Bio

321 Fall 2013

Homework 2

Name: ____________________
SBU ID#: ____________________

1. [1 pt] At an allozyme locus with three alleles in a population of sand fleas, you accumulate the
following genotypic data:
genotype
# individuals
A1A1
15
A2A2
17
A3A3
10
A1A2
40
A1A3
45
A2A3
45
Is this population in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium at this locus? Determine using a chi-square test. Be
sure to show all your calculations, the chi-square value, the number of degrees of freedom and the P-
value. Also, if you find that the population is not at HW equilibrium, interpret the result (what
genotype(s) is/are there not enough or too much of and what might be the explanation?).

Population is not in H-W equilibrium at this locus.
Fewer A3A3 individuals than expected; other genotypes not very different from expectations
A3A3 may have substantially lower viability than other genotypes

2. (a)[0.5 pt] Tamrays Waspeater is a very elusive bird. You have been conducting your graduate
research on this species, and detect a biased sex ratio in one local population: there are 21 males, but 93
females. What is the effective population size of this local population?

Ne = 4(NmNf)/(Nm+Nf) = 4(21)(93)/(21+93) =
Ne = 68.5

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(b)[1 pt] In another population, you find an equal number of males and females (9 each), but find that
their reproductive success differs. Here are your raw data:
Males
#Offspring
George
0
Carlito
12
Timothy
0
Miguel
1
Gregory
1
Pablo
5
Ethan
0
Zack
1
Leonard
0

Females
#Offspring
McKayla
2
Susan
3
Dominique
2
Alejandra
4
Rosemary
3
Agnes
3
Elizabeth
1
Karen
2
Bethany
1

What is the effective population size of this population? (NOTE TO CALCULATE VARIANCE USE THE VAR
FUNCTION IN EXCEL OR USE THE SUM OF THE SQUARED DEVIATIONS DIVIDED BY N-1, WHICH IS WHAT
EXCEL USES IN THE VAR FUNCTION)
Male variance = 15.94
Female variance = 1.00
Na = total number of individuals = 18
Ne = [8Na]/[Vm + Vf + 4] = 6.88
(c)[0.5 pt] Finally, youve been tracking the population size of one particular population for 10 years.
Here are your raw data:
Year1
Year2
Year3
Year4
Year5
Year6
Year7
Year8
Year9
Year10
50,000 47,000 32,000 12,000 30,000
5,000 45,000 78,000 99,000 50,000

What is the effective population size of this population, given this population history?

1/Ne = (1/t)*(1/N1 + 1/N2 + ... + 1/Nt)

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3. [3 pts] You are given the following information from a single genetic locus from several
subpopulations of Tamrays Waspeater.
Population
Kentucky
New York
Denmark
Norway
California

Observed frequency of p
0.32
0.52
0.42
0.78
0.45

Observed heterozygosity
0.1
0.42
0.17
0.11
0.52

Calculate the F-statistics for these populations (the bars over the capital letters have been omitted
below).
Hi = average of (.1,.42,.17,.11,.52) = .264 = average observed heterozygosity across pops
Hs= (2*.32*.68 + 2*.52*.48 + 2*.42*.58 + 2*.78*.22 + 2*.45*.55) / 5 = .452
Ht= average(.32,.52,.42,.78,.45) * average(.68,.48,.58,.22,.55) * 2 = .500
Fis= (.452 - .264) / .452 = 0.42 (evidence of very substantial inbreeding)
Fst= (.500 - .452) / .50 = 0.10
Fit= (.500 - .264) / .500 = 0.47

For each of the three F-statistics, interpret the results. Remember that for Fst, Wright gave some
categories of differentiation, so be sure to tell us which of these categories the overall metapopulation
fits into.
Substantial inbreeding, only modest differentiation between sub populations. Relatively high value Fit is
probably due more to inbreeding than differentiation.

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4. (a) [0.5 pt] Assume an effective population size of 15 for the sub-populations from question 3 above.
How much will Fst increase after 1 generation? What about after 5 generations?

FST = 1/2Ne = 1/(2*15) = 1/30 = 0.033

Ft = 1-(1-FST)^t = 1-(1-0.033)^5 = 0.15

(b) [0.5 pt] Now assume an effective populations size of 100. How much will Fst increase after 1
generation? What about after 5 generations?

FST = 1/2Ne = 1/(2*100) = 1/200 = 0.005

Ft = 1-(1-FST)^t = 1-(1-0.005)^5 = 0.025

(c) [0.5 pt] Explain why the different effective population sizes affect Fst differently.
The effects of genetic drift, which we are modeling above, are stronger when the population size is
smaller.

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4.(a) [0.5 pt] Fill in the blanks in the following table:

genotype # offspring (absolute fitness) relative fitness (w)

selection coefficient
(s=1-w)

AA

101

Aa

120

aa

91

(b) [0.5 pt] Using the data in the table above, calculate the mean fitness of the population.

5 [0.5 pt] What is the equilibrium frequency of a completely recessive, deleterious mutant allele with a
mutation rate of 0.00002 and a selection coefficient of 0.03?
q-hat = square root(mu/s) = square root(0.00002/0.03) = 0.026

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6. (a) [0.5 pt] For a one locus, two-allele system with p (frequency of A)=0.15 and q (frequency of
a)=0.85 and the following phenotypic values for a bristle trait: AA = 22 bristles, Aa = 17 bristles, and aa =
13 bristles, calculate the additive effect (a) and the dominance effect (d).

aa
Aa
AA
13
17 17.5
22
|------------------|-|------------|
-a
0
+a
a=(22-13)/2 = 9/2 = 4.5
d = 17-17.5 = -0.5







(b) [0.5 pt] For the above case, calculate the equilibrium phenotypic mean in bristles.
G-bar = a(p-q) + 2pqd = 4.5(.15-.85) + 2(.15)(.85)(-0.5)
G-bar in deviation units = -3.3
G-bar in bristles = 17.5 + (-3.3) = 14.2 bristles

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