ISCAS 2000 - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, May 28-31, 2000, Geneva, Switzerland

A SWITCHED-CAPACITOR DSB TO SSB CONVERTER USING A RECURSIVE

HILBERT TRANSFORMER WITH SAMPLING RATE REDUCTION
Jose' Gabriel R. C. Gomes and Antonio Petraglia

Programa de Engenharia Elktrica, COPPE/EE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Cx. P. 68504, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - 21945-970, B r a d
gabriel@pads.ufrj.br, apetr@pads.ufrj.br
ABSTRACT
The implementation of a complete DSB/SSB converter using discrete components is presented. A switched capacitor
structure has been chosen in order to allow CMOS implementation with small area and low power consumption. A
Hilbert Transformer has been used to implement efficient
SSB modulation. The implementation of the Hilbert Transformer through structurally IIR allpass transfer functions
allows good dynamic range, small sensitivity to capacitance
ratio errors and sampling rate reduction (decimation) by a
factor of 2 , which means lower power consumption. The
input and output multipliers needed for modulation and
demodulation are also SC structures. Experimental results
for DSB to SSB conversion are presented. '

rendering the structure excellent dynamic range and very

small sensitivity to capacitance ratio errors [I].
2. IIR HALF-BAND COMPLEX FILTERS

A discretetime analytic signal y ( n ) is defined in the frequency domain by being zero for -7r < w < 0 and non-zero
for 0 < w < .TT. Every real-valued signal z ( n ) has frequency
spectrum symmetric around w = 0. Therefore, the analytic
signal y(n) is always complex-valued:

u(n)= Y R ~ ( ~+jvrm(n)
,)

(1)

The imaginary part of y(n.) can be generated by filtering

y~~( T I ) through the complex transfer function

1. INTRODUCTION

A Double-Sided Band (DSB) modulated signal contains redundancy in its frequency spectrum, because both the negative and positive bands of the modulating signal are shifted
towards the carrier frequency. In Single-Sided Band (SSB)
modulation, only one of these two bands of the modulating
signal is shifted towards the carrier frequency. The passband used by an SSB modulated signal is thus half the
passband needed for transmitting a DSB modulated signal
and, as a consequence, the sampling rate of the SSB modulated signal can be reduced to one half the sampling rate
of the DSB signal.
The main objective of this work is to propose the implementation of an efficient DSB t o SSB converter using
switched-capacitor (SC) technique in order to allow a design
suitable for analog sampled-data implementation in CMOS.
Then, in addition to the benefits due to the reduction in
channel requirements, operational amplifiers could operate
at half the input sampling frequency. Hilbert transformers
have been commonly used in order to generate SSB signals
by splitting the modulating signal into two components,
usually referred to as I and Q channels, that are 90 degrees
out of phase 111, 121.
A comparative study has shown that IIR-based realizations of Hilbert Transformers have advantages, with respect
to the number of arithmetic operations and total delay (61,
when compared to the FIR-based ones, in addition to lower
power consumption. In this paper, allpass IIR sections are
used as basic building blocks for the Hilbert Transformer,

A linear discrete-time filter having the frequency response

defined by Eq. (2) is called an ideal Hilbert Transfonner,
as shown in Fig. 1. From Eq. (1) it follows that y(n) and
~ R = ( T I are
)
related in the frequency domain by the complex
filter

H(e3") =

2,OSw<n

(3)

0, - 7 r < w < o

d
Y&)

HILBERT
7RANSFORMER

Ydn)

Figure 1: Generation of an analytic signal y(n.) through a

Hilbert Transformer.
The complex transfer function described by Eq. (3)
can be shifted by n/2 towards the left frequencies and also
scaled by 1/2, in order to yield the normalized real transfer
function

The transfer function defined by Eq. (4) corresponds to a

half-band lowpass filter with real coefficients. Due to the

0-7803-5482-6/99/$10.00 02000 IEEE

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relationship between H ( e j " ) and G(ej"), the filter defined

by Eq. ( 3 ) is called a half-band complez Jlter. Therefore,
a complex half-band filter can be designed in a very simple
manner, by shifting the frequency response of a real halfband lowpass filter by x / 2 to the right and then scaling it by
a factor 2. Hence, by analytic continuation of the complex
valued functions related by Eq. (4), it follows that

2.1. IIR Half-Band Complex Filter Design

Figure 3: SSB Modulation using a Hilbert Transformer.

Any elliptic odd-order lowpass filter G ( z ) ,whose frequency

response suits the following specification:

where wp ws = x and 6; = 46,(1 - 6,), can be expressed

as a two-component polyphase decomposition [ 3 ] :

- s,n(w,fl)
Figure 4: Complete DSB/SSB converter.
where A o ( z ) and A l ( z ) are stable allpass transfer functions.
Equation (7) applied to Eq. (5) yields the following expression for H ( z ) :
Therefore. H ( r ) can be implemented by replacing z2 for
C ( z ) ,as shown in Fig.
2. A procedure for decomposing G(z) according to Eq. (7)
can be found elsewhere [ 3 ] . It should be noticed that the
block diagram in Fig. 2 is also a realization of H H T ( Z from
)
y ~ ~ ( nto, )yl,(n,), that can be used for SSB modulation, as
shown next.
- z 2 in the polyphase components of

2.2.1. Decimataon of x s s B ( n ) by a factor 2

Decimation by 2 is very attractive in the case of the SSB

modulated signal ZSSB ( n ) ,because the elimination of the
lower band of xp(n) causes the bandwidth of Z S S B ( ~to
) be
less than one half the bandwidth of z o s ~ ( n )If. ~ s s ~ ( n )
also satisfies the anti-aliasing condition wc+wm < ~ / 2 then
,
decimation by 2 makes it possible to sample Z S S B (n)at half
the sampling rate of z D s B ( n ) , with the use of a bandwidth
that is, at most, as large as the bandwidth of X D S B ( ~ ) The
.
bandwidth of the resulting z s s ~ ( 2 ncan
) be much smaller
than the bandwidth of Z D S B ( ~ , ) in
, the case of a bandpass
signal z j ( n ) .

(a)
b

CO.(<",")

Figure 2: Block diagram of an IIR complex half-band filter.

2.2. SSB Modulation using a H i l b e r t Transformer

The SSB modulation of a real-valued signal ~ ( ncan

) be
achieved by first filtering it by N ( z ) according to Fig. 2.
Since y(n) is analytic, the frequency spectrum Yrm(e3'")is
equal t o jYRe(e3") for -7r 5 w < 0, and - j Y R e ( e J W )for 0 5
w < x . After multiplying Y R ~ ( T Zby
) cos(w,n), its,spectrum
is shifted to -we and w, and scaled by 1/2, as shown in the
left-hand side of Fig. 3. Similarly, after multiplying y r m ( n )
by -sin(w,n.). the spectrum of y~~ is once again shifted t o
fw,. This time the higher band of its spectrum is scaled by
1/2, while the lower band is scaled by -1/2 (right-hand side
of Fig. 3). By adding the frequency spectra of both signals,
the frequency components corresponding to lower bands are
cancelled and an SSB real-valued signal is obtained. The
block diagram of a complete DSB/SSB conversion system
is shown in Fig. 4.

(b)

Figure 5: Simplification of DSB/SSB Converter.

Since the modulation by cos(w,n) and -szn(w,n) does
not employ delay or addition operations, the down-sampler
shown in Fig. 4 can be brought to the left and placed
before the allpass filters. According to Noble Identzty [ 5 ] ,
the allpass filters Ao(-z2) and A 1 ( - z 2 ) are replaced by
A o ( - z ) and A1 ( - 2 ) . Moreover, the structure containing
two downsamplers and a single delay in Fig. S(a) can be
replaced by a simple multiplexing switch, as shown in Fig.
5(b). The output signals zssB(2n) of the structures shown
in Fig. 4 and in Fig. 5(b) are identical. Therefore, the
block diagram shown in Fig. S(b) provides a very efficient
solution for the problem of DSB/SSB conversion.

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3. P R A C T I C A L SC I M P L E M E N T A T I O N

To validate the proposed approach, the complete DSB/SSB

converter shown in Fig. 5(b) has been implemented using
discrete components and'tested in the laboratory. The integrated circuits CD4016 (quad analog switches) and TL072
(dual operational amplifiers) have been used.
3.1. I n p u t and O u t p u t Multipliers
The circuit of Fig. 6(a) is used to generate a baseband
signal from the input DSB signal (and also signal images
at &2fc, where fc is the carrier frequency). It uses an 8sample waveform that represents a cosine waveform at fc =
500 Hz. Therefore, the input multiplier sampling frequency
.fa equals 4 kHz. The clocking scheme for the switches is
determined by 16 contiguous time intervals. Accordingly,
the numbers appearing near a switch in Fig. 6 indicate the
time intervals during which the switch is closed. Capacitors
with no value indication are equal to 1.
The circuit of Fig. 6(b) performs two multiplications:
the multiplication of the upper allpass output signal by a
4sample minus-sinewaveform and the multiplication of the
lower allpass output signal by a 4-sample cosine-waveform.
The frequency of these sinusoidal signals is fc = 500 Hz.
When they are applied to the baseband complex signal generated by the Hilbert Transformer, the addition of the real
and imaginary parts of the complex signal generate an SSB
modulated signal at f c = 500 Hz, according to Fig. 3 .
The output multiplier/adder takes advantage of the fact
that 4-sample sinusoids can be described by very simple
values: the samples [O ; -1 ; 0 ; I] have been used for the
minus-sin-waveform, and the samples [l ; 0 ; -1 ; 01 have
been used for the cosine-waveform. Therefore, the output
signal obtained by the multiplication/addition XSSB ( n ) =
- s i n ( 2 ~ f , n ) y ~ ~ ( n )c0s(27rfcn)y~,(n) is defined by the
sequence {+yrm(n); - Y R ~ ( ~ )-;y r m ( n ) ; + Y R ~ ( R . ) } .

3.3. H i l b e r t T r a n s f o r m e r

This is the main block (Fig. 7) of the DSB/SSB converter.

The design of the first-order allpass filters, two of them on
the upper path and one of them on the lower path, in order
to realize a Hilbert Transformer across the allpass outputs,
has been carried out according to the theory presented in
Sec. 2.1. This design is shown in greater detail in [l]. The
allpass transfer functions are:

Ao(z) =

+ 0.1907 z-' + 0.8607

+ 0 . 1 9 0 7 ~ - 1~ + 0.8607z-'
z-' + 0.5531
= 1+ 0 . 5 5 3 k 1

z-'
1

The simulated frequency response of the real halfband

filter G ( z ) ,associated to Ao(z) and A l ( z ) according t o Eqs.
(7), (9) and (lo), is displayed in Fig. 8. Through the use
of a multiplexing switch at the input of both allpass filters,
the sampling rate is then reduced to fs = 2000 Hz. The
DSB to SSB conversion is, therefore, realized at the lowest
possible sampling rate. Experimental results for the phase
difference between y ~ , ( n )and yr,(n) are shown in Fig. 10.
Simulatedhequency rerpomcof haimand Mkt G(z)

Nmslmsd Irsqurncy m

3.2. 5th O r d e r Lowpass F i l t e r

Figure 7: Switched-capacitor Hilbert Transformer using

decimated IIR allpass sections.

I O ( ,

This fifth-order elliptic lowpass filter [4] selects the baseband signal out of the signal generated at the output of
the input cosine-multiplier, It has been designed for a 400
Hz passband edge frequency, 0.1 dB passband ripple and
an attenuation of 40 dB at stopband (above 600 Hz). It
also operates at.fs = 4 kHz. Its experimental frequency
response is shown in Fig. 9.

(9)

'

1%1rsdk)

Figure 8: Simulated frequency response of the real halfband

filter G ( z ) .
3.4. E x p e r i m e n t a l R e s u l t s

Figure 9 shows the experimental and theoretical frequency

responses obtained for the 5th-order elliptic lowpass filter
presented in Sec. 3.2. The experimental data have been
obtained with an HP3558A spectrum analyzer having internal frequency sweeper. The phase difference obtained

III-3 17

between the upper and lower paths of the Hilbert Transformer, i.e. between y ~ , ( n )and yrn(n), is shown in Fig.
10, including both the experimental and simulated results.
Experimental results have been obtained with an HP3582A
spectrum analyzer, and agree very closely with the definition in Eq. 2. The sampling frequency equals 2000 Hz for
the Hilbert Transformer, as mentioned in Sec. 3.3.
The frequency spectrum of the input test signal applied
t o the DSB/SSB converter is shown in Fig. l l ( a ) and the
frequency spectrum of the corresponding output signal is
shown in Fig. l l ( b ) . It can be observed that the upperside band of the input signal has been attenuated by 43.4
dB, which agrees closely with the stopband attenuation of
the halfband filter G ( z ) , as shown in Fig. 8. The spectra
have been obtained with an HP3582A spectrum analyzer.
A spurious component at the center frequency, generated by
the modulation of DC offset by the output multiplier/adder,
can be noticed at the output.

Figure 9: Measured frequency response of the 5th order

elliptic lowpass filter.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The basic theory of SSB modulation using IIR half-band

complex filters was presented and, based on this theory, a
complete switched-capacitor DSB to SSB converter was designed, implemented with discrete components and tested
in the laborhtory for a sampling-rate .fs = 4 kHz. Polyphase
decomposition of half-band filters was used, simplifying the
structure of the DSB/SSB converter. Moreover, simple
switched-capacitor multipliers were designed in order t o
provide modulation by cos(2n.fcn) and SSB modulation
with cos(2nf,n) and -sin(2.rrfcn). The obtained experimental results validate the design procedure proposed, which can he applied to the integrated circuit implementation
in CMOS technology of a complete DSB/SSB converter.

:I
0

220

'00

600

800

to00

F B(ILe"c",Hz,

Figure 10: Experimental and theoretical phase responses

for the Hilbert Transformer.
3

5. REFERENCES
A. Petraglia, F.A.P. Barliqui and S.K. Mitra, "Recursive Switched-Capacitor Hilbert Transformers",
IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems, Monterrey, CA, EUA, May 1998, pp. 1.4981.499.

M. Steyaert and R. Roovers, "A 1-GHz singlechip

quadrature modulator", IEEE J . Solid-State Circuits, vo1.27, pp. 11941197, Aug. 1992.

S.K. Z/Iitra, Digital Signal Processing - A Computer-Based Approach, Mc.Graw-Hill, 1998.

A. Petraglia and M.A.M. Mandarano, "A switchedcapacitor filter having very low sensitivity to capacitance ratio errors and t o finite amplifier gains". IEEE
Trans. on Circuits and Systems - 11: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, vo1.45, no.7, pp. 890-894, July
1998.

G. Strang and T. Nguyen, Wavelets and Filter Banks,

Wellesley-Cambridge Press, 1996.
H.W. Schiissler and J.Weigth, "On the design of recursive hilbert-transformers" , Proc. IEEE Int. Conf.
on Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, Dallas, TX,
pp. 21.2.1-21.2.4, April 1987.

F r*i,sscy

I"l/

(b)
Figure 11: - Experimental results: (a) input and (b) output
of the DSB/SSB Converter.

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