o

SENT 'NC
try

Ronald

crs

Inc \TSItors

was

arrived
send
Icarnt
laughing

can

play

has

he flinnv little

on titnc
tomorrovn, mortill)

the c-majl
the S',holc octn

b',f heart

all the tgmc

man

Qometlmes_

I ler voung
brother
1118
uncle I larrx

summer

the vsjjolcclass

the gtl/tar

takes
decided

George

to thc mount'ilns
around the cotjntn

111m

to travel

a lot

read

at school

INTERROGATIVESENTENCES

Do

Does
Did

sou
Julia
It
the shovs

Hase
arc
Gerrx

the anssvcr '

ant

tor her birthda',

ram

s esteraas,

start
ridden

the pu IIS

W at

knovs

soon

a donkcv"
noss '

leave
readm
his

hat

on Mot'das

SEWEIVCES
do not don't

But we an
love English,

DON'TWE?

Man
The student

ate not aren't)

hstcnm

has not hasn't

seen

not sson't
cannot (can t)

his stones
to me'
that SF mos le
for me
Spamsh

alt
speak

set
at the station
very

E LVTRROG4T/J 'E SENTENCES

Suh
Did
he

()b/ect

not'

see

not

coming

usually contracted
Dtdnt vou see her"
usuallv contracted
Why tsn-t he commg suth us"

EXCLAMATIONS

SEN IT NOES

Subtect
Do not
Take

here
our umbrella'

to the unctna!

Hov,

ssondcrtll'

Hovs

v, arm

It

What
hat

an Interestingbook

this

LOVELY!

I NFINITIVE
SERBS
appear

ask

offer

Nan

THE

ONLY

attempt bother (negative)

rmepare pretend promise

asked
the
managed

GERUND

Six:didn't bother to

choose
prve

decide
refuse

demand
tend

deserve
threaten

expect
want

Thes decided to getup a firm She

H. offered
the musc Thn seem fo

funds for a

ERBS

age

fail happen
Wisk
he

tee

ED ONLY BY THE GERU

-thelp can t sund deny derest enjoy

crcuse fane finish
pre-vent resist risk suggest it's no
no use i: 'v
She
the
rmstake
enjoy
Pl.-aye excuse
of
mountam'
kept
vou
m.d
phc'
tE sunrtse
He rtsks
I suaested
cathedral
is orth

mgm.
i
massed

FOLLOss ED BY THE INFINITBEOR THE GERI ND

beat cease c4.rinue

He intends to
HC intends

She

dislike hate lie love 'refer

it needvrequirevsantsstart - uith

bouse

I havekarnt
I have karnt to

t geruod

I would hate 10

forger

expresses an eariET

forget

eut
a

ms tirst bike

Chinese

of

TYZraxn

io Se

to zeral tastes _the Infill'tr. e refers to a par-titular

I like

or

I reUet
I regret

Year
the

thati

10

I
expresses an

dav

to hapgen

vou asked
accept

offer

I rezxmber

her

her the tett:r

i met her

try use 10

8Aes-he ent 00 YO

I
ihnk

hzs

,ua

I trRd zo

ail

Japanese(l

mostot-tixamc

at

t fuci

tt wasmt
(this ts

I trxd

vsas

err itsedto

to

his childhtxd ta

such a long

past

an

but sxrthout

or routznci
to 't

suczessb

P.SSTJEXSE
smelt

speed

dl

smelt
sou n

spoken Ispouknl
sped
spelt
spent Ism ntl

a crab'. a accclcra

spun

a toarcc

stand Israndl

stnk

a 0110eratia

a petrccc

spat

split fsplltl

spnng I prinl

a despica

spread
sprang
stood istttdl

sl)lvad Isprdl

stole 1staull

stolen Istaulnl

stuck

a sta (in pictoarc)

a fura a (se) furtsa

stuck Istrskl
stung 1stenl

a ingepa
a nurost urt

spi ung

stood Istudl

kl

a (sc) illtilide
a rzxoriLa san

sting

stung

stink Isnrlkl
strake i stimkl

stunk 1st r)kj

stunk 1st" Okl

struck Istrt kl

struck IstrAl

string

strung Istr+ 01

strung

stroe Istrai\j

strose

st rtsxn Istnx

swear
seat
sweep

swore
ssseat
S" ept
swelled

s"orn

a
(pe o ala)
a nazu:
a jura- a inyura

s" eat
sssept tptl
sv,ollen xaulanl

a matura
a sc umfla

am

soum

a 'nota

pl

sssell

Nr)!

sung
took Itoki
taught t!

take lt. 1kI

teach tu t Il

tore
thought

thro

three,

thrust

tornIt'

told

tl

thought

thro" n loraunl
t trust
sti

thrust
understood
nd stud'

st I

understand
I : ndp

under st ood
I nda stud!
woken auknl

woke
vear

"ore

nease
eep

uove

Hin
vsrncl

S*ithdran
urung

nnte Irutl

dr.'

" ound
uttildrew

ml

s" ung
taken Itctknl
taught it' t!

told Itauldl
think ("15k I

NOTES

a scrnna

sped

spun tsp '

spat Ispxtl

sptxacl

TRANSLATION
OF THE
a nurosl

spoke tsp 'tlkl

spent isptntl

spend

PXST PARTICIPLE

" ound
dru

wrung

Mrung

wrote Ir3ufl

rttten

stncken - rn the pLssrve onl's

and as ad) pamc-strtcken

a lua

a imata (pe altul):

a rupc a
a spun. a

head - be IS11ba
head - he ISconcu

IRREG[ LAR ERBS

'TR.4XSL4T1().

boraborx

bil bnten

bred

bursl

drunkzn

PAST

SE

ground Izraundl
I
gress

RANSLATION
POT PARTICIPLE OF THE
gone Igonl
groun grau

a mac:na

gron graun

a cre<te

a merge

a atrna

hang

hung

lilde Il:a/dj

had Ihadl
heard llv dl
lud (hid)

ear
hid;hiddcn

hold

held

held
hurt

a auzt
hidnl a (se) ascunde

lhR -t I

kept Ikcptl
kneei 1mIl

knelt

knit

knit Inrtl
know

knew
laid

a punc, a
a se aplcca/sprl)tm

leapt Ilept / Il
learnt * Il

leant * Ilentl
leapt Ileptll ptl
learnt
left

lent Ilentl

lent llcntl

a da cu imprumut

let

a lsa. a per-mite
a zcea, a se afla
a apnnde

a conduce

lain Ilernl
light 11211'

lost Ilostl
make Irnclkl
mean
ni
meet
tl
pay Ipcll
put Ipntl
read dl
ride Iraldl

ring Iri01
rise Irmzl

made Imeldj
meant Imcntl
met mtt
paid Ipeldl
put [putl
read Irdl
rode Iraudl
rang Irr)l
rose Irauzl
ran Ircnl
sawed Iso dl

seek ISI k I

send Isendl
sew

shake IjClkl
shine Ijaml
shoot Iju t)

shrink Ijnr)kl
S itit

Sink Istrjkl

a tncota
a $1. a cunoa te

laid Iletdl

led
leant

lend llcndl

Inaunl

a tine
a ram. a durea
a tine-a )stra
a tneenunchca

said sed
saw so
sought Iso t]
sold Isauldl
sent Isentl

set Isetl
sewed fsaudl
shook uk
shone I jon- jaunl

lost [lost)
made [meldl
meant [mcntl
paid Ipeldl

a insemna
a (se) intlm
a pltl

risen lnznl

a rasrl. a se rtdica

a Citi

a cln

a suna
a tla cu terstru
a s )une

a vedea
a cuta
a Sinde
a trumte

a pune
sev,n * Isaunl
shaken Clkn
shone IJon/jaunl
shot I fotJ

shrank/shrunk

shrunk

shut

shut
sun

sank

sat Isctl

rudl

a face

a pune

run Irnnl
sawn Iso n]
said sed
seen n
sought Iso t'
sold Isauldl
sent Isntl

learned

a pterde

put Iputl
read (redl
ridden t'ndnl
rung

shot Ijoti
showed Ijaudl

san sc

a sari
a insta
a pleca.a lasa

I jr r 11kI

a coasc
a scutura: a tremura
a strlucl
a tilma
a
a arra
a se strange

shrunken ad'
shrunken cloth

a include
a canta

a (sei scufUnda

sat Iset

shine. shined = a lustrul

sunken

ad!

414.'

G LIS H GRA
TENSE

CONTINOUS

SIMPLE

I tcad

PRESENT

eou read

i: very morning he reads the

spapers
read

PRESENT
PERFECT

1996

hase iised herc

I cleaned nv, room last week

clean

PAST

PERFECT

he/she rtl

ed

beenwaiting
Dan has been aiting for Sue
waiting
bccn
for three hours
has
he/she/it
been "alt Ing
talk mg

talk ing
talk mg

you

start Cd

plai

arnscd at the theatre

Mike "ill play Torn at chess

he/she'"

tomorrow

I Bill
PERFECT

von
Ijc

uhlle my
I "as talking Mth
stereo
to
his
listening
brother " as

talk In g

I had bcen s-cummlng

t
1
The sho,' had started before ,011had been swunmmg

He had been syimmingfor two

been
hours before he reached
he/she/it had
had been sv,lmm lng
the Island

I Shill be
vou

thrnklng

Mc/sou/thev

h a d starlCd

RE

think 111k'

he/she/it

PAST

-What are vou thinking aboutv

think ing

v.e/vowthev

tin S

sou tid

think

vou

tunsljed
hdVCfimshCd
mushed

BVthe end ofJune

"ill have finished

finish ed

CA

school

Ing

vou ulll be flying

he/she/it "111be flvlng

be mg
we/vowthev

Lucky you! You ssill be fl>ing to

Hawall at this tune tomorrow

1 v,lll
beendoing
halve
been doing
you v,lll

I "ill have been doing tins job

he/she/it Will
been doing for thirty
we/vou/thev v.lll have been doing

bv Julv

INDIRECT SPEECH
Withreporting verbs in a present, present perfect orfuture tense, there is no change of tenses:
savs.
Dan has said,

want to valk out the dog

have lost our dog

Withreporting verbs in the past, the changes are:

'I am

Peter sa',s that he wants to v,alk out the dog

Jack has said that they h ave lost their dog

present tense past tense

past tense past perfect
present perfect past perfect future future-in-the past

hungry J haven' t eaten for

hours And J had breakfast at 6 0'clock

tl)Cmornrng' So I will order a large meal
like some steak
nov, - but first I

Alan said that he was xen hungn. that he had not

eaten for hours, he mentioned that he had had
breakfast at 6 0'clock In the rnormnguHe added (that)
he w ould order a large meal and w ou ld lik e some

steak for a start

and
the
second
conditional
do not change in the indirect speech.
N.B.: Modals (might, should, could)
Withboth eslno-questionsand Bh-questions,there is no questionform in the Indirect speech:
Sue asked if iAhetherthe post office
Paul asked me u here I had met (Jcrn

Sue asked.
Paul asked.

meet Gerrs 'E

did
Withorders, requests an advice, I e Imperative

Mumsaid.
said.

Take care of sou r

Don't make so much noise t

anges into t e tn Illittve.'

Mum
me to t ake care
Dad told me not to make mucli

Other changes refer to pronouns and adjectives:

Aim sard.

t Adverbsof time and

place:

you at my office tlus week

to 'Y
tomorrow
yesterday
the day after tomorrow
the dav before yesterday
last "eek/ month/ year
years ago
here

t lat

t lese

t lose

Dan said he sould sc. me

t lat ay
the next/ following day
the day before

in two days' time

two days before
the previous "eek etc.
two years before
there

his

that

OR

TE

SIGNAL

TENSE

Beck! muntiv
ah s. assu sometimes. neser. often, scidom
usually occasjonallv regularly. genet alls
at the ueekends. on Monday mornings

tins

EXAMPLES
I otten

at present. at
moment.current y
month. nght novs

still. Just

grandpalcnts

the countrv Side

He usuall', reads or listens to music jn Ins free time

go to the cinema at the vseekends
She
her report on Mondav monunes

are stud',mg this table right noss

I am sull

the book sou lent to me

1.00k' It s ramrng!

scstcrda t,. last night! vscck/'month/ sea

nunutesllours/wcek.s/months/sears/ago
2000. on March 2
dunng our last meeting
hen

at threc oilock sestcrday at this tumc

or
stnce
all

just leavng

hen she called me. I

She

e on her project for tv,o months

She has
on her provct since
HISfax has just' arrncd

'yet

todav this vveek/ montlvjvear

0', er the last few vseeks/months/ scars

so far. up to now, until now

latch. recentlv
fol

since

Sorrv, I haven t sent the repls 8Ct

1

scen her todav

In the last few years It has

a lot
Nothing has been decided so far
There have been many cultural e\ents latel\
He has been working this office fr 35 ',cars'

She-s been cooking since ten o'clock. no vsondcr

Ots

she's exhausted.
a er/v, len

until that happened

a long time before

After they la re'

the rules thev understood the

grammar exercise
/up to that time

before that happened

until that happened
PERFECT
CON TIM OUS
soon

Up to that holiday he had been

busy

Before thes realized. they had been walking for

three hours

ears soon

She'll be

next u eek/ month/ year

In (the) future
I think , I hope
I expect

The exhibition Will op en next month

at this time tomorrow/ next vseek/ month/

At this time tomorrow I 'll be reading

CONTINUOUS
RE

1 till'shcd
paper last lijgllt
He
school tMOsears
She
to Spam In 1985
lie taikcdall the time dunng our last meeting

In the future astronauts

I hope they'll arrive on time-

to Mars
paper at

the conference
by Monda JulW the end of

ECT

the end of the

Enollsh course

ha1,e fimshed the

AL
IONAL'

If-clause present Simpic

mam clause Will 111f
Imperative
CONDITIO NAL 11
'I L-clause past Simple

- lilturc consequences Ut a present

- promise
- ssanung or Ihrcal

get promoted 11slic

She
English
If you
vour nulld. pieasecall me know
If sou get good marks, I'll buy sou roller skates
Unless vou stop this novse- Ell call sour arents

hH)otlictical situations Illi,lgmmg

If I

mainclauseeBouldcould Illf
It-clause past perfect tense
main clause: woudcouldvmght
have past participle
COM)ITIONALO
Il-clause. present Simple
majn clause present Simple

speculalmg about the p,'jS1

more free lime. I uouldtake up Joggmg

taller. 1could play basketball

Cle.I d
son
L'!llt3r
If vou lent me your
la urn ,
1
the tram
didnt vou tell me about that slm 111 had
knoum. 1rmght
gone there too

hadnt beenfor

stating a general rule

If = wherue', er)

got

If sou n 0 sour homework-souget poor marks.

it rams.
-le Wind blows from the
press the red button. the machine stops