Turkis":
Frmd, from Turkis": calque, dey, uhlan.
odalisque, ottoman, shagreen.
Frenc" from German from Hungarian
Frenc" from Italinn from Turkis": from Tut'kis;' : dolman.
18. Words of SEMITIC origin. The principal Semitic languages are Hebrew,
Arabic, Chaldec, Syriac, &c.; the borrowed words in English being somewhat
numerous.

Hebrew: alleluia (allelujah), bedlam,

cab ( l), cherub, corban, ephod, gopher,
hallelujah, hin, homer, Jehovah, jug, log
(3), Messiah, mishna, Nazarite (wit" Gk.
suffix), purim, Sabaoth, Satan, Selah,
seraph, shekel, Shekinah (Shechinah),
shibboleth, shittah (tree), shittim (wood),
teraphim, thummim, urim . Cj. davit.
Greek from Hebrew: hosannah; from
Phominan : alphabet, delta, iota.
Latin from Greek from Hebrew: amen,
bdellium, cassia, cinnamon, cumin (cummin), Jacobite, Jesus, jesuit, jot, Levite,
manna, Pasch, Pharisee, rabbi (rabbin),
sabbath, Sadducee, sycamine?, sycamore?,
Tom. Also balsam?, jordan?

hegira, henna, hookah (hooka), imam,

islam, jerboa, jilin, koran, mahdi, Mahometan (Mohammedan), mohair, moonshee,
moslem, muezzin, mufti, omrah, otto,
rack (5), ramadan , rayah, ryot, salaam
(salam), sheik, sherbet, shrub (l), simoom,
sofa, taraxacum.
Latitl f rom Greek from Arabic : gypsum,
naphtha, saracen, sarsnet.
Frend, from Greek from A "ab;c : civet.

Frmch ft'om Lati" from Greek frArabic: jasper, myrrh.

Low Latin from Arabic: alcohol,
algebra.

Frmch from Low Lati1l from Arabic:

tartar ( I ).

Italian from A rauic: artichoke, botargo,

Frenc" from Latin from Gruk from
Hebrew : cade, camel, cider, earneat ( l ), felucca , senna, sirocco, zero.
ebony, elephant, Hebrew, hyssop, jack (I),
Frenc" from Italia1l from Arabic:
Jacobin, Jew, jockey, lazar, maudlin, nitre, arabesque, baldachin, benzoin, magazine,
sequin.
sapphire, shallot, simony, sodomy.
Spanish from Arabic: alguazil, arsenal,
Frenc" from Spanis" from Arabic fro1l'
atabal, bonito, caraway (carraway), cid,
Greek from H ebrew : natron.
Italian from Gruk fr011l H eDrew: zany. dragoman, maraved i, minaret , mulatto.
Frmd, from Spatlish from Arabic:
Latin from Hebrew: damson, leviathan.
French from Latin from HeDrew : alcove, amber, basil (l), borage, carafe,
cipher, cotton tI), cubeb, garble, gazelle,
jubilee.
genet, giraffe, hazard ?,jennet (gennet), lacFrench from Hebrew: cabal.
Frenc" from a place in Palestine: key (lacquey), martingale, mask (masque),
masquerade, mosque, nadir, ogee (ogive),
gauze.
racket (I ) (raquet), realgar, ream, rob ( 2),
8yriac: Maranatha.
Latin from Greek from Syriac : abbot, saker, sumach, syrup (sirup), tabby, talc,
tabor, tambour, tambourine, tare (l),
damask, mammon.
French from Latin from Greek fr011l tariff, zenith .
French from Portuguese frolll Spanish
Syriac: abbess, abbey.
Frenc" from Italian from Syriac : from Arabic: marahout.
Portuguese from Arabic : albacore,
muslin.
assagai (Moorisl,).
ChaMee: raca, talmud, targum .
French from Arabic : admiral, assassin,
Frenc" from Latin from Greek from
bedouin, burnouse, calif (caliph), camlet,
Chaldee: sack but.
Arabic: alkali, alkoran, arrack, attar carob, fardel?, faquir, furl?, jar ( 3), lute
(of roses) , azimuth. cadi, drub (l), emir, (I), Mamaluke (Mameluke), mate ( l),
fellah, hadji, hakim, harem, hashish, mattress, moire,re beck ,saffron ,suI tan, vizier.

654

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

Hindustani from Persian from Arabic:
Frmch from A 1gen'ne : rania.
Pe1'sian from Arabic: ghoul, honri, nizam, sicc'l.
TUt'kish from Arabic: coffee, raki.
mussulman, sophy.
Italian from Malay from A ra#i:: mouHindttstani from Arabic: houdah,
soon.
nabob, sahib.

19. W ords of ASIATIC origin, but NEITHER ARYAN NOR SEMITIC.

H industani : anna, bandanna, bangle,
bungalow, chutny, cowry, dacoit, ghant,
mahout, nullah, shampoo, thug, waHah.
Frmc1, from Hindustani: gavial.
E. Indian place-names: calico,cashmere
(kerseymere).
H indi : dawk, rum (2).
Btngali: dingy, jute, tomtom.
Balti: polo.
Marath i: pice.
Portuguese from Canarese: arecl'..
Malay fiw" Canarese: bamboo.
Malayalim : teak .
POrluguese from Malayalim : betel.
Tamil: catamaran, cher~ot, coolie, mulligatawny, pariah; if. pavin (pavan), pea
co ck.
Porlllgttese from Malay from Tamil:
mango.
Telugu: bandicoot, mungoose.
French from Dravidian: patchouli.
Cingalese: anaconda (?).
Fr~nc1, from Cingalese: tourmaline.
Malay: babifllsa, bamboo [from CanareseJ. caddy, cajuput ( cajeput), cassowary,
cockatoo, crease ( 2) or creese, dugong,
durian, gecko, gong, g uttapercha, junk,
ketchu p, lory (lury) , mangosteen, muck
(amuck),
orang- outang, paddy, proa,
20.

rattan,
upas.

rusa,

sago,

siamang, tripang,

Fret,ch from Malay: gingham, ratafia.

French from Arabicfrom Malay: camphor.
Chinese : bohea, china, Chinese, congon,
hyson, nankeen, souchong. tea; if. silk.
. Malay from Chinese: sampan.
French from L ati" f rom Greek from
Chinese: serge.
Japanese: harakiri, japan, soy.
Portuguese from Japanese: bonze..
Java: bantam.
Annamese: gamboge.
Tatar: tartar ( 2).
Russian from Tatar: cossack, mammoth.
Persia1lfrom Tatar: khan .
F,'mcl, fro m Turkish from Tatar:
horde.
Frmch from /talia1l from Tatar : turquoise.
Frmch from Tatar: turkey.
Mongolian (through Persian) : mogul.
Thibetan : lama (1).
Australian : boomerang, dingo, kanga.
roo, parramatta, wombat.
Tahitian : tatt oo (2).
Polynesian: taboo.
Maldive: atoll.

\ Vords derived from various AFRICAN languages.

H ebrew from Egyptian: behemoth,

Fretlch from /taliat: from L()W Latin
ephah.
f rom Egyptia1l : fustian.
Latin from Greek from Hebrew from
Frenc/'from Barba~': barb (2).
Egyptian : sack (I) .
Morocco : fez, morocco.
Frmch from Lati" from Greek from
West African: baobab, canary, chimH ebrew from Egyptian: sack ( 2). satchel. panzee, guinea ; also gorilla (Old African),
Latin from Greek from Egyptian : am- yam. From a negro "ame: quassia .
monia, ibis, leo, oasis, paper?, papyrus?
Congo: zebra; if. banana.
Fre,~ch from Latin from Greek from
KajJir : gnu , quagga.
Egypttan: gum ( 2) , gypsy. labyrinth?,
French from Malagasy: aye-ay;.
lion.
21.

Words derived from various AMERICAN languages.

Nortk-(imerica,! b,dian: ~aucus?, hick- I coon), skunk, squaw, toboggan, tomahawk,

ory, hommy, manito, moccasm (mocassin J' 1 wampum, wigwam.
Mexican : coyote, jalap, ocelot.
moose, opossum , pemmican, racoou (rac-

655

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

Spanish from lJ-fexican: cacao, chocolate, copal, tomato?
Cuba : magney.
Hayti: mahogany.
Spanish from Hayti: cassava, guaiacum , maize, manatee, potato, tobacco.
Caribbean (or other West Indian fa,,'
guages) : cayman, hammock, macaw.
Span ish f"om Wut Indian: cacique,
cannibal, canoe, guava, hurricane, iguana,
papaw.
French f rom West Indt7m: buccaneer,
caoutchouc, peccary, pirogue.

Peruvian: inca, jerked (heef), llama,

oca, pampas, puma.
Spanisll from Peruvian: alpaca, coca,
condor, guanaco, guano .
Frt1lch from Perllvia,, : quinine.
Brazilian: ai, manioc, tapioca, tapir.
PortuguesefromB"azi lia1z : ipecacuanha.
Spanish from Brazi/ia1z: ananas.
firmch from Spanish from Brazilian:
agouti.
FretlCh /1'0111 Brazilia,, : cashew-nut,
jaguar, toucan.
South A 11Ierira1l (Colombia ) : tolu.

W. W. Skeat

$l3 .95

u.s. ($18.50 CAN)

A CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
The most famous book of its kind for over seventy years, and
a monument to the great philologist and medieval scholar
W. W. Skeat, the Etymological Dictionary is an indispensable
reference tool for any student of language or literature, and
anyone who wishes to discover for himself the origins of the
great power of words and their infinite suggestiveness.

WITH OVER 12,750 ENTRIES, and appendices containing

English prefixes and suffixes, and listing words which came
into English from dozens of other languages and dialects.

Cover Design by Robert Galster

ISBN 0-399-50049-9

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Printed in U.S.A.

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are published by
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