Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TOPIC
I.
II.
III.
EQUIPMENTS OF ADVOCATE :
IV.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
6
6
Page | 2
Unit I
I.
The term legal profession includes all those categories of persons who use technical, legal
knowledge and skills in the course of performing there occupational role and duties.
Ancient India :
The profession of law has been recognized as a profession of high calling and the noblest order from
the time of immortal.
1. In ancient India law was understood as a part of DARMA.
2. In the two epics RAMAYANA and MAHABHARATHA contains the legal processes in ancient India.
3. Vedas are the original source of law.
4. Smurtis are the legal base.
5. Kautilyas Arthasastra and Chalukyas separate law system remembers the ancient legal system in
India.
Medieval era :
1. There was less scope compare to the ancient days.
2. Most of the issues settled outside the courts.
3. Vakils, panchas are the major law deciders.
British regime :
1. British established the first British court at Bombay in 1672 by the governor general Aungier.
2. For making their administration Strong, they established Supreme court at Calcutta in 1773 and
appointed many advocates.
3. They passed many acts as follows :
Charter act 1762
Charter act 1774
Legal practitioner act 1846
Legal practitioner act 1853
Legal practitioner act 1863
Legal practitioner act 1879
Indian BAR Council act 1926.
After Independence :
1.
2.
3.
4.
II.
Page | 3
III.
EQUIPMENTS OF ADVOCATE :
The general equipments of an advocates are :
1. Honesty, Integrity and character.
2. Patience and perseverance.
3. Legal learning.
4. General education
5. Memory
IV.
SL
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
V.
ELEMENTS OF ADVOCACY
VI.
SEVEN LAMPS OF ADVOCACY
VII.
ADVOCACY IS NOT A CRAFT BUT A CALLING
Advocacy is an honourable profession. Advocates are part and parcel of Court. Their efforts solve the
conflicts in the society. Advocates defend the rights and liabilities. They hold unique place in the society.
Advocacy is not a craft but a calling; a profession wherein devotion to duty constitutes the hallmark.
Legal profession is regarded to be a noble one. A good advocate should possess some essential qualities
and equipment. Judge Abbot parry in his book The Seven Lamps of Advocacy called these important
characteristics of advocacy as seven lamps of advocacy and listed them as honesty, courage, industry,
wit, eloquence, judgment and fellowship.
1) Honesty
Honesty means the quality of straightforwardness; freedom from deceit, cheating or stealing and not telling
lies. The best advocates of all generations have been devotees of honesty. Example for honest character is
Abraham Lincoln, who founded his fame and success on what some called preserve honesty. The
nobleness of legal profession lies in honesty itself.
2) Courage
Courage is the quality that enables a person to control fear in the face of danger, pain, misfortune, etc.; an
advocate must possess courage. He should face the pressures from outside with courage
3) Industry
Advocacy is needed a life of industry. An advocate must study his brief in the same way that an actor
studies his part. Success in advocacy is not arrived at by intuition but through industry. Industry is the
quality of being hard-working; being always employed usefully.
4) Wit
Wit means clever and humorous expression of ideas; liveliness of spirit. Wit flows from intelligence;
5)
Eloquence
Page | 5
VIII.
IX.
Sec 3
6. Create an agenda.
7. Offer beverages.
8. Listen carefully to the clients.
9. Give business card.
10. Fallow up.
BAR COUNCILS
Sec 4
Sec 6
Page | 6
Sec 7
(a) dismiss the complaint or, where the proceedings were initiated at the instance of the
State Bar Council, direct that the proceedings be filed;
(b) reprimand the advocate;
(c) suspend the advocate from practice for such period as it may deem fit;
(d) remove the name of the advocate from the State roll of advocates.
(4) Where an advocate is suspended from practice under clause (c) of sub-section (3),
he shall, during the period of suspension, be debarred from practicing in any court
or before any authority or person in India.
(5) Where any notice is issued to the Advocate-General undersub-section (2), the
Advocate-General may appear before the disciplinary committee of the State Bar
Council either in person or through any advocate appearing on his behalf.
X.
DISABILITIES OF ADVOCATES :
1. Advertising oneself and soliciting the client.
2. Restriction on taking up a brief.
3. Restriction on other employment.
4. Advocate must not divulge clients communication.
5. Advocate cannot buy or contract any share of interest in a actionable claims- sec 136 of TP act.
XI.
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RIGHT TO PRACTICE
Sec 29. Advocates to be the only recognised class of personsentitled to practise law.
Subject to the provisions of this Act and any rules made there under, there shall, as from the
appointed day, be only one class of persons entitled to practice the profession of law, namely,
advocates.
Sec 30. Right of advocates to practice.
Subject to provisions of this Act, every advocate whose name is entered in the 1[State roll] shall be
entitled as of right to practice throughout the territories to which this Act extends,
o in all courts including the Supreme Court;
o before any tribunal or person legally authorised to take evidence; and
o before any other authority or person before whom such advocate is by or under any law for
the time being in force entitled to practise.
Sec 32. Power of Court to permit appearances in particular cases.
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Chapter, any court, authority, or person may permit any
person, not enrolled as an advocate under this Act, to appear before it or him in any particular case.
Sec 33. Advocates alone entitled to practice.
Except as otherwise provided in this Act or in any other law for the time being in force, no person
shall, on or after the appointed day, be entitled to practice in any court or before any authority
XIII.
Application once refused not to be entertained by another Bar Council except in certain
circumstances
Sec 27. Application once refused not to be entertained by another Bar Council except in certain
circumstances.
Where State Bar Council has refused the application of any person for admission as an advocate on its roll,
no other State Bar Council shall entertain an application for admission of such person as an advocate on its
roll, except with the previous consent in writing of the State Bar Council which refused the application and
of the Bar Council of India.
CONTEXT
TOPIC
Page No.
Page | 10
DUTIES OF AN ADOVOCATE
11
II.
12
III.
DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE
12
IV.
13
V.
14
VI.
VII.
15
VIII.
16
17
IX.
15
UNIT II
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DUTIES OF AN ADVOCATE.
II.
III.
DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE
IV.
Page | 15
VI.
DISQUALIFICATION FOR ENROLMENT
(1) No person shall be admitted as an advocate on a State roll
(a) if he is convicted of an offence involving moral turpitude;
(b) if he is convicted of an offence under the provisions of the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 (22 of
1955);
(c) if he is dismissed or removed from employment or office under the State on any charge involving moral
turpitude.
(2) Nothing contained in sub-section (1) shall apply to a person who having been found guilty is dealt with
under the provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 (20 of 1958).
Power to remove names from roll.
A State Bar Council may remove from the State roll the name of any advocate who is dead or from whom a
request has been received to that effect.
VII.
An advocate shall not personally engage in any business; but he may be a sleeping partner in a firm
doing business provided that in the opinion of the appropriate State Bar Council, the nature of the
business is not inconsistent with the dignity of the profession.
An advocate may be Director or Chairman of the Board of Directors of a Company with or without
any ordinarily sitting fee, provided none of his duties are of an executive character. An advocate
shall not be a Managing Director or a Secretary of any Company.
An advocate shall not be a full-time salaried employee of any person, government, firm, corporation
or concern, so long as he continues to practise, and shall, on taking up any such employment,
intimate the fact to the Bar Council on whose roll his name appears and shall thereupon cease to
practise as an advocate so long as he continues in such employment.
An advocate who has inherited, or succeeded by survivorship to a family business may continue it,
but may not personally participate in the management thereof. He may continue to hold a share with
others in any business which has decended to him by survivorship or inheritance or by will, provided
he does not personally participate in the management thereof.
An advocate may review Parliamentary Bills for a remuneration, edit legal text books at a salary, do
press-vetting for newspapers, coach pupils for legal examination, set and examine question papers;
and subject to the rules against advertising and full-time employment, engage in broadcasting,
journalism, lecturing and teaching subjects, both legal and non-legal.
Nothing in these rules shall prevent an advocate from accepting after obtaining the consent of the
State Bar Council, part-time employment provided that in the opinion of the State Bar Council, the
Page | 16
X.
A bill presented for payment three months after the money becomes due shall not be paid without
the sanction of the Executive Committee.
7.
The Executive Committee may fix the amount of a permanent advance to be made to the Secretary
and the Accountant as the case may be.
8. The Accountant shall maintain an acquittance register in the following from/or in such other form as
the auditor may direct :
Dearness Total
Contri- Net Salary
Allowance Salary bution
payable
etc.
(add.
towards
(Col.5
Cols.
provident minus 6)
3 and 4) fund
Instalment amount
towards provident
fund loan taken
Amount of interest
payable on the
principal loan
amount outstanding
Total
Signature
with date
10
11
Page | 18
CONTEXT
Page No.
TOPIC
I.
DEFINITIONS
19
II.
REMEDIES
19
III.
20
IV.
22
V.
Page | 19
Unit III
2.
DEFINITIONS.
(a) Contempt of court " means civil contempt or criminal contempt;
(b) Civil contempt " means wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other
process of a
court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court ;
(c) Criminal contempt " means the publication (whether by words. spoken or written, or by signs, or by
visible representations, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which(i) Scandalizes or tends to scandalize, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court ; or
(ii) Prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with, the due course of any judicial proceeding; or
(iii) Pnterferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in
any other manner ;
(d) "High Court" means the High Court for a State or a Union territory, and includes the Court of the
Page | 20
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
10.
12.
(1) A contempt of court may be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to six
months, or with fine which may extend to two thousand rupees, or with both. :
Provided that the accused may be discharged or the punishment awarded may be remitted on
apology being made to the satisfaction of the court.
(2) No court shall impose a sentence in excess of that specified in sub-section (1) for any contempt either
in respect of itself or of a court subordinate to it.
(3) A person is found guilty of a civil contempt, the court, if it considers that a fine Will not meet the ends of
justice and that a sentence of imprisonment is necessary shall, instead of sentencing him to simple
imprisonment, direct that he be detained in a civil prison for such period not exceeding six months as it
may think fit.
(4) Where guilty of contempt of is a company, every person who, at the time the contempt was committed,
was in charge of, and was responsible to, the company for the conduct of the business of the company,
as well as the company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the contempt and the punishment may be
enforced, with the leave of the court, by the detention in civil prison of each such person:
(5) Where the contempt of court has been committed by a company and it is proved that the contempt
has been committed with any neglect on the part of, any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the
company, such director, manager, secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of the
contempt and the punishment may be enforced with the leave of the court, by the detention in civil prison of
such director, manager, secretary or other officer.
PROCEDURE WHERE CONTEMPT IS IN THE FACE OF THE SUPREME COURT OR A HIGH COURT.
14.
Page | 22
(c) after taking such evidence as may be necessary or as may be offered by such person and after
hearing him, proceed, either forthwith or after adjournment, to determine the matter of the charge ;
and
(d) make such order for the punishment or discharge of such person as may be just.
17.
18.
19.
(1) A judge, magistrate or other person acting judicially shall also be liable for contempt of his own court or
of any other court in the same manner as any other individual is liable and the provisions of this Act
(2) Nothing in this section shall apply to any observations or remarks made by a judge, magistrate or other
person acting judicially, regarding a subordinate court in an appeal or revision pending before such judge,
magistrate or other person against the order or judgment of the subordinate court.
PROCEDURE AFTER COGNIZANCE.
(1) Notice of every proceeding under section 15 shall be served personally on the person charged.
(2) The notice shall be accompanied, copy of the motion and also copies of the affidavits, proceedings
commenced on a reference by a subordinate court,
(3) The court may, if it is satisfied, that i person charged under section 15 is likely to abscond or keep out of
the way to avoid service of the notice, order the attachment of his property of such value or amount as it
may deem reasonable.
(4) Every attachment under sub-section (3) shall be effected in the manner provided in the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908, (5 of 1908) for the attachment 5 of property in execution of a decree for payment of
money.
(5) Any person charged with contempt under section 15 may file an affidavit in support of his defense
HEARING OF CASES OF CRIMINAL CONTEMPT TO BE BY BENCHES.
(1) Every case of criminal contempt under section 15 shall be heard and determined by a Bench of not
less than two Judges.
(2) Sub-section (1) shall not apply to the Court of a Judicial Commissioner.
APPEALS.
(1) An appeal shall lie as of right from any order or decision of High Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction
to punish for contempt(a) Where the order or decision is that of a single Judge, to a Bench of not less than two Judges of the
Court;
(b) Where the order or decision is that of a Bench, to the Supreme Court:
(2) Pending any appeal, the appellate court may order thatPage | 23
20.
21
22.
CASE LAWS:
1) IN THE MATTER OF D, AN ADVOCATE AIR 1956 SC 102 :
The advocate is the respondent in the case accused in a case under the Bombay prohibition
act.
He was prosecuted by a presidency magistrate court at Bombay.
The advocate was convicted with rigorous imprisonment of 1 year and the with the fine of Rs
201/ In the appeal of the respondent to the Bombay high court, the conviction was confirmed but the
sentence was reduced to 1000 /- only.
Meanwhile the magistrate of Bombay presidency court where the original suit was failed a
complaint to the registrar of the Bombay high court that that the advocate behaved rude and in
a contemptuous manner in the presidency court to up hold the trail and done everything to
bring the administration of the justice into contempt.
The chief justice of the high court constituted a tribunal of 3 members of the bar council to
enquire into the complaint.
In the enquire before the tribunal, the advocate prolonged the enquiry by frequent objections
and etc.,
Finally he tendered his written apology to be forwarded to the high court to the tribunal. But the
angry tribunal recommended the High court to take serious action against the misconduct of
the advocate.
On the day of final hearing before the high court, the respondent offered the unconditional
apology and prayed for warning only as punishment by the court.
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However the court took a serious view of misconduct by the advocate and hence suspended
him for 1 year and gives him a certificate of fitness for appeal to the Supreme Court.
The advocate failed a special leave petition in the Supreme court against the order of high
court.
The supreme court dismissed the petition and confirmed the punishment given by high court is
legal and valid.
An advocate misappropriated the clients money and he was charged under the professional
misconduct by the disciplinary committee of the bar council.
The disciplinary committee further proceeded against him in the high court under the section 10 of
the bar council act.
The advocate challenged the proceedings in the supreme court and contended that high court have
no right to do so.
Sec 10 (2) of the bar council act reads that Upon the receipt by the compliant made it by any court
or any bar council, or by any other person that any advocate has been guilty of misconduct, then the
high court shall refer the case to the Bar council or the judge of district court or on its own motion
can inquire.
The supreme court held that the advocate was guilty of his misconduct and the high court was fully
justified in the proceedings against the advocate under the sec 10 (2).
An advocate demanded a certain sum of money from his client saying that the amount has to be
deposited in the court for his clients legal case. But he had misappropriated the money and used
by himself.
The clients failed a complaint against advocate before the bar council of the Maharastra.
The disciplinary committee charged the advocate, conducted an inquiry and found the advocate
guilty.
The disciplinary committee had suspended him from the practice for a specific period.
The advocate preferred an appeal in the supreme court , the same was rejected and said the order
given by the disciplinary committee is valid and legal.
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An advocate received a money suite from brief his client who is 70 year old deaf man and his 67
years old wife for the suit that the money advanced by the client under two promissory notes were
not repaid by the debtor.
The client handed over the case before the expiry of the limitation period to the advocate. They also
paid the fee as fully demaded by an advocate.
The advocate failed to file the suite with in the limitation period and even after the considerable
time.
When the client came to know the fact, they failed the suite before the disciplinary committee of the
Tamilnadu state bar council.
The disciplinary committee failed a charge-sheet, inquiry and found guilty. He was suspended for
the period of six years.
He failed an appeal to the bar council of India. But the Bar council of India upheld the order of state
bar council.
Further failed an appeal in the Supreme Court. As it was serious misconduct on the part of advocate
to cheat the aged people and punished his by suspending from the practice for the six years.
An advocate under took a assault case promising his client that he will get a medical certificate
converting the grievous injuries as a simple injuries so that, his client can escape with the simple
injuries.
He bribed the radiologist and got the certificate saying there is no facture to the skull and thus created
the false evidence to save his client.
The case was failed before the bar council of Rajasthan. The disciplinary committee charged a chargesheet, conducted an inquiry.
The advocate found guilty and he was suspended for three years from the practice as a punishment.
The appeal suited by him in the supreme court and the supreme court confirmed the order of Bar
council, but reduced the punishment to one year as he is a junior practitioner without much experience.
The respondent 1, who is a senior advocate entrusted the same for his junior advocate to fail and
look after the case.
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After some time the suite was withdrawn saying the matter settled outside the court by the
respondent 2 on the advice given by the respondent 1.
At the time of withdrawal the respondent was practicing on his own.
Now the compliant filed a suit before the bar council and stating the following:
a. The suit was not settled at all.
b. He has not received either any sum of suit filed or the refund of court fees.
c. He paid a full legal fee to the advocate, the respondent one.
d. He was not aware of withdrawal of his suite and settled outside the court.
e. He did not informed the dates of hearing.
The bar council of Karnataka conduct an inquiry, found guilty, suspended him for 3 years .
He went to the Bar council of India with an appeal. There the punishment was confirmed and upheld
the order passed by Bar council of Karnataka.
Here an advocate was found guilty of Criminal Contempt and hence the criminal court sentenced
the Advocate to an simple imprisonment of 6 Years and was suspended from practicing as an
advocate for the period of three years.
In the appeal to the high court the punishment was suspended for simple imprisonment of four
years.
In the further appeal to the supreme court of India, it held the following :
a. Both the High court and the supreme court, in the exercise of the contempt jurisdiction, have
the authority to suspend or cancel the license of an advocate by removing his name from
the bar, hence the Supreme court of India held the decision passed by the High Court .
b. Hence this particular case highlighted by passing of Land mark judgment by clearly
mentioning that according to the Section 35 of the Advocates ac t the Supreme court is the
appellate authority and according to the Section 38 of the same act it has powers to cancel
or suspend the license of the advocate.
However it has concluded with that it has an authority to suspend or cancel the license of an
advocate to practice his profession.
However the case In Re Vinay Chandra Mishra , 1995 (Vol- I IBR 118) was over ruled in this
case.
In this case supreme court held that
1. It can neither create a jurisdiction nor create a punishment not otherwise permitted by law.
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Public interest litigation was filed challenging the right of a lawyer to go on strike or to give a call to
Page | 28
CONTEXT
Page No.
TOPIC
I.
28
II.
28
III.
JOURNAL
30
IV.
LEDGER
31
V.
CASH BOOKS
32
FINAL ACCOUNTS
34
VI.
Page | 29
Unit -V
Accountancy :
Accounting is a process of identifying, recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing the business
transaction and interpreting the result thereoff.
Need :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Serves as record.
To know the financial status.
To take decision.
To calculate the results.
To pay the taxes under the 145 of the income tax act 1961.
To know the dues and balances.
To gain excellent control over assets, expences, barrowings.
Recommended under the act.
Indian stamp act 1899
The registration act 1908
Court fee and suit valuation act.
Advocate fee rules.
Bookkeeping :
in the context of a business is simply the recording of financial transactions. Transactions include
process.
There are some common methods of bookkeeping such as the single-entry bookkeeping system
and the double-entry bookkeeping system.
IMPORTANCE :
1. Limitation of human memory.
2. Owners and managers being different persons.
3. Preparation of financial statements.
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Page | 31
From legal point of view, journal is more reliable evidence of business transactions than the
ledger.
2) Particulars
21.3.2006
Ledger
3) Dr. Amount
4) Cr. Amount
Folio
Rs.
1,000
Rs.
1,000
2. Ledger :
a) ledger is a book of final entry.
b) posting in the ledger is made periodically.
c) The ledger information about a particular account is found at one place only.
d) Recording of transactions in the journal is called journalising and recording of
transactions in the ledger is called posting.
e) A journal entry shows both the aspects debit as well as credit but each entry in the ledger
f)
Date
1998
June 30
Particulars
To Balance c/d
LF
Amount
20,000
Date
1998
July 1
20,000
July 1
Cr.
Particulars
By Cash A/c
By Balance b/d
LF
Amount
20,000
20,000
20,000
3. Cash book:
a. Cash Book is a sub-division of Journal.
b. Recording transactions pertaining to cash receipts and payments.
c. Firstly, all cash transactions are recorded in the Cash Book wherefrom they are
d.
Dr.
Date
Cr.
Particular
s
R.No
. L.F
Rs.
Date
Particular
s
V.No.
. L.F
Rs.
Dr.
Cr.
Date
Particular
s
R.No
.
L.F
Discoun
t
allowed
Rs.
Date
Particular
s
V.No.
.
L.F
Discoun
t
received
Rs.
Cr.
Particul
ar
R.
No
.
L.
F
Discount
allowed
Cas
h
Rs.
Bank
Rs.
Dat
e
Particul
ar
V.N
o.
.
L.
F
Discou
nt
receive
d
Cas
h
Rs.
Bank
Rs.
Page | 34
Cr.
Particular
s
R.N
o
.
L.
F
Discoun
t
allowed
Ban
k
Rs.
Dat
e
Particular
s
V.No.
.
L.
F
Discoun
t
received
Ban
k
Rs.
small.
The petty cash book is used to record items like carriage, cartage,
entertainment expenses, office expenses, postage and telegrams,
stationery, etc.
The person who maintains this book is called the petty cahsier.
The petty cash book is used by many business concerns to save the much
valuable time.
To prevent over burdening of the main cash book.
4. Final accounts :
a. Trial balance :
Trial balance is a statement prepared with the balances or total of debits and credits
of all the accounts in the ledger to test the arithmetical accuracy of the ledger
accounts.
According to M.S. Gosav Trail balance is a statement containing the balances of all
ledger accounts, as at any given date, arranged in the form of debit and credit
columns placed side by side and prepared with the object of checking the arithmetical
accuracy of ledger postings.
Features :
i. A trail balance is prepared as on a specified date.
ii. It contains a list of all ledger account including cash account.
iii. It may be prepared with the balances or totals of Ledger accounts.
iv. Total of the debit and credit amount columns of the trail balance must tally.
v. It the debit and credit amounts are equal, we assume that ledger accounts are
arithmetically accurate.
Page | 35
S.No.
Name of Account
L.F
Debit
Credit
Total Amount
Total Amount
Rs.
Rs.
b. Trading account :
Trading refers buying and selling of goods. Trading A/c shows the result of buying
and selling of goods. This account is prepared to find out the difference between the
Selling prices and Cost price.
Cr
Particulars
Amount
Amount
Rs
Rs
XXX
To Opeining Stock
Particulars
Amount
Amount
Rs
XXX
Rs
By Sales
Less: Returns
XXX
To Purchase
XXX
Inwards
XXX
XXX
By Closing Stock
XXX
Page | 36
XXX
To Freight
XXX
be transferred to
To Carriage Inwards
XXX
P&L A/c)
To Clearing Charges
XXX
To Packing charges
XXX
XXX
To Dock dues
To Power
XXX
XXX
XXXX
XXXX
Amount
Particulars
By Trading A/c
Amount
Page | 37
(Gross Profit)
To Salaries
By Commission earned
By Rent received
To Stationeries
By Interest received
To Postage expenses
By Discounts received
To Insurance
By Net Loss
To Repairs
(Capital A/c)
To Trading expenses
To office expenses
To Interest
To Bank charges
To Establishment
expenses
To Sunder expenses
To Commission
To Discount
To Advertisement
To Carriage outwards
To Traveling expenses
To Distribution
expenses
To Bad debt provision
To Net Profit
(transferred to Capital
A/c)
d. Balance sheet :
1. It shows accurate financial position of a firm.
2. It is a gist of various transactions at a given period.
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The Word Balance Sheet is defined as a Statement which sets out the Assets and
Liabilities of a business firm and which serves to ascertain the financial position of the
same on any particular date.
Amount
Amount
Assets
Amount
Amount
Page | 39
Cash in hand
Bills Payable
Cash at bank
Bank overdraft
Bills receivable
Loans
Sundry Debtors
Mortgage
Closing Stock
Reserve Fund
Outstanding exp.
Investments
Capital
Loose tools
(or)
Business premises
Horses & carts
Less Drawings
Prepaid exp.
Patents & Trade
marks
Good will
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