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PIPEPHASE
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Workbook
Copyright Notice
Copyright 2001 Simulation Sciences Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this
publication may be copied and/or distributed without the express written permission of Simulation Sciences Inc., 601 Valencia Ave., Brea, CA 92823-6346.
Trademarks
Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Defining the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Setting the Input Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Entering Thermodynamic or PVT Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Specifying the Global Defaults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Building the Flowsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Entering Source and Sink Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Defining Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Setting up a Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Working with Keyword Input Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Running the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Viewing the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Fluid Flow Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Applying PIPEPHASE to Downhole Operations . . . . . . . 87
Executing a Sensitivity (or Nodal) Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . 98
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Introduction
PIPEPHASE is a steady-state multiphase fluid flow network simulator
used for the rigorous modeling of oil and gas gathering and transportation systems. PIPEPHASE provides integrated solutions to network
problems. It can perform distinct analyses of individual nodes separately
and it is also able to incorporate the parameters of interrelated nodes into
the total solution. The applications of PIPEPHASE range from the sensitivity analysis of key parameters in a single well, to a multi-year facilities planning study for an entire field. This program also combines an
efficient multiphase network solution algorithm with modern oil and gas
production analysis techniques to create a unique field design and planning tool. This is coupled with an extensive physical property databank,
and integrated with an intuitive Windows-based user interface.
Calculation
Engine
Fluid types, such as, blackoil, compositional, liquid, gas, steam, and
multiphase mixtures of gas and liquid
Pipeline sphering
PIPEPHASE also comes with two add-on modules, NETOPT and TACITE, which can be installed at the same time as PIPEPHASE provided
you have obtained the appropriate security. Contact your sales representative for more information.
NETOPT
NETOPT provides you with optimization capabilities that allows you to
optimize network performance by defining specific operating objectives
while satisfying both physical and user-imposed constraints. For example, you can use NETOPT to maximize the oil production from a system
of wells operating under injection-limited gaslift, or minimize capital
costs for a new pipeline system.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
TACITE
The TACITE code, developed by IFP, Elf Aquitaine and TOTAL, is a
compositional transient multiphase flow simulation tool, for the design
and control of oil and gas production pipelines and wells. The program
simulates the transient behavior of a fluid flowing through a single-link
flow system. The source flowrate and sink pressure are specified as timedependent boundary conditions.
Graphical
User
Interface
PIPEPHASE
Engine/GUI
Relationship
Figure 1:
PIPEPHASE
Components
PIPEPHASE was originally designed with an easy-to-use keyword version, where input information was entered through a text editor. The currently enhanced Graphical User Interface (GUI), however, provides a
more user-friendly and interactive environment for data input and flowsheet construction. Although familiarity with the keyword structure can
be useful in executing and troubleshooting simulations, this class will
focus solely on the GUI for several reasons. The GUI prompts you for
the necessary input data, making it easier for you to see what is missing
from a particular simulation. Furthermore, the GUI provides a visual
description of the process, giving you a better feel for the simulation.
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Graphical
GraphicalUser
User
Interface
Interface
PFE
PFEText
Text
Editor
Editor
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Database
Database
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Keyword
KeywordFile
File
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Calculation
Calculation
Module
Module
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
RAS
RAS
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Report
ReportFile
File
Introduction
Online Help
Technical
Support
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Conventions
Before you begin this workbook, you should be aware of several conventions. These include:
Italicized text denotes menu items, dialog box names and fields, and
lists. For example, File, Save As..., the Source Data dialog box, and
Composition Defined.
,
4
Click, Highlight or Select: Place the pointer on the item and press the
left mouse button.
Double-click: Same as click except you press the left mouse button
twice with only a very short pause between clicks.
Open: To open a dialog box or object, place the pointer on the object
and click or double-click the mouse.
Drag: Move the mouse while holding the left button down
Note:
Introduction
Launching
PIPEPHASE
Click on PIPEPHASE.
Main
Window
Option
Function
New
Open
Close
Save/Save As
Save the active simulation to a file with the same name, or to a new file
Copy Simulation
Delete Simulation
Run
Remote Settings
Exit
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Figure 2:
PIPEPHASE
Main Window
Description
Title Bar
The window title contains the name of the current simulation and view.
Menu Bar
Toolbar
Menu Bar
Scroll Bars
The vertical and horizontal scroll bars enable you to move vertically and
horizontally through a window.
Status Bar
The bar below the toolbar that gives quick help on the highlighted button.
Control-menu Box
The standard Windows control-menu in the top left corner can be used to
move, resize or close the application window
Directly below the title bar of the main PIPEPHASE window you will
find the main menu bar. It gives you easy access to the command menus.
Main Functions
File
Edit
View
General
Add input data - all data can be entered from this menu
Special Features
Help
Many of same commands are available through the buttons on the toolbar.
Toolbar
The toolbar appears just below the menu bar on the main PIPEPHASE
window. Using the mouse, you can initiate many actions by clicking the
buttons on the toolbar.
Data Entry
Windows
Description
Button
Description
Define hydrates
Zoom out
PIPEPHASE provides dialog boxes that allow you to enter data in a logical manner. Throughout this workbook, you will see examples of data
entry windows. Within these dialog boxes, there are many different types
of data entry devices including check boxes, radio buttons, drop-down
lists, and buttons.
Table 5: Data Entry Window Buttons
Button
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Description
OK
Cancel
All data entered or modified are lost when the dialog box closes.
Help
Color Cues
PIPEPHASE uses color cues to inform you of the status of your simulation. The significance of the colors you will encounter while working
with PIPEPHASE are summarized below.
Table 6: Color Significance During Data Entry
Editing and
Viewing the
Flowsheet
Color
Significance
Red
Blue
Green
An item is selected
Gray
You can use the options on the Edit menu to modify the placement of
objects on your flowsheet diagram.
Table 7: Edit Menu Options
Option
Function
Copy Node...
Copy Link...
Edit Node...
Sort, edit, delete, and copy existing nodes or add a new node to the flowsheet
Edit Link...
Sort, edit, delete, copy, or change the flow direction of existing links
Move Node...
Move the highlighted node around the flowsheet using the arrow keys
Draw...
You can use the options on the View menu to modify the data displayed
on your flowsheet diagram.
Table 8: View Menu Options
Option
View Output
View node results or link plots; you cannot make data entries or edits in
this mode
Node Labels
Node labels are shown on the PFD; for example, S001, D002
Link Labels
Link names are shown on the PFD, for example, L001, L002
Show Pressures
Show Temperatures
Show Rates
Ribbon Bar
Link Device
Data Window
The Link Device Data window, shown in Figure 3, is the workspace into
which you add and define your link data for each link on the main window. To open this window, double-click on any link on the flowsheet.
Figure 3:
Link Device Window
This window is broken up into four sections. Starting from the top lefthand-side, these include:
Access buttonsenter and exit link device view, and open online
help.
Calculation dataenter link data, nodal analysis data, line sizing data,
Devices paletteuse this toolbar to add devices to the active link; the
description for each unit is provided in the status line above the toolbar, for example, Pipe.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Applications
Single Pipe
Analysis
Wellbore analysis
PIPEPHASE is a sophisticated tool for the design and analysis of singlephase and multiphase pipelines. The main features of PIPEPHASE
involve capacity calculations, condensate drop-out problems, CO 2/
Steam/N2 injection networks, and heated oil pipelines. The rigorous
energy balance and detailed heat transfer model enable the accurate simulation of viscous fluids in insulated and/or heated oil pipelines as well
as steam injection systems.
Capacity calculations form the core of any preliminary process design.
PIPEPHASE allows you to specify the desired parameters in a particular
field, and accurately calculates the operating conditions necessary to
accommodate these values. For instance, as a simple example, if one is
given a specified inlet and a desired outlet pressure at a given flow rate,
PIPEPHASE calculates the pump power needed to meet these specifications. You could also use line sizing to vary the diameter of the pipes
used in order to provide an optimal estimate for the size of the pipes.
Figure 4:
Capacity Calculations
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PIPEPHASE also accurately predicts retrograde condensation, or condensate drop-out problems, in wet gas pipelines. The retrograde phenomena is graphically illustrated in Figure 5. Conventional techniques
that employ extrapolation to predict the point of retrograde phenomena
are invariably incorrect. PIPEPHASE applies a point-by-point PVT anal10
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Introduction to PIPEPHASE
11
Wellbore
Analysis
Figure 7:
Wellbore Analysis
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12
Performance Analysis
Figure 8 illustrates a graphical solution to wellbore calculations. In this
case, reservoir performance is given (flowing bottomhole pressure as a
function of flow rate). The composite variable in this case is the size
(inside diameter) of the pipes. These curves are superimposed on the
graph, and the intersection of these curves with the Reservoir Performance curve indicates the solution for each case. The solution gives the
operating conditions for the node to meet the desired specifications.
Figure 8:
Wellbore Calculations
- Varying Pipe Sizes
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Figure 9:
Wellbore Analysis Varying Well-head
Pressure
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PIPEPHASE also models artificial lift methods. The two methods available to the program are continuous gas lift for enhanced fluid recovery
and electrical submersible pump analyses.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
13
Figure 10:
Gas Lift Analysis
With specified oil production and lift gas rate, PIPEPHASE generates pressure profiles in the production and injection strings of the
well.
With a specified range of gas injection valve locations for fixed oil
production and lift gas injection rates, PIPEPHASE calculates corresponding production string pressure, and determines the injection
location which is closest to the target outlet pressure.
With a specified range of gas injection valve locations for fixed oil
production and lift gas injection rates, PIPEPHASE calculates corresponding injection string pressures and determines the location
which is closest to the target outlet pressure.
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analyzed in the network mode with the injection depth and rate specified
for each well.
The most common calculation in gas lift problems is the calculation of
the optimum gas injection rate. Usually, you are given the following
parameters: reservoir pressure, well-head pressure, formation gas-oil
ratio, and water cut. Injection pressure and gaslift valve locations are
usually fixed, and from this information, you must determine the optimum lift gas injection rate, Q.
PIPEPHASE can generate plots of the liquid and oil production versus
gas injection rate, as shown in Figure 11, to indicate the optimum gas
injection rate required (trial injection rates are used as input to this simulation to generate the desired graph).
Figure 11:
Finding the Optimum
Gas Injection Rate
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Field Wide
Simulation
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
15
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Furthermore, PIPEPHASE is equipped with a new time-dependent production planning capability. One such feature is the Reservoir Decline
option, which describes the cumulative production volume calculation
based on well grouping. PIPEPHASE provides a simple tank depletion
model for gas and condensate reservoirs. It also provides support for
user-specified reservoir pressure decline curves, as well as for user-specified decline in well characteristics (changing gas-oil ratio, water cut).
Another feature allows you to model changing facilities. The case study
feature simulates changing operation setpoints, facilities and delivery
contracts over multiple time periods. For instance, the field may require
more power (e.g. in pumps) with time, and increasing the horsepower of
the pumps affects overall field performance and costs.
Regarding contracts, PIPEPHASE allows you to model the behavior of a
given field that is under specific contractual constraints. For example, if
the field is given a maximum production rate Q which cannot be
exceeded due to contractual agreements, the individual components of
field must be adjusted to meet the terms of contract. The performance of
the field, however, will change with time. For instance, for the first five
years, compressor horsepower must be regulated because the maximum
field operation exceeds Q. After five years, however, even with maximum power, field production does not exceed Q, and the necessary
adjustments must be made to meet production standards.
16
Simulating
Networks in
PIPEPHASE
Figure 13:
Simulation Definition
Dialog Box
Check the box beside Input Check Only when you want PIPEPHASE to
perform a thorough check on your input before performing any calculations. If errors are found, it will not carry out the simulation.
Simulation
Type
Network Model
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
17
Fluid Models
Compositional
Black oil
Gas Condensate
Gas
Liquid
Steam
Compositional/Blackoil
The fluid type controls how the program is able to obtain the physical
properties necessary for pressure drop and heat transfer calculations
either from the PIPEPHASE databank, from built-in empirical correlations, or from user-supplied input. Steam is a special case of a non-compositional fluid, for which PIPEPHASE uses the GPSA steam tables.
Non-Compositional Models
A non-compositional fluid model must be defined as black oil, gas condensate, liquid, gas, or steam. Black oil and gas condensate are twophase, with one phase dominant. Gas and liquid fluid models are singlephase. Steam can be single or two-phase.
When working with multi-phase non-compositional fluids in PIPEPHASE, you must supply specific gravity (reference density) data for gas,
liquid, and water phases, even if you do not expect them all to be present.
In the case of single phase fluids, you need specify the reference density
of that phase only.
PIPEPHASE employs empirical correlations (e.g. Vasquez, Standing,
Glaso) to calculate certain fluid properties. You can define the method
by which PIPEPHASE calculates these properties. For instance, you can
choose Vazquez, Standing, or GLASO correlations for viscosity, or
Standing or Hall-Yarborough correlations for compressibility factor. The
default correlation depends upon the fluid being used.
18
Blackoil Model
Gas condensate is a multiphase non-compositional fluid with gas predominating. All properties of gas condensate are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and built-in correlations. Gas
condensate models are very useful in simulating the behavior of light oil
with APIs greater than 45.
Single-Phase Liquid Model
All properties of a non-compositional liquid are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and built-in correlations. You must
define the liquid as water or hydrocarbon (oil), and supply its gravity.
Single-Phase Gas Model
19
The SIMSCI library contains over 2000 components. For all components, the databank contains data for all the fixed properties and temperature-dependent properties necessary to carry out phase equilibrium
calculations. For all common components, the databank also contains a
full set of transport properties necessary to carry out the pressure drop
and heat transfer calculations. If you need to supplement the data, or
override the library data with your own, you can do so.
Petroleum Components
Gravity
Molecular weight.
PIPEPHASE will predict the third property if you omit it. PIPEPHASE
uses industry-standard characterization methods to predict all fixed and
temperature-dependent property data for each pseudocomponent. You
can select the method most suitable for your own mixture.
You can provide names for the individual cuts, or have PIPEPHASE
define names based on the cuts' NBPs.
Assay Data
20
Phase
Designation
If you believe that the phase of your compositional fluid will not change
throughout the simulation, you can specify that phase (liquid or gas).
PIPEPHASE will bypass the flash calculations to increase the speed of
your simulation.
You must be sure that the fluid remains in the phase which you specify
for the entirety of the simulation, since any liquid dropout or vaporization which may occur in reality will be missed, and results will then be
erroneous.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
21
By default, the standard Petroleum set is the global default used to start
each simulation.
22
To change the default set, select a set from the System list.
OK
Standard
Sets
Output Units
of Measure
English
Metric
SI
Temperature
Pressure
psig
psia
bar
kPa
Molar Rate
lb-mol/hr
lb-mol/hr
kg-mol/hr
kg-mol/hr
Weight Rate
lb/hr
lb/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
bbl/hr
ft3/hr
m3/hr
m3/hr
106 ft3/hr
106 ft3/hr
106 m3/hr
106 m3/hr
Default Basis
liquid volume
gas volume
gas volume
gas volume
Conductivity
Btu/hr-ft-F
Btu/hr-ft-F
kcal/hr-m-C
W/m-K
Btu/hr-ft2-F
Btu/hr-ft2-F
kcal/hr-m2-C
kW/m2-K
Fine Length
in
in
mm
Coarse Length
ft
ft
Pipe Length
ft
ft
m
kg/m3
Water Density
sp gr
sp gr
kg/m3
Oil Density
API
API
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kW
Gas Density
sp gr
sp gr
kg/m3
Power
hp
hp
kW
Duty
106
106
106
Viscosity
cP
cP
cP
Pa-sec
Velocity
mph
ft/s
km/hr
m/s
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
kcal/hr
106 kJ/hr
Normally, the output report is in the same units as the input set. However, you can define a different set of units for the output. If you do want
output in a different set of units it is good practice to get it in the input
unit set as well, so that you can check the correctness of your input data.
Check the Use Output Units of Measurement box, and select the set
from the System drop-down list.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
23
Blackoil
Models
Figure 15:
Blackoil/
Compositional PVT
Data Dialog Box
You can enter a mole percentage for any or all of the listed contaminants
(nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide). Entry of data here will
effect a change in the compressibility factor for the gas phase according
to built-in correlated curve relationships.
Regarding Antoine viscosity data, you can enter one temperature and
one viscosity to define a constant viscosity of the dead oil, or enter tw
points for regression onto a two-point Antoine curve. The viscosities are
interpolated and extrapolated on a log-scale for all other temperature
conditions. If multiple sets of two-point viscosity data are supplied, then
the two temperature points must be identical for each set.
24
If laboratory data is available, you can adjust the properties that PIPEPHASE calculates from its built-in correlations so that they more closely
fit the measured data. Since the data adjusts the properties computed by
the Standing correlation, you must specify Standing for all properties on
the Correlation list or dialog box.
You can define the method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict a non-compositional compressibility factor. The available correlations are the
Standing-Katz, Hall-Yarborough wet gas, and Hall-Yarborough dry gas
methods.
You can also define the methods that PIPEPHASE uses to calculate Formation Volume Factor (FVF) and Solution Gas Oil Ratio (SGOR). For
the FVF, you can choose the TUFFP Vazquez/Beggs, Standing, or Glaso
methods. To calculate SGOR, you can define the TUFFP Vazquez/
Beggs, Lasater, Standing, or Glaso correlations.
There are numerous viscosity correlations available for each phase. For
oil, there are the TUFFP Vazquez/Beggs, Beal-Standing/Chew-Conally
and Glaso correlations. For the viscosity of gas, the Lee, et. al., and Katz,
Carr, et. al. methods can be used.
If you want to specify a specific correlation for mixing, you can choose
one of three methods: Volumetric averaging, API Procedure 14b, and
Woelflin (loose, medium, or tight). You can adjust the Woelflin Oil/
Water mixing correlations by entering your own data.
Gas
Condensate
and Gas
Models
As for the blackoil model, you must enter are the gravities (or densities)
for each of the three potential phases of the fluid, while all other data are
optional. Enter the contamination concentrations as you did for a blackoil fluid.
You must supply specific gravity data for gas, liquid and water phases,
even if you do not expect them all to be present. You can define the
amount of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide in the well
which adjusts the compressibility factor calculations. You can also specify a gas specific heat ratio (c p/cv) to override the internal value set as a
default.
You can also specify which correlation is to be used. The available correlations for gas viscosity are the Lee and the Katz-Carr methods. For the
z-factor, you can use the Standing-Katz, theHall-Yarborough wet gas, or
the Hall-Yarborough dry gas model.
In the case of gas condensate models, you do not have a choice as to
which correlations are to be used for calculating fluid properties. Also,
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
25
as opposed to black oil calculations, you cannot adjust the Standing correlation to match any available data.
Figure 16:
Gas Condensate PVT
Data
The PVT dialog box for a single phase gas is similar to Figure 16 except
that the data entry field, Condensate, is not an option.
SinglePhase Liquid
Model
Figure 17:
Single Phase Liquid
PVT Data
Note:
If two-point viscosity data is supplied for more than one property set, the temperature values must be the same. This is
required to calculate the proper mixture viscosity when the tw
fluids merge, for example at a junction node.
You can supply liquid viscosity data to override the internally predicted
data. You can do this by either defining the viscosity as a single value or
as a two-point viscosity curve. Similarly, you can supply a single constant value for liquid specific heat to override the internally predicted
data.
You can specify the correlation used to calculate oil or water viscosity.
The options for viscosity correlations are: for oil, Vazquez, Standing,
and GLASO; for water, Beal and ASME Steam tables. However, unlike
black oil, you cannot adjust the Standing correlation to match any available laboratory data.
Steam Model
Enter the gravity, or density, of the water to represent the amount of dissolved salt present in the water, which becomes important if large elevation changes are present.
When using steam, you can specify the gravity of the condensed water to
be more than 1.0 to take into account dissolved solids. You can also
specify steam quality if the steam is saturated. If the steam is superheated or the water is subcooled, you must specify both the temperature
and the quality.
Figure 18:
Steam PVT Data
Note that the steam (or any single component fluid) model is based on an
enthalpy balance.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
27
Compositional
Model
For compositional models, PIPEPHASE can use a generalized correlation, an equation of state, or a liquid activity method to calculate thermodynamic properties at the flowing conditions and hence to predict the
split between the liquid and vapor phases. The choice of the thermodynamic property calculation method depends on the components in the
fluid and the prevailing temperatures and pressures. PIPEPHASE also
provides a number of methods that can rigorously calculate vapor-liquidliquid equilibrium and solid-liquid equilibrium.
Generally you must select methods for calculating these thermodynamic
properties:
Equilibrium K-values
Enthalpies
Entropies
Densities.
28
To cite a few method examples, for the calculation of K-values, the following methods can be used for heavy hydrocarbon systems:
Braun K10
Grayson-Streed
Peng-Robinson
Soave-Redlich-Kw
For some systems, notably close-boiling mixtures, the standard equations do not adequately reproduce experimental phase equilibria data.
You can improve the predictability of many of the equations of state, or
liquid activity coefficient methods by inputting your own binary interaction parameter values. For example, you can tune the PR, SRK, BWRS,
and LKP equations.
If you have water in a hydrocarbon system, you can select a method for
calculating aqueous liquid and vapor enthalpies either by a simplified
method which assumes that the steam is at its saturation point, or by a
rigorous method which takes into account the degree of superheat of the
vapor, if any.
Energy considerations in pipelines must take into account three main
factors: (1) the energy transfer to the environment, (2) frictional forces,
and (3) expansion cooling within the pipe, also known as the JouleThompson effect. In the Joule-Thompson phenomena, as pressure
decreases, the gas expands and there is subsequent cooling of the fluid.
In the case of large pressure drops, large fluid expansion may be
observed, and the fluid temperature may drop below the ambient temperature.
Transport
Methods
The SIMSCI databank contains pure component data for the thermal
conductivity, surface tension, and viscosity of liquids and vapors as functions of temperature. You can choose to use these data and simple mixing rules to predict the flowing properties of the fluid.
Alternatively you can choose to use the API Data Book property prediction methods and mixing rules for mixed hydrocarbons.
Some 60 of the bank components have data for viscosity and thermal
conductivity from the GPA TRAPP program. If you choose to use the
TRAPP data, all of your components must be TRAPP components and
you cannot have any pseudocomponents or assay data.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
29
In the case of oil and water mixing, you can use the same correlations
available to the black oil case: Volumetric averaging, API procedure
14B, and the three variations of the Woelflin emulsion procedure.
To override the mixture liquid viscosity predictions, you can supply a
two-point liquid viscosity curve for either the hydrocarbon liquid phase,
the water phase or the total liquid. A different viscosity curve may be
supplied for each source, however the temperature points must remain
the same.
In most cases, a single set of thermodynamic and transport methods is
adequate for calculating properties of all sources. However, your flowsheet may contain sources with widely varying compositions or conditions such that they cannot be simulated accurately using just one set. To
account for this, you can define more than one set of methods (there is
no limit) and apply different sets to different sources.
30
Flow
Correlation
Defaults
You must specify the Pressure Drop flow correlation to be used to calculate pressure drops along lengths of the pipes, risers, tubings, and annuli.
The default is Moody. The correlations available depend on the fluid
type: gas, liquid, compositional, blackoil, gas condensate or steam. The
selected correlation will be used for all units of like type in the simulation unless you specify a different correlation on an individual device.
You can also enter user-defined correlations supported by PIPEPHASE.
Palmer
Corrections
Palmer corrections are factors which can be used with any non-mechanistic pressure drop correlation except Orkiszewski and Beggs & Brill
No-Slip, in order to adjust for uphill and downhill multiphase flow pressure drops. The defaults are those recommended for Beggs & Brill and
Beggs, Brill & Moody correlations: 0.924 for uphill, and 0.685 for
downhill.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
31
These data will be used for all units of like type in the simulation unless
you specify different data for an individual link device.
Inside
Diameter
Defaults
You can specify default sizes for each of the riser, pipe, annulus and tubing devices. These data will be used for all devices in the simulation
unless you specify different data for individual devices.
The inside diameter can be specified on the basis of the actual inside
diameter of the device or (except for annulus) as a nominal diameter. The
relationship between nominal and inside diameter is determined by the
schedule and is defined in the Flow Device Size database.
Thermal
Defaults
Miscellaneous
Defaults
PIPEPHASE allows you to select the heat transfer default method for
calculating heat transfer for all pipes, tubing devices, risers and annuli in
the simulation. As well, you can enter the default ambient temperature
for the medium surrounding all pipes, and the default geothermal temperature gradient for all well tubing heat transfer calculations.
Click Heat Transfer Defaults... to select the default method for calculating heat transfer for all flow devices in the simulation.
Click Heat Transfer Coefficients... to enter default heat transfer coefficients for all pipes, tubing devices, risers and annuli in the simulation.
Click the appropriate button to set the defaults for the medium surrounding the pipes in the simulation. You can set heat transfer
defaults for soil, water, air, and pipe insulation.
PIPEPHASE also allows you to set the flow device inside roughness for
all devices, flow efficiency, transitional Reynolds number, and when
the Hazen-Williams equation for single phase liquids has been enabled,
the HW coefficient.
Use the flow efficiency parameter to adjust pressure drops. It employs a
linear relationship with the local flow rate in the flow device. This
should be used to match field data only when all other relevant flow variables (such as roughness, heat transfer coefficient, etc.) have been evaluated for effect on pressure drop.
Enter the transitional Reynolds number which is used internally as the
transition point from the laminar to the turbulent flow regime.
32
Flowsheet
Terminology
Types of
Networks
There are two basic types of networks tree networks and looped networks.
Tree Networks
Tree networks are those which
involve the distribution of a large
amount of fluid to a number of
different sinks, or the gathering
of a particular fluid from a number of sources. The latter is especially common in offshore black
oil gathering systems.
When all sink flowrates (q) are fixed, and the source pressure P is
known, the network is called a spur network. In the case of the second
figure above, the sum of the flow rates of nodes B through H equals the
flow rate at the source P (node A). All the flow rates are known, and
from these values, you can find the pressure at junction H through simple
single link calculations. Since cumulative rates are known along with the
starting pressure for every sub-branch of the network, the entire network
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
33
34
C_ebSU
C_ebSU
CY^[
/
C_ebSU
/
CY^[
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
35
sink pressure.
Inactivating Units
You can inactivate any source, junction, or sink on the flowsheet by
checking the box in the appropriate unit dialog box thus removing it
from the calculations.
Sources
36
Non-Compositional Sources
Besides the source name, the enthalpy, pressure, flowrate, gas/oil ratio
and water cut are required data for blackoil sources. If you do not provide a value gas/oil ratio (GOR) or water cut, they will both be set to
zero. A temperature value is also required for PIPEPHASE to compute
enthalpy changes between nodes during calculations.
Figure 21:
Black Oil Source
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
37
Figure 22:
Compositional Source
Describe the source by distillation curve data rather than on a component-by-component basis.
Reference the source composition to another source; flowrate, temperature and/or pressure can also be copied from another source.
Junctions
A junction is a point at which at least three links enter and exit. If there is
just one link going in and one link coming out, then the junction is not
necessary and the link devices may be put on the same link. The net
flowrate in the junction is zero, since the flow in must equal the flow out.
PIPEPHASE allows a maximum of twenty sources linked to a given
junction. If you want to attach more than twenty sources, you should
enter them in sets of twenty into two separate junctions, and link the two
junctions together with a very short, large diameter pipe.
Besides the junction name, the junction pressure can be estimated. If a
pressure estimate is not given for the junction, PIPEPHASE will calculate an estimated pressure. This pressure estimate is then used to deter-
38
mine the flowrate estimates based on the estimated pressure drop for
each link. Although specifying the junction pressure is optional, an initial estimate may prove useful in speeding up the solution.
You can enter the temperature of the rock formation at this junction,
which is used when the junction is subsurface.
Sinks
Sinks are used to remove fluid from the flowsheet. The sink node
requires two parameters to be specifiedpressure and flowrate. If these
are desired set points, then they can be entered as fixed values. However,
if they are to be calculated, you need to provide an initial estimate and
PIPEPHASE will calculate the final values. Again, note that the choice
of fixed or estimated may be limited by the boundary conditions of the
simulation.
Figure 23:
Sink
The sink temperature is generally calculated and is not available for data
entry. However, the sink temperature is required for gas lift simulations
when option 4, locate gas lift valve to match desired casing head, is used.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
39
PIPEPHASE also provides you with two other units that you can add to
the flowsheethydrates and the calculator. These are described below.
Hydrates
The Hydrates unit predicts the pressure and temperature regime in which
the fluid at a node (source, sink, or junction) is vulnerable to hydrate formation. Different ranges of temperature and pressure can be examined.
Calculations assume the presence of free water for hydrates to form.
Hydrate calculations are available only for compositional fluid types.
You can also study the effect of NaCl, methanol, ethylene glycol, di-ethylene glycol and tri-ethylene glycol hydrate inhibitors.
You can associate a hydrate unit with any source, sink, or junction; however, you cannot associate a hydrate unit with a link.
Calculator
40
Defining Links
Recall that a link is defined as a connection between two nodes. The link
can consist of one or more devices, and can contain a number of flow,
equipment, and completion devices. Figure 24 shows a typical link
between a source and a sink.
Figure 24:
Simple Link
CU`QbQd_b
#DeRY^W
3X_[U
&@Y`U
CY^[
@e]`
?`U^X_\U
3_]`\UdY_^
C_ebSU
Each link consists of a series of flow devices. Each flow device, in turn,
is characterized by its structure, pressure drop, and heat transfer parameters. A pipe, riser, annulus, tubing, and Inflow Performance Relationship
model are all flow devices. All but the latter have length, may be horizontal or vertical with an accompanying elevation change, and have
defined diameters.
Each flow device usually undergoes a pressure drop, which is dependent
upon the flow codes, roughness, and flow efficiency of each device. The
flow code defines which pressure drop and holdup method is to be used
for the calculations. The roughness is the pipe inside roughness in short
length units. Flow efficiency is given as a percentage. This parameter is
recommended only when other parameters have been varied in order to
match field data.
Heat transfer parameters can also be user-specified or left to default values. The ambient temperature may or may not have a vertical gradient.
The default overall heat transfer coefficient, U, is set to 1. More detailed
heat transfer parameters, such as conductivity of surroundings, insulation, etc., are available if the you want to enter these values as well.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
41
Pipe
Pipes are flow devices through which fluid flows from one point to
another. Pipes can have any orientation (horizontal, vertical, or inclined).
The elevation change is defined on a relative basis, and the ambient temperature is dependent upon the medium: air, water, or soil. Pipes can also
be insulated or left bare.
The mandatory data for a pipe device include
name, length and diameter. The optional data
include elevation change, roughness, heat
transfer and pressure drop method.
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dX
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Riser
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42
Defining Links
Tubing and
Annulus
4U`dX
<U^WdX
Initial default values for the Inside Diameter, Roughness, Heat Transfer, and Pressure Drop Method can all be set in the
Global Defaults dialog box.
Reservoir
Inflow
Performance
Relationship
(IPR)
The Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) device models the relationship between flowrate and reservoir pressure draw-down or pressure
drop at the sand face in a well. Several IPR models are supplied in
PIPEPHASE. You can select from five standard models or you can write
your own subroutine and use it to model the inflow performance relationship.
The Productivity Index (PI) model is used for single-phase liquid systems. The Vogel coefficient model is more suitable for multiphase, liquid-dominated systems, while the gas flow model is best for multiphase,
gas-dominated systems. Alternatively, user-defined IPR models may be
linked to PIPEPHASE and data for them entered through the IPR device.
You can enter tables of reservoir pressure, cumulative production, GasOil Ratio, Condensate-Gas Ratio, Water Cut and Water-Gas ratio. These
are used in timestepping to simulate reservoir decline with time.
You can enter curves that correlate reservoir pressure or cumulative production with flowing bottomhole pressure and flowrate. These data are
then regressed onto one of the standard models.
For an IPR with a gas basis, you can specify a drawdown formulation.
The Flow Well Pressure, P wf, curves in Figure 25 are user-supplied
curves generated from a reservoir simulator. Each individual curve is
based on the current reservoir conditions. The time-dependency of each
curve is based on the Reservoir Pressure, P r, or the Cumulative Production, Np. With increasing Reservoir Pressure and decreasing Well Pressure, the pressure gradient increases, and the production rate increases.
Since cumulative production varies inversely as Reservoir Pressure, the
opposite trend is observed for the dependence of production rate on
Cumulative Production.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
43
3e]@b_T^>
6\_gY^WGU\\@bUccebU @gV
Figure 25:
Flow Well Pressure
Curves
?B
BUc@bUccebU@b
@b_TeSdY_^BQdUA
The Linear Productivity Index equation shown above is valid only for
single-phase flow above Boiling Point Pressure (BPP). Q o denotes the
production rate, and PI the productivity index. This equation is derived
from the pseudo-steady state equation from Darcys Law.
Q o = PI ( P r Pwf )
(1)
Darcys Law applied to an oil well in the center of a reservoir is given as:
kh ( P r P wf )
Q o = C --------------------------------------------------(2)
B o o ( ln x 0.75 + S )
For gas wells, it is expressed as:
2
kh ( P r P wf )
Q o = C --------------------------------------------------------------------- g T r Z ( ln x 0.75 + S + DQ )
(3)
where:
k = effective permeability
h = thickness
Bo = oil formation volume factor
g = viscosity
x = shape factor
S = skin factor
D = non-Darcy flow constant
It is important to specify the basis for the Productivity Index model. The
default basis in PIPEPHASE is oil.
44
Defining Links
(4)
1.8 ( Q max Q b )
PI = -------------------------------------Pb
(5)
@ bY
@ gV
@ gV
@b
> @-
> @ >
A _A ]Qh
A_
( P r Pwf ) = AQ g + BQ g
(7)
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
45
Figure 27:
Three-Point
Isochronal
Test for Gas Flow
Coefficients
h
C\_`U-^
h
\_WA 7
h
9^dUbSU`d-\_W3 @
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Horizontal Wells
Typically, one observes 3-10 times productivity increase in horizontal
wells. The key simulation issues in these cases are:
Bottomhole
Completions
Coning
:_^Uc7bQfU\@QS[UT3_]`\UdY_^=_TU\
deRY^W
SU]U^d
3becXUTj_^U
@UbVTYQ]UdUb
@U^UdbQdY_^TU`dX
cQ^TcSbUU^
3U^dUb\Y^U
Figure 28:
Completion Models
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de^^U\\U^WdX
TbY\\X_\UbQTYec
46
Defining Links
Equipment
Devices
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
47
The gas lift valve injects a gas stream into the production tubing, to
enhance fluid recovery. You must specify gas flowrate, and you can
change gas solubility in oil. This device can be used only for blackoil
fluids, and gaslift problems. A separate liftgas PVT data set is required
in order to properly describe the gas used.
A regulator is used to fix the pressure in the link immediately downstream from it if the upstream pressure is greater. If the stream pressure
is lower than the regulator pressure, then the regulator does not change
the downstream pressure. This device is especially useful in network calculations. The regulator unit allows you to specify suction pressure as
well.
A choke restricts flowrate and creates a pressure drop. This device introduces a discontinuity into the defined network structure. The balance
between the parts of the network upstream and downstream of this
device is solved by PIPEPHASEs subnetworking algorithm, which sizes
the choke. You must specify the choke diameter, and you can vary the
choke discharge coefficient, as well as the heat capacity ratio.
An electric submersible pump is an equipment device used to increase
the pressure in a liquid line. Pump devices are not available for steam
fluids. You must provide one of the following: power, outlet pressure or
pump curve plus motor horsepower, auxiliary power, head degradation,
minimum submergence, casing head pressure, or vertical pressure gradient.
Orifices, nozzles and venturimeters are fitting devices used to restrict or
to measure the flowrate through the pipe. If being used to restrict the
flowrate, the pressure drop across an individual orifice, nozzle or venturimeter may be large. You must supply the inside diameter of the inlet,
type of orifice and the orifice diameter.
Pipe tees are fitting devices used to merge two pipes into one or split one
pipe into two directions. To be consistent, the tee should be the last
device in a link going to a junction The junction node should have two
other links either entering or exiting. Any other arrangement of a tee will
be modeled as if the third end of the tee is capped off. Pipe bends are fitting devices used to change the direction of the flow.
DP-DT devices simulate equipment for which no standard PIPEPHASE
model exists. These devices are typically used to model the performance
of specially designed valves and fittings. For these devices, you supply
data relating the fluid flowrate, the pressure change and the temperature
change in tabular form. These devices can model Wellhead Productivity
accurately. If a wellhead flowrate versus pressure graph is available, data
from the well test or from the simulation can be used to eliminate the
wellbore from the problem.
48
Defining Links
Entering
Case Study
Data
You can enter case study data before you run the base case. When the
program runs, the base case will be executed first and the case studies
will be executed afterwards. Alternatively, you can run the base case
first, then enter case study data and execute the case studies. You can
open an already solved flowsheet, add case study data to it and then execute the case studies.
You must specify which parameters are to be changed. For each parameter you must supply the:
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
49
for that particular item. These are explained in greater detail later in
this chapter.
Figure 29:
Example Case Study
Parameter
Change Types
individually. You must specify a name for each source, sink, or device
where a parameter change is desired.
Cumulative ChangesWhen performing case studies, you must keep in
mind that any variable changes you input are cumulative. That is, the
variable you change in the first case run (after the base case) remains
changed for the next run, unless you specify that base case parameters
are to be restored.
Variables
50
When working with compositional fluids, you can also vary the composition of the source stream. In cases of black oil studies, the Gas/Oil
Ratio (GOR) and Water Cut parameters can be changed. For Gas Condensate fluids, you can vary the condensate/gas ratio or the water/gas
ratio. For steam, you can change the quality.
Although there are few variables one can vary in the sink, these are of
prime importance in the design of production fields. The desired flowrate (production) at the sink often determines the efficiency or feasibility
of a given design. Thus, the flow rate is one of the allowable case study
variables for the sink, as well as the pressure and the injectivity index.
Pipe Variables
In many wells, the inlet (reservoir) and outlet (wellhead) parameters are
usually desired or fixed values, and the equipment linking the two are
subject to adjustments to meet specific production goals. Such equipment includes the connections in the system, such as pipes, tubing,
annuli, and risers.
PIPEPHASE can vary the inner diameter (nominal or actual), roughness,
heat transfer coefficient U, and/or the pressure drop for each of these
connection devices. Additional parameters can be varied for each distinct component. For pipes, you can vary the length, the elevation
change, and or the ambient temperature of the surroundings. For tubing
and annuli, you can also vary the temperature gradient. When working
with an annulus, you can also change the outer diameter.
Device Variables
Variation of device variables is especially useful when you are modeling
an existing system. It would be impractical to change the connections,
such as the pipes or tubing, and so if performance specifications are not
being met, the easiest parameters to vary are found in these devices.
For pumps and compressor, you can change the power, pressure, and
efficiency. You can also vary the number of stages (i.e. single stage or
multistage compressor/pump), and certain parameters such as curves and
efficiencies can be varied for different stages.
In heat exchange networks, you can vary the duty, outlet temperature and
pressure drops of any heaters or coolers present.
In links, when working with Inflow Performance Relationship devices
(IPRs) you can vary the Productivity Index (PI), and/or the coefficient or
the exponent in the corresponding IPR model (e.g. coefficient in Fetkovich gas deliverability model, exponent in the Vogel equation).
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
51
Executing
the Case
Study
Click the Run button to execute the simulation. By default, the Base
Case and all case study cycles will be executed. You can restrict this
using the Execution Options list option in Case Study Parameters and
Results dialog box.
A Case Summary report is always produced at the end of the output file.
It shows the node pressures, temperatures, and flowrates for each case.
52
If you need help with a simulation, you can send your keyword file
to SIMSCI for technical support.
If you have several similar flowsheets to run, you can create the first
simulation within the GUI and then modify its keyword file for each
scenario.
You can import existing keyword files into the GUI using the Import...
option from the File menu.
Keyword files are easy to read and understand and data are entered in the
following order:
GENERAL DATA
COMPONENT DATA
NETWORK DATA
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
PVT DATA
STRUCTURE DATA
UNIT OPERATIONS DATA
CASE STUDY DATA
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
53
Each boundary node should have one fixed value and one estimated
value.
54
Calculation
Methods
Forward
Traverse
Calculation
Segment
Figure 30:
Pipe Segment
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6\eYT8UQd9^
Separate segment sizes can be specified for all horizontal (pipe) and vertical (tubing, annulus, riser) flow devices, either as segment length or the
number of segments per device, through the Network Calculation MethIntroduction to PIPEPHASE
55
ods dialog box. These options should be considered prior to any simulation involving significant changes in fluid density. Almost all multiphase
and single-phase gas applications, as well as single-phase liquid models
with sharp thermal gradients fall under this classification.
A flow device may be internally divided automatically by PIPEPHASE
into several compositional segments based on a maximum limit to the
enthalpy change per segment. This includes pipes, risers, or tubing.
A shorter segment size will increase the accuracy of the simulation at the
expense of computation time. If you are unsure of an optimal segment
size, the simulation should be run first with default segmenting. In subsequent runs, you should adjust segment sizes on the basis of the results
of the prior simulations until the optimal point is defined.
Solution
Algorithm
Figure 31 outlines the segment calculation procedure for every pipe, tubing, annulus, and riser for compositional and steam systems.
Figure 31:
PIPEPHASE Solution
Algorithm
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5CD9=1D5D@
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31<3E<1D5#85CD
EC9>7851D21<1
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_@5CD#0#@_?#3
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56
Line Sizing
For single links, PIPEPHASE can calculate the sizes of pipes, risers, and
tubing to meet either a pressure drop or a maximum velocity criterion.
You can select from three options:
With a fixed source pressure and sink pressure, PIPEPHASE sizes all
flow devices to the same diameter. With a fixed source or sink pressure
and maximum velocity, PIPEPHASE sizes each device separately.
You can select all flow devices to be sized or you can select only particular ones for sizing. You can also supply a set of maximum velocities and
a corresponding set of diameters or slip densities.
During the sizing run, PIPEPHASE checks to see if a device size is such
that a maximum velocity is not exceeded. If this specified or calculated
maximum velocity is exceeded, then PIPEPHASE will select the next
higher line size. Recall that if a range of line sizes is not specified,
PIPEPHASE defaults to the schedule 40 inside diameters. You can override this list by specifying your own preferred line sizes. Note that the
line sizing option does not result in a decrease of the device diameter.
The maximum velocity can be based on one of two criteria. If desired,
you can enter a set of maximum velocities corresponding to a set of
inside diameters or densities (economic velocity). If you do not enter this
data, PIPEPHASE will use the erosional maximum velocity criteria,
VEM, as shown below.
100
Tabular Data Default
VMAX = f ( f ) = --------(8)
f
You can change the value of the erosional velocity constant, which is
100 above. You can also enter values for the two-phase slip densities corresponding to the set of maximum velocities.
Sphering
(Pigging)
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
57
Figure 32:
Normal Two-Phase
Flow (Stratified)
6\_g
The pig is launched after steady state flow has been reached. After the
pig has been launched four distinct zones of flow occurs in the pipeline the re-established two phase flow zone, the gas flow zone, the liquid slug
flow zone and the undisturbed two-phase flow zone. The model assumes
that the inlet flow rate remains constant at the steady state rate after the
pig has been launched.
Figure 33:
Two-Phase Pipeline
Flow with Spheres
6\_g
BUUcdQR\YcXUT
Dg_@XQcU6\_g
<YaeYTC\eWJ_^U
E^TYcdebRUT
Dg_@XQcU
6\_gJ_^U
PIPEPHASE predicts the pressure profile, length of each zone and the
position of the sphere as a function of time. In addition, when the liquid
slug reaches the end of the pipeline a special slug delivery model is used
to model the slug delivery when the liquid slug accelerates. Next calculation continues after slug delivery is completed to calculate the time it
takes for steady state flow to be re-established in the pipeline.
The first sphere must be launched at the inlet of the first pipe. Subsequent pigs may be launched from downstream pig launching stations
when the upstream pig(s) reach the downstream pig launching station.
To model the pigging process the pig diameter must be specified in the
first pipe. To specify downstream pig launching stations, specify the pig
diameter for the corresponding pipe. The program interprets the launching station to be the inlet of the pipe.
Setting the
Calculation
Tolerances
58
For networks that require iterative calculations, you can set the pressure
convergence tolerance for the solution. For instance, if you do not specify a tolerance pressure value, PIPEPHASE allows for a tolerance of 2
psi. It will then perform the required iterations until it reaches a pressure
that is within 2 psi of the desired value. Setting tighter tolerances results
in more accurate solutions, at the expense of more calculation time. The
Running the Simulation
Getting
Better
Convergence
The best way to ensure that PIPEPHASE calculations converge for a particular network is to make sure that the problem is structured properly
before running the simulation. The following are a few general recommendations on how to set-up networks to avoid the majority of problems
during the solution procedures. These recommendations are preventive
measures rather than actual troubleshooting guides for non-converging
simulations. Such simulations may require greater attention, depending
on the severity of the error.
1.
2.
Every internal node (junction) must have at least one outflowing link and
at least one inflowing link. The junction node should only be used in two
circumstances:
The network structure dictates that one or more links are joining
together or splitting apart.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
59
3.
There are no other reasons for using junction nodes other than the two
previously given. Adding unnecessary nodes only serves to increase the
size of the matrix and so increase computing time. Therefore, while
there is a tendency for neatness in input by splitting long links into
smaller links using junctions, you should bear in mind the possible detrimental effect on the simulation solution procedure.
Thus, reducing the number of junctions results in quicker convergence.
In the figure shown below, two extra junctions (unnecessary) have been
taken out while still retaining all the flow devices.
Note:
4.
Outside of their uses that have been previously indicated, junctions must be viewed as simulation devices only, and should
not be confused with any physical representation of the plant.
The first two primary guidelines for good simulation practice when setting up any network simulation in PIPEPHASE are:
CX_bd@Y`U
<QbWU94
60
CX_bd@Y`U
<QbWU94
5.
Some solution paths may oscillate widely due to flow reversals. To prevent flow reversal in specific links, you can implement a regulator into
the network. Regulators can be used as zero-pressure drop devices that
force flow in a specific direction. For instance, if a certain link is experiencing multiple flow reversals, you can use a regulator to stabilize these
oscillations. In the case of flow reversal in interconnected links, you
should use the check valve only in the link that causes the first flow
reversal. Generally, you should avoid the excessive use of check valves.
If all the link flow directions are known, however, you can select the No
Flow Reversal option instead of specifying a check valve in every link of
the network.
If solution path oscillates widely due to flow reversals:
Run Options
Interactive
Run
Capabilities
Use Check Valves in key links if direction is not known in every link
Run Otherlaunch
Run Remoteallows
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
61
Figure 34:
Run Simulation and
View Results Dialog
Box
single link.
Line Sizingperforms
single link.
Create Keyword Filegenerates a
Run Keyword Fileruns
Component Lumpinggenerates
the binary components from the component lumping data. This option appears for compositional transient systems only. The component lumping operation can be run at any point in
the modeling as long as components have been defined. [ TACITE only]
Transient Simulationsolves
[TACITE only]
62
Run Other
The Run Other option allows you to to launch other user applications
from the PIPEPHASE simulation environment. This is useful for running additional engineering applications such as the POPOHZN horizontal well model developed by JNOC. To access other applications:
Click Run Other... within the Run Simulation and View Results
log box.
dia-
The configuration also supports additional commands such as specification of the initialization file. For example, the RAS application could be
configured as follows:
Application Title:
Application Run File
Application Argument List:
Run Remote
Results Access
G:\SIMSCI\PPHASE\GUI\WINRAS.EXE
/i=G:\SIMSCI\PPHASE\USER\PIPEPHASE.INI
Check the Minimize Screen During Execution box to have the program run in the background.
The host name, user ID, and user files directory path for your remote
host machine.
Select either the TELNET or RSH option for communicating with the
remote host.
For the TELNET option, you must also supply a user password.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
63
Interactive
Output
You can interactively view summary results for sources, junctions, and
sinks in two ways:
Select View Output from the menu bar, and make your selections
from the View menu. According to your selection, the node and link
labels, pressures, temperatures, and flowrates are displayed directly
on the flowsheet.
64
Output
Report
You can examine most of your simulation results through the output
report (.OUT) file. PIPEPHASE contains a wide variety of report options
for customizing your output format. In the Print Options dialog box, you
can choose, amongst other things, which portions of the input data you
would like reported. The default print options are given in Table 10
below.
Table 10: Default Print Options
Print Option
Default Setting
RAS Database
None
Input Reprint
Full
Device Detail
Summary
Device Style
Both
Property Data
None
Plots
None
Flash Report
Full
None
Iteration Printout
Off
Connectivity Plot
On
Off
Part
65
66
Flash Report
Separator Report
Link Summary
Node Summary
Device Summary
Structure Data Summary
Velocity Summary
Results Summary
Link Device Detail Report
Link Property Detail Report
Slug Report
Case Summary
Sensitivity Analysis
Sphering Report
Flash Report
Link Summary
The link summary is produced by default for all PIPEPHASE simulations and shows the flowrates, pressure, temperature, and holdups for
each link in a tabular format. The flowrates displayed are the volumetric
rates at actual flowing conditions for each phase. A negative flowrate
indicates that the fluid flow is opposite to the way it is drawn on the
flowsheet.
Node Summary
The node summary is produced by default and shows the flowrates, pressure, and temperature at each node in a tabular format. The flowrate is
shown for each phase, but the flow basis depends on the fluid type. For a
single-phase liquid or gas, standard volumetric rates are shown. For a
compositional fluid, weight flowrates and gravity are also given.
Device
Summary
Results
Access
System
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
67
Tables
Click Add to specify the table variables from selections in the RAS
Table Data Options dialog box.
Table data options depend on the simulation type and device link data.
68
Make your Device and Variable selections from the list boxes and
click Add Selection when complete.
Viewing the Results
Figure 37:
Table Data Options
Dialog Box
Plots
To create a plot, click View/Edit... for Plot Options from the SIMSCI PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box (Figure 36). The RAS Plot Options
dialog box appears.
The options within the X-Variable list box are Total Length, Horizontal
Length, Device Length, Pressure, and Temperature. Plot labels are
optional and will be defaulted if left blank.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Click Add to specify the plot variables from selections in the RAS
Plot Data Options dialog box.
Note that this dialog box is essential identical to the Table Data Options
dialog box (Figure 37). Plot data options depend on the simulation type
and device link data.
Make your Device and Y-Variable selection from the list boxes and
click Add Selection when complete.
When youve added all your selections, click Done to return to the
RAS Plot Options dialog box.
Plot Viewer
You have a choice of viewing these plots in either the SIMSCI Plot
Viewer or Microsoft Excel 5.0/7.0 Plotter. Plotting graphs in the Plot
Viewer is convenient in saving CPU time and conserving RAM. However, you cannot edit the format or display of the graph in this Plot
Viewer. If you want to edit the presentation of the graph, such as format
the axes labels, change the legend, or use different fonts for the title, etc.,
you should use Microsoft Excel.
70
SinglePhase Flow
The theoretical basis for fluid flow equations is the general energy equation, which expresses the balance or conservation of energy between two
points in a system. The energy equation can be modified, using thermodynamic principles, to form a pressure gradient equation, as shown in
equation (9). This equation describes the pressure variation in a pipe
inclined at some angle to the horizontal.
dP
dP
dP
dP
------- = -------
+ -------
+ -------
dL elevation dL friction dL acceleration
dL
2
g
d
dP
f
------- = ----- sin + ----------- + ------ -----g
dL
2g c d g c dL
c
(9)
The elevation change component is applicable to compressible or incompressible, steady state or transient flow, in both vertical and inclined
flow. It is zero for horizontal flow only. For downward flow, sin is negative, and the pressure increases in the direction of the flow.
The friction loss term applies to any flow at any pipe angle. It always
causes a pressure drop in the direction of the flow. In laminar flow, friction losses are linearly proportional to fluid velocity. In turbulent flow,
these losses are proportional to vn, where 1.7 n 2. The friction factor,
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
71
Friction
Factor
The friction factor, f, is a ratio of the pipe wall shear stress to the kinetic
energy per unit volume. It is a function of the absolute roughness of the
pipe divided by the inside diameter. It is also dependent upon the Reynolds number, which is the ratio of inertial forces to the viscous forces
acting on the fluid. When the Reynolds number is small (Re < 3000) viscous forces are dominant, and the flow is said to be in the laminar flow
region. Higher Reynolds numbers indicate dominant inertial forces, and
this region is called turbulent flow. Laminar flow is characterized by a
parabolic velocity profile, while a flat velocity profile is observed in turbulent flow.
d
f = function ---, Re , where Re = ---------d
Figure 40:
Single-Phase Flow
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Multiphase
Flow
72
In the past (and in some cases, even today), it was common practice to
use the simplistic correlations used for single-phase flow, and to extrapolate them to describe multiphase flow. If pure liquid flow had some given
flow characteristics, and pure gas flow had another, then logically, twophase flow should be a composite of these two flow regimes. Not only is
this not the case, but the pressure drop between the two cases differs b
at least one order of magnitude. As we shall see, the simple definitions
that we have applied to parameters such as the friction factor, are subject
to more rigorous analysis in the case of multiphase flow.
Pressure Drop
The pressure gradient function given in equation (9) applies for any fluid
in any steady state, one dimensional flow, in which friction (f), density
(), and velocity (v) can be defined. The definition of these variables is
what causes most of the difficulty in describing two-phase flow.
The calculation of pressure gradients requires values for certain flo
conditions, such as velocity and fluid properties. These fluid properties
include density, viscosity, and in some cases, surface tension. When calculating these values for multiphase flow, one encounters certain mixing
rules and definitions unique to this application. Before adapting the previously derived pressure gradient for multiphase conditions, one should
define and analyze some of the more important properties pertaining to
multiphase flow.
Equation (10) below is of an identical form as that for single phase flow,
but one should note that the subscript m (for multiphase) denotes that
these parameters are not set values, but can be dependent on the flow
conditions. In particular, they are dependent on the relative distribution
of the gas and liquid phases.
dP
dP
dP
dP
+ -------
+ -------
------- = -------
dL elevation dL friction dL acceleration
dL
2
f m m m m m d m
g
dP
------- = ----- m sin + ------------------- + ------------- --------gc
g c dL
dL
2gc d
Liquid Holdup
(11)
AG
AL
(12)
73
This ratio is calculated from the measured gas and liquid flowrates by
the equation:
qL
H LNS = ---------------(13)
qL + qg
where qL and qg denote the in-situ liquid and gas flow rates, respectively.
Note that the liquid holdup HL is not equal to the no-slip liquid holdup
HLNS.
To illustrate the difference between liquid holdup and no-slip liquid
holdup, consider the example given in Figure 41. These two cases
describe two-phase fluid flow along a pipe. The first case describes an
uphill flow, while the second case indicates downward flow.
Figure 41:
Liquid Holdup
Dependency on
Elevation
Uphill
f7
Downhill
f<
f<
f7
VL < VG
VL VG
HL > HLNS
HL HLNS
In the case of uphill and horizontal flow, the gas flows more quickly than
the liquid. This is due to the greater influence of gravitational forces
upon the liquid than the gas. Also, the less dense gas phase is much more
buoyant, or lighter, than the liquid, and flows upward more easily. Therefore, since Vg (velocity of gas) is greater than VL (velocity of the liquid),
then from the previous equations describing HL and HLNS, we can see
that HL > HLNS. Mathematically,
AL
qL
AL VL
H L = ------------------ > H LNS > ----------------- = -----------------------------------AL + Ag
q L + qg
( AL V L + A g V g )
(14)
Horizontal
Flow Patterns
Whenever two fluids with different physical properties flow simultaneously in a pipe, a wide range of possible flow regimes exists. The flo
pattern of a given system refers to the distribution of each phase in the
pipe relative to the other phase(s). Numerous studies have given rise to
standard names given to particular patterns, some of which are shown in
Figures 42 through 44.
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Segregated Flow
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Distributed Flow
Figure 44:
Intermittent Flow
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Many pressure loss correlations rely heavily on a knowledge of the existing flow patterns in a given pipe. The description of these flow patterns
is what distinguishes the engineers approach to multiphase problems
from other perspectives. To clarify this point, examine the following:
From a design perspective, the new phase gives rise to another complication: flow patterns. From the acceptable flow patterns illustrated
in these figures, one has another parameter to define the system.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
75
The prediction of flow patterns for horizontal flow is more difficult than
for vertical flow. In horizontal flow, the phases tend to separate due to
differences in density, causing a form of stratified flow to be very common. When a pipe is inclined at some angle other than vertical or horizontal, the flow patterns take other forms. For inclined upward flow, the
pattern is almost always slug or mist. The effect of gravity on the liquid
precludes stratification. For inclined downward flow the pattern is usually stratified or annular.
Flow Regime
Correlations
Recall that the general pressure gradient equation was composed of three
terms: an elevation term, a frictional term, and an acceleration term. The
elevation term depends on the density of the two-phase mixture and is
usually calculated using a liquid holdup value. The friction term requires
the evaluation of a two-phase friction factor (recall Moody diagram in
single phase calculations). The acceleration term is usually negligible
unless dealing with cases of high flow velocities.
The correlations that have been developed for predicting two-phase
flowing pressure gradients differ in the manner they use to calculate the
three individual pressure gradient components. The correlations are too
numerous to describe in detail, so it will suffice to point out the main differences between the multiphase and single phase correlations.
Multiphase correlations are based on mixture velocities (sum of superficial velocities, rather than actual velocities). Flow patterns must be taken
into account, and these are functions of the superficial velocities, inclination angle, and fluid physical properties. Liquid holdup must also be
known to calculate the corresponding density and viscosity values. The
friction factor is dependent upon all these aforementioned parameters,
and the choice of which correlation to use to evaluate f depends on the
demands of the simulation or calculation. These equations are presented
below:
qL
qG
v SL = ----- , v SG = -----Superficial Velocities
A
A
Liquid Holdup
m = H L L + ( 1 H L ) G
m = H L L + ( 1 H L ) G
76
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To illustrate the use of the Mandhane map, consider the following example: given the following data for a wet gas pipeline, calculate the flow
regime:
Gas flowrate = qg = 18.0 ft3/sec
Liquid flowrate = qL = 0.77 ft3/sec
Pipe diameter = 16.0 in. = 1.33 ft
Calculating the superficial velocities yields values of 12.9 ft/sec and 0.55
ft/sec for the gas and the liquid, respectively. Using the Mandhane map,
we see that this falls within the slug flow region. In fact, many of the
problems encountered in industry reveal pipelines that flow in the slug
flow regime.
The work of Mandhane is restricted to horizontal pipes, but in common
practice, it is almost impossible to get a completely horizontal pipelines.
In most, if not all, cases, slight inclinations will occur, and even small
changes in inclination angle (<1) can cause dramatic changes in the
flow regime.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
77
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Taitel and Dukler presented criteria for the following changes of flow
regimes:
Stratified to Intermittent
Stratified to Annular
They used this criteria to predict the flow regime for both horizontal and
near-horizontal flow. They did not state an inclination angle at which
their flow regime boundaries are no longer valid. They superimposed
their criteria upon the existing Mandhane map to generate the flow
regime shown in Figure 46, which shows the effect of inclination on
transition boundaries.
The Taitel-Dukler results reaffirmed the observation that slight positive
inclination angles promote slug formation and slight negative inclina78
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Figure 47:
Duns and Ros Flow
Regime Map
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The flow regimes are defined as functions of the dimensionless quantities Ngv (Gas Velocity number) and N Lv (Liquid Velocity Number).
These are shown in Figure 47 above. There are four main flow regimes
which may occur in a vertical pipe.
The pipe is almost completely filled with liquid and the free gas phase is present in small bubbles. The bubbles move
at different velocities and except for density, have little effect on the
pressure gradient. The liquid phase is always in contact with the pipe
wall.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
79
Transition Region.
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Figure 48:
Ansari Flow Pattern
Map
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Addressing
Problems
Unique to
Multiphase
Flow
Phenomena
Unique to
Multiphase
Flow
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
81
try, one may observe sporadic, irregular fluid flow (i.e., alternating
between no flow to sudden spurts of fluid flow).
Figure 49:
Modeling Vertical
Upward Flow
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When more gas is present, the elevation component is not as significant
and the friction component begins to predominate. With lower pressure
drops, the amount of gas in the pipe increases, and at a particular point
(indicated by the minimum of the U-shaped curve in Figure 49) frictional forces dominate, and one observes an increase in the pressure gradient with increasing flow rate. This is the stable region of flow.
This phenomena is unique to two-phase flow because of the large difference between liquid and gas densities. In single-phase flow, there is no
critical point at which the density of the system changes dramatically
with lower pressure or higher flowrate. Density remains roughly constant. When two-phases are present, however, one reaches a critical
flowrate at which density, and consequently elevation, factors are overridden by frictional forces, giving rise to this phenomena.
.. .... .
. . . .. . . .
. . ....
82
. . . .
. .. .. . .
. . . . .. .. .
..
. . ..
.
...
. . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .
. . .. . . .... . .. . . .
. . . . . .. . .
.. . .
Terrain-Induced Slugging
This phenomena is very common when liquid flows at a very slow velocity in a downward direction, then has to climb after a certain point. Low
liquid velocity makes it very difficult for the fluid to ascend the pipe, and
thus, liquid tends to settle down at the valley between the two pipes. Liquid builds up until the flow space is completely occupied, blocking any
gas from passing through. At this point, pressure builds up constantly
until it is large enough to actually force the liquid to flow upwards along
the pipe. This type of flow falls in the slug flow regime, and gives rise to
the term, terrain induced slugging.
Heat
Transfer
Calculations
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
83
Temperature
Calculations
(15)
(16)
Figure 50:
Insulation Layers
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The U-value for a pipe is calculated from equation (16) above. Overall
resistance is given by:
Resistances = Rinside, film, + Rpipe + Rinsulation + Rsurr + Rinside + Routside + Rrad
Resistance
Due T
RInside, Film
RPipe
RInsulation
RSurr
RInside
ROutside
RRad
Radiation
The last three terms, additional resistance inside the pipe, additional
resistance outside the pipe, and radiation, are optional entries.
Large
Elevational
Changes
Figure 51:
Large Elevational
Changes
<
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
85
PIPEPHASE performs more rigorous enthalpy calculations for the compositional model (to satisfy the enthalpy balance), and the resulting temperature profile for this case more accurately simulates that produced b
a non-compositional model. A graphical comparison of the compositional and non-compositional model are shown in Figure 52.
Figure 52:
Rigorous Heat
Transfer
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Gas lines coming down mountains often exhibit the behavior shown by
the compositional model in Figure 52. This model incorporates the heating effects due to the change in elevation. Note that the fluid temperature
does not drop to the level of the ambient temperature.
In the case of the non-compositional model, the fluid temperature drops
down to the ambient value. This illustrates that by employing more rigorous heat transfer calculations, severe design errors, such as wrong
pipeline sizing, can be avoided.
Effects of
Temperature
86
Gas lift analysis is used to investigate the effects of lift gas on well production. Another common method of artificial lift is the electrical submersible pump (ESP) . These pumps improve the productivity of wells
with flow rates ranging from a few hundred barrels to tens of thousands
of barrels per day.
Production planning involves the time-dependent interaction between
the producing formation(s), and all of the wells, gathering lines, and surface facilities in an oil or gas field, and the impact of this interaction on
the overall development strategy of the operating company. PIPEPHASE
supplies this capability through its time-stepping feature.
Gas Lift
Analysis
ProblemThe
in the well.
RemedyReduce
tubing.
DilemmaGas
87
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In this case, we assume that the static fluid level is somewhere between
the topmost valve and the wellhead. Once gas is injected through the
annulus, the topmost valve is designed to open first. This lightens the
fluid above the topmost valve, causing a reduced pressure on the valve
second from the top. The second valve then opens, injecting more gas
into the tubing. This process repeats as more and more valves keep opening. Once a lower valve opens, the upper valves are normally designed to
close. You will see that the gaslift effects generally increase with depth.
Only the bottom most valve allows gas passage into the tubing. This is
called the operating valve . The valves above this one merely help in
bringing the well into production (i.e. unloading the well). They are
therefore called unloading valves. In steady-state operation, PIPEPHASE can calculate the depth of the operating valve.
Designing a
Gas Lift
System
88
Generate a table of oil production versus lift gas rate for fixed pressures.
This dialog box appears as part of the simulation definition, and therefore you must enter data into one of these options before continuing on
to the next dialog box. You can access these options again anytime by
selecting Special Features/Gas Lift... from the menu bar.
Gaslift analysis is limited to single link, black oil, continuous gaslift systems. You must follow certain basic rules when setting up gaslift problems, such as:
1. PVT data sets must be available for both the produced reservoir fluid
and the injected gas.
2. The production string is automatically named PROD and the gas
injection string (annulus) is named GASL.
3. Gas injection rates are user-specified.
Option 1
Pressure Profile
In Option 1, Pressure Profile, the casing-head pressure and the lift-gas
injection rate are fixed. Given values for these parameters, PIPEPHASE
calculates the pressure profiles in both the annulus and the tubing for the
corresponding production rate.
When specifying a gaslift calculation with this option, PIPEPHASE will
prompt you to enter values for the lift gas injection pressure and temperature at the casing head, lift gas injection rate, and the vertical depth
from the well head to the lift gas injection valve. You can also enter the
percent of soluble lift gas which dissolves in the well fluid. This value is
defaulted to 100%, and generally should not change.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
89
Figure 54:
Option 1: Pressure
Profile
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Since you know the injection rate along the well depth, obtaining the
annulus pressure profile is relatively simple. Pressure profile calculations in the tubing are done as follows:
1. As oil rate is fixed (calculated from the injection rate), the bottomhole flowing pressure is known, then
2. Use formation GOR to calculate the pressure gradient from the bottomhole to the operating valve,
3. Use total GOR (formation = injection) to calculate the pressure
traverse from the operating valve to the wellhead.
Option 2
Injection Performance
In Option 2, Injection Performance, PIPEPHASE generates a table of oil
production versus lift gas rate, given fixed values for wellhead pressures,
valve depth and the casing-head pressure. When selecting gaslift option
2, PIPEPHASE will ask you to further specify the injection rates. You
can specify up to nine lift gas injection rates in standard gas volume
units, and all entries must be greater than zero. As in option 1, you can
also enter a value for the percent solubility of the lift gas in the well fluid
(generally 100%).
For each gas injection rate, there will be an oil flow rate that satisfies the
system constraints. At lower gas injection rates, increasing the rate lightens the well fluid and therefore causes a production increase. However,
at higher injection rates, the frictional losses in the tubing may be so high
that this trend is reversed. There is, therefore, an optimal injection rate,
as shown in Figure 56.
90
Figure 55:
Option 2: Injection
Performance
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Figure 56:
Example Gas
Injection Curve
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Note that continuously increasing lift gas rate does not necessarily result
in increased production rate. When frictional forces dominate, higher
injection rates actually decrease production. The optimal gas injection
rate and the corresponding oil production achievable are indicated by the
arrows.
Option 3
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
91
Figure 57:
Option 3: Valve
Location Fixed THP
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Figure 58:
Option 4: Valve
Location Fixed CHP
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Electrical
Submersible
Pump (ESP)
Figure 59:
Electrical
Submersible Pump
Dialog Box
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
93
There are two categories of data entry under the Electrical Submersible
Pump dialog box. The first category is for data specific to the pump, and
the second for data specific to a downhole separator located immediately
upstream of the pump (to reduce the gas ingestion). Pump-specific data
include auxiliary power, submergence depth, casing head pressure, and
the vertical pressure gradient. A check box for the Riling correction factor is provided for viscosity-related corrections to the pump performance
curves. The Head Degradation Curve (maximum of 5 points) allows the
specification of degradation as a function of gas fraction. When a downhole separator exists, you are prompted for the separator name, and
either the gas ingestion percent (GIP) rate for the pump, or the pump OD
and casing ID, to calculate the GIP internally.
Under the Electrical Submersible Pump Curve dialog box, you have a
choice of entering up to ten data points or the three constants in each of
the quadratic equations representing the head, efficiency and horsepower
in terms of the in situ volumetric flow rate.
TimeStepping
Production
Planning
Well Grouping
94
Well Grouping
Reservoir Depletion
Facilities Planning
Reservoir
Depletion
Figure 60:
Reservoir Pressure
Over Time
@b
ASe]
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
95
Well
Depletion
Figure 61:
Wellhead Pressure as
a Function of
Production Rate
Production Rate
The reservoir pressure declines by an amount calculated from the
grouped wells. This affects the IPR equation or the tabular data for the
IPR, since the reservoir pressure, Pr, is the common variable in most IPR
equations. Figure 61 illustrates the dependence of production rate upon
wellhead pressure and reservoir pressure. As the reservoir pressure
declines, so does cumulative production.
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Fluid Characteristics
For an active water drive reservoir, the water cut, fw, will increase significantly with increasing production. The data for the f w decline curve can
be input in the IPR Decline Data dialog box. However, you must also
specify an initial value for fw in the input dialog box for the Source node.
Therefore, an ambiguity may exist between the IPR calculated value for
initial f w and that entered into the source data. To resolve any discrepancy, PIPEPHASE will use the value calculated from the IPR curve.
This data is well specific, and therefore, gives a more reliable value than
that input into the source node, which may be an average value.
Figure 62:
Water Cut and GOR
as a Function of
Production Rate
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Similarly, for a Solution Gas Drive Reservoir, the Gas:Oil Ratio (GOR)
varies with increasing production. To properly model this time-dependent variation, PIPEPHASE uses the values from the IPR decline curve
96
(if you have supplied these). Otherwise, PIPEPHASE uses the initial
GOR value youve specified in the Source node.
In cases of enhanced oil recovery, PIPEPHASE allows you to specify
additional parameters to more accurately model the system. In the case
of pressure maintenance in an oil field, an additional well is used to
inject fluid (for example, water), into the reservoir to prevent or hinder
the decline of reservoir pressure. The cumulative production then
becomes a function of the amount of fluid being injected and the physical properties of that fluid.
N
w
B
-----Q t +
Bo i
Qi t
i=1
i=1
injection well
production well
(17)
If water is injected into an oil reservoir, a given volume of water will not
have the same pressure as an equivalent volume of oil. Therefore,
PIPEPHASE allows you to enter a Formation Volume Factor (FVF),
which takes into account the fluid properties. The FVF is represented by
B in the equation above. PIPEPHASE also allows you to specify a deliverability basis for the calculations. The default basis is oil, and this is
indicated by the Bo in the denominator within the summation above.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
97
Dividing the
Link
Figure 63:
Dividing the Link
Concept
The link is divided into two sections at any point on the link. This point
is called the Solution Node which you can specify. The section upstream
of the solution node is called the Inflow Section. The section downstream
of the solution node is called the Outflow Section. Figure 63 shows the
solution node at the wellhead. The well is in the inflow section and the
surface flow line is in the outflow section.
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The Inflow Performance curve is the plot of the solution node pressure
PSN as the flow rate is varied in the Outflow section keeping the sink
pressure constant. Note that PSN increases with flow rate.
Figure 64:
Performance Curves
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h
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98
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A
For the given link with a fixed source and sink pressure the solution node
pressure calculated in the inflow section must have the same value as the
solution node pressure from the outflow section.
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Figure 65:
Inflow and Outflow
Definitions
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Introduction to PIPEPHASE
99
Figure 67:
Demonstrating the
Relevance of
Intersections of
Performance Curves
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Terminology
Sensitivity Parameters
When generating a nodal plot you have to select one parameter for each
family of Inflow and Outflow curves ( Sensitivity parameter). Typical
choices of a parameter could be the reservoir pressure for Inflow and
flow line ID for Outflow.
You can select up to 5 values for each parameter. This implies up to 5
Inflow and 5 Outflow curves may be generated. Up to 5*5 = 25 intersection points may be obtained. The chosen parameters must be from the
base case input data. To generate the curves, up to 10 flowrates may be
specified.
Compound Parameter
Typically, we choose one parameter. In PIPEPHASE, several parameters
can be compounded into one parameter. Such a parameter is called a
compound paramete . A compound parameter may be the ID of a tubing
and its corresponding roughness. It may be a combination of parameters
from different devices. For example, one set of values of the pump
power, pipe ID and heater duty can be compounded as one compound
parameter value.
In PIPEPHASE the available parameters are divided into 7 categories.
Compounding can be done only with parameters belonging to the same
category. The only exception to this is the source data category and the
IPR data which belongs to the structure data category. IPR data can be
compounded with source data.
100
Single Link
Calculations
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
101
Nodal
Analysis
Output
Device
Available Parameters
Source
Sink
Structure Completion
Pipe
Tubing
Riser
Annulus
Choke
ID, Coeff
Compressor
Pump
Heater
Duty, Tout, DP
Cooler
Duty, Tout, DP
Separator
Percent, Rate
Injection
Temp, Pres
Sales
Rate
Glvalve
Rate, Dissolve
IPR
RVAL
PVT
Composition
Composition
Lateral Source
The Nodal Temperature plotdisplays the solution node temperature versus flow rate curve for each Inflow parameter value and the sink
temperature versus flow rate for each Outflow parameter value. The
plot data is included.
If completions exist in the simulation, a family of completion pressure drop versus flow rate is plotted for each Inflow parameter if the
completion is in the Inflow section or Outflow parameter if the completion occurs in the Outflow section. The plot data is included.
The nodal plot helps to decide what source pressure and pipe ID combinations would be feasible for a desired throughput.
Figure 68:
Nodal Pressure Plot
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Features
Unique to the
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE offers many nodal analysis technical features not commonly found in standard nodal analysis packages. The compositional
capability with the extensive SIMSCI component library is one example
of these features. This allows rigorous simulation of phase behavior and
heat transfer that is not possible with black oil type approaches. Other
fluids that can be used include steam, black oil, liquid, gas and gas condensate models.
PIPEPHASE solves the total energy balance equations. This enables the
calculation of both pressure and temperature profiles in the link. Also,
you have the option of conveniently defining the location of the solution
node. The best choice of the solution node location changes from problem to problem and where field data may be available for comparison.
As you have seen earlier, you can use all standard PIPEPHASE equipment devices in the sensitivity analysis. A number of parameters for each
device are available for you to vary, in order to fully study the effects of
specific parameters on the overall system performance. In addition to
devices which affect pressure drop, PIPEPHASE allows the study of
temperature change devices (heater/cooler capacity).
The option of combining, or compounding, parameters together is a
practical feature which can save considerable simulation time. Several
sensitivity variables can change in unison like a single parameter. This
feature also allows you to organize the sensitivity analysis more, which
is especially useful when working with a large number of parameters.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
103
104
Index
A
Algorithm, solution
56
Annulus
43
80
24
Applications
field wide simulation
single pipe analysis
wellbore analysis
15
10
12
Artificial lift
applications
gas lift method
12
14
Assay data
20
B
Blackoil model
fluid type
PVT data
19
24
Bottomhole completions
46
Bottomhole pressure
calculating
11
limitations
parameter
running a
variables
49
50
52
50
Change types
50
DP-DT device
48
49
79
Check valve
47
Choke
48
Color cues
Component lumping
19
38
20
20
21
20
19
21
37
28
29
Compound parameter
Contaminants
Convergence, ways to obtain
Calculation methods
algorithm
convergence
forward traverse
line sizing
mass balance method
pressure balance method
rules
segments
tolerances
56
59
55
57
54
54, 59
54
55
58
Calculator
40
Case study
change types
change variable names
cumulative changes
entering data
functionality
global changes
individual changes
50
49
50
49
49
50
50
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
62
Components
defining
entering data
generating from assay data
library
lightends data
petroleum
Compressor
100
47
24, 25
59
Correlations
flow
flow regime
fluid properties
mixing
oil, water
pressure loss
viscosity
31
76
18
25
27
75
25
50
D
Data entry windows
Defaults
See Global defaults
Device summary
67
Distributed flow
75
Downhole operations
93
87
94
83
E
Edit menu
93
94
93
Elevational changes
effect on temperature
85
F
Fetkovichs gas flow equation
45
15
16
File menu
Flash report
5
67
31
32
Flow patterns
horizontal
vertical
75
79
76
80
79
77
78
Flowsheet
editing
junction
links
network types
sink
source
terminology
viewing
8
38
41
33
39
36
33
8
105
96
Fluid models
blackoil
compositional
gas condensate
non-compositional
single-phase gas
single-phase liquid
steam model
19
19
19
18
19
19
19
Forsheimer equation
45
overall U-value
performing
pipe
temperature
41, 83
83
42
84
12
Heater/cooler
47
Help
documents
online
technical support
3
3
3
Holdup, liquid
73
Friction factor
75
75
75
HW coefficient
32
Hydrates
40
72
G
Gas condensate model
fluid type
PVT data
19
25
88
90
14
89
15
14
89
17
88
48
92
91
Gas model
fluid type
PVT data
32
19
25
Insulation
84
Interactive output
64
50
61
Interconnected wells
16
Intermittent flow
75
Global defaults
flow correlations
flow efficiency parameter
HW coefficient
inside diameter
Palmer corrections
thermal
transitional Reynolds number
31
32
32
32
31
32
32
H
Heat transfer calculations
defaults
effects of temperature
insulation layers
large elevational changes
methods
106
I
Individual changes, case study
50
47
90
J
Jones gravel-packed completion
46
Junction
data requirements
inactivating
38
36
66
62
L
Laminar flow
72
Library components
20
Lightends
21
Line sizing
entering data
maximum velocity
options
running
9
57
57
62
Link
annulus
bottomhole completions
check valve
choke
compressor
definition
dividing the
DP-DT
gas lift valve
heater/cooler
injection device
IPR
multi-stage compressor
pipe
pumps
regulator
riser
separator
summary
tubing
43
46
47
48
47
41
98
48
48
47
47
43
47
42
47
48
42
47
67
43
9
9
Liquid holdup
defining
no-slip
73
73
Liquid model
fluid type
PVT data
19
26
Looped networks
34
M
11, 15
32
86
84
85
55
K
Keyword input file
creating
data entry order
importing
62
53
5
Main window
color cues
components
data entry windows
menu bar
8
6
7
6
Index
77
80
79
77
78
54
8
5
8
Menu bar
Multiphase flow
downward stratified flow
horizontal flow patterns
liquid holdup
modeling
pressure drop
problems unique to
sphering (pigging)
terrain-induced slugging
vertical flow patterns
vertical upward flow
83
75
73
72
73
81
58
82
79
81
Multi-stage compressor
47
N
NETOPT
Network model
Networks
looped
running
tree
types
New file
Nodal analysis
application
calculations
compound parameter
dividing the link
entering data
features unique to PIPEPHASE
inflow/outflow curves
output
running
sensitivity parameters
terminology
wellbore applications
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
1
17
34
62
33
33
5
98
101
100
98
9
103
98
102
62
100
100
12
Node summary
67
18
37
73
Online help
Optimization
15
Output
link profiles
nodal analysis
node and link labels
node simulation results
64
102
64
64
inflow/outflow parameters
link profiles
nodal temperature
pressure vs. distance
print options
production vs. gas injection rate
RAS example
68
66
23
102
64
102
65
64
15
70
54, 59
73
75
89
Print options
64
Production rate
96
Pumps
47
PVT data
blackoil model
condensate gas
gas fluids
liquid model
steam model
24
25
25
26
27
17
41, 83
Q
P
Palmer corrections
Parameters
case study
compound
sensitivity
Quality
37
31
R
50
100
100
Performance curves
98
Petroleum components
20
Phase envelope
10
Phase type
21
Pipelines, heated
12
PIPEPHASE
applications
components
GUI
launching
main window
NETOPT add-on
simulating networks in
TACITE add-on
technology
window components
10
2
2
5
5
1
17
2
1
6
Pipes
42
Plot viewer
70
Plots
creating in RAS
69
Reference source
36
Regulator
48
Report
device summary
flash
link summary
options
summary
67
67
67
68
67
16
Reservoir depletion
95
13
Reservoir pressure
96
45
Results
link profiles
nodal analysis
node
Results Access System (RAS)
output format
plot viewer
plots
report options
64
102
64
68
70
69
68
107
running
tables
Retrograde condensation
67
68
10
Reynolds number
laminar and turbulent flow
transitional
72
32
Risers
42
Run options
interactively
run other
run remote
61
63
63
S
Save
5
55
Segregated flow
75
Sensitivity analysis
See Nodal analysis
100
Separator
47
Simulation
changing the UOM
copying and deleting
creating a new
defining
editing
printing
running
saving a
viewing
22
5
5
17
8
5
5
5
8
Simulation type
gas lift analysis
network
PVT table generation
17
17
17
10
12
10
11
Single-phase flow
acceleration term
elevation change
friction loss
modeling
72
71
71
71
19
19
Sink
inactivating
requirements
36
39
Slugging, terrain-induced
82
108
Source
compositional fluid
data requirements
entering component data
estimated values
fixed values
inactivating
non-compositional
reference
temperature requirement
Sphering
modeling
Start PIPEPHASE
Segments, calculation
Sensitivity parameters
Solution algorithm
56
Toolbar
37
36
38
36
36
36
37
36
37, 38
57
5
11
Steam model
fluid type
PVT data
19
27
T
Tables
creating
example
68
69
TACITE
component lumpring
entering transient data
running
2
62
9
62
Taitel-Dukler-Barnea map
78
Technical reference
flow regime correlations
friction factor
horizontal flow patterns
multiphase flow
multiphase phenomena
single-phase flow
vertical flow patterns
Technical support
Tolerances
76
72
75
72
81
71
79
3
Temperature calculations
84
Terrain-induced slugging
82
Thermal defaults
32
Thermodynamic data
handling water
method applications
options
pre-defined methods
transport methods
29
29
28
28
29
Time-stepping analysis
components
reservoir depletion
well depletion
well grouping
94
95
96
94
58
7
32
Transport methods
29
Tree networks
33
Tubing
43
Turbulent flow
72
U
Units of measure
output
pre-defined sets
standard sets
23
22
23
63
V
Valve location
fixed CHP, option 4
fixed THP, option 3
92
91
51
51
50
79
81
View menu
Viscosity correlations
8
25
W
Water cut
96
29
Well depletion
fluid characteristics
production rate
96
96
Wellbore analysis
graphical solution
heat transfer calculations
nodal analysis
overview
varying pipe sizes
varying well-head pressure
13
15
12
12
13
13
Wells
grouping
horizontal
interconnected
94
46
16
Workbook conventions
Index
Contents
Black Oil Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Black Oil Flowline with Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Compositional Pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Gas Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Case Study of Black Oil Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Heavy Crude Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Pipeline Sphering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Looped Black Oil Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Black Oil Gathering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Two Well Gas Lift Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Steam Injection Well. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Forecasting Well Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Three-Year Decline Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Ridge Pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Appendix - Keyword Input Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
All diameters in the example problems are in actual measurement unless otherwise stated.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
TASK
Figure 1:
Black Oil Pipeline
Vd
Vd
Part A
Property
Value
Oil, API
30
0.75
1.05
Temperature
120F
Gas/Oil ratio
200 ft3/bbl
Water Cut
10%
Create a new simulation BLKOIL. The SOURCE pressure is 1000 psig and
the SINK pressure is 500 psig. Use 100000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate
estimate for both the source and the sink.
For these conditions, what is the oil flowrate?
What is the water flowrate?
Part B
In a second run, keep the source pressure at 1000 psig, but use a fixed
flowrate of 100,000 bbl/day of oil. As for initial sink estimates, use
100,000 bbl/day for flowrate and 500 psig for pressure. Note that for
blackoil problems, the source flowrate is based on the oil flowrate, not
the total flowrate.
What will the sink pressure be?
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
SOLUTION
Part A
Step 2
Select New from the File menu or click the New button on the toolbar. The New File dialog box appears.
Enter the Problem, Site, and User information along with the problem description in this dialog box.
These entries are optional and you can access this dialog box later by
selecting Simulation Description from the General menu.
Step 3
You can access this dialog box later by selecting Input Units of Measur
from the General menu, or by clicking the Input Dimensions button on
the toolbar.
Step 4
Fill in the Oil API Gravit , and the Gas and Water specific sravity
data.
Black Oil Pipeline
You can make edits to the PVT data at any time by selecting PVT Data
from the General menu or by clicking the PVT button on the toolbar.
Step 5
Step 6
Build the flowsheet by clicking the source toolbar button and then
clicking again to position the unit on the flowsheet.
Select the source unit by clicking on the icon once. A red square
appears on the node and the border of the node turns green to indicate that the node has been selected.
Connect the source and sink units by clicking inside this square and,
while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor towards the
sink and release.
Double-click the SOURCE unit on the flowsheet to open the Black Oil
Source dialog box.
Fill in the Pressure, Temperature, GOR, and Water Cut data from
Table 1.
Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate. By default, the Oil
Flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate.
Sink Data
Step 7
Enter the SINK pressure data. Again, by default the flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate.
Double-click on the LINK between the two units to open up the Link
Device Data window.
Click on the PIPE button in the device palette to add a pipe to the link
and to open the Pipe dialog box for that pipe.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Step 8
Note:
When complete, click OK to save the entries and return to the Link
Device Data window.
Click OK to save the LINK device data and return to the main flowsheet.
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
From the Node Summary, you can see that the standard oil flowrate is
107,571 bbl/day and the standard water flowrate is 11,952 bbl/day.
Note:
Your results may vary slightly due to the initial estimates and
the specified convergence tolerances ( 2 psi for the pressure).
To return to the flowsheet, close the editor. To access the output file
again, select View Output File from the File menu or click the View Output File button on the toolbar.
To view the node output on the flowsheet, select View Output from
the View menu, and double-click on a unit.
The temperature, pressure, and total liquid flowrate (oil + water) for that
node in Blackoil type simulations is displayed. For example, if you double-click on the SINK, the dialog box shown in Figure 2 appears.
Figure 2:
Sink Summary on
Flowsheet
Under the File menu, choose Save As and save this problem as BLKOILB.
To find the SINK pressure with a fixed SOURCE oil flowrate of 100,000
bbl/day and a 1,000 psig SOURCE pressure, perform the following tasks:
Select the View Output option from the View menu to return to the
edit input mode.
Double-click on the SOURCE, activate the Fixed radio button for the
oil flowrate, and enter a value of 100,000 bbl/day.
Double-click on the SINK, activate the Estimated radio button for the
pressure, and enter a value of 500 psig, so that the pressure is calculated by PIPEPHASE.
From the Node Summary, you will find that the SINK pressure is now
calculated to be 678 psig.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
TASK
The flowrate through an oil well is controlled using a choke at the wellhead. For a 1 inch diameter choke, the desired wellhead pressure is 200
psig. Because the reservoir is unconsolidated sandstone, a gravel-packed
completion has been used.
Figure 3:
Oil Well
#"
Vd
##
Vd
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Vd
Vd
The upper portion of the tubing string is 2.441 inches in diameter. The
lower portion is 1.995 inches in diameter. The reservoir pressure is 3,000
psig and the reservoir temperature is 190F. The temperature gradient in
the earth at this location is 2F/100 feet. Assume an average overall heat
transfer coefficient (U) of 10.0 Btu/hr-ft2-F.
The gravel-packed completion has a perforated zone 30 feet long, with 8
shots/foot. The expected size of the perforations is 0.39 inches in diameter and 3 inches deep. Table 2 gives the properties of the reservoir fluid.
Table 2: Reservoir Fluid Properties
Part A
Property
Value
Oil, API
35
0.71
1.02
Gas/Oil ratio
300 ft3/bbl
Water Cut
20%
Create a new simulation named OILFLW. Use 500 bbl/day as the initial
flowrate estimate for both the source and the sink.
For these conditions, what is the oil flowrate?
Part B
Figure 4:
Transportation
Pipeline
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Vd
As for initial sink estimates, use the value calculated in Part A for flowrate and supply 200 psig for the sink pressure.
How much gas is being removed at the wellhead?
What is the required horsepower of the pump?
What will the sink pressure be?
SOLUTION
Part A
Create a new simulation by selecting New from the File menu and name
the simulation OILFLW.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Supply the Oil API Gravit , and the Gas and Water specific gravity
data and click OK .
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Step 4
Step 5
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a
link.
Using the data provided in Table 2, fill in the fields for source Pressure, Temperature, GOR, and Water Cut.
By default, the Oil Flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate.
Note:
Sink Data
Step 6
Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate. By default, the Oil
Flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate.
Enter the Perforation Interval, Shot Density, Tunnel Length, and Perforation Diameter data.
For a LINK with multiple sections, the order in which you list the devices
is critical. You must enter the section of tubing farthest from the surface
first. In this case, the bottom section of the tubing string is entered first.
8
Enter the Measured Wireline Depth, True Vertical Depth, and Inside
Diameter data into the appropriate fields.
Note:
For the lower section, the measured wireline depth is 8,000 feet (= 4,500
+ 3,500); and the true vertical depth is 6,500 feet (= 3,200 + 3,300).
Step 7
To enter the upper section of the tubing string, click the TUBING button again. Another Tubing dialog box for the second TUBING device
in the link appears.
Enter the Measured Wireline Depth, True Vertical Depth, and Inside
Diameter data of the TUBING section next to the source. This time
the measured wireline depth is 3,500 ft, and the true vertical depth is
3,200 ft. Make the necessary changes to the Thermal Calculations
Area.
Add a choke device by clicking the CHOKE button and enter the
Choke Diameter.
Click OK to save the LINK device data and return to the main flowsheet.
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
From the Node Summary, you can see that the standard oil flowrate is
2,471 bbl/day, the standard water flowrate is 618 bbl/day, and the standard gas flowrate is 0.7412 MM ft3/day.
To return to the flowsheet, close the editor. To access the output file
again, select View Output File from the File menu or click the View Output File button on the toolbar.
Save your simulation before starting Part B.
Part B
Under the File menu, choose Save As and save this problem as OILFLWB.
To find the SINK pressure for a fixed SOURCE oil flowrate of 2,471 bbl/
day, perform the following tasks:
In the Black Oil Source dialog box, click the Fixed radio button for
the oil flowrate and enter a value 2,471.
In the Sink dialog box, click the Estimated radio button for the SINK
pressure. Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate.
In the Link Device Data window, click once on the CHOKE device so
that the additional devices are added after it. Add the SEPARATOR,
PUMP, and PIPE devices to the LINK and input the supplied data for
each.
Change the Device Detail to Part or Full in the Print Options dialog
box, accessed by selecting Print Options from the General menu.
From the Node Summary, you can see that the SINK pressure is 163 psig.
From the Link Device Detail Report, you can see that the amount of gas
removed is 0.670 MM ft3/day and the required pump power is 32.2 hp.
10
Compositional Pipeline
#
TASK
Figure 5:
Crude Oil Pipeline
"
[]
3beTU?Y\
Use 500,000 kg/hr as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
Part A
Use metric dimensions for everything except the fine length, which is in
inches. Set the Print Options for link plots to Full. Table 3 gives the composition and conditions of the source fluid. Table 4 gives data for the
higher-boiling components.
Table 3: Source Composition and Conditions
Component
Mole %
Component
Mole %
H2S
5.4
NC5
2.9
C1
2.0
NC6
4.1
C2
14.3
C78
8.5
C3
16.3
C910
4.0
IC4
2.9
C11+
20.0
NC4
8.6
C20+
7.9
IC5
3.1
Pressure
74 bar
Temperature
74C
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Petroleum
Component
Molecular
Weight
Density
(kg/m3)
C78
109
748
C910
137
795
C11+
207
944
C20+
354
1036
Boiling
Point (C)
547
11
Generate a PVT table for the flash calculations and run the simulation
again.
What is the gas gravity?
What is the oil gravity?
What is the oil flowrate?
What is the gas/oil flowrate ratio?
How much time did the calculations take?
Part C
SOLUTION
Create a new simulation by selecting New from the File menu and name
the simulation CPIPE.
Part A
Step 1
12
In the Input Dimensions dialog box, select Metric from the System
drop-down list.
Change the Fine Length units to inches, since the tubing diameter is
given in inches.
Compositional Pipeline
,
Step 2
Note:
If you change the basis after you enter the flowrate data, the
flowrate value is not converted to the corresponding value in
the new units, only the units are changed.
Select the library components listed in Table 3, and then click the
Add Components to place them in the Add these Library Components to the Component List box. Alternatively, you can double-click
on the components to add them into this list immediately.
Clicking OK saves this list and returns you to the Component Data
dialog box.
You can access the Component Data dialog box later by clicking on the
Component Data button on the toolbar
Step 3
Step 4
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a
link.
Sink Data
Double-click on the SINK and enter a Fixed value for the SINK pressure. The Estimated radio button for the flowrate is selected by
default.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
13
Step 5
Step 6
Click on the PIPE button and enter the Length, Elevation Change ,
and Inside Diameter data.
Select the U-Value method from the Heat Transfer drop-down list
and enter the Ambient Temperature in the activated field. This overides the global default.
Tip:
Make sure to select Full for Device Detail, Plots and RAS
Database options (select Print Options under the General
menu) so that you can generate a Phase Envelope plot by clicking Special Plots... in the Results Access System (RAS).
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list and click View .
From the Node Summary, you can see that the total flowrate is 1,180,910
kg/hr.
To view the NODE results and the LINK plots, select View Output
from the View menu.
The temperature plot in Figure 6 shows that the fluid temperature never
drops below the ambient temperature. Since the gas phase is just developing, the Joule-Thompson effect is weak.
14
Compositional Pipeline
Figure 6:
Temperature vs.
Distance Plot
Click Run Results Access System within the Run Simulation and
View Results dialog box to access the Results Access System (RAS).
To activate the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box, select File/New to create a new RAS database. Select CPIPE.ras (Figure 7).
Figure 7:
PIPEPHASE RAS
Dialog Box
to display the
This also shows the fluid state through the pipe's length with respect to
the phase envelope.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
15
Figure 8:
Phase Envelope
Select the PVT Data from the General menu or click the PVT Data
button on the toolbar.
Runs using the PVT table to interpolate the physical properties are about
5-6 times faster than using the flash calculations.
From the Node Summary section of the output report, the fluid properties to simulate a black oil are:
Gas specific gravity = 1.47
Oil specific gravity = 0.88
Gas/Oil Flowrate Ratio = 97 m3/ m3
Oil Flowrate = 1083 m3/hr
16
Compositional Pipeline
,
Part C
Note:
Convert the simulation to a blackoil fluid to see how this non-compositional approach affects the results. Before making any changes, save the
file by selecting Save As from the File menu. Name the new simulation
CPIPEC. Make the following changes:
Change the simulation type to Blackoil by selecting Simulation Definition from the General menu.
Change the Gas Densit , Oil Density, and Water Density units to specific gravity (sp gr) by selecting Input Units of Measure from the
General menu or by clicking the Input Dimensions toolbar button.
Select PVT Data from the General menu, or click the PVT Data button on the toolbar. Click New... in the Fluid Property Data dialog
box. In the Blackoil PVT Data dialog box, enter the specific gravity
of the gas and oil calculated in Part B, and set the specific gravity of
water to 1.
You will find that the black oil flowrate is now 620 m 3/hr, significantly
lower than the compositional oil flowrate of 1,083 m 3/hr. This change is
caused by the different representations used for the fluid physical properties.
The non-compositional run took 3 seconds, compared to 4 seconds for
the PVT table calculation/interpolation, and 15 seconds for the compositional flash. These values will vary depending upon CPU speed.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
17
Gas Well
#
TASK
A gas well is drilled in two stages: vertically for 1,067 meters, and then
at an angle for 935 meters (another 610 meters deep).
Figure 9:
Gas Well
! &']
&! ]
)#%]
The tubing string is 2.441 inches in diameter. Use metric dimensions for
everything except the fine length. Table 5 gives the composition and
source conditions of the inlet gas.
Table 5: Source Composition and Conditions
Component
Mole %
Methane
80%
Ethane
15%
Propane
5%
Pressure
74 bar
Temperature
74C
Flowrate
Part B
18
Gas Well
SOLUTION
Create a new problem by selecting New from the File menu. Name the
simulation GWELL.
Part A
Step 1
In the Input Dimensions dialog box, select Metric from the System
drop-down list.
Note:
If you change the basis after you enter the flowrate data, the
flowrate value is not converted to the corresponding value in
the new units, only the units are changed.
Change the Fine Length units to inches, since the TUBING diameter
is given in inches.
Note the warning that SINK flowrates must be specified in Weight units
for compositional fluids.
Step 2
Under the Component Family List, Standard Production Set is the default
and the components of this set are listed in the Specific Components
Available for Selection section.
You can access the library components again by clicking the Component
Selection button.
Step 3
Step 4
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Click Define Composition... and enter the composition for the previously selected components from Table 5. Select Save from the
Worksheet menu when complete.
Note:
Sink Data
Step 5
Check the Estimated button for the pressure and provide an initial
estimate. By default, the Estimated button for the flowrate is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this value.
For a LINK with multiple devices, the order in which you list the devices
is critical. You must enter the section of tubing next to the SOURCE first.
In this case, the deviated section of the tubing string is entered first.
Click on the TUBING button and enter the Measured Wireline Depth,
True Vertical Depth, and Inside Diameter data.
Note:
For the deviated section, the measured wireline depth is 2,002 meters (=
1,067 + 935); and the true vertical depth is 1,677 meters (= 1,067 + 610).
20
To enter the vertical section of the tubing string, click the TUBING
button again and enter the data for this segment (measured wireline
depth is 1,067 m; true vertical depth is also 1,067 m).
Gas Well
Step 6
Tip:
Make sure to select Full for Device Detail, Plots and RAS
Database options (select Print Options under the General
menu) so that you can generate a Phase Envelope plot by clicking Special Plots... in the Results Access System (RAS).
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
The Link Summary shows the pressure drop to the surface is 54.9 bar
and the actual flowrate at the SOURCE is 0.000148 MM m 3/hr. The specific gravity of the gas is found in the Node Summary section of the
report. You should get a value of 0.68.
Part B
To view the NODE results and the LINK plots, select View Output
from the View menu and double-click on a NODE to see its Pressure,
Temperature, and Flowrate.
Change the simulation type to Gas by selecting Simulation Definition from the General menu.
Select PVT Data from the General menu, or click the PVT Data button on the toolbar. Click New... in the Fluid Property Data dialog
box and enter the specific gravity of the gas from the compositional
run. Double-click on the SOURCE and set the PVT Property Set number to "1".
From the Link Summary, you should find that the pressure drop is now
60.1 bar. The actual flowrate at the source is 0.000146 MM m3/hr.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
21
TASK
Starting with the Black Oil Pipeline simulation, Part B as the Base Case,
run six cases to study the effects of the following parameters on the pressure drop:
Inside diameter
Elevation change
Pipe roughness
Flowrate at source
Use the Restore Base Case option in each case to set the changed parameters back to the original values.
Provide initial estimates for the sink: Pressure = 500 psig, Flowrate =
100,000 bbl/day.
Fill in Table 6 and answer the following questions. In the original Black
Oil Pipeline problem, Part B, the pressure drop was 323 psig.
Table 6: Case Study Data
Case Study Parameter
From Value
To Value
Inside diameter
10
11
Elevation change
-1,000
-1,100
Pipe roughness
0.002
0.0022
1.1
100,000
110,000
BBM
DE
Which three parameters have the largest effect on the pressure drop?
Which two parameters have the smallest effect on the pressure drop?
22
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
Select Copy Simulation from the File menu and copy the simulation
BLKOILB to BLKOILCS.
Select Open from the File menu and choose BLKOILCS file. This is
the Base Case.
Select Case Study from the Special Features menu to open the Case
Study dialog box.
Click the check box for Perform Case Study Calculations to activate
this option.
Case One
Click Add... in the Case Study dialog box to open the Case Study
Changes dialog box.
Because you are studying the effects of the six parameters on the pressure drop, you must enter each change under a new case.
For the first case, select the link L001 from the Link Name list.
You can select Pipe from the Device Type drop-down list to limit the
Device Name list on the following line to include the Pipe device names
only.
From the drop-down lists, select the Device Name, Parameter, and
supply a value for the Inside Diameter in the data field labeled To:
Link Name
L001
Device Type
Pipe
Device Name
E001
Parameter
Inside Diameter
11
The completed dialog box for case one is shown below in Figure 10.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
23
Figure 10:
Case Study
Parameters for Case 1
Figure 11:
Case Study Changes
for Case 1
The Case Study Changes and the Define Case Study Parameter dialog
boxes can be reopened by clicking Edit... .
Case Two
24
Check Restore Base Case to reset the parameters changed in the previous case back to the original values (i.e., the pipe ID is reset to
10").
Link Name
L001
Device Type
Pipe
Device Name
E001
Parameter
Elevation Change
-1,100
Note:
The Case Study dialog box appears as Figure 12 when all six cases has
been entered.
Figure 12:
Completed Case
Study Dialog Box
Step 3
Select Run from the File menu, or click the Run button. The Run
Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
The Case Study Summary appears at the end of the output file and is
reproduced in Figure 13. From the simulation, you can see that Case 1
(inside diameter), Case 5 (flowrate), and Case 6 (pressure drop correlaIntroduction to PIPEPHASE
25
tion) show the largest change in pressure drop, (p) = 347 psi, -245 psi
and -274 psi, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient and the pipe
roughness have the smallest effect in this simulation.
Figure 13: Case
Study Summar
BASE CASE
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
677.6
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.4
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.2
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.4
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.4
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.2
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.6
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------110000.00
-110000.00
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.4
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
CASE STUDY 01
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
1024.0
CASE STUDY 02
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
738.3
CASE STUDY 03
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
666.8
CASE STUDY 04
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
677.7
CASE STUDY 05
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
432.7
CASE STUDY 06
NODE
---SORS
SINK
26
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
403.6
TASK
Figure 14:
Heavy Crude Pipeline
Viscosity (cp)
70
370
120
50
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
27
Part A
Perform case studies on the pipeline at the ambient air temperatures indicated in Table 8. The ambient temperatures for Pipes 1 and 2 should
remain at 35F. Use the Results Access System (RAS) to make a plot
showing a temperature profile for each of the cases.
Table 8: Effect of Air Temperature on Flowrate
Part B
Case
Ambient
Temperature (F)
Base Case
50
Case #1
30
Case #2
Flowrate,
bbl/day
Note:
SOLUTION
Step 1
Create a new problem by selecting New from the File menu. Name the
simulation HCRUDE.
Define the Simulation and Input Dimensions
The Simulation Type is Network Model and the Fluid Type is Liquid.
Since all of the PIPE inside diameters are 24 inches, you can save some
time by changing the Global Default Pipe ID to 24 inches. Similarly, you
may want to change the default Ambient Temperature to 35F. Set Maximun Iteration to 150 and de-check Hausen Method.
Step 2
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a
link.
Step 3
Step 4
Select Case Study from the Special Features menu and check the
Perform Case Study Calculations box in the Case Study dialog box.
Check Restore Base Case to reset all the parameters changed in the
previous Case Study back to the original values (i.e., the pipe ID is
reset to 10 inches).
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
Find the Case Study Summary at the end of the output file. Table 9
shows the results.
Table 9: Effect of Air Temperature on Flowrate
Case
Ambient
Temperature (F)
Flowrate
bbl/day
Base Case
50
92,771
Case #1
30
81,990
Case #2
3,250
As you can see, the flowrate drops drastically during the winter. The low
temperature causes a large increase in viscosity, which in turn causes a
lower flowrate between the (constant pressure) SOURCE and SINK. The
lower flowrate means more heat loss, which leads to higher viscosity,
etc. The result is a flowrate that can be very sensitive to ambient temperature.
Table 10 shows the results for the same Case Study set but with two
inches of insulation with a conductivity of 0.015 Btu/(hr-ft-F) on Pipe
3. The winter flowrate has increased significantly, and the insulation is
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
29
Step 5
Case
Ambient
Temperature (F)
Flowrate
bbl/day
Base Case
50
101,155
Case #1
30
96,969
Case #2
90,755
To access this system, click Results Access System within the Run
Simulation and View Results dialog box.
Select New from the File menu to create a new RAS database.
Click View/Edit... .
Figure 15:
PIPEPHASE RAS
Dialog Box
In this exercise, you want to plot the temperature for each case study on
a single graph. Leave the x-variable as Total Length.
30
Check the box next to All Devices in the Link and select Temperature from the State Variable list. The complete RAS Plot Data
Options dialog box for the Base Case is shown in Figure 16.
Add the other case study plots by changing the Case Study entry and
clicking Add Selection .
Figure 16:
RAS Plot Data
Options
The RAS Plot Options dialog box should have three entriesone for the
base case and one for each case study, as shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17:
RAS Plot Options
Dialog Box
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
31
The results for the run with two inches of insulation on Pipe 3 are shown
in Figure 19. The discontinuities in the slope of the curves occur where
the different pipes meet. The steeper the curve, the higher the heat transfer rate.
Figure 18:
Plot of Temperature
Versus Length
Figure 19:
Plot of Temperature
Versus Length. Pipe 3
has 2" of Insulation
32
Pipeline Sphering
#
TASK
Figure 20:
Sphering Pipeline
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Table 11 gives the composition and conditions of the source fluid. Table
12 provides data for the higher-boiling components.
Table 11: Source Composition and Conditions
Component
Mole %
Component
Mole %
C1
88.61
NC5
1.67
C2
3.15
NC6
1.11
C3
2.69
PETRO1
0.55
NC4
2.04
PETRO2
0.18
Pressure
350 psia
Temperature
120F
Gas Flowrate
0.7667 MM ft3/hr
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Density
(API)
Boiling
Point (F)
PETRO1
45
350
PETRO2
38
480
33
The pipe devices are summarized in Table 13. The pipe heat transfer
coefficient is 0.8 Btu/hr ft2F. The ambient temperature is 65F.
Table 13: Piping Segments
Pipe
Length (ft)
L1
4224
L2
6336
154
L3
8448
-69
L4
3696
100
L5
6336
120
L6
264
-10
L7
2640
58
L8
9504
-118
For initial sink estimates, use 1 lb/hr for flowrate and 10 psia for pressure.
How much liquid must be removed from the pipeline?
How long does it take for the slug to reach the end of the pipe?
How long does it take to re-establish steady-state?
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
34
Keep Network Model as the Simulation Type and select Compositional as the Fluid Type.
In the Component Data dialog box, click Add... and select the
library components listed in Table 11.
Click the PVT Data button on the toolbar. In the Fluid Property Data
dialog box, click Edit... and change the Water Enthalpy to Superheated.
Pipeline Sphering
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature, Pipe
ID, and Pipe Heat Transfer Coefficient data by clicking the Global
Defaults button on the toolbar.
Select Calculation Methods from the General menu or click the Calculation Methods button from the toolbar.
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a
link.
Add eight PIPEs to the LINK and enter the data provided in Table 13.
Remember to input the Sphere Inside Diameter for pipes L1, L3, and L6.
Step 6
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list and click View .
From the Sphering Report, you can see that the slug is 2,723.6 ft long
when it reaches the end of the pipe. Calculating by hand, the slug volume
is 2,137.9 ft3 (12 in. ID) which is delivered in 181.7 sec (just over 3 minutes). Steady state flow is re-established 31,092 sec (8.6 hours) after the
sphere is launched.
The latter parts of the Sphering Report is shown below.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
35
Figure 21:
Slug Zone Report
TIME
(SECS)
------1606.9
1625.4
1643.8
1662.3
1680.8
1699.3
1717.7
1736.2
1754.7
1773.1
1791.6
1810.1
1819.3
1820.5
Figure 22:
Delivery Report
SLUG DELIVERY
------------TIME
(SECS)
------9.8
19.7
29.5
39.3
49.1
58.8
68.5
78.2
87.8
97.3
106.9
116.4
125.8
135.3
144.6
154.0
163.3
172.5
181.7
36
----------------SLUG ZONE-----------------SLUG
SLUG
SLUG
SLUG
EDGE
PRESS: EDGE
VELO:
LENGTH
PRESS: DROP
DISTANCE
(FPS)
(FT)
(PSIA) (PSIA) (FT)
------- --------- ------- ------- --------13.94
2445.6
252.2
21.0
38520.6
13.86
2444.5
254.0
20.8
38662.8
13.86
2473.0
253.6
21.0
38936.4
13.87
2501.4
253.2
21.2
39210.3
13.87
2530.2
252.9
21.5
39484.6
13.87
2559.0
252.5
21.7
39759.3
13.88
2588.0
252.2
21.9
40034.3
13.88
2617.1
252.0
22.0
40309.6
13.88
2646.3
251.8
22.1
40585.3
13.81
2648.2
253.5
21.8
40728.9
13.81
2677.6
253.3
21.9
41003.4
13.81
2707.1
253.1
22.0
41278.2
13.82
2721.8
253.0
22.0
41415.6
13.82
2723.6
253.0
22.0
41432.8
PRESS:
SLUG
SPHERE BEHIND
VELOCITY VELOCITY SPHERE
(FPS)
(FPS)
(PSIA)
-------- -------- ------13.87
13.87
274.6
13.87
13.87
273.5
13.90
13.90
272.4
13.96
13.96
271.6
13.98
13.98
270.6
14.02
14.02
269.4
14.09
14.09
268.6
14.16
14.16
267.6
14.21
14.21
266.5
14.27
14.27
265.5
14.33
14.33
264.4
14.39
14.39
263.3
14.44
14.44
262.1
14.51
14.51
261.0
14.57
14.57
259.8
14.63
14.63
258.6
14.70
14.70
257.4
14.77
14.77
256.1
14.84
14.84
254.8
Pipeline Sphering
TASK
A black oil gathering and distribution facility is shown below. Oil is collected from four different fields and transported to two terminal points
(B and C). This system consists of loops and cross-over lines.
Figure 23:
Flowsheet for Looped
Black Oil Network
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Introduction to PIPEPHASE
0.54
0.765
1.0
37
80
Source data is provided below in Table 16. Italicized numbers correspond to initial estimates for unmeasured values.
Table 16: Source Data
Name
Gas/Oil Ratio
ft3/bbl
Flowrate
BPD
Temperature
F
Pressure
psig
A0
400
10,000
120
395
A1
300
10,000
110
300
A2
100
15,500
110
250
A3
230
20,000
120
200
As for sink initial estimates, use 20,000 BPD for first sink and 40,000
BPD for second.
What is the direction of flow between junctions J2 and J4? between J5
and J6? between J0 and J1?
(Remember that a positive flowrate indicates that the flow is in the direction the link is drawn and negative flow indicates that the flow is in the
opposite direction.)
SOLUTION
Step 7
Step 8
Leave the input dimensions as Petroleum, but change the Oil Density
units from API to specific gravity.
Supply the Oil, Gas, and Water specific gravity data in the Blackoil
PVT Data dialog box.
Click the Global Defaults button on the toolbar to open the Global
Defaults dialog box and change the default PIPE inside diameter to
12 inches, and the default PIPE heat transfer coefficient to 2 BTU/hr
ft2F.
38
Add four sources, seven junctions, and two sinks to the flowsheet.
Using Figure 23, reposition as needed and add the appropriate links.
Looped Black Oil Network
You can hold down the <Shift> key to drop multiple units at a time,
releasing the <Shift> key prior to dropping the last unit.
Step 9
Note:
Fill in the data for each SOURCE in turn. Provide initial estimates for
unmeasured flowrates and/or pressures.
Enter the data for the SINKs, providing estimates where needed.
Select Print Options from the General menu, and select Full for the
Device Detail report option list to get the Pressure Gradient reports.
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
To view the results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
Check the flowrate directions. You will find that the flow is from J0 to
J1, from J4 to J2 and from J6 to J5. The flowrate into terminal C is
121,430 bbl/day and into terminal B it is 71,306 bbl/day. The highest
pressure drop per pipe length is for the link between A0 and J0 at 0.01
psi/ft (see the Velocity Summary in the Output Report).
You can change the solution tolerances and algorithm options by clicking on the Calculation Methods button on the toolbar. Tighten the tolerance for pressure and rerun the network. Did your answers change?
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
39
TASK
A black oil gathering system is shown in Figure 24. There are six wells
leading to an offshore platform, which then has a pipeline to an onshore
facility.
Figure 24:
Black Oil Gathering
System
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Given the following data in Tables 17 through 19, find the total flow of
fluid arriving at the onshore terminal (SINK ONSH).
Table 17: Fluid Properties
Wells 1-3
Wells 4-6
Oil, API
30
Oil, API
33
0.60
0.63
1.01
1.03
40
Node
Pressure
(psig)
Temperature
(F)
GOR
(ft3/bbl)
WCUT
(%)
Source 1
2,500
185
700
15
Source 2
2,500
185
750
Source 3
2,530
185
500
20
Source 4
2,370
195
700
12
Source 5
2,704
190
600
25
Source 6
2,690
187
700
15
ONSH
160
Device
L1
IPR
Tubing
3,000
Choke
L2
1,500
4.000
47
500
4.000
470
Pipe
30
4.000
3,500
2.441
IPR
Pipe
1,800
4.000
-70
Riser
500
4.000
490
Pipe
50
4.000
3,800
2.992
IPR
4.5
Pipe
2,800
4.000
-70
Riser
500
4.000
490
Pipe
50
4.000
4,500
2.992
IPR
Choke
4,300
1.000
Pipe
2,700
4.000
-40
Riser
550
4.000
490
Pipe
20
4.000
4,200
2.992
IPR
Tubing
Choke
4,100
1.000
Pipe
2,900
4.000
-10
Riser
600
4.000
490
Pipe
20
4.000
3,900
2.992
IPR
Tubing
10
Choke
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
3,700
1.000
Tubing
PLAT/
ONSH
3,500
1.000
Choke
L6
2,500
Riser
Tubing
L5
2.441
Elevation
Change (ft)
Pipe
Choke
L4
Vertical
Depth (ft)
1.000
Tubing
L3
Inner
Diameter
(in)
3,900
1.000
Pipe
3,700
4.000
-10
Riser
600
4.000
490
Pipe
20
4.000
Pipe
490
16.000
Pipe
211,200
16.000
300
Pipe
5,280
16.000
190
Pipe
10,560
16.000
41
Use 1,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for each source and
6,000 bbl/day for the sink.
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
Enter the Blackoil PVT data through the Fluid Property Data dialog
box. Create two property sets, one for wells 1-3 and one for wells 46 from the data in Table 1.
Enter the desired global defaults for the LINK data using the Global
Defaults button on the toolbar.
Add six sources, one junction, and a single sink to the flowsheet.
Using Figure 24, reposition as needed and connect the appropriate
units.
Select the first unit and use the cursor to connect the small square of
the first unit to the small square of the second unit.
With no icon selected (i.e., no icon has green outline), select Edit
Link from the Edit menu. Click Add Link and select the From and
To node names from the drop-down list of the corresponding nodes.
Fill in the data for each SOURCE and the SINK from the data in Table
18. Provide initial estimates for unmeasured flowrates and/or pressures.
For each LINK, enter the appropriate data for the LINK devices given
in Table 19 (i.e. IPR, TUBIN , CHOKE, PIPE, and RISER).
Tip:
42
Step 3
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
To view the individual node results, select View Output from the
View menu and double-click on the sink. The total flowrate to the
sink is 27,643 bbl/day and the temperature is 81.0F.
You can change the solution tolerances and algorithm options by clicking on the Network Calculation Methods button on the toolbar. Tighten
the tolerance for pressure and rerun the network. Did your answers
change?
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
43
TASK
For a single well on gas lift, the increased back-pressure from the injection gas affects other wells that share a common flowline. If any of the
other wells are also on gas lift, it in turn contributes to an overall increase
in back pressure. As such, a single-well gas lift analysis performed in
isolation will over-predict production. The actual optimal injection rate
will be influenced by the interacting wells, and will be lower than that
predicted by single-well analysis. The problem therefore is to determine
the amount of gas to allocate to each of the wells under of gas lift in
order to maximize the total production rate from the field. In PIPEPHASE, this is determined by executing a case study.
A 1500 ft, 4-inch flowline connects two wells to a separator operating at
250 psi. Gas lift is applied to both wells. Perform an analysis to determine the maximum production from the two wells.
Given the data in Tables 20 and 21, determine the optimal lift gas allocation between the two wells, based on the available gas being limited to 4
MM ft3/day, to achieve the maximum oil production.
Table 20: Fluid Properties
Blackoil PVT Data
Oil, API
30
0.75
1.002
0.8
44
Unit
Pressure
(psig)
Temperature
(F)
GOR
(ft3/bbl)
WCUT
(%)
S001
2499
180
108
S002
2505
181
102
10.5
Device
Productivity
Index
(bbl/day/psi)
L1
IPR
25.5
Tubing
Length or
Wireline
Depth (ft)
True Vertical
Depth (ft)
8,010
8,010
Gas Valve
L2
0.5
Tubing
6,810
Pipe
231
IPR
Tubing
6,810
22.1
8,111
8,111
Gas Valve
L3
Existing Lift
Gas Flowrate
(MM ft3/day)
3.5
Tubing
6,445
Pipe
103
Pipe
1,500
6,445
For Pipe, use nominal diameter = 4", schedule 40. For Tubing, use nominal diameter = 4", schedule TB01. Use a U-value of 1 Btu/hr ft 2F for
both. The ambient temperature is 65F.
Use 5,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for each source and
10,000 bbl/day as the initial estimate for the sink.
What is the maximum production from the two wells?
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
Enter the Blackoil PVT data through the Fluid Property Data dialog
box.
Enter the desired global defaults for the LINK device data by clicking
the Global Defaults button on the toolbar
Fill in the data for each SOURCE and SINK in turn. Provide initial
estimates for unmeasured flowrates.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
45
Step 3
Click the PVT Data toolbar button to reopen the Fluid Property Data
dialog box.
Click Lift Gas Data and enter the specific gravity. This option was
not available earlier since a gas lift valve was not yet part of the network.
Check the Perform Case Study Calculations box and click Add... .
Click Add... and from the drop-down lists, supply the following
for the first case.
Link Name
L001
Device Type
Device Name
E003
Parameter
Rate
Change To
1.0
Click Add... again to supply the second parameter for the same
case (the Link Name is L002; the Device Name is E008). Change the
rate to 3.0.
For the five remaining cases, increase the rate to gas lift valve E003 from
1.5 to 3.5 while decreasing the rate to gas lift valve E008 from 2.5 to 0.5.
Use increments of 0.5 MMSCFD.
Note:
Step 4
46
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list and click View .
Two Well Gas Lift Analysis
From the Case Summary, the optimal solution is 3883.76 BPD and
3056.03 BPD for sources 1 and 2 respectively (for a total of 6939.80
BPD), at a gas injection rate of 2.0 MMSCFD for each well.
Figure 25:
Case Summary
BASE CASE
NODE
---S001
S002
D004
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
160.3
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------1479.03
3883.92
-5362.95
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
161.6
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------2611.54
3650.82
-6262.36
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
162.2
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------3346.47
3387.39
-6733.86
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
162.3
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------3883.76
3056.03
-6939.80
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
162.0
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------4281.03
2611.38
-6892.40
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
160.9
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------4576.59
1983.79
-6560.37
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
159.2
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------4818.88
1068.75
-5887.63
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
47
Plotting the sink data in Excel produces the graph shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26:
Oil Production as a
Function of Case
Number
7000
6750
6500
6250
6000
5750
5500
5250
5000
0
Case Number
Figure 26 shows that the maximum oil production does occur somewhere close to the conditions of case 3, when the gas lift flowrate is 2.0
MMSCFD. Additional runs can be executed to determine more precise
operating conditions. Also, cases where the combined gas lift flowrate is
less than 4.0 MMSCFD should also be examined.
48
TASK
Figure 27:
Steam Injection Well
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9@B
Nominal
Diameter (in)
Schedule
Thickness
(in)
Pipe
40
0.125
Tubing
3.5
TB01
0.1 in
Conductivity
0.01 BTU/hr-ft-F
80F
Wind Velocity
10 mph
Earth Conductivity
0.8 BTU/hr-ft-F
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
8.5 in
Casing OD
6.0 in
Casing thickness
0.125 in
49
The annulus between the tubing and casing is filled with brine (assume
default liquid properties). The injectivity has a value of 10 lb/hr/psi
(model as an IPR).
Use 1,000 lb/hr as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
Part A
Calculate the quality, temperature and rate of fluid being injected into
the reservoir.
Part B
What is the effect of burying the flowline 36" below the surface?
Restore the base case, then re-insulate the flowline with 0.125" thick
insulation of thermal conductivity 0.1 Btu/hr-ft-F. What is the effect of
this?
Restore the base case. Drain the brine from the annulus and seal off (i.e.
air filled annulus). What is the improvement?
Part C
The results of the previous runs indicate that only hot water (no steam) is
being injected to the reservoir. What changes would you make to ensure
some steam is injected?
SOLUTION
Part A
Step 2
50
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two units.
Enter the SOURCE and SINK data from Figure 27. Make sure you
check the Injection Well box in the Sink Data Entry dialog box.
Double-click on the LINK. Add a PIPE to the LINK and enter the corresponding data. Select Pipe in Air from the Heat Transfer dropdown list, and click Heat Transfer Data... to enter the corresponding data from Tables 24 and 25.
Steam Injection Well
Step 3
Add a TUBING device following the PIPE and enter its data. Select
Detailed from the Thermal Calculations Heat Transfer list and enter
a Temperature Gradient of 1F/100 ft.
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
To view the results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
Scroll through the Node Summary and compare your results to those
in Figure 28.
Figure 28:
Node Summary for
Part A
NODE SUMMARY
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99
1423.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -1423.
NODE
TEMP.
(F)
------597.5
245.8
As you can see, only hot water (steam quality=0) is being injected into
the well. In the remaining runs, you will try to reduce the heat losses so
that some steam is actually injected.
Part B
Step 4
Select Buried Pipe from the Heat Transfer drop-down list. Click
Heat Transfer Data... and enter the Buried Depth of the PIPE.
Run the simulation and compare your Node Summary to the one in
Figure 29.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
51
Figure 29:
Node Summary for
Part B
NODE SUMMARY
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99
1159.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00
-1159.
NODE
TEMP.
(F)
------597.5
217.0
Figure 30:
Node Summary for
Part C
Change the insulation thickness to 0.125 in. and the thermal conductivity to 0.1 Btu/hr-ft-F in the Pipe Detailed Heat Transfer Data
dialog box.
Run the simulation and compare your Node Summary to Figure 30.
NODE SUMMARY
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99
2609.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -2609.
NODE
TEMP.
(F)
------597.5
274.5
Although the steam temperature increased, it is still a liquid at the injection site. The simulation shows that insulating the pipe will not remedy
the problem.
Step 6
Figure 31:
Node Summary for
Part D
Run the simulation and compare your Node Summary to Figure 31.
NODE SUMMARY
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99
1353.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -1353.
NODE
52
TEMP.
(F)
------597.5
291.0
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
53
Figure 32:
Node Summary for
Part C
BASE CASE
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99
1423.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00
-1423.
NODE
TEMP.
(F)
------597.5
245.8
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 2000.0 * 0.99
3291.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00
-3291.
NODE
CASE NO.
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 2200.0 * 0.99
4443.
D002 2000.0 * 0.02
-4443.
NODE
CASE NO.
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 2400.0 * 0.99
5918.
D002 2000.0 * 0.20
-5918.
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 2600.0 * 0.99
7874.
D002 2000.0 * 0.32
-7874.
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 2800.0 * 0.99
9985.
D002 2000.0 * 0.38
-9985.
54
TEMP.
(F)
------686.3
636.6
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 3000.0 * 0.99
12476.
D002 2000.0 * 0.40 -12476.
NODE
TEMP.
(F)
------674.9
636.6
NODE
CASE NO.
TEMP.
(F)
------663.0
636.6
NODE
CASE NO.
TEMP.
(F)
------650.2
636.4
NODE
CASE NO.
TEMP.
(F)
------636.6
567.4
TEMP.
(F)
------697.0
636.6
TASK
Figure 33:
Oil Field
The oil field shown in Figure 33 is being evaluated for possible introduction into an existing crude oil gathering network. The Planning Department has asked you for an indication of the contribution from this field
during its first year of production.
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Vd
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Vd
The well source data is given below and the well head pressure is fixed at
50 psig. From economic considerations, production may be achieved
using either 3" or 4" tubing. The well is expected to have a productivity
index (PI) of 2.4 bbl/day/psi, although experience has shown that for a
field of this nature, a PI as high as 4.8 is possible.
Determine the effects of changing the tubing diameter and PI on the
amount of oil retrieved. Also, calculate the amount of oil collected after
the first year of production using the optimum well configuration.
Table 27: Heat Transfer Data
Ambient Temperature,F
Overall
50
U-coefficient, Btu/hr-ft2F
0.74
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Oil, API
34
0.84
1.04
55
150
Pressure, psig
4500
Gas/oil ratio,
ft3/bbl
Water Cut, %
40
20
Use 3,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature and
the TUBING data using the Global Defaults button on the toolbar.
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two units.
For the LINK data, enter the IPR device first. Select the Productivity
Index option from the IPR Model drop-down list and click
IPR Model Data to enter a PI value of 2.4 bbl/day/psig.
For the three TUBING devices, enter the length and depth for each
section. Remember, the TUBING farthest from the well head must be
entered first.
Check the Perform Case Study Calculations box and click Add... .
Click Add... to enter the Define Case Study Parameter dialog box.
Case One
56
Figure 34:
Parameters Dialog
Box for the First Case
Check the Restore Base Case Solution box in the Case Study
Changes dialog box.
Case Two
Check the Restore Base Case Solution box in the Case Study
Changes dialog box.
Figure 35:
Parameters Dialog
Box for the Second
Case
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
57
Case Three
For the third case, change both parameters of the oil reservoir simultaneously. You must consider both global and individual changes for this
case. You can accomplish this in either of two ways:
Step 4
You can restore the simulation to the Base Case and then vary both
parameters in the third case. This is done by adding the change
parameters within the same Case Study Changes dialog box, or
You can choose not to check the Restore Base Case Solution box and
change the parameter that was not already varied in the second case
(tubing ID).
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
To view the results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list and click View .
At the end of the output report, you will find a summary of the case
study results as shown below in Figure 36. As you might expect, the
highest flowrate is achieved when the TUBIN inside diameter is set to 4
and the PI is at 4.8. Under these circumstances, the well would produce
6,599.4 bbl/day or 2.41x106 bbl/yr.
Figure 36:
Case Study Summar
BASE CASE
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------4500.0
50.0
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------150.0
141.8
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------3249.59
-3249.59
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------150.0
140.1
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------3547.88
-3547.88
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------150.0
144.9
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------5284.97
-5284.97
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------150.0
144.5
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------6599.40
-6599.40
CASE 01
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------4500.0
50.0
CASE 02
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------4500.0
50.0
CASE 03
NODE
---SORS
SINK
58
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------4500.0
50.0
TASK
Figure 37:
Two Well System
from a Single
Reservoir
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6QSY\Ydi
:e^SdY_^
BUcUbf_Yb
GU\\!
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Use the Results Access System to plot the pressure traverses for the well
links as a function of time. Also tabulate and plot the individual well oil
flowrates and the total oil flow rates as a function of time for three years.
Table 30: Reservoir Decline Data
Cumulative Oil
Production (bbl)
Average Reservoir
Pressure (psig)
2602
10,000,000
2431
20,000,000
2296
30,000,000
2011
40,000,000
1958
50,000,000
1834
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Reservoir
Pressure (psig)
GOR(ft3/bbl)
Well 1
WCUT(%)
2602
450
10.1
455
11.1
2431
477
10.3
481
11.1
2296
492
10.8
506
11.5
2011
513
11.0
530
11.8
1834
550
11.8
562
12.5
GOR(ft3/bbl)
Well 2
WCUT(%)
59
Well 2
Oil, API
35.2
Oil, API
35.4
0.704
0.710
1.010
1.012
Pressure
(psig)
Abandonment
Pressure
(psig)
Temperature GOR
(F)
(ft3/bbl)
WCUT
(%)
Well 1
2,602
1,200
105
450
10.1
Well 2
2,598
1,200
125
455
11.1
Sink
300
Device
PI
Length (ft)
(bbl/day/psi)
L1
IPR
30
Tubing
1,500
Choke
IPR
Tubing
201
4.000
60
1,450
1,631
2.875
-5
25
Choke
2.875
2.000
Pipe
L2
Nominal
True Vertical Elevation
Diameter (in) Depth (ft)
Change (ft)
1515
2.000
L3
Pipe
4,070
4.000
207
Note:
Figure 38:
Reservoir Decline
Curve
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==RR\
Use 7,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for the first source,
11,000 bbl/day for the second, and 20,000 bbl/day for the sink.
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Add two sources, a junction, and a sink to the flowsheet and connect.
Set the Production Basis as the Oil and Water Standard Volume from
the drop-down list. The Cumulative Production is 0 for a new field.
Click Add After on the menu bar to add the second set of data.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
61
Step 4
,
Step 5
Once completed, select Save from the Worksheet menu to save and
exit the worksheet.
Click IPR Decline Data to open the related dialog box. Select the
Group Decline Model from the Production Decline drop-down list.
Select RC01 as the Reservoir Group from the drop-down list. Fill in
the Reservoir abandonment pressure. Select Reservoir Pressure for
the Decline basis, and fill in the given data. Close the dialog box b
clicking OK .
You can now select the remaining devices in the link and enter the
length, depth, or elevation change and diameter data for these TUBING, CHOKE and PIPE devices.
Following the same procedure as in L1, enter the link devices for the
links L2 and L3.
Note:
Check the box for Production Decline and click the associated button.
Time data is 365, 730, and 1,096 days for 3 years production planning.
Step 6
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
To view the results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list and click View .
Figure 39:
Time Stepping
Summary
TIME
NODE
---S001
S002
J004
D003
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2602.0
2598.0
1220.1
300.0
TIME
NODE
---S001
S002
J004
D003
Step 7
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2377.4
2373.4
1106.2
300.0
TIME
NODE
---S001
S002
J004
D003
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2478.5
2474.5
1156.4
300.0
TIME
NODE
---S001
S002
J004
D003
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2285.3
2281.3
1062.0
300.0
0.00
DAYS
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------105.0
125.0
114.4
113.3
365.00
DAYS
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------105.0
125.0
114.3
113.2
730.00
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------8677.06
7848.13
0.00
-16525.19
DAYS
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------105.0
125.0
114.3
113.2
1096.00
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------9298.83
8389.54
0.00
-17688.37
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------8184.93
7409.61
0.00
-15594.54
DAYS
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------105.0
125.0
114.3
113.1
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------7757.84
7025.51
0.00
-14783.35
After the simulation is run, click Results Access System within the
Run Simulation and View Results dialog box.
To activate the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box, select New from the
File menu to create a new RAS database and choose TDPRODPL.ras.
Fill in the title and axis labels as desired. You can leave the x-axis as
the Total Length.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
63
Click Add... . The RAS Plot Data Options dialog box appears.
Select the Link as L001, check the All Devices in the Link box to see
the change from the reservoir to the manifold, and select Pressure
from the State Variable list and click Add Selection .
Add the other time step plots by changing the Case Study entry and
clicking Add Selection .
After all four time step plots are added, click Done .
Compare how the pressure changes in the system as the production rates
change over the years. The graph is shown in Figure 40.
Figure 40:
Plot of Pressure as a
Function of Total
Length in Link L001
The Plot Viewer is the default option to view the plots. However
Microsoft Excel is also available. Follow a similar procedure as in Part A
to define this plot.
64
Select New from the Plot Report list and click View/Edit... .
Click Add... and select the Oil. Std. Volumetric Flow Rate from the
Hydraulic Variable drop-down list, then add the selection for each of
the three links.
To view the plots, click View . This will open up Excel for the plot
(Figure 41). The raw data is also transferred into Excel and is located
on the second sheet named RAS Raw Data.
Figure 41:
Plot of Individual Well
and Total Oil
Flowrates as a
Function of Time
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
65
Ridge Pipeline
#
TASK
A new well is planned for a reservoir that lies under a steep ridge. Due to
the location of the reservoir, the well will be deviated as shown in Figure
42. The production of the well will be routed to a gas-oil separator operating at 100 psig, by way of a constant diameter flowline. This separator
is located on the other side of the ridge. The flowline may be built over
the ridge, or around it, as illustrated in Figure 43.
Figure 42:
Well Geometry
Vd
$
Vd
2
&%
Vd
Figure 43:
Topographical Layout
#!
!)
Vd
GU\\CYdU
5\UfQdY_^-
Vd
"'
! % Vd
("%Vd
"% Vd
Vd
! '%Vd
CU`QbQd_b
5\UfQdY_^-
!% Vd
% Vd
5\UfQdY_^
Table 35 gives the Measured Wireline Depth and True Vertical Depth for
the well, which corresponds with Figure 42.
66
Ridge Pipeline
Measured Wireline
Depth (ft)
True Vertical
Depth (ft)
800
800
4500
4000
7500
6500
Use 2,500 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
Part A
Design the well and flowline to maximize total production. Use the
Beggs-Brill (with Moody Friction Factor) flow correlation (BBM),
Standing physical property correlations, and the information given in
Tables 36 through 39.
Table 36: Fluid Properties
Oil
20 API
Gas
0.79 sp.gr
Water
1.01 sp.gr
65F
Geothermal Gradient
2.08 F/100 ft
200F
Pressure
2,950 psig
Gas/oil ratio
475 ft3/bbl
Water Cut
0%
Estimated PI
1.7 bbl/day/psi
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Tubing Nominal ID
4.00 in.
0.0003 in.
2.2 BTU/hr-ft2-F
Pipe Nominal ID
6.00 in.
0.0005 in.
3.0 BTU/hr-ft2-F
67
After the well is drilled, a fluid analysis yields the data in Table 40.
At the reservoir temperature of 200F, the bubble point pressure is 2,110
psi, viscosity is 0.7 cp, and compressibility above bubble point pressure
is 0.00002 vol/vol/psi. The water cut remains at 0%.
Table 40: Fluid Analysis Data
Property
Bubble Point
Pressure (psi)
2,110
1,200
200
400
280
38
1.298
1.206
1.079
Using the optimum design, found in Part A, what is the flowrate with the
adjusted Standing data?
Part C
2,500 bbl/day
Wellhead Pressure
140 psig
Wellhead Temperature
160F
SOLUTION
Part A
68
Enter Blackoil PVT data. To use the Standing correlation for physical properties, click Correlations Data in the Fluid Property Data
Ridge Pipeline
dialog box. Select Standing from the drop-down list for GOR, Oil
FV , Z-factor, and Oil Viscosit .
Step 2
Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature, Geothermal Gradient, and the TUBING and PIPE data using the Global
Defaults button on the toolbar.
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a
link.
For the LINK data, enter the IPR device first. Select Productivity
Index from the IPR Model drop-down list. Enter a PI value of 1.7
bbl/day/psig.
For the three TUBING devices, enter the length and depth for each
section. Remember, the TUBING farthest from the well head must be
entered first.
You will have to build two separate flowsheets to simulate the flowline
over the ridge, and the flowline around the ridge.
Step 3
Step 4
First, to simulate the flowline over the ridge, add four PIPEs to the
LINK and enter data as shown in Figure 43 (Pipe 1: length = 1,900,
elevation = 0 ft; Pipe 2: length = 1,050, elevation = 250 ft; Pipe 3:
length = 825, elevation = -250 ft; Pipe 4: length = 1,075, elevation =
0 ft).
Use the Mukherjee-Brill (MB) pressure drop correlation for the third
PIPE in the link. This correlation provides an accurate model for
downhill flow.
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
Find the total standard oil flowrate into the SINK. You can find this
value in the Output Report, or you can select View Output from the
Edit menu and double-click on the sink.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
69
Step 5
Add two PIPEs and enter the data from Figure 43 (P1: length =
3,100, elevation = 50 ft; P2: length = 2,700, elevation = -50 ft). Use
the MB correlation for the downhill PIPE.
The results show that building the pipeline around the ridge yields a
more favorable result, with a standard oil flowrate of 2,398.7 bbl/day.
Building the pipeline over the ridge results in a standard oil flowrate of
2,361.9 bbl/day.
Part B
For the second part of the problem, you are provided with fluid data to
improve the accuracy of your model. Use the optimum design (pipeline
around the ridge) for parts B and C. Before making any changes, save
the file as RIDGEB.
Step 6
Check the box beside Adjust Standing Data and click the associated
button.
Use the data provided in Table 40 to adjust the corresponding variables. The resulting dialog box is shown in Figure 44.
Figure 44:
Adjust Standing Data
Dialog Box
70
Ridge Pipeline
Step 7
The flowrate with the adjusted Standing data is 2,378.3 bbl/day. The
adjusted Standing correlation provides a more accurate model for the
system. Although the difference is small, this discrepancy of about 20
bbl/day can compound itself over the course of a year, resulting in an
annual discrepancy of approximately 7,300 bbl. Generally, the Standing
Correlation is not used for oil with API greater than 15, unless adjusted
data is available. If no such data is provided, the Vasquez correlations
may yield more accurate results.
Part C
Open the file named RIDGE2 and before making any changes save the
file as RIDGEC.
Step 8
Activate the Well Test Data radio button, then click on the corresponding button.
Delete the IPR device from the LINK. This enables PIPEPHASE to
calculate the actual PI value from the well test data provided.
Figure 45:
Well Test Data Dialog
Box
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
71
Step 9
To obtain a detailed report for the link devices (including heat transfer coefficients), select Device Detail = Part from the Print Options
dialog box.
Scroll through the Output Report to find the calculated values for the
Productivity Index and the heat transfer coefficient for the TUBING.
L001
PI
TEST 1
2500.0(BPD)
475.0(CFBBL)
140.0(PSIG)
160.0(F)
CALCULATED RESULTS
FLOWING BOTTOMHOLE PRESS
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
1562.7(PSIG)
1.923(BTU/HRFT2F)
1.802(BPDPSI)
The discrepancy between the estimated and actual PI values demonstrates the importance of providing accurate estimates for a simulation
model. By providing an initial estimate of 1.7 for the PI, we provide a
value that is too low to properly simulate actual conditions.
It is important to note that this problem only considered productivity in
coming up with an optimum design for the pipeline. In reality, other factors have to be considered before deciding on which design is truly optimal. For instance, a rigorous cost: benefit analysis may show that
building the pipeline over the ridge may be a more favorable alternative.
This may be the case if the labor and material costs associated with the
pipe far outweigh the profits of greater productivity. This analysis would
require additional data such as the cost per unit volume of the pipe, and
labor costs for building over or around the ridge.
72
Ridge Pipeline
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=PART
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.75, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.05
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1000, TEMP=120, *
RATE=1.0000e+005, GOR=200, WCUT=10, XCORD=38, YCORD=202
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=500, RATE(ESTI)=1.000e+005, *
XCORD=732, YCORD=200
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=20000, ECHG=-1000, ID=10, ROUGH(IN)=2.000e-003,*
U=1
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
73
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=35, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.71, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.02
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=3000, TEMP=190, RATE=2531, *
GOR=300, WCUT=20, XCORD=50, YCORD=333
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=200, RATE(ESTI)=2531, XCORD=736, YCORD=327
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
COMPLETION NAME=E001, JONES, TUNNEL=3, PERFD=0.39, SHOTS=8, LENGTH=30
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=8000, DEPTH=6500, ID=1.995, U=10, TGRAD=2
TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=3500, DEPTH=3200, ID=2.441, U=10, TGRAD=2
CHOKE NAME=E004, ID=1
SEPARATOR NAME=E005, PERCENT(GAS)=100
PUMP NAME=E006, PRES=700, EFF=85
PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=15000, ECHG=200, ID=2.441, U=1
$
END
74
Compositional Pipeline
Part A
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric, LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, PVTRUN, Compositional, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=FULL
, DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4
$
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID 1, H2S / 2, C1 / 3, C2 / 4, C3 / 5, IC4 / 6, NC4 / 7, IC5 / *
8, NC5 / 9, NC6
PETRO(KGM3) 10, C78, 109.000, 748.000 / 11, C910, 137.000, 795.000 / *
12, C11+, 207.000, 944.000 / 13, C20+, 354.000, 1036.000, 547.000
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SET=SET01
, SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, SET=SET01
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES=74, TEMP=74, *
RATE(ESTI,W)=5.0000e+005, XCORD=132, YCORD=246, *
COMP(M)=1, 5.4 / 2, 2 / 3, 14.3 / 4, 16.3 / 5, 2.9 / 6, 8.6 / *
7, 3.1 / 8, 2.9 / 9, 4.1 / 10, 8.5 / 11, 4 / 12, 20 / 13, 7.9
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=10, RATE(ESTI)=5.000e+005, XCORD=684, YCORD=241
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=2.000e+005, ECHG=400, ID=24, U=4.8824, TAMB=20
$
END
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric, LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=FULL
, PLOT=FULL
, DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4
$
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID 1, H2S / 2, C1 / 3, C2 / 4, C3 / 5, IC4 / 6, NC4 / 7, IC5 / *
8, NC5 / 9, NC6
PETRO(KGM3) 10, C78, 109.000, 748.000 / 11, C910, 137.000, 795.000 / *
12, C11+, 207.000, 944.000 / 13, C20+, 354.000, 1036.000, 547.000
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SET=SET01
, SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
GENERATE SETNO=1, SOURCE=S001, TEMP=5, DT=10, NT=8, PRES=5, DP=10, NP=8
SET SETNO=1, SET=SET01
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES=74, TEMP=74, *
RATE(ESTI,W)=5.0000e+005, XCORD=30, YCORD=142, *
COMP(M)=1, 5.4 / 2, 2 / 3, 14.3 / 4, 16.3 / 5, 2.9 / 6, 8.6 / *
7, 3.1 / 8, 2.9 / 9, 4.1 / 10, 8.5 / 11, 4 / 12, 20 / 13, 7.9
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=10, RATE(ESTI)=5.000e+005, XCORD=647, YCORD=176
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=2.000e+005, ECHG=400, ID=24, U=4.8824, TAMB=20
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
75
Part C
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric
, RATE(LV)=CMHR , LENGTH=M,IN, DENSITY=SPGR
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=FULL
, DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,SPGR)=0.88, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=1.47, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=74, TEMP=74,*
RATE(ESTI)=5.0000e+005, GOR=97, WCUT=0, XCORD=132, YCORD=246
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=10, RATE(ESTI)=5.000e+005, XCORD=684, YCORD=241
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=2.000e+005, ECHG=400, ID=24, U=4.8824, TAMB=20
$
END
Gas Well
Part A
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric
, LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=FULL, DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4
$
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID 1, C1 / 2, C2 / 3, C3
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SET=SET01
, SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, SET=SET01
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES=74, TEMP=74, RATE(GV)=0.01, *
XCORD=-62, YCORD=188, COMP(M)=1, 80 / 2, 15 / 3, 5
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=50, RATE(ESTI)=10000, XCORD=526, YCORD=191
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
TUBING NAME=E001, LENGTH=2002, DEPTH=1677, ID=2.441, U=4.882
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=1067, DEPTH=1067, ID=2.441, U=4.882
$
END
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric
, RATE(GV)=CMHR , LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, Gas
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=FULL, DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(SPGR)=0.68, CPRATIO=1.3
$
76
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=74, TEMP=74, RATE=0.01, *
XCORD=-62, YCORD=188
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=50, RATE(ESTI)=10000, XCORD=526, YCORD=191
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
TUBING NAME=E001, LENGTH=2002, DEPTH=1677, ID=2.441, U=4.882
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=1067, DEPTH=1067, ID=2.441, U=4.882
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
77
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Liquid
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=24, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065, *
TAMBIENT=35
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=OFF, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(LIQUID, API)=20, VISC=70, 370/ 120, 50
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=300, TEMP=110,*
RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=-99, YCORD=408
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=150, RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=691, YCORD=411
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, ECHG=-1000, WATER
PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=50000, ECHG=1000, SOIL, CONSOIL=1.2, BDTOP=36
PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=3.000e+005, SOIL, CONSOIL=0.3, BDTOP=36, *
THKINS=2, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.015, 0.015, 0.015, 0.015, 0.015, *
TAMB=50
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 01
PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=30
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 02
PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=5
$
END
78
Pipeline Sphering
TITLE
DIMENSION English
CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL, SPHERING
DEFAULT IDPIPE=8, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065, *
TAMBIENT=65, UPIPE=0.8, UTUBING=1, URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=FULL
, MAP=TAITEL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID 1, C1 / 2, C2 / 3, C3 / 4, NC4 / 5, NC5 / 6, NC6
PETRO(API) 7, PETRO1, , 45.000, 350.000 / 8, PETRO2, , 38.000, 480.000
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SET=SET01
, SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK
WATER PROPERTY=Super
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, SET=SET01
$
STRUCTURE DATA
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, SET=SET01, PRES=350, TEMP=120, *
RATE(GV)=0.7667, XCORD=192, YCORD=272, COMP(M)=1, 88.61 / 2, 3.15 / *
3, 2.69 / 4, 2.04 / 5, 1.67 / 6, 1.11 / 7, 0.55 / 8, 0.18
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=10, RATE(ESTI)=1, XCORD=887, YCORD=279
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002, PRINT
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=4224, IDSPHERE=8, ID=8, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=6336, ECHG=154, ID=8, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=8448, ECHG=-69, IDSPHERE=8.1, ID=8, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E004, LENGTH=3696, ECHG=100, ID=8, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=6336, ECHG=120, ID=8, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=264, ECHG=-10, IDSPHERE=12.1, ID=12, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=2640, ECHG=58, ID=12, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E008, LENGTH=9504, ECHG=-118, ID=12, U=0.8
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
79
80
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
81
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2499, TEMP=180,*
RATE(ESTI)=6000, GOR=108, WCUT=0, XCORD=-190, YCORD=-12
$
SOURCE NAME=S002, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2505, TEMP=181,*
RATE(ESTI)=6000, GOR=102, WCUT=10.5, XCORD=-120, YCORD=644
$
SINK NAME=D004, PRES=250, RATE(ESTI)=10000, XCORD=818, YCORD=284
$
JUNCTION NAME=J003, XCORD=269, YCORD=260
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=J003
IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 25.5 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=8010, DEPTH=8010, U=1
GLVALVE NAME=E003, RATE=1.5
TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=6810, DEPTH=6810, U=1
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=231, U=1
$
LINK NAME=L002, FROM=S002, TO=J003
IPR NAME=E006, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 22.1 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1
TUBING NAME=E007, LENGTH=8111, DEPTH=8111, U=1
GLVALVE NAME=E008, RATE=1.5
TUBING NAME=E009, LENGTH=6445, DEPTH=6445, U=1
PIPE NAME=E010, LENGTH=103, U=1
$
LINK NAME=L003, FROM=J003, TO=D004
PIPE NAME=E011, LENGTH=1500, U=1
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 01 - 2.0 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 02 - 2.5 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2.5
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2.5
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 03 - 3.0 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 04 - 3.5 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3.5
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3.5
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 05 - 4.0 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 06 - 4.5 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4.5
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4.5
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 07 - 5.0 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=5
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=5
$
END
82
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR
CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001
CORRELATION WPROP=Super
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, *
QUALITY=99, XCORD=25, YCORD=163
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002, PRINT
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, SOIL, BDTOP=36, *
THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.1, 0.015, 0.015, *
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,*
HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=3, 5, *
IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, *
CPAN=0.46, 0, CONANN=0.12083, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=0, 0, *
VISANN=0.22, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=62.4, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8
IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
83
Part C
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR
CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001
CORRELATION WPROP=Super
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, *
QUALITY=99, XCORD=-82, YCORD=163
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, AIR, VELOCITY=10, *
THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.1, 0.015, 0.015, *
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,*
HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=3, 5, *
IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, *
CPAN=0.46, 0, CONANN=0.12083, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=0, 0, *
VISANN=0.22, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=62.4, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8
IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1
$
END
Part D
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR
CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001
CORRELATION WPROP=Super
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, *
QUALITY=99, XCORD=25, YCORD=163
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002, PRINT
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, AIR, VELOCITY=10, *
THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.01, 0.015, 0.015, *
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,*
HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=1, 5, *
IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, *
CPAN=0.25, 0, CONANN=0.01875, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=1.410e-003, 0,*
VISANN=0.0223, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=0.0559, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8
IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1
$
END
84
Part E
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR
CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001
CORRELATION WPROP=Super
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, *
QUALITY=99, XCORD=-82, YCORD=163
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, AIR, VELOCITY=10, *
THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.01, 0.015, 0.015, *
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,*
HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=1, 5, *
IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, *
CPAN=0.25, 0, CONANN=0.01875, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=1.410e-003, 0,*
VISANN=0.0223, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=0.0559, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8
IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case Study 01
PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=PRES, VALUE=2000
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case Study 02
PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=PRES, VALUE=2200
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case Study 03
PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=PRES, VALUE=2400
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case Study 04
PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=PRES, VALUE=2600
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
85
86
Ridge Pipeline
Part A
Flow over Ridge
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT NOMD=6, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, IDRISER=4.026, *
IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, TGRAD=2.08, UPIPE=3, UTUBING=2.2, *
URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=20, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.79,*
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01
CORRELATION VISC(OIL)=Standing, SGOR=Standing, FVF=Standing
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2950, TEMP=200, *
RATE(ESTI)=2500, GOR=475, WCUT=0, XCORD=50, YCORD=182
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=100, RATE(ESTI)=2500, XCORD=932, YCORD=184
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 1.7 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=7500, DEPTH=6500, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=4500, DEPTH=4000, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=800, DEPTH=800, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=1900, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=1050, ECHG=250, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3
PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=825, ECHG=-250, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3,
FCODE=MB
PIPE NAME=E008, LENGTH=1075, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
87
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT NOMD=6, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, IDRISER=4.026, *
IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, TGRAD=2.08, UPIPE=3, UTUBING=2.2, *
URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=20, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.79,GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01
ADJUST TRES=200, VISC=0.7, COMP=2.0000e-005, PRES=2110, 1200, 200, *
FVF=1.298, 1.206, 1.079, SGOR=400, 280, 38
CORRELATION VISC(OIL)=Standing, SGOR=Standing, FVF=Standing
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2950, TEMP=200, *
RATE(ESTI)=2500, GOR=475, WCUT=0, XCORD=50, YCORD=182
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=100, RATE(ESTI)=2500, XCORD=932, YCORD=184
$
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 1.7 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=7500, DEPTH=6500, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=4500, DEPTH=4000, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=800, DEPTH=800, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=3100, ECHG=50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3, *
FCODE=MB
$
END
Part C
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION SINGLE, Blackoil
, PRANDTL
$
DEFAULT NOMD=6, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, IDRISER=4.026, *
IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, TGRAD=2.08, UPIPE=3, UTUBING=2.2, *
URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=20, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.79,GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01
CORRELATION VISC(OIL)=Standing, SGOR=Standing, FVF=Standing
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2950, TEMP=200, *
RATE(ESTI)=2500, GOR=475, WCUT=0, XCORD=50, YCORD=182
WTEST NAME=E004, PI
, RESP=2950, TEMP=160, PRES=140, RATE=2500, *
GOR=475, WCUT=0
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=100, RATE(ESTI)=2500, XCORD=932, YCORD=184
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=7500, DEPTH=6500, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=4500, DEPTH=4000, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=800, DEPTH=800, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=3100, ECHG=50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3, *
FCODE=MB
$
END
88