Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Preliminary estimation of rock slope stability using r~ck mass classification systemS.~:::~ ::.1;'.:.,
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Estimation preliminaire de la stabilite der-; pal'ois en roches utilisant Ie systeme de classification deS:
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masses r o c n e u s e s , . I~:'
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A: HAINES & P..! TERBRUGGE, Siel/en, Rob.",on and Kirste., Consulting Engineers, J~'f..rg, s.u;,:~ l~;'
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ABSTRACT: The preliminary eslimation or rock slope 51 ilhility can he rec;uired al various aillges for I variety of enpneering proja:u;-1bo ~
use of c1assificalion systems to quantify the relevant rock mass paran~elers which innu~ncc stability has becomoincre.U/aatYvalll~l:iIe. :~~
paper defines the correct usage of these syslems to a nunber of projects 'Nhere the rcoornmended ....ble alopo ualo Ie compared wiIh Ihe ~
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, R~UME: Une estimation pr~liminaire de :Ia ~tabili((~ des (larois rochci.ses 'peUi ~tre n~l.re l divers ''-gel d'unCl,yari~,de ~d!~
de genie civil, L'emploi d'un syst~me de classification ;'.idant i\ quantirier les param~tres de resistance des ~ ~ellSel.~~Tq
la stabilite est devenu de plus en plus precieux. eet all ide demonlr!: l'uppli':<ltion CGrrect('\ da systerne un certain ~ do projet&.
J.!.es,!angles de pente obtenu sont compllrl!s Ii eeux oNeil J pllr des metnO'Jes analytiques plus rigoureu.ea.' ...
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ZUSAMMBNFASSUNO: Die Vorljiufi&e sct.alzllng de' siahililiit vflllGertc:ins schragen wirl'J Gftm bei mehreren 1n8eneun ~JebCii'~1 .
ver:'\Chiedencn Zeiten gebraucht. Der gebl'auch cines ~;l;lssjfizierungS SystcnI!. um di~ Parameter. die einco einfIuB auf der st&bllitii'CicrJ';
,(j~sI':in .. Masse habe,n. am Quantua.ieren wird ~unchme'ld wcrtvoll. In dieser Abhandlung wird derltorekte &cbrauch,~,~ '. .. ',.,.,./
Sys\ems beschrieben, wo der von dem System anbefohl:'ne slahilitatli Wi'l ..el des Oestems Mit den Er&ebnisaeo Von einer . .puea.
al\alytische Technik vergliechen wird.
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Estimating the stability of rock slopes is required Ity tho: civil and
, mining engineering industry for a wide variety of proj !Cts, , Of
'i~hportilnce in this regard is the preliminary eVlIlualion of slope
$\a~ility at the feasibility stage, excavation stage or 0jlural. ng stage.
It luis become increasingly populart\) make use of daSiification
sys\ems to estimate the stable angle of a required or etisling 1Iiope,
. 1h~re are three classification systems available to ai:siM with tht,
qUllnlificalion of rock mass parameters and, which ... varying
4egrees relate the final index dl:rived 'to the en,l,incerinll
~igl,lifiCance or theslopc. 'illese are the 'Q' Indtx (,f tillrtuJ!
. ", (11).14), the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) of Bieniawski (1')76) ami
Ih~ Mining Rock MaltS Raling (MRMR) of uluh~.ch( I' (1977).
E4ph ,of these systems has its place in the pwgmmnle of
q4ant~fication, derivation and selection of rock mass pmperties
and slope angle.
The' Q and RMR systems have also been ulilisl'd in, th,e
de~ivalion of rock mass parameters used to estimale Sill nglh and!
deformation behaviour of joinled rock masses as dh., ussed hy
lIpek and Brown (1983 &. 1988), Of importance in I.i~ regard is
the selection of Ihe 'm' and's' factors used in the .!St:lllatiun of
d~turbed and undisturbed rock mass strength and St!lcell'lO of the
.hea~ strensth parameters of cohesion (c) and friclinn 'Ingle (C.).
A !mparison of the Individual parameters used III twch of the
thre~ systems is shown in Table 1.
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USEOF1l!B MRMRSYSTBM
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__ ________________________ ___________"'____________________________................................_
JNTRODUcnoN
The Q and RMR systems have been wed utilised iii the civil
engi';~erlng industry to assist with the assessmenl,)f ro:'~ sUI'(l0rt
requirements and for payment purposes on contractual maUerI-.
The MRMR syStem, as its name implies. is spccifically (,f value in
the m,ining IRdustry.especiaUy for tht lI.lSessment of un~I':rground
~..,_s
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S)'Item
Q Index
RMR
MRMR
IRS
IRS
ROD
ROD
Parameter
"
Intact Material
Strenach
Incorporated In SRI'
Rock Quality
De.ianation
ROD
In
"
Spacing of Joints
or Fracture Frequency
Condition of loints
Jr,la
Oroundwater
Jw
........
,.
__ .
Js
Is (or FF to replace
Je
Jw
Incorporated in Jc
Weathering
Blasting influences
adjustment
Jv
Joint orientation
adj\lstment
Weat'lering adju:;tment
Blasting adjustment
The calculated Q and RMR values principaUy dcs.:ribc '.lr relate Ihe in-t.. lu cundition of the rock mass whereas
the final adjusted MRMR relates to the condition of l!ie fl~.'k ma~s foil,' wh,;; excavation or during a period of
the mining process
In vin,tally twcry ca!e history where the MRMR has been used
tll<'re .as hee!! a very elose comparison with either the actual
slope ",'e currentty being excavated or the angle produced from
lIIore I ig.\fl)uS anlilytieal tt:Chniques. The use of "peciflcaUy
.ll!sigr :d fidd sheets 10 assist with the detennination of the
.'
ADJUmiD
RATING
SLOPE
, ANOLB
100
>7'
9{l
gO
70
6\1
7'
70
65
1Ji)"
40
30
20
10
50
45
40
35
<3'
Our, own cq:'enence has been fairly extensive in the \lse of rock
mass da.ssificiltiOns for a large number of prvjects in a widc range
of rock typea. '
Table 3 pre.1enta a sample from this data base illustrating the usc
of the .djuslt~ MRMR's for a ran~e of rock types an.J ~1{l1-I:
beiplL ,An~es between 30 and 6S are shown fOI slupes
belWeea 10 m and 200 m in height. This illustrates that the system
can bo .ppliecl across a wide range of projerls from the fe<ISibililY
,ltase to the o,>eratina stale of a mining ope.ation.
From 'experience it has been of value to use a field sheet a~
pi_ted in figure Ito coUect the relevant d>tta and to assess the:
pvameten for the detennination of the adju\ted MRMR.
In &CneraJ practice, for the coUection of fieltj data to be used in
the, 'lhroo mllin rock mau cllwifccatton systems pre\'iou~ly
refeUnced in this paper, it hal been found useful to use the daHl
sheet u mown in Ffaure 2.
------------.....
Itock Unit
. _
Road Cuttings
(RSA)
...
~----.---------~-------------.--.~.~~~.~.~~
MRMa: !.:;.2Ji; fl~ ;~fl:~ :t, .
+-____
SIt
.59
.52
47'
:hl
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20
15
52
;56
$6'
51
-46.,.'
.51 :..
ZI
16
:~.
.........!i
------+--------.,-.
. . .-I!..
, .. 61 , .\ .'',<, -,
Main Zor.e
Dolerite
Weathefed Zone
45 ... ;
lot
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.tw'.'\
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511
1\0
31
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w
~
w
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00
w
~
.. . -- -- -----+------.-----1------.......... ... ';' .,'.::': .......
Footwall Hornfels
00
4~
ti5
30
_________-I-__________
... .. ".,"
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1110
Various sr!dimcntllo'Y
and mel:'Unorpho~( J
rocks
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~OCI(
....:.."~I Ill..ocAiHlS I
,'AMML'11lR (CATECOIIY)
Ml1~1)IM' nn)
VA1.ue
-_.
111$
(0-11 I
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FP
1YI'I! ,
atllftllCh
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.......
ADJUr.tt:D lOa
VAWI
I'I\IlQ!HJ'A08 (MHOIQ
\WA11 ICIUNG
(10>10lIII0)
OI<.II'.NTA'10H
(61-10lIII0)
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_'::'!.!Jcm ~r"f.u
IUAS'n~
(G-<. l
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.~:~_;,~:il,; ~
Jo
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1)1111\1 CONllrno~s
PAAA....mll (CAl1!GOIIV)
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Andesite
Rhyolite
Dacite
Quartz Monzonite
Overall
UCOIlOr.DIV,
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$I ' .
20
.52
----200-----t----65
60
.5.5'
2j
4.5'
Andesite
Quartz Bro!ccia
Schist
DATE.
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-- . ____.__I_"______~------J-O-------~------t------_t;
Granite
Granite
Granite
Oranite
Granite
Dolerite
4;
:. )1141,,10.
"11
-- .
Operating Open Pit
(CHILE)
. ..
Applicaole
Slope An"e
IIci~!~~..;l) - - - - l i - - - - _...::(:....:...)_ _ _ _
41/
III
Orebody
Banded Ironstone
CalerelCl
Sund
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. 'u.... .-. / ..... ; :,.:..:.,
(OOlUf'/I)
11-)
(SMOOm,
(0001> CONY)
(I'OOR COl>oV)
(1'1.)
(fl'III
~)
~--.
(LARGE)
.... '
(O-<' I
(St.4AU.,
(ALTBR)
(f1LUNO)
:
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TOTAL
ItDJU$llo4IIH1" :
TOTAl. !<A'nNe;
N!\MR TOTAL !lA11NO lC TOTAL AolU$llo41!Hf
W!\MII
100 II
11)."
0 ...
Alii
AU
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a7S'
US'
dl'
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100
18
ASO
ADIIJSTEl) CI.AS$
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Figure 1. Field sheet for the determmation of the Minill8 Rock Mass Rating.(MRMR).
. : ...:-,
.....
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t---,-------------..-----.- .---
9. CLASSIfICATIONS
9.1 BQCt< MASS QUALIIX,.2,
....... -t ...
UM M~I M[INg,llMIt
IOL_
tIIlCI! _ _ _ _ _ .
IIQUOT IWooMflI
1IIOlN) WJJU
_
tIIlCI! _ _ _ _ _ 1
WRY lIIoNIlIOC_ _ _ _ 1
MATEII.~
Idl~lfi,2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DON)/."
O..IIH
e. &l9L MASS
OI$CQrtnjUITIES
TYPE
SET N"
ALTERATION
1----1----.--.+----- ---1--...
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. .....
r-__. l _ _ _ _1 _ _ _ _- - 1 _ - L__
7.
INP
~-
EQUIVALENT
(1100' II"
',S Jc
......._-. _ _ _ _ .
ON SUPPORT 'INSTALLATION
.,It'
t--------------------'" .
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1..._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _" _
cla~ification
......-'~.
"-.u
she"t.
The nnt case bltilol)' concerns a series or six road CUlling" (,)r Ihe
improvement and upgrading of an existing route, The c.~isling
cuttings were up to 7,0 m in height and it was propO! cd to t:u!
thoae back to over 20,0 m in fmal height. The geology cUh.i~tcJ
or Fanite intruded by frequent dolerite dykes and the entin' ~Iol)e
face would be excavated in slightly wealhered rock. A twkal
desisn Ition is ,hown in Figure 3.
y~
lIf onrl
w(
-~
"ope
890
.:
--,.
IRS ROD
Rock
1)tpu
Slope
0,.111"
Dolo"'.
0 .....11 ..
J~llnt
C1lnliiliu ,
(1\' of OIl)
Sn
Lt'II<
'M - o,wi
Toul
I",
0,11\
_._._
TOial
Tout
I...
II,Y~
0,90
0,"
S6
0,9$
0.90
0.91
29
0,95
0.90
0,91
11
61
11,95
0.90
0"
o.u
0.H1
10
23
to(
0.911
0,95
'o~
0:IS
2.S
0,\10
0'1\
0,91
0,110
Onolllte.
DoIoriI.
II
2.S
to(
0,96
0: ;\
0,95
o,as
29
6S
O,H
0.90
Oranile.
12
23
0,110
0 1/
O,qs
lI,n
19
54
0,95
0.90
Dolerite
lCoy Wonk:
.'
0."
%l
.
!
0,'
0.9$
n.l~
be.
URMR Mp.
(.)
'
DoooItIl
Mp.
(')
41
II
II
46
Sl
$1
"
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51
" "
0,91
...,
SJ.,
*'
0,91
0,lI
4$
$I
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UP
N
D
t
~,~ i~~'1
.:;
. ; ....:
The slope was ,subsequently mined and ha~ heen ex/" )sed for
approximately 3 years. Signs of deterioration in the slop!' art' now
evident.
In carrying out a rock mass rating study on aVlIilnhle I: 'posure,<;
.the ratings were derived (or each oC the rock unit, ldld slope
angles apportioned accordingly as per Table S.
NQOl ~
I'IMI
o.u
...,
...,
to(
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BIuI
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l.I
11,/111
WrAthe, Orielle
t""
..
Adj."",, rot
Wltff
21
-JI oi,.
26
Olll1lle
Dolerite
,
,
(Ff)
.,
DoIoriI.
(hllllt...
Dokdle
l&
",.
il~'.
Mid Stion:
..
?if'Ii1!ll
l;!
Table S. Mining rock mass rating calcul:ltion for case hi:' or)' 2
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Adi......srot
Sec O.cbo<Iy
Rt;oft
Rod<
1Wn
lRS RQO
J.
Iff)
\(Ift,
II
11
21
DoIomhe
Dolomk.
II
14
ScIlla!
22
22
lJ
16
19
2
Il
7
Schla
22
12
22
lJ
SIlo..
,
5
.6
Sho"
QuaN.k.
6
Quorulle
Sond.tlolll J
Stnd.tl....e
2
11
10
14
16
12
12
12
II
10
1
S
1
21
IS
Il
11
\1
,
S
18
Ig
IS
II
Moder... , ...... ,.
Moue
l>
Dr/
l'iII
;0
tOil
0,'0
19
'10
IS
1,00
1.00
O'9S I-
t,'A'
r--O,~S
,is ~0,10
11
U
9
O,&)
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f.OO
1.011
tJ
1.00
-,....'., ,;U
I.. ,~.
o,~'\
l-
O.ft~ lo ft\ . I-
M
1-.":"'- Ito0
O'h~t
0 _2!" .
11
18
),(
lCoy WOfdI: MP
,
7
I\lfe,
T,t
rot
(;ondllion
loin! C.n
6-
O,R~_
O,HS
0;1S
,~S
. .10IS
lU
(lo'i. of
1,00
1,00
0,10
0:10
~o)
Total
IHky
Rat""
\I!o'cllMr Oriw
....
TOial
I'IMI
M1U4
.S
46
51
0,90
0,90
1,00
0,90
0,11
loS
1.00
0,90
",1
)7
1,00
0.90
0,"
0,86
.,
0,"
0,110
1.00
1.00
0."
0."
0.90
U.
O,/,...
IS
19
0,90
0.90
0,"
0;11
1/10
1~
J2
1.00
Sl
36
I,Ge
&,3$
1.00
10
2.1
0,3$
0,"
0.90
0.90
o,t.S
.",
1,00
26
19
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.95
.~
30
--.,
NJUd. ~
DoooItIl
AIII1I ,~
(.)
47- '
47".
" ..'
4
50'.
..,
.., SS'"'" ,
JO
Z7
11
11:11
0.17
4$'
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....
4J"
.SS ,'
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...
'j
. , 47-:
Z7
0,116
! H,
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. ri ';'\.,
.loW
-:'/"1
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Upper Section:
rigoroll.l analytical
carried out.
WJy..
be
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CONCLUSIONS
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II i5 proposed to uPBTade this dwt cootlnuoUily lIIheau:l\cn data .. _.~~." ~
hc....omes .tvailable. Chanael to the layout in tltll reprd .,.. ,:. ::- ~. .
pus5ible.-
' . . .."'~
. '"n~.
;~"
~....,,!ftI.f'~.'-rJ
. In line with moat I.:ltssificatlon I)'ltemI it " .. dI~. ~~IICI.t.i.!:,;:
"
891
"
it.
',.,
...
~'f~~.~ .:~:'- .
::'.::''';
------_.------------------------------------------
.x- ..
I; EFERENCES
II
JOO~--------------------------------------
-:~-------------,----------~~------,
280
,/'
.,,/
/'
/'
240
,/'
,/'
/'"
~;LOPES
.,,/
,/
,/
,/
,./
UJO
,/
1050
./
/'
/'
/"
NO
80
.;0
'0
eo
60
Fiaure 5. Desisn chart to determine slope anglt: using M /(MR d.lssif".:allUlI d:.Ia.
892
so
90
100
,[1
.
"',t
I,;t. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr. Vol. 18, pp. 85 to 110
002()"7624j8lj020I-OOS5S02.00jO
00
\.
COMMISSION ON
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS AND ROCK MASSES
OF ROCK MASSES
1980
DOC NO.1
85
\~ (l'~Y"l
CQ-{1
I,
86
INTRODUCTION
A common deficiency of both geologic and geotechnical reports and published papers on rock mechanics prob
lems has been the lack of an adequate and generally accepted means to transmit an overall assessment of the
nature or rock masses to those who have not had an opportunity to observe them. A language common to rock
mechanics specialists and experts from related fields should be available. This is why the ISR M, at its Council
Meeting in Nancy, on October 3, 1971, decided to appoint a Commission on Classification of Rocks and Rock
Masses (see A~dix 1).
J.e., . ,'.,\iQ n,y\~., . ~ ;h. (
The first task of the Commission was an eXhad'sttve gath[rlng and study of documents (see References), in
particular of the numerous classification systems presently in use. The Commission preferred to follow, as far as
.
possible, classification criteria already in practice, rather than to innovate.
It was considered advisable to establish first a "Basic Geotechnical Description of Rock Masses" (BGD),
general in nature; the experience gained in using it might then lead to special descriptions and/or classifications
for different kinds of engineering works or aimed at specific types of geologic formations. Such a basic description
is proposed in this document.
.
The intent of the Basic Description is to characterize in simplified form the various zones that constitute a given
rock mass, using information obtained from the observation of outcrops, trenches, aditsor boreholes. The
Description may be used for written and symbolic characterization of rock masses; it may be included in borehole
logs, trench or adit logs, or may be shown on maps and geological sections.
It should be emphasized that, as the BGD is not an exhaustive description, it will often need to be supple
mented by additional, more detailed, information.
It is expected that application of the BGD to a variety of practical situations will suggest additions or
modifications to the present document. Any remarks aimed at improving the Description should be addressed to
the Secretariat of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, at the Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil,
A \enida do Brasil, 1799 Lisboa Cedex, Portugal.
87
,,,,(tr,,.,
. \ /!
r,
1,://\," (',
88
Symbols
>200
Descriptive terms
Very large
LI
Large
L1,z
60-200
20-60
6-20
Lz
L3
L.
<6
L,
L3
L4 .,
Large
Moderate
Small
Moderate
Small
Very small
Symbols
Descriptive terms
,,'\.,1"\
t_
'\
"
(\
\',
'
'}(',
(\o\"~""",1 ~ ,~.\~
>200
Very wide
FI
Wide
F1.2
60-200
20-60
6-20
Fz
F3
F4
<6
F,
F3
Wide
Moderate
Close
Moderate
Close
F4 .,
Very close
','f
l~
TABLE
3.
UNIAXIAL
Intervals
(MPa)
>200
COMPRESSIVE
ROCK
Symbols
SI.2
S2
Sl
S4
<6
S5
OF THE
Descriptive terms
Very high
SI
60-200
20-60
6-20
STRENGTH
S3
S4.5
High
High
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Low
89
Very low
8: ANGLE OF FRICTION OF
THE FRACTURES
The angle of friction of the fractures to be used for
purposes ofHleBGD is detlnedasthe slopeof the
tangetto thepeak strength envelope at a normal s~ress
of 1 MPa. This is an arbitrary definition for purposes or
classificafion and the value may not be identical to that
to be used in the project design.
Laboratory tests. ma~ b~o.~~~.!ol the determination
of the angle of frichon, In accordaNce with the methods
recommended by the ISRM*, or an estimate may be
made with the aid of observations such as of roughness
of the fracture surfaces, nature and thickness or filling
materials, etc.t Irregularities, waviness and peFst~t<e'rlce
of the fracture surfaces at a scale larger than, that of
,laboratory samples will not be taken into a~'2o~nt for
purposes of the BGD although th!'!y may be of con
siderable significance in the design. The value to ascribe
to the angle of friction of the fractures in a zone is the
mean value of the results obtained for the zone.
TABLE
4.
Intervals
>45
Symbols
Descriptive terms
Very high
Al
High
Au:
35-45
25-35
15-25
A2
<15
A5
A3
A",
AJ
High
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Low
A",.5
Very low
BGD of the rock mass; the back page, for the evalu
supplementary information.
Sandstone L3F4.SS3A3'
supplementary information.
90
or
n. Szechy
Youngstown, OH (1946),
'
tI968).
3:2. Stagg K. G. & Zienkicwicz O. C. (Ed) Rod.. !v/eclulllics ill EIl!!ill
e"rilllll'rllclice. Divisi(1n of Civil Engineering School of Engineer
ing. University of Wales. Swansea (1968).
.
'I" .
'
APPENDIX I
MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION
ROCK MASSES"
M. Rocha-Chairman
B. Aisenstein
R. Call
E. 1. Cording
F. Franciss
J. Franklin
H. Helfrich
J. Jennings
C. O. Morfeldt
L. Obert
R. Oliveira
M. Panet
D. Stapledon
B. Voight
(Portugal)
(Israel)
(U.S.A.)
(U.S.A.)
(Brazil)
(Canada)
(Sweden)
(South-Africa)
(Sweden)
(U.S.A.)
(Portugal)
. (France)
(Australia)
(U.S.A.)
91
\0
APPENDIX II
ROCK TYPE CLASSIFICATION*
GENETIC/GROUP
DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY
Usual structure
Composition
PYROCLASTIC
CARBON
ATE
GRAVEL
Coarse;3 GRAVEL
grained :::>
c:::
At least 50% of
grains 'are of
carbonate
~lay
Very
Grains are of rock fragments
coarse
!BOULDERS
grained (/) OBBLES
Rounded grains:
:::>
CONGLOMERATE
0
60
CHEMICAL/ORGANIC
BEDDED
Angular grains:
BRECCIA
Rounded grains
AGGLOMERATE
CALCI
RUDITE
SALINE
ROCKS
Halite
Anhydrite
Angular grains
VOLCANIC BRECCIA
I:;; LAPILLI TUFF
Ul
-I..l
rd
Medium
grainec
U)
SAND
~
<i
Z
H
.,,;
c:::
0
0.06
Finegrainec
u)u)
:::>:::>
00
~~
SILT
Very
fine
grainec
HE-<
~:::>
H~
~H~
CLAY
GLASSY
AMOR
PHOUS
__
._~"~._,"
.:".,;.....
____
~_.~.....
~.,;:.:t,..:,.~L,
..
..
~~"m."J~
....
uu
0.002
.,~iili"
>::
Ul
00
00
ori
~
o
4-IUl
_5
~-I..l
;2;
0
E-<
Ul
00
U)
::c
4-1
4-1
:::s
LIMESTONE
~
(')
DOLCl1ITE
'<
TUFF
-0
>::
;:l
,.,0
::tI
;2;
<
CHERT
s:
>
('1)
FLINT
I
~ Fine-grained TUFF
CARBON
(/)
, FEAT
E-<
~ Very fine-grained
. CALCI
LUTITE
::1
:0<:"
E-<
CALCI- III
SILTITE
CHALK _ ~
0
o(')
1'
ruFF
~o
LIGNITE
COAL
<
(/)
ri
CALC
ARENITE
CARBON
ATE
SILT
~
(/) <-0 c:::
ATE
:::>::t: ::I
~ cne ~
MUD
E-<
e!.
Ul
.-I
('1)
Gypsum
-I..l
...:::s
....
.....
:::s
. _.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
9
\:i>
:::s
~~
r-.
IP';
8.__
"Allin
,if
'j
METAMORPHIC
---_.........._------.
..,./
"""
IGNEOUS
FOLIATED
GENETIC GROUP
MASSIVE
Quartz, feldspars,
micas, acicular
dark minerals
Acid rocks
I nt,ermedia te
Usual Structure
Dark and
light
minerals
Basic
rock~
Dark
minerals
Ultrabasic
PEGMATITE
GNEISS (orthopara-, Alternate layers of
granular and
flakey minerals
MARBLE
PYROXENITE
--
GRANITE
DIORITE
GABBRO
GRANULITE
and
PERIDOTITE
Composition
Very
coarsegrained
Coarsegrained
t:C
s:
'"
o
60
og
:I
:::.
SERPENTINITE
MIGMATITE
MICR(x;RANITE
NICRODIORITE
DOLERITE
"""g
Mediumgrained
'-'
N
H
SCHIST
PHYLLITE
CI)
QUARTZITE
HORNFELS
AMPHIBLITE
;z;
RHYOLITE
ANDESITE
BASALT
SLATE
MYLONITE
----
Finegrained
Very
finegrained
GLASSY
AMORPHOUS
0.002
'"
~
~~
:I
...:
o
.....
'"
o(')
0.06
t:l
0:::
;.;
::
!);
'"
From: Bulletin of the illlernalicmal Association of Engineering Geology, No. 19. June/July, 1979,
\0
<.0.>
94
APPENDIX 111
WEATHERING CLASSIFICA TION*
Term
Fresh
Description
Symbols
WI
W2
W3
W4
W5
95
APPENDIX IV
BASIC GEOTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
Exposure: (3)
I Observer; (4)
I Date:
Zones
Occurrence
(%) ( 8)
Characterization(9)
Zones
II
VI
III
VII
IV
VIII
Occurrence
(%) (8)
Characterization(9)
96
COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS(lO)
Samples
Zone
Parameters
1
Average
Std
dev.
BCD
symbols
II
r thickness (cm)
Fracture interc. (cm)
U compo strength (MPa)
i Angle of friction (0)
Layer thickness (cm)
III
Layer thickness:
Fracture interc.:
l!
compo strength:
Angle of friction:
Supplementary information
(1) Main characteristics of the structure (2) Preliminary, final, (3) Outcrop, trench,
cores, (4) Name and qualification. (5) Stereo pairs of photographs, with the zones
outlined. Other stereo
may be added. Ordinary photographs and/ or sketches can be
resorted to. (6) Rock name (Appendix III, BCD); structure (folds, foults ) fracturing
(fracture sets, fracture characteristics); weathering (Appendix IV, BGD). (7)' Specific
aspects should be considered for each zone (8) Estimated proportion, by volume, 'of the
occurrence of each zone relative to the observed rock mass (9) - Rock name followed by
the interval symbols of the parameter values (art. 9). (10) See art. 3, 5, 6, 7-and 8
of BCD (11) Methods followed in the determination of the parameters and difficulties
encountered.
97
APPENDIX V
EXAMPLES OF A PPLICA nON OF BGD
Outcrop
Date: June 77
descri~tion:(6)
interbedded siliceous schists and graywackes (I), piroclastic rocks like tuff.
and breccia (II), agglomerate with rhyolitic matrix (III), rhyolite (IV)" and
Occurrence
Zones
(%) ( 8)
20
II
III
IV
Z5
R.M.M.S. 18,1-G
Occurrence
Characterization(9)
Siliceous Schist
L4 ; F4 5f S2; A2
Breccia and Tuff
L 4 ; F4; S4; A3
Agglomerate
LO; F4 ; $2; A2
Rhyolite
LO; F3; $2; AZ
Zones
(%) ( 8)
45
VI
VII
VIII
Characterization(9)
Quartz-diori te
L Z; F4 ; S3; AZ
98
LTnp
le
1
4
Average
10
66
65
(cm)
!
interc. (cm)
Ii
. strength
l'
nlPa)
150"1
-...
80
III
15
15
F4 5
S2
70
35
A2
13
15
20
12
15
F.4
15
S4
30
A3
LO
12
250
150
170
200
S2
A2
40
1_
"
22
25
210
140
(~1Pa)
:eng
(NPa)
180
LO
45
36
220
185
S2
40
A2
F4
~,
U compo strength
L4
I
friction (0)
;Layer thickne~~~ (cm)
L4
iAngle of
IV
16
12
15
(cm)
Fractur~ in~erc.
11
10
[lCD
symbols
,---"-~
S tel
dev.
80
210
120
160
12
18
I 140
10
92'"
55
60
50
55
S4
40
..!2?
L2
F4
R1Ilarks(ll)
loy
I
lie
fracture interc.:
compo strength:
e of friction:
leasured
)utcrops
"
,"normal to layering
(1) t-jain characteristics of the structure (2) Preliminary, final, (3) Outcrop,
trench, cores, (4) Name and qualification. (5) Stereo pair of photographs, wi th
the zones outlined. Other stereo pairs may be added. Ordinary photographs and/or
sketches call be resorted to. (6) Rock name (Appendix III, BGD), structure (folds,
foults). Fracturing (fracture sets, fracture characteristics); weathering (Appendix
IV, BGD). (7) Specific aspects should be considered for each zone (8) Estimated
proportion, by volume, of the occurrence of each zone relative to the observed
rock mass (9) - Rock name follo~ed by the interval symbols of the parameter values
(art. 9). (10) See art. 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of BGD (11) Methods followed in the,
determination of the parameters and difficulties encountered.
99
Occurrence
Zones
(%) (8)
r-------~-------
I
II
60
Characterization(9)
Zones
--------------+-------~-----------+~-----
Granite,L O'
v
VI
VII
VIII
. . . . ~--~-------~
100
Samples
Parameters
Zone
Average
BGD
symbols
Std
dev.
200
300
280
220
LO
250Clfi
F'
amlPa
1
S2
50
Al
LO
I-
II
SOcm
F3
50HPa
S3
40 0
A2
80
40
30
50
.._..
-I
! _.....
III
IV
I Angle of friction
(0)
I
Remarks(ll)
Layer thickness:
Fracture interc.:
lu
compo strength:
[Angle of friction:
The photo was taken during the stabilization works and after the stripping of the
rock mass. At this stage the intense vegetation and the displaced blocks had already
been removed.
A program of further works has been accomplished after this stage consisting
mainly on the filling of the joints with grout and the bolting and anchoring of
isolated blocks and of beamS built on the rock surface.
(1) Main characteristics of the structure (2) Preliminary, final, (3) Outcrop, trench,
cores, (4) Name and qualification. (5) Stereo pair of photographs, with the zones
outlined. Other stereo pairs may be added. Ordinary photographs and/or sketches can be
resorted to. (6) Rock name (Appendix III, BGD); structure (folds faults ) fracturing
(fracture sets, fracture characteristics); weathering (Appendix IV, BGD). (7) Specific
aspects should be considered for each zone (8) Estimated proportion, by Volume, of the
occurrence of each zone relative to the observed rock mass (9) - Rock name followed by
the interval symbols of the parameter values (art. 9). (10) See art. 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8
of BGD (11) Nethods followed in the determination of the parameters and difficulties
encountered.
101
Type of workl(l) Water Supply tunnel, length 5400 m and 3.00 diameter
Investigation ptagel(2) Preliminary
;
,
, (3)
Exposure;
borehole cores
1Date:
24/8/77
Zone II
Occurrence
Zones
(%) (8)
Characterization(9)
Zones
60
Gneiss,
LO' F3 , S3' AZ
II
15
Gnei ss,
LO' F4 , 53' A3
III
20
Gneiss,
La, F4' S4' A3
VII
IV
Gneiss,
LO' F5 , S5' A4
VIII
Occurrence
(%) ( 8)
Characterization(9)
V
i
VI
102
Samples
Parameters
Zone
LO
LO
55
60
LO
57
Std
AveraGe
dev.
BCD
symbols
45
50
35
42
S3
LrO
35
35
36
:\2
LO
18
LO
15
LO
LO
13
10
14
LO
F '
23
20
35
30
27
.'3
30
25
35
30
30
A3
LO
10
LO
7
LO
8
LO
10
18
12
10
15
14
S~
25
20
35
30
27,5
A3
LO
I.
LO
3
LO
5
LO
5
15
20
20
15
17,5
3,5
4
F4
LO
1
F3
37
58
35
LO
IV
II
III
LO
110
F5
S5
A4
Remarks( 11)
Layer thickness:
Fracture interc.l
!'
compo
;trength:
e of
Supplementary information
The .:lescription is based on the observation of outcrops and of borehole cores, where
The zoning took into consideration the values of the logitudinal wave velocities
(1) ~Iain characterisr:ics of the structure (2) Preliminary, final, ... (3) Outcrop,
trench, cores, (4) Name and qualification. (5) Stereo pair of photographs, with the
zones outlined. Other stereo pairs may be added. Ordinary photographs and/or sketches
can be resorted to. (6) Rock name (Appendix III, BGD); structure (folds, faults )
fracturinE (fracture sets, fracture characteristics); weathering (Appendix IV, BGD)
(7) Specific aspects should be considered for each zone (8) Estimated proportion by
volume, of the occurrence of each zone relative to the observed rock mass (9) - Rock
name fOllowed by the interval symbols of the parameter values (art. 9). (10) See art.
3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of BGD (11) Hethods followed in, the determination of the parameters
and difficulties encount.ered.
e of work: (1)
103
Quarry
r-~~------~------~
Exposure: (3)
Operating Quarry
Zone II Dense and moderately fractured basalt, spacing between fractures are 50 em
and 40 em,
to vertical and horizontal groups. Fractures are open and
Zone II: Dense, fresh and poor fractured basalt. Spacing between fractures vertical
Occurrence
Occurrence
Zones
(7.) (8)
50
II
.50
VI
Characterization(9)
Zones
III
VII
IV
VIII
(%) (8)
Characterization(9)
104
Samples
Parameters
Zone
BGD
symbol s
350
350
350
350
350
0,0
Ll
40
45
50
45
45
4,1
F3
300
250
250
50,0
Sl
1,0
Al
Ll
F,/
45 u
45 u
47 u
45
45~
400
350
350
400
375
2S,9
170
200
130
150
200
233
~4'0
I Layer
300
4S o
III
Std
dev.
u compo
II
1
Average
47 0
50
4So
4S o
7,7
S1
1,3
Al
-r
thickness (cm)
ly
thickness:
1>1"",
comp
:eng l
(1) Hain characteristics of the structure (2) Preliminary, final, (3) Outcrop,
trench, cores, (4) Name and qualification. (5) Stereo pair of photographs, with the
zones outlined. Other stereo pairs may be added. Ordinary photographs and/or sketches
can be resorted to. (6) Rock name (Appendix III, BGD); structure (folds, foults )
fracturing (fracture sets, fracture characteristics); weathering (Appendix IV, BGD).
(7) Specific aspects should be considered for each zone (8) Estimated proportion, by
volume, of the occurrence of each zone relative to the observed rock mass (9) - Rock
name fOllowed by the interval symbols of the parameter values (art. 9). (10) See art.
3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of BGD (11) Methods followed in the determination of the parameters
and difficulties encountered.
105
Type of work;(l)
Excavation slope
.,
Investlgatlon stage;
(2)
Exposure:
Highway cut
and RAYMUNDO
G. Date:JUNE 78
Zone II: Fine clayey sandstone, moderately compacted, with well marked
stratification. Two sets of perpendicular vertical fractures. There are also
horizontal secondary fractures, parallel to the stratification.
Zone III; Silty shale interbedded with fine sandstone lenses.
along the fissili ty planes, producing centimetric lamellae.
Occurrence
Zones
(7.) (8)
Occurrence
Characterization(9)
Zones
30
II
40
VI
III
30
Shale,L 3 ,F 3 ,S4,A 3
VII
IV
Disintegrates easily
VIII
CO
(8)
Characterization(9)
106
------,.-------
Samples
50
""
50
50
.- '. ....
i Fracture,
in~erc.
_- -
LIO
-'
! Angl e of friction ( 0)
25
'<'I
--
A3
70
0,0
L)
10
17
F4
)3
50
0,0
40
0,0
20
L3
.F
3
S4
25
A3
35
50
40
40
--r-
(~lpa)
A3
IV
._-- - - - -
------
__.
-- _.
-- ----
.--~
------ - - - - -
---:-:--
Remarks(ll)
Layer thickness:
Fractur p interc. :
--
Eye estimation
comp
Ingl
'3
20
70
5,0
15
(0)
L3
40
70
50
compo strength
0,0
25
BCD
symbols
50
30
III
Std
dev.
70
Angle of friction
Average
--- ..--- -
II
..
,~
45
35
<'I
- - - ------- --,--------
fri
:io I:
Eye estimation
Supplementary information
(1) Hain chara.cteristics of the structure (2) Prel iminary, final, (3) Outcrop, trench
cores, (4) Name and qualification. (5) Stereo pair of photographS, with the zones
outlined. Other stereo pairs may be added. Ordinary photographs and/or sketches can be
resort.ed to. (6) Rock name (Appendix III, BCD); structure (folds, foults ) fracturing
(fracture sets, fracture characteristics); weathering (Appendix IV, BGD). (7) Specific
aspects should be considered for each zone (8) Estimated proportion, by volwne, of the
occurrence of each zone relative to the observed rock mass (9) - Rock name followed by
the interval symbols of the parameter values (art. 9). (10) See art. 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8
of BCD (11) ~lethods followed in the determination of the parameters and difficulties
encountered.
107
Investi.gation
Location: Santa Catarina-BRASIL
Zones
I
shal~
ccurrence
eX) ( 8)
60%
well laminated.
Occurrence
Characterization(9)
Sil tstone;
Zones
V
L2 , F3 , S3' A3
II
40%
Shale;
VI
L 2 , F3 , 54' A4
VII
VIII
C~) (8)
Charact
9)
108
Samples
Zone
Parameters
2
Average
Std
dev.
BGD
symbols
90
45
45
60
L2
100
15
30
48.3
F3
50
S3
30 0
A3
57
64
60
60
L2
85
50
15
50
15
3
S4
18
. ALI
II
-.
III
IV
Layer thickness;
Fracture interc.:
U compo strength:
Eye estimation
Angle of friction:
Eye estimation
C---..
Supplementary information
Scale is showed by hammer.
Shale disintegrates on
(1) Main characteristics of the structure (2) Preliminary. final (3) Outcrop,
trench, cores (4) Name and qualification. (5) Stereo pair of photographs. with
the zo~es outlined. Other stereo pairs may be added. Ordinary photographs and/or
sketches can be resorted to. (6) Rock name (Appendix HI. BGD); structure (folds,
foults ) fracturing (fracture sets. fracture characteristics); weathering
(Appendix IV, BGD). (7) Specific aspects should be considered for each zone (8)
Estimated proportion, by volume, of the occurrence of each zone rela ti ve to the
observed rock mass (9)- Rock name followed by the interval symbols of the
parameter values (art. 9). (10) See art. 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of BGD (11) Methods
followed in the determination of the parameters and difficulties encountered.
Type of work:(l)
109
Date: AUG. 77
Occurt'e(lce
Zones
I
(%)
75
\.15)
Occur~etJce
racterization(9)
Limestone;
Zones
25
Marly chalk;
L4 _5 ; Fl; S5; A4_ 5
VI
III
VII
IV
VIII
(%)
(8)
Characterization(9)
110
,.
I
Zone
--,-
Averacc
Std
dey.
BCD
symbols
I,
!,,
Samples
I'a ramet cr s
II
U compo strength
I,
I
I
(~Ipa)
I fracture interc.
III
!
-~
I,v
( em)
I
I
thicknes.s (em)
I.
..
thickness:
cture interc.:
jv compo strength:
Angle of friction:
Remarks(ll
measured on the outcrop
measured on the outcrop
Values estimated, no samples taken for laboratory tests
Laboratory Tests
Supplementary information
The follol{ing more prominent fractures ( joints) were recorded from the mapped
exposure (strikes given first-followed by dips):
Zone I
N 82
N
N 10 E, 60 NW;
N 80
0
E, 70 SE; N 62 W, 89 SW; N 22
W, 87 SW.