SPEAK

FRENCH
A BOOK FOR
THE SOLDIERS

presented

to

She Xibrarp
of tbc

THniver0it\> of {Toronto

BOOK IS THE
PROPERTY OF

THIS

Regiment

Service

..

SPEAK FRENCH
^Book for
Soldiers

EASY LESSONS

in

FRENCH

A COMPLETE VOCABULARYo/ MILITARY

AND COMMON WORDS, COMPARATIVE

TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES,
HINTS FOR PRONOUNCING, ETC.

THE GOLDSMITH PUBLISHING

CLEVELAND, OHIO, U.

S.

A.

CO.

COPYRIGHT

1917

THE GOLDSMITH POBtlSHIN*

PREFACE
This

book

little

is

intended as a kind of linguistic First Aid

for the soldier who, once landed in France, will be at once

confronted with the

order to make

it

difficulties

rules

all

for

speaking

the practice exercises have been

in

made

In

tongue.

unessentials

The grammar has been reduced

have been omitted.

indispensable

unknown

of an

available for .immediate use,

to

its"

an acceptable manner;
in

view of the

soldier's

needs, and the vocabulary at the end has been carefully se-

Jected with the same purpose in mind.

answers

all

purposes

in

the various past

They had no
little

Means

for that

of

this

student

who

knowing

though

book,

purpose are numerous.

mastered,

pick

people,

The

French, will no doubt desire to perfect himself.

quite a

essentials

contents

It

The condi-

out altogether.

left

Aid method.

place in a First

mastered the

retained.

a simple conversation.

and the subjunctive have been

tional,

has

Of

only the conversational past has been

tenses,

he

Besides,

once the

by daily contact with French

will,

up the language rapidly with

all

the

desired

fluency.

The pronunciation has been

English

sounds.

doing

but

it,

it

is

This

is

indicated

very

by

corresponding

way of
work of this

unsatisfactory

the only one available for a

We

kind.

fully

the French nasal

realize that

onh does not exactly represent

sounds on and an (en)

The

://, nor UIKJ, nor ong.

hut neither does

r.n-lish language does not possess

these sounds, hence no symhols to represent

The

best, the only entirely

body who knows how

show you, by

any serious

will not

In

in

acquisition
\\orld,

their

water.

how

to

They are

u, eu.

difficulty to the

fairly

well

to

pronounce those sounds,

the only ones that will
'1

once heard, they

be overhard to imitate.

we hope

First

Aid

will

be

their

way

to

the

of one of the most beautiful languages

in

the

conclusion,

useful

them adequately.
is to get some-

pronounce French

actual example,

as also the sounds of

offer

to

satisfactory way,

that the

helping American

and incidentally
sojourn

among

will

their

little

students

make

on

easier,

friends

and more profitable

and Allies

across

the

Lessons in Spoken French

With

Phonetic

Pronunciation

LESSON ONE
Every French noun, whether of beings or objects,
masculine or feminine.

The
(a,

masculine noun

le

is

or un

(the)

an).

The
(a.

article preceding a

either

is

article preceding a feminine

noun

is

la

(the)

or une

an).

Le

is

Un

is

pronounced ler (without sounding the r).

pronounced onh, almost like ung, but without sounding

thfe g.

Une

is

to the

ii.

pronounced

iin,

sounding the

The

n,

and no nasal quality

the plural of un, une

plural of la and le is les (lay}
des (day) meaning some.
Before a word beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or a
mute h, we use neither le nor la but 1'. This does not affect
any of the other forms of the article.
;

is

Examples
Masc.

Le

soldat

(ler

soldah), the soldier; les soldats

(lay

soldah), the soldiers.

Masc.

L'officier

(loffissyay),
offissyay), the officers.

the

les

officer;

officiers

(lays

La cantine (lah conhteen), the canteen; les cantines

(lay conhteen), the canteens.
Fern. L'armee (larrmay), the army; les armees (laysarrmay), the armies.
Masc. Un soldat (unh soldah), a soldier; des soldats (day
soldah), soldiers. Une cantine (un), a canteen; des cantines (day conhteen), canteens.
As shown by above examples, nouns take s in the plural.
This s is not pronounced, but the s of the article is linked to
Fern.

a noun beginning with a vowel or mute h

offissyay).

13

les officiers

(lays-

Contraction of Le
at, to, is contracted with le, to form
au, meaning at the, to the: au soldat (o soldah), to the
dier; a is never contracted with la or with 1'.
a 1'armee, a 1'homme; to the army, to the man.
Preposition de, meaning of, from, is contracted with le to
form du this contraction does not take place with la or 1'.
du soldat (dii), of, from the soldier.
These prepositions contract with the plural les, to form
aux (o), meaning to the, and des (dav), meaning of from
Preposition

a,

meaning

the.

aux soldats (o soldah), aux armees (ozarmay), aux can(o conhtceii), aux compagnies (o konhpanyef), to the
soldiers; to the armies: to the canteens; to the companies.
des soldats (day soldah}, des armees (dayzarnnay), dcs
cantines (day conhtccn). of. from the soldiers, etc.
lUit a la cantine, a la compagnie, a 1'armee, a rhomme (ah
li>)n), to the man; de la cantine, de 1'armee, de rhomme, de
tines

I'officier,

a Pofficier.

Present of etre
I

(ccl ay), he
elle est (el tr
il

est

(<;v/rr>. to he.

am

je suis (zhc siccc >.

tu es (tit ay), thou art

(familiar)

is

nous sommes (two son), we are

vous-etes (voozct). yon are
ils sont (eel sonh), they are
elles sont (el sonh). they are (feminine)

Present of parler (parrlay), to speak

am

speaking, do speak

je parle (zhc parrl}

tu paries (til parrl)

you speak (familiar)

parle (eel parrl

(cl parrl)
nous parlons (noo parrlonh)
vous parlez (voo larrlay)
ils parlent (eel parrl)
elles parlent (el parrl}

he speaks
she speaks
we speak
you speak
they speak
they speak

il

elle parle

14

speak,

(feminine)

Vocabulary
le
le

lieutenant
(lee-ot-nonh), je salue (sah-lii), I salute.
la senfinelle (sonhtccnpl), the
the lieutenant.

regiment (ray-zhec-inonh),
the regiment.

voici

sentry.

(rcgarrd'}, looks at.

regardent, they look at.

regarde

(vwahssee), here

ils

is.

Reading
Un

capitaine.

1'armee.

hommes.

Des

Les officiers.
Les regiments.

parle au lieutenant.

Le capitaine. Aux compagnies.

Des armees. Du lieutenant. Des

soldats.

Voici les soldats du regiment.

Je

L'homme

salue le capitaine.
Les soldats
Nous parlons au capiregardent les officiers de la compagnie.
taine.
Le capitaine et le lieutenant sont des officiers. Un
officier parle aux soldats.
Les hommes du regiment parlent
aux officiers. Ils saluent (salii) le capitaine et les officiers. La
sentinelle regarde Tennerm.

Translation
Of the soldiers. An army. Of the man. The captain.
To the army. Men. Companies. Regiments of soldiers. Of
the officers.
Of the army. Here is the captain. The captain

and the lieutenant are

officers.

We

are soldiers.

We

speak to the captain. They salute the officers. A lieutenant

is speaking to the men.
You are saluting the officer. He
observes the enemy.
The captain of the company is an
officer.

company

is

a part (une partie)

15

of the army.

LESSON
How
The

simplest

way

is

to

TWO

Form Questions

to put Est-ce

(I'.sskcr)

que

before the

affirmative or negative sentence.

Est-ce que je parle?

Est-ce que tu paries?
Est-ce que je suis?
Le soldat salue (sahlii)
le

Does

soldat salue?

Do
speak?
Do you speak:
I

\m

I?

Est-ce que
the soldier salute?

When

we may

the subject is a pronoun (je, tu, nous, etc.).

simply change the order of the words, thus
:

je suis, I

am

suis-je (si^ccch

),

Am

nous sommes, we are. sommes-nous (soin noo). Are we?

vous etes, you are. .etes-vous (ct roo), Are you?
ils parlent, they speak
parlent-ils (parrltecl). Do they speak?
il
parle, he speaks. parle-t-il (parrltccl). Does he speak?
In this case, the t is necessary in the third person whenever
the verb ends in a vowel: II a (eel ah), he has;; a-t-il? has
he? When the sentence begins with an interrogative word
like ou (00}
where, qui (kec), who, que (Avr), what, com.

how much, how many, comment

(konhbycnh
(komonh), how. quand (konh). when we also invert verb
and subject:
bien

Ou

est le soldat?

(oo ay Icr soldo li'), where

Que regardez-vous

(kcr

rcgarrdav

:'<">).

is

the soldier?

what

are

you

looking at?

Que

fait

These

Jean? (kcr fay Zlionh), \Yhat

words may also

is

interrogative

John doing?
be

placed

before

est-ce que:

Qu' est-ce que Jean

John doing?

Quand

fait?

(kesskcr Jonh

est-ce que Jean est arrive?

16

When

fay'}.

\\"hat

is

has John arrived?

How

to

Form Negations

Place ne before the verb and pas or some other negative

word

after.

Example:
Je ne parle pas.

Je parle.

L'officier salue le soldat.

The following

Ne
Ne
ne
ne
ne

ne salue pas

le soldat.

not.

jamais (zhamay), never.

pas,

L'officier

are negative combinations

plus (plii), no more, no longer.

que (ker), only.
ni

Examples

ni

(nee), neither, nor.

Je ne regarde jamais

les

femmes (/am),

never look

at

women.
Le capitaine ne

parle jamais aux soldats, The captain never

speaks to the soldiers.
Je ne parle qu' au soldat, I am speaking only to the soldier.
Je ne regarde ni le capitaine ni le soldat, I am looking neither
at the captain nor at the soldier.
Je n'ai que deux (do) francs, I have only two francs.

Present of avoir, to have

(shay), I have.
tu as (*tu ah), you have (familiar).
il a
{eel ah), he has.
nous avons (noozavonh), we have,
vous avez (voosavay), you have.
ils ont (eelzonh), they have.
elles ont (elzonh), they have (feminine).
j'ai

Vocabulary
NOTE: Single r's in the phonetic pronunciation are not to
be pronounced unless initial.
le

(sampler) soldat, the private.

(Icr shef), the chief.

simple

le chef

le regiment (rayzheemonh), the regiment.

monsieur (mussyo or m'ssyo), sir, Mr.

le colonel

(ko-lo-nel), the colonel.

17

le capitaine (Icr kapcctairu ) m the ca[)tain.

la tete (lah tairt), the head.
la sentinelle (sonhtccncl), the sentry.

rhomme

the man.
salutes; je salue (sahlii), I salute; tu salues
saluer (sahliiay), to salute.
(salilii^, you salute;
1'hopital (lopcetalil). the hospital.
le bureau (biiro), the office.
le matin (nuitanh), the morning, in the morning.
salue

(lotn),

(salilii),

toujours, alwa\

s.

Reading
Etes-vous un officier? Non je ne suis pas un officier, je suis
un simple soldat.
Le capitaine est-il le chef du regiment?
Non, Monsieur, le colonel est le chef du regiment. Le capitaine est a la tete de la compagnie (konh-pan-yce)
Est-ce
que (csskcr) les officiers saluent (salii) les simples soldats?
Les officiers ne saluent, pas toujours (loochoor) les simples
C)u est le colonel? Le colonel n'est pas dans son
soldats.
bureau. N'est-il pas a 1'hopital? Oui, Monsieur. Le colonel
n'est jamais dans son bureau le matin (inahtanh}.
Que reJe regarde les soldats de la compagnie.
Est-ce
gardes-tu?
que tu salues le colonel? Non, je ne salue que le lieutenant
(leeotnonh).
.

Practice Exercise
Recite the interrogative forms, with est-ce que, of parler,
regarder, saluer.
The same by inverting subject and verb (this cannot be
done in the first person singular, where we must use est-ce
que; it may he done only in the first person singular, with
the verbs avoir, have, and etre, be).
Recite the negative forms of parler, saluer, etre, avoir.
For negative questions, put est-ce que before the ordimry

negation
Jean ne parle pas. Est-ce que Jean ne parle pas?
or, with pronouns, put ne before the ordinary question, and
pas after the verb:
Parlez-vous (parrla\ -i'oo) franc.ais?
Ne parlez-vous pas franc,ais?
:

18

Translate

Do
am

not speak to the

What are you looking at?
not looking at the soldier, but at the officer. Is not the
lieutenant at the head of the company?
Is not the sentinel
The privates never speak to the
looking at the enemy?
colonel.
The colonel salutes the officers only. Does he
salute the officers of the regiment?
Does the officer salute
The lieutenant is not at ihe
the soldiers at the hospital?
hospital. Is he at the colonel's office ? He is not speaking to
a soldier, but to an officer.
The sentry never looks at the
I

soldier.

soldiers.

Expressions
Boajour,

Good

mon

day, sir

lieutenant

to

Learn

(bonhzhoor,

monk

lecotnonh)

Bonjour, mon capitaine. Good morning, captain.

Bonsoir, Monsieur (Bonhszvahr, Mus#yo), Good

evening,

sir.

Comment

How
Je
I

vous

do you do

portez-vous?

(Komonh roo

portay TOO),

me

porte bien (Zhcr iner porrt byenh), merci ( inairrsce),

thank you.
Et vous? and you? Bien, merci, I am well, thank you.

am

well,

Au revoir! (O rervwahr), Goodbye. Adieu! (Ahdceyo),

Goodbye, or farewell.
A tantot! (ah tonhto) See you soon! A bientot! (ah
byeiihto), see you soon.
Tres bien, merci (tray byenh, mairrsee), very well, thank
you.

19

LESSON THREE
The preposition de plus the definite article ie, la, I', les c
used to express some or any (whether expressed or under
In the masculine this de le become
stood in English;.
i

course, du.

Avez-vous du cafe (kafay') ? Have you any coffee, or coffee?

II vous donne des fusils (Jay
fiisce), he gives you (some)
guns.

Apportez-moi

is

de 1'eau

nr^ah)

(aporrtay

me (some) water.
De without the article

(dcr

Bring

lo),

used after expressions of quantity;

or negative pas:

beaucoup (bokoo), much, many.

peu (/>0), little, few; un peu, a little, a few.
trop (trro}, too much, too many.
assez (ahssay), enough.
plus (plii), more.

mums (mwenh),

less,

fewer.

une livre (Un Iccrrr), a pound.

un verre (z'airr), a glass.
Est-ce
que les Allemands ont beaucoup
Examples
d'hommes? Have the Germans many men? Donnez-moi
(donaymwah) un peu de beurre (borr), Give me some but:

ter,

little

butter.

J'ai

assez de pain

(/>f/i), merci,

enough bread, thank you. Je ne veux pas (vd

merci. I do not want any wine, thank you.

/>ah)

de

have
vin,

Irregular plural of nouns

Irregular Plural of

Nouns

in

form

al

to aux:
le general, les
le caporal, les
le cheval, les

their

plural

Nouns

by changing that ending

generaux (lay chaynayrro).

caporaux(a/z/>orra).
chevaux

Nouns ending

in

is

in s, x or z remain unchanged in the plural

writing and in pronunciation
1'obus (lobii), les obus (laysobu'), the shell, the shells.
le gaz (ler gahz), les gaz, the gas, the gases.
le prix {ler pree), les prix, the price(s) or prize(s).
Nouns ending in ail change ail to aux. The most important
le travail (ler trahvi), les travaux (trravo).
:

Expressions to Learn
y a (eel ee ah), there is, there are; it also means "ago."
a-t-il (ee ah teel), is there, are there?
II y a des officiers a la porte, there -are officers at the door.
II y a trois jours, three days ago.
a-t-il des canons au front (ee ah teel day kanonh o
frronh), Are there cannon at the front?
II

Reading
Ou

sont les bottines? II y a des bottines sous le lit. Et le

moi. L'orpantalon? Voila des pantalons, a qui sont-ils?
donnance a pendu deux paires sur la porte. Ou est la mailer
II y a beaucoup de malles devant la porte.
J'ai assez de linge
dans la malle. Je ne peux pas trouver des chaussettes. Les
Et les objets de toilette? Les
voila a cote des chemises.

des brosses, un peigne, du savon et de la pate dentifrice.

N'oubliez pas la brosse a dents. Elle est ici, enveloppee dans
Le capitaine
Attention! (ahtonhseeohn)
des essuie-mains.
Brown approche avec deux generaux franqais. C'est le moment
de partir. Nous pouvons ranger les affaires demain. Oui, si les
Les obus ne tornobus ne nous derangent (dayronhzh} pas.
bent jamais au camp.
voici,

Translate
Have you any tooth paste? Where is it? It is in the trunk.
Where is the trunk? There are many trunks at the station.
Have you any socks? I put some socks and shirts on the
bed.

Are you going

to put

on any shoes?
21

Here are tan

some soap and towel> in a box under

Hvre they are. Tinis
coming with two men in uniform.
They arc French
They come to visit the camp.
corporals.
There is
shoes.
bed. \\"here are

tin- tnui.scr.-?

Present Tense of pouvoir, to he able

Je peux (zh.cr pi>), I can, am aide.

tu peux, you can (familiar).
il

peut,

lie

can.

nous pouvons (poirconh), we can.

vous pouvez
you can.
ils peuvent
<v/ /'<>;). they can.
elles peuvent (cl /
Je peux marcher, I can walk.
Pouvons-nous parler aux officiers. Can
<

officers

we >peak

to

the

Vocabulary
bottine (hottcen), the shoe, le peigne (paynycr ), the comh.
le lit (Ice), the hed.
la pate dentifrice (palit d<>hnle pantalon (pontahloiih}. the
tccfrrccss). the tooth p
tron
la brosse a dents
(hrross ah
1'ordonnance
(lorrdononkss),
danh), tooth hrush.
the orderly.
I'essuie-mains
Icsnsccnitnih ).
la porte (porrtf), the door.
the towel.
la paire (j>oiVr), the pair.
le
moment
the
inonionh
la malle (tiiahl), the trunk.
moment.
le linge (lanhsh), the linen, 1'affaire (lahfai*
the underwear.
I'obus (I obit), the shell.
la chaussette
(shossctt), the le camp (knnh*), the camp.
sock.
sous (soo), under.
la
chemise (shcnnccz ). the voila
(vwahlah), there is.
shirt.
there are behold.
la

Fob jet dt

toilette

(lobshay dcr a pendu (ponhrii).

twahlett), the toilet article,

la brosse (brross), the brush,

sur

(siirr"),

on.

dans (donh"),

in.

upon

devant (dcrrvonh), before,

in partir (part e err), to leave, to

front of.
go away,
a cote de (ah kotay der), by ranger (ronhshay), to arrange,
the side o\.
to put in order.
oublier (oobleeay), to lorgev.. demain (dcrmanh), tomorrow.
ici (cessee), here.
si
(sec), if.
attention (attcnsyoK), look out Ideranger
(dayrronhzhay ). to
bother.
approcher (aprroshay), to ap-

proach
a qui?

whose?

tomber (toinbay),
c'est, it is,

deux (do), two.

23

to fall.

they are.

LESSON FOUR
Adjectives. Qualifying adjectives generally follow the noun.
Un cheval enorme, a very large horse.

The following, however, precede the noun as a rule:

bon (bonh), good..
vilain (rcelcnh), ugly, homely.
mauvais (inoi'ay), had.
long (lonh), long.
joli

beau

(choice), pretty.
(bo), fine, beautiful.

gros
petit

(grro), hig, hulky.

(puttee), small.

fat.

Example

Vous avez un beau

Le

cheval.
gros arbre (arrbrer).
Adjective^ are masculine

petit

garc.on salue le soldat.

Un

or

feminine according to the

they form their feminine by

word they
adding

Un

Generally
qualify.
e to the masculine:

homme, une

petit

petite

femme, une

fille,

jolie

un

joli

tableau.

do not change before a

Adjective* already ending
feminine noun; such are severe, aimable, facile, -even-, amiin

able, easy.
N'ote the

following irregular feminine-:

cher (shairr), f. chere (shnirr), dear, expensive.
sec (sek), f. seche (sesh), dry.

complet (konhplay), f. complete (konhpla\tt

doux (doo}, f. douce (dooss), sweet.
(frray), f. fraiche (frresh). fresh.
Adjectives whose last consonant is f change
feminine, and then take e.

).

complete.

to

frais

actif,

f.

decisif,

active (a.r/frr), active.

decisive (dayceeccev}

f.

v in the

decisive.

Adjectives ending in x change x to se in the feminine.

heureux (oro\ f. heureuse (orroz}, happy.
peureux (pdrrd), f. peureuse (porroz). timid.
Notice also the following:
blanc (blank), f. blanche (blonhsh). white.
ancien
ancient,
(onhssefytnh), ancienne
(onhsecycnirt.
former.
24

bonne (bonn), good.

basse (bahss), low; also:

bon (bonh),
bas (bah),

i.

f.

The following much used

vile.

adjectives have

two forms

in the

masculine singular
beau becomes bel before a vowel or mute h.
nouveau becomes nouvel before a vowel or mute h.
vieux (veed) becomes vieil (veeay) before a vowel or
:

mute

h.

is formed from the forms in el: belle (bel),

nouvelle (noovel), vieille (veeay}. Adjectives generally form
The exceptions are unimportant for
their plural by adding s.
speaking purposes, except that those ending in al change
this ending to aux: egal, plur. egaux (ay go),

The feminine

Comparison

of adjectives

Large, larger, the largest: grand, plus grand, le plus grand.

Large, less large, the least large: grand, moins (mivenh)
grand, le moins grand.
As large as: aussi (ossee) grand que.

And

thus with most adjectives.

Note the exception
Good, better, the best: bon, meilleur (may-yorr),
:

leur.

le

meil-

Fern, bonne, meilleure, meilleure.

Reading
maisons la-bas? L'escouade est logee dans
Voyez-vous
la maison la plus basse. L'etat major a la meilleure habitation
du village. Les habitants de ce petit village sont des refugies.
Au coin de la rue on peut voir les pauvres ruines de la belle
Les obus ont epargne la tour. Elle est presque noueglise.
Elle est a cote de la
velle, mais les murs sont tout noirs.
maison blanche. J'ai perdu mon vieil ami. Sa vieille mere est
tres triste.
Je vais lui ecrire une longue lettre. Le pain est
frais, mais la viande n'est pas fraiche.
les

25

Translate
Where

In the smallest house of the

The
captain's house is the olde>t in the street.
house.- in the town arc white.
The old church is

are you quartered?

The

village.

largest

falling in ruins

on the tower.

(tombe en
There is a

young soldier shares my

him very agreeable.

fine

tent.

II
II

II

II

beau, or

much

is

The
I

find

to learn

weather

is

dust.
(tnot'ay).

or

il

fait

mauvais temps,

the

bad.

fait nuit

is

fait

il

mauvais

fait

II

II

shell has fallen

beau temps, the weather is tine.

fait du soleil (solay), the sun sh
fait du vent (:<>;///).
it is windy.
fait du brouillard (hnn> yarn, it is mi-ty
or, foj
y a beaucoup de poussiere (pooss yairr), it is very dusty,
fait

there

it

German

view from the window.

He is younger than I.

Expressions
II

ruine).

(nwee),

is

it

night or dark;

il

fait

jour (shoorn,

daylight.

J'ai soif

J'ai froid

(.vu (//;/).
(

j rr^'iih

am

1
)

thirsty.
cold.

am

Conversational past

tense of

parler

(parrlay)

spoke or have spoken.

tu as parle, you have spoken.
il a parle, he
has spoken.
elle a parle, she has spoken.
nous avons parle, we have spoken.
vous avez parle, you have spoken.
ils ont parle, they have spoken.
elles ont parle, they have spoken (feminine).
In the same way form the past tense of any verb whose
infinitive ends in er, like regarder, saluer, trouver.
Some verbs like aller (go), venir (come), tomber (fall).
form their past by using the present of etre (to be), as we
j'ai

parle (pan-lay),

shall see further.

26

Present of voir (vwahr)

je vois (zhcr
tu vois
i
voit
elle voit

vwah),

see.

to see

nous voyons (noo vwah-yonh).

vous voyez (voo vwah-yay)
,

voient (eel vwah)

elles voient (el vwah),
ils

Vocabulary
le coin

(kwanh), the corner.

rue (rii), the street.
1'etat major (laytah inazhorr), la ruine (nveen), the ruin.
1'eglise (layglces), the church.
m., the staff.
1'habitation (lahbeetahssceohn ), !a tour (toorr), the tower or
spire.
f., the dwelling.
the le mur (miirr), the wall.
le
village
(veelahzh),
Tami (lahmee), m., the friend.
village.
1'habitant
(lahbeetonh)
m., la mere (mairr), the mother.
the inhabitant.
la lettre (lairtrr).
le refugie (rayfiizheeay}, the le pain (panh}, the bread.
la viande (veeonhd^, the meat.
refugee.
la-bas (lahbah), yonder.
presque (pre'sskcr/, nearly.
tout (too}, all, quite.
loge (lozhay}, quartered.
noir (nwahrr), black.
pauvre (f>ovrr\ poor.
epargne (ayparrnyay), spared, triste (trreesf), sad.
1'escouade (lesskwahd)

f.,

the

la

squad.

27

LESSON FIVE
Unemphatic Pronouns
Subject Pronouns

Direct

(zAe)
thou (tii)
il
he (eel)
elle she (el)
nous we (noo)
vous you (voo)
ils (masc..)
they

je
tu

me
te
le

la

Indirect

Object
Pronouns
me (mer)

Object
Pronouns

me

thee (ter)

te

him (ler)
'her (lah)

lui

to me
to thee
to him, to her

(twee)
T him or her
nous to us
nous us
vous to you
vous you
leur to
them
(*(
les
them (masc.
elles (f em.)
(masc. or fern.)
they
or fern.) (lay)
V is used before a word beginning with a vowel. Example
have it).
The Object Pronouns precede
Je 1'ai
(I
the verb.
Example: Nous les aimons (\Ye like or love
them). Les aimons-nous? (Do we like them?) Except after
an affirmative command. Example: Parle-lui! Regardez-les!
NOTE: In affirmative command, me becomes moi, te be:

toi.
Example: Donnez-moi un cigare. Assieds-toi
(assyay-twah)
En (some of it, of them, any) and y (there, at that place,
to it) are treated as object pronouns, and follow the same
rule as to place.
Example: J'en parle (I speak of it). En
avez-vous? (Have you any?). J'y vais (I am going there).
Y etes-vous? (Are you there?).
NOTE
In an affirmative command, moi and toi become m'
and t' before en and y. Example: Donnez-m'en, give me some.
Table showing the succession of object pronouns when

comes

1234

there are several in the

same sentence

me

le

lui

te

la

leur

nous
vous

1'

les

28

en

15

23

Example Je le lui dis, I tell it to him. Je les leur donne,

I give them to them.
Donnez-nous en, give us some. Je 1'y
II y en a, +here are some.
vois, I see him there.
Allez-y,
go there. Y en a-t-il, Are there any?
:

Emphatic or Tonic Pronouns

The emphatic pronouns are employed when standing alone

when used with a preposition. Example Qui est la? Moi.
Qui va la? C'est lui. Venez avec moi. Allez avec eux.
The emphatic pronouns are
moi, I or me (mwah)
nous, we or us
or

thou or thee (twah)

he or him (Iwee)
elle, she or her

toi,

lui,

vous, you
eux, they or
elles,

them (masc.) (o)

they or them (fern.) (el)

The Reflexive Pronouns

Use

with reflexive verbs (se promener, to take a walk),

(se lever, to get up), where the pronoun is not translated.
Example: Je me leve (I get up). With verbs that demand a
reflexive pronoun to complete the meaning. Example Je me
lave (I wash myself).
II se parle (he speaks to himself).
Nous nous voyons (we see ourselves).
:

Forms

accusative or dative:

me
te

nous
vous

se

se

Reading Lesson
Donnez-moi du
plaisir.

aussi

s'il
vous plait. Oui, Monsieur, avec
Le voici. Voulez-vous
vite, j'ai faim.
car j'ai soil et j'ai froid. J'aime le cafe

pain,

Donnez-le-moi

du cafe?

bien chaud.

Oui,

Avez-vous du sucre? Oui, Monvous plait. Bien, je vais vous en

apporter tout de suite. J'ai deux amis dehors.
Us desirent
aussi du cafe et du pain avec du beurre.
Bien, Monsieur ditessieur.

Bien, en voici.

Donnez-m'en,

s'il

29

Je vais leur preparer un petit repas.

leur d'entrer.
le-leur dehors.
Us sont obliges de rester avec les

Donnez un peu de

aux chevaux

foin

et

aussi

Donnezchevaux.

un peu

d'eau.

Bien, Monsieur je vais leur en donner de suite. II y a beaucoup de foin dans la grange. Qui frappe a la porte? Ce sont
eux. Le plus grand demande son souper. Je vais rentrer avec
lui aux tranchees.
Nous nous lavons avant de quitter le village.

Translate

Have you the m<>m-\

Yes,
have some. No,
money: Vcs,

have

':

it?
No.
spoke to him.

lost

have not

She spoke

lost

him

to (de) return at once.

to bring their clothes.
Tell

you your ticket?

the

office.

will

it,

She speaks

to us.

He

is

them

Have you any

it.

haven't any.
Have you
have not received any. I

Tell

to herself.
Tell
us.

them

going with

to

wash themselves.

Show me the way to

Have you your
accompany you there.

Not

yet.

Go

get

it.

I
shall have them this afternoon.
papers?
Jean and Jacques
will bring them with them.
They are taking a walk.
1

Vocabulary
la grange (gronzh), the barn.
(f>anh). the bread.
the la tranchee ( trronshay)
the
plaisir
(plehzccr),

le pain
le

trench.

pleasure.
le cafe (cahfay), the coffee.

donner (dun nay), to give.

(rvrM, quickly.
(zha\ fanh), I
j'ai faim
hunurv.

amis

vite

(aincc), m.,
the friend, the friends.
le beurre (biirr), the butter.
le repas (r'/w/t). the meal.
1'ami.

les

lecheval

sli'z'ali!}, les

j'ai soif

chevaux,

the hoi
le foin

(f-icanh}, the hay.

1'eau, les

eaux (In^\ luyzo),

f..

(aroiih). before.

am

thirsty.

froid (frr^-ah), I am cold.

le sucre (siicrr), the sugar.
apporter (apporrtay), to bring.
tout de suite
(too d's:-*
j'ai

the water.

avant

(su'ahf),

am

immediately.
quitter (kectay), to leave.

30

LESSON SIX
Possessive Adjectives
Used before noun.
(masc. or
(masc. sing.)

(fern,

*mon (monk}

my

*ton
his or her .... *son
notre
our
....votre
your
thy

(tonh)
(sonh)
(notrr)
(votrr)

leur (lor)

their

sing.)

ma (ma/0

mes (may)

ta

tes

sa

ses

notre
votre

nos (no)
vos (vo)

leur

leurs

(lor)

NOTE: *Use mon, ton, son before a feminine noun

begins with a vowel or a mute h. Example mon amie
:

friend),

mon

fern,

plural)

if

it

(girl

habitude (habit, fern.).

The possessive adjectives agree with the noun possessed in

number and in gender. Example: Sa mere (his or her
mother).
house).

Notre frere

(our brother).

Leur maison

(their

Reading Lesson
Mon pere et ma mere sont nos parents. Ton pere est en
Amerique, mon ami. Ta mere et ta soeur y sont aussi. Beaucoup de tes amis sont en France avec 1'armee americaine.
Notre general est un homme de grande valeur. Votre capitaine a perdu le chemin.
Nos chevaux sont fatigues. Us ont
besoin de leur fourrage. Leurs habits sont mouilles.
Translate
Have you brought your gun with you? No,
camp (au camp). The other men have brought
but

they have left their guns also

it

soon.

My

sister

the

the

their bayonets,
Go get
camp.

have my knapsack. I need

your sweater come? No, but I
wrote me that she had sent it.

(allez chercher) your guns.

fresh linen and socks.
Has

expect

in

I left it in

31

Possessive Pronouns
mine le mien (tneeyenh), la mienne (tnecyenn),
(mceyenh), les miennes (meeycnn).

les

miens

thine le tien (tecycnh), la tienne, les tiens, les tiennes.

or hers le sien (seeycnh), la sienne, les siens, les
siennes.
ours le notre (notrr), la notre, les notres (notrr), les
notres (notrr).
yours le votre (i'otrr). la votre, les votres, les votres.
his

theirs

le leur, la leur, les leurs, les leurs

XIITK.S

An emphatic pronoun

a possessive pronoun.
or C'est a moi. This

with a

Example: This
is

yours. C'est

(liirr).

may

1>c substituted for

mine. C'est le mien,
votre, or C'est a vous.

is

le

Vocabulary
(fiicee), the gun.

les
habits
(ahbee), m., the
bottine (botteen), the shoe.
clothle sac (sak\ the sack, knap-le parent (parronh), the par-

le

fusil

la

sack,

ent.

mouille (niooyay}, adj., damp.l'Amerique

f.,
(ahmayreek),
la valeur (rahl<">rr), the value.
America.
f outrage
le
(foorrazli), the la mere (mairr), the mother.
la soeur (sorr), the sister.
fodder.
fatigue (fahtccgay), adj., tired. americain-e
(aniuyrcekanh),
le pere (pairr), the father.
adj., american.

Reading

C'est le mien.
qui est cette bottine?
C'est la sienne (or, c'est a lui, or simply, a lui).
qui sont
Ce sont les miennes.
les lettres?
qui sont les sacs, a nous
ou a eux? Ce sont les leurs (or ils sont a eux) les notres sont
mouilles. Est-ce notre compagnie? Oui c'est la notre.
NOTES In speaking of parts .of the body, instead of a
qui est ce fusil?

possessive adjective, the article le, la, 1' or les is used, sometimes with a reflexive pronoun referring to the subject of the
sentence.
Example: II se lave la figure (He is washing his
face). Je me lave les mains (I wash my hands). Je me suis
blesse a la jambe (I am wounded in the leg).

32

Translate

Go

and bring mine. John can bring his.

He is lazy. That is your opinion, not mine. Some people
(quelques hommes) do not distinguish between mine and
thine (le mien et le tien).
These shoes are mine, not his.
His are made in England. Ours are made in America. I can
recognize mine from afar. Whose papers are those? (translate: whose (a qui) are those papers).
Mine. Where have
you put mine? On the chair. On whose chair (on the chair
of whom) ? On his. Put them on hers. She wants to read
them this evening,
get your coffee

LESSON SEVEN
Demonstrative Adjectives
This or that (as in this book)
ce before a masculine noun beginning with a consonant.
cet before a masculine noun beginning with a vowel.
cette lie- fore a feminine noun.
ces before a plural noun.
Example: Ce fusil (this gun), cet equipement (this equipment.), cette femme, ces canons (these canons).

To

distinguish between this and that,

for that, as: this book (here), ce
there), ce livre-la.

la
(

add

ci

for this, and

that book

livre-ci;

Demonstrative Pronouns
This

OIK-

here

.celui-c-

(scrkccc-sce), masculine singular

(scll-scc), feminine singular

here) .ceux-ci (su-scc), masculine plural
celles-ci (scll-scc), feminine plural
there) .celui-la (scrlzi'Ce-lah), masculine singular
celle-la (scll-lah), feminine singular
celle-ci

That one

Those

<>m->

there). ceux-la

(si>-lah),

masculine plural

(scll-lah), feminine plural

De ces deux soldats, celui-ci est brave, celui-la
Example
est lache (Of these two soldiers, this one is brave, that one
ct-

lies-la

De

urdly
ce regiment,

officiers

The
The
The
The

Of

this

ceux-ci sont les soldats, ceux-la sont les

regiment, these are the soldiers, those are

one which, or who.

.celui qui (scrlii'cc kcc). celle qui
one which, or whom.. celui que (scrlui her), celle que
ones which, or who...ceux qui, celles qui
ones which, or whom.ceux que, celles que
Exampli
Celle qui vient est ma soeur (The one who is coming is my
Celle que vous voyez est ma soeur (The one whom
sister).
you see is my sister).
.

34

Ceux

qui viennent vers nous sont

who come towards

us are

my

voyez sont mes compagnes (Those

companions).
Ce (used with etre meaning it).

Example
vrai? (It

C'est

is I.

Ce

moi.

mes ccmpagnons (Those

sont

Whom

Is

you see are

C'est vrai.

eux.

It is true.

It is they.

it

my

Est-ce

true?).

Ceci, this (an indefinite pronoun)..

Cela, that (an indefinite pronoun).
Ceci est bon, cela est mauvais
Example
that is bad).
:

que vous

v^cil^s

companions,

(This

is

good,

Vocabulary
qui (kce), (interrogative pronoun), who.
qui (interrogative pronoun), whom.
quel (kell), quels, quelle, quelles (interrogative

adjective),

which or what.
lequel,

lequels,

lesquelles

laquelle,

(interrogative

pronoun),

which one.
the depuis (dcrpwcc), prep., since.
deguise (dayghcezay)
(p.p.,
le nom (nonh), the name.
deguiser), to disguise.
le
the ecrit (aycrrec), (p. p., ecrire),
papier
(pahpceay),
to write.
paper.
la femme (fam), the woman, emmener (cmm'nay), to tak':
the wife.
away.
la lettre (lettrr), the letter,
punir (piinecrr), to punish.
le banquier
the
interroger (antayrrozhay), to
(ban-kyay),
banker.
question.
1'Allemagne
(Al'man<-ycr), amener (ahm'na\), to bring

1'espion

(especonh).

m.,

spy.

Germany.
le.

mari
band.

(something living).
(mahrrec), the hus- en tete a tete (onh tett ah
tett), two people only.

veritable (vayrreetahbl)
real, true.

nommer (ser nummay). to

be named.
(too, quelque, quelques (kelk), adj.,

tous, toute, toutes

tooss, toot, toot), adj.,

tout,

adj.,

se

some.

all,

or every.
35

Reading
Qui est cet homme? C'est un espion. Quel est son nom?
Son nom est Dubois, Leblanc, Miiller, Lequel est le veritable?

Mon nom
Prisonnier, qul est votre nom?
Miiller, je crois.
est Leblanc.
Quelle est votre nationalite? Je suis franqais.
De quelle localite etes-vous? Je suis de Saint-Die. Quel est
Est-il
ce village?
II
est
lorrain.
frangais ou alsatien?
Qu'est-ce que ce papier? C'est une lettre. Qui 1'a ecrite? Ma
Saint-Die. Est-elle franchise? Elle
femme. Ou est-elle?
Vous avez deux lettres. Laqueile est d'elle,
est allemande.

celle-ci

ou celle-la?

Celle-ci.

de votre femme? Non, MonQuelques uns sont d'un banquier.

Lequel? Monsieur Braun. Amenez les deux autres hommes.
Lequel de ces deux est Braun? Celui-ci. Et qui est celui-ia?
Celle-la est une femme deguisee.
Quelle femme est-ce?
Pour qui faites-vous 1'espionnage?
C'est la mienne.
Pour
PAllemagne. Sergent, emmenez ces deux hommes. Je veux
parler en tete a tete avec cette femme. Lequel de ces hommes
Celui que vous avez interroge d'abord. Comest votre mari?
ment se nomme-t-il? Miiller. De quelle nationalite est-il?
Nous sommes tous les trois allemands. Depuis
II est allemand.
quand faites-vous 1'espionnage? Depuis le commencement de
la guerre.
Bien, vous serez tous punis.

Et ces papiers,

sieur.

De

qui

sont-ils aussi

sont-ils?

Translate
Take away

thi> prisoner.

I'm this

woman

in

room A.

Put

men under guard (sous garde). This one is espeWatch him. Do not speak with him. Give
cially dangerous.
me these papers and take those to the general. Ask him if
lie wishes to see the one who speaks French or the ones who
these two

him

do not speak French.

Tell

whom we saw

yesterday.

is

in

camp

locked up (enferme).

36

that the

woman

Her brother

is

is the one
a spy. He

Present tense of vouloir (voolwarr), (to wish, to want)

nous voulons (voolonh)
je veux (vo)
vous voulez (voolay)
tu veux (vo)
il veut (vo}
ils veulent (vol)
Present tense of venir (v'neerr), (to come)
nous venons (vnonh)
je viens (vee-cnh)
tu viens (vee-enh)
vous venez (vnay)
il vient
ils viennent (vee*enn)
(vee-enh}

37

LESSON EIGHT
Interrogative, Relative, and Indefinite

Pronouns

Interrogative

Qui (kcc), who? whom?

\vel or a mute
que (leer), what? (Qu' IK-:'
quoi (kicah), what? (used alone or after a

h.).

quel
tern

(kel),

quels

Uv/), quelle (kcll), quelles

which, what.

lequel (Icrkcl). lesquels (laykel), laquelle

(hiykcli), which one. which

(kcll),

n).
(in-

lahkcD, lesquelles

Juquel (diikcl), desquels (Jaykcl). de laquelle (dcr lakdl),

desquelles (daykcll). of which uu-.
auquel ("Av/), auxquels (nkd), a laquelle (ahlakch, auxquelles (okcl), to which one.

amples:
Qui cst la?
vous? (\\ho

Qui avez-vous vu? Que pensez-vous? Qu'avezthere? Whom have you seen? What <!<> y<ni
think? \\'hat have you?)
Quoi? De quoi parlez-vous? A quoi pensez-vous? (What?
Of what are you speaking? Of what are you think;:
Quelle est votre compa^nic?
Duel est votre numero?
(What is your number? What is your compan
Quels sont vos nom et prenom? (What is your triven n.nr.Land surnanu'?
Lequel de vos amis est fran<jais? Duquel de ces homme
parlez-vous? (Which of your friends is French? Of which
one of these men are you speaking?)
is

Relative Pronouns
qui (used a.s subject of a verh),
tion), whom.

38

who, (or after a preposi-

que (used as object), whom,

lequel,

lesquels,

that,

which.

laquelle, lesquelles (used as a substitute

See example.
to avoid misunderstanding).

and que
ou (00), where, when.
dont (donh) (generally replaces de qui and duquel), of
whom, of which.
for qui

Examples
Le soldat qui demeure avec moi.
(The soldier who lives with me.
:

L'homme

a qui je parle.

sommes. ( The man to

before which we are.)

Le
est

La bataille que
The battle that

La maison devant

whom

am

speaking.

je vois.
I see.)

laquelle nous

The house

femme, lequel (not qui) se nomme Miiller,

(This woman's brother who (the brother) is

frere de cette

un espion.

named

Miiller

is

a spy.)

Voici 1'heure ou nous

Voila la maison ou je suis loge.
devons attaquer.
(Here is the house where I am billeted.
This is the hour when we are to attack.)

L'homme

dont je parle est un soldat. Le livre dont je parle

(The man of whom I speak is a soldier.
book of which I speak is written in French.)

est ecrit

The

en

franc.ais.

Pronouns

Indefinite

quelqu'un (kelkunh}, somebody, anybody.

quelque chose (kelkcshose) something, anything.
,

personne (pairrsun), nobody;

(plus personne,

(personne que, nobody but)

nobody more).

rien (ree-cnh), nothing; (rien que, nothing but) (plus rien,

nothing more, nothing left.
aucun, aucune (okun), adj., no, none.
NOTE
When personne, rien and aucun are used in a sentence the verb is preceded by ne. Example Je ne vois personne (I see nobody). II n'a aucun livre (He has no book).
When personne and rien are used alone, we say simply
personne (nobody), rien (nothing).
:

39

Vocabulary
(konhteen

cantine

la

the aujourd'hui

),

camtoday.
la chope (shop), the glass of indigeste

(osk

(anhdccclicst),

adj.,

indigestible.

1'heure
le

(li'irn,

farceur

you

Boche

man
le

done (donh), then, therefore.

the joker, rec,u (r'sii) (p.p. "f recevoir),
received.
joker, you!
the Ger- vu (p.p. of voir), seen.

f.,

farceur, \-a!
le

the hour.

>1;

d'ahord

(hiftck), the beef-

bifteck
A-.

la

tarte. the tart, pie.

irchette

1'attaque
tack.

nouvelles
news.

les

(fnnrrshctt

),

the

trois

the

la

visile

la

boue (boo), the mud.

1'abri

visit,

ter.

Oui vive? \\ho

i^oes tliere?
e

pronoun.

himself.

the

(/rrzui). three.
(d'nuiiih), tomorr

demain
la

pomme

pris

votir.

the at-

f.,

(iioorcll),

(punnn), the apple.

(ahbrrcc). m.. the shel- tiens! (tycnh),

devorer (dayvawrray'), to de-

se

irst.

(lattuck),

(/T/VD,

why!

(p.

p.

prendre),

taken.
cent (sonh), one hundred.

Quoi de neuf?

What nev
comme (kiuii),

(ki\.\i

d'a

as, like.

appart'ncerr ).(con-Ie beurre (horr). the butter.

justed like venir). to helongil y avait ccl cc avch), there
douzieme
was.
;?), twelfth,
a propos
(aprropo), by thedit (dec), (p. p. dire), to tell,
to way.
jusqu'a (zhiisku). prep., until. si (.vrD.yes (after a negative
d'ailleurs
die-yen- ). besides.
expression).

appartenir

Reading
Un ami. Que voulez-vous? Rien. Que faitesvous ici? Je me promene. Quel est votre nom? Je me
nomme Jones.
A quel regiment appartenez-vous? Au
Qui vive?

douzieme

d'infanterie.

Quelle est votre nationalite?

40

Je suis

Je vous crois (Rather!

Parlez-vous anglais?
Americain.
Alors passez! Ou allez-vous?
Literally I believe you).
Bon! Buvez une chope pour moi. Avec plaisir.
la cantine.
Quelle heure est-il? Neuf heures. Depuis quand etes-vous de
service? Depuis six heures. Jusqu'a quand? Jusqu'a a neuf

heures trente.
nouvelles?

Bon

courage.

Quoi de neuf?

Rien.

Pas de

Bonjour la compagnie! Bonjour Jones. Quoi

Les Bodies sont a ... Berlin! Farceur, va! A

la cantine.

de neuf?

Combien
la grande attaque?
deniain, sans doute.
Trois cents.
Bravo!
prisonniers avons-nous pris hier?
Tous ont dit, "J'ai faim!" comme moi,
Qu'ont-ils dit?
quand
de

Que voulez-vous? Un biftek, du pain, du beurre,

de la tarte aux pommes, du cafe et un cigare. Un veritable
Tu n'a done rien mange aujourd'hui? Si, j'ai
Balthazar!
devore trois Bodies, mais ils sont indigestes. Quoi? J'ai dit
Avec quoi les as-tu pris? Avec ma fourchette,
trois Boches.
d'ailleurs.

Comment ont-ils regu ta visite? Oh, ils n'ont rien dit.

D'abord je n'ai vu personne.
II n'y avait rien dans leurs
tranchees que de 1'eau et de la boue. Mais il y avait quelque
chose dans les abris.
II y avait un capitaine et cinquante
homines.
tiens!

Translate
I have something for you.
What is it? A bayonet that I
took from (de) a German. That is nothing! I found a real
helmet in the mud of the trench. Who goes there? Who is
Of
speaking? Of whom are you speaking? Of nobody.
nothing. Whom did you see at the canteen? Where is the
canteen? I saw nobody. To what trench are you going?
There is no one in the trench. Which of your friends is
coming with you? Which shelter is yours? What is his

name?
is

Is

somebody coming?

the spy's sister.

am going

beer.

41

The woman whom you see

to the canteen for a glass of

Present tense of

faire,

to

make, to do

nous faisons (fersonh)

vous faites (fchti
ils font (fonh)
fait
Present tense of se promener, to take a walk
(se nommer is conjugated like se promener)

je fais (fch)
tu fais (ffli)
il

je me
tu te

promene
promenes
il se promene
{
nous nous promenons
vous vous promenez
ils se promenent

Present tense of boire (bwarr}, to drink

nous buvons (buvonk)
vous buvez
boit (I will)
ils boivent

je bois (fao///)
tu bois (fat

WO

il

42

LESSON NINE
Prepositions and
The commonest prepositions are:
sur (siirr), on.
sous (soo), under.

Adverbs

de (Iwanh), far from.

(ontrr), between.
devant (d'vonh), in front of, pres de (prchd'), near.
before.
a cote de (ah kotay), beside.
derriere (dairr-yairr) behind centre (konh-trr), against.
idans (do nh), in.
vers (vairr), towards.
loin

entre

i*a (ah), at, to.

avec, with.

!*de (d'), of, from, off.

*NOTE:

See Lesson

Examples

pour (poorr), for.

and de are contracted with the definite

article.

1.
:

Mon

uniforme est sur

Mes

bottes sont sous la table.

le

(My uniform
(My boots

lit.

on the bed.)
are under t s e

is

table.)

La malle

est

devant

la

porte.

(The trunk

is

before the

door.)

Le fusil est contre la porte. (The gun

Venez pres de moi. (Come near me.)
II

est assis a cote

de vous.

(He

is

is

against the door.)

sitting beside you.)

Adverbs
Most adjectives may be made into adverbs of manner by
tdding ment to the feminine form. Example: grand, grand jnent, in a large way; fort, fortement, strongly.
The commonest adverbs are
:

)ien

nal,

(bee-yenh), well.
ill,

nleux
tier

badly.

(meeyo),

better.

(ee-airr), yesterday.

iemain (d'manh), tomorrow,

tssez (assay), enough.
>resque (presk), nearly.

ici

(eessee), here.
toujours (tooshoorr), always.
souvent (soovonh), often.
tres

(trayh), very.

beaucoup
many.

(bokoo),

trop (trro), too much.

43

much,

maintenant
a

peu

pres

nearly,
la,

inant'nonh) now. y, there (referring to a

(a
po prrch), mentioned betou, where.
,

tin-re.

Examples:
Yous tirez

bien.
(You shoot well.)
Je suis tres fatigue. (I am very tired.)
J'en ai eu assez.
(I have had enough of it.)
11 est presque mort.
(He is almost di-ad.
Nous sommes a peu pres fous. (We are almost mad.
)

The Comparison

Adverbs

of

The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs

in the same manner a> those of adjectivr

ai

;
I

our.

amples

plus vite
moins vite
assez vite

vite

le plus vite
le moins vite

Jean court vite. (Jean runs swiftly.)

Louis court moins vite que lui. (Louis runs
than he.)
Albert court
swiftly of all.)

le

plus vite

de tous.

Irregularly

bien
well

Albert

runs the moJ

Compared

mieux

le

mieux

the best

better

Vocabulary
the sack, knap- le canon (cahnonli), the cannon.
la mitrailleuse (mee-trr-i-yoM
le mur (miirr"), the wall.
la chaise (shays'), the chair.
the machine gun.
!a fenetre (fnctrr}, the win- la troupe (trroop}, the troop,
the
batterie
dow.
la
(batt'rree),
le detail (day-ti}, the detail.
battery.
la journee
(shoorrnay), the le renseignement (ronh-sen-

le

sac (sak)
sack,

day.
le bois

(bwah}, the wood.

\crr-monli), the informatioi

raconter (racconhtay), to tell

44

besogne (b'sone-yer), the

work, the job.
premier (pntm-yay), premiere
{prum-yairr) first.
la

commencer (cawmonhsay},

to

begin.
entrer (onhtrray), enter.
sept (sett), seven.
le soir (swarr), the evening.
se composait
(konh-po-cay)

was composed.
ennemie
ennemi,
adj., enemy.

autre (otrr), adj., other.

six (seess), six.

merci (mairrsee), thank you.

allemand (al'monh), adj., Ger-

man.
bonsoir

(bonli

s^tirr),

good

night.
se coucher

(enn'mee),

(kooshay), to go to
bed.
dix (deess), ten.
il y aura
(eel cc or rah), there
will be.

vous en aurez besoin

(onh
a droite (drrwat), on the right,
array b'swanh), you will
fort (forr), adj., strong.
have need of it, of them.
environ (onhveerronh), about.seul (sol), alone.

Reading
Mettez vore sac sur cette table, et votre fusil contre le mur.
Asseyez vous sur cette chaise pres de la fenetre et racontez-moi
ce que vous avez vu.
Entrez dans tous les details possibles.
Vous dites que vous avez passe la journee a cote du bois,
entre les deux villages, et pres de la premiere tranchee allemande. Avec qui etes-vous alle? Tout seul. A quelle heure
avez-vous commence vos observations? A sept heures du soir.
De combien de canons de composait la batterie ennemie? De
canons et de sept mitrailleuses. De quel cote (at what
sont les canons, et de quel cote les mitrailleuses? Les
canons sont a droite vers le village de Boifort. Et les
mitrailleuses? Du cote de Rofant. Bien!
Y avait-il une
forte troupe derriere la batterie?
Environ six cents hommes.
Avez-vous d'autres renseignements? Non mon capitaine,
c'est tout.
Merci, et bonsoir. Allez vous coucher, car il est
tard et demain vers dix heures il y aura de la besogne a faire.
Prenez votre fusil avec vous, vous en aurez besoin.
six

side)

Where

is

John?

He

Translate
in bed.
What 'is

is

the matter with

him? (Qu'est-ce

qu'il

He

a?)

has a pain in his back.

Yester

His horse stumbled (trebucher

against a stone and threw him. His leg was caught pris) un
der the beast
Because of the pain in his back he could no
move (il n'a pas pu bouger). The fall on the hard pavemen
ven him a severe jolt. They placed him on a stretche
and brought him to his tent.
I
hope he is not
wounded.
His company is on duty (de service) in th
morning.
clay

he

fell

off his horse.

Present tense of mettre, to put, to place

mets (may)
tu mets (may)
il
met (may)

nous mettons
vous mettez (met lay)
ils mettent (mctt)

je

p.p., mis,

mise (nice, nicczc)

Present of prendre (prrotidhr'), to take

nous prenons (pr'nonh}
je prends (f>rronh)
tu prends
vous prenez
il
ils prennent (prrcnn)
prend (prronh)
Present of dire
je dis
tu dis

(rftvrr), to tell, to say

(dec)
(dec)
il dit
(dee)
Present of asseoir
j'assieds (ass-yay)
tu assieds (ass-yay)
il
assied (ass-\ay)

nous disons (dcczonh)

vous dites (dcct)
ils

disent

(dc

(assii'alirr).

to

sit

nous asseyons (assay onh)

vous asseyez (assayay)
ils asseyent (assay )

46

LESSON TEN
Verbs
There are eight simple tenses and eight compound tenses
Of these, two simple tenses the present, the
in French.
future and one compound tense the past indefinite are
necessary if one is to carry on a very simple conversation.
There are three regular conjugations in French.
Those verbs whose infinitive ends in er (like parler) belongto the first conjugation.

The Present Tense is formed by adding the following

endings to the stem of the verb. (The stem is the part of the
infinitive left after taking away er, as parl-er).
-ons
-ez
-ent

-e
-es

-es

Present Tense of parler

je parl-e (she parrl')
tu parl-es (tti parrl')

nous parl-ons (noo parrlonh)

vous parl-ez (voo parrlay)

il

ils

parl-e (eel parrl'}

parl-ent (eel parrl')

Recite aloud after the above model the present tense of

aimer j'aime (shaym), etc.

donner je donne (she dun),
etc.

tirer

payer

marcher
marsh),
attaquer

je tire

(she teerr},
je paye (she pay),

etc.
etc.

je

marche

(she

etc.

j'attaque

(zhattak),

etc.

traverse
je
travairrs), etc.

traverser

charge

sharrzh),

The Past Tense

je

charge

(she

(she

etc.

is formed by means of the present tense of

(to have) plus the past participle of the verb used
(those of the first conjugation end in e).

avoir

47

Past Tense of parler

nous avons parle

parle (shay parrlay)
vous avez parle
tu as parle (tii ah parrlay)
ils ont parle (eelsonh parrlay)
il a parle
Recite aloud after the above model the past tense of
aimer, donner, marciie tirer, attaquer, traverser, charger, payer.
The Future Tense (in English, / shall or will plus an infiniIt is formed by
tive) is not a compound tense in French.
adding to the entire infinitive the following endings:
-ons
a!
-ez
-as
j'ai

-ont

-a

Future Tense

of

parler

je parlerai (zhe parrirray), I shall or will speak.

tu parleras (tii parrl'rrali}, thou shalt -or wilt speak.
il parlera
(eel parrl'rrah), he shall or will speak.

nous parlerons (two porrffTonh) we shall or will speak.

vous parlerez (voo parrl'rray), you shall or will speak.
ils parleront
(ccl porffrronh), they shall or will speak.
Recite aloud the future tense of the verbs given above.
,

Vocabulary
1'anglais

(onhgfay),

in.,

the
marche
(marrsh),
march.
pendant (ponhdonh), during.

the la

English lan.miage.
le franqais
(frronhsay), the
French language.
la langue (/o/j/i.t,'), the tongue,
the language.
le jour
(shoorr), the day;
(un jour, one day, some
day).

tirer

(tccrray),
shoot.

to

fire,

to-

charger (sharrchay), to charge.

parceque parrs' ker), because.
mais (mair), but.
quinze (kance), fifteen.
le mille, the mile.
quatre (kahtrr'), four.
la riviere (rrrrvr va/rr'), the cinq (sanhk}, five.
river.
attaquer (ahtahkay), to attack.
le temps (tonh}, the time.
meme (niairnt), even.
la
fois
(fwah), the time content (kontonh), happy, glad.
maintenant (inanht'nonh^, now.
(meaning occasion).
le diner (deenay), the dinner.
(

48

Reading
Je parle anglais parceque je suis americain, mais je ne parle
pas bien frangais. Aimez-vous le frangais? Je 1'aime beauC'est une belle langue. Je desire beaucoup la parler.
coup.
Avez-vous marche beaucoup aujourd'hui?
Oui, nous avons
marche quinze milles. Nous avons traverse quatre ou cinq
Pendant tout ce temps, 1'ennemi a tire sur nous.
rivieres.
Nous avons meme charge deux fois, car 1'ennemi a attaque.
Je n'aime pas les longues marches. J'ai faim, j'ai soif, et je
Donnez-moi un bon diner, du cafe et un lit.
suis fatigue.
Maintenant, je suis content.

Vocabulary
je

voudrais

would

rester (restay), to stay, to re-

would

main,
penser (ponhsay), to think.
oublier (oobleeyay), to for-

(voodrrair},

like to,

or,

like to have.

porter (porrtay), carry.

la poste
(pohste}, the postle

facteur (factorr), the post-

man.
passer, pass.
la

get.

commander (commonhday),\.o

office.

order,
surtout (stirrtoo}, above all.
compter (conhtay), to count.

demi-heure (d'meeorr), the demeurer

half-hour.

faire, do.
le courrier

(coorr-yay),

(d'nwrav),

to dwell.
travailler (trraviyay
the plusieurs, several,

),

to
to

live,

work.

mail.

Reading
Le facteur
Voulez-vous porter ces lettres a la poste?
passera dans une demi-heure. N'oubliez pas de faire ce que
je vous ai commande, s'il vous plait.
Surtout, n'oubliez aucune
lettre.
Comptez-les bien et n'en- oubliez aucune. Ou demeurezvous? A deux milles d'ici. Apportez-moi le courrier demain.
,i
aille
Je resterai ici toute la journee.
J'ai
beaucoup
Vous regarderez
aujourd'hui
je ne travaillerai pas demain.
;

II m'apportera probablele facteur quand il passera.

men" plusieurs lettres. Je n'oublierai pas ce que vous avez
demande. J'y penserai demain.

pour voir

Vocabulary
1'apres midi

le repos (r'f>o), rest, respite.

acheter (ash'tay), in buy.
la ville (z'ccll), the city; (en hier (ce-yairr), yesterday.
vills (vecli), to the city, to sans doute (sonh doot), without doubt.
town).
la cigarette ( sccgarrett ), the parfois
some(parrfii'ah),

(laprrayhmccdcc),

the afternoon.

time-.

cigarette,
la

bonne amie (bonn ahmec), seulment

(solmonh), only.

the sweetheart.

peut-etre (potetrr'), perhaps.

pay (of a soldier), dernier, derniere (dairrnyay,
the
(s'maync),
dairrnyayrr), the last.
week.
tout a fait (toot ah fay), quite.
le
the
conge
(konhzhay),
entirely.
leave of absence.

la solde, the
la
semaine

Present Tense of acheter (ash'tay), to buy

nous achetons (ash'touh)
vous achetez (ash'tay)
achete (ashett)
ils achetent (ashctt)

j'achete (ashcPt)
tu achetes (ashctt)
il

Present Tense of savoir (savu-ahrr) to know

nous savons (savonh)
vous savez (savay)
ils savent (eel salif)
sait (say)
,

je sais (say)
tu sais (say)
il

Past Tense of avoir (avwar), to have; eu, had

nous avons eu
eu (shay ii)
vous avez eu
tu as eu
ils ont eu
il a eu
j

ai

Past Tense of etre (ettrr'), to be; etc, been

nous avons etc
ete (zhay aytay)
vous avez ete
tu as ete
ils ont ete
il a ete
j'ai

50

Future Tense of avoir, I shall have

nous aurons (orronh)
vous aurez (array)
ils auront (orronh)

(zhorray)
tu auras (orrah)
il aura (orrah)
j'aurai

Future Tense of etre

nous serons (srronh)
vous serez (srray)
ils seront (srronh)
sera (srrah)

je serai (srray)
tu seras (srrah)
il

Reading

Ou

avez-vous etc cet apres midi?

J'ai etc

en ville achete

Fumez-vous des cigares? Parfois mais

cigarettes.
prefere des cigarettes. Elles sont plus douces. Avez-vous
des

ji

de

nouvelies de vos parents?

Oui, hier j'ai eu deux lettres, uni
de ma mere et une de ma soeur. J'aurai probablement, un
autre lettre de ma bonne amie demain ou apres-demain. Alors
Les soldats ont-ils eu leur sold
je serai tout a fait content.
pour la semaine? Je ne sais pas. Je sais seulemcnt que m;
compagnie n'a pas encore eu la sienne. Nous Faurons san
doute demain.
Quand aurez-vous le conge que vous ave:
demande? Je ne sais. Peut-etre je Paurai la semaine pro

Demain nous attaquerons

chaine.

et

si

je n'ai pas d'a^cident,

ma compagnie aura un repos de quelq'.ies jours

Pendant le repos, mon ami et moi demanderons un conge et
est probable que nous 1'aurons.
Ou avez-vous etc pendan

est probable

que

votre dernier conge? J'ai ete a Paris. J'y ai passe une semain
Henri et moi nous serons contents si nou
pouvons y passer encore une semaine.

tres agreablement.

Translate

He has brought tobacco an<

He will return tomorrow and then he will take thi
cigars.
letters of the fellows with him.
The enemy attacks gener
ally in the morning. They shoot very badly. They have firec
Henry has been

near

and

me

town.

shells since yesterday.

The shells fal
(dru).
Many have fallen (sont tombes
but none has struck me.
have dug a new trencli

at least ten

thick

in

thousand

fast

We

51

We have found much water. I would like to remain in the

cantonment where it is dry. Our artists have made a fine
camouflage of this wood. John has been all day at the listenI do not like that job.
It is too
ing post (aux ecoutes).
I .would like to attack with the bayonet.
tedious.
We shall
march ten miles tomorrow. \Ye shall probably have blisters
on our feet. I would like to have a sweater, and an overcoat.

It is cold.

LESSON ELEVEN
Verbs (Continued)
Verbs whose

infintive

ends in

ir

belong to the second con-

jugation.

Present Tense
-is

-fssons

-is

-issez
-issent

-it

Present Tense

of fair, to

finish

nous finlssons (feeneessonh)

(feenee)
vous finissez (feeneesay)
tu finis (feenee)
ils fin.issent (feenccss)
il finit (feenee}
Recite aloud using the same model, the present tense of
je finis

choisir, punir, fournir, accomplir, remplir, unir, reunir.

Past Tense

The
ends in

i.

of

participle

past

Example

verbs

of

the

second conjugation

fini.

Past Tense of fair

j'ai

fini

(zhay feenee)

tu as fini
il
a fini

nous avons fini

vous avez fini

ils ont fini

Recite the past tense of the verbs given above.

The future

tense

is

Future Tense
formed by adding the endings:
-ons
-ez
-ont

-ai

-as
-a

to the entire infinitive.

Future Tense of fair

je finirai (feeneerray)
tu finiras
il

finira

nous finirons
vous finirez
ils

53

finiront

Among the verbs whose infinitives end in ir, a large number form their present irregularly.
Among them are the
following
:

dormir (to sleep)

Pr esc n
{dorr)
(d
il
dort (dorr)
nous dormons
ils

Future

Past
dormi
(zhay c

je dors
tu dors

ie

j'ai

dormirai

dormice.

dormez (dorr,
dorment (durnn)
partir (to leave,

t<>

depart)

je suis parti

je pars (pars)
tu pars (parr)

je partirai

part (parr)
nous partons (parrtouli}
vous partez (parrlay)
il

ils

partent (part')
(to run)

courir
je cours (coorr)

couru

j'ai

je courrai

tu cours (coorr)
il court
(coorr)

(coorray)
courras
courra
courrons
courrez
courront

nous courons (cooronh)

vous courez (coo ray)
ils courent (courr)
fuir
je fuis
tu fuis
n fuit

(fwee)

(to flee)

j'ai

je fuirai

fui

nous fuyons (fweconh)

vous fayez (fn'cc-ay)
ils

fuient

(jivee)

For other verbs

in ir

and

in oir see

54

page

70.

Vocabulary
encore
(onkorr), yet, still,
punir (piincerr), to punish.
fournir (foorncerr), to furagain.
nish.
preferer
(prrayfayrray), to
benir (bayncerr), to bless.
prefer.
unir (iineerr), to unite.
jouer (j'ooay), to play.
la
democratic (daymokrrah- car (carr), for.
eh bien (eh bec-enh), well!
see), democracy.
choisir (shwazeerr), to choose.

Reading
Avez-vous fini la lettre a votre mere? Non, je n'ai pas
encore commence. Je la commencerai cet apres midi et je la
finirai en une heure.
Je finis vite ce que j'ai une fois commence. On dit que le soldat Jones a etc puni. Qu'est-ce qu'il

On dit qu'il a fourni des cigares a des prisonniers.

Voici des bonbons et des cigarettes. Que choisissez-vous? Je
choisirai les cigarettes.
Je vous benis pour cela, car je
prefere les bonbons. Les Frangais, les Anglais, et les AmeriLaissez-moi
cains sont unis dans le sentiment de fraternite.
Je voudrais finir ma lettre. Eh bien! Travaillez
travailler.
a fait?

et finissez vite.

Nous jouerons

apres.

Translate

We

The
will leave camp tomorrow.
The soldiers
again to their trenches.
fodder are sleeping.
The officers will

Germans are

fleeing

who

furnished the
punish the soldiers

not work. Have you finished your job? When I

I left the cantonment
I will run to the post-office.
ran after the prisoners. Will you
early in the morning.
furnish cigars and bonbons to the regiment?
I choose
cigarettes for I prefer them.
slept all night long (toute
la nuit), for today we will leave for the front.

who do
finish

it,

We

We

55

LESSON TWELVE
Verbs (Continued)
whose

Verl>s

infinitive

ends

re belong to the thir

in

jugation.

To form
to the

the present tense, the following endings are added

stem of the

infinitive:

-ons
-ez
-ent

-s
s

no ending)
Present Tense of rendre (ronhdrr'), to render, to give back,
-

to give
je rends
tu rends
il

The

(rotih)

(ronh)

rend (nnili}
past

participle

of

up

nous rendons (ronhdonh)

vous rendez (ronhday)
ils rendent
(ronhd)
the third conjugation ends in

u.

Kxample: Rendu.
Past Tense of rendre

rendu (ronhdii)
tu as rendu
j'ai

a rendu
nous avons rendu

il

vous avez rendu

ont rendu

ils

The
to

future tense is formed by adding the future end:

the infinitive minus the final e.
Kxample: Je rendrai.

je

rendrai

Future Tense of rendre

il
rendra
nous rendrons

(ronhdrray)

tu rendras

vous rendrez

ils rendront
Kecite aloud the three tenses of vendre, descendre, entendre,
attendre, tendre.
Irregular Verbs in re

conduire

(konhdci.'ccrr')

Present
je conduis
tu conduis

(konhdwee)

to

lead,

Past
j'ai

conduit

(konhdwee)

conduit
nous conduisons
vous conduisez
ils conduisent
il

56

conduct
Future
je conduirai

(konhdweerray)

ecrire
.,.

(aykrreerr), to write
J'ai

ecrit

tu ecris
il

(aykrreerray)

ecrit

nous ecrivons (aykrrecvonh)

vous ecrivez
ils ecrivent (aykrrccv)
vaincre, to conquer, to vanquish
j'ai vaincu
(vahnk)
tu vaincs (vahnk)
(yanhku)
il vainc (vahn}
nous vainquons (vahnkonh}
vous vainquez (vohnkay)
ils vainquent (vahnk'}
suivre (sweevrr), to follow

je vaincs

je suis

(sw&e)

il

suit

(vanhkrray)

je suivrai

suivi

j'a

tu suis (swee)

je vaincfai

(sweevrray)

(sweevee)

(swee)

nous suivons (sweevonh)

vous suivez
ils suivent (sweev')
rire

(r<?<?rr),

Present

jeris(r)

j'ai

to laugh
Past

ri

(ree)

Future
je rirai

(reerray)

tu ris (ree)
il ris (ree)

nous rions (reeonh)

vous riez (n?<?a;y)
ils

rient (ree)

dire

(deerr), to say, to

je dis (flfc*?)
tu dis (cf(?^)

j'ai

dit

dit (dee)
nous disons (deezonh)
vous dites (deet)
il

ils

disent (dees)

57

(dee)

tell

je dirai

(deerray)

mettre (mcttrr). to put, to place, to put on (clothes)

mets (may)
tu mets
il met
nous mettons
vous metez
ils mettent
met
je

j'ai

mis (nice)

je mettrai

(mcttrray)

faire

je faitu fais (fay)

il
fait (j.
nous falsons

(fairr), to do, to
fait

j'ai

make

(fch)

je ferai

(jerrn\\

(fchconh)
vous faites (fct)

ils

font (fonli

Vocabulary
1'abreuvoir

a/r-r/irr^arr), m.,

la

veste, the jacket

(soldi'

(layh), the milk.

le sentier (stnihtyay). the path, poursuivre
(fioorrswcerrr' ).
le service
the
to pursue.
(foirrveess),
MTvice.
un exercice ( r.rrrrjft'Jj.), an
le bouton (bootonh), the butexercise,

watering trough.

le lait

ton.

Reading
Je conduis

cheval a 1'abreuvoir. Ecrivez-vous une lettre?

Nous ecrivons nos lettres le soir. Conduisez ce prisonnier
chez le capitaine. L'ennemi est vaincu. Nous vainquons sans
II ne vaincra pas.
difficulte.
Je suis 1'ennemi.
Non, suivez
ce chemin-ci. Suivez ce sentier. Ils ont suivi la riviere. Nous
sommes poursuivis. Nous avons poursuivi 1'ennemi pendant
une heure. Nous rirons bien. Nous avons beaucoup ri. J'ai
dit a mon ami ce que vous avez ecrit.
Je fais des exercices.
J'ai fait mon service.
Faites cela, s'il vous plait. Je mets du
lait dans mon cafe.
Vous mettez des boutons a votre veste.
le

58

Translate
Break that stick. There, it is broken. I am all in (rompu
de fatigue, or ereinte). Here is my knife. Give it back when
you are through with it. Have you learned to speak French?
A little. I am still learning it (Tr. I learn it still). I hope
to speak it soon. Have you sold your automobile in America ?
No, but I will sell it if anybody will take it at a good price.
Do you hear that noise? They say it is (ce sont) machine
Go down that hill and follow the little siream. I will
guns.
I will tell you a
follow when you whistle.
Don't laugh.
good story. Have you told the captain that you wish to take
a leave of absence?
Pay attention (Faire attention).

A Few Common
Time
NOTE

of

Phrases

Day

\n the phonetic pronunciation, given in parentheses,

single r's are not to be sounded, unless initial.

The Time
Quelle heure est-il? (kel or ayteel), What time is it?
II est midi (eel ay meedee), It is noon.
II est minuit (eel ay mcenwee), It is midnight.
II est quatre heures vingt-cinq
(eel ay kahtrr or vanhtssanhk), It is 4:25.
II est trois heures et quart (eel ay trrwahzorr ay karr}, It is
a quarter past 3.
I! est six heures (eel ay seez orr), It is six o'clock.
II est onze heures et demie (eel ay tonhzorr ay dermee), It
is

half past eleven.

II

est

II

es

une heure dix (eel aytunorr deess), It is ten past one.

deux heures moins le quart (eel ay dozorr mwanh ler

karr), It is a quarter to two.

II est huit heures moins vingt (eel ay weetdrr
It is

20 minutes to

8,

59

mwanh vanh)

Questions and Answers

et

Questions

(KcsstcconJi
est la?

Qui
inicah)

It is

reponses
ay rayponhss)

Who

(kcc ay lah)

is

there?

C'est moi

I.

Who

Qui etes-vous? (kcc cd VOO)

(chcr

am

Je suis Brown

you?

arc-

lirown.

What do you v
Que voulez-vous? (kcr V
Je voudrais vous parler (chcr 1'oodrrair r<><> parrlay
i

would

est

votre

Mon nom

name?
is

yu.
nom? (kcl

like to talk t>

Quel

est

Jones

ay rotrr noith), \\"hat is your

nouh <iy Jones) My

(inoii'i

Jones.
Plait-il?

(pluytccl)

\\"hat

di-1

Je

m'appelle Jones "( .;//, T dsckcr zhcr malipcl Junes

am called Jone<.

dis
)

que

je

say that

Me

comprenez-vous? (incr konhprrenay voo) Do you unme? Oui, Monsieur (iccc Hinssy">) Yes, sir.

derstand

Parlez-vous
r'reiich?

franqais?

(farrhiy

Tres peu (trray

Je comprends assez bien

understand fairly well.

/>('*)

(clicr

->tihssay)
\'ery little.

Do you

konhpronh ahssay hccnh)

Que signifie ce mot? (kcr seen ycc fee

word mean ?
Que desirez-vous? (kcr dayzecrray roo)

scr inn)

What

that

\\'hat

do you wish?

Pouvez-vous me rendre un service?

ronhdrr unh sairrrccss) Can you do me a favor?

Avec

plaisir

(a/itvJt

playzccrr)

With

nier

pleasure.

Certainement (sairrtaymnonh) Certainly.

Excusez-moi (ckskihay uncah) Excuse me.
De rien (dcr rceaiih) Don't mention it. or, ^"ou are welcome.
60

Merci (inairrssee) Thank you.

Repetez, s'il vous plait (raypaytay seel voo play)

Repeat,

please.

Asking the
Quel

est ce village?

Way

(kel ay ser veelahzh)

What

village

is

this?

Ou suis-je? (oo sweezh) Where am I?

Avez-vous vu passer des soldats? (avay voo vii pahssay day
soldah) Have you seen soldiers pass?
Dans quelle direction sont-ils alles? (donh kel deerrecsscconh sonhteel allay) What direction have they taken?
Quelle route ont-ils prise? (kel root onhteel precz)
road have they taken ?

Le

village

est-il

loin

d'ici?

(ler

veelahzh

ayteel

What
hvanh

dcessee) Is the village far from here?

Quelle est la distance a ce village? (ker ay lah dcestonhss ah
ccr veelahzh) What is the distance to that village?

Pouvez-vous me montrer le chemin? (poovay voo

monhtrray ler shmanh) Can you show me the way?

Showing the
Ce

village s'appelle

gahrr) This village

Vous

etes a.

..

is

mer

Way

Beauregard (ser veelahzh sahpel bo rer

called Beauregard.

(voozedzah)

You

are at.

Oui, une compagnie est passee par ici (wee tin konh pan yee
ay pahssay pahr eessee) Yes, a company has passed here.
alles dans cette direction-la (eel sonhtalay donh
deerek see onh lah) They have gone in that direction.
Us ont pris cette route-la (eel zonh prree set root lah) They
have taken that road.
Le village est a deux kilometres d'ici (ler veelahzh ayt ah
do keetomairtrr deessee) The village is two miles away.

Us sont

sett

61

Prenez ce chemin-la

(prrnay scr shuianh

lali)

Take

that

mad.
Passez

pont sur le ruisseau (f ahssa\

the bridge <>ver the creek.

le

Ic

>

Puis tournez a droite

turn to the right.

pii'ec

Et continuez tout droit (ay

continue straight aliead.

Icr

siirr

dm^aht) Then

toorrnayzah

k<>nlitccni>.-ay

f>onh

too

drn^ah) And

Meeting a French Comrade

Bonjour camarade (bonhzhoor kah inah nilid} Good morning comrade.

(Comment qa

va-t-il?
-

Tres hien

et

(komonli

sail

Ho\v do you

z-alitscl)

it?

vous? (trray bccanh ay voo) X'ery W<

Enchante de faire votre connaissance (onhshontay dcr fairr

rot konayssonhst) Delighted to make- your acquaintance.

Quand etes-vous arrive?

did you arrive?

(knnh

Nous sommes debarques

hier,

hahr'-kay ccairr. ahwiihtyairr)

he fore yesterday.

When

cd i-oozahrrce-ay)

(noossom

avant-hier

We

landed

da\-

day

yesterday,

A quel regiment appartenez-vous (ah kcl raychccmonh

ahpahrrtemay voo) \\hat regiment do you belong to?
Au

cent

fonhtrrcc}
Etes-vous
volunteer?

volontaire?

(cd:'<><)

sonh

tronhtycm

-rolonhtairr)

que vous etes en civil?

\\hat are you as a civilian?

Qu'est-ce
scci'ccl)

trentieme d'infanterie (o
the 130th Infantry.

danh-

To

(kesskcr

Are

you

t'oocett

onh

Aid

First

Etes-vous blesse? (ed voo blessay)

Are you wounded?

Oui, a la jambe (wee ah lah zhonhb) Yes, in the leg.

Est-ce grave? (ess grahv) Is it serious?

Je ne sais pas; je ne peux pas marcher (zhcr ner say pah;

zher ner po pah marrshay) I don't know; I can't walk.

Voyons un peu (vwah-yonhzunh po} Let's see.

Vous me faites mal (voo mer fairt mahl) You hurt me.
Doucement, s'il vous plait (doossmonh seel voo play)
Gently, please.

A
Au
Au

la tete

(ah lah

tairt)

In the head.

bras gauche (o brrah goesh) In the left arm.

bas droit (o brrah drrwah) In the right arm.
la

main (ah

la

manh) In

the hand.

Balle ou eclat? (bahl oo ayklah) Bullet or shell splinter?

Une balle a Pepaule (tin bahl ah laypole)
bullet in the
shoulder.

Un eclat de bombe au front (unh ayklah der bonhb o

fronh) A shell splinter in the forehead.
Je ne peux pas bouger le bras droit (zher ner po pah boozhay ler brah drrvcah) I can't move my right arm.
Voulez-vous m'aider a aller au poste de secours (voolay voo
mayday ah alay o post de skoor) Will you help me to go to
the dressing station?

Appelez un medecin (ahplays unh maydssanh) Call a doctor.

(oo avay voo mahl) Where does it hurt?
a la hanche; a la tete (o peeay; ozh-noo;
ah lah onhzsh; ah lah tairt) In my foot; in my knee; in my

Ou avez-vous mal?
Au pied; au genou;

hip

in

my

Boujour,

Madam.

head.

Buying Things
Madame (bonhshoorr Mahdahm} Good morning,
63

Avez-vous des
'thrret

cigarettes et des allumettes?

dairz

ay

ahlilmct)

Have you

(avayvoo dair
and

cigarettes

matches ?
Donnez-moi aussi un paquet de tabac et une pipe, s'il vous
plait (donay micah osscc unh pahkay dcr tahbah a\ iln peep,
sccl i'ot> play) Give also a package of tobacco and" a
pipe, if
you please.
Je voudrais acheter du papier a lettre (shcr :.</;<//; chahshtay du palipecay ah Ictrr) I should like t<> buy some
paper.

Avez-vous des enveloppes et du papier? (ahrawoo dair

u y dn pahpceuy) Have you envelopes and paper?
Donnez-moi une boule de savon donay ni\ tilt itnbool dcr

:::<>nli:'h>p

(Jive

salii'(nih)

me

a piece of soap.

Je voudrais une brosse a dents (r//<v

should like a tooth brush.

-:'<H>drairz

iinhros ah

Avez-vous du chocolat?

shocohih')

Tla\<

<iiih)

chocolate

Combien
f>lay)

Ca7'(jy?'<><'

dil

est-ce,

How much

Combien,
much. pie;.

s'il

vous plait?

s'il

is

it

(konhbeeanh ess

sec!

please?

vous plait? (konhbeeanh,

Asking for Something

.f<v/ i'oo

to

play)

How

Eat

Pouvez-vous me donner quelque chose

Bonjour, Madame.
manger? (bonhzhor, MadaJun, pooi'ay -coo mcr donay kclkcr
A/;.';; ah
monhzhay) Good morning. Madame, can you give
me something to eat?

(zhay </ronh fanh) I am very hungry.

donner un verre d'eau?
pooz-a\t'oo mcr
donay nnh rairr do) Can you give me a glass of water?
J'ai grand* soif (shay gronh szi'ahf) I am very thirsty.
Je voudrais boire un verre de lait (zhcr i-oodrra\ b:cahrr
unh vairr dcr lay) I should like to drink a glass of milk.
Jai grand' faim

Pouvez-vous

me

64

Avez-vous des oeufs? (avayvoo dez o) Have you any eggs?

Pouvez-vous me faire une tasse de cafe (poovay voo mer
fairr iintahss der kafay) Can you make me a cup of coffee?
Je suis tres fatigue

(zher swee tray fateegay)

am

very

tired.

Merci, Madame, de votre hospitalite (mairrssee, mahdalun,

dcr votrr ospeetahlcetay) Thank you. Madam, for your hospitality.

Asking for Information

mon

Bonjour,

my

morning,

Nous sommes
day

soldah

soldiers,

gargon

(bonhzhoor monh gahrrsson)

Good

boy.

des soldats americains, des amis (noo ssom

are American
dayzamce)

We

zahmayreecanh,

friends.

Avez-vous vu un avion allemand par ici? (avayvoo vil itn

ahvcconh ahlmonh pahrrcessee) Have you seen a German
airplane here?

Ou

est-il

Derriere

tombe? (oo

ayteel tonhbay)

Where

did

it

fall?

monsieur (dairreeairr cer puttee

Infill, mussyo) Behind that little wood, sir.
Est-ce que 1'aviateur est mort? (essker lahveeahtorr ay
uiawr) Is the aviator dead?
Je crois
lieve he

is

ce

petit

qu'il est

bois,

blesse (zher

krwah keel ay blessay}

be-

wounded.

Combien de soldats allemands sont passes par ici? (konhhccanh der soldah zahlmonh sonh pahssay pahrreessee) How
many German soldiers have passed here?
Dans quelle direction sont-ils alles? (donh kel dcereksseconh sonhteel alay) In what direction have they gone?
Depuis combien de temps sont-ils partis? (derpzi'ee konlibeeanh der tonh sonhteel parrtee)
65

How

long since they left?

Letter Headings and Endings

Paris, le 15

To

decembre, 1917.

a friend begin the letter by

Mon cher Ami

To an acquaintance

or

Mon

cher Georges.

Cher Monsieur.
If

the acquaintance is a married woman:

Madame, or Chere Madame (if fairly friendly relations

To

an unmarried

exist).

woman

Mademoiselle, or Chere Mademoiselle

(if

fairly friendly

relations exist).

To

a French officer

Mon

Capitaine,

eral,

Mon

if

superior in rank:

Mon

Lieutenant,
Colonel.

Mon

Major,

Mon Gen-

Endings

When

writing to a friend:

Votre devoue, or Bien a vous, or Bien votre, or Salut

cordial, or Cordiale poignee de main (Cordial handshake).

When

writing to a womMi
Veuillez agreer, Madame, or Mademoiselle,
de mes sentiments distingues.
:

1'expression

Veuillez agreer, Madame, or Mademoiselle, 1'expression de

mes sentiments respectueusement devoues.
Veuillez agreer, Madame or Mademoiselle, 1'expression de
mon profond respect.

When

writing to a man who is a mere acquaintance:

Veuillez agreer, Monsieur, 1'expression de mes sentiments
distingues.

66

A
To

little

more

friendly

Veuillez agreer 1'expression de mes meilleurs sentiments.

a business man or on business matters
Veuillez agreer mes salutations empressees.
:

To thank

for favors received:

Veuillez agreer, Monsieur or Madame, avec tous

remerciements, 1'expression de mes sentiments
tingues, or devoues, or distingues et devoues.

mes
dis-

LESSON THIRTEEN
Irregularities of

Verbs

in er

few verbs present slight irregularities.

Verhs which have a mute e or an acute e in the
syllable lire-ceding the er of the infinitive change that mute e
or acute e into e grave (air) whenever the following syllable
(1)

contains

a'

silent

e.

/'resent

mener, lead
acheter, buy
promener, walk

je mene
j'achete

lever, raise, lift

je leve

je

Indie.

J-'utnrc
je

menerai

j'acheterai

promene

je

promenerai

je leverai

her verb.-, that follow the same rule

mener, emmener, lead along, soulever, lift,
geler. freeze, degeler, thaw, peser. weigh,
ceder, yield
je cede
je

are:

amener, sur-

enlever, carry off.

achever, complete.
cederai

je repete
je repeterai
repeter, repeat
j'espere
esperer,
j'espererai
)ther verbs are regner, proteger, penetrer.
1

XOTK
inu e

t<>

and jeter, throw, instead of ch;

are doubled before a mute e.

In appeller, call,
e,

the

and

rniurc

I'ri'sciit

j'appellerai
je jetterai

j'appelle
je jette

(J)
Verbs whose infinitive ends in ger (like manger) keep
the e before the o of nous mangeons SO as to preserve the
soft sound of the g.
nous mangeons
eat
je mange,
I

Verbs whose infinitive ends in cer (like placer) take

'ilia under the c (9) before the o of nous pla<jons to presen e the s sound of c.
(

je place,
(

-H

aller

nous plaqons

place

Other verbs presenting particular

and envoyer.
68

irregularities

are

je vais
tu vas
il

Present of alter, to go
nous allons (alonh)
vous allez (alay}
il vont
(vonh)

(vay)
(vah}

va

Past of aller

nous sonimes alles

vous etes alles

je suis alle
tu es alle
il

est alle

ils

sont alles

tu iras

Future of aller
nous irons
vous irez

ira

ils

j'irai

il

iront

Present of envoyer, to send

nous envoyons (onhvwahyonh)
j'envoie (onhmvah)
vous envoyez
tu envoie
il envoiess
ils envoient
Past of envoyer
j'ai

envoye,

etc.

Future

of

j'enverrai (onhvairray)
tu enverras (onhvcrrah.)
il

enverra (onhverrali)

envoyer
nous enverrons
vous enverrez
ils enverront

Exercise
1

lead.

horse.

He

do not
leads

yield.

away

We

do not

the horses.
you buy a

He

yield.
raise

They

brings the
their heads

His ears are

(la tete).
John and
present.
I have bought a present.
Have you
It freezes.
freezing.
He has yielded. They have brought the
brought fruit?
horses.
have carried a
They have lifted their heads.

We

I
Your leg
have completed my work.
(enlever).
is frozen.
You will lead
It is frozen.
shall not yield.
the horses.
He will buy cigarettes. They will call the
doctor.
Will you bring the men? You will not raise your
heads.
Shall we carry the trench?

trench

We

69

Irregular Verbs in ir and oir

partir, to leave

Past

Present

Future

je suis parti

(parr)

je pars

tu pars
il
part (parr)

je partirai

etc.

(parrteerray )
etc.

nous partons
vous partez
ils

partent

pahrrt )

servir (sairrveer), to serve

j'ai servi
je

je sers (sairr)
tu sers
sert

il

(sairr)

nou? servons
vous servez
ils

servent

je dois

(sa in-cut)

dicah

devoir (d'i'li'arr)
j'ai du

to owe,

must
je devrai

tu dois
il doit

nous devons
vous devez
ils

doivent

(impersonal verb), to be necessary

il
a fallu
il faudra
(fodrrah)

falloir
il

(fahlicahrr)
(fo)
recevoir

faut

je re<jois (r's-^-ah)
tu re$ois
il

reqoit

r'scrii^ahrr),
j'ai re^u

to

receive
je recevrai

(r'su'ah)

nous recevons
vous recevez
ils

re?oivent
savoir

je sais (say)
tu sais
il

sait

(savivahrr*),
j'ai

su

(say)

nous savons (sahvonh)

vous savez
ils

savent

70

to

know
je saurai

(sorray)

mouvoir (moovwahfr),
meus (mo)
j'ai mu
meus
il meut
(mo)
nous mouvons (moovonh)
vous mouvez
ils meuvent (mov)

to

move
je

je
tu

mouvrai

pleuvoir (pldvahrr) (impersonal verb), to rain

il pleuvra
il a plu
pleut (plo)

il

(plovrrah)
pouvoir

peux (po)
peux (po)

je

(poovwahrr), to be able
j'ai pu
je pourrai
(pooray)

peut (po)
>us

pouvons (poovonh)

sous pouvez (poovay)

peuvent (pdv)
vouloir (voolwahrr), to wish, to be willing
je veux (vo)
j'ai voulu (voolii) je voudrai
veux
(poorray)
veut (vo)
is voulons (voolonh)
/ous voulez

ils

ils

veulent (vol)
voir (vwahrr), to see

j'ai
je vois (vwah)
^
vois
il voit
(vwah)
>us voyons (vwahyonh)

voyez
ils

voient

vu

je verrai

(verray)

(vwahyay)
(vwah)
s'asseoir (sasswahrr)
to
(masseeay) je me suis assis
,

je m'assieds

tu t'assieds (tasseeyay)
il s'assied
(sasseeyay)

nous nous asseyons (assayonh)

vous vous asseyez (assay ay)
ils s'asseyent
(sassay)

(assee)

sit

je m'assierai

(masseeyerray)

Reading
Savez-vous ou je peux m'asseoir? Je ne peux plus marcher.
II me faut trouver un abri.
II pleut.
Je sais que nous devons
partir bientot, mais la route est longue et je suis tres fatigue.
le poste de secours la-bas.
Si nous nous mouvons
lentement, nous n'arriverons jamais.
Asseyons nous ici.
Ges arbres nous serviront d'abri pendant qu'il pleut. Va-t-il
Partirons-nous avant le soir?
II
doit
pleuvoir toujours?

Voyez-vous
si

II nous faut partir d'ici.

Attention. J'ai vu
une lumiere la-bas.
Qa (that) doit etre celle du poste de
secours. Nous le saurons bientot. Us viendront nous chercher.

etre six heures.

et ils savent que nous sommes des soldats

nous recevront bien. Je ne peux pas me mettre

Us nous ont vu
blesses.

debout.

Ils

Je

me

suis assis trop longtemps.

Translate

Do ymi know where we

to sit
1

am

down

so tired.

are? I can not see. I would like

moment. \Ve ought to go away from here but
Will you sit down here beside me? Did you

We will never get there, my feet move so slowly.

\Ye must hurry (nous presser). It is raining. It rained last
We will not be able to see
It will' rain tomorrow.
night.
received my leave of absence yesterday.
the light if it rains.
I
did not know that you
I
will leave tomorrow perhaps.
had received yours. Are you sitting beside me? I do not
see a light?

see very well.

Vocabulary
bientot (bccycnto), soon.
pendant que (fionhdohh kcr).
while.
(lonh('tnonh),
se mettre debout (mcttrr dcrslowly.
Tarbre (arrbrr), tree.
boo}, to stand up.
la lumiere (liimeeyairr}, light, trop (-fro), too.

lentement

72

Irregular Verbs in re
boire
je bois
tu bois
il

(bwah)

(bwarr), to drink
j'ai

bu

je

boirai

boit

nous buvons (biivonh)

vous buvez
ils boivent (bwahv}
croire (krrwarr), to believe
je crois

(krrwah)

j'ai

cru

je croirai

tu crois
il croit

nous croyons (krrwahyonh}

vous croyez (krrwahyay}
ils

croient

(krrwah}

connaitre
je connais (zhe
tu connais

to

(konnctrr),

konnay)

j'ai

be

connu

acquainted
je

with

connaitrai

(konnettrray}

connait
nous connaissons (konnessonh)
vous connaissez (konnessay)
ils connaissent
(konness)
il

je
tu
il

mettre (mettrr), to put, to place

mets (mair)
s'ai mis (mee)
je mettrai
mets

met

nous mettons (nicttonh)

vous mettez
ils mettent (mett)

prendre (pronhdrr), to take

prends (pronh}
je prendrai
j'ai pris (prree)
prends
il prend
nous prenons (prr'nonh}
vous prenez
ils prennent
je
tu

73

coudre
je couds

(koo)

j'ai

nous cousons (koozonh

vous cousez (koosay)
ils cousent
(koos)

je
tu
il

mouds (moo)
mouds

(koodrr), to sew

cousu

e coudrai

moudre (moodrr),
j'ai moulu

to

grind
j

moudrai

(moolii)

moud

nous moulons (moolonh)

vous moulez (nwolay)
ils moulent
mill)
(

vivre
je vis (vee)
tu vis
il vit
(;

(rccirr),
j'ai

vecu

to

live

je vivrai

va\kii)

nous vivons (rccvonh)

vous vivez (recvay)
ils vivent (veev)
lire

je lis
tu lis
il

(lee)

j'ai

(lecrr), to read
lu

je lirai

lit

nous lisons (leezonh}

vous lisez
ils lisent

(lees)
faire (fair), to

jefais (fay)
il

j'ai

fait

fall

nous faisons
vous faites (fate)
ils font (fonh)
74

make, to do
(fay)

je ferai

(furray)

conduire (konhdweer*), to lead, to conduct

je conduis
tu conduis

(konhdwee)

j'ai

conduit

je conduirai

(kondwee)

conduit

il

nous conduisons (kondweezonti)

vous conduisez (kondweezay)
ils

conduisent (kondweest)

Reading
Irregular

Verbs

in re

Je prends du cafe le matin et du the' le soir. Je connais ce

chemin.
Connaissez-vous cet homme?
L'avez-vous connu
longtemps? Non, je n'ai pas pris de prisonniers. J'ai pris
un rhume. J'ai pris un refroidissement. Je vous crois. Je
croirai cela si je le vois. Je ne 1'ai pas cru.
L'avez-vous cru?
II s'est tu.
Nous avons bu du vin. Buvez-vous du vin? Avezvous bu du the ou du cafe? Je boirez ce que vous me donnerez.
Voulez-vous moudre le cafe s'il vous plait? Moi, je frirai les
pommes de terre. Voila elles sont frites et le cafe est moulu.
Je le moudrai demain. Je coudrai aussi les boutons a mon
pantalon. Je couds tres bien. Voila, c'est deja cousu. Vous
cousez tres bien mon ami. Vit-il encore? Oui, il vit encore,
mais il est tres malade. II vivra si le medecin arrive a temps.
La viande, cuit-elle? Elle a cuit longtemps. Je crois qu'elle
est bien cuite.

Translate
Have you drunk

the water?

Have you a

Do you

believe

it

is

good?

needle and thread? I wish

to sew a button on my trousers.
Live happy. He will live.
He is dead. He died like a hero. The coffee is ground,
the potatoes are fried, the meat is cooked and the water is
boiled.
Let us breakfast (either dejeuner or prendre le
dejeuner).
Yes,

believe so.

75

Vocabulary
the (lay) tea.
le chemin (stimaiih), road.
le rhurne (rihn), a cold.
un refroidissement (r'frm'ahle

dccss'monh

),

vin (raiih), wine.

pomme de terre
d'tiiirr), the potato.

la

viande (veeonhd')

le

medecin

(pomm

(lonhtonh},
long time.

demain

(d'nianli),

(leg-wee),

the

(feel), the thread.

le

fil

le

bouton (bootonh), the button.

heros (aj'-ro/t), the hero.

(boo-yccrr), to boil.
1'eau, f. (/o), the water.
cuire (kwccrr}, to boil.
le

doctor.
a

f.

needle.

wayd'sonh), the

longtemps
for

again.
1'aiguille,

chill.

la

le

deja (dayzhah), already.

encore (onhcorr), still, yet,

adv.,

bouillir

frire

tomorrow.

76

(frreerr), to

fry.

General Rules for French

Pronunciation

FRENCH PRONUNCIATION
GENERAL

RULES-

All
French words are pronounced syllable by syllable.
are pronounced Vith equal distinctness, a slight

syllables

on the

stress being laid

last.

capacite (kah-pah-see-*tay)
inutile (ee-nu-tee-l)

NOTE:
a

syllable generally ends with a vowel.

Pronunciation of Vowels

broad than a

less

in father.

less flat than a in cat.

la (/a/0, papa

(pah-pah}

a la gare (ah lah gahrr)

e has four written forms,

is

mute

e, e, e,

or silent at the

and

e.

end of a word of more than one

syllable.

balle

(bahl)

end of a syllable within a word or at the end of a

word of one syllable, has the indistinct sound of e in the
father, resembling the sound of u in but.
NOTE: We shall indicate this indistinct e by means of an
apostrophe (') or by er. The r is not to be pronounced.
me (mer), te (ter)
e at the

petite

e has the

sound of

same

syllable.

in the

(puttee) or (p'tit)

e in let

dette (debt)
e before a final

when coming before

r,

however, or

ez,

sounds

in they.

donner (donnay), donnez

e (acute accent) has the sound of ey in they.

pre

(prey)
79

a consonant

like ey

(14

rave) or e (circumflex) sounds like ai in

pere (/>o/r, mere (inair)

/'air.

etre (cttr')

alway> pronounced

like

ft-.

(payrcel)

peril

same sound

y ha> the

type (/<v/>)
o

ruse when it precedes s or an unpronounced

consonant, or when hearing a circumflex accent.

i>

long as

i-.

>hort as in nor in

i>

final

in

rose (roc), pot (/>o), tot

t<>)

other cases.
robe (rob, almost nru'h)
officier (ofeessyay)
all

Cierman u (umlaut). To produce the sound,

position to utter 00, and try to say ec.
mur (miir), allure (alliirr)

like the
lips in

u in que, qui,

jjui,

que

gue is
kcr
(

silent.
)

qui

Consonants
;
l

c, f.

inal
1,

consonants are usually

with the except ion of

silent,

r.

sac

(sahk), chef (slicf).

has the sound of k before

other consonants except h.
c

a,

(foh

fol

o.

and

u,

and

lie for-

cable (kahbl), cure (kiir)

lie

fore

e,

i,

or

cette
c

may

a cedilla

be

y, c

has the sound of

Uf/0.

citerne

made

(c.)

to sound like s before

under the c.
gar<jon (garrsonh)

80

s.

(sitairn

a,

and u

f>y

placinu

in guard he fore o, a or
garder (garrday), gober (go bay)

sound of g

g has the

Before

e,

and

y,

u.

g sounds like s in leisure, or like s in

azure.

leger (layzhay), obliger

(obleezhay}

gn has the value of m' in the English word onion or of the

Spanish n in the word senor. signifier (seenyeef'yay)

is

always

silent.

homme (omm}
j

sounds

joli
s

hardi

(arrdcc)

zh in azure.

like

(zholee)

between vowels sounds

like z in English.

rose

Otherwise

(roz}
has the sound of

ss.

(ssalii)

preceding another consonant

is

always pronounced.

(p-ssee-ko-lo zhec)

psychologic

the endings ation, atie, utie, etie, has the sound of ss.
nation (nahsseeonh), diplomatic (deeplomassee)
OTE
All consonants are pronounced distinctly.
in

Nasal Vowels

tsalut

becomes nasal
ery French vowel when followed by n or
unless followed by a vowel. In the latter case, the n belongs
to the next syllable.
am, en, em sound like au in vaunt or jaunty, but the n
should not be heard. To produce the sound, pronounce
ah through the nose.
an,

or

enfant (onhfonh)
sang (sonh), dans

donh)

aim, ein, eim are pronounced like the an

in twang but without pronouncing the g.
There' should be no
suspicion of a g in the French nasal.
vin (vanh) vingt ( ranht')
in,

im, yn,

ym,

ain,

fit

on, om are pronounced

sound into the vowel.

mon

like

in

gong, again melting the n

(ino)ih)

um, eun are pronounced

un,

like

un

in

sung omitting the g

sound.

humble (umhbl)
Vowels followed by mm or nn are not nazalized.
ennemi (enn-mee). Exceptions, emmener (ahmnay),
lead away, ennui

(anhu'ce), boredom.

Vowel Combinations
when ending a word has the sound

ai

of ay.

(chay), j'aurai ( shorray)

ai when followed by a consonant or by another vowel,
has the sound of ai in pair.
j'ai

it

maison (mai-zonh)
a word, have the sound of ah-ee
pronounced rapidly as one syllable, or of i.
travail (trrahvahee) or (travvi)
au, eau have the sound of long o.
beau (bo}, faute (fot)
ei has the sound of e in pen, but a little more drawn out.
ail,

oi

aille

when ending

peine (pen), Seine (sen)

has the sound of wah.

moi
mii.'ah)
ou has the sound of oo.
tout (too), vous (voo).
oeu, eu have somewhat the sound of ou in trouble, more
nearly that of the German 0.
(

leur (lor)

Linking

Although most final consonants are silent, they are, however, pronounced when the word that follows begins with a
vowel. The final consonant is carried over or linked with
the initial vowel of the word that follows.
Venez ici mes enfants (V'nay-zeesscc-may-zonhfonh)

When

linked,

becomes z, les enfants (lay zonhfonh)

d becomes t., II vend un livre (// vOnh tnnh

82

Icc-crr).

Read Aloud
reunit
(sii-prrairm)
(ray-ii-nee)
exceptionel
(ek-cep-see-on-nel), miserable (mee-zay-rrahbl), unanitnite
seuverain
(ii-nah-nee-mee-tay),
(soo-v'-rranh),
indignite
executer
criminel
(anh-deen-yee-tay)
(eg-say-kii-tay),

supreme

(ah-lorr),
pays
(kree-mee-nel), alors
(pay-ee), coucher
'koo-shay), soir (swahrr), bien (bee-yanh), neuf (wo/),
heure (orr, like ur in turtle), quand (konh), reu (r'sii),
telegramme (tay-lay-grahm) un (unh), ami (ah-mee), ceux
retrouver
viens
(so),
(z/^^-^an/i),
appelai
(r'trroo-vay),
(ap-lay), Bernard (Bair-nahrr), matelot (mat-lo), partirons
,

(f>ahr-teerr-onh), demain (d'manh), matin (mah-tanh), Nice

(Neess), repondit (ray-ponh-dee), lendemain (lonh-d'manh),
cinq (sankh), quittons (kee-tonh), port (porr), dans (donh),
sortie
(sorr-tee), golfe (gol-f), pousses (poo-say), brise
enfin (onh-fanh), atteignons
(brrees), legefe (lay-zhairr)
,

(ah-taynh-yonh), cap (kahp), Antibes

(onh-trronh), comme (komm), midi
comme (komm), midi
(onh-trronh)
,

(Ohn-teeb),
(mee-dee),
(mee-dee),

entrons

somme
somme

(nha-eef), na'ivement (nah-eev-monh), saluons (sahlii-onh),

(rwah), qui (kee), sans (sonh), sang (sonh), invasion
(anhrvah-zee-onh), revolution (ray-vo-lii-see-yonh), regne
(rennyuh), heureux (o-rro), peuple (pd-pl), milieu (meelcour (koorr), ou (oo),
yo), ceremonie (say-rray-mo-nee)
sont (sonh), conservees (conh-sairr-vay) intacte (anh-takt),
reverences
tradition
(trrah-dee-syonh),
(ray-vay-rronss),
vingt-six (vahnt-seess), toutes (toot), formules (forr-mul),
roi

usitees (u-zee-tay), autrefois

(otrr-fwah).

83

Comparative Tables

of

Money, Time, Weights

and Measures

TABLES
American Money

French Money

dime

5 (cinq) francs,
(100) sous
2 (deux) francs
centimes
1 (un) franc 25
l
/2 franc or 50

cent

dollar
dollar

J4 dollar

(cinq)

Symbols

or une piece de cent

5f.

50 (cinquante)
2f .50

(vingt-cinq) centimes

(cinquante)

If. 25

centimes

40c
5c

centimes

American
French Money

Money

5 francs, une piece de 100 (cent) sous

2 (deux) francs, une piece de 40 (quarante) sous.
1 franc, une piece de 20 (vingt) sous
50 centimes, or 10 (dix) sous
piece de dix centimes (10) or deux sous
piece de 5 (cinq) centimes or un sou

dollar
cents
20 cents
10 cents
2 cents
1 cent
1

..40

In gold piece de 10 francs, 20 francs, 100 francs. .$2, $4, $20

Notice that the sou is equivalent to the American cent, so
that centimes

centimes

may

be reduced as follows:
sous

cents

10
15

2
3
4

20
25
30
35

40
45
50
55

8
9

10

9
10

11

11

87

centimes
60
65
70

suns

cents

12

12

13
14

13
14

75

15

15

80

16
17
18

16

19

19

90
95

17

18

Remember

that 1 franc is 20 cents; 3 francs 75 would be:

cents; 75 ctntimes=15 cents; total, 75 cents.
To reduce large sums to their American equivalent, divide
l>y ten and multiply by two.
37f. 40
divided by ten equals 3.74; multiplied by two, $7.48.

3 francs

= 60

Time
time in France runs from 1 to 24 o'clock. 1 o'clock
is 1 a. m. American time; noon is 12 o'clock; 1 p. m. is 13
heures; 2 p. m. is 14 heures 7 p. m. is 19 heures; 10 p. m.
is 22 heures.
Official

SS

Cardinal Numbers,
Days of Week
and Months

Cardinal

From one
un
deux
trois

cinq

2
.

Numbers
to twenty

Measures

of

Length*

mesures de longueur

The French unit of length is the metre, exactly 3937 inches,

or roughly 40 inches.
The metre is divided into 100 centimetres.
The centimetre is divided into 10 millimetres.
A centimetre is roughly
of an inch.
A millimetre is 4/100 of an inch.
One inch is about 2',< centimetres.
XOTI
Tlu 75 milimetre gun (le soixante-quinze) is
a three inch calibre gmi.
Ten centimetres is about 4 inches.
loni)
Distances along the road are measured in kilometres
metres).
kilometre is 3300 feet, or 1100 yards, or 62/100 of a mile.
mile is 1600 metres, or over V/2 kilometres.
A hektometre, or 100 metres, is 108 yards 4 feet 4 inches.

Surface Measures

Unit

square metre, or 10.7

sq.

ft.:

square kilometre,

or J47 acres.

Land

usually measured "in ares and hectares.

10 x 10 metres; a hectare is 100 ares, or 2 2 acre-.
of surface measure (walls, ceilings, etc.), is the
square metre, 1.196 sq. yds.
is

An are is
The unit

Volume
Unit

cubic metre, or 35

/>

cubic feet, or

3/10 cubic yards.

Liquid Measure
or 1 quart liquid measure, or 9/10 quart dry
decalitre, or ten litres, or 2 6/10 gal. or 1 peck.;
hektolitre, 100 litres, or 26 4/10 gal.
1
quart 1 litre; 1 gal. 4 l 2 litres: 1 bushel 36 litres.
Unit.

measure;
1

litre,
1

92

Fever Thermometer

The French use

the Centigrade system, the Americans the

If you take a temperature with a Centigrade
Fahrenheit.
thermometer, multiply the centigrades by 9/5 and add 32 to
the result.
40 degrees centigrade will
9 or 72,
104
32
give_40

F.

degrees

To change Fahrenheit into Centigrade, begin by subtracting

32 and multiply the result by 5/9.
32
5 or 40 degrees Centigrade.
104 degrees F.
72
9
NOTE 37 degrees Centigrade is normal 98 degrees Fahren-

heit

is

normal

Weight

\S l 2 grains.
500 grammes, also called une livre (a French
1000 grammes, or a kilogramme, 2.2 Ibs.
1

gramme (kg)

93

pound),

1.1 Ibs.

ENGLISH-FRENCH

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY
bandon, abandonner,

allowance, le paiement.
almost, presque; a peu pres

v.

bcess, 1'abces, m.

jdomen,
dome n
ble,

ventre or Tab-

le

capable; to be

voir;

am

pou-

je peux, etc.

dove, sur au dessus de.

ction (fight), combat, ba;

Killed in

taille.

mort

dvance, avancer,

dvance=guard,
fter, apres.
gain, encore

go,

il

aloud, a haute voix.

already, deja.

1'

avant-

de nouveau.

m.
a,

visez-bien.

m.

to

aerer, v.

(ah ayrray).
sound
larm, 1'alarme, f
the , donner Talarme.
.

II,

tout, tous

fern.,

always, toujours.
ambassador, rambassacleur,
m.

ie
secours; first kit,
paquet de pansement, m.
im, viser, v. take a good ,

1'air,

alternatif;

ve.

v.

ambulance, 1'ambulance, f.
ambush, 1'embuscade, f.
ammunition, les munitions,

id,

ir,

long de; take this

le

along; emportez cela.

alongside, cote a cote.

alternate,

f.

gc, 1'age,

along,

also, aussi.

1'ennemi.

cross, a travers.

garde,

{ah p'6 pray}.

alone, seul.

toute, toutes.

How, permettre,

v.

f.,

pi.

along, parmi entre.

amuse, amuser, v.
amusing, amusant.
;

angry, furieux-se.
ankle,

la cheville.

announce, annoncer, v.
answer, la reponse to
;

pondre; past: repondu.

any, du, de la, des.
97

re-

awake

anything, quelque chose.

appetite,

m.

1'appetit,

appetiser, hors, d'oeuvre, m.

approcher,

arm

("weapon),

to

armer,

f.

v.
f.

arms

atix

armes (ozarrm).

arm

(part of body},
1'armee,

bras.

le

f.

arrest, arreter,

v.

asbestos, 1'amiante, m.
v.

as-

phyxiant, m.

en

attack,

v.

venir,

chez

dans.

forth, faire

le

1'essai,

m.

to

f.

Aus-

trian, Autrichien.

autumn, 1'automne
eviter, v.

bandage,

lest

le

navette.

bandage;

le

bandager.
baptism of

(Icsst).

ballon.

le

fire,

bapt

v.

barbarian, le barbare.
barbaric, barbare, adj.
barbarism, la barbaric.

barbed wire,

v.

Austria, 1'Autriche,

le

boulanger.

le

bar, barren,

1'assaut;

attaquer.

essayer,

back

go

du feu (bahtairm).

v.

1'attaque;

attempt,

avoid,

balloon,

asphyxiate, asphyxier,
asphyxiating gas, gaz

to,

le clos
back, to c
(backward), en arricre

ballast,

quc.

back,

baker,

astonish, ctonner.

eveiller, v.

hache.

de couchage.

arrive, arrivcr, v.
as, comme as... as, aussi...

at, a

la

bacon, le lard.
bad, mativais, e.
badge, 1'insigne, f.
badly, mal.
bag, le sac; sleeping,

armor-plated, Mimic.

army,

to

1'arme,
to

v.

axle, 1'essieu, m.

apple, la pomme.
approach,
1'npproche,
,

awaken,
axe,

(orr doi'rr).

to

eveille

(adj.)

s'eveiller.

,m.(!v-tnn}

fil

barbele.

bare, nu.
barefoot, nu-pied.

bargain, 1'occasion,
bark, 1'ecorce, f.

f.

barn, la grange.
barracks, la caserne,

before, avant.
f

quartier.

baseball,

jeu de balle.

le

basin,

le

bassin.

batch,
bath,

la

fournee.
bain

le

take

livrer bataille.

onet

la baionnette;

attaque

attack,

.baionnette

beans,
beard,

Belgium,

baya la

(ba-ee-onnet).

j'ai

(machinery),

le

devenu
le

bent,
la

chambre

le

boeuf
".

rosbif

beer,

boeuf; boiled ,
roast beef,

bouilli
;

Past

en bas.
le

ceinturon.

la

courbe
salir,

le

coude.

v.

besprinkle, arroser,

v.

best, meilleur.

coucher.
beef,

j'appar-

bend, courber; plier.

benefactor, le bienfaiteur.

besmear,

la literie.

bedroom,

belt, la ceinture

lit.

bedding,

v.

tiens.

below, sous

devenir, v. ; past,
pres. je deviens.

past:

le ventre.

coussinet).
beat, battre; beaten, battu.
beauty, la beaute.

bed,

v.

belong, appartenir,
appartenu
pres.

become,

Belgique.

croire,

cru.

belly,

barbe.

bearing,

la

believe,

les haricots.

la

beefsteak, bifteck.

il

behavior, la conduite.
behind, derriere.
Belgian, beige.

bathe, se baigner, v.
battle, la bataille; le combat;
,

past,

conduit; behave your=

self, conduisez-vous.

s'est

'.^prendre un bain.

give
bayonet,

you, je

beggar, le mendiant.
begin, commencer, v.
beginner, le novice.
behave, se conduire

la base.

base,

v. ;I

beg, mendier,
vous prie.

le

bet, parier,

betray,

v.

trahir, v.

better, meilleur, adj.; mieux

la biere.

(adverb).

99

trahison.

la

betrayal,

boot,

(heavy,
se;

bottle, la bouteille.

etc.)

fat,

bottom, le fond.
bowel, 1'intestin, m.

gros;

les entrailles,

(large), grand.

bilious, bilieux.
billet,
(ler

box,

billet

le

v.

attacher,

boy, le garcon.
break, casser, v.
break, le frein.

v.

v.

bird, 1'oiseau, m.
la naissance.
le

biscuit

(biskwee).

the bite,

la

past

mordu;

morsure.

le

blow,
board,

le

bravoure;
vehicle),

le

dejeuner,

v.

1'haleine,

bridge,

le

pont.

bridle,

la

bride.

bombe.
bone, 1'os, m. (loss}

(anything living),
British, Anglais.

bring,

la

out o

breathe, respirer, v.
breeches, la culotte.

f.

sang (sonh).
coup (Koo).

(layzo).

1;

hors d'haleine.

bright (shining),

les os

1.

dejeuner; to

la planche.
boil (swelling), le clou.

bomb,

f.

courageux.

(of

breakfast,
breath,

black, noir.
blanket, la couverture.
bleed, saigner, v.

blood,

v.

panne.

amer (ab-mayr).

blister, I'ampoule,

roinpre,

courage.

breakdown
v.

la

bravery,

mors

le

1'eau de vie,

brandy,

(morr).
bite, mordre,

bitter,

(sport), la boxe.

brave, brave

horse),

bowels

pi.

la boite.

boxing

birth,

biscuit,
bit (of

f.

de

logement
bee-yay der lozhmonh.)

bind, lier,
ban dagcr,

le lacet.

born, ne.

Bible, la Bible.
bicycle, la bicycletu.

big

la botte.

boot lace,

between, entre.
beyond, au dela.

bones,

broad,
100

apporter,

large.

brillant.
v.

amene

v.

can of preserves,

le ruisseau.

brook,

bruise, la contusion.
la brosse;

brush,

to,

bros-

Bruxelles

(Brus-

sel}.

bucket,

le

seau.

la

bougie.

canned, en conserve.
cannot, see able.
cannot, see able.
la

cap,

build, construire,

car,

la -voiture

carbolic

burnt, brule.

carburetor,

burst, eclater, v.
bush, le buisson (bweessonh).

care,

1'affaire,

f.

les af-

le

by, par

le
;

beurre.

bouton.

pres de.
le chou.

le cable.

calf, le veau.

le

carry,

le

carburateur.

soin.

porter,

enlever,

v.

v.

away,

oter, v.

empor-

casualty, la perte.
catch, attraper, v.
cease, cesser, v.
cellar, la cave.
censor, le censeur.

cent,

le sou.

camp, le camp (ler konh).

campaign, la campagne (lah-

chain, la chaine.
challenge, demander
de passe, v.

konh-pan-ye}.
can, see able.

charge, charger.
chaplain, 1'aumonier, m.

call, appeler;

phe-

cartridge, la cartouche.
carve, decouper.

cabbage,
cable,

1'acide

ter, v.

pi.

butt, la crosse.

button,

acid,

nique, m.

busy, occupe.
butter,

(railway);

m.

1'auto,

bundle, le paquet.
burn, bruler, v.

f.

kepi

(French uniform).

bull's eye, la mouche.

faires,

le

casquette;

v.

bullet, la balle.

business,

de

Canadian, canadien.
candle,

ser, v.

Brussels,

la boite

conserves.

call, j'appelle.

le

mot

channel,
,

(i

la

la voie

the proper

voie hierarchique (ee-

\-uhrr-shic).

chapel,

la chapelle.

chat, causer,

cheek,

clothes,
v.

le

la

image.
clutch,

fromage.
poitrine

of horse.

le poitrail.

chew, macher.
chicken,

le poulet.

chilblain, 1'engelure,
chin, le menton.

f.

cloud,

clothes, en civil.
clean, propre; to

in

debrayer

la voiture.

cod, la morue.
cold, le f roid ; adj. froid.
color, la couleur; with the
sous les drapeaux.
,
color bearer, le porte-dra-

comfort,

plain

peig-

confort

le

to

commander, le commandant
command, le commandement
to

nettoyer,

clear (adj.), clair; to

de-

commander.

company,

la

compagnie.

compass,
comrade,

le

compas.

le

camarade;

copain.
v.

embrayer

ner, v.

v.

blayer, v.

coach,

m.

I'embrayage,

throw in the
throw out the

le

conforter.

civil;

climb, grimper,

pi.

peau.

Christmas, noel.
church, 1'eglise, f.
le

ni.

habits,

column, la colonne.
comb, le peigne to

chinstrap, la jugulaire.
choose, choisir, v.
chop, la cotelette.

civilian,

de

caillot

le

cloudy, nuageux;
v.

les
cheering,
applaudissements, m. pi. (aplodissmonh}
cheer up! courage!

cheese,

les

les

(layzahbee).

la joue.

cheer, applaudir,
cheerful, gai.

chest,

rangs.
clot of blood,

sang (Kal-yo-dcr-sonh )

v.

cheat, tricher,

close the ranks, serrer

confidence,

la confiance.

toux

to

condition, 1'etat, m. in good

en bon etat; in bad

cough,

en mauvais etat.
comfortable, confortable

country, le pays; la campagne; my, ma patrie.

county road, la route de-

ways about

(al-

things, not about

constipated, constipe.
consul, le consul; consular,
consulate, le
consulaire;

court martial,

v.

contenir,

conseil de

cousine.

le cousin, la

cousin,

(blanket), la couverof a pot, le couture;

vercle; under , sous cou-

past;

contenu; pres. je contiens.

continue, continuer, v.
le

le

guerre.

consult, consulter.

cook,

tousser,

cover

consulat.

convoy,

partementale.

people).

contain,

la

v.

le

convoi.

cuisinier

to

take

vert;

covering,

cuire,

la

s'abriter.

couverture de

cow, la vache.
coward, la lache;

lit.

le poltron.

cowardly conduct, conduite

v.

cooking pot or kettle,

la

marmite.
cord,

la

corde.

le
cork,
boucher.

bouchon;

to

cork screw, le tire-bouchon.

corn on the foot, le cor au

lache.

crank, (machinery), la manivelle; a crank (person), tin

original; un maniac.

crankshaft, le vilebrequin.
cream, la creme.
cross,

corporal, le caporal.
corrugated, ondule.
cost, le prix

cotton,
,

le

to

couter, v.

coton; absorbent

1'ouate,

could,

la

croix

to

croiser

a stream, passer un ruis-

pied.

f.

J'ai pu,

tu as pu, etc.

"b'cixu.'

crossways,

le

carrefour.

crush, ecraser, v.
crutch, la bequille.
la
cure,
guerison
guerir,

to

cup,

la tasse.

defend, defendre,

cut, la balafre; to

couper,

demand, exiger,

v.

daily, tous les jours: adj. de

tous les jours.

dam, le barrage
damp, humide.

to

danger, le danger.
dance, la dance to
;

barrer.

dancer,

v.

dare, oser,

dentist,

le

f.

la

le

desir; to

disinfectant,

dispatch,

nuit.

date

(fruit), la datte.

day,

le

jour; a fine

belle journee;

une

die,

de

day's march,
dead, mort.

la

travail

1'etape,

f.

difficult,

dinner,

1'action,

die,
est

mor

disappear,
past

v.

le diner.

sale.

dirty,

f.

I
il

la digue.

deafening, assourdissant.
deal (nt cards), donner

pont.

dig, creuser.

dike,

dear, cher, fern, chere.

debt, la dette.

v.

difficile.

dine, diner,

depeche.

he died,

deaf, soiird.

m.

v.

desinfectar.

le

mourir,

meurs

day's work,

journee

1'afte,

dr.-ire

distinguish, distinguer, v.
destroy, detruire, v.
detachment, le detachemenl

v.

date, la date.

le

reclamer

disinfect, desinfecter,

noir.

darn, ravauder,

deck,
deed,

v.

darkness, robscuritc,

tine

v.

dentiste.

depart, partir, v.
departure, le depart.
depth, la profondeur.
descend, descendre, v.
descent, la descente.
deserve, meriter, v.
desire,

v.

daring, hardi.
dark, obscur

v.

defile, le defile.

disparaitre.

discharge, decharger.
discover, decouvrir, v.

deep, profond.

decouvert.
104

disparu.

pas

disembark, debarquer, v.
dismount, descendre de cheval, v.

dispensary,
ditch,

le

le

service re-

ligieux.

do, faire, v.
double, double.

down, en bas.
drawers (underwear),

ear,

v.

s'habiller,

panser

une

bles-

dressing

(of

wound),

le

le

poste de

uniform,

la

grande

-1'exercice,

m.

secours.

dress
tenue.
drill,

to

1'aise, f

easy,

facile.

past

bii.

1'eau pota-

f.

drive, la poussee; I'offensive,

f ; to
away, chasser, v.
a car, conduire un auto.
.

conducteur.

au

coude.

elder, aine.
electric light,

la

lumiere

electrique.

autrement

somebody

else, quelqu'un d'autre.

end,

la fin;

to

viderj v.

v.
,

finir.

engaged (to marry),

engagement (fight),
f.

le

engine,

fiance.
1-action,

combat.
la

England,
105

terrassement.
at
a 1'aise.

v.

drinking water,

le

le
.

on

empty, vide to
encamp, camper,

exercer.

drink, boire,

driver,

ease,

else,
;

on,

f.

monde.
earth work,

le

be

la dysenteric.

terre

la

elbow,

bandage.

dressing station,

m.

1'abri,

1'oreille,

earth,

sure.

ble,

out,

during, pendant.
Dutch, hollandais.
duty, le service;
etre de service.

dysentery,
le cale-

gon,

wound,

the

duck

baisser;

(cloth), le coutil.

dug

v.

divine service,

dress,

se

head,

dispensaire.

fosse.

le

dive, plonger,

druggist, le pharmacien.
dry, sec, seche.
duck, le canard; to

machine.
1'Angleterre,

fender (auto),

English, Anglais.
engage; enlisted
man, engage volontaire.

rc-seau

tie

line

v.

finger,

equal, egal.

fire, le

first

flag,

si.

le

monde.

eclater,

v.

le drapeau; hoist the

arborer le drapeau.

la

torche

elec-

trique.

flask, le bidon.

ex-

flat, plat.

flea, la puce.

m.

pi. les

flee, fuir, v.

yeux.

eyelid, la paupiere.
faint, 1'evanouissement,
s'cvanouir.
to

fleet, la flotte.

m.

fall,

finir.

tirer.

secours;

le

flashlight,

ploser, v.
1'oeil,

to,

fish, le poisson.
uni.

excavate, creuser.
exhaust, I'echappement, m.

eye,

aid,

to

flagstaff, la hampe.

ever, toujours.
every one, tout

explode,

fin

feu;

kit, le paquet de pansement.

escape, echapper, m.
even, (of surface),

even tho,

le doigt.

finish, la

('accoutrement, m.

meme

en

bataille.

entrenched, retranche.
envelope, 1'enveloppe, f.

equipment, IVquipement, m.

the,

campagne.
fight, le combat; to, se
a battle, livrer
battre;

barbele.

fil

garde-boue.

champ; in

field, le

enough, assez.
entanglement (barbed wire),
enter, entrer dans,

le

la fievre.

fever,

enlisted,

tomber,

v.

back,

se re-

tirer.

fan (of auto),

le ventilateur.

flight, la fuite.
flour, la farine.

flower, la fleur.
flywheel, le volant du moteur.
food, la nourriture.
le pied.

far, loin.

foot,

fat, la graisse.

for, pour.

fatigue duty,

la

corvee.

forbidden, defendu.
106

ford,

le

gue; to

passer a

gay, gai.
gear, 1'engrenage, m.

gue.

fore, d'avant.

forehead,

v.
chercher,
get, aller chercher.

get, obtenir,

go

le front.

get up

forget, oublier, v.
fork, la fourchette.

fille,

la

demoi-

selle.

fortification, la fortification.

glad, content; heureux,

fortify, fortifier, v.
forward, en avant.

glass, le verre.

fracture,

la

fracture,

fracture;
fracturer.

to

good, bon, bonne.

goose, 1'oie, f.
grape, le raisin.
gravy, le jus.

Friday, vendredi, m.
from, de.

la

grease,

frost, la gelee.

graisse;

great, grand.

fruit, les fruits.

great coat, la capote.

Greece, la Grece.
grey, gris.
groan, gemir, v.
guard, la garde to
gun, le fusil.
gunner, le canonnier.
German, Allemand.

poele a frire.

fuse, la fusee.

gallop, galopper,
au galop.

game,

to

graisser.

frostbitten, gele.
la

se.

glove, le gant.
God, Dieu.

freeze, geler, v.
fresh, frais, fraiche.

frying pan,

(rise), se lever.

girl, la jeune

fort, le fort.

v.

v.

at a

le jeu.

garbage, 1'ordure, f.
garrison, la garnison.

gardt:r.

main.

gas, le gaz.

hand,

la

gash, la balafre.
gas mask, le masque.

hare,

le lievre.

hair, (of the head), les cheveux, m. pi.; of other

gate, la porte, la barriere.

gather, assembler,

parts of body,

v.

107

le poil.

hail, la grele

to

someone,

homesickness,

half pay,

la

hood,

demi-solde.

v.

halt, s'arretcr,

halt! hake

la!
le

jambon.
marteau
le

hammer,

to

marteler.

idea,

<|iiartier

An

man:

casque.
1'aide.

Help!

I'hemorragic.

high road,

la grand'route
route nationale.

f.

la

hilt, la poignee.

toucher,

hoist, hisser.

holster,

la

cahane.

1.

bicoque.

f.

1'idee,

la

phiqu

ignition, rallumage, m.

indicate, indiquer,

1'etui

v.

v.

de pistolet. m.

v.

infantry, 1'infanterie, f.
information, le renseigm
ment.
inside, 1'interieur,

secours.

f rapper;

la

into, dans.

secours;

hemorrhage,

hit,

baraque,

ignite, allumer, v.
illness, la maladie.

hauteur; of a

le

la

identify, identifier.
le

la taille.

le

m.

identification disk,

la haie.

helmet,

fer a cheval.

1'hopital,

maisonette,

general.
heavy, lourd.

help,

cheval vapeur

d'identite.

headquarters,

la

le

le

howitzer, I'obusier, m.
hub, le moyeu.
hut,

hay, le foin.
head, la tcte.

height,

cheval.

le

horsepower,
horse shoe,
hospital,

hand, la main.
handful, la ]><>igi
handkerchief, le mouchoir.
harness, le harnais

hedge,

di

la capote.

horse,

hall, la salle.

ham,

mal

le

pays.

appeler.

(m).

in spite of, malgre.

intelligence department,
service de renseignements.
interesting, interessant.
Ireland, 1'Irlande.

Irishman,
iron,
108

le

1'Irlandais.

fer.

lamb, 1'agneau, m.

le eric.

jack,

jam, la confiture.
Japan, le Japon.
jaw, la machoire.

lantern,

lately, recemment.
laxative, le purgatif.

join, rejoindre, v.
jolt, la secousse.

jump,

la lanterne.

late, tard.

lazy, paresseux.
leader, le chef.

sauter, v.

le cuir.

kettle, la marmite.

leather,

key, la

leave, la permission le conge

to go on leave, aller en per-

cle.
le rein.

kidneys (dish),

les

m.

mission, en conge.

rognons,

leg, la jambe.

pi.

legging,

kind, la sorte, 1'espece.

kindle, allumer.
kindling, le petit bois.
king,

lever,
lie
lie

le

a),

down,

le

sac de soldat

genou.
mettre

se

kneel,

kneel!
terre

1'eclair; it
fait des eclairs.

genou
genou
;

(command),

ere.
,

al-

like,

is,

il

comme.

like, aimer, v.

le

savoir, v.

past su

line

couteau.

knife,

know,

pres. je sais

connaitre,

v.

past,

connu.

of

communication,

ligne de communication.
;

lint, la charpie.

live, vivre, v.

knowledge,
ladder,

v.

lumer.

lightning,
a

mol-

mentir.

se coucher,

havresac.

knee,

la

light (in weight), leger,

to
light, la lumiere

la trousse.

jambiere;

le levier.

(tell

le roi.

kit, I'equipement
le

la

letiere.

la bonte.

knapsack,

gauche.

kill, tuer, v.

kindness,

the

to

gauche;

left,

le kaki.

kahki,

kidney, (anat.),

la connaissance.

1'echelle,

f.

past, vecu.

live (dwell), demeurer.

lobster,
109

le

homard.

la

look at, regarder, v.

lookout (be on the), guetter;
look out! attention! gare
a vous

loosen, lacher,

v.

defaire, v.

Monday,

motor truck,

mount

loss, la perte.

machinist,

magneto,

la mitrailleuse.

nu'canicien.

le

le

magneto.

main body, le corps principal.

many, beaucoup de.
map, la carte.
march,

la

marche;

to

matelas

ncz.

le pail-

la viancle.

1'ongle,

le

clou;

m.
to

clouer, v.

me, pres de
the front, pres clu

near,
le

medica-

le

milieu.

moi

ment.

pres;
;

front.

le lait.
la

(finger),

naval, naval.
navy, la marine.

le repas.

middle or midst,
mine,

in the

patauger dans la boue.

muffler, le silencieux.
muffler (apparel), le cache-

metal

medicine (drug),

milk,

go up), monter.

nail

lasson.

meal,
meat,

(to

muscle, le muscle.
mustache, la moustache.

March, mars.
mare, la jument.
match, 1'allumette.
le

camion au-

mouth, la bouche.
much, beaucoup.
mud, la boue; wade

marcher.

mattress,

le

tomobile.

lose, pcrdre, past, perdu.

machine gun,

luncli.

more, plus.
motor, le moteur.
motorcycle, la motocyclette.

mine.

nearly, presque.
neat, propre.
neck, le cou.
besoin

miss, manquer, v.
missing, disparu.
mist, le brouillard.

needle,

mistake,

newspaper,

1'erreur,

f.

need,

le

be in

avoir besoin de.

110

1'aiguille,
le

f.

journal.

of.

never, ne. ..jamais; (when

never is used alone no is
not added.

news,

la

nut (fruit), la noix (nwah).

nut (of bolt), 1'ecrou, m.
oats, 1'avoine,

nou-

les

nouvelle;

oatmeal

le

gruau

observe, observer.
off; take off, oter;
emporter; lead
mener.

carry
em-

d'avoine.

velles.

next, prochain.
nice, gentil (zhonhtee)

fern.

gentille (zhonhtee}.
la nuit;

night,

good

Having)

at

la nuit;

bonne nuit (when

la

nobody,

cauchemare.

le

ne.

when nobody

is

offer, offrir, v.

.personne;
used alone,

oil, Thuile, f

open, ouvrir,
order,

le bruit.

nonsense, la betise.
non-skid, antiderapant.
au
north, le nord; in the
nord to the
au nord.
,

nothing, ne. ..rien; (when

used alone, omit ne.
le nez.

present.

huiler.

v.

past, ouvert

m.

to

outpost, 1'avant-poste, m.
deoutside, 1'exterieur, m.
;

hors.

overcoat,

culbuter, v.
le

pardessus;

le

nom-

pace,
pain,

le

pas;

1'allure,

f.

la douleur.

pale, pale.
1'infirmier,
f.

out, hors.

capote.

bre.

miere,

e.

orderly, 1'ordonnance, m.
other, autre.
otherwise, autrement.

roman.

numb, engourdi.
number, le numero;
nurse,

to

1'ordre,

overthrow,

now, maintenant; a
le

commander.

noisy, bruyant.

novel,

adj. ouvert,

past, offert.

oil can, la burette.

omit ne.

nose,

often, souvenit.

else bonsoir.

nightmare,

noise,

f.

(dish),

m.

1'innr-

paper,

le papier.

parley, parlementer,
Ill

v.

la

pot, le pot.

partrdige, le perdreau.
pass word, le mot d'ordre.
pah-

trooec).

pay

(soldier's), la solde
,

to

paymaster, le tresorier.
payment, le paiement.

faire prisonnier.

simple soldat.

le

v.

put, mettre,

placer, v.

peut-ctrc.

put on (clothes), mettre,

la pioche.

quantity, la quantite.
quarrel, la querelle

pillule.

le

pute; to

1'assiette,

plum,

la prune.

plunder,

le

se

la

v.

dis-

disputer,

se

quereller.

pistolet.

plate,

quart, le
quarter,

f.

to

pillage;

litre.

le

quart (%*)

faire

give
to

quartier;

loger, v.

piller.

poison,

poudre.

prix.

prune, le pruneau.
pudding, le pouding.
puncture, la crevaison.

piece, la piece.
pistol,

la

le

private,

la

la livre.

prison, la prison.
prisoner, le prisonnier; take

peace, la paix (lah pay}.

pear, la poire.
peak, le sotnmet.
pedal, la pedale.
pen, la plume.
penny (American), le

pill,

de

la patate.

la cartouchiere.

powder,
price,

payer.

perhaps,
pickaxe,

pouch,
pound,

pomme

la

sweet

terre;

la patrouille (lah

patrol,

potato (Irish),

sentier.

le

path,

le

poison

to

em-

poisonner.

pontoon,

le

ponton.

pore,

le pore.

post

(letter), la poste; to

le

logement.

reine.
la

question

to,

interroger.

mettre a la poste;

meanings)

quarters,
queen, la
question,

le poste.

quick,

vif,

rapide

accelere.

(other

quickly,
112

vite.

time, pas

quiet, tranquille be , restez

tranquille, or taisez-vous.

repulse,

rabbit, le lapin.
radiator, le radiateur.

rescue,

rail, le rail

(shmanh der

fer

cle

to

fairr).
,

rains, il pleut.
raise (in pay), augmentatiop
la

rank,

le

portee;
out of

troupes et

v.

le

rear=guard, 1'arriere-garde,
receipt,

f.

le

bleu (pop)

recrue.

recrutement
officer, officier de recrutement.

recruiting,

Red Cross,

le

Croix Rouge.
reinforcement, le renfort.
repair, reparer,

remain,

v.

rester. v.

to

se

v.

revenir,

machine

ar-

la revue.

rib, la cote.

rid of, debarrasse de.

riddled, crible de.

ride (horse), aller a cheval.

right

(justice),
adj.

le

droit

droit;

(right

hand, main droite, etc.)

to the right, a droite you
are
vous avez raison..
;

rim,

la

retraite

faire

right,

le regu.

recognize, reconnaitre.
reculer.
recoil, le recul; to
recruit,

(never

rifle, le fusil.

past, lu.

en repos

riere, v.

grades.
razor, le rasoir safety
rasoir mecanique.
lire,

at

reposer

return, retourner,
reverse,

hors de

les

read,

la

review,
file, les

retirer.

rang.

rank and

sau-

v.

within
,

se

retreat,

v.

raise, lever, soulever,

a portee
portee.

to

rester).

pleuvoir;

it

range,

secours

le

rest, le repos

chemin

rain, la pluie; to

re-

ver.

(rahee).

le

railway,

v.

repousser,

fouler.

la jante.

river,

le

fleuve.

roll call, 1'appel, m.

faire 1'appel.
,

road,

la route.

rope,
rout

(flight),

113

call

the

la corde.
la

deroute;

la

debandade.
rub, frotter,

d'espionnage.
v.

a rub

down,

secretary of war,

massage.
rubber, le caoutchouc rubber sheet, toile impermea;

il

(race), la course; to

rush,

saddle,

la

salt, le

sel.

to salt,

to

me,

le

mise

en

v.,

saler.

saltier.

sentinelle.

sentry, la
sergeant,

le

servant

(orderly),

sergent.
1'ordon-

nunce, m.

serve,

sauce.

saucepan, la casserole.
sausage, la saucisse.
to

economiser;

somebody,

envoyer.

voyer.

saint.

same, ineme.
Saturday, samedi.
la

off,

send for, faire chercher.

send or order away, ren-

selle.

.,

past

sauver.

pres.

servir,
j'ai

service

save

je

dress,

la

tenue

to shake, secouer.

scier.

sharp (pointed), aigu

le

(knife)

tranchant.

to sharpen, aiguiser.
sharp=shooter, tirailleur.

scissors, les ciseaux.

scout, 1'eclaireur.

service,

de

la varei

la scie.

screwdriver,

sers,

servi.

campagne.
service jacket,

scar, la cicatrice.

secret

seems

it

send, or send

salute, n., le
to salute, v

saw, n.,
to saw,

sell, vendre.

ruee.

la

save,

que

semble.

marche (auto).

tri>te.

sauce,

me

self-starter,

courir.

sad,

dirait

gouver-

ner.

run

that
it

sembler
it
seems
il semble que.
seems as though.

seem,

ble.

rule, la regie; to

minis-

le

tre de la guerre.

le

tournevis.
le

shears,
ciseaux.

service

114

les

pinces,

or

les

sheath, I'etui, m.
shed, hangar.
sheep, le mouton.
sheet (bed), le drap (waterproof) la toile impermeable.
sheet=iron, la tole.
shell, 1'obus.

sign=board, 1'enseigne,
(conj.).

remplacement, m.
situated, situe.
site,

slacker,

le

paresseux,

to shell, lancer des obus.

mard, (pop).
sleep, le sommeil.

shelter, 1'abri, m.
to shelter one self, s'abriter.

sling, 1'echarpe.

ship,

vaisseau.

le

choc.

shoe, la bottine.
to shoe (a horse), ferrer.

shoot (a gun)

tirer,

(a

man)

fusilier.

shop,

1'atelier,

1'usine,

short

m.

(factory),

le

court-cir-

cuit.

the shot, le coup de fusil.

to be shot (dead), fusille

somebody,
sometimes,
son,

quelquefois.

la

sore, la plaie.

to shout, crier.

d'-

main

foot, pied

to

rnalade;

sore

malade

sore

malade.

le son.

sound the alarm, donner

1'alarme.

pelle.

side, le cote.

(Adj.),

hand,
patte

peu.

le fils.

sound,

epaule.
la

quelqu'un.

song, la chanson.
soon, bientot.

1'epaule.

shoulderstrap,

shovel,

snore, ronfler.
soap, le savon.
sock, la chaussette.

sore

tue d'un coup de fusil.

shoulder,

to sleep, dormir.

somewhat, un

f.

circuit,

flem-

smoke, la fumee.
to smoke, fumer.

shiver, grelotter.
le

le

slow, lent.
slowly, lentement

shirt, la chemise.

shock,

f.

since, depuis (time), puisque

soupe,
115

la soupe, le potage.

spade,

stick,

la bc-clie.

spare (a

spark, 1'etincelle.
spark-plug, la bougie.
speak, parler.
spend, depenser.
spoke, le rayon.
spoon, la cuillc-re.
to spoon, fiirter.
sprain, 1'entorsi-,
spring (season), le

1'estomac,

m.

le

ventre.

cpargner.

life),

baton.

le

stomach,

to spade, becher.

the strap,

la courroie.

straw, la paille.
strength, la force.
stretch (out), ctendre.
stretcher, le brancard.
stretcher bearer, le brancardier.

string,

la

suffer,

soufifrir.

ficelk-.

t".

prin-

spring (mech.),

ressort.

le

summer,

1'ete,

m.

Sunday, dimancbe.

to spur, epercmner.
spur, 1'eperon, m.

suspender, la bretelle.
sweater, le chandail

spy, 1'espion.
to spy, espionner.
spying, 1'espionnage.
squad, 1'escouade.

square

la souffrance.

suffering,

temps.

swoon,

la

syncope.

tail, la queue.

take, prendre, take tenez or

voila.

(adj.), carre.

stable, 1'ecurie.

take off, oter; lead off, emmener; imitate, imiu-r.

staff, 1'etat major.

tale, le conte.

stamp,

le

timbre.

standing, clebout.
station (railway),

stay (remain),

talk, parler.
tan shoe, bottine brune.
la

gare.

restcr.

target, la

tarnished,

cible,

f.

terni.

steer, guider.

telephone, telephoner,

steering-gear, le direct.
steering wheel, le volant de

tell, dire.

direction.

tent, la tente.
tent pole, le piquet.
116

v.

term,
there

(adj.),

there
y

dents.

behold,

la;

tooth=brush,

voila.

or there

is,

are,

there he

is, le voila.

la chose.

le

thunder,
ing;

il

travers, par.

le

it

(point),

is

la

or

le

pointe

fee,

turkey,

tool,

turning, le tournant.
thypus, le typhus.
wade, passer a gue through
mud, patauger dans la boue.
;

la langue.

much)

coude.

doigt de pied.

Foutil,

la dinde.

turn, tourner; my turn, mon

le
tour turn of the road

le tabac.

too, trop (too

tour.

Tuesday, mardi.
;

today, aujourd'hui.
tomorrow, demain.

tongue,

la

tranchee.

fighting
troup, la troupe
troop, troupe de combat.
trough, 1'abreuvoir, m.
trousers, le pantalon.
true, vrai.

tire (auto), le pneu.

toe,

la

jus-

pourboire.

tobacco,

v.

vers.

trip, le voyage.

jeudi.

jusqu'a,
qu'a ce que.

tip

tonnere

until,

till,

towards,

tower, spire,

tonne.

Thursday,

touch, toucher,

trench,

pouce.
le

rains

pleut

towel, l'essuie-mam, m.

thought, 1'idee.
thread, le fil.

through, a

verse.

thin, mince (soup) maigre.

thumb,

it

torrent, le torrent;
il
in torrents,

thick, epais. epaisse.

thing,

brosse

la

dents.

il

a-

aux

mal

avoir

tooth=ache,

terme.

le

trop.

m.

tooth and nail, bee et ongles.

des mains et des pieds.

waist,

la

waiter,

war

le

taille.

garcon.

office, le minstere de la

guerre.
117

war, la giierre.
watch, garder; look

watch out!

server;
tion

where,
at, ob-

atten-

water,

1'eau

water

the

horses, abreuver.

water bottle, le
water closet,
I'urmoir;
diers'

la

bidon.
le

cabinet,

feuillee

(sol-

term).

waterproof, impermeable.

waterproof sheet,

le

drap

impermeable.

watering
voir,

trough,

1'abreu-

m.

Wednesday,

d'uvant;

rear,

roue

le

sifflet;

sound

of,

coup de sifflet.
white, blanc, blanche.
le

who goes there,

qui
Qui vive?
wide, large.
width, la largeur.
win, gagner, v.
wind (the), le vent; the
breath, 1'haleine, f.
wind screen, le pare-brise.
wing, 1'aile, f.
winter, 1'hiver, m.
who,

with, avec.
wool, la laine.

mercredi.

weigh, pcscr.
well (the), le puits.
wheel, la roue; front, roue
riere.

ou.

whistle,

d'ur-

wound
wrench

(the), la blessure.

(the),

la

laise.

write, ecrire, v.
wrist, le poignet.

when, quand.

11R

cle

ang-

INDEX
Pages
Lessons

in

French

Rules for Pronunciation

Table of

Money

Time
Cardinal

11-76

79-82

87
88

Numbers

91

Days of Week
Months of the Year

91

Measures of Length

92

91

Surface Measures

92

Volume Measures

92

Liquid Measures

92

Fever Thermometer

92

Measures of Weight
Vocabulary

92
95-118

Index continued on next page.

INDEX CONTINUED
Common

Phrases of Conversation

Pages

Time

of

Asking

Day

the

Showing

the

Way
Way

Meeting a French
First

59
61

M
Comrade

Aid

Buying Things
Asking for Something

62
63
63

Eat

64

Asking for Information

Letter Headings and Endings

66

to

65

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