TRV:

The larger arcing times, provided by the CB equipped with controlled switching device,
Would lead to a higher and more frequent switching phenomenon defined as current
chopping overvoltages.

The related current chopping switching transient can lead to a transient recovery voltage
(TRV) across the circuit breaker chambers that should be investigated, in principle, as a big
concern, in order to avoid undesirable damages to the SR, or even to the CB. This transient
phenomenon is related to the fact that, during the SR switching off, the nominal current is
forced to zero suddenly and prior to the natural power-frequency-zero-crossing, within the CB
chambers, leading to such a phenomenon known as current chopping. Thus, the current
chopping, meaning a sudden change to zero in the magnitude of the SR nominal current,
forces the magnetic field energy, stored in the reactor coil, to be converted to electric field
energy, stored within the stray capacitances, causing, thus, sudden changes in the load-side
transient voltage. This energy-transfer-phenomenon is known as Chopping Overvoltage. The
lower the stray capacitances are the higher the chopping overvoltage will be during the
occurrence of current chopping.

TOV:

All transmission systems are subject to fluctuations in power-frequency voltage. Any power
frequency fluctuation that exceeds the normal system voltage is referred to as a temporary
overvoltage (TOV).

An oscillatory overvoltage, associated with switching or faults (for example load rejection,
single-phase faults) and/or nonlinearities (Ferro resonance effects, harmonics) of relatively
long duration, which is un damped or slightly damped.

TOV includes healthy phase over voltages due to the transmission line ground faults and TOV
due to the load rejections. In the case of sudden load rejection at the remote end of a heavily
loaded long line such as a UHV system, the voltage jump due to Ferranti effect under selfexcitation of generators, resulting in a TOV, which will lasts until the line is tripped at both
ends. The amplitude of the TOV under such circumstances is system dependent, but EMTP
simulations show a typical maximum TOV of approximate 1.5 p.u. lasting the order of 1s.

TOV can be limited by high voltage shunt reactor for the long UHV ac transmission line where
the VAR supply from the line capacitance is greater than that the system can absorb.

Since the reactive power of the shunt reactors compensate partially the capacitive power of
the line, the Ferranti effect is reduced, therefore TOV is limited and the self-excitation of
generators is prevented as well.

Common sources of TOV are

Single line-to-ground faults
Load rejection
Ferro resonance
Circuit back feeding from a higher voltage line
Ferranti voltage (lines with one end open)
Resonance

FAULT OVER VOLTAGES:

Generally produced due to ground faults. The system grounding plays an important role.
LOAD REJECTION OVER VOLTAGES:

,It originate when a loadedsystem is suddenly unloaded, say, due to load rejection.

A system with relatively short lines and high short-circuit power will have low over voltages,
while a system with long lines and low short-circuit power will have high over voltages.
On a sudden load rejection, the generators will speed up and the voltage will rise. The speed
governors and automatic voltage regulators will act and tend to limit this voltage rise. A
rigorous calculation will require modelling of generator, governor, regulator, and transmissionline parameters. For turbo generators, the maximum speed rise on full load rejection is
approximately 10 percent, and it occurs in less than 1 s. In water wheel generators the
maximum speed rise on full load rejection can be as high as 60 percent, and it may take 10 s
to reach it.

Resonance and ferro resonance over voltages:

It arise because of interaction of capacitive elements and inductive element shaving

nonlinear characteristics, for example, transformers

SURGE IMPEDANCE:

The intrinsic ratio of voltage to current in a conductor. Neglecting

Losses, Z = (L/C) w, here L and C are the inductance and capacitance per unit length for a
transmission line or cable. For lumped circuits, L and C are the total equivalent inductance
andcapacitance.

http://www.transform.ru/articles/pdf/sigre/