Tutorial Pipephase

INTRODUCTION TO
PIPEPHASE
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Workbook
The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement

and may be used only in accordance with the terms of that agreement. Information
in this document is subject to change without notice. Simulation Sciences Inc.
assumes no liability for any damage to any hardware or software component or any
loss of data that may occur as a result of the use of the information contained in this
document.
Copyright Notice
Copyright 2001 Simulation Sciences Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this
publication may be copied and/or distributed without the express written permission of Simulation Sciences Inc., 601 Valencia Ave., Brea, CA 92823-6346.
Trademarks
PIPEPHASE, NETOPT,TACITE, and SIMSCI are registered marks and/or trademarks

of Simulation Sciences Inc.
Windows, Excel, and MS-DOS are registered marks and/or trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation.
All other products are trademarks or registered marks of their respective companies.
Printed in the United States of America, July 2001.
Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Defining the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Setting the Input Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Entering Thermodynamic or PVT Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Specifying the Global Defaults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Building the Flowsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Entering Source and Sink Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Defining Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Setting up a Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Working with Keyword Input Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Running the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Viewing the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Fluid Flow Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Applying PIPEPHASE to Downhole Operations . . . . . . . 87
Executing a Sensitivity (or Nodal) Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . 98
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Introduction
PIPEPHASE is a steady-state multiphase fluid flow network simulator
used for the rigorous modeling of oil and gas gathering and transportation systems. PIPEPHASE provides integrated solutions to network
problems. It can perform distinct analyses of individual nodes separately
and it is also able to incorporate the parameters of interrelated nodes into
the total solution. The applications of PIPEPHASE range from the sensitivity analysis of key parameters in a single well, to a multi-year facilities planning study for an entire field. This program also combines an
efficient multiphase network solution algorithm with modern oil and gas
production analysis techniques to create a unique field design and planning tool. This is coupled with an extensive physical property databank,
and integrated with an intuitive Windows-based user interface.
Calculation
Engine
PIPEPHASE technology includes:
Comprehensive physical properties databank and thermodynamic

capabilities
Fluid types, such as, blackoil, compositional, liquid, gas, steam, and
multiphase mixtures of gas and liquid
Link devices: pipes, tubing, compressors, pumps, separators, IPRs
Well analysis with inflow performance
Gas lift analysis
Pipeline sphering
Sensitivity (nodal) analysis
PIPEPHASE also comes with two add-on modules, NETOPT and TACITE, which can be installed at the same time as PIPEPHASE provided
you have obtained the appropriate security. Contact your sales representative for more information.
NETOPT
NETOPT provides you with optimization capabilities that allows you to
optimize network performance by defining specific operating objectives
while satisfying both physical and user-imposed constraints. For example, you can use NETOPT to maximize the oil production from a system
of wells operating under injection-limited gaslift, or minimize capital
costs for a new pipeline system.
TACITE
The TACITE code, developed by IFP, Elf Aquitaine and TOTAL, is a
compositional transient multiphase flow simulation tool, for the design
and control of oil and gas production pipelines and wells. The program
simulates the transient behavior of a fluid flowing through a single-link
flow system. The source flowrate and sink pressure are specified as timedependent boundary conditions.
Graphical
User
Interface
PIPEPHASE GUI features include:
A true 32-bit Windows-based application
Interactive data entry and execution
Generate graphs, tables, and charts; view in Microsoft Excel
On-line help with hypertext jumps
And many more.
This comprehensive range of features enables your company to use one

simulator for all phases of business.
PIPEPHASE
Engine/GUI
Relationship
Figure 1:
PIPEPHASE
Components
PIPEPHASE was originally designed with an easy-to-use keyword version, where input information was entered through a text editor. The currently enhanced Graphical User Interface (GUI), however, provides a
more user-friendly and interactive environment for data input and flowsheet construction. Although familiarity with the keyword structure can
be useful in executing and troubleshooting simulations, this class will
focus solely on the GUI for several reasons. The GUI prompts you for
the necessary input data, making it easier for you to see what is missing
from a particular simulation. Furthermore, the GUI provides a visual
description of the process, giving you a better feel for the simulation.
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Graphical
GraphicalUser
User
Interface
Interface
PFE
PFEText
Text
Editor
Editor
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Database
Database
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Keyword
KeywordFile
File
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Calculation
Calculation
Module
Module
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
RAS
RAS
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Report
ReportFile
File
Introduction
Where to Find Additional Help

Documents
User manuals are shipped with your copy of PIPEPHASE. A complete

set of documents is provided on the CD in the form of .PDF files that are
most conveniently viewed using Adobe Acrobat Reader, supplied on the
installation CD. If you required additional manuals, contact your sales
representative.
Online Help
PIPEPHASE comes with online Help, a comprehensive online reference

tool that accesses information quickly. In Help, commands, features, and
data fields are explained in easy steps. Answers are available instantly,
online, while you work. You can access the electronic contents for Help
by selecting Help/Contents from the menu bar.
Technical
Support
PIPEPHASE is backed by the full resources of Simulation Sciences Inc.

(SIMSCI), a leader in the process simulation business since 1966. SIMSCI provides the most thorough service capabilities and advanced process modeling technologies available to the process industries. SIMSCI's
comprehensive support around the world, allied with its training seminars for every user level, is aimed solely at making your use of PIPEPHASE the most efficient and effective that it can be.
SIMSCI offers technical support for PIPEPHASE for all questions sent
by fax, E-mail or regular mail. In North America, call our hotline support at 1-800-SIMSCI1. When contacting Technical Support, please
include the following in your correspondence:
Name and company, phone and fax numbers
Product version number
Problem description, including any error messages that you received

and the steps necessary to duplicate the problem
If you are e-mailing your problem, please include an electronic copy

of the .INP or .PP0 and .PP1 files.
When calling in a request, please have this workbook available and

be near your computer to be able to walk through any difficulties.
About This Workbook

This workbook complements SIMSCI's Introduction to PIPEPHASE
training course. Since much of the course time is dedicated to hands-on
examples, you will not necessarily go through the document page by
page. The workbook does, however, follow the course sequence and you
may want to jot notes in the margin. We strongly recommend that you
read this workbook from cover to cover once and then use it to refresh
your memory later on.
Conventions
Before you begin this workbook, you should be aware of several conventions. These include:
Italicized text denotes menu items, dialog box names and fields, and
lists. For example, File, Save As..., the Source Data dialog box, and
Composition Defined.
Buttons within dialog boxes are represented as gray-filled boxes

with white overlaid text, such as OK , Status , and . Add ->
... Ellipses indicate items that, when selected, bring up a windo

or dialog box, for example, Modify... and Enter Data... .
Text in < > brackets indicates keyboard strokes.
The , icon indicates a cautionary note or a useful tip.
SIMSCI has made great efforts to ensure that PIPEPHASE is compliant

with Microsoft Windows. As a result, much of what follows will be very
familiar to experienced Windows users.
,
4
Click, Highlight or Select: Place the pointer on the item and press the
left mouse button.
Double-click: Same as click except you press the left mouse button
twice with only a very short pause between clicks.
Open: To open a dialog box or object, place the pointer on the object
and click or double-click the mouse.
Drag: Move the mouse while holding the left button down
Note:
Remember to save your work often!
Introduction
Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop

The visual engineering of PIPEPHASE makes building a simulation
easy. Functional colors, menu-graphics and picture icons guide you
every step of the way. On-line references refresh your memory on equations and guidelines. And if you encounter trouble, Help is available
when you need it.
Launching
PIPEPHASE
To initiate a PIPEPHASE session:
Click Start on the taskbar, select Programs and then SIMSCI.
Click on PIPEPHASE.
Click OK , then choose File from the menu bar.
The File menu is described below.

Table 1: File Menu Options
Main
Window
Option
Function
New
Initialize a new simulation
Open
Open an existing simulation
Import Keyword File
Load a keyword input file into PIPEPHASE
Close
Close the active simulation
Save/Save As
Save the active simulation to a file with the same name, or to a new file
Copy Simulation
Create a new simulation as a copy of an existing one
Delete Simulation
Delete an existing simulation
Run
Run the simulation
Remote Settings
Run PIPEPHASE calculations from a UNIX machine
View Output File
View the output file in the Programmers File Editor
View Keyword File
View the input file in the Programmers File Editor
Print
Print the flowsheet drawing or output report
Exit
Close the active simulation and exit the program
The PIPEPHASE main window, shown in Figure 2, is your primary

workspace. This window forms the interface between you and the
PIPEPHASE program. This is where you will build and run all your simulations, as well as open files, save the current data, or exit the program.
You will use all the familiar Windows features such as toolbar buttons,
menus, dialog boxes, and drop-down lists.
Figure 2:
PIPEPHASE
Main Window
Table 2: PIPEPHASE Main Window Components

Component
Description
Title Bar
The window title contains the name of the current simulation and view.
Menu Bar
All functionality can be accessed through the menus.
Toolbar
Shortcut buttons for many commonly used PIPEPHASE operations are

provided. These include data entry window buttons and viewing buttons.
Primary Workspace This is where you draw your flowsheet.
Menu Bar
Scroll Bars
The vertical and horizontal scroll bars enable you to move vertically and
horizontally through a window.
Status Bar
The bar below the toolbar that gives quick help on the highlighted button.
Control-menu Box
The standard Windows control-menu in the top left corner can be used to
move, resize or close the application window
Directly below the title bar of the main PIPEPHASE window you will
find the main menu bar. It gives you easy access to the command menus.
Table 3: PIPEPHASE Menu Bar

Menu
Main Functions
File
File operations: open, close save, import, etc.
Edit
Manipulate links and nodes on the flowsheet
View
Specify what appears on the main window
General
Add input data - all data can be entered from this menu
Special Features
Enter case study and time-stepping data; access to a number of

performance curves and program databases
Help
Access the on-line help functions
Many of same commands are available through the buttons on the toolbar.
Toolbar
The toolbar appears just below the menu bar on the main PIPEPHASE
window. Using the mouse, you can initiate many actions by clicking the
buttons on the toolbar.
Table 4: PIPEPHASE Toolbar Buttons

Button
Data Entry
Windows
Description
Button
Description
Create a new simulation
Define hydrates
Open an existing simulation
Select units of measurement
Import a keyword input file
Select the components
Save the active simulation
Select thermodynamic method or

enter PVT data
Run the simulation and review the

results
Set the calculation method
View the output file
Enter the global defaults
Print the output file or flowsheet
Define network optimization data
Add a source to the flowsheet
Zoom in on a selected area
Add a sink to the flowsheet
Zoom out
Add a junction to the flowsheet
Display the entire flowsheet in the

main window
Add a calculator to the flowsheet
Refresh the flowsheet drawing
PIPEPHASE provides dialog boxes that allow you to enter data in a logical manner. Throughout this workbook, you will see examples of data
entry windows. Within these dialog boxes, there are many different types
of data entry devices including check boxes, radio buttons, drop-down
lists, and buttons.
Table 5: Data Entry Window Buttons
Button
Description
OK
All data are saved and the dialog box is closed.
Cancel
All data entered or modified are lost when the dialog box closes.
Help
Displays the online help for the dialog box.
Color Cues
PIPEPHASE uses color cues to inform you of the status of your simulation. The significance of the colors you will encounter while working
with PIPEPHASE are summarized below.
Table 6: Color Significance During Data Entry
Editing and
Viewing the
Flowsheet
Color
Significance
Red
Required data is missing
Blue
All necessary data has been entered
Green
An item is selected
Gray
Data field is not available to you
You can use the options on the Edit menu to modify the placement of
objects on your flowsheet diagram.
Table 7: Edit Menu Options
Option
Function
Copy Node...
Copy an existing node to a new node at coordinates X, Y
Copy Link...
Copy an existing link to a new link
Edit Node...
Sort, edit, delete, and copy existing nodes or add a new node to the flowsheet
Edit Link...
Sort, edit, delete, copy, or change the flow direction of existing links
Move Node...
Move the highlighted node around the flowsheet using the arrow keys
Draw...
Add text, a line, a rectangle, or an oval to the flowsheet.
You can use the options on the View menu to modify the data displayed
on your flowsheet diagram.
Table 8: View Menu Options
Option
When the option has a checkmark beside it:
View Output
View node results or link plots; you cannot make data entries or edits in
this mode
Node Labels
Node labels are shown on the PFD; for example, S001, D002
Link Labels
Link names are shown on the PFD, for example, L001, L002
Show Pressures
Defined pressures (not estimates) are displayed on the PFD
Show Temperatures
Supplied temperatures for each source are displayed on the PFD
Show Rates
Defined flowrates (not estimates) are displayed on the PFD
Ribbon Bar
Toolbar is visible below the menu bar
Link Device
Data Window
The Link Device Data window, shown in Figure 3, is the workspace into
which you add and define your link data for each link on the main window. To open this window, double-click on any link on the flowsheet.
Figure 3:
Link Device Window
This window is broken up into four sections. Starting from the top lefthand-side, these include:
Access buttonsenter and exit link device view, and open online
help.
Edit link functionsedit, delete, reverse, copy and paste functions.
Calculation dataenter link data, nodal analysis data, line sizing data,
or TACITE transient data.
Devices paletteuse this toolbar to add devices to the active link; the
description for each unit is provided in the status line above the toolbar, for example, Pipe.
Defining the Simulation

This chapter describes the objectives, applications, and capabilities of
PIPEPHASE. It introduces the concepts involved in pipeline, well, and
network analysis and describes how PIPEPHASE tackles them. The
numerous simulation and fluid types available in PIPEPHASE are also
discussed.
Applications
Single Pipe
Analysis
The broad applications of PIPEPHASE can be categorized into three

parts:
Single pipeline analysis
Wellbore analysis
Field wide studies
PIPEPHASE is a sophisticated tool for the design and analysis of singlephase and multiphase pipelines. The main features of PIPEPHASE
involve capacity calculations, condensate drop-out problems, CO 2/
Steam/N2 injection networks, and heated oil pipelines. The rigorous
energy balance and detailed heat transfer model enable the accurate simulation of viscous fluids in insulated and/or heated oil pipelines as well
as steam injection systems.
Capacity calculations form the core of any preliminary process design.
PIPEPHASE allows you to specify the desired parameters in a particular
field, and accurately calculates the operating conditions necessary to
accommodate these values. For instance, as a simple example, if one is
given a specified inlet and a desired outlet pressure at a given flow rate,
PIPEPHASE calculates the pump power needed to meet these specifications. You could also use line sizing to vary the diameter of the pipes
used in order to provide an optimal estimate for the size of the pipes.
Figure 4:
Capacity Calculations
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PIPEPHASE also accurately predicts retrograde condensation, or condensate drop-out problems, in wet gas pipelines. The retrograde phenomena is graphically illustrated in Figure 5. Conventional techniques
that employ extrapolation to predict the point of retrograde phenomena
are invariably incorrect. PIPEPHASE applies a point-by-point PVT anal10
ysis, which has proven to be extremely accurate. This is especially useful

when exact solutions are desired.
Figure 5:
Phase Envelope
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Steam Injection Networks

In steam injection networks, PIPEPHASE allows you to develop operating conditions that will minimize heat loss in the network and optimize
energy usage. Large networks require an optimal distribution of heat for
maximum energy efficiency. For instance, an even distribution of steam
injection throughout the network may not necessarily be the optimal
arrangement. Such a configuration may exceed heating requirements in
some wells and may fail to provide sufficient energy in others.
PIPEPHASE performs rigorous heat transfer calculations to fully
describe the energy requirements of each individual well, as well as the
network as a whole. Because PIPEPHASE performs a rigorous enthalpy
balance, it can be used for single component fluids other than steam.
In the example shown in Figure 6, given 600 psia steam at the inlet,
PIPEPHASE can calculate the flowing bottomhole pressure.
Figure 6:
Steam Injection
Networks
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11
Heated Oil Pipelines

For heated oil pipelines, PIPEPHASE allows for the variation of node
parameters (i.e., insulation thickness, heaters, pumps) to meet the pipe
specifications. Viscosity characteristics are always taken into account,
and the flow characteristics of the fluid can be analyzed exactly. PIPEPHASE can perform accurate calculations in both laminar and turbulent
flow regions, as well as analyze the transition region with equal precision. In the event of sludge formation, especially in heated oil pipelines,
PIPEPHASE employs a sphering or pigging model to estimate slug characteristics for the design of downstream slug catchers.
Wellbore
Analysis
Figure 7:
Wellbore Analysis
PIPEPHASE provides a comprehensive set of features for the detailed

design of production or injection well systems. This includes detailed
reservoir inflow performance characterization, a choice of completion
models at the sandface, wellbore geometry variations to accommodate
typical production, injection or artificial lift (ESP or gaslift) operations,
and surface flowline and facilities models simulating most oil field operations. Almost all of the well-known mulitiphase correlations, both
empirical as well as mechanistic, are available for a wide range of flowing conditions and inclination angles.
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The most common application of PIPEPHASE to wellbore problems is a

nodal analysis. PIPEPHASE is equipped with a sensitivity analysis feature, which is a generalized nodal analysis tool. This feature can provide
graphical solutions to wellbore problems, where the solution node can be
any point along the production string, and the inflow and outflow curves
can represent composite multiple parameter behavior. For instance, in
modeling a particular well, the inflow and outflow curves can be given
by the Productivity Index IPR (inflow) and the tubinghead pressure (outflow). The intersection of these curves provides the solution.
12
Performance Analysis
Figure 8 illustrates a graphical solution to wellbore calculations. In this
case, reservoir performance is given (flowing bottomhole pressure as a
function of flow rate). The composite variable in this case is the size
(inside diameter) of the pipes. These curves are superimposed on the
graph, and the intersection of these curves with the Reservoir Performance curve indicates the solution for each case. The solution gives the
operating conditions for the node to meet the desired specifications.
Figure 8:
Wellbore Calculations
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Figure 9:
Wellbore Analysis Varying Well-head
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Figure 9 is analogous to the previous example with a different variable.

Instead of varying pipe sizes, you vary well-head pressure (WHP). Also,
reservoir performance is represented by two curves, illustrating the
decline in the reservoir pressure with production. Similarly, solutions are
indicated by the intersection of the two plots, and the solutions give the
operating conditions needed for the given specifications.
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PIPEPHASE also models artificial lift methods. The two methods available to the program are continuous gas lift for enhanced fluid recovery
and electrical submersible pump analyses.
13
Gas Lift Analysis

In a gaslift analysis, separator gas available from the oil well or from an
outside source can be used to increase production. The production fluid
is considered to be in the tubing and the lift gas in the annulus around it.
Using PIPEPHASE, you can investigate the feasibility of injecting gas
for continuous gaslift. PIPEPHASE has four gaslift options:
Figure 10:
Gas Lift Analysis
With specified oil production and lift gas rate, PIPEPHASE generates pressure profiles in the production and injection strings of the
well.
With specified tubinghead pressure, PIPEPHASE generates table of

oil production rate vs. specified lift gas rate.
With a specified range of gas injection valve locations for fixed oil
production and lift gas injection rates, PIPEPHASE calculates corresponding production string pressure, and determines the injection
location which is closest to the target outlet pressure.
With a specified range of gas injection valve locations for fixed oil
production and lift gas injection rates, PIPEPHASE calculates corresponding injection string pressures and determines the location
which is closest to the target outlet pressure.
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PIPEPHASE offers you great flexibility in cases of gaslift analysis. You

can analyze the performance of wells currently on gaslift, maximize oil
recovery using new gaslift, and determine which gaslift valves should be
activated for a specified production scheme. This allows you to study
each production well in a field over the life of the reservoir. You can also
determine which wells are candidates for gaslift, how production can be
improved with gaslift, and which gaslift rates and valve locations are
required. Once the performance of an individual well is refined using the
gaslift options, the performance of an entire gathering system can be
14
analyzed in the network mode with the injection depth and rate specified
for each well.
The most common calculation in gas lift problems is the calculation of
the optimum gas injection rate. Usually, you are given the following
parameters: reservoir pressure, well-head pressure, formation gas-oil
ratio, and water cut. Injection pressure and gaslift valve locations are
usually fixed, and from this information, you must determine the optimum lift gas injection rate, Q.
PIPEPHASE can generate plots of the liquid and oil production versus
gas injection rate, as shown in Figure 11, to indicate the optimum gas
injection rate required (trial injection rates are used as input to this simulation to generate the desired graph).
Figure 11:
Finding the Optimum
Gas Injection Rate
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PIPEPHASE also performs rigorous wellbore heat transfer calculations.

These are especially useful in steam injection networks with viscous oil
(API < 10, or viscosity > 100 cP). As described previously, the object of
steam injection networks is to minimize heat loss, and PIPEPHASE
takes into account all the necessary parameters to build an accurate
model. PIPEPHASE allows user-defined input as well as default values
for pipe insulation, heat conduction, convection, heat transfer coefficients, and radiation. It also accounts for time-dependent effects through
the Ramey function.
Field Wide
Simulation
The network simulation capability in PIPEPHASE can be used to model

the interaction between the various elements of a complete oil or gas
field, including all of the wells, gathering and injection lines, surface
facilities, and contract delivery points. PIPEPHASE also allows the
grouping of production from the same zones for simulating time-dependent reservoir pressure decline, and changing well production conditions
(increasing GOR and water cut). These capabilities have been linked
with the ability to simulate production contracts and changing facilities
to create a field planning tool.
15
In a field of interconnected wells, the parameters in each individual well

are interconnected. (i.e. changes in the pressure of well 1 may affect well
2). Consider Figure 12 where Well 2 has varying gas lift injection rate,
and the resulting back pressure affects the performance of Well 1. Similarly, all of the surface facilities are also interdependent. PIPEPHASE
incorporates these effects in performing an overall field calculation.
Figure 12:
Field Wide Simulation
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Furthermore, PIPEPHASE is equipped with a new time-dependent production planning capability. One such feature is the Reservoir Decline
option, which describes the cumulative production volume calculation
based on well grouping. PIPEPHASE provides a simple tank depletion
model for gas and condensate reservoirs. It also provides support for
user-specified reservoir pressure decline curves, as well as for user-specified decline in well characteristics (changing gas-oil ratio, water cut).
Another feature allows you to model changing facilities. The case study
feature simulates changing operation setpoints, facilities and delivery
contracts over multiple time periods. For instance, the field may require
more power (e.g. in pumps) with time, and increasing the horsepower of
the pumps affects overall field performance and costs.
Regarding contracts, PIPEPHASE allows you to model the behavior of a
given field that is under specific contractual constraints. For example, if
the field is given a maximum production rate Q which cannot be
exceeded due to contractual agreements, the individual components of
field must be adjusted to meet the terms of contract. The performance of
the field, however, will change with time. For instance, for the first five
years, compressor horsepower must be regulated because the maximum
field operation exceeds Q. After five years, however, even with maximum power, field production does not exceed Q, and the necessary
adjustments must be made to meet production standards.
16
Simulating
Networks in
PIPEPHASE
The first step in creating a new simulation is to define the simulation

type and fluid type. If your fluid is compositional, you can also define
the phase of the fluid.
When creating a new simulation, by clicking the New button on the toolbar or by selecting File/New from the menu bar, the Simulation Definition dialog box will be opened automatically. If you need to access this
dialog box at any time, select General/Simulation Definition from the
menu bar.
Figure 13:
Simulation Definition
Dialog Box
Check the box beside Input Check Only when you want PIPEPHASE to
perform a thorough check on your input before performing any calculations. If errors are found, it will not carry out the simulation.
Simulation
Type
The simulation type indicates which solution algorithm will be used to

solve the simulation. The options are:
Network Model
Gas Lift Analysis
PVT Table Generation
Select Network Model if the system you want to simulate is a gathering,

distribution, or looped flowsheet system with one or more junctions, or if
your system is a single link but you want PIPEPHASE to calculate the
pressure at the source of a single link.
Select Gas Lift Analysis if you wish to to perform individual well gas lift
analyses. This option is for blackoil fluids only.
Select PVT Table Generation if you want PIPEPHASE to generate a
PVT data file for use in a subsequent run. Using PVT tables increases
simulation speed by enabling PIPEPHASE to look up data from tables
instead of performing flash calculations.
17
Fluid Models
A fluid model is non-compositional when it can be defined with average

gravities at stock tank conditions. A fluid model is compositional when
it can be defined in terms of its individual components either directly or
via an assay curve. There are seven types of fluid modeled in PIPEPHASE:
Compositional
Black oil
Gas Condensate
Gas
Liquid
Steam
Compositional/Blackoil
The fluid type controls how the program is able to obtain the physical
properties necessary for pressure drop and heat transfer calculations
either from the PIPEPHASE databank, from built-in empirical correlations, or from user-supplied input. Steam is a special case of a non-compositional fluid, for which PIPEPHASE uses the GPSA steam tables.
Non-Compositional Models
A non-compositional fluid model must be defined as black oil, gas condensate, liquid, gas, or steam. Black oil and gas condensate are twophase, with one phase dominant. Gas and liquid fluid models are singlephase. Steam can be single or two-phase.
When working with multi-phase non-compositional fluids in PIPEPHASE, you must supply specific gravity (reference density) data for gas,
liquid, and water phases, even if you do not expect them all to be present.
In the case of single phase fluids, you need specify the reference density
of that phase only.
PIPEPHASE employs empirical correlations (e.g. Vasquez, Standing,
Glaso) to calculate certain fluid properties. You can define the method
by which PIPEPHASE calculates these properties. For instance, you can
choose Vazquez, Standing, or GLASO correlations for viscosity, or
Standing or Hall-Yarborough correlations for compressibility factor. The
default correlation depends upon the fluid being used.
18
Blackoil Model
Black oil is a two-phase fluid model based on the reference gravities of

the two phases and the volumetric phase ratio (Gas-Oil Ratio) at stock
tank conditions. You must supply specific gravity data for gas, liquid,
and water phases, even if you do not expect them all to be present.
Gas Condensate Model
Gas condensate is a multiphase non-compositional fluid with gas predominating. All properties of gas condensate are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and built-in correlations. Gas
condensate models are very useful in simulating the behavior of light oil
with APIs greater than 45.
Single-Phase Liquid Model
All properties of a non-compositional liquid are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and built-in correlations. You must
define the liquid as water or hydrocarbon (oil), and supply its gravity.
Single-Phase Gas Model
All properties of a non-compositional gas are calculated by PIPEPHASE

from the specific gravity, which you specify, and built-in correlations.
You can also specify which correlation is to be used. Contrary to black
oil, you cannot adjust the Standing correlation to match any available
laboratory data.
Steam Model
Steam is a non-compositional fluid that is allowed to exist in two phases.

You cannot override the steam table data contained within PIPEPHASEs data libraries. However, all pressure drop correlations which
are available to compositional fluids are also available to the steam
model.
Compositional Model
There are three methods for defining components in PIPEPHASE:
Selecting individual components from the PIPEPHASE library.
Defining individual components as petroleum pseudocomponents.
Defining an assay curve and having PIPEPHASE divide it into

petroleum cuts.
PIPEPHASE will then predict the fluids properties by applying the

appropriate mixing rules to the pure component properties. Unless
PIPEPHASE is instructed otherwise, it will perform phase equilibrium
calculations for the fluid and determine the quantity and properties of the
liquid and vapor phases.
19
A compositional fluid can be defined in terms of any combination of

these options. You can have different compositions at each source.
Pure Library Components
The SIMSCI library contains over 2000 components. For all components, the databank contains data for all the fixed properties and temperature-dependent properties necessary to carry out phase equilibrium
calculations. For all common components, the databank also contains a
full set of transport properties necessary to carry out the pressure drop
and heat transfer calculations. If you need to supplement the data, or
override the library data with your own, you can do so.
Petroleum Components
PIPEPHASE allows you to enter individual petroleum components,

which are represented as cuts or sections of a hydrocarbon stream with
defined average boiling points, specific gravities, and other thermophysical properties. You can define individual components as petroleum components by specifying at least two of the following three properties for
each component:
Normal boiling point
Gravity
Molecular weight.
PIPEPHASE will predict the third property if you omit it. PIPEPHASE
uses industry-standard characterization methods to predict all fixed and
temperature-dependent property data for each pseudocomponent. You
can select the method most suitable for your own mixture.
Click Petroleum... in the Component Selection dialog box and enter

the data.
You can provide names for the individual cuts, or have PIPEPHASE
define names based on the cuts' NBPs.
Assay Data
A component breakdown for petroleum-based streams, such as crude oil,

is difficult to obtain, because they contain thousands of distinct compounds. Usually these hydrocarbon streams are characterized in terms of
laboratory test data (also known as assay data). This typically includes
distillation data, gravity data, and an analysis of the low-boiling pure
components (the lightends). PIPEPHASE derives a set of petroleum
components from this assay data by using industry standard characterization techniques. These derived components are used to model the
streams given by assay data.
20
If your fluid is defined by an assay curve (TBP, D86, D2287, or D1160),

PIPEPHASE will divide it into a number of cuts. You can control the
number of cuts and the ranges they cover. Each of the cuts is then treated
as a pseudo-component, as described previously. You can also define a
lightends analysis to go with the assay curve. The lightends can be
defined using the pure library components database.
To construct the assay curve, along with the boiling point curve, you
must supply average density, and you can also supply density curve data
or molecular weight data.
From user-supplied data, PIPEPHASE uses a specified curve fitting procedure to best fit the assay data. An example is the SPLINE method, in
which a cubic spline is fitted to all internal points and the normal probability distribution is used for extrapolation beyond the first and last data
points. This method is also the default fitting method.
You should try to define the temperatures such that they encompass the
TBP ranges for all stream assay data. Several correlations are available
for calculating critical constants, molecular weights, and gravities.
Phase
Designation
If you believe that the phase of your compositional fluid will not change
throughout the simulation, you can specify that phase (liquid or gas).
PIPEPHASE will bypass the flash calculations to increase the speed of
your simulation.
You must be sure that the fluid remains in the phase which you specify
for the entirety of the simulation, since any liquid dropout or vaporization which may occur in reality will be missed, and results will then be
erroneous.
21
Setting the Input Units of Measure

Almost every item of data you will enter in PIPEPHASEwill have units
of measure. For simplicity, units of measure in PIPEPHASE have been
arranged into four standard pre-defined sets: Petroleum, English, Metric
and SI. You select the set that nearest matches the needs of your simulation and then override the pre-defined units for individual quantities. For
example, you can select the Metric Set and override the Celsius temperature unit with Kelvin.
To change the default units of measure set for a simulation, click the
Units of Measure button on the toolbar or select General/Input Units of
Measure to open the Input Dimensions dialog box. This dialog box (Figure 14) automatically appears when you define a new simulation.
Figure 14:
Input Dimensions
Dialog Box
By default, the standard Petroleum set is the global default used to start
each simulation.
22
To change the default set, select a set from the System list.
Make any changes to individual units, as desired and click

when finished.
OK
Setting the Input Units of Measure
Standard
Sets
Output Units
of Measure
The units of measure in the standard sets are shown below.

Table 9: Standard Units of Measure
Petroleum
English
Metric
SI
Temperature
Pressure
psig
psia
bar
kPa
Molar Rate
lb-mol/hr
lb-mol/hr
kg-mol/hr
kg-mol/hr
Weight Rate
lb/hr
lb/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
Liquid Volume Rate
bbl/hr
ft3/hr
m3/hr
m3/hr
Gas Volume Rate
106 ft3/hr
106 ft3/hr
106 m3/hr
106 m3/hr
Default Basis
liquid volume
gas volume
gas volume
gas volume
Conductivity
Btu/hr-ft-F
Btu/hr-ft-F
kcal/hr-m-C
W/m-K
Heat Transfer Coefficient
Btu/hr-ft2-F
Btu/hr-ft2-F
kcal/hr-m2-C
kW/m2-K
Fine Length
in
in
mm
Coarse Length
ft
ft
Pipe Length
ft
ft
m
kg/m3
Water Density
sp gr
sp gr
kg/m3
Oil Density
API
API
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kW
Gas Density
sp gr
sp gr
kg/m3
Power
hp
hp
kW
Duty
106
106
106
Viscosity
cP
cP
cP
Pa-sec
Velocity
mph
ft/s
km/hr
m/s
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
kcal/hr
106 kJ/hr
Normally, the output report is in the same units as the input set. However, you can define a different set of units for the output. If you do want
output in a different set of units it is good practice to get it in the input
unit set as well, so that you can check the correctness of your input data.
Select General/Output Units of Measur .
Check the Use Output Units of Measurement box, and select the set
from the System drop-down list.
You can override specific variables by selecting the appropriate units

from each drop-down list.
By default, an additional report with the output dimensions is generated.
If desired, the output dimensions can replace the input dimensions by
checking the Replace Standard Output radio button in the Output
Dimensions dialog box.
23
Entering Thermodynamic or PVT Data

The thermodynamic or PVT data required for the simulation depends on
the fluid type defined as the simulation definition. For any non-compositional simulation, you can enter up to 99 property sets. The required data
entry for each fluid type is described below.
When creating a new simulation, the PVT Data dialog box will be
opened automatically. If you need to access this dialog box at any time,
click the Thermodynamic Data button on the toolbar or select General/
Thermodynamic Data... from the menu bar.
Blackoil
Models
For blackoil or blackoil/compositional mixtures, you must enter the

gravities (or densities) for each of the three potential phases of the
fluidoil, gas and water. All other data are optional.
Figure 15:
Blackoil/
Compositional PVT
Data Dialog Box
You can enter a mole percentage for any or all of the listed contaminants
(nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide). Entry of data here will
effect a change in the compressibility factor for the gas phase according
to built-in correlated curve relationships.
Regarding Antoine viscosity data, you can enter one temperature and
one viscosity to define a constant viscosity of the dead oil, or enter tw
points for regression onto a two-point Antoine curve. The viscosities are
interpolated and extrapolated on a log-scale for all other temperature
conditions. If multiple sets of two-point viscosity data are supplied, then
the two temperature points must be identical for each set.
24
If laboratory data is available, you can adjust the properties that PIPEPHASE calculates from its built-in correlations so that they more closely
fit the measured data. Since the data adjusts the properties computed by
the Standing correlation, you must specify Standing for all properties on
the Correlation list or dialog box.
You can define the method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict a non-compositional compressibility factor. The available correlations are the
Standing-Katz, Hall-Yarborough wet gas, and Hall-Yarborough dry gas
methods.
You can also define the methods that PIPEPHASE uses to calculate Formation Volume Factor (FVF) and Solution Gas Oil Ratio (SGOR). For
the FVF, you can choose the TUFFP Vazquez/Beggs, Standing, or Glaso
methods. To calculate SGOR, you can define the TUFFP Vazquez/
Beggs, Lasater, Standing, or Glaso correlations.
There are numerous viscosity correlations available for each phase. For
oil, there are the TUFFP Vazquez/Beggs, Beal-Standing/Chew-Conally
and Glaso correlations. For the viscosity of gas, the Lee, et. al., and Katz,
Carr, et. al. methods can be used.
If you want to specify a specific correlation for mixing, you can choose
one of three methods: Volumetric averaging, API Procedure 14b, and
Woelflin (loose, medium, or tight). You can adjust the Woelflin Oil/
Water mixing correlations by entering your own data.
Gas
Condensate
and Gas
Models
As for the blackoil model, you must enter are the gravities (or densities)
for each of the three potential phases of the fluid, while all other data are
optional. Enter the contamination concentrations as you did for a blackoil fluid.
You must supply specific gravity data for gas, liquid and water phases,
even if you do not expect them all to be present. You can define the
amount of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide in the well
which adjusts the compressibility factor calculations. You can also specify a gas specific heat ratio (c p/cv) to override the internal value set as a
default.
You can also specify which correlation is to be used. The available correlations for gas viscosity are the Lee and the Katz-Carr methods. For the
z-factor, you can use the Standing-Katz, theHall-Yarborough wet gas, or
the Hall-Yarborough dry gas model.
In the case of gas condensate models, you do not have a choice as to
which correlations are to be used for calculating fluid properties. Also,
25
as opposed to black oil calculations, you cannot adjust the Standing correlation to match any available data.
Figure 16:
Gas Condensate PVT
Data
The PVT dialog box for a single phase gas is similar to Figure 16 except
that the data entry field, Condensate, is not an option.
SinglePhase Liquid
Model
The liquid can be designated either as hydrocarbon or water. Depending

on your selection, the appropriate correlations are used to calculate the
physical properties. Hydrocarbon liquids are restricted to having a density less than pure water. If the liquid density is greater than or equal to
1.0 (specific gravity), the liquid must be defined as water. You must provide the gravity or density of the liquid. All of the physical properties
will be calculated from the density using correlations.
Youll want to define the heat capacity when it is important to calculate
the heat transfer effects.
Figure 17:
Single Phase Liquid
PVT Data
If a hydrocarbon contains viscous tars, the default correlation used to

estimate the viscosity may not be accurate enough. In this case, the viscosity can be set as a fixed value, or fit to a temperature-dependent Antoine equation. Either select Fixed Viscosity and enter a value, or select
Antoine and enter two temperatures and their corresponding viscosity
values.
26
Note:
If two-point viscosity data is supplied for more than one property set, the temperature values must be the same. This is
required to calculate the proper mixture viscosity when the tw
fluids merge, for example at a junction node.
You can supply liquid viscosity data to override the internally predicted
data. You can do this by either defining the viscosity as a single value or
as a two-point viscosity curve. Similarly, you can supply a single constant value for liquid specific heat to override the internally predicted
data.
You can specify the correlation used to calculate oil or water viscosity.
The options for viscosity correlations are: for oil, Vazquez, Standing,
and GLASO; for water, Beal and ASME Steam tables. However, unlike
black oil, you cannot adjust the Standing correlation to match any available laboratory data.
Steam Model
Enter the gravity, or density, of the water to represent the amount of dissolved salt present in the water, which becomes important if large elevation changes are present.
When using steam, you can specify the gravity of the condensed water to
be more than 1.0 to take into account dissolved solids. You can also
specify steam quality if the steam is saturated. If the steam is superheated or the water is subcooled, you must specify both the temperature
and the quality.
Figure 18:
Steam PVT Data
Note that the steam (or any single component fluid) model is based on an
enthalpy balance.
27
Compositional
Model
For compositional models, PIPEPHASE can use a generalized correlation, an equation of state, or a liquid activity method to calculate thermodynamic properties at the flowing conditions and hence to predict the
split between the liquid and vapor phases. The choice of the thermodynamic property calculation method depends on the components in the
fluid and the prevailing temperatures and pressures. PIPEPHASE also
provides a number of methods that can rigorously calculate vapor-liquidliquid equilibrium and solid-liquid equilibrium.
Generally you must select methods for calculating these thermodynamic
properties:
Equilibrium K-values
Enthalpies
Entropies
Densities.
In PIPEPHASE, thermodynamic methods are arranged into systems.

When you choose a thermodynamic system, PIPEPHASE will provide
default methods for each of these thermodynamic properties. You can
override these defaults. For example, if the Soave-Redlich-Kwong thermodynamic system is selected, the default liquid density method is API.
You can replace this with another method, for example, Lee-Kesler
should you feel Lee-Kesler will predict the liquid densities more accurately for your simulation.
Figure 19:
Thermodynamic
Methods for
Compositional
Sources
28
To cite a few method examples, for the calculation of K-values, the following methods can be used for heavy hydrocarbon systems:
Braun K10
Grayson-Streed
Peng-Robinson
Soave-Redlich-Kw
For some systems, notably close-boiling mixtures, the standard equations do not adequately reproduce experimental phase equilibria data.
You can improve the predictability of many of the equations of state, or
liquid activity coefficient methods by inputting your own binary interaction parameter values. For example, you can tune the PR, SRK, BWRS,
and LKP equations.
If you have water in a hydrocarbon system, you can select a method for
calculating aqueous liquid and vapor enthalpies either by a simplified
method which assumes that the steam is at its saturation point, or by a
rigorous method which takes into account the degree of superheat of the
vapor, if any.
Energy considerations in pipelines must take into account three main
factors: (1) the energy transfer to the environment, (2) frictional forces,
and (3) expansion cooling within the pipe, also known as the JouleThompson effect. In the Joule-Thompson phenomena, as pressure
decreases, the gas expands and there is subsequent cooling of the fluid.
In the case of large pressure drops, large fluid expansion may be
observed, and the fluid temperature may drop below the ambient temperature.
Transport
Methods
The SIMSCI databank contains pure component data for the thermal
conductivity, surface tension, and viscosity of liquids and vapors as functions of temperature. You can choose to use these data and simple mixing rules to predict the flowing properties of the fluid.
Alternatively you can choose to use the API Data Book property prediction methods and mixing rules for mixed hydrocarbons.
Some 60 of the bank components have data for viscosity and thermal
conductivity from the GPA TRAPP program. If you choose to use the
TRAPP data, all of your components must be TRAPP components and
you cannot have any pseudocomponents or assay data.
29
In the case of oil and water mixing, you can use the same correlations
available to the black oil case: Volumetric averaging, API procedure
14B, and the three variations of the Woelflin emulsion procedure.
To override the mixture liquid viscosity predictions, you can supply a
two-point liquid viscosity curve for either the hydrocarbon liquid phase,
the water phase or the total liquid. A different viscosity curve may be
supplied for each source, however the temperature points must remain
the same.
In most cases, a single set of thermodynamic and transport methods is
adequate for calculating properties of all sources. However, your flowsheet may contain sources with widely varying compositions or conditions such that they cannot be simulated accurately using just one set. To
account for this, you can define more than one set of methods (there is
no limit) and apply different sets to different sources.
30
Specifying the Global Defaults

This chapter describes how you can set global defaults for pressure drop
methods, thermal considerations, roughness, and transition Reynolds
number. Click the Global Defaults button on the toolbar to set up these
default methods and values. The Global Defaults dialog box appears
(Figure 20). These settings will be used throughout the simulation unless
specifically over-ridden. In this way, repetitive data entry can be avoided,
particularly when entering device data.
Figure 20:
Global Defaults Dialog
Box
Flow
Correlation
Defaults
You must specify the Pressure Drop flow correlation to be used to calculate pressure drops along lengths of the pipes, risers, tubings, and annuli.
The default is Moody. The correlations available depend on the fluid
type: gas, liquid, compositional, blackoil, gas condensate or steam. The
selected correlation will be used for all units of like type in the simulation unless you specify a different correlation on an individual device.
You can also enter user-defined correlations supported by PIPEPHASE.
Palmer
Corrections
Click Flow Correlations..
to set the default flow code method.
Palmer corrections are factors which can be used with any non-mechanistic pressure drop correlation except Orkiszewski and Beggs & Brill
No-Slip, in order to adjust for uphill and downhill multiphase flow pressure drops. The defaults are those recommended for Beggs & Brill and
Beggs, Brill & Moody correlations: 0.924 for uphill, and 0.685 for
downhill.
Click Palmer Corrections... to set default values for Palmer uphill

and downhill correction factors for pipes, tubing, risers, or annuli.
31
These data will be used for all units of like type in the simulation unless
you specify different data for an individual link device.
Inside
Diameter
Defaults
You can specify default sizes for each of the riser, pipe, annulus and tubing devices. These data will be used for all devices in the simulation
unless you specify different data for individual devices.
Click Inside Diameter Defaults.. to set default values for actual or

nominal diameters and schedules for pipes and other flow devices.
The inside diameter can be specified on the basis of the actual inside
diameter of the device or (except for annulus) as a nominal diameter. The
relationship between nominal and inside diameter is determined by the
schedule and is defined in the Flow Device Size database.
Thermal
Defaults
Miscellaneous
Defaults
PIPEPHASE allows you to select the heat transfer default method for
calculating heat transfer for all pipes, tubing devices, risers and annuli in
the simulation. As well, you can enter the default ambient temperature
for the medium surrounding all pipes, and the default geothermal temperature gradient for all well tubing heat transfer calculations.
Click Heat Transfer Defaults... to select the default method for calculating heat transfer for all flow devices in the simulation.
Click Heat Transfer Coefficients... to enter default heat transfer coefficients for all pipes, tubing devices, risers and annuli in the simulation.
Click the appropriate button to set the defaults for the medium surrounding the pipes in the simulation. You can set heat transfer
defaults for soil, water, air, and pipe insulation.
PIPEPHASE also allows you to set the flow device inside roughness for
all devices, flow efficiency, transitional Reynolds number, and when
the Hazen-Williams equation for single phase liquids has been enabled,
the HW coefficient.
Use the flow efficiency parameter to adjust pressure drops. It employs a
linear relationship with the local flow rate in the flow device. This
should be used to match field data only when all other relevant flow variables (such as roughness, heat transfer coefficient, etc.) have been evaluated for effect on pressure drop.
Enter the transitional Reynolds number which is used internally as the
transition point from the laminar to the turbulent flow regime.
32
Specifying the Global Defaults
Building the Flowsheet

The flowsheet you construct in PIPEPHASE acts as the blueprint for
your process. Each component in the flowsheet will require user-specified data before the simulation is run. While building the flowsheet,
PIPEPHASE will inform you of any missing or inconsistent data through
message dialog boxes. The data entered in flowsheet construction in the
GUI is automatically exported into a keyword file, upon which the simulation run is based.
Flowsheet
Terminology
The flowsheet consists of nodes and links. Nodes are connected by

Links. Each link starts at a node and ends at another node.
A node can be a Source, a Sink, or a Junction. A source is a point at
which fluid enters the piping system. A sink is a point at which fluid
leaves the piping system. A junction is a point where two or more links
meet.
Each link consists of a series of flow devices: pipes, fittings, and process
equipment and unit operations. The direction of flow is indicated by
arrows on the flowsheet. If the fluid flows in a direction opposite to the
arrows, then the results will indicate a negative flowrate.
Types of
Networks
There are two basic types of networks tree networks and looped networks.
Tree Networks
Tree networks are those which
involve the distribution of a large
amount of fluid to a number of
different sinks, or the gathering
of a particular fluid from a number of sources. The latter is especially common in offshore black
oil gathering systems.
When all sink flowrates (q) are fixed, and the source pressure P is
known, the network is called a spur network. In the case of the second
figure above, the sum of the flow rates of nodes B through H equals the
flow rate at the source P (node A). All the flow rates are known, and
from these values, you can find the pressure at junction H through simple
single link calculations. Since cumulative rates are known along with the
starting pressure for every sub-branch of the network, the entire network
33
can be solved by simply marching towards each sink. Therefore, in the

case of spur networks, different links need not be solved simultaneously.
In some cases, only a few links in a network may be spur links. PIPEPHASE identifies these links and solves the remainder of the network
first, using the PBAL algorithm to perform a simultaneous solution.
Once it reaches this solution, PIPEPHASE continues to solve the
remaining spur links. There may be some cases in which PIPEPHASE is
able to solve the main body of the network, but may fail in solving the
spur links.
Looped Networks
PIPEPHASE solves networks iteratively. Whichever algorithm you use,
PIPEPHASE starts with an initial estimate of flowrates in all links and
pressures at all nodes. It adjusts these values until it has reached a converged solution within a predefined tolerance. Because of the comple
nature of some networks, PIPEPHASE allows you to make adjustments
to a large number of parameters that it uses during the solution procedure.
Networks which include loops fall into two basic categories -- those in
which all link flow directions are known, and those in which one or more
link flow directions are unknown. The former networks are described as
simple loops while the latter are known as complex loops.
In simple loops, you can instruct
PIPEPHASE not to attempt to
reverse flows during the solution
procedure. However, if you
incorrectly define a loop link
flow direction, and then instruct
PIPEPHASE not to reverse
flows during simulation, the network will fail to converge. In such cases,
PIPEPHASE will produce an error message, and you can inspect the
iteration history to find which link is producing the error by identifying
the link which has a near-zero flow.
Some network simulations
include more than one loop configuration, where one or more of
the loops contains links in which
the flow direction is not known.
Such cases are known as complex loops.
34
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C_ebSU
CY^[
/
C_ebSU
/
CY^[
Building the Flowsheet
This is common in existing designs, and must be addressed in a special

manner. Problems are usually not found in looped networks until at least
one simulation has been run. If the problem has not converged, you can
generate the full iteration output. You can then inspect this output report
to diagnose the problem.
In some cases, PIPEPHASE may decide to reverse the flow in a particular link in a loop. By doing this, the solution path begins to diverge and a
final solution is no longer achievable. Placing a check valve in that link
will prevent the flow reversal.
35
Entering Source and Sink Data

The most simplest flowsheet in PIPEPHASE is comprised of a source
connected by a link to a junction or to a sink. The source, junction, and
sink names must be unique, 4-letter alphanumeric names. For a network,
the first source name defaults to S001 and the source number is automatically incremented as new sources are created. Then similarly, the first
junction begins with J002, and the first sink begins with D003.
For a single link, you must specify two of the following variables:
source flowrate (which is also the sink flowrate),
source pressure, and
sink pressure.
Inactivating Units
You can inactivate any source, junction, or sink on the flowsheet by
checking the box in the appropriate unit dialog box thus removing it
from the calculations.
Sources
PIPEPHASE requires the properties of the fluid to calculate pressure

drops, heat transfer, and phase separation. There are two major classifications of fluid models: compositional and non-compositional. The
PIPEPHASE program supports all of the well known empirical methods
for determining the properties of oil, water, gas, and oil-water emulsions.
You must also define the total flowrate and pressure at the source. If
these values are to be set operating conditions, then you can indicate that
they are fixed values. If these are allowed to vary to meet specified production values, then they can be entered as estimated values. If the pressure is estimated, the inputted value will be used as an initial guess and
PIPEPHASE will calculate the correct source pressure. Note that the
choice of fixed or estimated may be limited by the boundary conditions
of the simulation. Similarly, the source flowrate must be either fixed or
estimated (default).
You can reference a source to another defined source by selecting the
Use Reference Source radio button. You can then define that flowrate,
temperature and/or pressure will be copied from another source.
36
Non-Compositional Sources
Besides the source name, the enthalpy, pressure, flowrate, gas/oil ratio
and water cut are required data for blackoil sources. If you do not provide a value gas/oil ratio (GOR) or water cut, they will both be set to
zero. A temperature value is also required for PIPEPHASE to compute
enthalpy changes between nodes during calculations.
Figure 21:
Black Oil Source
In addition to fluid composition and properties, you must specify the

fluid enthalpy at the source. For steam sources, you must define the pressure and quality of a saturated steam source. The temperature must be
specified only if the steam is superheated ( quality 100%) or subcooled
(quality 0%).
When working with downhole nodes, you can specify the temperature at
a node if it is available (e.g. reservoir temperature).
Compositional Sources
Compositional sources are used to introduce fluid into the flowsheet for
the compositional fluid type. Besides the source name, the enthalpy,
pressure, flowrate and composition are required. The pressure and flowrate are the boundary conditions for the simulation and can be either
fixed or estimated. Any parameter that is estimated will be solved for by
PIPEPHASE.
The PVT property set refers to the two-point viscosity PVT data which
can be input and made available to any compositional fluid source.
Therefore, if appropriate, select the set associated with the source fluid.
37
Figure 22:
Compositional Source
Component data can be entered in three ways:
Enter the actual source composition, comprised of the library and

petroleum components.
Describe the source by distillation curve data rather than on a component-by-component basis.
Reference the source composition to another source; flowrate, temperature and/or pressure can also be copied from another source.
The temperature is required for a multi-component source in order for

PIPEPHASE to perform a flash calculation to ascertain fluid conditions
at the source. For a source with only a single component, you can define
the two phase enthalpy by the quality or single phase enthalpy by the
temperature. Liquid is defined by quality = 0 and vapor by quality = 100
(default). Quality is entered as vapor mass percentage.
Junctions
A junction is a point at which at least three links enter and exit. If there is
just one link going in and one link coming out, then the junction is not
necessary and the link devices may be put on the same link. The net
flowrate in the junction is zero, since the flow in must equal the flow out.
PIPEPHASE allows a maximum of twenty sources linked to a given
junction. If you want to attach more than twenty sources, you should
enter them in sets of twenty into two separate junctions, and link the two
junctions together with a very short, large diameter pipe.
Besides the junction name, the junction pressure can be estimated. If a
pressure estimate is not given for the junction, PIPEPHASE will calculate an estimated pressure. This pressure estimate is then used to deter-
38
mine the flowrate estimates based on the estimated pressure drop for
each link. Although specifying the junction pressure is optional, an initial estimate may prove useful in speeding up the solution.
You can enter the temperature of the rock formation at this junction,
which is used when the junction is subsurface.
Sinks
Sinks are used to remove fluid from the flowsheet. The sink node
requires two parameters to be specifiedpressure and flowrate. If these
are desired set points, then they can be entered as fixed values. However,
if they are to be calculated, you need to provide an initial estimate and
PIPEPHASE will calculate the final values. Again, note that the choice
of fixed or estimated may be limited by the boundary conditions of the
simulation.
Figure 23:
Sink
The sink temperature is generally calculated and is not available for data
entry. However, the sink temperature is required for gas lift simulations
when option 4, locate gas lift valve to match desired casing head, is used.
39
PIPEPHASE also provides you with two other units that you can add to
the flowsheethydrates and the calculator. These are described below.
Hydrates
The Hydrates unit predicts the pressure and temperature regime in which
the fluid at a node (source, sink, or junction) is vulnerable to hydrate formation. Different ranges of temperature and pressure can be examined.
Calculations assume the presence of free water for hydrates to form.
Hydrate calculations are available only for compositional fluid types.
You can also study the effect of NaCl, methanol, ethylene glycol, di-ethylene glycol and tri-ethylene glycol hydrate inhibitors.
You can associate a hydrate unit with any source, sink, or junction; however, you cannot associate a hydrate unit with a link.
Calculator
The calculator is a versatile utility module that allows you to perform

FORTRAN-like calculations on information from the flowsheet and to
transfer the results to other unit operations. The calculator interacts with,
and is calculated along with other flowsheet modules. Therefore, placement is important for proper execution.
You can associate a calculator with any source, sink, or junction; however, you cannot associate a calculator with a link.
The calculator dialog box has two sections: the upper section for setup
(assignment of unit parameters to be retrieved from the flowsheet, initialization of constants, descriptive labeling of results, and sizing of
arrays); and the lower section for the procedure statements which perform the actual FORTRAN calculations.
40
Defining Links
Recall that a link is defined as a connection between two nodes. The link
can consist of one or more devices, and can contain a number of flow,
equipment, and completion devices. Figure 24 shows a typical link
between a source and a sink.
Figure 24:
Simple Link
CU`QbQd_b
#DeRY^W
3X_[U
&@YÙ
CY^[
@e]`
?Ù^X_\U
3_]`\UdY_^
C_ebSU
Each link consists of a series of flow devices. Each flow device, in turn,
is characterized by its structure, pressure drop, and heat transfer parameters. A pipe, riser, annulus, tubing, and Inflow Performance Relationship
model are all flow devices. All but the latter have length, may be horizontal or vertical with an accompanying elevation change, and have
defined diameters.
Each flow device usually undergoes a pressure drop, which is dependent
upon the flow codes, roughness, and flow efficiency of each device. The
flow code defines which pressure drop and holdup method is to be used
for the calculations. The roughness is the pipe inside roughness in short
length units. Flow efficiency is given as a percentage. This parameter is
recommended only when other parameters have been varied in order to
match field data.
Heat transfer parameters can also be user-specified or left to default values. The ambient temperature may or may not have a vertical gradient.
The default overall heat transfer coefficient, U, is set to 1. More detailed
heat transfer parameters, such as conductivity of surroundings, insulation, etc., are available if the you want to enter these values as well.
41
Pipe
Pipes are flow devices through which fluid flows from one point to
another. Pipes can have any orientation (horizontal, vertical, or inclined).
The elevation change is defined on a relative basis, and the ambient temperature is dependent upon the medium: air, water, or soil. Pipes can also
be insulated or left bare.
The mandatory data for a pipe device include
name, length and diameter. The optional data
include elevation change, roughness, heat
transfer and pressure drop method.
<U
dX
^W
5\UfQdY_^
3XQ^WU
For most systems, the total pressure drop

is dominated by frictional forces. The friction factor is determined by the fluid velocity, the pipe roughness and the
multiphase flow pattern. The fluid velocity is constrained by the flowrate
and the inside diameter of the pipe.
The heat transfer from the pipe is calculated at the same time as the pressure drop. The heat transfer can either be turned off (isothermal), set b
an overall heat transfer coefficient or calculated from the specified surroundings. The pipe, insulation and ambient conditions can all be set by
selecting the appropriate heat transfer option.
Initial default values for the Pipe Inside Diameter, Pipe Roughness, Heat
Transfer and Pressure Drop Method can all be set through the Global
Defaults dialog box, which can be accessed by clicking the corresponding button on the toolbar:
Riser
Risers are vertical or near-vertical with flow in an upward direction only.

Elevation is measured in an absolute basis, and there is usually an ambient temperature gradient with varying elevation. Heat loss is simulated
using an overall heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and ambient
conditions.
To specify a downcomer, you can use a pipe
with a negative elevation change. For oil or
gas well applications, tubing should be
used.
<U
^W
dX
5 \UfQ dY_^
3XQ ^WU
42
Like the pipe, initial default values for the

Inside Diameter, Roughness, Heat Transfer
and Pressure Drop Method can all be set in
the Global Defaults dialog box.
Defining Links
Tubing and
Annulus
Tubing and annuli have vertical or

inclined flow. Wireline length is defined
as the length from the surface to the pipe
end. Depth is the actual vertical depth
taken from the surface. Heat loss for tubing and annuli is simulated using an overall heat transfer coefficient and
geothermal gradient.
4U`dX
<U^WdX
Initial default values for the Inside Diameter, Roughness, Heat Transfer, and Pressure Drop Method can all be set in the
Global Defaults dialog box.
Reservoir
Inflow
Performance
Relationship
(IPR)
The Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) device models the relationship between flowrate and reservoir pressure draw-down or pressure
drop at the sand face in a well. Several IPR models are supplied in
PIPEPHASE. You can select from five standard models or you can write
your own subroutine and use it to model the inflow performance relationship.
The Productivity Index (PI) model is used for single-phase liquid systems. The Vogel coefficient model is more suitable for multiphase, liquid-dominated systems, while the gas flow model is best for multiphase,
gas-dominated systems. Alternatively, user-defined IPR models may be
linked to PIPEPHASE and data for them entered through the IPR device.
You can enter tables of reservoir pressure, cumulative production, GasOil Ratio, Condensate-Gas Ratio, Water Cut and Water-Gas ratio. These
are used in timestepping to simulate reservoir decline with time.
You can enter curves that correlate reservoir pressure or cumulative production with flowing bottomhole pressure and flowrate. These data are
then regressed onto one of the standard models.
For an IPR with a gas basis, you can specify a drawdown formulation.
The Flow Well Pressure, P wf, curves in Figure 25 are user-supplied
curves generated from a reservoir simulator. Each individual curve is
based on the current reservoir conditions. The time-dependency of each
curve is based on the Reservoir Pressure, P r, or the Cumulative Production, Np. With increasing Reservoir Pressure and decreasing Well Pressure, the pressure gradient increases, and the production rate increases.
Since cumulative production varies inversely as Reservoir Pressure, the
opposite trend is observed for the dependence of production rate on
Cumulative Production.
43
3e]@b_T^>
6\_gY^WGU\\@bUccebU @gV
Figure 25:
Flow Well Pressure
Curves
?B
BUc@bUccebU@b
@b_TeSdY_^BQdUA
The Linear Productivity Index equation shown above is valid only for
single-phase flow above Boiling Point Pressure (BPP). Q o denotes the
production rate, and PI the productivity index. This equation is derived
from the pseudo-steady state equation from Darcys Law.
Q o = PI ( P r Pwf )
(1)
Darcys Law applied to an oil well in the center of a reservoir is given as:
kh ( P r P wf )
Q o = C --------------------------------------------------(2)
B o o ( ln x 0.75 + S )
For gas wells, it is expressed as:
2
kh ( P r P wf )
Q o = C --------------------------------------------------------------------- g T r Z ( ln x 0.75 + S + DQ )
(3)
where:
k = effective permeability
h = thickness
Bo = oil formation volume factor
g = viscosity
x = shape factor
S = skin factor
D = non-Darcy flow constant
It is important to specify the basis for the Productivity Index model. The
default basis in PIPEPHASE is oil.
44
Defining Links
Solution Gas-Drive Reservoir

The Linear PI model is not valid for flow below the bubble point, in
which multi-phase flow may occur. This is the case with Solution GasDrive Reservoirs. The IPR curve varies with cumulative production.
Vogel (1968) modeled this variation by deriving the following equation:
P wf
P wf 2
Qo
----------- = 1.0 0.2 -------- 0.8 --------
Pr
Pr
Q max
(4)
Above the bubble point:
1.8 ( Q max Q b )
PI = -------------------------------------Pb
(5)
where Qb is Qo at the bubble point.

Figure 26:
Inflow Performance
Curves; Vogels Curve
Below Bubble Point
@ bY
@ gV
@ gV
@b
> @-
> @ >
A _A ]Qh
A_
Fetkovichs Gas Flow Equation

The Fetkovich equation (1975) is derived from the radial flow equation,
and is expressed as:
2
2 n
Q g = C p ( P r P wf )
(6)
This equation can be expressed graphically by taking three well-test data
points and plotting them on a logarithmic scale, as shown above. The
resulting line will have a slope n, where 0.5 < n < 1.0, and the intercept is
log Cp. The greater values of the slope n indicate laminar flow, while
smaller values indicate turbulent flow.
The Forsheimer (Laminar-Inertial-Turbulent) equation is analogous to
the Fetkovich equation.
2
( P r Pwf ) = AQ g + BQ g
(7)
Plotting (Pr2-Pwf2)/Qg will yield a line of slope B and intercept A.
45
Figure 27:
Three-Point
Isochronal
Test for Gas Flow
Coefficients
h
C\_Ù-^
h
\_WA 7
h
9^dUbSU`d-\_W3 @
\_W@b"@gV"
Horizontal Wells
Typically, one observes 3-10 times productivity increase in horizontal
wells. The key simulation issues in these cases are:
Bottomhole
Completions
IPR segmentation for increasing velocity
Velocity gradient component of pressure drop
Coning
Bottomhole completion describes the interface between a reservoir and a

well. There are two types of completion: gravel packed and open perforated. The pressure drop through a completion is calculated from permeability and other data you input.
PIPEPHASE uses the Jones model for gravel-packed completion and the
McLeod model for open-perforated completions. The McLeod equations
are based on radial flow, while the Jones equations are based on linear
flow.
=S<U_T?Ù^@UbV_bQdUT3_]`\UdY_^
SQcY^W
:_Ûc7bQfU\@QS[UT3_]`\UdY_^=_TU\
deRY^W
SU]U^d
3becXUTj_Û
@UbVTYQ]UdUb
@UÛdbQdY_^TU`dX
cQ^TcSbUU^
3U^dUb\YÛ
Figure 28:
Completion Models
@UbVTYQ]UdUb
de^Û\\U^WdX
TbY\\X_\UbQTYec
46
Defining Links
Equipment
Devices
This section describes link devices available in PIPEPHASE that have

not yet been described in this chapter.
Pumps are equipment devices used to increase the pressure in a liquid
line. Pump devices are not available for steam or single-phase gas fluids.
The mandatory data for a pump device includes the pump name and one
of the following: power, outlet pressure, or pump curve (flowrate vs.
head). The optional data for a pump device include adiabatic efficiency
number of stages, maximum pressure and maximum power. Pump
devices should only be used for incompressible fluids.
If the fluid is compressible, then the compressor unit should be used
instead. You can also set limiting conditions in the form of maximum
power and maximum pressure (discharge). To specify suction pressure,
you must use the multi-stage compressor. The multi-stage compressor
describes a single or multi-stage, multi-train compressor station. It can
model the effect of intercoolers and scrubbers. This unit cannot be used
for steam systems. If you specify the suction (inlet) pressure for this unit,
a special subnetworking algorithm is invoked. This algorithm sizes the
compressor power requirements.
A heater/cooler simulates the addition or removal of heat to a fluid. You
must specify pressure drop and either: total heater/cooler duty or outlet
temperature. You may also set limiting conditions (optional) by specifying a maximum duty and/or a minimum/maximum temperature.
A separator removes a defined portion of a selected phase from a multiphase stream. It can separate vapor, liquid, liquid water and/or condensate. The fluid that is removed is lost unless it is reinjected. You must
specify either the flowrate or percentage of the required phase to be
removed. This device does not operate with steam, and is valid for compositional fluids, black oil and condensate problems. The latter problems
can be treated by selecting a qualifier for a particular effluent phase.
The injection device is used for introducing an injection stream from a
lateral source or re-introducing a stream from a separator to a point
downstream. Equipment devices cannot be used on the separated stream,
but you can flash the stream to the desired temperature and pressure.
This device is only used for compositional fluids in single links, and it
can also be used for compositional fluids from separators in networks.
A check valve prevents flow reversal in a given link. You must specify a
check valve diameter when implementing this device. You can change
the check valve discharge coefficient. This device is especially useful in
network calculations.
47
The gas lift valve injects a gas stream into the production tubing, to
enhance fluid recovery. You must specify gas flowrate, and you can
change gas solubility in oil. This device can be used only for blackoil
fluids, and gaslift problems. A separate liftgas PVT data set is required
in order to properly describe the gas used.
A regulator is used to fix the pressure in the link immediately downstream from it if the upstream pressure is greater. If the stream pressure
is lower than the regulator pressure, then the regulator does not change
the downstream pressure. This device is especially useful in network calculations. The regulator unit allows you to specify suction pressure as
well.
A choke restricts flowrate and creates a pressure drop. This device introduces a discontinuity into the defined network structure. The balance
between the parts of the network upstream and downstream of this
device is solved by PIPEPHASEs subnetworking algorithm, which sizes
the choke. You must specify the choke diameter, and you can vary the
choke discharge coefficient, as well as the heat capacity ratio.
An electric submersible pump is an equipment device used to increase
the pressure in a liquid line. Pump devices are not available for steam
fluids. You must provide one of the following: power, outlet pressure or
pump curve plus motor horsepower, auxiliary power, head degradation,
minimum submergence, casing head pressure, or vertical pressure gradient.
Orifices, nozzles and venturimeters are fitting devices used to restrict or
to measure the flowrate through the pipe. If being used to restrict the
flowrate, the pressure drop across an individual orifice, nozzle or venturimeter may be large. You must supply the inside diameter of the inlet,
type of orifice and the orifice diameter.
Pipe tees are fitting devices used to merge two pipes into one or split one
pipe into two directions. To be consistent, the tee should be the last
device in a link going to a junction The junction node should have two
other links either entering or exiting. Any other arrangement of a tee will
be modeled as if the third end of the tee is capped off. Pipe bends are fitting devices used to change the direction of the flow.
DP-DT devices simulate equipment for which no standard PIPEPHASE
model exists. These devices are typically used to model the performance
of specially designed valves and fittings. For these devices, you supply
data relating the fluid flowrate, the pressure change and the temperature
change in tabular form. These devices can model Wellhead Productivity
accurately. If a wellhead flowrate versus pressure graph is available, data
from the well test or from the simulation can be used to eliminate the
wellbore from the problem.
48
Defining Links
Setting up a Case Study

The Case Study option provides the facility to perform parametric studies and to print multiple problem solutions in a single computer run.
Case studies are always performed after the base case problem has been
solved. If the base case problem cannot be solved for any reason, then no
case studies are performed. Each case study analysis is performed based
on the cumulative changes to the flowsheet up to that time.
Case studies are an efficient means of obtaining solutions for multiple
scenarios to a given problem, and result in large savings in both computer time and cost. For problems requiring iterative solutions, the converged results of the last solution are used as the starting values for the
next run. This can result in large computer time savings in runs involving
large networks, where it typically takes several iterations to move from
the initial pressure estimates to the final converged solution.
There is no limit on the number of parameters varied per case study or on
the total number of case studies that can be in a given run. The cumulative changes up to a given case study run may be erased and the original
base case restored at any time. PIPEPHASE allows you to perform 10
cases and 10 changes per case.
Since the case studies are performed sequentially in the order you input,
it is best to make changes in an orderly manner, proceeding from high
values to low values or low values to high values, but not in random
order. This enhances convergence and minimizes total computer time.
Entering
Case Study
Data
You can enter case study data before you run the base case. When the
program runs, the base case will be executed first and the case studies
will be executed afterwards. Alternatively, you can run the base case
first, then enter case study data and execute the case studies. You can
open an already solved flowsheet, add case study data to it and then execute the case studies.
You must specify which parameters are to be changed. For each parameter you must supply the:
Change Variable Namesselect a source node, sink node, link device,
constraint, or network convergence parameter on which the case

study is based.
Data Sourceset data to a specified value or have a calculator set the
values for you.
49
Parameterlist box displays all the parameters that can be changed
for that particular item. These are explained in greater detail later in
this chapter.
Change Variable Tothe value for the parameter being changed.
Figure 29:
Example Case Study
Parameter
Change Types
You can make changes in three different ways.

Global Changes You can change one parameter in the entire problem
using a global command. You do this by supplying the type of parameter

you want to change, its old value, and the new value. Only those specified parameters with that old value will then be changed.
Individual Changes Source, sink, and device parameters can be changed
individually. You must specify a name for each source, sink, or device
where a parameter change is desired.
Cumulative ChangesWhen performing case studies, you must keep in
mind that any variable changes you input are cumulative. That is, the
variable you change in the first case run (after the base case) remains
changed for the next run, unless you specify that base case parameters
are to be restored.
Variables
50
Source and Sink Variables

When performing case studies on sources, you can vary the pressure,
temperature, or flow rate at the source, regardless of fluid properties. The
number of additional variable parameters is dependent upon the type of
fluid you are working with.
When working with compositional fluids, you can also vary the composition of the source stream. In cases of black oil studies, the Gas/Oil
Ratio (GOR) and Water Cut parameters can be changed. For Gas Condensate fluids, you can vary the condensate/gas ratio or the water/gas
ratio. For steam, you can change the quality.
Although there are few variables one can vary in the sink, these are of
prime importance in the design of production fields. The desired flowrate (production) at the sink often determines the efficiency or feasibility
of a given design. Thus, the flow rate is one of the allowable case study
variables for the sink, as well as the pressure and the injectivity index.
Pipe Variables
In many wells, the inlet (reservoir) and outlet (wellhead) parameters are
usually desired or fixed values, and the equipment linking the two are
subject to adjustments to meet specific production goals. Such equipment includes the connections in the system, such as pipes, tubing,
annuli, and risers.
PIPEPHASE can vary the inner diameter (nominal or actual), roughness,
heat transfer coefficient U, and/or the pressure drop for each of these
connection devices. Additional parameters can be varied for each distinct component. For pipes, you can vary the length, the elevation
change, and or the ambient temperature of the surroundings. For tubing
and annuli, you can also vary the temperature gradient. When working
with an annulus, you can also change the outer diameter.
Device Variables
Variation of device variables is especially useful when you are modeling
an existing system. It would be impractical to change the connections,
such as the pipes or tubing, and so if performance specifications are not
being met, the easiest parameters to vary are found in these devices.
For pumps and compressor, you can change the power, pressure, and
efficiency. You can also vary the number of stages (i.e. single stage or
multistage compressor/pump), and certain parameters such as curves and
efficiencies can be varied for different stages.
In heat exchange networks, you can vary the duty, outlet temperature and
pressure drops of any heaters or coolers present.
In links, when working with Inflow Performance Relationship devices
(IPRs) you can vary the Productivity Index (PI), and/or the coefficient or
the exponent in the corresponding IPR model (e.g. coefficient in Fetkovich gas deliverability model, exponent in the Vogel equation).
51
Executing
the Case
Study
Click the Run button to execute the simulation. By default, the Base
Case and all case study cycles will be executed. You can restrict this
using the Execution Options list option in Case Study Parameters and
Results dialog box.
A Case Summary report is always produced at the end of the output file.
It shows the node pressures, temperatures, and flowrates for each case.
52
Working with Keyword Input Files

Keyword input files (.INP) are free format ASCII text files that define a
PIPEPHASE simulation using specific commands known as keywords.
You can import and run keyword files within the graphical user interface.
Keyword files play many important roles in PIPEPHASE:
They provide an alternate interface with the PIPEPHASE calculational module.
They allow you to maintain compatibility with simulations that were

run with earlier versions of PIPEPHASE.
If you need help with a simulation, you can send your keyword file
to SIMSCI for technical support.
They provide a compact means of storing simulation input.
If you have several similar flowsheets to run, you can create the first
simulation within the GUI and then modify its keyword file for each
scenario.
You can import existing keyword files into the GUI using the Import...
option from the File menu.
Keyword files are easy to read and understand and data are entered in the
following order:
GENERAL DATA
COMPONENT DATA
NETWORK DATA
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
PVT DATA
STRUCTURE DATA
UNIT OPERATIONS DATA
CASE STUDY DATA
53
Running the Simulation

The PIPEPHASE solution algorithm can be used to solve any type of
pipeline network, from complex, multiphase looped systems to singlephase gas transmission lines. This chapter describes network calculation
methods, techniques for achieving better convergence, and the run
options available in PIPEPHASE.
Internally, PIPEPHASE generates a set of material and pressure balance
equations from the input data, and proceeds to solve these equations
simultaneously using a Newton-Raphson scheme and a matrix solver. As
will be seen in the following section, almost any combination of flow
and pressure node conditions can be solved, which gives you tremendous
flexibility in solving a wide variety of problems.
To assist in setting up networks and to follow good simulation practice:
Each boundary node should have one fixed value and one estimated
value.
At least one boundary node pressure must be fixed.
Pressure Balance Method

The methodology for determining the pressure and flow distribution in a
pipeline network is based on a pressure balance ( PBAL) solution algorithm.
From a network flow balance, the PBAL algorithm first identifies the set
of starting link flows which is the minimum set of link flow rates that
completely define the network flow distribution. Spur links, which are
flowrate-specified isolated sections that do not affect the rest of the solution, are identified and solved, independently of the general network
solution. The primary variables for the solution matrix are the starting
link flowrates and all unknown pressure values at source boundaries.
Pressure imbalances are computed at all fixed pressure sink junction
node boundaries, as well as at nodes with two or more incoming flows.
Mass Balance Method
The mass balance (MBAL) solution method is used to provide PBAL with
a good initial estimate of the flow and pressure distribution in the network. This method may also be selected for single phase networks. The
algorithm is based on the principle that the sum of all flows into (and out
of) all nodes in a network must equal zero in steady-state.
54
Calculation
Methods
To perform pressure drop and heat transfer calculations, PIPEPHASE

divides each flow device into calculation segments. The segment calculation takes into account frictional, elevational, and accelerational pressure drop components. Frictional pressure drop is due to the shear stress
between pipe wall and fluid. Elevation pressure drop is a result of the
conversion of fluid potential energy into hydrostatic pressure and the
accelerational pressure drop is the gain or loss in pressure due to changes
in velocity of the fluid.
In addition to the pressure balance of the pipe segment, an energy balance is also performed. There must be a balance between energy coming
into the segment and energy leaving it. Energy can enter or leave with
the fluid or through the flow device walls. The transfer through the walls
is governed by the temperature difference between the average fluid
flowing temperature and the ambient temperature and by the overall heat
transfer coefficient.
Forward
Traverse
The calculation segment and pressure drop and temperature change

equations are the heart of PIPEPHASEs calculational capability. For
flow devices, the calculation segments are strung together and the solution procedure is sequential. Calculation begins at the inlet where the
conditions are known. The heat and momentum balance equations are
solved, in an iterative fashion for this first segment and the conditions at
the other end are found. These calculated conditions become the known
conditions for the inlet to the next segment. Calculations progress
sequentially until the end of the device is reached. Further flow devices
are calculated in the same way until the end of the link is reached. This
calculational method is a forward traverse method, which means that the
calculation proceeds in the direction of the flow.
Calculation
Segment
PIPEPHASE works in segments to determine the pressure, temperature,

hold-up, and flow pattern distribution in all flow devices: pipe, riser, tubing string or annulus. A segment is the smallest calculation increment of
a larger length of pipe, as shown in Figure 30.
WXgQ\\c
VUbdXb_e
c
^
bQ
d
d
Q
8U
Figure 30:
Pipe Segment
@9^D9^
@1fWD1fW
6\eYT8UQd?ed
@?edD?ed
1^W\U
6\eYT8UQd9^
Separate segment sizes can be specified for all horizontal (pipe) and vertical (tubing, annulus, riser) flow devices, either as segment length or the
number of segments per device, through the Network Calculation MethIntroduction to PIPEPHASE
55
ods dialog box. These options should be considered prior to any simulation involving significant changes in fluid density. Almost all multiphase
and single-phase gas applications, as well as single-phase liquid models
with sharp thermal gradients fall under this classification.
A flow device may be internally divided automatically by PIPEPHASE
into several compositional segments based on a maximum limit to the
enthalpy change per segment. This includes pipes, risers, or tubing.
A shorter segment size will increase the accuracy of the simulation at the
expense of computation time. If you are unsure of an optimal segment
size, the simulation should be run first with default segmenting. In subsequent runs, you should adjust segment sizes on the basis of the results
of the prior simulations until the optimal point is defined.
Solution
Algorithm
Figure 31 outlines the segment calculation procedure for every pipe, tubing, annulus, and riser for compositional and steam systems.
Figure 31:
PIPEPHASE Solution
Algorithm
CD1BD
79F5>@!D!8!4<]
5CD9=1D5D@
Y^Ûb\__`
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D-D!D"
31<3E<1D5#85CD
EC9>7851D21<1
@"-@!@5CD
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31<3E<1D58"
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>?
_@5CD#0#@_?#3
_85CD0#8_?#8
>?
D-D88?<4
@-@5CD
I5C
CD?@
This procedure is iterative, and it requires average conditions of pressure

and temperature in order to calculate the phase equilibria and physical
properties of the system. These values are then used for the pressure
drop and energy balance calculations. To achieve this, PIPEPHASE
employs an inner loop for the convergence on pressure, and an outer
loop for enthalpy convergence.
For black oil or single-phase fluids where there are no enthalpy calculations, the segment calculation procedure reduces to a single iteration
loop.
56
Line Sizing
For single links, PIPEPHASE can calculate the sizes of pipes, risers, and
tubing to meet either a pressure drop or a maximum velocity criterion.
You can select from three options:
One flow device with fixed source and sink pressures.
Multiple flow devices with fixed source pressure and maximum

velocity specification.
Multiple flow devices with sink pressure and maximum velocity

specification.
With a fixed source pressure and sink pressure, PIPEPHASE sizes all
flow devices to the same diameter. With a fixed source or sink pressure
and maximum velocity, PIPEPHASE sizes each device separately.
You can select all flow devices to be sized or you can select only particular ones for sizing. You can also supply a set of maximum velocities and
a corresponding set of diameters or slip densities.
During the sizing run, PIPEPHASE checks to see if a device size is such
that a maximum velocity is not exceeded. If this specified or calculated
maximum velocity is exceeded, then PIPEPHASE will select the next
higher line size. Recall that if a range of line sizes is not specified,
PIPEPHASE defaults to the schedule 40 inside diameters. You can override this list by specifying your own preferred line sizes. Note that the
line sizing option does not result in a decrease of the device diameter.
The maximum velocity can be based on one of two criteria. If desired,
you can enter a set of maximum velocities corresponding to a set of
inside diameters or densities (economic velocity). If you do not enter this
data, PIPEPHASE will use the erosional maximum velocity criteria,
VEM, as shown below.
100
Tabular Data Default
VMAX = f ( f ) = --------(8)
f
You can change the value of the erosional velocity constant, which is
100 above. You can also enter values for the two-phase slip densities corresponding to the set of maximum velocities.
Sphering
(Pigging)
Sphering of a wet gas pipelines is a common operating practice to

improve the flow efficiency of the pipeline. PIPEPHASE uses a modified form of the Barua-modified-McDonald-Baker (MB) pigging model
to simulate the sphering process. The MB model is a successive steady
state model. Normal two-phase flow is represented in Figure 32.
57
Figure 32:
Normal Two-Phase
Flow (Stratified)
6\_g
The pig is launched after steady state flow has been reached. After the
pig has been launched four distinct zones of flow occurs in the pipeline the re-established two phase flow zone, the gas flow zone, the liquid slug
flow zone and the undisturbed two-phase flow zone. The model assumes
that the inlet flow rate remains constant at the steady state rate after the
pig has been launched.
Figure 33:
Two-Phase Pipeline
Flow with Spheres
6\_g
BUUcdQR\YcXUT
Dg_@XQcU6\_g
<YaeYTC\eWJ_Û
E^TYcdebRUT
Dg_@XQcU
6\_gJ_Û
PIPEPHASE predicts the pressure profile, length of each zone and the
position of the sphere as a function of time. In addition, when the liquid
slug reaches the end of the pipeline a special slug delivery model is used
to model the slug delivery when the liquid slug accelerates. Next calculation continues after slug delivery is completed to calculate the time it
takes for steady state flow to be re-established in the pipeline.
The first sphere must be launched at the inlet of the first pipe. Subsequent pigs may be launched from downstream pig launching stations
when the upstream pig(s) reach the downstream pig launching station.
To model the pigging process the pig diameter must be specified in the
first pipe. To specify downstream pig launching stations, specify the pig
diameter for the corresponding pipe. The program interprets the launching station to be the inlet of the pipe.
Setting the
Calculation
Tolerances
58
For networks that require iterative calculations, you can set the pressure
convergence tolerance for the solution. For instance, if you do not specify a tolerance pressure value, PIPEPHASE allows for a tolerance of 2
psi. It will then perform the required iterations until it reaches a pressure
that is within 2 psi of the desired value. Setting tighter tolerances results
in more accurate solutions, at the expense of more calculation time. The
tolerance should commonly range between 0.5 to 5 psi for pressure. If

you anticipate a large drop in pressure, then it may be appropriate to set a
higher tolerance. Conversely, for small pressure gradients, you should
set a tighter tolerance value.
PIPEPHASE allows you to specify tolerances for other parameters, as
well. When using the MBAL method, you can specify the flow tolerance,
with the units depending on the fluid type (bbl/day for liquid and black
oil, MM ft3/day for gas and gas condensate, and MM lb/hr for compositional fluids and steam). You can also specify temperature tolerance for
MBAL networks.
For PBAL network solution methods, in addition to the pressure tolerance, you can also specify the rate to improve convergence in networks
with chokes in critical flow.
Getting
Better
Convergence
The best way to ensure that PIPEPHASE calculations converge for a particular network is to make sure that the problem is structured properly
before running the simulation. The following are a few general recommendations on how to set-up networks to avoid the majority of problems
during the solution procedures. These recommendations are preventive
measures rather than actual troubleshooting guides for non-converging
simulations. Such simulations may require greater attention, depending
on the severity of the error.
1.
If you specify fluid flowing from a node of low pressure to another of

larger pressure, PIPEPHASE will not be able to calculate a solution,
unless it reverses the flow. There are cases where the sink node will have
a greater pressure than the source node after a solution is reached, as in
the case of a pump in a single link. Also, in cases of downhill flows, if
gravitational forces are dominant, the flow may be a direction contrary to
the pressure gradient. Generally, you should supply pressure estimates
only at nodes where a value can be confidently predicted.
2.
Every internal node (junction) must have at least one outflowing link and
at least one inflowing link. The junction node should only be used in two
circumstances:
The network structure dictates that one or more links are joining
together or splitting apart.
You require the generation of a phase envelope or two-phase flo

map or flash report (compositional runs only) at a particular point in
the network which is not described by any other node.
59
3.
There are no other reasons for using junction nodes other than the two
previously given. Adding unnecessary nodes only serves to increase the
size of the matrix and so increase computing time. Therefore, while
there is a tendency for neatness in input by splitting long links into
smaller links using junctions, you should bear in mind the possible detrimental effect on the simulation solution procedure.
Thus, reducing the number of junctions results in quicker convergence.
In the figure shown below, two extra junctions (unnecessary) have been
taken out while still retaining all the flow devices.
Note:
4.
Outside of their uses that have been previously indicated, junctions must be viewed as simulation devices only, and should
not be confused with any physical representation of the plant.
The first two primary guidelines for good simulation practice when setting up any network simulation in PIPEPHASE are:
There should be only one link to a sink node.
There should be only one link from a source node.
In the preceding discussion about junctions, we noted how useful it

would be to eliminate superfluous nodes. In the case depicted below, it
would seem that we are contradicting this principle by adding two junctions to the already existing design. However, the two guidelines given
above take precedence over the number of junctions in the network. In
other words, it is preferable to have more junctions rather than to have
more than one link coming from a source or going into a node.
In some cases, two or more links can be attached to a source or a sink, as
shown below. To overcome this limitation, you can construct a dummy
pipe to connect the source to a junction. This pipe should have a nearzero pressure drop (short length, large diameter). Similarly, you can connect a dummy pipe to the sink. PIPEPHASE can then solve the resulting network.
2UddUb
CX_bd@YÙ
<QbWU94
60
CX_bd@YÙ
<QbWU94
5.
Some solution paths may oscillate widely due to flow reversals. To prevent flow reversal in specific links, you can implement a regulator into
the network. Regulators can be used as zero-pressure drop devices that
force flow in a specific direction. For instance, if a certain link is experiencing multiple flow reversals, you can use a regulator to stabilize these
oscillations. In the case of flow reversal in interconnected links, you
should use the check valve only in the link that causes the first flow
reversal. Generally, you should avoid the excessive use of check valves.
If all the link flow directions are known, however, you can select the No
Flow Reversal option instead of specifying a check valve in every link of
the network.
If solution path oscillates widely due to flow reversals:
Run Options
Interactive
Run
Capabilities
Use No Flow Reversal option if flow direction in every link is known
Use Check Valves in key links if direction is not known in every link
Use Flow Rate Damping
You can run a PIPEPHASE simulation in several ways:
Interactivelyrun and solve the active simulation.
Run Otherlaunch
Run Remoteallows
other user applications from the PIPEPHASE simulation environment.
you to create a simulation on your PC and run it

on a remote UNIX machine.
To run your PIPEPHASE simulation interactively, click the Run button

on the toolbar, or select File/Run from the menu bar. The Run Simulation
and View Results dialog box appears. From this dialog box, you can
check simulation data, run simulations, stop and restart simulations, and
link to the Results Access System (RAS) programs.
61
Figure 34:
Run Simulation and
View Results Dialog
Box
The following options can be selected for running a simulation:

Solve Networksolves the problem as a steady state solution. A keyword
input file ( .INP) is first written and the batch execution is initiated. If an
input file already exists, you are asked if it should be overwritten.

Nodal Analysisperforms
detailed engineering analysis of nodes within a
single link.
Line Sizingperforms
detailed engineering analysis of line sizing within a
single link.
Create Keyword Filegenerates a
Run Keyword Fileruns
keyword file from the designated source.
the selected keyword file.
Component Lumpinggenerates
the binary components from the component lumping data. This option appears for compositional transient systems only. The component lumping operation can be run at any point in
the modeling as long as components have been defined. [ TACITE only]
Transient Simulationsolves
[TACITE only]
the system using transient simulation data.
Report options will be discussed in the next chapter.
62
Run Other
The Run Other option allows you to to launch other user applications
from the PIPEPHASE simulation environment. This is useful for running additional engineering applications such as the POPOHZN horizontal well model developed by JNOC. To access other applications:
Click Run Other... within the Run Simulation and View Results
log box.
dia-
Select Properties... to configure the application. This allows you to

name the application and specify the commands used to invoke the
application.
Use Browse... to find an executable application.
The configuration also supports additional commands such as specification of the initialization file. For example, the RAS application could be
configured as follows:
Application Title:
Application Run File
Application Argument List:
Run Remote
Results Access
G:\SIMSCI\PPHASE\GUI\WINRAS.EXE
/i=G:\SIMSCI\PPHASE\USER\PIPEPHASE.INI
PIPEPHASE gives you the ability to create a simulation on your PC and

run it on a remote UNIX machine. When you install PIPEPHASE, a
batch file named XXREMOTE.BAT will be added to your GUI directory,
typically \PIPEPHASE\GUI. This file will allow you to access the remote
batch capabilities of PIPEPHASE, assuming that you have the PIPEPHASE calculation engine on a networked UNIX machine. Normally, you
should not need to modify this file. In order to use the Run Remote feature, you must define the settings for your configuration.
Select File/Remote Settings from the menu bar.
Check the Run Calculations on Remote Computer box to enable this

option.
Check the Minimize Screen During Execution box to have the program run in the background.
You must supply the following information:
The operating system local on your PC.
The host name, user ID, and user files directory path for your remote
host machine.
Select either the TELNET or RSH option for communicating with the
remote host.
For the TELNET option, you must also supply a user password.
63
Viewing the Results

In addition to the standard output report format, you can generate and
view plots, tables, and flowsheet diagrams from PIPEPHASE. This
chapter describes how to view these simulation results through the flowsheet, output file, and the Results Access System, and how to integrate
them into accurate, professional reports.
Interactive
Output
You can interactively view summary results for sources, junctions, and
sinks in two ways:
Select View Output from the menu bar, and make your selections
from the View menu. According to your selection, the node and link
labels, pressures, temperatures, and flowrates are displayed directly
on the flowsheet.
In the View Output mode, double-click on a source, junction, or

sink. The temperature, pressure, and total liquid flowrate (oil +
water) for that node is displayed, as shown below.
You can interactively view summary results for links by double-clicking

on the link when the program is in the View Output mode. The Link Plot
Selection dialog box appears. PIPEPHASE provides you with four plot
types.
Note:
64
To view these plots, select Device Detail as Part, and Plots as

Part under Print Options from the General menu before running the simulation.
Viewing the Results
For example, the Pressure versus Distance plot is shown below.

Figure 35:
Pressure vs. Distance
Plot
Output
Report
You can examine most of your simulation results through the output
report (.OUT) file. PIPEPHASE contains a wide variety of report options
for customizing your output format. In the Print Options dialog box, you
can choose, amongst other things, which portions of the input data you
would like reported. The default print options are given in Table 10
below.
Table 10: Default Print Options
Print Option
Default Setting
RAS Database
None
Input Reprint
Full
Device Detail
Summary
Device Style
Both
Property Data
None
Plots
None
Flash Report
Full
Link Slug Report*
None
Iteration Printout
Off
Connectivity Plot
On
Flow Regime Map
Off
Optimization Printout Control
Part
* Item is activated only when Device Detail is set to Part or Full.
The output report for your simulation is automatically generated after

the simulation has converged. To view the output report, select Output
Report from the Report list box in the Run Simulation and View Results
dialog box, and click View . The report is opened in the Programmers
65
File Editor, provided by PIPEPHASE. PIPEPHASE appends the .OUT

extension to your file name and saves the output file in the same directory that you saved your simulation files. The default directory is C:\SIMSCI\PPHASE\USER.
The output from a PIPEPHASE simulation is in three main sections
which correspond to the three phases of the PIPEPHASE simulation run.
These are the input check and input data reprint; intermediate solution
history and output; and the final results output. PIPEPHASE will only
continue from one section to the next if no errors are detected. If errors
are found, either in the input data or during the solution procedure itself,
self explanatory messages will be printed and the simulation will either
terminate or, in the case of a solution procedure error, PIPEPHASE will
try to resolve the problem and continue with the simulation.
A reprint of your keyword input data file is always created for each output file. PIPEPHASE cross-checks the data for logic and consistency. By
default, it also prints out the full set of input data which shows all the
default values used, as well as the user-supplied data. All, or part, of this
full input data reprint can be suppressed if desired via the Print Options
dialog box.
During solution of a network, PIPEPHASE iterates until it converges to
within the tolerance you set, or that which is set by default. A summary
of any errors or warnings encountered during that iteration will be produced at the end of each iteration. The iteration option can be used to
request additional printout which shows flowrates and pressures at each
iteration of the solution path. This can be particularly useful if you have
inadvertently given conflicting specifications in the problem setup and
the program has failed to resolve the inconsistencies.
If well test data have been specified, the inflow performance coefficient
is calculated before the solution calculations and the report appears in
the intermediate output.
The solution output is made up of a number of sections, as indicated
below:
66
Flash Report
Separator Report
Link Summary
Node Summary
Device Summary
Structure Data Summary
Velocity Summary
Results Summary
Link Device Detail Report
Link Property Detail Report
Slug Report
Case Summary
Sensitivity Analysis
Sphering Report
Viewing the Results
Flash Report
A flash report is produced by default for each node in a compositional

run unless property tables are being used. This report contains the temperature, pressure, composition, flowrate, and properties for each phase
present at each node.
Link Summary
The link summary is produced by default for all PIPEPHASE simulations and shows the flowrates, pressure, temperature, and holdups for
each link in a tabular format. The flowrates displayed are the volumetric
rates at actual flowing conditions for each phase. A negative flowrate
indicates that the fluid flow is opposite to the way it is drawn on the
flowsheet.
Node Summary
The node summary is produced by default and shows the flowrates, pressure, and temperature at each node in a tabular format. The flowrate is
shown for each phase, but the flow basis depends on the fluid type. For a
single-phase liquid or gas, standard volumetric rates are shown. For a
compositional fluid, weight flowrates and gravity are also given.
Device
Summary
The device summary is produced by default and summarizes each device

(pipe, fitting, or item of process equipment) in the order in which they
were defined in the link. The table in the report shows the correlation
used, inside diameter, length, elevation change, liquid holdup, and the
outlet temperature, pressure and liquid fraction. For compositional fluids, a phase envelope and its data points are shown. The Taitel-Dukler
Flow Regime map is produced for two-phase flow.
Results
Access
System
The Results Access System (RAS) is a post-processing feature in

PIPEPHASE that allows you to configure and view text reports, tables,
and plots of transient results data. RAS provides multiple formats to display the data in an effort to satisfy the range of available software to all
users.
To prepare data for RAS, your run must contain the command to create a
database in order to use the RAS. This command is found in the Print
Options dialog box. The database is not required for Sensitivity Analysis
and Gas Lift simulations as the RAS produces customized plots to view
these results.
To run the Results Access System:
After the simulation has converged, click Results Access System in

the Run Simulation and View Results dialog box.
To activate this dialog box, select File/New to create a new RAS

database.
Select your file with extension .RAS.
67
Figure 36 shows the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box.

Figure 36:
Results Access
System
From the General menu, your options are:

Output Format Changeschange
the output units of measure of all results
for the current simulation.

Report Optionsallows
Tables
you to choose the plotter used to graph data.
Tables display results numerically, in a sorted or grouped manner with

appropriate headings. They are viewed in a spreadsheet application. A
minimum of one plot definition is required. PIPEPHASE RAS allows
you to plot inlet/outlet data or all segments data for either the base case
or the optimized case. The table is organized by device, link or variable,
as you desire. Table title is optional and will be defaulted if left blank.
The options within the X-Variable list box are Total Length, Horizontal
Length, Device Length, Pressure, and Temperature.
To create a table, click View/Edit... for Table Options from the

SIMSCI PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box (Figure 36). The RAS Table
Options dialog box appears.
Define the table type and the data to be tabulated.
Click Add to specify the table variables from selections in the RAS
Table Data Options dialog box.
Table data options depend on the simulation type and device link data.
68
Make your Device and Variable selections from the list boxes and
click Add Selection when complete.
Viewing the Results
Figure 37:
Table Data Options
Dialog Box
When youve added all your selections, click toDone

return to the
RAS Table Options dialog box.
Click View to display the table.
Figure 38 shows an example of a table created in RAS. Both the base

case and case study are shown for both devices in the link.
Figure 38:
RAS Table
Plots
PIPEPHASE allows you to view multiple user-selectable dependent

variables on the same plot. You can analyze data along the length of the
pipeline for the base case or any other case in the case study. When multiple segments are defined, there is an option to plot the segments at the
actual location along the pipe, or plot all points with a starting length of
zero. This option is recommended for comparing device data.
To create a plot, click View/Edit... for Plot Options from the SIMSCI PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box (Figure 36). The RAS Plot Options
dialog box appears.
The options within the X-Variable list box are Total Length, Horizontal
Length, Device Length, Pressure, and Temperature. Plot labels are
optional and will be defaulted if left blank.
Define the data to be plotted and enter label names.

69
Click Add to specify the plot variables from selections in the RAS
Plot Data Options dialog box.
Note that this dialog box is essential identical to the Table Data Options
dialog box (Figure 37). Plot data options depend on the simulation type
and device link data.
Make your Device and Y-Variable selection from the list boxes and
click Add Selection when complete.
When youve added all your selections, click Done to return to the
RAS Plot Options dialog box.
Click View to display the plot.
Figure 39 shows an example of a plot of the temperature profile along a

heavy crude pipeline.
Figure 39:
RAS Plot
Plot Viewer
You have a choice of viewing these plots in either the SIMSCI Plot
Viewer or Microsoft Excel 5.0/7.0 Plotter. Plotting graphs in the Plot
Viewer is convenient in saving CPU time and conserving RAM. However, you cannot edit the format or display of the graph in this Plot
Viewer. If you want to edit the presentation of the graph, such as format
the axes labels, change the legend, or use different fonts for the title, etc.,
you should use Microsoft Excel.
70
Viewing the Results
Fluid Flow Basics

When one encounters the complexity of multiphase fluid flow, the question arises as to why it would not be simpler to design systems which
separated phases at or close to the source, thereby encouraging single
phase flow throughout the network. This would eliminate the need for
the complex calculations that multiphase flow demands, saving time
from both a design and maintenance perspective. So, why bother with
multiphase flow at all?
The answer lies in the practical and economical concerns in the construction of piping networks. Multiphase flow is especially economical
in an offshore environment. Building large separation equipment at the
wellhead would be difficult and expensive, due to the high cost of offshore platform space. Another concern regards safety issues. Bulky
equipment offshore introduces greater fire hazards and requires more
maintenance. Furthermore, it is easier to build and maintain a few separators in one site than to support a number of separators spread out
across a large field. The most practical and economical design, therefore,
would be to take the multiphase fluid at the source, transport it through
pipes to the onshore facility, and perform the separations onshore.
SinglePhase Flow
The theoretical basis for fluid flow equations is the general energy equation, which expresses the balance or conservation of energy between two
points in a system. The energy equation can be modified, using thermodynamic principles, to form a pressure gradient equation, as shown in
equation (9). This equation describes the pressure variation in a pipe
inclined at some angle to the horizontal.
dP
dP
dP
dP
------- = -------
+ -------
+ -------
dL elevation dL friction dL acceleration
dL
2
g
d
dP
f
------- = ----- sin + ----------- + ------ -----g
dL
2g c d g c dL
c
(9)
The elevation change component is applicable to compressible or incompressible, steady state or transient flow, in both vertical and inclined
flow. It is zero for horizontal flow only. For downward flow, sin is negative, and the pressure increases in the direction of the flow.
The friction loss term applies to any flow at any pipe angle. It always
causes a pressure drop in the direction of the flow. In laminar flow, friction losses are linearly proportional to fluid velocity. In turbulent flow,
these losses are proportional to vn, where 1.7 n 2. The friction factor,
71
f, in the frictional losses term, is a function of the Reynolds number and

pipe roughness.
The acceleration term is zero for constant area, incompressible flow. For
any flow condition in which a velocity change occurs, as in the case of
compressible flow, pressure drops in the direction of increasing velocity.
Friction
Factor
The friction factor, f, is a ratio of the pipe wall shear stress to the kinetic
energy per unit volume. It is a function of the absolute roughness of the
pipe divided by the inside diameter. It is also dependent upon the Reynolds number, which is the ratio of inertial forces to the viscous forces
acting on the fluid. When the Reynolds number is small (Re < 3000) viscous forces are dominant, and the flow is said to be in the laminar flow
region. Higher Reynolds numbers indicate dominant inertial forces, and
this region is called turbulent flow. Laminar flow is characterized by a
parabolic velocity profile, while a flat velocity profile is observed in turbulent flow.
d
f = function ---, Re , where Re = ---------d
Figure 40:
Single-Phase Flow
BU,#
<Q]Y^Qb6\_g
@QbQR_\YS@b_VY\U
(10)
BU.#
DebRe\U^d6\_g
6\Qd@b_VY\U
Several correlations have been developed expressing the dependence of f

upon the /d ratio and Reynolds number. One commonly used correlation for the single phase friction factor is the Moody diagram.
Multiphase
Flow
72
In the past (and in some cases, even today), it was common practice to
use the simplistic correlations used for single-phase flow, and to extrapolate them to describe multiphase flow. If pure liquid flow had some given
flow characteristics, and pure gas flow had another, then logically, twophase flow should be a composite of these two flow regimes. Not only is
this not the case, but the pressure drop between the two cases differs b
at least one order of magnitude. As we shall see, the simple definitions
that we have applied to parameters such as the friction factor, are subject
to more rigorous analysis in the case of multiphase flow.
Fluid Flow Basics
Pressure Drop
The pressure gradient function given in equation (9) applies for any fluid
in any steady state, one dimensional flow, in which friction (f), density
(), and velocity (v) can be defined. The definition of these variables is
what causes most of the difficulty in describing two-phase flow.
The calculation of pressure gradients requires values for certain flo
conditions, such as velocity and fluid properties. These fluid properties
include density, viscosity, and in some cases, surface tension. When calculating these values for multiphase flow, one encounters certain mixing
rules and definitions unique to this application. Before adapting the previously derived pressure gradient for multiphase conditions, one should
define and analyze some of the more important properties pertaining to
multiphase flow.
Equation (10) below is of an identical form as that for single phase flow,
but one should note that the subscript m (for multiphase) denotes that
these parameters are not set values, but can be dependent on the flow
conditions. In particular, they are dependent on the relative distribution
of the gas and liquid phases.
dP
dP
dP
dP
+ -------
+ -------
------- = -------
dL elevation dL friction dL acceleration
dL
2
f m m m m m d m
g
dP
------- = ----- m sin + ------------------- + ------------- --------gc
g c dL
dL
2gc d
Liquid Holdup
(11)
Liquid holdup is defined as the ratio of the volume of a pipe segment

occupied by liquid to the volume of the pipe segment. That is,
AL
volume of liquid in a pipe segmen
H L = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = -----------------volume of pipe segment
AL + Ag
AG
AL
(12)
where V = Vg + VL and A = Ag + AL.

The value of HL varies from zero, for single-phase gas flow, to one, for
all liquid flow. The most common method of measuring liquid holdup is
done by isolating a segment of a flow stream between two quick-closing
valves, and then measuring the amount of liquid trapped. The remaining
space is occupied by gas, and this space is referred to as gas holdup or
gas void fraction. This is denoted by Hg and is related to HL by:
Hg = 1 - HL
No-Slip Liquid Holdup
No-slip liquid holdup is defined as the ratio of the volume of the liquid in
a pipe segment divided by the volume of the pipe segment which would
exist if the gas and liquid traveled at the same velocity (no-slippage).
73
This ratio is calculated from the measured gas and liquid flowrates by
the equation:
qL
H LNS = ---------------(13)
qL + qg
where qL and qg denote the in-situ liquid and gas flow rates, respectively.
Note that the liquid holdup HL is not equal to the no-slip liquid holdup
HLNS.
To illustrate the difference between liquid holdup and no-slip liquid
holdup, consider the example given in Figure 41. These two cases
describe two-phase fluid flow along a pipe. The first case describes an
uphill flow, while the second case indicates downward flow.
Figure 41:
Liquid Holdup
Dependency on
Elevation
Uphill
f7
Downhill
f<
f<
f7
VL < VG
VL VG
HL > HLNS
HL HLNS
In the case of uphill and horizontal flow, the gas flows more quickly than
the liquid. This is due to the greater influence of gravitational forces
upon the liquid than the gas. Also, the less dense gas phase is much more
buoyant, or lighter, than the liquid, and flows upward more easily. Therefore, since Vg (velocity of gas) is greater than VL (velocity of the liquid),
then from the previous equations describing HL and HLNS, we can see
that HL > HLNS. Mathematically,
AL
qL
AL VL
H L = ------------------ > H LNS > ----------------- = -----------------------------------AL + Ag
q L + qg
( AL V L + A g V g )
(14)
In the case of downhill flow, gravitational forces exert a greater force

upon the liquid than the gas, and therefore, the liquid is pulled downward
at a greater velocity than the gas (due to greater liquid density). Since VL
> Vg in this case, the same equation applies, but the inequality is
reversed:
HL HLNS
74
Fluid Flow Basics
Horizontal
Flow Patterns
Whenever two fluids with different physical properties flow simultaneously in a pipe, a wide range of possible flow regimes exists. The flo
pattern of a given system refers to the distribution of each phase in the
pipe relative to the other phase(s). Numerous studies have given rise to
standard names given to particular patterns, some of which are shown in
Figures 42 through 44.
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Figure 42:
Segregated Flow
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Figure 43:
Distributed Flow
Figure 44:
Intermittent Flow
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Many pressure loss correlations rely heavily on a knowledge of the existing flow patterns in a given pipe. The description of these flow patterns
is what distinguishes the engineers approach to multiphase problems
from other perspectives. To clarify this point, examine the following:
From a mathematical perspective, the introduction of another phase

in a fluid flow problem introduces three new equations into the problem (mass balance, energy balance, and pressure gradient). The
interdependence of these equations along with those of the other
phase brings much complexity to the problem.
From a design perspective, the new phase gives rise to another complication: flow patterns. From the acceptable flow patterns illustrated
in these figures, one has another parameter to define the system.
From a physicists perspective, the second phase modifies the sonic

wave propagation of the system. Sound travels faster through a liquid medium than in a gaseous medium, and so one would expect
sound to travel in a two-phase medium at a speed somewhere in
between the liquid and gas systems. Contrary to this expectation,
75
sound actually travels an order of magnitude slower in two-phase

systems than in either liquid or gas mediums.
Finally, from an engineering perspective, the addition of an extra

phase gives rise to flow patterns, of which the slug flow pattern,
illustrated in Figure 44, is the most troublesome and complex to deal
with. In single phase flow, the goal was to maximize the capacity of
the flow system. In multiphase flow, the goal invariably is to predict,
minimize or even eliminate slug flow.
The prediction of flow patterns for horizontal flow is more difficult than
for vertical flow. In horizontal flow, the phases tend to separate due to
differences in density, causing a form of stratified flow to be very common. When a pipe is inclined at some angle other than vertical or horizontal, the flow patterns take other forms. For inclined upward flow, the
pattern is almost always slug or mist. The effect of gravity on the liquid
precludes stratification. For inclined downward flow the pattern is usually stratified or annular.
Flow Regime
Correlations
Recall that the general pressure gradient equation was composed of three
terms: an elevation term, a frictional term, and an acceleration term. The
elevation term depends on the density of the two-phase mixture and is
usually calculated using a liquid holdup value. The friction term requires
the evaluation of a two-phase friction factor (recall Moody diagram in
single phase calculations). The acceleration term is usually negligible
unless dealing with cases of high flow velocities.
The correlations that have been developed for predicting two-phase
flowing pressure gradients differ in the manner they use to calculate the
three individual pressure gradient components. The correlations are too
numerous to describe in detail, so it will suffice to point out the main differences between the multiphase and single phase correlations.
Multiphase correlations are based on mixture velocities (sum of superficial velocities, rather than actual velocities). Flow patterns must be taken
into account, and these are functions of the superficial velocities, inclination angle, and fluid physical properties. Liquid holdup must also be
known to calculate the corresponding density and viscosity values. The
friction factor is dependent upon all these aforementioned parameters,
and the choice of which correlation to use to evaluate f depends on the
demands of the simulation or calculation. These equations are presented
below:
qL
qG
v SL = ----- , v SG = -----Superficial Velocities
A
A
Liquid Holdup
m = H L L + ( 1 H L ) G
m = H L L + ( 1 H L ) G
76
Fluid Flow Basics
Mandhane Flow Regime Map

The relative distribution of gas and liquid in pipes is known as flow pattern or flow regime. In 1972, G. W. Govier and K. Aziz demonstrated
that the importance of relative volumes of each phase on flow pattern
suggests that logical coordinates for a simple flow pattern map are vSG
and vSL, the superficial velocities (as opposed to earlier work, which
used mass flux rates as coordinate axes). In 1974, J.M. Mandhane
extended the work of Govier and Aziz and constructed the Mandhane
Horizontal Flow Pattern Map, which is shown in Figure 45.
Figure 45:
Mandhane Flow
Regime Map
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To illustrate the use of the Mandhane map, consider the following example: given the following data for a wet gas pipeline, calculate the flow
regime:
Gas flowrate = qg = 18.0 ft3/sec
Liquid flowrate = qL = 0.77 ft3/sec
Pipe diameter = 16.0 in. = 1.33 ft
Calculating the superficial velocities yields values of 12.9 ft/sec and 0.55
ft/sec for the gas and the liquid, respectively. Using the Mandhane map,
we see that this falls within the slug flow region. In fact, many of the
problems encountered in industry reveal pipelines that flow in the slug
flow regime.
The work of Mandhane is restricted to horizontal pipes, but in common
practice, it is almost impossible to get a completely horizontal pipelines.
In most, if not all, cases, slight inclinations will occur, and even small
changes in inclination angle (<1) can cause dramatic changes in the
flow regime.
77
Taitel-Dukler-Barnea Flow Regime Map

In 1976, Y. Taitel and A. Dukler extended the Mandhane study to
account for variations in pipe inclination. The Taitel-Dukler Map is an
excellent model which gives a mechanistic analysis of flow regime
boundaries for horizontal and near-horizontal flow. (Barnea later
extended this analysis to the range of inclination angles.) The basis for
this model is that the most common flow regime for horizontal flow is
stratified liquid. To consider other flow regimes, they examined the
mechanism by which a change from stratified flow could be expected to
occur.
Figure 46:
Taitel-Dukler Flow
Regime Map
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Taitel and Dukler presented criteria for the following changes of flow
regimes:
Stratified to Intermittent
Stratified to Annular
Intermittent to Dispersed Bubble
Stratified Smooth to Stratified Wavy
Annular to Intermittent or Dispersed Bubble
They used this criteria to predict the flow regime for both horizontal and
near-horizontal flow. They did not state an inclination angle at which
their flow regime boundaries are no longer valid. They superimposed
their criteria upon the existing Mandhane map to generate the flow
regime shown in Figure 46, which shows the effect of inclination on
transition boundaries.
The Taitel-Dukler results reaffirmed the observation that slight positive
inclination angles promote slug formation and slight negative inclina78
Fluid Flow Basics
tions promote stratification. Their studies revealed that angles as low as

1 cause significant changes.
Duns and Ros Flow Regime Map
The work of Duns and Ros is an example of the more rigorous studies
involving vertical multiphase flow. They considered the contribution of
both slip and flow regimes, eliminating common simplifications such as
the no-slip condition. They developed correlations to predict liquid
holdup and friction factor, and they also developed methods to predict
which defined flow regime exists at a given point.
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Figure 47:
Duns and Ros Flow
Regime Map
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The flow regimes are defined as functions of the dimensionless quantities Ngv (Gas Velocity number) and N Lv (Liquid Velocity Number).
These are shown in Figure 47 above. There are four main flow regimes
which may occur in a vertical pipe.
The pipe is almost completely filled with liquid and the free gas phase is present in small bubbles. The bubbles move
at different velocities and except for density, have little effect on the
pressure gradient. The liquid phase is always in contact with the pipe
wall.
Region 1: Bubble Flow Region.
The gas phase is more pronounced. Although

the liquid phase is still continuous, the gas bubbles coalesce and form
plugs or slugs which almost fill the pipe cross section. The gas bubble
velocity is greater than that of the liquid. The liquid in the film may
move downward at low velocities. Both the gas and the liquid have significant effects on the pressure gradient.
Region 2: Slug Flow Region.
79
Region 3: Mist Flow Region. The
gas phase is continuous and the bulk of the

liquid is entrained as droplets in the gas phase. The pipe wall is coated
with a liquid film, but the gas phase predominantly controls the pressure
gradient.
The change from a continuous liquid phase to a continuous gas phase occurs. The gas bubbles may join and liquid may be
entrained in the bubbles. The gas phase effects are predominant, though
liquid effects are also significant.
Transition Region.
Ansari Flow Pattern Map

The Ansari correlation is also available in PIPEPHASE for modeling
upward two-phase flow. In 1988, A.M. Ansari developed a comprehensive model composed of a sub-model for flow-pattern prediction and a
set of independent mechanistic models for predicting flow characteristics such as holdup and pressure drop in bubble, slug, and annular flow.
The first step in this analysis is the development or prediction of flo
patterns. Based on the work of Barnea, Taitel, et.al., Ansari predicted
different flow patterns by defining transition boundaries among bubble,
slug, and annular flows. This Ansari Flow Pattern Map is shown in Figure 48.
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Figure 48:
Ansari Flow Pattern
Map
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Boundary A shows the transition from Bubble to Dispersed Bubble flow

which occurs at high liquid rates. In this transition, turbulent forces
break large gas bubbles down into small ones.
Boundary B shows the transition from Bubble to Slug flow, which is
characterized by the coalescence of small gas bubbles into large Taylor
bubbles.
80
Fluid Flow Basics
Boundary C is the transition that occurs at high gas velocities, in which

the dispersed bubble flow is dominated by turbulence that prevents any
agglomeration.
Boundary D, the transition to annular flow, is based on the gas-phase
velocity required to prevent the entrained liquid droplets from falling
back into the gas stream. Barnea modified this transition point by taking
into account the effect of liquid film thickness.
The second step is the development of physical models for the flow
behavior in each flow pattern. This results in distinct models for bubble,
slug, and annular flow. Due to the complexity of churn flow, it is not
modeled separately, but is treated as part of slug flow.
Addressing
Problems
Unique to
Multiphase
Flow
The approach one takes towards a multiphase problem is considerably

different from that taken for a single-phase system. Although both concern the solution or evaluation of the pressure drop equation, the multiphase problem involves parameters that are not only dependent upon factors absent in single-phase calculations (i.e. holdup), but are also interdependent with each other. Many correlations for multiphase flow,
therefore, demand a simultaneous or iterative solution for certain parameters. For instance, many equations used for predicting two-phase flowing pressure losses can be solved explicitly for a two-phase friction
factor. However, the resulting equations are usually a function of liquid
holdup. Therefore, a valid comparison of friction factor correlations
would rely on using data for which measured holdup data, as opposed to
predicted values, were available.
These correlations themselves are dependent upon the flow regime.
Many correlations for pressure drop and/or liquid holdup are only valid
for specific regimes. Use of the Mandhane map for horizontal systems
provides an accurate tool for placing a particular system in a flow
regime. However, the Mandhane map is restricted to horizontal flow, and
when inclinations are present, as they almost always are, then the TaitelDukler-Barnea Flow regime map provides a more accurate description of
the system.
Phenomena
Unique to
Multiphase
Flow
Heading Phenomena in Vertical Upward Flow

In single-phase vertical upward flow, the pressure gradient increases
with increasing flowrate, as expected. A different phenomena is
observed for two-phase flow. To understand this, recall that the pressure
gradient expression has three components: an elevation term, a friction
term, and an acceleration term. At low flowrates, the pressure gradient is
dictated by the elevation term. In this region, the pressure drop decreases
with increasing flow rate. The flow is unstable at this level, and in indus-
81
try, one may observe sporadic, irregular fluid flow (i.e., alternating
between no flow to sudden spurts of fluid flow).
Figure 49:
Modeling Vertical
Upward Flow
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When more gas is present, the elevation component is not as significant
and the friction component begins to predominate. With lower pressure
drops, the amount of gas in the pipe increases, and at a particular point
(indicated by the minimum of the U-shaped curve in Figure 49) frictional forces dominate, and one observes an increase in the pressure gradient with increasing flow rate. This is the stable region of flow.
This phenomena is unique to two-phase flow because of the large difference between liquid and gas densities. In single-phase flow, there is no
critical point at which the density of the system changes dramatically
with lower pressure or higher flowrate. Density remains roughly constant. When two-phases are present, however, one reaches a critical
flowrate at which density, and consequently elevation, factors are overridden by frictional forces, giving rise to this phenomena.
.. .... .
. . . .. . . .
. . ....
82
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.
...
. . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .
. . .. . . .... . .. . . .
. . . . . .. . .
.. . .
Terrain-Induced Slugging
This phenomena is very common when liquid flows at a very slow velocity in a downward direction, then has to climb after a certain point. Low
liquid velocity makes it very difficult for the fluid to ascend the pipe, and
thus, liquid tends to settle down at the valley between the two pipes. Liquid builds up until the flow space is completely occupied, blocking any
gas from passing through. At this point, pressure builds up constantly
until it is large enough to actually force the liquid to flow upwards along
the pipe. This type of flow falls in the slug flow regime, and gives rise to
the term, terrain induced slugging.
Fluid Flow Basics
Small Pressure Recovery in Downward Stratified Flows

Gravitational forces predominate downward stratified flows. In single
liquid-phase downward flow, one measures a distinct pressure gradient
between the inlet and outlet of a pipe. In the presence of gas, however,
this pressure recovery decreases significantly, due to gravitys negligible
effect on the gas. Using gas phase models in these cases models the flow
regime better, and in doing so, the calculated pressure recoveries are
much lower than those expected for liquid systems.
Flow Patterns
As demonstrated in the Taitel-Dukler-Barnea map, flow patterns are
strongly influenced by pipe inclination. This is especially significant
because one almost always has slight inclination in even horizontal
pipes. Angles of 1 can produce dramatic differences in flow regimes.
Heat
Transfer
Calculations
PIPEPHASE performs an energy balance on pipes, risers, tubing, and

annuli. The heat transfer depends on the fluid temperature, properties,
and flowrate, the temperature and properties of the surrounding medium,
and the heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the medium.
PIPEPHASE does not model heat transfer to the surroundings for fittings
and equipment devices.
For non-compositional gas or liquid fluid models, you can suppress heat
transfer calculations for individual flow devices, by specifying isothermal calculations in the general gata list.
PIPEPHASE uses a default value for the overall heat transfer coefficient,
U, of 1.0 BTU/hr-ft2F. You can also specify different U values either
globally or for individual components.
For a pipe or tubing, you can supply an overall coefficient or you can
request detailed heat transfer calculations. Detailed heat transfer calculations are invoked when you input any one of the parameters required to
carry out the calculations. You also supply data for ambient temperature
and geothermal gradient.
The resistance to heat transfer in wellbores consists of a steady-state
component (resistance from tubing to wellbore) and a transient component (resistance from wellbore to rock). The transient effect is modeled
by the Ramey FTD function, which is an analytical solution to the diffusivity equation for a homogeneous medium.
For partially buried pipes, PIPEPHASE uses a modified form of the
Neher formulation to account for heat transfer in the buried part. The
Neher formulation applies to totally buried pipes.
83
PIPEPHASE uses the Churchill correlation to model heat transfer in the

different flow conditions in a pipelaminar, turbulent, and the transition
region between laminar and turbulent flow
For many pipelines, a balance must be reached between the retention and
addition of heat. Heavy crudes usually have such high viscosities and
sensitive temperature-viscosity functions that it is important to keep the
flowing temperature as high as possible. Waterflood lines in cold environments must be kept above the freezing point. Liquid dropout and
hydrate formation in gas and gas/condensate lines can be limited by
maintaining or increasing the flowing temperature. There are two ways
of doing this insulate the line or install heaters along the line. PIPEPHASE allows up to five layers of insulation for pipes, with user-specified
or default conductivities. For onshore pipelines, burying the line or covering it with earth is sometimes an effective means of retarding heat loss.
For offshore pipelines, burying the pipe prevents damage by protecting it
from anchors or offshore construction material. Generally, some combination of heaters, insulation, and burial constitutes an optimum or nearly
optimum operation. Arctic environments usually disallow the burial
option because of damage to the permafrost layer.
If the compositional fluid model is used, PIPEPHASE performs rigorous
heat transfer calculations while taking into account compression and
expansion heating effects as well. In the case of downhole applications,
you can also input a temperature gradient.
Temperature
Calculations
Heat flow through pipes is characterized as:

Q = ud ( T f T A )L
1
U = ---------------------------------- Resistances
(15)
(16)
PIPEPHASE calculates heat loss in pipes to determine the temperature

changes. Equation 15 shows the basic function for calculating heat loss,
Q, over a segment of length L. T f and TA are the temperatures of the
fluid and ambient medium, respectively. The pipe diameter is given by d,
and U represents the overall heat transfer coefficient.
For pipes in PIPEPHASE, the U-value defaults to a value of 1.0 BTU/hrft2F, unless you specify otherwise in the input. PIPEPHASE is able to
rigorously calculate the U-value, and also allows you to override individual heat transfer coefficients, if desired.
Figure 50 shows a cross-section of a pipe, including each layer
through which heat must pass to be transferred from the fluid to the surroundings, or vice-versa. These layers have an overall resistance comprised of the sum of the resistances of the individual layers.
84
Fluid Flow Basics
Figure 50:
Insulation Layers
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The U-value for a pipe is calculated from equation (16) above. Overall
resistance is given by:
Resistances = Rinside, film, + Rpipe + Rinsulation + Rsurr + Rinside + Routside + Rrad
Resistance
Due T
RInside, Film
Boundary layer on the inside of the pipe
RPipe
Material from which the pipe is made
RInsulation
Insulation (up to five concentric layers)
RSurr
Surroundings (soil, air, water)
RInside
An additional fluid resistance inside the pipe (user-defined)
ROutside
An additional ambient fluid resistance on the outside of the pipe (userdefined)
RRad
Radiation
The last three terms, additional resistance inside the pipe, additional
resistance outside the pipe, and radiation, are optional entries.
Large
Elevational
Changes
The phenomena previously described must be restricted to horizontal

flow. When you impose large elevation changes in pipes, the temperature
profile of the fluid takes on a different form than those shown in the preceding graphs. When fluid flows downward, as shown in Figure 51,
heating effects occur due to the change in elevation (higher fluid velocity, and therefore, higher kinetic energy). Due to this heating effect, the
fluid temperature actually approaches an asymptotic temperature that is
greater than the ambient temperature. Note the pronounced difference
between this case and the Joule-Thomson effect. In horizontal flow, the
fluid temperature drops below the ambient temperature, but in the cases
of large elevation, the fluid temperature does not even reach the ambient
value.
Figure 51:
Large Elevational
Changes
<
85
PIPEPHASE performs more rigorous enthalpy calculations for the compositional model (to satisfy the enthalpy balance), and the resulting temperature profile for this case more accurately simulates that produced b
a non-compositional model. A graphical comparison of the compositional and non-compositional model are shown in Figure 52.
Figure 52:
Rigorous Heat
Transfer
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Gas lines coming down mountains often exhibit the behavior shown by
the compositional model in Figure 52. This model incorporates the heating effects due to the change in elevation. Note that the fluid temperature
does not drop to the level of the ambient temperature.
In the case of the non-compositional model, the fluid temperature drops
down to the ambient value. This illustrates that by employing more rigorous heat transfer calculations, severe design errors, such as wrong
pipeline sizing, can be avoided.
Effects of
Temperature
The importance of the effect of temperature on all system calculations

cannot be overstated. Since temperature can have profound effects on
fluid properties, phase split, pressure drop/holdup, hydrate formation,
wax deposition, and flow pattern (among other parameters), any changes
in temperature need to be modeled as accurately as possible.
Of primary importance is the effect of temperature on fluid properties.
These properties influence most, if not all, of the major calculations that
PIPEPHASE performs. Since temperature affects the gas-liquid phase
split, pressure drop and holdup calculations are very sensitive to temperature gradients. This determines the flow regime (flow pattern) of the
system, upon which the pressure drop calculations are based (i.e., friction factor correlations). PIPEPHASE also has a built-in correlation to
determine the point and the type of hydrate formation with the compositional model.
86
Fluid Flow Basics
Applying PIPEPHASE to Downhole Operations

PIPEPHASEs downhole capabilities include the following applications:
Gas Lift Analysis
Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP)
Time Dependent Production Planning
Gas lift analysis is used to investigate the effects of lift gas on well production. Another common method of artificial lift is the electrical submersible pump (ESP) . These pumps improve the productivity of wells
with flow rates ranging from a few hundred barrels to tens of thousands
of barrels per day.
Production planning involves the time-dependent interaction between
the producing formation(s), and all of the wells, gathering lines, and surface facilities in an oil or gas field, and the impact of this interaction on
the overall development strategy of the operating company. PIPEPHASE
supplies this capability through its time-stepping feature.
Gas Lift
Analysis
ProblemThe
bottom hole pressure is too low to support the fluid column
in the well.
RemedyReduce
the density of the fluid column by injecting gas into the
tubing.
DilemmaGas
injection creates additional back pressure which reduces

production rate.
Reservoir pressure decreases gradually once a field is brought into production. Often there arise situations where the reservoir pressure
becomes so low that it is insufficient for the well fluids to reach the wellhead. In these cases, the pressure in the tubing must be artificially
boosted, or lifted, to enable the reservoir fluids to reach the surface. Such
procedures can be performed by using artificial lift methods. Gas lift is
one of the more common artificial lift methods used in the petroleum
industry. Other methods include sucker rod pumping, electric submersible pumps, and plunger/chamber lift, to name a few.
In gas lift, the object is to introduce gas near the bottom of the tubing
string. This injected gas lightens the fluid between the injection point
and the wellhead. Thus, the available bottom hole pressure becomes sufficient to lift this column of aerated fluid to the top. Gas can be injected
87
continuously (continuous gas lift) or in spurts (intermittent gas lift).

PIPEPHASE allows you to model a continuous gas lift analysis, in
which you can specify the fluid properties of the gas, specify valve locations, as well as other parameters.
Figure 53 shows a typical gas lift installation where gas is injected down
a packed annulus and oil and gas are produced through the tubing.
Although the reverse case is sometimes possible (though very unusual),
it is not presently supported by PIPEPHASE.
Figure 53:
Gas Lift
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In this case, we assume that the static fluid level is somewhere between
the topmost valve and the wellhead. Once gas is injected through the
annulus, the topmost valve is designed to open first. This lightens the
fluid above the topmost valve, causing a reduced pressure on the valve
second from the top. The second valve then opens, injecting more gas
into the tubing. This process repeats as more and more valves keep opening. Once a lower valve opens, the upper valves are normally designed to
close. You will see that the gaslift effects generally increase with depth.
Only the bottom most valve allows gas passage into the tubing. This is
called the operating valve . The valves above this one merely help in
bringing the well into production (i.e. unloading the well). They are
therefore called unloading valves. In steady-state operation, PIPEPHASE can calculate the depth of the operating valve.
Designing a
Gas Lift
System
88
The main problems faced by the engineer in gaslift design include:
How much gas should be injected?
At what depth should gas be injected?
What is the casing head pressure limit?
What is the wellhead pressure required for target flowrate?
What is the depth of the operating valve?
There are four options in PIPEPHASE for gaslift analysis:
Generate the pressure profile for a

fixed oil production and lift gas rate.
Generate a table of oil production versus lift gas rate for fixed pressures.
Locate the gas injection valve to match

required tubing head pressure.
Locate the gas injection valve to match

required casing head pressure.
This dialog box appears as part of the simulation definition, and therefore you must enter data into one of these options before continuing on
to the next dialog box. You can access these options again anytime by
selecting Special Features/Gas Lift... from the menu bar.
Gaslift analysis is limited to single link, black oil, continuous gaslift systems. You must follow certain basic rules when setting up gaslift problems, such as:
1. PVT data sets must be available for both the produced reservoir fluid
and the injected gas.
2. The production string is automatically named PROD and the gas
injection string (annulus) is named GASL.
3. Gas injection rates are user-specified.
Option 1
Pressure Profile
In Option 1, Pressure Profile, the casing-head pressure and the lift-gas
injection rate are fixed. Given values for these parameters, PIPEPHASE
calculates the pressure profiles in both the annulus and the tubing for the
corresponding production rate.
When specifying a gaslift calculation with this option, PIPEPHASE will
prompt you to enter values for the lift gas injection pressure and temperature at the casing head, lift gas injection rate, and the vertical depth
from the well head to the lift gas injection valve. You can also enter the
percent of soluble lift gas which dissolves in the well fluid. This value is
defaulted to 100%, and generally should not change.
89
Figure 54:
Option 1: Pressure
Profile
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Since you know the injection rate along the well depth, obtaining the
annulus pressure profile is relatively simple. Pressure profile calculations in the tubing are done as follows:
1. As oil rate is fixed (calculated from the injection rate), the bottomhole flowing pressure is known, then
2. Use formation GOR to calculate the pressure gradient from the bottomhole to the operating valve,
3. Use total GOR (formation = injection) to calculate the pressure
traverse from the operating valve to the wellhead.
Option 2
Injection Performance
In Option 2, Injection Performance, PIPEPHASE generates a table of oil
production versus lift gas rate, given fixed values for wellhead pressures,
valve depth and the casing-head pressure. When selecting gaslift option
2, PIPEPHASE will ask you to further specify the injection rates. You
can specify up to nine lift gas injection rates in standard gas volume
units, and all entries must be greater than zero. As in option 1, you can
also enter a value for the percent solubility of the lift gas in the well fluid
(generally 100%).
For each gas injection rate, there will be an oil flow rate that satisfies the
system constraints. At lower gas injection rates, increasing the rate lightens the well fluid and therefore causes a production increase. However,
at higher injection rates, the frictional losses in the tubing may be so high
that this trend is reversed. There is, therefore, an optimal injection rate,
as shown in Figure 56.
90
Figure 55:
Option 2: Injection
Performance
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Example Gas
Injection Curve
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Note that continuously increasing lift gas rate does not necessarily result
in increased production rate. When frictional forces dominate, higher
injection rates actually decrease production. The optimal gas injection
rate and the corresponding oil production achievable are indicated by the
arrows.
Option 3
Valve Location - Fixed Tubing Head Pressure (THP)

When you select gaslift option 3, Valve Location - Fixed TH , PIPEPHASE will prompt you to specify lift gas injection temperature and pressure at the casing head, injection rate, and up to eight vertical depths
from well head to lift gas injection valves. From these specified values,
PIPEPHASE will then locate the gas injection valve to match the
required tubing head pressure. Figure 57 shows a plot of injection depth
versus the production string outlet pressure, which you must also specify. Note that greater injection depths process higher wellhead pressures.
91
Figure 57:
Option 3: Valve
Location Fixed THP
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Option 4
Figure 58:
Option 4: Valve
Location Fixed CHP
Valve Location - Fixed Casing Head Pressure (CHP)

Option 4, Valve Location - Fixed CH , generates a casing head pressure
versus gas injection depth curve. PIPEPHASE models valve performance by using the orifice gas pressure drop equation. Identical to
option 3, PIPEPHASE prompts you to enter values for lift gas injection
temperature and pressure at the casing head, injection rate, and up to
eight vertical depths from well head to lift gas injection valves. Also,
you can enter the percent solubility of the lift gas in the well fluid, which
is generally 100%.
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Gaslift option 4 allows you three additional entries:

1. Orifice inside diameters corresponding to the gas-lift injection
valves.
2. Inside diameters of tubing above gaslift valves corresponding to the
gas-lift injection valves.
3. Orifice coefficients corresponding to the gas-lift injection valves.
92
Electrical
Submersible
Pump (ESP)
Electrical Submersible Pumps

(ESPs) are applicable to a wide
range of operating conditions: deep
formations, high viscosity fluids,
directionally-drilled wells, etc. The
primary limiting factor in the efficient operation of an ESP is the
amount of associated free gas produced. Free gas (as opposed to gas
in solution), which in limited quantities actually improves operation
(by increasing overall fluid buoyancy), also progressively degrades
performance due to cavitation, ultimately creating a gas lock, at which
point the pump ceases operation. T
prevent such performance degradation, free gas is frequently (partially) separated downhole, and reintroduced into the production
stream downstream of the chok
(venting to the atmosphere not being permitted in most areas).
The ESP model in PIPEPHASE simulates a downhole pump in terms of
its effects on the hydraulics of the well-bore. This includes logic to handle specific features such as gas separation at the inlet (and subsequent
re-injection at the surface), and the effect of viscosity on pump performance.
Clicking the ESP button in the Link Device Data window brings up the
Electrical Submersible Pump dialog box, shown in Figure 59. This is the
original Pump dialog box with an additional button for the entry of ESPspecific data.
Figure 59:
Electrical
Submersible Pump
Dialog Box
93
There are two categories of data entry under the Electrical Submersible
Pump dialog box. The first category is for data specific to the pump, and
the second for data specific to a downhole separator located immediately
upstream of the pump (to reduce the gas ingestion). Pump-specific data
include auxiliary power, submergence depth, casing head pressure, and
the vertical pressure gradient. A check box for the Riling correction factor is provided for viscosity-related corrections to the pump performance
curves. The Head Degradation Curve (maximum of 5 points) allows the
specification of degradation as a function of gas fraction. When a downhole separator exists, you are prompted for the separator name, and
either the gas ingestion percent (GIP) rate for the pump, or the pump OD
and casing ID, to calculate the GIP internally.
Under the Electrical Submersible Pump Curve dialog box, you have a
choice of entering up to ten data points or the three constants in each of
the quadratic equations representing the head, efficiency and horsepower
in terms of the in situ volumetric flow rate.
TimeStepping
Production
Planning
Although PIPEPHASE is a steady-state simulator, it can accurately

model well behavior over an extended period of time. Typically, the time
period of analysis extends from a few years to the entire producing life
of the field. For such periods, a quasi-steady-state approach is expected
to be an adequate representation of the time-dependent problem. This
approach can be achieved through successive steady-state PIPEPHASE
simulations, each representing a time-step in the operating history of the
field.
The main components of the time-stepping analysis are:
Well Grouping
94
Well Grouping
Reservoir Depletion
Facilities Planning
Each of the well completion zones in a gathering network from a specific

formation or reservoir. The decline in the reservoir pressure with time
and the changes in the characteristics of the fluid produced are a function
of the total fluid volume produced form the reservoir. For the purposes of
these claculations, a well completion is associated with a reservoir
group. A reservoir group includes all of the producing zones that contribute to its depletion.
Reservoir
Depletion
The depletion of a reservoir over the life of a field is represented by a

decline in average reservoir pressure that affects the production capacity
of the associated wells. Additionally, with time, the composition of the
product fluid changes. For most reservoirs, the gas-oil ratio increases
with time; for a reservoir with an active water drive, the produced water
cut increases as the water table creeps up. The reservoir depletion feature
will predict the average decline in reservoir pressure for all the completions in the reservoir as a function of the cumulative produced volume.
In addition, at the end of every time step, it will update the water cut and
GOR in each associated completion zone as simplified functions of the
cumulative production rate (or reservoir pressure).
Figure 60:
Reservoir Pressure
Over Time
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In PIPEPHASE, the user-specified data for reservoir depletion includes

the initial cumulative production rate (Q cum) and the basis for Qcum calculations. The default value for initial Q cum is zero (virgin field) and the
default calculation basis is oil (or gas for a gas field).
At every time step, PIPEPHASE calculates Q cum by adding production
from all the grouped wells. PIPEPHASE also calculates the change in
the average pressure, Pr, average, for the reservoir. It is important to note
that the initial value of the reservoir is taken to be the value you specified
in the Source dialog box. Subsequent values of P r are calculated from
Pr, average. This is a different case from the time-step calculations for
fluid characteristics, water cut and GOR. In these cases, the initial values
are taken from the initial IPR curves rather than those specified in the
Source dialog box.
95
Well
Depletion
Figure 61:
Wellhead Pressure as
a Function of
Production Rate
Production Rate
The reservoir pressure declines by an amount calculated from the
grouped wells. This affects the IPR equation or the tabular data for the
IPR, since the reservoir pressure, Pr, is the common variable in most IPR
equations. Figure 61 illustrates the dependence of production rate upon
wellhead pressure and reservoir pressure. As the reservoir pressure
declines, so does cumulative production.
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Fluid Characteristics
For an active water drive reservoir, the water cut, fw, will increase significantly with increasing production. The data for the f w decline curve can
be input in the IPR Decline Data dialog box. However, you must also
specify an initial value for fw in the input dialog box for the Source node.
Therefore, an ambiguity may exist between the IPR calculated value for
initial f w and that entered into the source data. To resolve any discrepancy, PIPEPHASE will use the value calculated from the IPR curve.
This data is well specific, and therefore, gives a more reliable value than
that input into the source node, which may be an average value.
Figure 62:
Water Cut and GOR
as a Function of
Production Rate
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Similarly, for a Solution Gas Drive Reservoir, the Gas:Oil Ratio (GOR)
varies with increasing production. To properly model this time-dependent variation, PIPEPHASE uses the values from the IPR decline curve
96
(if you have supplied these). Otherwise, PIPEPHASE uses the initial
GOR value youve specified in the Source node.
In cases of enhanced oil recovery, PIPEPHASE allows you to specify
additional parameters to more accurately model the system. In the case
of pressure maintenance in an oil field, an additional well is used to
inject fluid (for example, water), into the reservoir to prevent or hinder
the decline of reservoir pressure. The cumulative production then
becomes a function of the amount of fluid being injected and the physical properties of that fluid.
N
Q cum = Q cum, initial
w
B
-----Q t +
Bo i
Qi t
i=1
i=1
injection well
production well
(17)
If water is injected into an oil reservoir, a given volume of water will not
have the same pressure as an equivalent volume of oil. Therefore,
PIPEPHASE allows you to enter a Formation Volume Factor (FVF),
which takes into account the fluid properties. The FVF is represented by
B in the equation above. PIPEPHASE also allows you to specify a deliverability basis for the calculations. The default basis is oil, and this is
indicated by the Bo in the denominator within the summation above.
97
Executing a Sensitivity (or Nodal) Analysis

Sensitivity or Nodal analysis allows you to graphically represent the
flow and pressure behavior of wells, pipelines and other single link systems when input parameter(s) are varied over a range of values. The single link option must be chosen to activate nodal analysis/sensitivity
analysis.
Dividing the
Link
Figure 63:
Dividing the Link
Concept
The link is divided into two sections at any point on the link. This point
is called the Solution Node which you can specify. The section upstream
of the solution node is called the Inflow Section. The section downstream
of the solution node is called the Outflow Section. Figure 63 shows the
solution node at the wellhead. The well is in the inflow section and the
surface flow line is in the outflow section.
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The Inflow Performance curve is the plot of the solution node pressure
PSN as the flow rate is varied in the Outflow section keeping the sink
pressure constant. Note that PSN increases with flow rate.
Figure 64:
Performance Curves
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For the given link with a fixed source and sink pressure the solution node
pressure calculated in the inflow section must have the same value as the
solution node pressure from the outflow section.
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Figure 65:
Inflow and Outflow
Definitions
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Graphically this is represented by the intersection of the the Inflow and

Outflow performance curves. The intersection point represents the solution node pressure and the flow rate that you will get for the link.
Figure 66:
Inflow and Outflow
Performance Curves
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A family of Inflow curves can be generated for a range of values of an

Inflow parameter. In this case, the parameter is the source pressure. A
family of Outflow curves can be generated for a range of values of an
Outflow parameter. In this case, the chosen parameter is the sink or outlet pressure. When the families of Inflow and Outflow Curves are overlaid on the same plot we get the plot shown in Figure 67.
When a pair of inflow and outflow curves intersect each intersection
point represents the operating flow rate and solution node pressure for
the link for the values of the parameters each curve represents. For
example, Q1 is the flow rate in the link if the source pressure is 600 psia
and the sink pressure is 100 psia. The pressure at the solution node is P1.
The nodal analysis plot concisely represents the system behavior (P SN
and Q) of the link when the Inflow and Outflow (plot) parameters vary
over a range of values. This information would be useful for predicting
system behavior or in making decisions on how to control the system to
obtain the desired behavior.
99
Figure 67:
Demonstrating the
Relevance of
Intersections of
Performance Curves
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Terminology
Sensitivity Parameters
When generating a nodal plot you have to select one parameter for each
family of Inflow and Outflow curves ( Sensitivity parameter). Typical
choices of a parameter could be the reservoir pressure for Inflow and
flow line ID for Outflow.
You can select up to 5 values for each parameter. This implies up to 5
Inflow and 5 Outflow curves may be generated. Up to 5*5 = 25 intersection points may be obtained. The chosen parameters must be from the
base case input data. To generate the curves, up to 10 flowrates may be
specified.
Compound Parameter
Typically, we choose one parameter. In PIPEPHASE, several parameters
can be compounded into one parameter. Such a parameter is called a
compound paramete . A compound parameter may be the ID of a tubing
and its corresponding roughness. It may be a combination of parameters
from different devices. For example, one set of values of the pump
power, pipe ID and heater duty can be compounded as one compound
parameter value.
In PIPEPHASE the available parameters are divided into 7 categories.
Compounding can be done only with parameters belonging to the same
category. The only exception to this is the source data category and the
IPR data which belongs to the structure data category. IPR data can be
compounded with source data.
100
Single Link
Calculations
A solution node can be specified by one of 3 ways:
Specify the device name. The solution
node will be placed at the inlet of

the device. If it is the first device in the link, the source parameters
will belong to the Inflow section.
Specify the Source name. The solution
Specify Bottom or Sink.
node will be at the source. In this

case no Inflow section (and data) can exist. Similarly, specify the
Sink name. The solution node will be at the sink. In this case no Outflow section (and data) can exist.
In this case the solution node will be located at

the outlet of the last device in the link. The Sink parameters may be
in the Outflow section. Note that when you select the Inflow parameters the parameter must belong to the Inflow section. When you
select the Outflow parameters the parameter must belong to the Outflow section. It is a common mistake to mix up the flow section and
the choice of parameter.
The structure data input requirements include:
The source and sink pressures must be specified.
The source flow rate must be estimated.
Additional plots generated in PIPEPHASE include the solution node

temperature as a function of flow rate for each Inflow parameter value
and the sink temperature for each Outflow parameter.
To generate a nodal analysis plot you must select an Inflow and an Outflow parameter and the range of values you want to use for each parameter. All the parameters are divided into 7 categories. Compounding of
parameters is allowed within each data category only with the exception
of source/sink parameters and corresponding new IPR Device parameters. These two sets of parameters may be compounded even though the
belong to different categories.
Category 4 above refers to the non-compositional source properties that
can be defined for Sensitivity Analysis. The Lateral Source (categories 6
and 7) refers to a subsidiary feed, such as an injection device, which acts
as an additional source to the Main source.
101
Table 11: Available Parameters

Categor
Nodal
Analysis
Output
Device
Available Parameters
Source
Pres, PI, Vogel, Coeff, Exp
Sink
Pres, II, Coeff, Exp
Structure Completion
Shots, Perforation Diameter, Penetration Depth, Tunnel
Pipe
ID, Rough, U, Floweff
Tubing
Riser
Annulus
ID, Annulus, OD Tube, Rough, U, Floweff
Choke
ID, Coeff
Compressor
Stages, Power, Pres, Eff
Pump
Stages, Power, Pres, Eff
Heater
Duty, Tout, DP
Cooler
Duty, Tout, DP
Separator
Percent, Rate
Injection
Temp, Pres
Sales
Rate
Glvalve
Rate, Dissolve
IPR
RVAL
PVT
GOR, WCUT, CGR, WGR, Quality
Main Source Compositional
Composition
Lateral Source Compositional
Composition
Lateral Source
Rate, Temp, Pres
Nodal Analysis output consists of the following:
The Nodal Pressure plotdisplays the solution node pressure versus

flow rate curve for each value of the sensitivity Inflow and Outflow
parameter. The plot data is included.
The Nodal Temperature plotdisplays the solution node temperature versus flow rate curve for each Inflow parameter value and the sink
temperature versus flow rate for each Outflow parameter value. The
plot data is included.
If completions exist in the simulation, a family of completion pressure drop versus flow rate is plotted for each Inflow parameter if the
completion is in the Inflow section or Outflow parameter if the completion occurs in the Outflow section. The plot data is included.
The intersection points are reported in the output report.
Figure 68 shows a typical nodal pressure plot. The Inflow parameter is

source pressure and the Outflow parameter is pipe ID Increasing source
pressure increases flow rate and increasing pipe ID increases flow rate.
102
The nodal plot helps to decide what source pressure and pipe ID combinations would be feasible for a desired throughput.
Figure 68:
Nodal Pressure Plot
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Features
Unique to the
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE offers many nodal analysis technical features not commonly found in standard nodal analysis packages. The compositional
capability with the extensive SIMSCI component library is one example
of these features. This allows rigorous simulation of phase behavior and
heat transfer that is not possible with black oil type approaches. Other
fluids that can be used include steam, black oil, liquid, gas and gas condensate models.
PIPEPHASE solves the total energy balance equations. This enables the
calculation of both pressure and temperature profiles in the link. Also,
you have the option of conveniently defining the location of the solution
node. The best choice of the solution node location changes from problem to problem and where field data may be available for comparison.
As you have seen earlier, you can use all standard PIPEPHASE equipment devices in the sensitivity analysis. A number of parameters for each
device are available for you to vary, in order to fully study the effects of
specific parameters on the overall system performance. In addition to
devices which affect pressure drop, PIPEPHASE allows the study of
temperature change devices (heater/cooler capacity).
The option of combining, or compounding, parameters together is a
practical feature which can save considerable simulation time. Several
sensitivity variables can change in unison like a single parameter. This
feature also allows you to organize the sensitivity analysis more, which
is especially useful when working with a large number of parameters.
103
PIPEPHASE Sensitivity Analysis is structured such that virtually any

oilfield production/injection problem or any pipeline problem can be
analyzed. The fluid composition itself can be changed. You can perform
a gaslift analysis using the black oil model using the gaslift analysis
option. But the Sensitivity Analysis feature also allows you to carry out a
compositional gaslift analysis by using the Injection device.
Finally, the nodal analysis can be done in conjunction with PIPEPHASEs Case Study option. This allows you to vary other parameters,
independent of the nodal analysis parameters. This enables you to efficiently generate an unlimited number of plots in one simulation run.
104
Index
A
Algorithm, solution
56
Annulus
43
Ansari flow regime map
80
Antoine viscosity data
24
Applications
field wide simulation
single pipe analysis
wellbore analysis
15
10
12
Artificial lift
applications
gas lift method
12
14
Assay data
20
B
Blackoil model
fluid type
PVT data
19
24
Bottomhole completions
46
Bottomhole pressure
calculating
11
limitations
parameter
running a
variables
49
50
52
50
Downward stratified flow
Change types
50
DP-DT device
48
Change variable names
49
Duns and Ros flow regime map
79
Check valve
47
Choke
48
Color cues
Component lumping
19
38
20
20
21
20
Compositional fluid model

options
phase type
source
thermodynamic data
transport methods
19
21
37
28
29
Compound parameter
Contaminants
Convergence, ways to obtain
Calculation methods
algorithm
convergence
forward traverse
line sizing
mass balance method
pressure balance method
rules
segments
tolerances
56
59
55
57
54
54, 59
54
55
58
Calculator
40
Case study
change types
change variable names
cumulative changes
entering data
functionality
global changes
individual changes
50
49
50
49
49
50
50
62
Components
defining
entering data
generating from assay data
library
lightends data
petroleum
Compressor
100
47
24, 25
59
Correlations
flow
flow regime
fluid properties
mixing
oil, water
pressure loss
viscosity
31
76
18
25
27
75
25
Cumulative changes, case study
50
D
Data entry windows
Defaults
See Global defaults
Device summary
67
Distributed flow
75
Downhole operations
electrical submersible pump

gas lift analysis
time-stepping analysis
93
87
94
83
E
Edit menu
Electrical submersible pump (ESP)

applications
curve data
data requirements
93
94
93
Elevational changes
effect on temperature
85
F
Fetkovichs gas flow equation
45
Field wide simulation

applications
reservoir decline
15
16
File menu
Flash report
5
67
Flow correlation defaults
31
Flow efficiency parameter
32
Flow patterns
horizontal
vertical
75
79
Flow regime correlations
76
Flow regime maps

Ansari
Duns and Ros
Mandhane
Taitel-Dukler-Barnea
80
79
77
78
Flowsheet
editing
junction
links
network types
sink
source
terminology
viewing
8
38
41
33
39
36
33
8
105
Fluid characteristics, reservoir
96
Fluid models
blackoil
compositional
gas condensate
non-compositional
single-phase gas
single-phase liquid
steam model
19
19
19
18
19
19
19
Forsheimer equation
45
overall U-value
performing
pipe
temperature
41, 83
83
42
84
Heated oil pipelines
12
Heater/cooler
47
Help
documents
online
technical support
3
3
3
Forward traverse calculation method 55
Holdup, liquid
73
Friction factor
Horizontal flow patterns

distributed flow
intermittent flow
segregated flow
75
75
75
HW coefficient
32
Hydrates
40
72
G
Gas condensate model
fluid type
PVT data
19
25
Gas lift analysis

designing in PIPEPHASE
injection performance
modeling
modeling options
optimum gas injection rate
PIPEPHASE options
pressure profile
simulation type
typical installation
valve device
valve location - fixed CHP
valve location - fixed THP
88
90
14
89
15
14
89
17
88
48
92
91
Gas model
fluid type
PVT data
Inside diameter defaults
32
19
25
Insulation
84
Interactive output
64
Global changes, case study
50
Interactive run capabilities
61
Interconnected wells
16
Intermittent flow
75
Global defaults
flow correlations
flow efficiency parameter
HW coefficient
inside diameter
Palmer corrections
thermal
transitional Reynolds number
31
32
32
32
31
32
32
H
Heat transfer calculations
defaults
effects of temperature
insulation layers
large elevational changes
methods
106
I
Individual changes, case study
50
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

Fetkovichs gas flow equation
45
modeling
43
Productivity Index (PI) model
43
solution gas-drive reservoir
45
Injection device
47
Injection performance, option 2
90
Input units of measure

See Units of measure
J
Jones gravel-packed completion
46
Junction
data requirements
inactivating
38
36
reprint in output file

running
66
62
L
Laminar flow
72
Library components
20
Lightends
21
Line sizing
entering data
maximum velocity
options
running
9
57
57
62
Link
annulus
bottomhole completions
check valve
choke
compressor
definition
dividing the
DP-DT
gas lift valve
heater/cooler
injection device
IPR
multi-stage compressor
pipe
pumps
regulator
riser
separator
summary
tubing
43
46
47
48
47
41
98
48
48
47
47
43
47
42
47
48
42
47
67
43
Link Device Data window

features
opening
9
9
Liquid holdup
defining
no-slip
73
73
Liquid model
fluid type
PVT data
19
26
Looped networks
34
M
11, 15
32
86
84
85
55
K
Keyword input file
creating
data entry order
importing
62
53
5
Main window
color cues
components
data entry windows
menu bar
8
6
7
6
Index
opening Link Device Data window 9

toolbar
7
workspace
5
Mandhane flow regime map
77
Maps, flow regime

Ansari
Duns and Ros
Mandhane
Taitel-Dukler-Barnea
80
79
77
78
Mass balance method
54
McLeod open-perforated completion 46

Menu
edit
file
view
8
5
8
Menu bar
Multiphase flow
downward stratified flow
horizontal flow patterns
liquid holdup
modeling
pressure drop
problems unique to
sphering (pigging)
terrain-induced slugging
vertical flow patterns
vertical upward flow
83
75
73
72
73
81
58
82
79
81
Multi-stage compressor
47
N
NETOPT
Network model
Networks
looped
running
tree
types
New file
Nodal analysis
application
calculations
compound parameter
dividing the link
entering data
features unique to PIPEPHASE
inflow/outflow curves
output
running
sensitivity parameters
terminology
wellbore applications
1
17
34
62
33
33
5
98
101
100
98
9
103
98
102
62
100
100
12
Node summary
67
Non-compositional fluid models

define
source requirements
18
37
No-slip liquid holdup
73
Pressure balance method
Online help
Optimization
Optimum gas injection rate
15
Output
link profiles
nodal analysis
node and link labels
node simulation results
64
102
64
64
Output format changes

Output report
sections
See Also Report
units of measure
Overall heat transfer coefficient
inflow/outflow parameters
link profiles
nodal temperature
pressure vs. distance
print options
production vs. gas injection rate
RAS example
68
66
23
102
64
102
65
64
15
70
54, 59
Pressure drop function
73
Pressure loss correlations
75
Pressure profile, option 1
89
Print options
64
Production rate
96
Pumps
47
PVT data
blackoil model
condensate gas
gas fluids
liquid model
steam model
24
25
25
26
27
PVT table generation
17
41, 83
Q
P
Palmer corrections
Parameters
case study
compound
sensitivity
Quality
37
31
R
50
100
100
Performance curves
98
Petroleum components
20
Phase envelope
10
Phase type
21
Pipelines, heated
12
PIPEPHASE
applications
components
GUI
launching
main window
NETOPT add-on
simulating networks in
TACITE add-on
technology
window components
10
2
2
5
5
1
17
2
1
6
Pipes
42
Plot viewer
70
Plots
creating in RAS
69
Reference source
36
Regulator
48
Report
device summary
flash
link summary
options
summary
67
67
67
68
67
Reservoir decline option
16
Reservoir depletion
95
Reservoir performance curve
13
Reservoir pressure
96
Reservoir, solution gas-drive
45
Results
link profiles
nodal analysis
node
Results Access System (RAS)
output format
plot viewer
plots
report options
64
102
64
68
70
69
68
107
running
tables
Retrograde condensation
67
68
10
Reynolds number
laminar and turbulent flow
transitional
72
32
Risers
42
Run options
interactively
run other
run remote
61
63
63
S
Save
5
55
Segregated flow
75
Sensitivity analysis
See Nodal analysis
100
Separator
47
Simulation
changing the UOM
copying and deleting
creating a new
defining
editing
printing
running
saving a
viewing
22
5
5
17
8
5
5
5
8
Simulation type
gas lift analysis
network
PVT table generation
17
17
17
Single pipe analysis

capacity calculations
heated oil pipelines
phase envelope
steam injection networks
10
12
10
11
Single-phase flow
acceleration term
elevation change
friction loss
modeling
72
71
71
71
Single-phase gas model
19
Single-phase liquid model
19
Sink
inactivating
requirements
36
39
Slugging, terrain-induced
82
108
Source
compositional fluid
data requirements
entering component data
estimated values
fixed values
inactivating
non-compositional
reference
temperature requirement
Sphering
modeling
Start PIPEPHASE
Segments, calculation
Sensitivity parameters
Solution algorithm
56
Toolbar
37
36
38
36
36
36
37
36
37, 38
57
5
Steam injection networks
11
Steam model
fluid type
PVT data
19
27
T
Tables
creating
example
68
69
TACITE
component lumpring
entering transient data
running
2
62
9
62
Taitel-Dukler-Barnea map
78
Technical reference
flow regime correlations
friction factor
horizontal flow patterns
multiphase flow
multiphase phenomena
single-phase flow
vertical flow patterns
Technical support
Tolerances
76
72
75
72
81
71
79
3
Temperature calculations
84
Terrain-induced slugging
82
Thermal defaults
32
Thermodynamic data
handling water
method applications
options
pre-defined methods
transport methods
29
29
28
28
29
Time-stepping analysis
components
reservoir depletion
well depletion
well grouping
94
95
96
94
58
7
Transitional Reynolds number
32
Transport methods
29
Tree networks
33
Tubing
43
Turbulent flow
72
U
Units of measure
output
pre-defined sets
standard sets
23
22
23
UNIX, running PIPEPHASE on
63
V
Valve location
fixed CHP, option 4
fixed THP, option 3
92
91
Variables, case study

device
pipe
source and sink
51
51
50
Vertical flow patterns
79
Vertical upward flow
81
View menu
Viscosity correlations
8
25
W
Water cut
96
Water, thermo for handling
29
Well depletion
fluid characteristics
production rate
96
96
Wellbore analysis
graphical solution
heat transfer calculations
nodal analysis
overview
varying pipe sizes
varying well-head pressure
13
15
12
12
13
13
Wells
grouping
horizontal
interconnected
94
46
16
Workbook conventions
Index
Contents
Black Oil Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Black Oil Flowline with Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Compositional Pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Gas Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Case Study of Black Oil Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Heavy Crude Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Pipeline Sphering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Looped Black Oil Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Black Oil Gathering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Two Well Gas Lift Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Steam Injection Well. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Forecasting Well Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Three-Year Decline Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Ridge Pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Appendix - Keyword Input Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
All diameters in the example problems are in actual measurement unless otherwise stated.
Black Oil Pipeline

#
TASK
Figure 1:
Black Oil Pipeline
Black oil flows through a pipeline with an inner diameter of 10 inches

and a pipe roughness of 0.002 inches. The pipeline drops 1,000 feet over
its 20,000 foot length. The fluid properties at the source are listed in
Table 1.
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Table 1: Source Fluid Properties
Part A
Property
Value
Oil, API
30
Gas, specific gravity
0.75
Water, specific gravity
1.05
Temperature
120F
Gas/Oil ratio
200 ft3/bbl
Water Cut
10%
Create a new simulation BLKOIL. The SOURCE pressure is 1000 psig and
the SINK pressure is 500 psig. Use 100000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate
estimate for both the source and the sink.
For these conditions, what is the oil flowrate?
What is the water flowrate?
Part B
In a second run, keep the source pressure at 1000 psig, but use a fixed
flowrate of 100,000 bbl/day of oil. As for initial sink estimates, use
100,000 bbl/day for flowrate and 500 psig for pressure. Note that for
blackoil problems, the source flowrate is based on the oil flowrate, not
the total flowrate.
What will the sink pressure be?
SOLUTION
Part A
Begin by launching PIPEPHASE (double-click the PIPEPHASE icon or

select PIPEPHASE from the SIMSCI folder on the Start menu).
Step 1
Step 2
Create a New Simulation
Select New from the File menu or click the New button on the toolbar. The New File dialog box appears.
Name the simulation BLKOIL and click OK to save your data.
Enter Simulation Description

The Simulation Description dialog box appears.
Enter the Problem, Site, and User information along with the problem description in this dialog box.
These entries are optional and you can access this dialog box later by
selecting Simulation Description from the General menu.
Step 3
Click OK to save your data and exit this dialog box.
Enter the Simulation Definition and Input Dimensions

The Simulation Definition dialog box appears. Network Model is the
default Simulation Type and Blackoil is the default Fluid Type, which are
appropriate for this problem. Later, you can access this dialog box by
selecting Simulation Definition from the General menu.
Click OK to accept the default definitions.
The Input Dimensions dialog box appears, showing Petroleum as the

default dimension set. These defaults are acceptable for this problem.
Click OK to accept the default dimensions.
You can access this dialog box later by selecting Input Units of Measur
from the General menu, or by clicking the Input Dimensions button on
the toolbar.
Step 4
Enter PVT Data

The Fluid Property Data dialog box appears.
Click New... to enter the Blackoil fluid properties in the Blackoil

PVT Data dialog box.
Fill in the Oil API Gravit , and the Gas and Water specific sravity
data.
Black Oil Pipeline
Click OK to save entries. Click OK again to exit to the flowsheet.
You can make edits to the PVT data at any time by selecting PVT Data
from the General menu or by clicking the PVT button on the toolbar.
Step 5
Step 6
Build the Flowsheet
Build the flowsheet by clicking the source toolbar button and then
clicking again to position the unit on the flowsheet.
Do the same for the sink unit.
Select the source unit by clicking on the icon once. A red square
appears on the node and the border of the node turns green to indicate that the node has been selected.
Connect the source and sink units by clicking inside this square and,
while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor towards the
sink and release.
Enter Unit Data

Source Data
Double-click the SOURCE unit on the flowsheet to open the Black Oil
Source dialog box.
Fill in the Pressure, Temperature, GOR, and Water Cut data from
Table 1.
Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate. By default, the Oil
Flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate.
Click OK to save the data and close the dialog box.
Sink Data
Step 7
Double-click on the SINK unit to open the Sink dialog box.
Enter the SINK pressure data. Again, by default the flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate.
Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate at the SINK.
Enter Link Data
Double-click on the LINK between the two units to open up the Link
Device Data window.
Click on the PIPE button in the device palette to add a pipe to the link
and to open the Pipe dialog box for that pipe.
Step 8
Enter the Length, Elevation Change, Inside Diameter, and Pipe

Roughness data from Table 1.
Note:
Elevation Change is positive for uphill flow and negative for

downhill flow.
When complete, click OK to save the entries and return to the Link
Device Data window.
Click OK to save the LINK device data and return to the main flowsheet.
Run the Simulation and View the Results

When data entry is complete, the borders of all the icons and link lines
on the flowsheet turn blue. The outlines of the entered device icons in the
Link Device Data window turn blue as well. Any selected item is outlined in green rather than blue. To determine if the data is complete for
that item, click on an empty region of the flowsheet. If the data is not
complete, the outline will turn red instead of blue. If any item is outlined
in red, double-click on it to enter the remaining data.
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
Click Run to solve the network.
To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
From the Node Summary, you can see that the standard oil flowrate is
107,571 bbl/day and the standard water flowrate is 11,952 bbl/day.
Note:
Your results may vary slightly due to the initial estimates and
the specified convergence tolerances ( 2 psi for the pressure).
To return to the flowsheet, close the editor. To access the output file
again, select View Output File from the File menu or click the View Output File button on the toolbar.
To view the node output on the flowsheet, select View Output from
the View menu, and double-click on a unit.
The temperature, pressure, and total liquid flowrate (oil + water) for that
node in Blackoil type simulations is displayed. For example, if you double-click on the SINK, the dialog box shown in Figure 2 appears.
Black Oil Pipeline
Figure 2:
Sink Summary on
Flowsheet
To view Pressure vs. Distance or Temperature vs. Distance plots, select

Device Detail as Part, and Plots as Part under Print Options from the
General menu before running the simulation. After convergence select
View Output from the View menu or double-click on the LINK. Choose
the plot by clicking on one of the buttons in the Link Plot Selection dialog box that appears.
Part B
Under the File menu, choose Save As and save this problem as BLKOILB.
To find the SINK pressure with a fixed SOURCE oil flowrate of 100,000
bbl/day and a 1,000 psig SOURCE pressure, perform the following tasks:
Select the View Output option from the View menu to return to the
edit input mode.
Double-click on the SOURCE, activate the Fixed radio button for the
oil flowrate, and enter a value of 100,000 bbl/day.
Double-click on the SINK, activate the Estimated radio button for the
pressure, and enter a value of 500 psig, so that the pressure is calculated by PIPEPHASE.
Rerun the simulation and view your results.
From the Node Summary, you will find that the SINK pressure is now
calculated to be 678 psig.
Black Oil Flowline with Devices

#
TASK
The flowrate through an oil well is controlled using a choke at the wellhead. For a 1 inch diameter choke, the desired wellhead pressure is 200
psig. Because the reservoir is unconsolidated sandstone, a gravel-packed
completion has been used.
Figure 3:
Oil Well
#"
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Vd
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Vd
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The upper portion of the tubing string is 2.441 inches in diameter. The
lower portion is 1.995 inches in diameter. The reservoir pressure is 3,000
psig and the reservoir temperature is 190F. The temperature gradient in
the earth at this location is 2F/100 feet. Assume an average overall heat
transfer coefficient (U) of 10.0 Btu/hr-ft2-F.
The gravel-packed completion has a perforated zone 30 feet long, with 8
shots/foot. The expected size of the perforations is 0.39 inches in diameter and 3 inches deep. Table 2 gives the properties of the reservoir fluid.
Table 2: Reservoir Fluid Properties
Part A
Property
Value
Oil, API
35
0.71
1.02
Gas/Oil ratio
300 ft3/bbl
Water Cut
20%
Create a new simulation named OILFLW. Use 500 bbl/day as the initial
flowrate estimate for both the source and the sink.
For these conditions, what is the oil flowrate?
Part B
A pipeline is proposed to transport the oil from the wellhead to a central

storage tank. First, all of the gas phase is separated for re-injection into
the reservoir to maintain the pressure. A pump (efficiency = 85%) is
used to raise the fluid pressure to 700 psig. The 2.441 inch diameter
pipeline to the storage tank is 15,000 feet long with an elevation increase
of 200 feet.
Figure 4:
Transportation
Pipeline
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Vd
As for initial sink estimates, use the value calculated in Part A for flowrate and supply 200 psig for the sink pressure.
How much gas is being removed at the wellhead?
What is the required horsepower of the pump?
What will the sink pressure be?
SOLUTION
Part A
Create a new simulation by selecting New from the File menu and name
the simulation OILFLW.
Step 1
Enter Simulation Description
Step 2
Enter a description in the Simulation Description dialog box.
Define the Simulation and Input Dimensions

In the Simulation Definition dialog box, keep Network Model as the
Simulation Type and Blackoil as the Fluid Type.
In the Input Dimensions dialog box, keep the units of measure as Petroleum.
Step 3
Enter PVT Data

The Fluid Property Data dialog box appears next.
Click New to open the Blackoil PVT Data dialog box.
Supply the Oil API Gravit , and the Gas and Water specific gravity
data and click OK .
Step 4
Build the Flowsheet
Step 5
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a
link.
Enter Unit Data

Source Data
Double-click on the SOURCE unit on the flowsheet to open up the

Black Oil Source dialog box.
Using the data provided in Table 2, fill in the fields for source Pressure, Temperature, GOR, and Water Cut.
By default, the Oil Flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate.
Provide an initial estimate for the oil flowrate at the SOURCE.
Note:
No information is given to relate the reservoir conditions to the

flowing conditions. If a Productivity Index (PI) or any other
Inflow Performance Relationship, IPR, information was given,
then P and T at the SOURCE would be the reservoir P and T.
With no IPR data, they are the flowing bottomhole pressure
and temperature.
Sink Data
Step 6
Double-click on the SINK icon to open up the Sink dialog box.
Enter the SINK pressure. Again, by default the flowrate Estimated

radio button is activated indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate
the flowrate.
Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate. By default, the Oil
Flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate.
Enter Link Data
Double-click on the LINK to open up the Link Device Data window.
Click on the GRAVEL PACKED COMPLETION button. The Gravel

Packed Completion dialog box appears.
Enter the Perforation Interval, Shot Density, Tunnel Length, and Perforation Diameter data.
For a LINK with multiple sections, the order in which you list the devices
is critical. You must enter the section of tubing farthest from the surface
first. In this case, the bottom section of the tubing string is entered first.
8
Click on the TUBING button. The Tubing dialog box appears.
Enter the Measured Wireline Depth, True Vertical Depth, and Inside
Diameter data into the appropriate fields.
Note:
Remember that the Measured Wireline Depth of tubing is the

total length starting from the surface to the bottom of that tubing string, and the True Vertical Depth is the depth from the
surface to the bottom of that tubing string.
For the lower section, the measured wireline depth is 8,000 feet (= 4,500
+ 3,500); and the true vertical depth is 6,500 feet (= 3,200 + 3,300).
Step 7
Change the Heat Transfer Method from Default to U-Value. Enter

the average overall heat transfer coefficient and temperature gradient
data.
To enter the upper section of the tubing string, click the TUBING button again. Another Tubing dialog box for the second TUBING device
in the link appears.
Enter the Measured Wireline Depth, True Vertical Depth, and Inside
Diameter data of the TUBING section next to the source. This time
the measured wireline depth is 3,500 ft, and the true vertical depth is
3,200 ft. Make the necessary changes to the Thermal Calculations
Area.
Add a choke device by clicking the CHOKE button and enter the
Choke Diameter.
Click OK to save the LINK device data and return to the main flowsheet.

When the data is complete, the outlines of all the icons and link lines
turn blue on the flowsheet. If there is an item with a red outline, doubleclick on it to enter the remaining data. Remember selected icons and link
lines are green so you must click away from the flowsheet to see its true
status.
From the Node Summary, you can see that the standard oil flowrate is
2,471 bbl/day, the standard water flowrate is 618 bbl/day, and the standard gas flowrate is 0.7412 MM ft3/day.
To return to the flowsheet, close the editor. To access the output file
again, select View Output File from the File menu or click the View Output File button on the toolbar.
Save your simulation before starting Part B.
Part B
Under the File menu, choose Save As and save this problem as OILFLWB.
To find the SINK pressure for a fixed SOURCE oil flowrate of 2,471 bbl/
day, perform the following tasks:
In the Black Oil Source dialog box, click the Fixed radio button for
the oil flowrate and enter a value 2,471.
In the Sink dialog box, click the Estimated radio button for the SINK
pressure. Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate.
In the Link Device Data window, click once on the CHOKE device so
that the additional devices are added after it. Add the SEPARATOR,
PUMP, and PIPE devices to the LINK and input the supplied data for
each.
Change the Device Detail to Part or Full in the Print Options dialog
box, accessed by selecting Print Options from the General menu.
Rerun the program and view your results.
From the Node Summary, you can see that the SINK pressure is 163 psig.
From the Link Device Detail Report, you can see that the amount of gas
removed is 0.670 MM ft3/day and the required pump power is 32.2 hp.
10
Compositional Pipeline
#
TASK
A 24-inch diameter pipeline transports crude oil 200 kilometers, over an

elevation increase of 400 meters. The desired sink pressure is 10 bar and
the ambient temperature is 20C.
Figure 5:
Crude Oil Pipeline
"
[]
3beTU?Y\
Use 500,000 kg/hr as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
Part A
Use metric dimensions for everything except the fine length, which is in
inches. Set the Print Options for link plots to Full. Table 3 gives the composition and conditions of the source fluid. Table 4 gives data for the
higher-boiling components.
Table 3: Source Composition and Conditions
Component
Mole %
Component
Mole %
H2S
5.4
NC5
2.9
C1
2.0
NC6
4.1
C2
14.3
C78
8.5
C3
16.3
C910
4.0
IC4
2.9
C11+
20.0
NC4
8.6
C20+
7.9
IC5
3.1
Pressure
74 bar
Temperature
74C
Table 4: Petroleum Component Properties
Petroleum
Component
Molecular
Weight
Density
(kg/m3)
C78
109
748
C910
137
795
C11+
207
944
C20+
354
1036
Boiling
Point (C)
547
11
What is the flowrate?

Do the fluid conditions cross the phase envelope?
Does the fluid temperature drop below the ambient?
How much time did the calculations take?
Part B
Generate a PVT table for the flash calculations and run the simulation
again.
What is the gas gravity?
What is the oil gravity?
What is the oil flowrate?
What is the gas/oil flowrate ratio?
Part C
Convert the simulation to a black oil fluid and run it again.

What is the oil flowrate?
SOLUTION
Create a new simulation by selecting New from the File menu and name
the simulation CPIPE.
Part A
Step 1
12

Simulation Type.
Select Compositional as the Fluid Type.
In the Input Dimensions dialog box, select Metric from the System
drop-down list.
Change the Fine Length units to inches, since the tubing diameter is
given in inches.
Change the Default Basis to Weight.
,
Step 2
Note:
If you change the basis after you enter the flowrate data, the
flowrate value is not converted to the corresponding value in
the new units, only the units are changed.
Enter Component Data
In the Component Data dialog box, click Add... in the Library

Components area to bring up the Library Component Data dialog
box.
Under the Component Family List, Standard Production Set is the

default. The components from H2S to NC6 are listed in the Specific
Components Available for Selection section.
Select the library components listed in Table 3, and then click the
Add Components to place them in the Add these Library Components to the Component List box. Alternatively, you can double-click
on the components to add them into this list immediately.
Clicking OK saves this list and returns you to the Component Data
dialog box.
Click Add... in the Petroleum Fractions area, enter the petroleum

components listed in Table 4, and click OK to save the entries.
You can access the Component Data dialog box later by clicking on the
Component Data button on the toolbar
Step 3
Build the Flowsheet
Step 4
link.
Enter Unit Data

Source Data
Double-click on the SOURCE unit and enter the temperature and

pressure. Provide an estimate for flowrate.
Click Define Composition in the Composition field and enter the

composition of the previously selected components. Choose Save
from the Worksheet menu.
Sink Data
Double-click on the SINK and enter a Fixed value for the SINK pressure. The Estimated radio button for the flowrate is selected by
default.
Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate at the SINK.
13
Step 5
Enter Link Data

Step 6
Click on the PIPE button and enter the Length, Elevation Change ,
and Inside Diameter data.
Select the U-Value method from the Heat Transfer drop-down list
and enter the Ambient Temperature in the activated field. This overides the global default.

When the data is complete, the outlines of all the icons and link lines
turn blue. A red outline indicates incomplete data entry.
Tip:
Make sure to select Full for Device Detail, Plots and RAS
Database options (select Print Options under the General
menu) so that you can generate a Phase Envelope plot by clicking Special Plots... in the Results Access System (RAS).
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
list and click View .
From the Node Summary, you can see that the total flowrate is 1,180,910
kg/hr.
To view the NODE results and the LINK plots, select View Output
from the View menu.
Double-click on a NODE to see its pressure, temperature, and flowrate.
Double-click on the LINK to bring up the Link Plot Selection dialog

box and click Temperature vs. Distance .
The temperature plot in Figure 6 shows that the fluid temperature never
drops below the ambient temperature. Since the gas phase is just developing, the Joule-Thompson effect is weak.
14
Figure 6:
Temperature vs.
Distance Plot
Click Run Results Access System within the Run Simulation and
View Results dialog box to access the Results Access System (RAS).
To activate the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box, select File/New to create a new RAS database. Select CPIPE.ras (Figure 7).
Click Special Plots... .
Check the Phase Envelope box and click View Plot

phase envelope (Figure 8).
Figure 7:
PIPEPHASE RAS
Dialog Box
to display the
This also shows the fluid state through the pipe's length with respect to
the phase envelope.
15
Figure 8:
Phase Envelope
Save your simulation before starting Part B.

Part B
Generate a PVT table to speed up the flash calculations. Before making

any changes, save the file as CPIPEB. Make the following changes:
Select the PVT Data from the General menu or click the PVT Data
button on the toolbar.
Click Edit... and check the box next to

Click the button to enter the data.
Enter the Source Name and a range of pressures and temperatures

that spans the expected range. A reasonable range is 5-75C and 575 bar with 10 degree and 10 bar increments respectively.
Run the simulation.
Generate PVT Table... .
Runs using the PVT table to interpolate the physical properties are about
5-6 times faster than using the flash calculations.
From the Node Summary section of the output report, the fluid properties to simulate a black oil are:
Gas specific gravity = 1.47
Oil specific gravity = 0.88
Gas/Oil Flowrate Ratio = 97 m3/ m3
Oil Flowrate = 1083 m3/hr
16
,
Part C
Note:
Use PVT table generation when no SEPARATOR or INJECTION

(from a SEPARATOR) devices exist in the LINK or when all
SOURCEs have the same composition. The composition of the
fluid must remain the same throughout the system.
Convert the simulation to a blackoil fluid to see how this non-compositional approach affects the results. Before making any changes, save the
file by selecting Save As from the File menu. Name the new simulation
CPIPEC. Make the following changes:
Change the simulation type to Blackoil by selecting Simulation Definition from the General menu.
Change the Gas Densit , Oil Density, and Water Density units to specific gravity (sp gr) by selecting Input Units of Measure from the
General menu or by clicking the Input Dimensions toolbar button.
Select PVT Data from the General menu, or click the PVT Data button on the toolbar. Click New... in the Fluid Property Data dialog
box. In the Blackoil PVT Data dialog box, enter the specific gravity
of the gas and oil calculated in Part B, and set the specific gravity of
water to 1.
Double-click on the SOURCE, enter the Gas/Oil Ratio calculated in

Part B, and select the Property Set number as 1 from the dropdown list. Enter 0 for the water cut.
Rerun the program, and compare the results of the compositional

and the non-compositional solutions.
You will find that the black oil flowrate is now 620 m 3/hr, significantly
lower than the compositional oil flowrate of 1,083 m 3/hr. This change is
caused by the different representations used for the fluid physical properties.
The non-compositional run took 3 seconds, compared to 4 seconds for
the PVT table calculation/interpolation, and 15 seconds for the compositional flash. These values will vary depending upon CPU speed.
17
Gas Well
#
TASK
A gas well is drilled in two stages: vertically for 1,067 meters, and then
at an angle for 935 meters (another 610 meters deep).
Figure 9:
Gas Well
! &']
&! ]
)#%]
The tubing string is 2.441 inches in diameter. Use metric dimensions for
everything except the fine length. Table 5 gives the composition and
source conditions of the inlet gas.
Component
Mole %
Methane
80%
Ethane
15%
Propane
5%
Pressure
74 bar
Temperature
74C
Flowrate
0.01 MM m3/hr (STP)
Provide initial sink estimates: pressure= 50 bar, flowrate= 100,000 kg/hr.

Part A
What is the pressure drop to the surface?

What is the specific gravity of the gas?
Part B
Convert the simulation to a non-compositional single-phase gas and run

it again.
What is the pressure drop to the surface now?
What is the actual flowrate at the source?
18
Gas Well
SOLUTION
Create a new problem by selecting New from the File menu. Name the
simulation GWELL.
Part A
Step 1

Simulation Type and choose Compositional as the Fluid Type.
In the Input Dimensions dialog box, select Metric from the System
drop-down list.
Change the Default Basis from Moles to Gas Volume.
Note:
If you change the basis after you enter the flowrate data, the
flowrate value is not converted to the corresponding value in
the new units, only the units are changed.
Change the Fine Length units to inches, since the TUBING diameter
is given in inches.
Note the warning that SINK flowrates must be specified in Weight units
for compositional fluids.
Step 2
Enter Component Data
In the Component Data dialog box, click Add... in the Library

Components field to open the Library Component Data dialog box.
Under the Component Family List, Standard Production Set is the default
and the components of this set are listed in the Specific Components
Available for Selection section.
Highlight components C1, C2, and C3 and click Add Components

to add them to the Component List.
You can access the library components again by clicking the Component
Selection button.
Step 3
Build the Flowsheet
Step 4
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet and connect.
Enter Unit Data

Source Data
Double-click on the SOURCE and enter the Temperature and Pressure

data. When entering the flowrate, first select the Fixed radio button.
19
Click Define Composition... and enter the composition for the previously selected components from Table 5. Select Save from the
Worksheet menu when complete.
Note:
Because no Inflow Performance Relationship, IPR, information

is given to relate the reservoir conditions to the flowing conditions, the SOURCE P and T are the flowing bottomhole pressure
and temperature. If an IPR was given, the SOURCE P and T
would be the reservoir P and T.
Sink Data
Step 5
Double-click on the SINK to enter the Sink dialog box.
Check the Estimated button for the pressure and provide an initial
estimate. By default, the Estimated button for the flowrate is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this value.
Supply an initial estimate for the gas flowrate.
Enter Link Data
For a LINK with multiple devices, the order in which you list the devices
is critical. You must enter the section of tubing next to the SOURCE first.
In this case, the deviated section of the tubing string is entered first.
Click on the TUBING button and enter the Measured Wireline Depth,
True Vertical Depth, and Inside Diameter data.
Note:
Remember that the Measured Wireline Depth of tubing is the

total length starting from the well head, and the True Vertical
Depth is the depth from the well head to the start of that tubing
section.
For the deviated section, the measured wireline depth is 2,002 meters (=
1,067 + 935); and the true vertical depth is 1,677 meters (= 1,067 + 610).
20
To enter the vertical section of the tubing string, click the TUBING
button again and enter the data for this segment (measured wireline
depth is 1,067 m; true vertical depth is also 1,067 m).
Gas Well
Step 6
Tip:
Make sure to select Full for Device Detail, Plots and RAS
Database options (select Print Options under the General
menu) so that you can generate a Phase Envelope plot by clicking Special Plots... in the Results Access System (RAS).
The Link Summary shows the pressure drop to the surface is 54.9 bar
and the actual flowrate at the SOURCE is 0.000148 MM m 3/hr. The specific gravity of the gas is found in the Node Summary section of the
report. You should get a value of 0.68.
Part B
To view the NODE results and the LINK plots, select View Output
from the View menu and double-click on a NODE to see its Pressure,
Temperature, and Flowrate.
Convert the problem to a non-compositional single-phase gas, run it

again and note how this affects the results. Before making any changes,
save the file by selecting Save As from the File menu. Name the ne
simulation GWELLB. If necessary, select View Output from the View
menu to return to edit input mode. Make the following changes:
Change the simulation type to Gas by selecting Simulation Definition from the General menu.
Change the gas density units to specific gravity by selecting Input

Units of Measurement from the General menu or by clicking the
Input Dimensions button on the toolbar.
Select PVT Data from the General menu, or click the PVT Data button on the toolbar. Click New... in the Fluid Property Data dialog
box and enter the specific gravity of the gas from the compositional
run. Double-click on the SOURCE and set the PVT Property Set number to "1".
Rerun the simulation and compare the results of the compositional

and the non-compositional solutions.
From the Link Summary, you should find that the pressure drop is now
60.1 bar. The actual flowrate at the source is 0.000146 MM m3/hr.
21
Case Study of Black Oil Pipeline

#
TASK
Starting with the Black Oil Pipeline simulation, Part B as the Base Case,
run six cases to study the effects of the following parameters on the pressure drop:
Inside diameter
Elevation change
Pipe roughness
Heat transfer coefficient
Flowrate at source
Pressure drop correlation
Use the Restore Base Case option in each case to set the changed parameters back to the original values.
Provide initial estimates for the sink: Pressure = 500 psig, Flowrate =
100,000 bbl/day.
Fill in Table 6 and answer the following questions. In the original Black
Oil Pipeline problem, Part B, the pressure drop was 323 psig.
Table 6: Case Study Data
Case Study Parameter
From Value
To Value
Inside diameter
10
11
Elevation change
-1,000
-1,100
Pipe roughness
0.002
0.0022
Heat transfer coefficient
1.1
Total rate at source (oil basis)
100,000
110,000
Pressure drop correlation
BBM
DE
Pressure Drop Difference From

Source-Sink
Base Case
Which three parameters have the largest effect on the pressure drop?
Which two parameters have the smallest effect on the pressure drop?
22
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
Copy a Simulation and Open
Select Copy Simulation from the File menu and copy the simulation
BLKOILB to BLKOILCS.
Select Open from the File menu and choose BLKOILCS file. This is
the Base Case.
Enter Case Study Information
Select Case Study from the Special Features menu to open the Case
Study dialog box.
Click the check box for Perform Case Study Calculations to activate
this option.
Case One
Click Add... in the Case Study dialog box to open the Case Study
Changes dialog box.
Provide a description different from CASE STUDY 01 to differentiate

between cases (optional).
Click Add... to open up the Define Case Study Parameter dialog

box.
Because you are studying the effects of the six parameters on the pressure drop, you must enter each change under a new case.
For the first case, select the link L001 from the Link Name list.
You can select Pipe from the Device Type drop-down list to limit the
Device Name list on the following line to include the Pipe device names
only.
From the drop-down lists, select the Device Name, Parameter, and
supply a value for the Inside Diameter in the data field labeled To:
Link Name
L001
Device Type
Pipe
Device Name
E001
Parameter
Inside Diameter
To (the new ID value)
11
The completed dialog box for case one is shown below in Figure 10.
23
Figure 10:
Case Study
Parameters for Case 1
Click OK to save the Define Case Study Parameter dialog box to

return to the Case Study Changes dialog box.
Click OK to return to Case Study dialog box.
Figure 11:
Case Study Changes
for Case 1
The Case Study Changes and the Define Case Study Parameter dialog
boxes can be reopened by clicking Edit... .
Case Two
24
Click Add... to enter the second case.
Check Restore Base Case to reset the parameters changed in the previous case back to the original values (i.e., the pipe ID is reset to
10").
Click Add... to open up a new Define Case Study Parameter dialog

box and enter the new parameters for link L001:
Link Name
L001
Device Type
Pipe
Device Name
E001
Parameter
Elevation Change
To (the new value)
-1,100
Case Three through Six
Complete the remaining cases 3 to 6 following a similar procedure,

entering the case data provided in Table 6.
Note:
Remember to click on the Restore Base Case box to return to

the original Base Case values prior to each case.
The Case Study dialog box appears as Figure 12 when all six cases has
been entered.
Figure 12:
Completed Case
Study Dialog Box
Step 3
Upon the completion of the case study entries, click OK to close

the Case Study dialog box.
Select Run from the File menu, or click the Run button. The Run
Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
The Case Study Summary appears at the end of the output file and is
reproduced in Figure 13. From the simulation, you can see that Case 1
(inside diameter), Case 5 (flowrate), and Case 6 (pressure drop correlaIntroduction to PIPEPHASE
25
tion) show the largest change in pressure drop, (p) = 347 psi, -245 psi
and -274 psi, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient and the pipe
roughness have the smallest effect in this simulation.
Figure 13: Case
Study Summar
BASE CASE
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
677.6
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.4
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.2
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.4
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.4
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.2
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.6
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------110000.00
-110000.00
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------120.0
117.4
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------99999.90
-99999.90
CASE STUDY 01
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
1024.0
CASE STUDY 02
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
738.3
CASE STUDY 03
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
666.8
CASE STUDY 04
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
677.7
CASE STUDY 05
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
432.7
CASE STUDY 06
NODE
---SORS
SINK
26
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------1000.0
403.6
Heavy Crude Pipeline

#
TASK
A 24-inch diameter oil pipeline is planned for an offshore platform in a

remote arctic site for transportation to an inland facility. The oil is a
highly viscous heavy crude, 20 API, with a temperature-dependent viscosity indicated in Table 7. The crude temperature at the platform is
110F and the ocean temperature remains at about 35F throughout the
year. The design parameters for the pipeline are a source pressure of 300
psig, a sink pressure of 150 psig, and a capacity of at least 80,000 barrels/day.
Pipe 2 is buried on the ocean floor and Pipe 3 is buried on dry land. Both
are at a depth of 3 feet. Use a thermal conductivity of 0.3 BTU/hrftF for
dry soil and 1.2 BTU/hrftF for wet soil.
Determine how the seasonal variations in air temperature affect the pipeline's flow capacity. In the summer, air temperatures can reach 50F, and
in the winter temperatures are as low as 5F. Also evaluate the pipeline
for an air temperature of 30F.
Figure 14:
Table 7: Crude Viscosity Data

Temperature (F)
Viscosity (cp)
70
370
120
50
Use 1.0 for the specific gravity of water.

Use 80,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source
and the sink.
27
Part A
Perform case studies on the pipeline at the ambient air temperatures indicated in Table 8. The ambient temperatures for Pipes 1 and 2 should
remain at 35F. Use the Results Access System (RAS) to make a plot
showing a temperature profile for each of the cases.
Table 8: Effect of Air Temperature on Flowrate
Part B
Case
Ambient
Temperature (F)
Base Case
50
Case #1
30
Case #2
Flowrate,
bbl/day
Specify 2 inches of insulation (conductivity = 0.015 Btu/hr-ft-F) on

Pipe 3 and repeat the run. Make a similar plot showing a temperature
profile for each of the cases.
Note:
Simulation convergence is often dependent upon the segment

length used during the calculations. In this case, select Calculation Methods from the General menu and select Manual Segmentation from the Segmentation drop-down list.
Does the winter flowrate improve?
SOLUTION
Step 1
Create a new problem by selecting New from the File menu. Name the
simulation HCRUDE.
The Simulation Type is Network Model and the Fluid Type is Liquid.
Since all of the PIPE inside diameters are 24 inches, you can save some
time by changing the Global Default Pipe ID to 24 inches. Similarly, you
may want to change the default Ambient Temperature to 35F. Set Maximun Iteration to 150 and de-check Hausen Method.
Step 2
Build the Flowsheet and Enter Unit Data
link.
Enter the pipeline into the Link Device Data window.
Remember to supply the thermal conductivities for Pipes 2 and 3. The

ambient temperature for Pipes 1 and 2 is 35F for all cases. For the base
case run, start with the summer ambient air temperature, 50F, for Pipe 3
and estimate the source flowrate at 80,000 bbl/day.
28
Step 3
Step 4
Enter Case Study Problem
Select Case Study from the Special Features menu and check the
Perform Case Study Calculations box in the Case Study dialog box.
Click Add... to enter a case.
Check Restore Base Case to reset all the parameters changed in the
previous Case Study back to the original values (i.e., the pipe ID is
reset to 10 inches).
Click Add... to open up a new Define Case Study Parameter dialog

box and enter the Case Study parameter provided in Table 8.
Repeat the steps above for the second case.
Upon the completion of the case study entries, click OK to close

the Case Study dialog box.

Before you run the simulation, enable the Results Access System (RAS)
by selecting Print Options from the General menu and select Full from
the RAS Database drop-down list. Also select Part from the Device
Detail drop-down list, which increases the amount of reporting in the
output file.
Find the Case Study Summary at the end of the output file. Table 9
shows the results.
Table 9: Effect of Air Temperature on Flowrate
Case
Ambient
Temperature (F)
Flowrate
bbl/day
Base Case
50
92,771
Case #1
30
81,990
Case #2
3,250
As you can see, the flowrate drops drastically during the winter. The low
temperature causes a large increase in viscosity, which in turn causes a
lower flowrate between the (constant pressure) SOURCE and SINK. The
lower flowrate means more heat loss, which leads to higher viscosity,
etc. The result is a flowrate that can be very sensitive to ambient temperature.
Table 10 shows the results for the same Case Study set but with two
inches of insulation with a conductivity of 0.015 Btu/(hr-ft-F) on Pipe
3. The winter flowrate has increased significantly, and the insulation is
29
probably a wise investment. To perform a more complete analysis, you

can investigate insulating the other pipes, different insulation thicknesses, the use of heaters, etc. With economic data, you can choose the
best scenario.
Table 10: Results with 2 Inches of Insulation on Pipe 3
Step 5
Case
Ambient
Temperature (F)
Flowrate
bbl/day
Base Case
50
101,155
Case #1
30
96,969
Case #2
90,755
Generate Results Access System Plots

The PIPEPHASE Results Access System (RAS) allows you to graphically display your simulation results. To generate plots in the RAS, you
must set RAS Database to Full in the Print Options under the General
menu before you run the simulation.
To access this system, click Results Access System within the Run
Simulation and View Results dialog box.
Select New from the File menu to create a new RAS database.
Choose HCRUDE.ras and click OK . The PIPEPHASE RAS dialog

box appears (Figure 15).
Click View/Edit... .
Figure 15:
PIPEPHASE RAS
Dialog Box
In this exercise, you want to plot the temperature for each case study on
a single graph. Leave the x-variable as Total Length.
30
To select the Y-axis variables, click

the Link Name list.
Add... and select L001 from
Check the box next to All Devices in the Link and select Temperature from the State Variable list. The complete RAS Plot Data
Options dialog box for the Base Case is shown in Figure 16.
Click Add Selection .
Add the other case study plots by changing the Case Study entry and
clicking Add Selection .
When complete, click Done .
Figure 16:
RAS Plot Data
Options
The RAS Plot Options dialog box should have three entriesone for the
base case and one for each case study, as shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17:
RAS Plot Options
Dialog Box
Click View to create the graph shown in Figure 18.
31
The results for the run with two inches of insulation on Pipe 3 are shown
in Figure 19. The discontinuities in the slope of the curves occur where
the different pipes meet. The steeper the curve, the higher the heat transfer rate.
Figure 18:
Plot of Temperature
Versus Length
Figure 19:
Plot of Temperature
Versus Length. Pipe 3
has 2" of Insulation
32
Pipeline Sphering
#
TASK
A cross-country pipeline, which carries a two-phase natural gas mixture,

is currently operating at its maximum capacity. The pressure at the end
of the pipeline will become too low if the flowrate is increased and so
additional compression will be required. Sphering, or pigging, is to be
performed in order to increase the throughput of the line. Spheres will be
launched at the beginning of the line and at two intermediate points
along the line as shown in Figure 20.
Your job is to determine the quantity of liquid that will be removed from
the pipeline in order to size the slug catcher.
(94`YÙ
Figure 20:
Sphering Pipeline
<!
<#
<"
!"94`YÙ
<$
4-(!
<%
<&
<'
4-!"!
<(
4-(
C`XUbU<Qe^SXY^WCdQdY_^cQ^TC`XUbU4YQ]UdUb
Table 11 gives the composition and conditions of the source fluid. Table
12 provides data for the higher-boiling components.
Component
Mole %
Component
Mole %
C1
88.61
NC5
1.67
C2
3.15
NC6
1.11
C3
2.69
PETRO1
0.55
NC4
2.04
PETRO2
0.18
Pressure
350 psia
Temperature
120F
Gas Flowrate
0.7667 MM ft3/hr
Table 12: :Petroleum Component Properties

Petroleum
Component
Density
(API)
Boiling
Point (F)
PETRO1
45
350
PETRO2
38
480
33
The pipe devices are summarized in Table 13. The pipe heat transfer
coefficient is 0.8 Btu/hr ft2F. The ambient temperature is 65F.
Table 13: Piping Segments
Pipe
Length (ft)
Elevation Change (ft)
L1
4224
L2
6336
154
L3
8448
-69
L4
3696
100
L5
6336
120
L6
264
-10
L7
2640
58
L8
9504
-118
For initial sink estimates, use 1 lb/hr for flowrate and 10 psia for pressure.
How much liquid must be removed from the pipeline?
How long does it take for the slug to reach the end of the pipe?
How long does it take to re-establish steady-state?
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
34
Create a new simulation named SPHERE and enter a simulation description.

Define the Model
Keep Network Model as the Simulation Type and select Compositional as the Fluid Type.
In the Input Dimensions dialog box, select English as the system

units of measure.
Enter Component and Thermodynamic Data
In the Component Data dialog box, click Add... and select the
library components listed in Table 11.
Click Add... in the Petroleum Fractions area, enter the petroleum

components data from Table 12, and click OK to save the entries.
Click the PVT Data button on the toolbar. In the Fluid Property Data
dialog box, click Edit... and change the Water Enthalpy to Superheated.
Pipeline Sphering
Step 3
Define the Simulation Defaults
Step 4
Step 5
Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature, Pipe
ID, and Pipe Heat Transfer Coefficient data by clicking the Global
Defaults button on the toolbar.
Change the Calculation Options
Select Calculation Methods from the General menu or click the Calculation Methods button from the toolbar.
Check the box next to Sphering Analysis.
Build the Flowsheet and Enter Unit and Link Data
link.
Enter the SOURCE and SINK data.
Add eight PIPEs to the LINK and enter the data provided in Table 13.
Remember to input the Sphere Inside Diameter for pipes L1, L3, and L6.
Step 6

Before you run the simulation, select Print Options from the General
menu and set Device Detail to Part and Plots to Full. Also, check the Taitel Dukler Flow Pattern Map box to generate flow data.
From the Sphering Report, you can see that the slug is 2,723.6 ft long
when it reaches the end of the pipe. Calculating by hand, the slug volume
is 2,137.9 ft3 (12 in. ID) which is delivered in 181.7 sec (just over 3 minutes). Steady state flow is re-established 31,092 sec (8.6 hours) after the
sphere is launched.
The latter parts of the Sphering Report is shown below.
35
Figure 21:
Slug Zone Report
TIME
(SECS)
------1606.9
1625.4
1643.8
1662.3
1680.8
1699.3
1717.7
1736.2
1754.7
1773.1
1791.6
1810.1
1819.3
1820.5
Figure 22:
Delivery Report
SLUG DELIVERY
------------TIME
(SECS)
------9.8
19.7
29.5
39.3
49.1
58.8
68.5
78.2
87.8
97.3
106.9
116.4
125.8
135.3
144.6
154.0
163.3
172.5
181.7
36
----------------SLUG ZONE-----------------SLUG
SLUG
SLUG
SLUG
EDGE
PRESS: EDGE
VELO:
LENGTH
PRESS: DROP
DISTANCE
(FPS)
(FT)
(PSIA) (PSIA) (FT)
------- --------- ------- ------- --------13.94
2445.6
252.2
21.0
38520.6
13.86
2444.5
254.0
20.8
38662.8
13.86
2473.0
253.6
21.0
38936.4
13.87
2501.4
253.2
21.2
39210.3
13.87
2530.2
252.9
21.5
39484.6
13.87
2559.0
252.5
21.7
39759.3
13.88
2588.0
252.2
21.9
40034.3
13.88
2617.1
252.0
22.0
40309.6
13.88
2646.3
251.8
22.1
40585.3
13.81
2648.2
253.5
21.8
40728.9
13.81
2677.6
253.3
21.9
41003.4
13.81
2707.1
253.1
22.0
41278.2
13.82
2721.8
253.0
22.0
41415.6
13.82
2723.6
253.0
22.0
41432.8
PRESS:
SLUG
SPHERE BEHIND
VELOCITY VELOCITY SPHERE
(FPS)
(FPS)
(PSIA)
-------- -------- ------13.87
13.87
274.6
13.87
13.87
273.5
13.90
13.90
272.4
13.96
13.96
271.6
13.98
13.98
270.6
14.02
14.02
269.4
14.09
14.09
268.6
14.16
14.16
267.6
14.21
14.21
266.5
14.27
14.27
265.5
14.33
14.33
264.4
14.39
14.39
263.3
14.44
14.44
262.1
14.51
14.51
261.0
14.57
14.57
259.8
14.63
14.63
258.6
14.70
14.70
257.4
14.77
14.77
256.1
14.84
14.84
254.8
Pipeline Sphering
Looped Black Oil Network

#
TASK
A black oil gathering and distribution facility is shown below. Oil is collected from four different fields and transported to two terminal points
(B and C). This system consists of loops and cross-over lines.
Figure 23:
Flowsheet for Looped
Black Oil Network
1"
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Vd
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#
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Vd
#%
Vd
#%
Vd
Vd
:%
3
!! `cYW
:!
Vd
Vd
Vd
:&
#"
:
#%
Vd
:$
!(
Vd
:#
Vd
2
!
Vd
Vd
!"%`cYW
Vd
1#
Three of the four source flowrates are known by field measurements,

while the remaining source and both terminals have known pressures.
You are required to determine the unknown boundary flows and pressures, along with the flow distribution in the loops and crossovers. Find
the individual delivery rates for the two terminal points and locate any
potential bottlenecks in the system.
To locate bottlenecks, calculate the pressure drop per pipe length for
each link. A large value indicates high frictional losses which could be
alleviated by either increasing the pipe diameter or by adding a second,
parallel pipeline. All pipes are 12 inches in inside diameter
Table 14: Fluid Properties
Oil, specific gravity
0.54
0.765
1.0
37
Table 15: Heat Transfer Data

Ambient Temperature, F
80
Overall U-coefficient, Btu/hr-ft2-F
Source data is provided below in Table 16. Italicized numbers correspond to initial estimates for unmeasured values.
Table 16: Source Data
Name
Gas/Oil Ratio
ft3/bbl
Flowrate
BPD
Temperature
F
Pressure
psig
A0
400
10,000
120
395
A1
300
10,000
110
300
A2
100
15,500
110
250
A3
230
20,000
120
200
As for sink initial estimates, use 20,000 BPD for first sink and 40,000
BPD for second.
What is the direction of flow between junctions J2 and J4? between J5
and J6? between J0 and J1?
(Remember that a positive flowrate indicates that the flow is in the direction the link is drawn and negative flow indicates that the flow is in the
opposite direction.)
SOLUTION
Step 7
Create a new simulation LOOPNET and enter a simulation description.

Enter Simulation Defaults
Use the defaults: Network Model as the Simulation Type , and Blackoil as
the Fluid Type.
Step 8
Leave the input dimensions as Petroleum, but change the Oil Density
units from API to specific gravity.
Supply the Oil, Gas, and Water specific gravity data in the Blackoil
PVT Data dialog box.
Click the Global Defaults button on the toolbar to open the Global
Defaults dialog box and change the default PIPE inside diameter to
12 inches, and the default PIPE heat transfer coefficient to 2 BTU/hr
ft2F.
Build the Flowsheet
38
Add four sources, seven junctions, and two sinks to the flowsheet.
Using Figure 23, reposition as needed and add the appropriate links.
You can hold down the <Shift> key to drop multiple units at a time,
releasing the <Shift> key prior to dropping the last unit.
Step 9
Note:
PIPEPHASE allows a maximum of twenty sources linked to a

given junction. If you want to attach more than twenty sources,
you should enter them in sets of twenty into two separate junctions, and link two junctions together with a very short, large
diameter pipe.
Enter Unit and Link Data
Fill in the data for each SOURCE in turn. Provide initial estimates for
unmeasured flowrates and/or pressures.
Enter the data for the SINKs, providing estimates where needed.
Double-click on each LINK in turn, and enter the relevant device

data.
Step 10 Change the Print Options

To locate bottlenecks, you need to get the components of the total pressure gradient for each link.
Select Print Options from the General menu, and select Full for the
Device Detail report option list to get the Pressure Gradient reports.
Step 11 Run the Simulation and View the Results
To view the results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
Check the flowrate directions. You will find that the flow is from J0 to
J1, from J4 to J2 and from J6 to J5. The flowrate into terminal C is
121,430 bbl/day and into terminal B it is 71,306 bbl/day. The highest
pressure drop per pipe length is for the link between A0 and J0 at 0.01
psi/ft (see the Velocity Summary in the Output Report).
You can change the solution tolerances and algorithm options by clicking on the Calculation Methods button on the toolbar. Tighten the tolerance for pressure and rerun the network. Did your answers change?
39
Black Oil Gathering System

#
TASK
A black oil gathering system is shown in Figure 24. There are six wells
leading to an offshore platform, which then has a pipeline to an onshore
facility.
Figure 24:
Black Oil Gathering
System
"
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Given the following data in Tables 17 through 19, find the total flow of
fluid arriving at the onshore terminal (SINK ONSH).
Wells 1-3
Wells 4-6
Oil, API
30
Oil, API
33
0.60
0.63
1.01
1.03
Table 18: Source and Sink Data
40
Node
Pressure
(psig)
Temperature
(F)
GOR
(ft3/bbl)
WCUT
(%)
Source 1
2,500
185
700
15
Source 2
2,500
185
750
Source 3
2,530
185
500
20
Source 4
2,370
195
700
12
Source 5
2,704
190
600
25
Source 6
2,690
187
700
15
ONSH
160
Table 19: Link Data

Link
Device
Prod. Index Length or

(bbl/day/psi) Wireline
Depth (ft)
L1
IPR
Tubing
3,000
Choke
L2
1,500
4.000
47
500
4.000
470
Pipe
30
4.000
3,500
2.441
IPR
Pipe
1,800
4.000
-70
Riser
500
4.000
490
Pipe
50
4.000
3,800
2.992
IPR
4.5
Pipe
2,800
4.000
-70
Riser
500
4.000
490
Pipe
50
4.000
4,500
2.992
IPR
Choke
4,300
1.000
Pipe
2,700
4.000
-40
Riser
550
4.000
490
Pipe
20
4.000
4,200
2.992
IPR
Tubing
Choke
4,100
1.000
Pipe
2,900
4.000
-10
Riser
600
4.000
490
Pipe
20
4.000
3,900
2.992
IPR
Tubing
10
Choke
3,700
1.000
Tubing
PLAT/
ONSH
3,500
1.000
Choke
L6
2,500
Riser
Tubing
L5
2.441
Elevation
Change (ft)
Pipe
Choke
L4
Vertical
Depth (ft)
1.000
Tubing
L3
Inner
Diameter
(in)
3,900
1.000
Pipe
3,700
4.000
-10
Riser
600
4.000
490
Pipe
20
4.000
Pipe
490
16.000
Pipe
211,200
16.000
300
Pipe
5,280
16.000
190
Pipe
10,560
16.000
41
Use 1,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for each source and
6,000 bbl/day for the sink.
SOLUTION
Step 1
Create a new simulation named BOGS and enter a simulation description.

Define the Model
Use the defaults: Network Model as the Simulation Type and Blackoil as
the Fluid Type.
Step 2
Enter the Blackoil PVT data through the Fluid Property Data dialog
box. Create two property sets, one for wells 1-3 and one for wells 46 from the data in Table 1.
Enter the desired global defaults for the LINK data using the Global
Add six sources, one junction, and a single sink to the flowsheet.
Using Figure 24, reposition as needed and connect the appropriate
units.
You can create LINKs in two different ways:
Select the first unit and use the cursor to connect the small square of
the first unit to the small square of the second unit.
With no icon selected (i.e., no icon has green outline), select Edit
Link from the Edit menu. Click Add Link and select the From and
To node names from the drop-down list of the corresponding nodes.
Fill in the data for each SOURCE and the SINK from the data in Table
18. Provide initial estimates for unmeasured flowrates and/or pressures.
For each LINK, enter the appropriate data for the LINK devices given
in Table 19 (i.e. IPR, TUBIN , CHOKE, PIPE, and RISER).
Tip:
42
A quick way to add multiple links to the flowsheet is to first

add link L1 and complete the required devices for this link.
Then highlight link L1 and select Copy Link from the Edit
menu. Copy this link to links L2 through L6. Then change only
the parameters that differ.
Step 3
To view the individual node results, select View Output from the
View menu and double-click on the sink. The total flowrate to the
sink is 27,643 bbl/day and the temperature is 81.0F.
You can change the solution tolerances and algorithm options by clicking on the Network Calculation Methods button on the toolbar. Tighten
the tolerance for pressure and rerun the network. Did your answers
change?
43
Two Well Gas Lift Analysis

#
TASK
For a single well on gas lift, the increased back-pressure from the injection gas affects other wells that share a common flowline. If any of the
other wells are also on gas lift, it in turn contributes to an overall increase
in back pressure. As such, a single-well gas lift analysis performed in
isolation will over-predict production. The actual optimal injection rate
will be influenced by the interacting wells, and will be lower than that
predicted by single-well analysis. The problem therefore is to determine
the amount of gas to allocate to each of the wells under of gas lift in
order to maximize the total production rate from the field. In PIPEPHASE, this is determined by executing a case study.
A 1500 ft, 4-inch flowline connects two wells to a separator operating at
250 psi. Gas lift is applied to both wells. Perform an analysis to determine the maximum production from the two wells.
Given the data in Tables 20 and 21, determine the optimal lift gas allocation between the two wells, based on the available gas being limited to 4
MM ft3/day, to achieve the maximum oil production.
Blackoil PVT Data
Oil, API
30
0.75
1.002
Lift Gas Data

Specific gravity
0.8
Table 21: Source Data
44
Unit
Pressure
(psig)
Temperature
(F)
GOR
(ft3/bbl)
WCUT
(%)
S001
2499
180
108
S002
2505
181
102
10.5
Table 22: Link Data

Link
Device
Productivity
Index
(bbl/day/psi)
L1
IPR
25.5
Tubing
Length or
Wireline
Depth (ft)
True Vertical
Depth (ft)
8,010
8,010
Gas Valve
L2
0.5
Tubing
6,810
Pipe
231
IPR
Tubing
6,810
22.1
8,111
8,111
Gas Valve
L3
Existing Lift
Gas Flowrate
(MM ft3/day)
3.5
Tubing
6,445
Pipe
103
Pipe
1,500
6,445
For Pipe, use nominal diameter = 4", schedule 40. For Tubing, use nominal diameter = 4", schedule TB01. Use a U-value of 1 Btu/hr ft 2F for
both. The ambient temperature is 65F.
Use 5,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for each source and
10,000 bbl/day as the initial estimate for the sink.
What is the maximum production from the two wells?
SOLUTION
Step 1
Create a new simulation named GASLIFT and enter a simulation description.

Define the Model
the Fluid Type.
Use the default Petroleum units of measure set.
Step 2
Enter the Blackoil PVT data through the Fluid Property Data dialog
box.
Enter the desired global defaults for the LINK device data by clicking
the Global Defaults button on the toolbar
Add two sources, a junction, and a single sink to the flowsheet.
Fill in the data for each SOURCE and SINK in turn. Provide initial
estimates for unmeasured flowrates.
45
Step 3
Enter the LINK device data provided in Table 22.
Click the PVT Data toolbar button to reopen the Fluid Property Data
dialog box.
Click Lift Gas Data and enter the specific gravity. This option was
not available earlier since a gas lift valve was not yet part of the network.
Enter Case Study Data

For each case, supply two parameters, one for each well.
Select Case Study from the Special Features menu.
Check the Perform Case Study Calculations box and click Add... .
Click Add... and from the drop-down lists, supply the following
for the first case.
Link Name
L001
Device Type
Gas Lift Valv
Device Name
E003
Parameter
Rate
Change To
1.0
Click Add... again to supply the second parameter for the same
case (the Link Name is L002; the Device Name is E008). Change the
rate to 3.0.
For the five remaining cases, increase the rate to gas lift valve E003 from
1.5 to 3.5 while decreasing the rate to gas lift valve E008 from 2.5 to 0.5.
Use increments of 0.5 MMSCFD.
Note:
Step 4
A quick way to add multiple cases is to use the Copy function

in the Case Study dialog box.

Before you run the simulation, select Print Options from the General
menu and set the Input Reprint, Property Data, Flash Report options to
None and RAS Database to Full.
46
From the Case Summary, the optimal solution is 3883.76 BPD and
3056.03 BPD for sources 1 and 2 respectively (for a total of 6939.80
BPD), at a gas injection rate of 2.0 MMSCFD for each well.
Figure 25:
Case Summary
BASE CASE
NODE
---S001
S002
D004
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
160.3
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------1479.03
3883.92
-5362.95
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
161.6
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------2611.54
3650.82
-6262.36
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
162.2
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------3346.47
3387.39
-6733.86
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
162.3
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------3883.76
3056.03
-6939.80
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
162.0
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------4281.03
2611.38
-6892.40
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
160.9
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------4576.59
1983.79
-6560.37
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------180.0
181.0
159.2
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------4818.88
1068.75
-5887.63
CASE STUDY 01 - 1/3

NODE
---S001
S002
D004
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
CASE STUDY 02 - 1.5/2.5

NODE
---S001
S002
D004
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
CASE STUDY 03 - 2/2

NODE
---S001
S002
D004
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
CASE STUDY 04 - 2.5/1.5

NODE
---S001
S002
D004
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
CASE STUDY 05 - 3/1

NODE
---S001
S002
D004
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
CASE STUDY 06 - 3.5/0.5

NODE
---S001
S002
D004
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2499.0
2505.0
250.0
47
Plotting the sink data in Excel produces the graph shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26:
Oil Production as a
Function of Case
Number
7000
Total Oil Production (BPD)
6750
6500
6250
6000
5750
5500
5250
5000
0
Case Number
Figure 26 shows that the maximum oil production does occur somewhere close to the conditions of case 3, when the gas lift flowrate is 2.0
MMSCFD. Additional runs can be executed to determine more precise
operating conditions. Also, cases where the combined gas lift flowrate is
less than 4.0 MMSCFD should also be examined.
48
Steam Injection Well

#
TASK
Steam is continuously injected from a boiler through a flowline, into a

well as shown in Figure 27. The injected steam enhances the mobility of
the reservoir fluid and improves the production in an adjacent well. System details are given in Tables 23-26.
Figure 27:
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Vd
BUcUbf_Yb
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9@B
Table 23: Link Data

Link Device
Nominal
Diameter (in)
Schedule
Thickness
(in)
Pipe
40
0.125
Tubing
3.5
TB01
Table 24: Pipe Insulation Data

Thickness
0.1 in
Conductivity
0.01 BTU/hr-ft-F

Ambient Surface Temperature
80F
Wind Velocity
10 mph
Earth Conductivity
0.8 BTU/hr-ft-F
Table 26: Wellbore Data

Wellbore Diameter
8.5 in
Casing OD
6.0 in
Casing thickness
0.125 in
49
The annulus between the tubing and casing is filled with brine (assume
default liquid properties). The injectivity has a value of 10 lb/hr/psi
(model as an IPR).
Use 1,000 lb/hr as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
Part A
Calculate the quality, temperature and rate of fluid being injected into
the reservoir.
Part B
What is the effect of burying the flowline 36" below the surface?
Restore the base case, then re-insulate the flowline with 0.125" thick
insulation of thermal conductivity 0.1 Btu/hr-ft-F. What is the effect of
this?
Restore the base case. Drain the brine from the annulus and seal off (i.e.
air filled annulus). What is the improvement?
Part C
The results of the previous runs indicate that only hot water (no steam) is
being injected to the reservoir. What changes would you make to ensure
some steam is injected?
SOLUTION
Part A
Create a new simulation named STMINJ and enter a simulation description.

Step 1
Step 2
50
Define the Model
Define this problem as a Network Model, with Steam as the Fluid

Type.
Enter the Water specific gravity (spgr = 1.001).
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two units.
Enter the SOURCE and SINK data from Figure 27. Make sure you
check the Injection Well box in the Sink Data Entry dialog box.
Double-click on the LINK. Add a PIPE to the LINK and enter the corresponding data. Select Pipe in Air from the Heat Transfer dropdown list, and click Heat Transfer Data... to enter the corresponding data from Tables 24 and 25.
Step 3
Add a TUBING device following the PIPE and enter its data. Select
Detailed from the Thermal Calculations Heat Transfer list and enter
a Temperature Gradient of 1F/100 ft.
Click Heat Transfer Data... and enter a Production Time of 100

days and change the Annular Medium to Liquid.
Add an IPR device following the TUBING. Change the Deliverability

Basis to Weight and enter the Productivity Index.
Scroll through the Node Summary and compare your results to those
in Figure 28.
Figure 28:
Node Summary for
Part A
NODE SUMMARY
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99
1423.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -1423.
NODE
TEMP.
(F)
------597.5
245.8
* INDICATES KNOWN PRESSURE OR FLOW
As you can see, only hot water (steam quality=0) is being injected into
the well. In the remaining runs, you will try to reduce the heat losses so
that some steam is actually injected.
Part B
Step 4
Bury the Pipe

Before making any changes, save the file by selecting Save As from the
File menu. Name the new simulation STMINJB.
Double-click on the LINK and double-click on the PIPE.
Select Buried Pipe from the Heat Transfer drop-down list. Click
Heat Transfer Data... and enter the Buried Depth of the PIPE.
Run the simulation and compare your Node Summary to the one in
Figure 29.
51
Figure 29:
Node Summary for
Part B
NODE SUMMARY
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99
1159.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00
-1159.
NODE
TEMP.
(F)
------597.5
217.0
Burying the pipe actually lowered the downhole temperature and

decreased the steam (water) flowrate. Clearly we should not bury the
pipe to improve the steam quality.
Step 5
Add Insulation to the Base Case

Open the file named STMINJ and save it as STMINJC.
Figure 30:
Node Summary for
Part C
Change the insulation thickness to 0.125 in. and the thermal conductivity to 0.1 Btu/hr-ft-F in the Pipe Detailed Heat Transfer Data
dialog box.
Run the simulation and compare your Node Summary to Figure 30.
NODE SUMMARY
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99
2609.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -2609.
NODE
TEMP.
(F)
------597.5
274.5
Although the steam temperature increased, it is still a liquid at the injection site. The simulation shows that insulating the pipe will not remedy
the problem.
Step 6
Change the Tubing Conditions of the Base Case

Open the file named STMINJ and save it as STMINJD.
Figure 31:
Node Summary for
Part D
Double-click on the TUBING device. Click Heat Transfer Data...

and select Gas from the Annular Medium drop-down list.
Run the simulation and compare your Node Summary to Figure 31.
NODE SUMMARY
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99
1353.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -1353.
NODE
52
TEMP.
(F)
------597.5
291.0
Removing the brine gives only a slight improvement in the downhole

steam temperature. The steam quality is still zero.
Part C
Step 7
Change the Source Conditions of the Base Case

Despite our best efforts to reduce heat losses, we have not succeeded in
injecting steam into this well. This is because saturated steam is being
produced at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature at reservoir conditions. The only reason you have flow from the low pressure
source to the high pressure sink is due to the head of liquid water in the
tubing.
To drive a gas into the well, we expect the source pressure to be at least
as high as the sink pressure, since a column of gas has a negligible head.
With this in mind, we will examine increasing the boiler pressure to at
least 2000 psig.
Open the file named STMINJ and save it as STMINJE.
Perform a Case Study with boiler pressures at 1,500 (base case),

2,000, 2,200, 2,400, 2600, 2800, and 3,000 psig.
Figure 32 shows a condensed version of the Node Summary that appears

in the Output file. As you would expect, increasing the boiler pressure
increases the downhole steam quality. It also demands higher power and
hence higher costs. It is your job to balance these additional operating
costs with the benefits obtained by steam injection. From here you might
want to explore the effect of operating at an intermediate pressure, say
2,200 psig, and adding insulation. This might be more cost effective than
simply running the boiler at 2,600 psig.
53
Figure 32:
Node Summary for
Part C
BASE CASE
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99
1423.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00
-1423.
NODE
TEMP.
(F)
------597.5
245.8
* INDICATES KNOWN PRESSURE OR FLOW

CASE NO.
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 2000.0 * 0.99
3291.
D002 2000.0 * 0.00
-3291.
NODE
CASE NO.
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 2200.0 * 0.99
4443.
D002 2000.0 * 0.02
-4443.
NODE
CASE NO.
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 2400.0 * 0.99
5918.
D002 2000.0 * 0.20
-5918.
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 2600.0 * 0.99
7874.
D002 2000.0 * 0.32
-7874.
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 2800.0 * 0.99
9985.
D002 2000.0 * 0.38
-9985.
54
TEMP.
(F)
------686.3
636.6
STEAM
TOTAL
PRES. QUAL.
RATE
(PSIG)
(LBHR)
---- ------- ------ -------S001 3000.0 * 0.99
12476.
D002 2000.0 * 0.40 -12476.
NODE
TEMP.
(F)
------674.9
636.6
NODE
CASE NO.
TEMP.
(F)
------663.0
636.6
NODE
CASE NO.
TEMP.
(F)
------650.2
636.4
NODE
CASE NO.
TEMP.
(F)
------636.6
567.4
TEMP.
(F)
------697.0
636.6
Forecasting Well Production

#
TASK
Figure 33:
Oil Field
The oil field shown in Figure 33 is being evaluated for possible introduction into an existing crude oil gathering network. The Planning Department has asked you for an indication of the contribution from this field
during its first year of production.
!
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Vd
Vd
Vd
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Vd
The well source data is given below and the well head pressure is fixed at
50 psig. From economic considerations, production may be achieved
using either 3" or 4" tubing. The well is expected to have a productivity
index (PI) of 2.4 bbl/day/psi, although experience has shown that for a
field of this nature, a PI as high as 4.8 is possible.
Determine the effects of changing the tubing diameter and PI on the
amount of oil retrieved. Also, calculate the amount of oil collected after
the first year of production using the optimum well configuration.
Ambient Temperature,F
Overall
50
U-coefficient, Btu/hr-ft2F
0.74
Oil, API
34
0.84
1.04
55
Table 29: Well Source Data

Temperature, F
150
Pressure, psig
4500
Gas/oil ratio,
ft3/bbl
Water Cut, %
40
20
Use 3,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
SOLUTION
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Create a new simulation named FORECAST and supply a simulation

description.
Define the Model
Enter the Blackoil PVT data.
Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature and
the TUBING data using the Global Defaults button on the toolbar.
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two units.
For the LINK data, enter the IPR device first. Select the Productivity
Index option from the IPR Model drop-down list and click
IPR Model Data to enter a PI value of 2.4 bbl/day/psig.
For the three TUBING devices, enter the length and depth for each
section. Remember, the TUBING farthest from the well head must be
entered first.
Enter Case Study Data
Select Case Study from the Special Features menu.
Check the Perform Case Study Calculations box and click Add... .
Click Add... to enter the Define Case Study Parameter dialog box.
Case One
56
Using Figure 34 as a guide, enter data to change the TUBING inside

diameter from 3" to 4" for all links.
Figure 34:
Parameters Dialog
Box for the First Case
Check the Restore Base Case Solution box in the Case Study
Changes dialog box.
Case Two
Using Figure 35 as a guide, enter data to perform an individual

change to the IPR device, with the Productivity Index as the parameter.
Check the Restore Base Case Solution box in the Case Study
Changes dialog box.
Figure 35:
Parameters Dialog
Box for the Second
Case
57
Case Three
For the third case, change both parameters of the oil reservoir simultaneously. You must consider both global and individual changes for this
case. You can accomplish this in either of two ways:
Step 4
You can restore the simulation to the Base Case and then vary both
parameters in the third case. This is done by adding the change
parameters within the same Case Study Changes dialog box, or
You can choose not to check the Restore Base Case Solution box and
change the parameter that was not already varied in the second case
(tubing ID).
At the end of the output report, you will find a summary of the case
study results as shown below in Figure 36. As you might expect, the
highest flowrate is achieved when the TUBIN inside diameter is set to 4
and the PI is at 4.8. Under these circumstances, the well would produce
6,599.4 bbl/day or 2.41x106 bbl/yr.
Figure 36:
Case Study Summar
BASE CASE
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------4500.0
50.0
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------150.0
141.8
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------3249.59
-3249.59
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------150.0
140.1
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------3547.88
-3547.88
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------150.0
144.9
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------5284.97
-5284.97
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------150.0
144.5
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------6599.40
-6599.40
CASE 01
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------4500.0
50.0
CASE 02
NODE
---SORS
SINK
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------4500.0
50.0
CASE 03
NODE
---SORS
SINK
58
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------4500.0
50.0
Three-Year Decline Model

#
TASK
Two wells, producing from a single reservoir, flow into a manifold

which has a pipeline connection to a processing facility. The production
in this system is to be analyzed based on a three year decline model.
Figure 37:
Two Well System
from a Single
Reservoir
@b_SUccY^W
6QSY\Ydi
:e^SdY_^
BUcUbf_Yb
GU\\!
GU\\"
Use the Results Access System to plot the pressure traverses for the well
links as a function of time. Also tabulate and plot the individual well oil
flowrates and the total oil flow rates as a function of time for three years.
Table 30: Reservoir Decline Data
Cumulative Oil
Production (bbl)
Average Reservoir
Pressure (psig)
2602
10,000,000
2431
20,000,000
2296
30,000,000
2011
40,000,000
1958
50,000,000
1834
Table 31: IPR Decline Data
Reservoir
Pressure (psig)
GOR(ft3/bbl)
Well 1
WCUT(%)
2602
450
10.1
455
11.1
2431
477
10.3
481
11.1
2296
492
10.8
506
11.5
2011
513
11.0
530
11.8
1834
550
11.8
562
12.5
GOR(ft3/bbl)
Well 2
WCUT(%)
59

Well 1
Well 2
Oil, API
35.2
Oil, API
35.4
0.704
0.710
1.010
1.012
Table 33: Source and Sink Data

Source
Pressure
(psig)
Abandonment
Pressure
(psig)
Temperature GOR
(F)
(ft3/bbl)
WCUT
(%)
Well 1
2,602
1,200
105
450
10.1
Well 2
2,598
1,200
125
455
11.1
Sink
300
Table 34: Link Device Data

Link
Device
PI
Length (ft)
(bbl/day/psi)
L1
IPR
30
Tubing
1,500
Choke
IPR
Tubing
201
4.000
60
1,450
1,631
2.875
-5
25
Choke
2.875
2.000
Pipe
L2
Nominal
True Vertical Elevation
Diameter (in) Depth (ft)
Change (ft)
1515
2.000
L3
Pipe
4,070
4.000
207
Note:
Tubing and Pipe diameters are nominal. The actual inside

diameters are as follows: for a 4 in. pipe (schedule 40), the
actual inside diameter is 4.028 in; for 2.875 in. (API) tubing,
the actual inside diameter is 2.441 in.
Figure 38:
Reservoir Decline
Curve
"'
@bUccebU`cYW
"%
"#
"!
!)
!'
!%
!
"
3e]e\QdYfU@b_TeSdY_^
==RR\
Use 7,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for the first source,
11,000 bbl/day for the second, and 20,000 bbl/day for the sink.
SOLUTION
Step 1
Create a new simulation named TDPRODPL and enter a simulation

description.
Define the Model
the Fluid Type.
Step 2
Step 3
Enter Black Oil PVT data for each set.
Build the Flowsheet
Add two sources, a junction, and a sink to the flowsheet and connect.
Enter SOURCE and SINK data.
Enter Reservoir Data
Select Reservoir Database from the Special Features menu to open

the Reservoir Database dialog box.
Click New... to enter the reservoir decline data.
Set the Production Basis as the Oil and Water Standard Volume from
the drop-down list. The Cumulative Production is 0 for a new field.
Click Enter Data... to input the Reservoir Decline Curve data.
Fill in the first reservoir pressure and the cumulative production

data.
Click Add After on the menu bar to add the second set of data.
61
Step 4
,
Step 5
Once completed, select Save from the Worksheet menu to save and
exit the worksheet.
Enter Link Data
Double-click on the Link L1 to open the Link Device Data window.
Add an IPR device and enter the PI value.
Click IPR Decline Data to open the related dialog box. Select the
Group Decline Model from the Production Decline drop-down list.
Select RC01 as the Reservoir Group from the drop-down list. Fill in
the Reservoir abandonment pressure. Select Reservoir Pressure for
the Decline basis, and fill in the given data. Close the dialog box b
clicking OK .
You can now select the remaining devices in the link and enter the
length, depth, or elevation change and diameter data for these TUBING, CHOKE and PIPE devices.
Following the same procedure as in L1, enter the link devices for the
links L2 and L3.
Note:
Pressure decline is specific to the reservoir; GOR and water cut

changes are specific for each well.
Enter Time Stepping Data
Select Time Stepping from the Special Features menu.
Check the box to activate the time stepping calculations.
Check the box for Production Decline and click the associated button.
Time data is 365, 730, and 1,096 days for 3 years production planning.
Step 6

To create the file necessary to run the RAS, the RAS Database of Full
option in the Print Options dialog box must first be selected before you
run the simulation.
Figure 39 shows the Time Stepping Summary in the output report.

62
Figure 39:
Time Stepping
Summary
TIME
NODE
---S001
S002
J004
D003
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2602.0
2598.0
1220.1
300.0
TIME
NODE
---S001
S002
J004
D003
Step 7
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2377.4
2373.4
1106.2
300.0
TIME
NODE
---S001
S002
J004
D003
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2478.5
2474.5
1156.4
300.0
TIME
NODE
---S001
S002
J004
D003
PRESSURE
PSIG
-------2285.3
2281.3
1062.0
300.0
0.00
DAYS
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------105.0
125.0
114.4
113.3
365.00
DAYS
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------105.0
125.0
114.3
113.2
730.00
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------8677.06
7848.13
0.00
-16525.19
DAYS
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------105.0
125.0
114.3
113.2
1096.00
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------9298.83
8389.54
0.00
-17688.37
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------8184.93
7409.61
0.00
-15594.54
DAYS
TEMPERATURE
DEG F
----------105.0
125.0
114.3
113.1
FLOW RATE
BBL/DAY
--------7757.84
7025.51
0.00
-14783.35
Generate Results Access System Plots

You can plot the studied cases on a single plot to see how the system
pressure traverse is affected by the reservoir pressure decline over the
years (Part A). You can also plot how the oil production drops in each
well individually or in different links, by using the Results Access System (RAS) (Part B).
After the simulation is run, click Results Access System within the
Run Simulation and View Results dialog box.
To activate the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box, select New from the
File menu to create a new RAS database and choose TDPRODPL.ras.
Plotting Graphs with the SIMSCI Plot Viewer
Click View/Edit... for the Plot Report option.
Fill in the title and axis labels as desired. You can leave the x-axis as
the Total Length.
63
Click Add... . The RAS Plot Data Options dialog box appears.
Select the Link as L001, check the All Devices in the Link box to see
the change from the reservoir to the manifold, and select Pressure
from the State Variable list and click Add Selection .
Add the other time step plots by changing the Case Study entry and
clicking Add Selection .
After all four time step plots are added, click Done .
Click View to generate the plot.
Compare how the pressure changes in the system as the production rates
change over the years. The graph is shown in Figure 40.
Figure 40:
Plot of Pressure as a
Function of Total
Length in Link L001
Plotting Graphs in Microsoft Excel
The Plot Viewer is the default option to view the plots. However
Microsoft Excel is also available. Follow a similar procedure as in Part A
to define this plot.
64
Select Setup Options from the General menu in the PIPEPHASE

RAS dialog box.
Choose the Excel 5.0/7.0 Plotter radio button and click OK .
Select New from the Plot Report list and click View/Edit... .
Change the X-axis to Time.
Click Add... and select the Oil. Std. Volumetric Flow Rate from the
Hydraulic Variable drop-down list, then add the selection for each of
the three links.
To view the plots, click View . This will open up Excel for the plot
(Figure 41). The raw data is also transferred into Excel and is located
on the second sheet named RAS Raw Data.
Figure 41:
Plot of Individual Well
and Total Oil
Flowrates as a
Function of Time
65
Ridge Pipeline
#
TASK
A new well is planned for a reservoir that lies under a steep ridge. Due to
the location of the reservoir, the well will be deviated as shown in Figure
42. The production of the well will be routed to a gas-oil separator operating at 100 psig, by way of a constant diameter flowline. This separator
is located on the other side of the ridge. The flowline may be built over
the ridge, or around it, as illustrated in Figure 43.
Figure 42:
Well Geometry
Vd
$
Vd
2
&%
Vd
Figure 43:
Topographical Layout
#!
!)
Vd
GU\\CYdU
5\UfQdY_^-
Vd
"'
! % Vd
("%Vd
"% Vd
Vd
! '%Vd
CU`QbQd_b
5\UfQdY_^-
!% Vd
% Vd
5\UfQdY_^
Table 35 gives the Measured Wireline Depth and True Vertical Depth for
the well, which corresponds with Figure 42.
66
Ridge Pipeline
Table 35: Tubing Measurements

Location
Measured Wireline
Depth (ft)
True Vertical
Depth (ft)
800
800
4500
4000
7500
6500
Use 2,500 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
Part A
Design the well and flowline to maximize total production. Use the
Beggs-Brill (with Moody Friction Factor) flow correlation (BBM),
Standing physical property correlations, and the information given in
Tables 36 through 39.
Oil
20 API
Gas
0.79 sp.gr
Water
1.01 sp.gr

Ambient Temperature
65F
Geothermal Gradient
2.08 F/100 ft
Table 38: Reservoir Data

Temperature
200F
Pressure
2,950 psig
Gas/oil ratio
475 ft3/bbl
Water Cut
0%
Estimated PI
1.7 bbl/day/psi
Table 39: Link Data
Tubing Nominal ID
4.00 in.
Tubing roughness (absolute)
0.0003 in.
Tubing Heat Transfer
2.2 BTU/hr-ft2-F
Pipe Nominal ID
6.00 in.
Pipe roughness (absolute)
0.0005 in.
Pipe Heat Transfer
3.0 BTU/hr-ft2-F
67
Which design maximizes production, building the flowline over the

ridge or around it?
What is the oil flowrate for the optimum design?
Part B
After the well is drilled, a fluid analysis yields the data in Table 40.
At the reservoir temperature of 200F, the bubble point pressure is 2,110
psi, viscosity is 0.7 cp, and compressibility above bubble point pressure
is 0.00002 vol/vol/psi. The water cut remains at 0%.
Table 40: Fluid Analysis Data
Property
Bubble Point
Medium Pressure Low Pressure
Pressure (psi)
2,110
1,200
200
Solution GOR (SCF/bbl)
400
280
38
Formation Volume Factor (bbl/STB)
1.298
1.206
1.079
Using the optimum design, found in Part A, what is the flowrate with the
adjusted Standing data?
Part C
A portable separator test conducted at the wellhead yields the data in

Table 41.
Table 41: Well Test Data
Oil Rate
2,500 bbl/day
Wellhead Pressure
140 psig
Wellhead Temperature
160F
Recalculate the flowrate using this additional data.

What is the actual PI?
What is the actual tubing heat transfer coefficient?
SOLUTION
Part A
Create a new simulation named RIDGE and enter a simulation description.

Step 1
Define the Model
68
Enter Blackoil PVT data. To use the Standing correlation for physical properties, click Correlations Data in the Fluid Property Data
Ridge Pipeline
dialog box. Select Standing from the drop-down list for GOR, Oil
FV , Z-factor, and Oil Viscosit .
Step 2
Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature, Geothermal Gradient, and the TUBING and PIPE data using the Global
link.
For the LINK data, enter the IPR device first. Select Productivity
Index from the IPR Model drop-down list. Enter a PI value of 1.7
bbl/day/psig.
For the three TUBING devices, enter the length and depth for each
section. Remember, the TUBING farthest from the well head must be
entered first.
You will have to build two separate flowsheets to simulate the flowline
over the ridge, and the flowline around the ridge.
Step 3
Step 4
First, to simulate the flowline over the ridge, add four PIPEs to the
LINK and enter data as shown in Figure 43 (Pipe 1: length = 1,900,
elevation = 0 ft; Pipe 2: length = 1,050, elevation = 250 ft; Pipe 3:
length = 825, elevation = -250 ft; Pipe 4: length = 1,075, elevation =
0 ft).
Use the Mukherjee-Brill (MB) pressure drop correlation for the third
PIPE in the link. This correlation provides an accurate model for
downhill flow.
Save the flowsheet before proceeding.
Find the total standard oil flowrate into the SINK. You can find this
value in the Output Report, or you can select View Output from the
Edit menu and double-click on the sink.
Modify the Flowsheet for Flow Around Ridge
Double-click on the LINK and delete the four PIPEs.
69
Step 5
Add two PIPEs and enter the data from Figure 43 (P1: length =
3,100, elevation = 50 ft; P2: length = 2,700, elevation = -50 ft). Use
the MB correlation for the downhill PIPE.
Save this flowsheet as RIDGE2.
Run the simulation again.
The results show that building the pipeline around the ridge yields a
more favorable result, with a standard oil flowrate of 2,398.7 bbl/day.
Building the pipeline over the ridge results in a standard oil flowrate of
2,361.9 bbl/day.
Part B
For the second part of the problem, you are provided with fluid data to
improve the accuracy of your model. Use the optimum design (pipeline
around the ridge) for parts B and C. Before making any changes, save
the file as RIDGEB.
Step 6
Adjust Standing Data
Select PVT Data from the General menu.
Select Property Set 1, and click Edit... .
Check the box beside Adjust Standing Data and click the associated
button.
Use the data provided in Table 40 to adjust the corresponding variables. The resulting dialog box is shown in Figure 44.
Figure 44:
Adjust Standing Data
Dialog Box
70
Ridge Pipeline
Step 7
The flowrate with the adjusted Standing data is 2,378.3 bbl/day. The
adjusted Standing correlation provides a more accurate model for the
system. Although the difference is small, this discrepancy of about 20
bbl/day can compound itself over the course of a year, resulting in an
annual discrepancy of approximately 7,300 bbl. Generally, the Standing
Correlation is not used for oil with API greater than 15, unless adjusted
data is available. If no such data is provided, the Vasquez correlations
may yield more accurate results.
Part C
Open the file named RIDGE2 and before making any changes save the
file as RIDGEC.
Step 8
Add Well Test Data
Double-click on the SOURCE node.
Activate the Well Test Data radio button, then click on the corresponding button.
Enter the data from Table 41 as shown in Figure 45.
Delete the IPR device from the LINK. This enables PIPEPHASE to
calculate the actual PI value from the well test data provided.
Figure 45:
Well Test Data Dialog
Box
71
Step 9
To obtain a detailed report for the link devices (including heat transfer coefficients), select Device Detail = Part from the Print Options
dialog box.
Scroll through the Output Report to find the calculated values for the
Productivity Index and the heat transfer coefficient for the TUBING.
The standard oil flowrate is 2,519.3 bbl/day. The calculated PI value is

1.802, and the heat transfer coefficient of the TUBIN is 1.923 BTU/hrft2F. These results are shown in Figure 46.
Figure 46:Ou tput
Report for IPR
INFLOW PERFORMANCE CALCULATION RESULTS

-------------------------------------WELL NAME
IPR TYPE
TEST DATA
FLOW RATE
GOR
OUTLET PRESSURE
OUTLET TEMPERATURE
L001
PI
TEST 1
2500.0(BPD)
475.0(CFBBL)
140.0(PSIG)
160.0(F)
CALCULATED RESULTS
FLOWING BOTTOMHOLE PRESS
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
1562.7(PSIG)
1.923(BTU/HRFT2F)
IPR COEFFICIENTS (CALCULATED)

PRODUCTIVITY INDEX (PI)
1.802(BPDPSI)
The discrepancy between the estimated and actual PI values demonstrates the importance of providing accurate estimates for a simulation
model. By providing an initial estimate of 1.7 for the PI, we provide a
value that is too low to properly simulate actual conditions.
It is important to note that this problem only considered productivity in
coming up with an optimum design for the pipeline. In reality, other factors have to be considered before deciding on which design is truly optimal. For instance, a rigorous cost: benefit analysis may show that
building the pipeline over the ridge may be a more favorable alternative.
This may be the case if the labor and material costs associated with the
pipe far outweigh the profits of greater productivity. This analysis would
require additional data such as the cost per unit volume of the pipe, and
labor costs for building over or around the ridge.
72
Ridge Pipeline
Appendix - Keyword Input Files

Black Oil Pipeline
Part A
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=PART
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.75, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.05
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1000, TEMP=120, *
RATE(ESTI)=1.0000e+005, GOR=200, WCUT=10, XCORD=38, YCORD=202
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=500, RATE(ESTI)=1.000e+005, *
XCORD=732, YCORD=200
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=20000, ECHG=-1000, ID=10, ROUGH(IN)=2.000e-003,*
U=1
$
END
Part B
TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=PART
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
RATE=1.0000e+005, GOR=200, WCUT=10, XCORD=38, YCORD=202
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=500, RATE(ESTI)=1.000e+005, *
XCORD=732, YCORD=200
$
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=20000, ECHG=-1000, ID=10, ROUGH(IN)=2.000e-003,*
U=1
$
END
73

Part A
TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=3000, TEMP=190,*
RATE(ESTI)=500, GOR=300, WCUT=20, XCORD=155, YCORD=-1
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=200, RATE(ESTI)=500, XCORD=813, YCORD=-1
$
COMPLETION NAME=E001, JONES, TUNNEL=3, PERFD=0.39, SHOTS=8, LENGTH=30
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=8000, DEPTH=6500, ID=1.995, U=10, TGRAD=2
CHOKE NAME=E004, ID=1
$
END
Part B
TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=3000, TEMP=190, RATE=2531, *
GOR=300, WCUT=20, XCORD=50, YCORD=333
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=200, RATE(ESTI)=2531, XCORD=736, YCORD=327
$
COMPLETION NAME=E001, JONES, TUNNEL=3, PERFD=0.39, SHOTS=8, LENGTH=30
SEPARATOR NAME=E005, PERCENT(GAS)=100
PUMP NAME=E006, PRES=700, EFF=85
PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=15000, ECHG=200, ID=2.441, U=1
$
END
74
Part A
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric, LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, PVTRUN, Compositional, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=FULL
, DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4
$
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID 1, H2S / 2, C1 / 3, C2 / 4, C3 / 5, IC4 / 6, NC4 / 7, IC5 / *
8, NC5 / 9, NC6
PETRO(KGM3) 10, C78, 109.000, 748.000 / 11, C910, 137.000, 795.000 / *
12, C11+, 207.000, 944.000 / 13, C20+, 354.000, 1036.000, 547.000
$
NETWORK DATA
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SET=SET01
, SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, SET=SET01
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES=74, TEMP=74, *
RATE(ESTI,W)=5.0000e+005, XCORD=132, YCORD=246, *
COMP(M)=1, 5.4 / 2, 2 / 3, 14.3 / 4, 16.3 / 5, 2.9 / 6, 8.6 / *
7, 3.1 / 8, 2.9 / 9, 4.1 / 10, 8.5 / 11, 4 / 12, 20 / 13, 7.9
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=10, RATE(ESTI)=5.000e+005, XCORD=684, YCORD=241
$
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=2.000e+005, ECHG=400, ID=24, U=4.8824, TAMB=20
$
END
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric, LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=FULL
, PLOT=FULL
, DATABASE=FULL
$
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID 1, H2S / 2, C1 / 3, C2 / 4, C3 / 5, IC4 / 6, NC4 / 7, IC5 / *
8, NC5 / 9, NC6
PETRO(KGM3) 10, C78, 109.000, 748.000 / 11, C910, 137.000, 795.000 / *
12, C11+, 207.000, 944.000 / 13, C20+, 354.000, 1036.000, 547.000
$
NETWORK DATA
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SET=SET01
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
GENERATE SETNO=1, SOURCE=S001, TEMP=5, DT=10, NT=8, PRES=5, DP=10, NP=8
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES=74, TEMP=74, *
RATE(ESTI,W)=5.0000e+005, XCORD=30, YCORD=142, *
COMP(M)=1, 5.4 / 2, 2 / 3, 14.3 / 4, 16.3 / 5, 2.9 / 6, 8.6 / *
7, 3.1 / 8, 2.9 / 9, 4.1 / 10, 8.5 / 11, 4 / 12, 20 / 13, 7.9
$
$
$
END
75
Part C
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric
, RATE(LV)=CMHR , LENGTH=M,IN, DENSITY=SPGR
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=FULL
, DATABASE=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,SPGR)=0.88, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=1.47, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
RATE(ESTI)=5.0000e+005, GOR=97, WCUT=0, XCORD=132, YCORD=246
$
$
$
END
Gas Well
Part A
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric
, LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL
, PLOT=FULL, DATABASE=FULL
$
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID 1, C1 / 2, C2 / 3, C3
$
NETWORK DATA
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SET=SET01
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES=74, TEMP=74, RATE(GV)=0.01, *
XCORD=-62, YCORD=188, COMP(M)=1, 80 / 2, 15 / 3, 5
$
$
TUBING NAME=E001, LENGTH=2002, DEPTH=1677, ID=2.441, U=4.882
$
END
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric
, RATE(GV)=CMHR , LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, Gas
, PRANDTL
, PLOT=FULL, DATABASE=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(SPGR)=0.68, CPRATIO=1.3
$
76
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=74, TEMP=74, RATE=0.01, *
XCORD=-62, YCORD=188
$
$
$
END

TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=PART
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
RATE=1.0000e+005, GOR=200, WCUT=10, XCORD=38, YCORD=202
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=500, RATE(ESTI)=1.000e+005, XCORD=732,*
YCORD=200
$
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=20000, ECHG=-1000, ID=10, *
ROUGH(IN)=2.000e-003, U=1
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 01
RESTORE
PARAMETER PIPE=E001, VARIABLE=ID, VALUE=11
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 02
RESTORE
PARAMETER PIPE=E001, VARIABLE=ECHG, VALUE=-1100
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 03
RESTORE
PARAMETER PIPE=E001, VARIABLE=ROUG, VALUE=2.200e-003
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 04
RESTORE
PARAMETER PIPE=E001, VARIABLE=U, VALUE=1.1
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 05
RESTORE
PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=RATE(LV), VALUE=1.100e+005
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 06
RESTORE
PARAMETER PIPE=E001, VARIABLE=FCOD, FCODE=DE
$
END
77

Part A
TITLE
CALCULATION NETWORK, Liquid
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=24, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065, *
TAMBIENT=35
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, DATABASE=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(LIQUID, API)=20, VISC=70, 370/ 120, 50
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=-99, YCORD=408
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=150, RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=691, YCORD=411
$
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, ECHG=-1000, WATER
PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=50000, ECHG=1000, SOIL, CONSOIL=1.2, BDTOP=36
PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=3.000e+005, SOIL, CONSOIL=0.3, BDTOP=36, TAMB=50
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 01
PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=30
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 02
$
END
Part B
TITLE
CALCULATION NETWORK, Liquid
, PRANDTL
TAMBIENT=35
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=OFF, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(LIQUID, API)=20, VISC=70, 370/ 120, 50
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=-99, YCORD=408
$
$
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, ECHG=-1000, WATER
PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=50000, ECHG=1000, SOIL, CONSOIL=1.2, BDTOP=36
PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=3.000e+005, SOIL, CONSOIL=0.3, BDTOP=36, *
THKINS=2, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.015, 0.015, 0.015, 0.015, 0.015, *
TAMB=50
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 01
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 02
$
END
78
Pipeline Sphering
TITLE
DIMENSION English
CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL, SPHERING
TAMBIENT=65, UPIPE=0.8, UTUBING=1, URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DEVICE=PART
, PLOT=FULL
, MAP=TAITEL
$
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID 1, C1 / 2, C2 / 3, C3 / 4, NC4 / 5, NC5 / 6, NC6
PETRO(API) 7, PETRO1, , 45.000, 350.000 / 8, PETRO2, , 38.000, 480.000
$
NETWORK DATA
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SET=SET01
WATER PROPERTY=Super
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, SET=SET01, PRES=350, TEMP=120, *
RATE(GV)=0.7667, XCORD=192, YCORD=272, COMP(M)=1, 88.61 / 2, 3.15 / *
3, 2.69 / 4, 2.04 / 5, 1.67 / 6, 1.11 / 7, 0.55 / 8, 0.18
$
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002, PRINT
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=4224, IDSPHERE=8, ID=8, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=6336, ECHG=154, ID=8, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=8448, ECHG=-69, IDSPHERE=8.1, ID=8, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=264, ECHG=-10, IDSPHERE=12.1, ID=12, U=0.8
PIPE NAME=E008, LENGTH=9504, ECHG=-118, ID=12, U=0.8
$
END

TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD , DENSITY=SPGR
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=12, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065,*
UPIPE=2, UTUBING=1, URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,SPGR)=0.54, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.765, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1
$
STRUCTURE DATA
SOURCE NAME=A0 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=395, TEMP=120,*
RATE(ESTI)=10000, GOR=400, WCUT=0, XCORD=78, YCORD=884
$
SOURCE NAME=A1 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES(ESTI)=300, TEMP=110,*
RATE=10000, GOR=300, WCUT=0, XCORD=33, YCORD=317
$
RATE=15500, GOR=100, WCUT=0, XCORD=511, YCORD=-94
$
RATE=20000, GOR=230, WCUT=0, XCORD=827, YCORD=938
$
SINK NAME=B
, PRES=125, RATE(ESTI)=20000, XCORD=1430, YCORD=579
SINK NAME=C
, PRES=110, RATE(ESTI)=40000, XCORD=1444, YCORD=287
$
JUNCTION NAME=J0 , XCORD=212, YCORD=705
79

$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=J0 , TO=J1
PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=35000, U=2
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
LINK NAME=L009, FROM=J6 , TO=B
$
LINK NAME=L010, FROM=J5 , TO=C
$
LINK NAME=L011, FROM=A0 , TO=J0
$
$
$
$
END

TITLE
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4, IDTUBING=4, IDRISER=4, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.6, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01
SET SETNO=2, GRAV(OIL,API)=33, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.63,GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.03
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=1
, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2500, TEMP=185,*
$
SOURCE NAME=2
$
SOURCE NAME=3
, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2530, TEMP=185, *
$
SOURCE NAME=4
$
SOURCE NAME=5
$
SOURCE NAME=6
80

$
SINK NAME=ONSH, PRES=160, RATE(ESTI)=6000, XCORD=1358, YCORD=186
$
JUNCTION NAME=PLAT, XCORD=532, YCORD=212
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=1
, TO=PLAT
IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 5 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=3000, DEPTH=2500, ID=2.441, U=1
PIPE NAME=E004, LENGTH=1500, ECHG=47, U=1
RISER NAME=E005, LENGTH=500, ELEV=470, U=1
$
, TO=PLAT
PIPE NAME=E010, LENGTH=1800, ECHG=-70, U=1
$
, TO=PLAT
IPR NAME=E013, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 4.5 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1
$
, TO=PLAT
$
, TO=PLAT
$
, TO=PLAT
$
LINK NAME=L007, FROM=PLAT, TO=ONSH
PIPE NAME=E037, LENGTH=490, ID=16, U=1
PIPE NAME=E038, LENGTH=2.112e+005, ECHG=300, ID=16, U=1
PIPE NAME=E039, LENGTH=5280, ECHG=190, ID=16, U=1
PIPE NAME=E040, LENGTH=10560, ID=16, U=1
$
END

TITLE
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT NOMD=4, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, NOMR=4, SCHR= 40, *
IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, UPIPE=1, UTUBING=1, URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.75,*
LIFTGAS GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.8
$
STRUCTURE DATA
81
$
RATE(ESTI)=6000, GOR=108, WCUT=0, XCORD=-190, YCORD=-12
$
RATE(ESTI)=6000, GOR=102, WCUT=10.5, XCORD=-120, YCORD=644
$
$
JUNCTION NAME=J003, XCORD=269, YCORD=260
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=J003
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=8010, DEPTH=8010, U=1
GLVALVE NAME=E003, RATE=1.5
$
GLVALVE NAME=E008, RATE=1.5
$
LINK NAME=L003, FROM=J003, TO=D004
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 01 - 2.0 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2
$
CASE STUDY DATA
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2.5
$
CASE STUDY DATA
RESTORE
$
CASE STUDY DATA
RESTORE
$
CASE STUDY DATA
RESTORE
$
CASE STUDY DATA
RESTORE
$
CASE STUDY DATA
RESTORE
$
END
82

Part A
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR
CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001
CORRELATION WPROP=Super
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, *
QUALITY=99, XCORD=25, YCORD=163
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159
$
$
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, AIR, VELOCITY=10, *
THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.01, 0.015, 0.015, *
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,*
HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=3, 5, *
IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, *
CPAN=0.46, 0, CONANN=0.12083, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=0, 0, *
VISANN=0.22, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=62.4, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8
IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1
$
END
Part B
TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
$
$
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, SOIL, BDTOP=36, *
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
$
END
83
Part C
TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
QUALITY=99, XCORD=-82, YCORD=163
$
$
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
$
END
Part D
TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
$
$
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
CPAN=0.25, 0, CONANN=0.01875, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=1.410e-003, 0,*
$
END
84
Part E
TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
QUALITY=99, XCORD=-82, YCORD=163
$
$
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
CPAN=0.25, 0, CONANN=0.01875, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=1.410e-003, 0,*
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case Study 01
PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=PRES, VALUE=2000
$
CASE STUDY DATA
$
CASE STUDY DATA
$
CASE STUDY DATA
$
END

TITLE
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=3, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065, *
TAMBIENT=50, UPIPE=1, UTUBING=0.74, URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
$
$
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=9400, DEPTH=8000, U=0.74
$
85
CASE STUDY DATA

DESCRIPTION Case 01
PARAMETER TUBING=ALL, VARIABLE=ID, GLOBAL, OLD=3, VALUE=4
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 02
RESTORE
PARAMETER IPR=E001, VARIABLE=PI, VALUE=4.8
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 03
PARAMETER TUBING=ALL, VARIABLE=ID, GLOBAL, OLD=3, VALUE=4
PARAMETER IPR=E001, VARIABLE=PI, VALUE=4.8
$
END

TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
, DATABASE=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=35.2, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.704, *
SET SETNO=2, GRAV(OIL,API)=35.4, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.71, *
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
RATE(ESTI)=7000, GOR=450, WCUT=10.1, XCORD=115, YCORD=856
$
RATE(ESTI)=11000, GOR=455, WCUT=11.1, XCORD=621, YCORD=876
$
$
JUNCTION NAME=J003, XCORD=404, YCORD=253
$
IPR NAME=E002, TYPE=PI, GROUP=RC01, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 30 / *
PRES1, 2602 / PRES2, 2431 / PRES3, 2296 / PRES4, 2011 / PRES5, 1834 / *
GOR1, 450 / GOR2, 477 / GOR3, 492 / GOR4, 513 / GOR5, 550 / *
WCUT1, 10.1 / WCUT2, 10.3 / WCUT3, 10.8 / WCUT4, 11 / WCUT5, 11.8 / *
ABANDON, 1200 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 / QLCUM, 0, ARRAY=PPRES, 2602, 2431, *
2296, 2011, 1958, 1834 / AQLCUM, 0, 1.000e+007, 2.000e+007, 3.000e+007,*
4.000e+007, 5.000e+007
TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=1500, DEPTH=1450, NOMD=2.875, SCHED=TB01, U=1
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=201, ECHG=-5, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, U=1
$
IPR NAME=E006, TYPE=PI, GROUP=RC01, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 25 / *
PRES1, 2602 / PRES2, 2431 / PRES3, 2296 / PRES4, 2011 / PRES5, 1834 / *
GOR1, 455 / GOR2, 481 / GOR3, 506 / GOR4, 530 / GOR5, 562 / *
WCUT1, 11.1 / WCUT2, 11.1 / WCUT3, 11.5 / WCUT4, 11.8 / WCUT5, 12.5 / *
ABANDON, 1200 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1
TUBING NAME=E007, LENGTH=1631, DEPTH=1515, NOMD=2.875, SCHED=TB01, U=1
$
LINK NAME=L003, FROM=J003, TO=D004
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=4070, ECHG=207, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, U=1
$
TIMESTEPPING
CHANGE TIME=365, 730, 1096
$
END
86
Ridge Pipeline
Part A
Flow over Ridge
TITLE
, PRANDTL
DEFAULT NOMD=6, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, IDRISER=4.026, *
IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, TGRAD=2.08, UPIPE=3, UTUBING=2.2, *
URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=20, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.79,*
CORRELATION VISC(OIL)=Standing, SGOR=Standing, FVF=Standing
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
$
$
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=7500, DEPTH=6500, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=1900, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=1050, ECHG=250, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3
PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=825, ECHG=-250, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3,
FCODE=MB
PIPE NAME=E008, LENGTH=1075, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3
$
END
Flow Around Ridge

TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
$
$
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3,
FCODE=MB
$
END
87
Part B
TITLE
, PRANDTL
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
ADJUST TRES=200, VISC=0.7, COMP=2.0000e-005, PRES=2110, 1200, 200, *
FVF=1.298, 1.206, 1.079, SGOR=400, 280, 38
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
$
$
$
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3, *
FCODE=MB
$
END
Part C
TITLE
CALCULATION SINGLE, Blackoil
, PRANDTL
$
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=FULL
$
NETWORK DATA
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
WTEST NAME=E004, PI
, RESP=2950, TEMP=160, PRES=140, RATE=2500, *
GOR=475, WCUT=0
$
$
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3, *
FCODE=MB
$
END
88

Tutorial Pipephase

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Tutorial Pipephase

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INTRODUCTION TO

The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement

PIPEPHASE, NETOPT,TACITE, and SIMSCI are registered marks and/or trademarks

PIPEPHASE technology includes:

Comprehensive physical properties databank and thermodynamic

Link devices: pipes, tubing, compressors, pumps, separators, IPRs

Well analysis with inflow performance

Gas lift analysis

Sensitivity (nodal) analysis

PIPEPHASE GUI features include:

A true 32-bit Windows-based application

Interactive data entry and execution

Generate graphs, tables, and charts; view in Microsoft Excel

On-line help with hypertext jumps

And many more.

This comprehensive range of features enables your company to use one

Where to Find Additional Help

User manuals are shipped with your copy of PIPEPHASE. A complete

PIPEPHASE comes with online Help, a comprehensive online reference

PIPEPHASE is backed by the full resources of Simulation Sciences Inc.

Name and company, phone and fax numbers

Product version number

Problem description, including any error messages that you received

If you are e-mailing your problem, please include an electronic copy

When calling in a request, please have this workbook available and

About This Workbook

Buttons within dialog boxes are represented as gray-filled boxes

... Ellipses indicate items that, when selected, bring up a windo

Text in < > brackets indicates keyboard strokes.

The , icon indicates a cautionary note or a useful tip.

SIMSCI has made great efforts to ensure that PIPEPHASE is compliant

Remember to save your work often!

Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop

To initiate a PIPEPHASE session:

Click Start on the taskbar, select Programs and then SIMSCI.

Click OK , then choose File from the menu bar.

The File menu is described below.

Initialize a new simulation

Open an existing simulation

Import Keyword File

Load a keyword input file into PIPEPHASE

Close the active simulation

Create a new simulation as a copy of an existing one

Delete an existing simulation

Run the simulation

Run PIPEPHASE calculations from a UNIX machine

View Output File

View the output file in the Programmers File Editor

View Keyword File

View the input file in the Programmers File Editor

Print the flowsheet drawing or output report

Close the active simulation and exit the program

The PIPEPHASE main window, shown in Figure 2, is your primary

Table 2: PIPEPHASE Main Window Components

All functionality can be accessed through the menus.

Shortcut buttons for many commonly used PIPEPHASE operations are

Primary Workspace This is where you draw your flowsheet.

Table 3: PIPEPHASE Menu Bar

File operations: open, close save, import, etc.

Manipulate links and nodes on the flowsheet

Specify what appears on the main window

Enter case study and time-stepping data; access to a number of

Access the on-line help functions

Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop