Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
IJCIET
IAEME
Basavarajappa H.T2,
Jeevan L3
Department of Studies in Earth Science, Centre for Advanced Studies in Precambrian Geology,
University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru-570 006, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
Earth's land use/land cover (LC/LU) classification provides information particularly on
natural resources, mapping and monitoring. There is a significant change on LC/LU across the globe
due to the climatic changes, rapid increase in population and over demand of the growing economic
minerals. The present aim is to map, implement and monitor the land use/land cover classification
using high-tech tools of geomatics in database generation, analyses and information extraction. Land
use/land cover maps are prepared using satellite images in conjunction with collateral data like
Survey of India (SoI) toposheets of 1:50,000 scale. Remote Sensing (RS) satellite data with its
synoptic view and multispectral data provides essential information in proper planning of LU/LC
conditions of larger areas. An attempt have been made to delineate the level-1, level-2 and level-3
LU/LC classification system through NRSC guidelines (1995) using both digital and visual image
interpretation techniques by Geographical Information Systems (GIS) softwares with limited
Ground Truth Check (GTC). More accurate classification is observed in case of digital technique as
compared to that of visual technique in terms of area statistics. The final results highlight the
potentiality of geomatics in classification of LU/LC patterns around Chitradurga district, Karnataka,
in natural resource mapping and its management.
Keywords: LU/LC Classification; Visual & Digital interpretation; Geomatics; Chitradurga.
1. INTRODUCTION
Land is a non-renewable resource and mapping of LU/LC is essential for planning and
development of land and water resources in a region of engineering projects under progress. Landuse determined by environmental factors such as soil characteristics, climate, topography, vegetation,
basic human forces that motivate production and its responses to environmental changes. (Dinakar
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
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S., 2005; Dinakar and Basavarajappa., 2005). Different classes of vegetation tend to slow down and
intercept the surface flow of run-off water leading to maximize infiltration. Proper management and
development of these lands should be initiated to increase the land productivity, restoration of soil
degradation, reclamation of wastelands, increase in environmental qualities and to meet the needs of
rapidly growing population of the country. Remote Sensing and GIS data provides better impact on
land resource management, monitoring, mapping and change detection at varying spatial ranges
(Anji Reddy., 2000; Singh et al., 2010). In modern times, satellite based remote sensing technology
has been developed, which are of immense value for preparing LU/LC map and their monitoring at
regular periodic intervals of time (Kumar et al., 2004). Land use systems need thorough systematic
monitoring and management to maintain food security, to minimize deforestation, conservation of
biological diversity and protection of natural resources. The land use/land cover classification
scheme of 1:50,000 scale is divided into Level-1: 6 classes; Level-2: 20 classes and Level-3: 3
classes (NRSA, 2007; Basavarajappa et al., 2013, 2014c).
2. STUDY AREA
The study area lies in between 1334' to 1502' N latitude and 7600' to 7701' E longitude
with a total areal extent of 8,448 Km2 (Fig.1) (Basavarajappa et al., 2014a). It include six taluks
namely Challakere, Chitradurga, Hiriyur, Holalkere, Hosadurga and Molakalmuru with general
ground elevation of 732 m above MSL. The study area experiences a hot, seasonally dry, tropical
savannah climate with average annual rainfall recorded are 631 mm (2013). Temperature ranges
from 170C to 410C and fall up to 120C during winter season. The main food crops grown are as Rice,
Ragi, Jowar and Maize; Pulses & seed crops area as Red gram, Horse gram, Green gram, Bengal
gram and Tur. The commercial crops such as Sugarcane, Cotton and Tobacco are also grown. Palms,
Palmyra, Conifer, Bamboo and other tress are noticed in parts of Holalkere and Neerthadi reserved
forest ranges of Chitradurga district.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 2, February (2015), pp. 46-60 IAEME
Built up land
1.1
1.2
LEVEL 2
Towns/Cities
Villages
LEVEL 3
2.1
Crop land
2.2
2.3
Fallow
Plantation
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.1
Scrub Forest
Forest Blank
Forest Plantations
Mangroves
Salt Affected Land
Waterlogged Land
Marshy / Swampy Land
Gullied / Ravinous Land
Land with scrub
Land without scrub
Sandy area (Coastal & Desert)
Mining/ Industrial Wasteland
Barren rocky/Stony waste/Sheet rock area
River / Stream
Canals
Lake / Reservoirs / Tanks
Shifting Cultivation
6.2
6.3
6.4
Salt Pans
Snow covered / Glacial Area
Agricultural Land
Forest
Wastelands
Water Bodies
Others
49
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
Kharif
Tank irrigated kharif
Rabi
Kharif + Rabi (Double cropped)
3.1.1
3.2.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
Dense
Open
Dense
Open
6.2.1
6.2.2
Dense
Degraded
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
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Tone/ color
Size
Shape
Texture
Pattern
Agricultural
plantation
Small to large
Regular to
Irregular
Coarse to
medium
Dispersed
contiguous
Barren rocky/
Sheet rock
Greenish blue
to yellow to
brownish
Varying in
size
Irregular,
discontinuous
Coarse to
medium
Linear to contiguous
and dispersed
Built-up land
Dark bluish
green
Small to big
Irregular
Coarse
Clustered to
Scattered
Crop land
Bright red to
red
Varying in
size
Regular to
Irregular
Medium to
Smooth
Contiguous to nonContiguous
Red
Varying in
size
Irregular,
discontinuous
Smooth to
medium
(depends on
crown density)
Contiguous to nonContiguous
Deciduous forest
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Yellow to
greenish blue
Small to big
Regular to
Irregular
Medium to
Smooth
Contiguous to nonContiguous
Forest land
Dark red
Varying in
size
Irregular,
discontinuous
Smooth to
medium
(depends on
crown density)
Contiguous to nonContiguous
Forest plantation
Varying in
size
Regular to
Irregular
Smooth to
medium
Contiguous to nonContiguous
Gullied/Ravenous
land
Light yellow to
bluish green
Varying in
size
Regular, broken
Very coarse to
coarse
Dendritic to subdendritic
Light yellow to
brown to
greenish blue
Varying in
size
Irregular,
discontinuous
Coarse to
mottled
Contiguous
dispersed
Land without
scrub
Light yellow to
brown
Varying in
size
Irregular,
discontinuous
Coarse to
mottled
Contiguous
dispersed
Mining/Industrial
area
Light bluish to
black dark gray
Small to
medium in
size
Irregular in shape
Mottled texture
Contiguous
dispersed
Reservior/
River/stream
Light blue to
dark blue
Long narrow
and wide
Irregular, Sinuous
Smooth to
medium
Contiguous,
dendritic/subdendritic
White to light
blue
Small to
medium
Irregular,
discontinuous
Smooth to
mottled
Dispersed, noncontiguous
Varying in
size
Irregular,
discontinuous
Coarse to
mottled
Contiguous to nonContiguous
Small,
medium,
large
Regular to
Irregular
Smooth to
mottled
Non-contiguous
dispersed
Fallow land
Scrub forest
Water bodies
Light red to
brown (depends
on canopy
cover)
Light blue to
dark blue
(Subject to
depth, weeds)
9.1.2 Fallow land: The agricultural land which is taken up for cultivation but is temporarily allowed
to rest, uncropped for one more season with less than one year. These are particularly devoid of
crops at the time; when the imagery is taken from both seasons. On FCC, fallow land shows yellow
to greenish blue tone, irregular shape with varying size associated with amidst crop land as harvested
agriculture field. The total area under this category is 65 Km2 (0.77%) (Fig.6).
9.1.3 Agricultural Plantations: The areas with tree plantation or fruits orchards planned by
adopting certain agricultural management techniques undoubtedly considered to be lucrative as
compared to agriculture crops; further no tedious maintenance is required for the plantation.
Differentiation of plantation from cropland is possible by multi-temporal data of the period matching
harvesting time of the inter-row crop or the flowering of the plantation crop. Overall, rabi season
data found to be very much useful in discriminating these plantations from croplands. This category
covers an area of 502.62 Km2 (5.96 %) (Fig.6).
9.1.4 Prosopis Juliflora: Prosopis juliflora is capable of growing in problematic salt affected soils
and one of the most tolerant species for saline, alkaline soils (Maliwal, 1999). Growing Prosopis
juliflora for ten years can significantly decreases pH, EC, Ca, Mg, K, CO3, HCO3, SO4 and Cl. These
are noticed on red sandy loam soils of Hiriyur taluk derived from gneiss and schist-chlorites with
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few bands of ferruginous quartzite (Basavaraja et al., 2007). These are noticed occupying almost all
the road sides, neglected areas, lakes and margins of forest lands covering an area of 42.12 Km2
(0.49 %) (Fig.6).
Level-1
Agricultural land
Built up land
Forest land
Wastelands
Water bodies
others
Area (Km2)
6273.6615
94.2260
741.1825
841.6576
384.9181
96.2902
8431.9359
52
Percentage (%)
74.40
1.11
8.79
9.98
4.56
1.14
99.98
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Level-2
Agricultural plantation
Barren rocky/stony waste/sheet rock area
Crop land
Deciduous forest
Degraded forest
Fallow land
Forest plantations
Gullied/Ravenous land
Land with scrub
Land without scrub
Mining/industrial wasteland
Prosopis juliflora
Reservoir
River island
Rivers/streams/lakes/ponds
Rural (Village)
Salt affected land
Scrub forest
Tree groves
Urban (Town/cities)
Total
Area (Km2)
502.6252
114.0821
5706.0266
136.8978
232.8372
65.0095
37.4425
22.2030
581.3225
25.5328
2.3603
42.1221
90.7647
1.6319
292.5214
78.7377
96.4147
334.0048
54.1580
15.2302
8432.0969
Percentage (%)
5.96
1.35
67.67
1.62
2.76
0.77
0.44
0.26
6.89
0.30
0.02
0.49
1.07
0.01
3.46
0.93
1.14
3.96
0.64
0.18
99.92
9.3.1 Deciduous forest: The common type occurring over large areas in the plains in various stages
of degradation of tropical dry deciduous forests. However these forests are in a fluid state and may
progress into dry deciduous forests if proper protection is provided. Most parts of Kudirekanive,
Jogimatti, Lakkihalli, Suvarnamukhi State Forest are of this type (Ganesh Babu., 2013). Teak,
Terminalia and Padauk are some of the economically important trees noticed in deciduous forest.
Type, crown density and composition of forest vegetation along with degradational stage help in the
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analysis of deciduous forest vegetation under acceptable limits of accuracy. These deciduous forests
are well intermixed with evergreen forest in central and southern parts. Multi-temporal data,
particularly during October and March/April seasons help in their discrimination from other forest
types. The area occupied by this category is 136.89 Km2 (1.62%) (Fig.6).
9.3.2 Degraded Forest: Forest cover with less than 10% is called as degraded forest. The
degradation is brought about by maltreatment meted out by repeated felling, grazing and forest fires.
On the contrary, if further ravaged it, ultimately degrades into thorny type and ultimately dry grass
prevails and naked boulders are exposed. The general floristic composition is almost the same as in
Southern dry mixed deciduous forests but for the fact that the crop is sparse and much degraded.
These are observed in Elakuranahalli, Elladakere, Gollarahatti, Bagganadu of Hiriyur taluk,
Alagavadi, Hire Kandavadi of Chitradurga, Katamdevarakote of Challakere taluk and few parts of
Molakalmuru taluk. This category covers an area of 232.83 Km2 (2.76 %) (Fig.6).
9.3.3 Forest plantation: Area of trees with species of forestry and its importance raised on notified
forest lands. These are artificially planted areas with tree cover, either in the open spaces or by
clearing the existing forests for economically inferior species. New and young plantations can be
readily separated from contiguous forested areas. The area occupied by this class is about 37.44 Km2
(0.44 %) (Fig.6).
9.3.4 Scrub Forest: Scrub forest is associated with barren rocky/stony waste due to inadequate and
erratic rainfall conditions that brings drought and extreme heat in summer season which preclude
hardly in any profitable forest. On FCC, it appears as dark red to red tone mainly due to rich in
timber trees. They appear as light red to dark brown tone on standard FCC due to canopy covers. The
area covered by this category is 334 Km2 (3.96 %) (Fig.6).
9.4 Wastelands
These are degraded lands which can be brought under vegetative cover with reasonable
effort. These are currently under utilized and deteriorating due to lack of appropriate water & soil
management or on account of natural causes. Wastelands can result from inherent/imposed
disabilities such as locations, environment, chemical and physical properties of the
soil/financial/management constraints (NWDB, 1987; Pushpavathi and Basavarajappa., 2009;
Basavarajappa and Manjunatha., 2014b). The total aerial extent of wasteland covers about 841.65
Km2 (9.98 %) (Fig.5).
9.4.1 Barren rocky/Stony Waste: As the area is exposed to the direct action of sun and wind, most
of the area remains barren. These are the lands characterized by exposed massive rocks, sheet rocks,
stony pavements or land with excessive surface, accumulation of stones that render them unsuitable
for production of any green biomass. Such lands are easily discriminated from other categories of
wastelands due to their characteristic spectral response. On FCC, they appears as greenish blue to
yellow to brownish in tone with varying size associated with steep isolated hillocks, hill slopes and
eroded plains. They occur as a linear form within the plain land mainly due to varying lithology
(Basavarajappa and Manjunatha., 2014b). These types of lands are noticed in Vijapura,
Guddadarangavvana halli, Madakaripura of Chitradurga taluk and few parts of Molakalmuru taluk.
The area occupied by this category is 114.08 Km2 (1.35 %) (Fig.6).
9.4.2 Gullied/Ravenous land: Gullies are narrow and deep channels developed from rills which are
tiny channels of few centimeters deep, formed by the impact of rainfall and weaving action of runoff
occurs more commonly on sloping land. These areas are having entrenched drainage system, good
rainfall and surface runoff. On FCC, they appears as light yellow to bluish green depending upon the
surface moisture and depth of erosion with varying size (Basavarajappa and Manjunatha., 2014b;
Basavaraj Hutti and Basavarajapp., 2014). This type of land is observed in Arehallihatti of Holalkere
taluk and Kalkere of Hosadurga taluk. These gullies and ravines contribute to soil erosion and land
degradation covering an area of 22.2 Km2 (0.26 %) (Fig.6).
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
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9.4.3 Land with scrub: Scrub lands are observed along the ridges, valley complex, linear ridges and
steep slope areas. Most of these areas are characterized by the presence of thorny scrub, herb species,
many hillocks of steep and domal shaped are associated with poor vegetal cover. As a consequence,
severe soil erosion frequently occurs during rainy seasons and later most of the hill tops become
barren/ rocky. These lands are observed in few parts of Molakalmuru and Chitradurga, and most part
of Hiriyur, Hosadurga and Challakere taluks. This category covers an aerial extent of 581.32 Km2
(6.89 %) (Fig.6).
9.4.4 Land without scrub: Land under this class is generally prone to degradation/deterioration and
may not have scrub cover. It is confined to (relatively) higher topography such as uplands or high
grounds etc excluding the hills and mountainous terrain. On FCC, they appear as light yellow to
brown to greenish blue, varying in size associated with gentle relief with moderate slope in plain and
foothills surrounded by agricultural lands. This covers an aerial extent of 25.53 Km2 (0.3 %) (Fig.6).
9.4.5 Mining/Industrial area: These are the lands with large-scale mining operations, mine dumps
and discharge of large scale industrial effluents causing land degradation. The features exhibit dark
gray (coal mining areas) to light bluish to black (iron ore waste) tone on standard FCC based on the
color of the mine dump, small to medium in size, irregular in shape with mottled texture, located at
or near active mining areas and industrial complexes. Conspicuously around urban areas and other
areas where industrial activity is prominent. This type of lands are observed in Megalahalli,
Beemasamudra, Hanumanahalli, Sannakittadahalli, Ingaldhal, Halekal, Hosahatti and Bahadurghatta
area of the study area.This category covers an area of 2.36 Km2 (0.02 %) (Fig.6).
9.4.6 Salt-affected area: The areas are delineated based on white to light blue tone and its situation.
These are found in river plains and in association with irrigated lands. These areas are adversely
effecting the growth of most of the plants due to the action or presence of excess soluble or high
exchangeable sodium. These lands are noticed in few parts of Molakalmuru taluk, Hosahalli, Talaku,
Balenahalli, Kammathmarikunte, Challakere, Purlehalli, Parasurampura, ThimmannanaikanaKote,
Gollahalli, Hariyabbi, Ajjikamasagara, Turuvanur, Chikkgondanhalli and Panjaiahnahatti of the
study area. The area occupied by this category is 96.41 Km2 (1.14 %) (Fig.6).
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Sl No.
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