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Understandingtimecurrentcurves:Part1
PostedbyDavidPaulonJanuary28,2014@2:36pm

Thefirstinstallmentofathreepartseriesabouttimecurrent
curves(TCCs)providesaquickoverviewofitemidentification
andhowtoreadTCCplots.
Atimecurrentcurve(TCC)plotstheinterruptingtimeofanovercurrentdevicebasedonagiven
currentlevel.Thesecurvesareprovidedbythemanufacturersofelectricalovercurrentinterrupting
devices,suchasfusesandcircuitbreakers.Thesecurvesarepartoftheproductacceptancetesting
requiredbyUnderwritersLaboratories(UL)andotherratingagencies.Theshapeofthecurvesis
dictatedbyboththephysicalconstructionofthedeviceaswellasthesettingsselectedinthecaseof
adjustablecircuitbreakers.Thetimecurrentcurvesofadeviceareimportantforengineersto
understandbecausetheygraphicallyshowtheresponseofthedevicetovariouslevelsovercurrent.
Thecurvesallowthepowersystemsengineertographicallyrepresenttheselectivecoordinationof
overcurrentdevicesinanelectricalsystem.Modernpowersystemdesignsoftwarepackages,suchas
EasyPower,SKMPowerTools,andEtap,containgraphicallibrariesofcurvestoallowthepower
systemengineertheabilitytoplot,analyze,andprintthecurveswithminimaleffortcomparedtothe
previousmethodsusedwhencoordinatingapowersystem.
TCCitemidentification
TheTCCdiagramshowninFigure1(below)plotstheinterruptingresponsetimeofacurrent
interruptingdeviceversustime.Currentisshownonthehorizontalaxisusingalogarithmicscaleand
isplottedasampsX10X.Timeisshownontheverticalaxisusingalogarithmicscaleandisplotted
insecondsX10X.Thelightbluecurveisaswitchgearfeedercircuitbreakercurve.Thevioletcurveis
theswitchgearmaincircuitbreakercurve.Theredcurveisthetransformerprimaryfusecurve.The
orangecurveisthetransformerdamagecurve.Thegreencurvesarethecabledamagecurves.Each
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oneoftheseitemswillbeexplained.Thesystemrepresentedbythiscurveiswellcoordinatedand
adequatelyprotectedfromdamage.Italsohasminimalarcflashhazardcategoryratingsduetolow
instantaneouscircuitbreakertripvalues.

Theonelinediagram(seeFigure2)andTCCplotshowatypicalhypotheticalindustrialpower
system.Thereisautilitydeliverypointwithpowersuppliedatamediumvoltagelevel(inthiscase
4,160V),whichfeedstheprimarysideofa2.5MVApowertransformerthroughamediumvoltage
fusedswitchcontaininganEClassfuse.The480Vsecondarysideofthetransformerfeedsapieceof
lowvoltagepowerswitchgearutilizingdrawoutlowvoltagepowercircuitbreakersforthemainand
feedercircuitbreakers.TheTCCplotalsodisplaysthetransformerandcabledamagecurves.These
curvesarebasedonacceptedindustryconsensusstandardspublishedbytheAmericanNational
StandardsInstitute(ANSI,forthetransformer)andtheInsulatedCableEngineersAssociation(ICEA,
forthecables).Interpretingthedamagecurvesisfairlystraightforward.Operatingconditions
(overcurrentprotection)mustbekepttotheleftofthedamagecurvetoguaranteenopermanent
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damageisdonetothetransformerorcableinquestion.Operatingconditionsthatallowoperationto
therightofthedamagecurvesubjectthedeviceinquestiontocurrentsthatcancausepermanent
irreversibledamage,ashortenedlifespan,andpossiblecatastrophicfailure.Therefore,theovercurrent
andcircuitbreakercoordinationschemesmusttakethisintoaccountduringtheinitialdesignphase.

Therearetwotransformerdamagecurves(showninorangeonFigure1)oneisdashed,theotheris
solid.Thesoliddamagecurveisunbalancedandtakesintoaccountaderatingfactorfortransformer
windingtypeandfaulttype.Thedasheddamagecurveisthe100%ratingcurvewithnoderating
consideration.ThetransformerinrushcurrentisalsoplottedasinglepointontheTCCdiagram.
Again,aspartoftheinitialdesign,thetransformerinrushcurrentmustbetotheleftofthetransformer
primaryfusecurve,otherwisethefusewillopenwhenthetransformerisenergized.Thesedifferences
intheunbalancedand100%damagecurvescanbemitigatedwithadditionalprotectiverelayingto
allowthe100%curvetobeusedforpowersystemdesignwithouttheriskoftransformerdamage.
Therearethreecabledamagecurves(showningreenonFigure1).Thereisonecurveforeachcable
representedontheonelinediagram.Aspartoftheinitialdesign,theovercurrentinterruptingdevice
mustlimitthefaultcurrenttoleftofthedamagecurvetopreventpermanentdamage.Thedamage
curvesforthecablesaredependentonsize,insulationtypeandracewayconfiguration.
ThispostwaswrittenbyDavidPaul.DavidisaPrincipleEngineeratMAVERICKTechnologies,a
leadingautomationsolutionsproviderofferingindustrialautomation,strategicmanufacturing,and
enterpriseintegrationservicesfortheprocessindustries.MAVERICKdeliversexpertiseand
consultinginawidevarietyofareasincludingindustrialautomationcontrols,distributedcontrol
systems,manufacturingexecutionsystems,operationalstrategy,businessprocessoptimizationand
more.

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Discussion4Comments
Thereare4responsesto"Understandingtimecurrentcurves:Part1".
DavidHollistersays:
February2,2014at7:07am
Thankyouforthisarticle.Verywelldoneandeasytocomprehend.Asanewlygraduate,Iam
thankfultohavefoundthissincenooneatmyplantcouldexplaintheTCCinsuchclarity.
Reply
GabeMendezsays:
February14,2014at9:11am
ThisisagoodexplanationofTCCsandwillhelpinunderstandwhyacoordinationstudyis
needed!Notonlyforequipmentsafetyandreliabilitybutasyoutouchedon,reducingenergy
availableforTechnicians!!
GoodJob
Reply
DanHoltzclawsays:
July30,2014at2:41pm
WherecanIfindaguidelinefortheminimumamountoftimebetweencurvesforagiven
currentlevel?
Reply
Understandingtimecurrentcurves:Part2|MAVERICKIdeassays:
January30,2014at9:17am
[]fromPart1Thelightbluecurverepresentsthecircuitbreakersettingsforthefeeder
circuitbreaker.[]
Reply

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Understandingtimecurrentcurves:Part2
PostedbyDavidPaulonJanuary30,2014@9:17am

Thesecondinstallmentofathreepartseriesabouttimecurrent
curves(TCCs)coversshortandlongtimesettings,including
theirpurposeandexamplesofsuchovercurrents.
ContinuedfromPart1
Thelightbluecurverepresentsthecircuitbreakersettingsforthefeedercircuitbreaker.Thelower
portionofthecurve(below0.05secorthreecyclesonthetimeaxis)istheinstantaneoustripfunction.
Thepurposeoftheinstantaneoustripistotripthecircuitbreakerquicklywithnointentionaldelay(no
morethanafewcycles)onhighmagnitudefaultcurrents.Thisquicktripprotectselectrical
distributionequipmentfromdamageandkeepsarcflashhazardcategorieslow.Clearlythesetype
faultsmustbeinterruptedquicklyanddonotallowthesystemtowaitandseeifthefaultwillself
clear.Theminimuminstantaneoussettingdeterminestheminimumtripsettingforthecircuitbreaker.
InthecaseshowninPart1,theinstantaneoussettingis2,400Aandthemaximumvaluedisplayedis
availablefaultcurrentatthecircuitbreaker.Smallchangesintheinstantaneoussettingcanresultin
significantchangesintheArcFlashHazardcategory,sothisisasettingwhichmustbecarefully
selectedaccordingtosoundengineeringprinciples.
Thenextsectionofthecurvemovingupthetimeaxisisdeterminedbytheshorttimesettings.Short
timesettingscoverthetimerangefrom0.05to0.5sec(threeto30cycles).Thepurposeofshorttime
settingsistoallowatimebaseddelaytoelapsebeforetrippingthecircuitbreakerformoderate
currentfaults.Thisallowsmoderatefaultstimetoclearthemselveswithouttrippingthecircuit
breaker.Examplesofthesetypesofovercurrentswouldbetheinrushonalargemotorstartingora
transformerinrushwhenitisfirstenergized.Theshorttimepickupsettingshiftsthecurveonthe
currentaxis.Increasingtheshorttimepickupsettingsshiftsthecurvetotherightandconversely
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lowersettingsshiftthecurvetotheleft.Theshorttimedelaysettingmovesthekneeofthecurve
verticallyonthetimeaxis.Increasingtheshorttimedelaysettingmovesthekneeverticallyupthe
timeaxis.Similarlydecreasingthesettingsmovedthekneelowerontheverticalaxis.The
describedcurveshiftsaredepictedontheTCCplotsbelow.

Thenextsectionofthecurvemovingupthetimeaxisisthelongtimesection.Longtimesettings
coverthetimerangefrom0.5to1000sec.Thepurposeoflongtimesettingsistoallowatimebased
delaytoelapsebeforetrippingthecircuitbreakerforlowlevelcurrentfaults.Thisallowslowlevel
faultstimetoclearthemselvesandallowselectricalequipmenttooperateinatemporarilyoverloaded
conditionprovideditwillnotproducepermanentdamagetotheequipment.Examplesofthesetypes
ofovercurrentswouldbetheoverloadingofapowertransformerorlargemotorforafewminutes.
Thelongtimepickupsettingsetsultimatetripvalueofthecircuitbreaker.Generallycircuitbreakers
aresetattheirmaximumlongtimesettingandcannotexceedtheratingofthecircuitbreaker.They
canbesetatreducedvalueswhichshiftsthecurvetotheleftonthecurrentaxis.Thereisalsoa
kneeinthelongtimeportionofthecurve.Thelongtimekneecanbeshiftupthetimeaxisby
increasingthelongtimedelaysetting.Conversely,thekneecanbeshiftedlowerbydecreasingthe
longtermdelaysetting.ThedescribedcurveshiftsaredepictedontheTCCplotsbelow.

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Anotherfactortonoticeinthecurvesisthattheyhaveawidthtothem.Thisisduetotoleranceofthe
tripelementsinthecircuitbreaker.Thecurvesbelowwillshowthedifferencesinthisdeadbandfor
thesamecircuitbreakerusinganelectronicversusnonelectronictripmechanism.
Noticethedifferenceinthetoleranceinthetripcurveofthefeedercircuitbreaker.Thecircuitbreaker
unititselfisthesameforbothcurvessothetrippingdelaysareconstant.Settingsforbothtripunits
weresetassimilaraspossibletoeachothersoperformancecouldbeeasilycompared.Noticethereis
moretolerance+/inthenonelectronictripunitduetoanalogcomponenttolerancesandelectro
mechanicaldevicesinsidethetripunit.Thetransitionpointsontheelectronictripcurvebetween
instantaneous,shorttimeandlongtimearemuchmoredistinctandaccuratebecauseofthedigital
microprocessorbasedtrip.Inthenonelectronictripthetransitionpointshavetimebaseddecay
curvesassociatedwiththemduetothephysicsoftheelectromechanicaltripelements.Itissimply
impossibletoimprovetheperformanceofthenonelectronictripbecauseofthephysicallimitsofthe
components.

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UnderstandingTimeCurrentCurvesPart2

AscanbeseenintheaboveTCCcurveselectronictripunitsprovidetheengineergreaterabilityto
accuratelyandselectivelycoordinatetheelectricalpowersystem.Becauseoftheobsolesceandlack
ofrepairpartsforoldernonelectronictripunitsthereplacementoftheseunitswithelectronictrips
unitscanimprovesystemcoordinationandreducearcflashvaluesinaproperlydesignedelectrical
powersystem.
ThispostwaswrittenbyDavidPaul.DavidisaPrincipleEngineeratMAVERICKTechnologies,a
leadingautomationsolutionsproviderofferingindustrialautomation,strategicmanufacturing,and
enterpriseintegrationservicesfortheprocessindustries.MAVERICKdeliversexpertiseand
consultinginawidevarietyofareasincludingindustrialautomationcontrols,distributedcontrol
systems,manufacturingexecutionsystems,operationalstrategy,businessprocessoptimizationand
more.

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Discussion4Comments
Thereare4responsesto"Understandingtimecurrentcurves:Part2".
TFeldsays:
February14,2014at4:50pm
Niceexplanation.Wouldbenicetobeabletoenlargethecurvesinordertoreadthemargin
notesandaxes.Orbetteryet,providethemaspdfdownloads.
Reply
Lucsays:
March3,2014at8:01am
CopypastetheimagesinExcelandenlarge,thatshowIdidit.
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Reply
Mariosays:
October31,2014at6:52am
Whereisthelinkforpart3?
Reply
likensays:
December9,2014at2:56am
http://www.mavtechglobal.com/blog/2014/02/13/understandingtimecurrentcurvespart3/
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Understandingtimecurrentcurves:Part3
PostedbyDavidPaulonFebruary13,2014@2:53pm

Thefinalinstallmentofathreepartseriesabouttimecurrent
curves(TCCs)reviewsthecoordinationofsamplecurvesand
theimportanceofcoordination.
ContinuedfromPart2
NowthatthebasicsofTCCshavebeenexplained,areviewofcoordinationisinorder.Oursample
curvestocoordinatewillconsistofanMCCwithmain800Afuses,a1,200Afeedercircuitbreaker
andtheswitchgear3,200Amaincircuitbreaker.Intheuncoordinatedsystemthereisoverlapofthe
circuitbreakertripcurves,andinsomeinstancesthemaincircuitbreakerwilltripbeforethefeeder
circuitbreaker.ThemainfuseintheMCCisalsouncoordinated.Whilethefuseisnotrequired,itis
includedinthisexamplebecauseitistypicalofanindustrialinstallation.Thepurposeofthefuseisto
providecurrentlimitingtoincreasetheshortcircuitwithstandratingoftheMCCbus.Forexample
purposes,itisassumedtheMCCfuseisrequiredandthecablefeedersizescannotbechanged.These
assumptionsmaketheexamplecasehererealisticasthereareoftenconstraints,suchasthisfoundin
realworldcoordinationproblemsinindustrialfacilities.Coordinatedmeansthatselectivitybetween
thefeederandthemaincircuitbreakerismaintained.PertheNationalElectricCode,coordinatedis
definedaslocalizationofanovercurrentconditiontorestrictoutagestothecircuitorequipment
affected,accomplishedbythechoiceofovercurrentprotectivedevicesandtheirratingsorsettings.

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Inthecoordinatedexamplethemainandfeedercircuitbreakersareselectivelycoordinatedandthe
maincircuitbreakerprovidesadequateprotectionforthepowertransformer.Coordinationbetween
theMCCmainfuseandthefeedercircuitbreakerwasalsoimproved.Coordinationimprovementsto
thesecircuitbreakersincludedthefollowingchanges:
MainCircuitBreakerLongTimePickup(LTPU)from2880to3200
MainCircuitBreakerShortTimePickup(STPU)from1.5to5
MainCircuitBreakerShortTimeDelay(STDLY)fromMin.toInt.
MainCircuitBreakerInstantaneousPickupfrom3todisabled
FB3CircuitBreakerLongTimePickup(LTPU)from1to.95
FB3CircuitBreakerSTPUfrom4to5
FB3CircuitBreakerInstantaneousPickupfrom15to9
ThereisoverlapoftheMCCmainfuseandthefeedercircuitbreakertimecurrentcurvesforlong
termlowleveloverloads.Thisoverlapcouldbeeliminatedifalargerlongtimepickupsettingwas
usedinthefeedercircuitbreaker.Increasingthissettingwouldthenrequiretheupsizingofthefeeder
cabletomaintainconformancewiththeNationalElectricCode.Coordinationinvolvestradeoffsand
selectionsthatrequireengineeringexperienceandjudgmenttofindthemostoptimalsettings.Inmany
realworldcasesitisimpossibletocoordinateallpossiblecases.Assuch,engineeringjudgmentis
requiredtocoordinatethemostlikelyscenariosandcreatethemostreliablesystem.Additionally,Arc
Flashhazardcategoryreductionsgenerallyresultindiminishedselectivecoordination.Conversely,
improvedcoordinationmayresultinincreasedarcflashhazardcategoriesinsomecases.Intheabove
exampleArcflashhazardcategoryratingsforboththeuncoordinatedandthecoordinatedcaseswere
unchangedevenwithimprovedcoordination.Itispossibletoachievetheseoptimizedresultsthrough
theuseofengineeredselections.Itisforthesereasonsthattheselectionofovercurrentdeviceratings
andsettingsbelefttopowersystemengineersexperiencedinindustrialpowersystems.
ThispostwaswrittenbyDavidPaul.DavidisaPrincipleEngineeratMAVERICKTechnologies,a
leadingautomationsolutionsproviderofferingindustrialautomation,strategicmanufacturing,and
enterpriseintegrationservicesfortheprocessindustries.MAVERICKdeliversexpertiseand
consultinginawidevarietyofareasincludingindustrialautomationcontrols,distributedcontrol
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more.

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Discussion2Comments
Thereare2responsesto"Understandingtimecurrentcurves:Part3".
BobQuammensays:
June24,2014at1:43pm
DavidPaulhaswrittenaclearandeasytofollowguidetounderstandingsomeoftheusesofthe
timecurrentcurves.Partthreeofthediscussionmakesthecomplexcoordinationproblem
doable.Unfortunatelyforme,parttwowasnotavailableonlineandIwillsearchforit.Well
doneDavidPaul,thankyouverymuch.
Reply
davewhitesays:
October7,2014at11:09pm
Yourguidesareclearandtothepoint.TheyansweredmanyquestionsIhad,particularlyhowto
provideprotectionwithrespecttothetransformerinrushandthecabledamagecurves.Thank
youforproducingthisseriesofarticlesonunderstandingTCCs!
Reply

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experienceswithyouthroughthisblog.It'swrittenbyengineers,forengineers,andwehopeit
willhelpyoutakeyouroperationtothenextlevel.

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