Intermetallics 10 (2002) 361369

www.elsevier.com/locate/intermet

A new method for fabricating SMA/CFRP

smart hybrid composites
Ya Xua, K. Otsukaa,*, H. Yoshidaa, H. Nagaia, R. Oishia,
H. Horikawab, T. Kishic
a

Smart Structure Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),
1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
b
Furukawa Techno Material Co., Ltd, 5-1-8 Higashi-Yawata, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-0016, Japan
c
National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
Received 19 November 2001; received in revised form 25 December 2001; accepted 10 January 2002

Abstract
In order to suppress the microscopic mechanical damages in composite system, and thus to increase the reliability of carbon ber
reinforced plastics (CFRP), a smart composite SMA/CFRP is attracting much attention. In this application, the shape memory
alloy (SMA) is expected to exert compressive stress to CFRP by reverse transformation upon heating after fabrication. However,
one big problem in the fabrication process is that the curing temperature of the composite (130  C) far exceeds the reverse transformation temperatures of TiNi alloys ( 70  C). This paper presents a new method to overcome this diculty. The method
consists of using heavily cold-worked wires to increase the reverse transformation temperatures, and of using ash electrical heating
of the wires after fabrication in order to avoid damaging of the matrix around wires. By choosing the reduction of cold drawing and
composition of TiNi alloys properly, it will be shown that the method is actually applicable without using special xture jigs, which
are necessary otherwise, to the fabrication of such smart composite as SMA/CFRP. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: A. Composites; B. Martensitic transformation; B. Shape-memory eects; C. Thermomechanical treatment

1. Introduction
SMA smart hybrid composites, in which SMA wires
or plates (hereafter we use only the term wires for
brevity unless the term plates is specically needed in
the context) are embedded in composites, are attracting
much attention recently to strengthen polymer matrix
composites (PMCs), such as CFRP and GFRP (glass
ber reinforced plastics) and to control vibrations in an
active control mode [18]. Among these SMA/CFRP is
especially important, since CFRP is widely used for
airplanes and aerospace technologies. The application
of SMA to SMA/CFRP smart composite was rst
introduced by Rogers [1], and then investigated by

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-298-61-3129; fax: +81-298-613126.

E-mail address: kotsuka@ni.aist.go.jp (K. Otsuka).

several researchers [68]. The principle of the application is the same as the prestressed concrete principle.
In the application, TiNi wires as SMA are expected to
provide compressive stress to the surrounding CFRP,
and thus to avoid the microscopic damages as an
initiation to the nal failure, which leads to the increase
of reliability and to the reduction of maintenance cost
of airplanes etc. However, there is a big problem in the
fabrication process of such smart composite SMA/
CFRP as explained below. In order for the prestressed
concrete principle to work, TiNi wires must be fabricated in the martensitic state [i.e. below As (reverse
transformation start temperature)], and then the TiNi
wires are heated to a temperature above Af (reverse
transformation nish temperature) after the fabrication,
so that TiNi wires shrink (in virtue of the shape memory
eect [9]) and to provide compressive stress to the surrounding CFRP. The fabrication temperature, which is
called the curing temperature, is usually either 130 or

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Y. Xu et al. / Intermetallics 10 (2002) 361369

180  C depending upon the kind of matrix resin. On the

contrary, the As temperature of TiNi alloys is  70  C at
most. Thus the curing temperature far exceeds the As
temperature of TiNi, and it is not possible to fabricate
the SMA/CFRP composite in a martensitic state in an
ordinary method, which is a crucial point here. In order
to overcome this diculty, the following method was
used in the previous works [68]. That is, TiNi alloys
were rstly tensile deformed in the martensitic state for
obtaining a pre-strain, then these pre-strained alloys
were constrained by a special xture jig during all the
fabrication process in order to keep the pre-strain. Thus
the composites must have been fabricated using that
xture jig, which is quite an awkward and complicated
process, which gives the limitation in size and shape of
the composites. Besides, there is no guarantee that these
TiNi wires are in the martensitic state in the fabrication
process.
In order to overcome this diculty we developed a
new method of fabrication as described below, which is
much simpler in practice and does not need to use such
a special xture jig, and thus increase the freedom in
fabrication process. This method is based on such a
character of martensite described below. Melton et al.
found that the transformation temperatures of TiNiNb
increase by deformation in martensitic state [10]. Then
Piao et al. found that this character applies to other
thermoelastic martensites as well, and explained the
mechanism in terms of the stored energy of thermoelastic martensite during the transformation [11,12].
Letting the reader refer to the original paper for the
details, we just summarize the important point for our
application. When a thermoelastic alloy such as TiNi is
deformed in the martensitic state, the reverse transformation temperatures such as As and Af increase signicantly with increasing deformation, but when the
specimen experiences the reverse transformation by
heating, the reverse transformation temperatures return
to the corresponding original low values in the next run.
The problem in the present application here is whether the increase in the reverse transformation temperatures is commensurate with the curing temperature or
not, i.e. whether the reverse transformation temperatures can be increased over the curing temperature or
not. Our preliminary experiments showed that tensile
tests as pre-deformation did not give enough high
reverse transformation temperature. Thus we realized
that the predeformation by tensile tests are not the
practical way. Thus we chose a more practical way such
as a heavy cold working/cold drawing, which has been
shown to increase the reverse transformation temperature signicantly in TiNiPd alloys [13,14]. Since cold
drawing is a part of the process producing TiNi wires, it
simplies production process, and leads to cost reduction. We will show in the following sections that this
method really works as a practical process. By changing

composition and cold working rate, we will also show

what the best condition for fabricating smart composite
is. One more problem of heating smart composite after
fabrication to a high temperature to get the TiNi wires
reverse transformed was cleared by ash electrical
heating of the wires, as described in detail later. As a
whole, it will be shown that the new method is applicable to composites to be cured at 130  C, although
practical application of the method to composites with
a curing temperature of 180  C remains as a future
target.

2. Experimental procedure
TiNi alloys used were prepared by melting in a highfrequency vacuum induction furnace. The compositions
of the alloys used were Ti49.5 at.% Ni, Ti50 at.% Ni
and Ti50.5 at.% Ni. The ingots were swaged and then
drawn to wire specimens with a diameter of 0.4 mm at
room temperature. The nal reduction of cold working
after an intermediate annealing were 20 and 35%
reduction in cross-sectional area (these will be abbreviated hereafter as CW20% and CW35%, respectively).
Then the surface oxide of the wires was removed by a
solution of 3%HF+15%HNO3+82%H2O (in vol.%).
The transformation temperatures of the specimens with
dierent reduction of cold drawing were measured by
dierential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (MAC 3100S).
All DSC measurements started by heating from a temperature below 0  C, and the heating and cooling rate
was 10  C/min. The highest temperature was set to
300  C for the rst heating, and no holding time was set
at this temperature. The shape memory eect and
mechanical properties were measured using an Instrontype tensile machine (Shimadzu Autograph AG-10TC
type). The wires were heated by electrical current
directly or by immersing them in a silicon oil bath. The
temperature was measured by a thermocouple attached
on the surface of TiNi wires. The recovery stress was
measured during heating and cooling in a constrained
state (i.e. without moving the crosshead of the tensile
machine). A data acquisition system by computer was
used to record the stress, strain and temperature values.
The CFRP prepreg used in the present study is
T700S/2500 (TORAY, prepreg thickness: 0.125 mm).
The TiNi wires were laid with the same direction with
those of carbon bers in the prepreg, and unidirectional
TiNi/CFRP hybrid composites were fabricated by hot
pressing at 130  C for 2 h with a pressure of 0.3 MPa.
The microstructure of TiNi/CFRP composite was
examined by SEM. The shrinking eect of embedded
TiNi wires was examined by measuring surface displacement of the hybrid composite by a strain gauge
during heating the embedded TiNi wires by electrical
current.

Y. Xu et al. / Intermetallics 10 (2002) 361369

363

Fig. 1. DSC curves of as-cold drawn Ti49.5 at.% Ni wires with

CW20% and 35%.

Fig. 2 shows DSC curves of Ti50 at.% Ni wires with

CW20% and CW35%, respectively. For the CW20%
wire, the As temperature was 115.4  C, and the Af temperature was 188.7  C for the rst measuring run. For
the second run made on the same specimen, As and Af
decreased to 47.5 and 78.0  C, respectively. On the other
hand, for the CW35% wire, the DSC curve exhibited a
so broad peak upon heating that the As and Af temperatures could not be determined on the curve for the
rst run. Thus, we took another technique to determine
these, i.e. we measured the variations of recovery strain
as a function of temperature as shown in Fig. 3. In the
gure, the change of strain consists of shape recovery by
SME and thermal expansion, and the strain in each
state was measured by a tensile machine by moving the
cross-head such that the stress of the specimen become
zero. The As and Af were determined to be 132 and
208  C, respectively, as shown in the gure. Furthermore, we can see from Fig. 3 that a residual strain up to
2.3% is obtained after the rst heating and cooling
cycle. This means that a shape memory strain of 2.3%
could be obtained even by heavy cold drawing process
of 35% reduction in area. In addition, the two-way
shape memory eect [15] is also observed for this cold
drawn wire as shown in the lower part of Fig. 3, i.e. the
change of strain appeared upon cooling from the parent
phase (  240  C) to the martensitic state (i.e. room
temperature) in the absence of stress.
Fig. 4 shows DSC curves of Ti50.5 at.% Ni wire
with CW35%. The DSC curve for the rst run also
exhibited a broad peak upon heating so that the As and
Af temperatures could not be determined for the rst
run. In order to determine the reverse transformation
temperatures, the variation of recovery strain with
changing temperature from room temperature to 230  C
was measured as shown in Fig. 5. Because the variation
of recovery strain below room temperature was not
measured in the present study, the As temperature could

Fig. 2. DSC curves of as-cold drawn Ti50 at.% Ni wires with

CW20% and 35%.

Fig. 3. The change in recovery strain with temperature for a Ti-50

at.% Ni wire with CW35%. See text for details.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Eect of cold drawing on the reverse transformation
temperatures
Fig. 1 shows DSC curves of Ti49.5 at.% Ni wires
with CW20% and CW35%, respectively. Transformation temperatures were determined by a line-intersection
method as shown in Fig. 1. For the CW20% wire, the
As temperature was 131.7  C, and the reverse transformation nish temperature (Af) was 195.1  C for the rst
measuring run. On the other hand, for the second measuring run made on the same wire, As and Af decreased
to 57.5 and 93.2  C, respectively. For the CW35% wire,
the As temperature increased to 143.1  C, and the Af
temperature could not be determined accurately by the
DSC curve as the peak became too broad for the rst
measuring run. For the second run, As and Af became
32.6 and 81.7  C, respectively. These results show that
the As temperature of Ti49.5 at.% Ni alloy can be
increased above 130  C by reduction of cold drawing
higher than 20% in the martensitic state.

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Y. Xu et al. / Intermetallics 10 (2002) 361369

Fig. 4. DSC curves of as-cold drawn Ti50.5 at.% Ni wires with

CW35%.

Fig. 6. Changes in recovery stress (a) and in surface temperature (b)

for a Ti50 at.% Ni wire with CW35% during heating by 3 and 2 A,
respectively.

Fig. 5. The change in recovery strain with temperature for a Ti50.5

at.% Ni wire with CW35%.

Table 1
Reverse transformation temperatures of TiNi alloys with cold drawing
rates of 20 and 35%
CW20%
As

Af

CW35%
As

Af ( C) As

Ti49.5 at.% Ni 131.7 195.1 57.5 93.2

Ti50 at.% Ni 115.4 188.7 47.5 78.0
Ti50.5 at.% Ni

Af

As* Af*

143.1 240.4 32.6 81.7

132.0 207.0 22.6 66.0
<75.0 198.0

As* and Af* represent the reverse transformation temperatures measured in the second heating cycle for the same specimen.

not be determined accurately, but it is clear from the

gure that As is below 75  C.
The above results are summarized in Table 1. We see
that CW20% can raise the As temperature above 130  C
for Ti49.5 at.% Ni alloy, and CW35% is needed for
increasing As above 130  C for Ti-50 at.% Ni alloy. On
the other hand, even CW35% can not increase the As
temperature up to 75  C for Ti-50.5 at.% Ni alloy.
Thus, it is clear that cold drawn Ti50 at.% Ni and Ti49.5 at.% Ni wires can meet the requirement of fabricating TiNi/CFRP composites with a curing temperature of

130  C without using special xture jigs. Thus, although

both the alloys are candidates for TiNi/CFRP smart
composites, we think Ti-50 at.% Ni alloy is better than
Ti-49.5 at.% Ni from the following reason. As the next
step, the TiNi wires of the fabricated composite are
reverse transformed to the parent phase by ash electrical heating, so that the wires exert compressive stress
to CFRP. In this process, the wires with lower Af temperatures are desirable in order not to damage the surrounding epoxy matrix. In this respect, Ti50 at.% Ni
alloy with lower Af temperature is preferred. Thus, we
report the results for Ti50 at.% Ni wires with CW35%
in the following.
3.2. Recovery stress of cold drawn Ti50 at.% Ni wires
As shown in Fig. 3, a recovery strain of 2.3% could be
obtained by cold drawing process for the wires subjected to drawing of 35%. So it is possible to obtain a
certain recovery stress without any additional pre-strain
process. Fig. 6(a) shows recovery stresses produced
during heating a constrained wire with CW35% by
electrical current. The as-cold drawn wire was heated by
3A for about 9 s, then the current was cut o immediately. We see that a recovery stress up to 300 MPa can
be obtained within less than 6 s. Then the same wire was
heated again by an electric current of 2 A. A stable
stress up to 270 MPa was obtained during this second

Y. Xu et al. / Intermetallics 10 (2002) 361369

365

heating. When we repeated this heating for the third

time, the same recovery stress was obtained [Fig. 6(a)].
The surface temperature of TiNi wire was measured
during heating as shown in Fig. 6(b). We see that the
maximum surface temperature of TiNi wire is still below
170  C during the rst heating by 3 A. This indicates
that there is a dierence between the surface temperature and internal temperature of TiNi wire, since as
shown in Fig. 6(a), the recovery stress increased very
fast within 6 seconds and then showed a saturating tendency, which means the reverse transformation had
been nished and the internal temperature should be
increased near to Af within 6 s. This may be understood
by considering that the reverse transformation is an
endothermic reaction, which delays the heat conduction
to outside. This phenomenon makes it possible to heat
the embedded TiNi wire by a large current in a short
time without aecting epoxy matrix seriously.
Fig. 7 shows recovery stresses as a function of surface
temperature during these three constrained heating
cycles. It is very interesting to note that after the rst
heating by 3 A, a residual stress of 100 MPa remained
even after cooling to room temperature. This means
that compressive stress is exerted to CFRP even without
heating, once the smart composite is subjected to ash
electrical heating. The appearance of this interesting and
important eect may be understood in the following
way. By the preceding ash heating, TiNi wires are
subjected to reverse transformation, and a part of the
wires remain to be in the parent phase after cooling to
room temperature. Thus the wires free lengths (i.e.
those in the absence of constraint) are shorter compared
to those before ash heating, which leads to recovery
stress.
To see more in detail the eect of ash heating on
recovery stress in cold drawn Ti50 at.% Ni with
CW35%, the as-cold drawn wire and the cold drawn
wire followed by heating by 3 A for 9 s were heated by
various current values, and recovery stress and surface
temperature changes were measured during heating,

respectively. Fig. 8 shows (a) surface temperature and

(b) recovery stress changes of an as-cold drawn wire
during heating by various current values. The sequence
of heating cycles was from low current to high current.
For each current value, the surface temperature of TiNi
wire reached to a stable value. This value increased with
increasing the current value [Fig. 8(a)]. The recovery
stress increased up to a constant maximum value during
heating by various current values below 2.5 A. On the
other hand, the recovery stress increased up to a maximum value then decreased during heating by a current
of 3 A as shown in Fig. 8(b). This indicates that recovery involving annihilation and rearrangement of dislocations may have occurred during heating by a
current of 3 A. Fig. 9 shows (a) surface temperature and
(b) recovery stress changes of the cold drawn wire,
which was subjected to prior constrained heating by 3 A
for 9 s. It is noticed that a larger increase of recovery
stress than that of as-cold drawn wire is obtained during
heating by low currents, such as 1 and 1.5 A. This
behavior is explained in the same way as was done with
respect to Fig. 7. Comparing Fig. 9(b) with Fig. 8(b), we
see that recovery stress curves of the wire after ash
heating by 3 A change more smoothly than that of ascold drawn wire. This may be understood in the following way. In the as-cold drawn state, there is great
inhomogeneity in the reverse transformation tempera-

Fig. 7. The change in recovery stress as a function of surface temperature during constrained heating cycles for a Ti50 at.% Ni wire
with CW35%.

Fig. 8. Changes in surface temperature (a) and in recovery stress (b)

during heating by various currents in a as-cold drawn Ti50 at.% Ni
wire with CW35%.

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Y. Xu et al. / Intermetallics 10 (2002) 361369

ture, as is evidenced by the large temperature range

between As and Af, and each serration in the curves of
Fig. 8(b) is considered to be due to rapid reverse transformation in a certain part of the wire. On the contrary,
in the wire ash heated by 3 A for 9 s, the inhomogeneity is decreased greatly by the reverse transformation by the ash heating, which leads to the smooth
curves in Fig. 9(b).

The measured recovery stresses of the as-cold drawn

wire and the wire ash heated by 3 A are summarized as a
function of temperature shown in Fig. 10. It clearly indicates that constrained ash heating of a large current not
only introduces a residual stress of about 100 MPa at
room temperature, but also makes it easy to obtain a high
recovery stress in low temperature range. This is another
big advantage of the present method.

Fig. 11. DSC curves of Ti50 at.% Ni wire with CW35% after
annealing at 130  C for 2 h.

Fig. 9. Changes in surface temperature (a) and in recovery stress (b)

during heating by various currents in a cold drawn Ti50 at.% Ni wire
with CW35% after heating by a current of 3 A for 9 s.

Fig. 10. Changes in recovery stress as a function of temperature for

as-cold drawn state and for the state after heating by 3 A for 9 s of Ti
50 at.% Ni alloy with CW35%.

Fig. 12. Changes in surface temperature (a) and in recovery stress (b)
during heating by various currents for a Ti50 at.% Ni wire with
CW35% after annealing at 130  C for 2 h.

Y. Xu et al. / Intermetallics 10 (2002) 361369

367

Fig. 13. SEM images of the TiNi/CFRP hybrid composite fabricated

by a Ti50 at.% Ni wires with CW35%; (a) morphology of the cross
section of the TiNi/CFRP composite; (b) higher magnied image
showing the TiNi wire, carbon bers and epoxy resin.

3.3. Inuence of fabrication process on As and recovery

stress of cold drawn Ti50 at.% Ni wires
As shown in Section 3.1, the As temperature of Ti50
at.% Ni with CW35% was determined to be 132  C by
the line-intersection method in the recovery strain curve
in Fig. 3. However, it should be noticed that there is a
little decrease of recovery strain occurred below 132  C
in the gure. It was also noticed that a recovery stress of
about 85 MPa was obtained at 130  C in the as-cold
drawn wire, as shown in Fig. 10. These results may
mean that the real reverse transformation begin even
below 130  C. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the
inuence of fabrication process of composite (i.e. curing
at 130  C for 2 h) on the characteristics of the shape
memory eect of clod drawn wires. Fig. 11 shows DSC
curves of a Ti50 at.% Ni wire with CW35% followed
by annealing at 130  C for 2 h. The DSC peak was very
broad, and showed no signicant dierence with that of
as-cold drawn wire for the rst heating. Fig. 12 shows
(a) surface temperature and (b) recovery stress changes

Fig. 14. Microstructures observed by SEM of the interfaces among

TiNi wire, carbon ber and epoxy. In most of the interface areas, no
obvious debonding between TiNi wires and CFRP was observed as
shown in (a), but only in some area, some small cracks were observed
as shown in (b).

of the cold drawn wire after the above annealing. The

wire was constrained and ash heated by 3 A in
advance. It was conrmed that a maximum recovery
stress up to 280 MPa was obtained with increasing
electrical current. The recovery stresses at various temperatures without the above curing process were summarized and plotted in Fig. 9. We see that although the
fabrication process caused a little decrease of recovery
stress, more than 90% of the recovery stress value could
still be kept after the fabrication process.
3.4. Fabrication of TiNi/CFRP hybrid composites
TiNi/CFRP hybrid composite materials were made by
using a conventional polymer matrix composite fabrication method, i.e. by laying Ti50 at.% Ni cold drawn

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Y. Xu et al. / Intermetallics 10 (2002) 361369

Fig. 15. (a) Overview of the TiNi/CFRP hybrid composite specimen

embeding one cold drawn Ti50 at.% Ni wire with CW35%; (b)
changes in recovery stress during heating by a current of 1.5 A for the
embedded TiNi wire shown in (a) (closed circles) and for the nonembedded cold drawn wire with the same length as the embedded one
(open circles), respectively.

resin. In most of the interface areas, no obvious

debonding between TiNi wires and CFRP was observed
as shown in Fig. 14(a), but only some small cracks were
observed sporadically as shown in Fig. 14(b). It was also
seen that a number of small cracks existed within epoxy
resin in Fig. 14. This is considered to be due to the difference of thermal expansion coecient between resin
and a carbon ber. After heating the embedded TiNi
wires with various currents, the micrograph of cross
section of TiNi/CFRP composite was also examined by
SEM, and no signicant dierence was observed compared with non-heated composites.
Fig. 15(a) shows a TiNi/CFRP hybrid composite
embedding one cold drawn TiNi wire. The two sides of
TiNi wire were constrained, and the recovery stress was
measured during electrical heating by 1.5 A. Fig. 15(b)
shows changes in the recovery stress of embedded wire
(indicated by closed circles) and single wire (indicated
by open circles) during heating. It was found that no
recovery stress was detected for the embedded TiNi
wire. This indicated that no slip occurred between the
TiNi wire and CFRP during electrical heating, and the
whole recovery stress up to 200 MPa should be transferred to CFRP. In order to assess the damage suppressing eect of cold drawn TiNi wires in TiNi/CFRP
composites, a strain gauge was used to measure the
strain change on the composite surface during heating
the embedded TiNi wires by electrical current. Fig. 16
shows the measured result. It was conrmed that a
shrinking eect was produced in the CFRP during
heating embedded TiNi wires.

4. Conclusions

Fig. 16. Shrinking strain observed on the surface of TiNi/CFRP

hybrid composite during heating the embedded cold drawn TiNi wires
(CW35%) by a current of 4 A. The volume fraction of TiNi wires was
7.8%. The length of the TiNi/CFRP composite specimen was 200 mm.

wires into host CFRP prepregs, followed by cure processing by hot-pressing at 130  C. Fig. 13(a) shows the
cross section of a TiNi/CFRP hybrid composite
observed by SEM. Fig. 13(b) shows the cross section at
a higher magnication. Neither obvious pore nor void
were observed. Fig. 14 shows the microstructures of the
interfaces among TiNi wires, carbon bers and epoxy

In summary, we have developed a new, simple, and

eective method for fabricating TiNi/CFRP smart
hybrid composites. This method utilizes only cold
drawn wires and ash heating thereafter. The use of
cold drawn wires omits the heat-treatment and prestraining process, which are required in the previous
process, and thus leads to cost reduction. This method
also makes it possible to fabricate TiNi/CFRP hybrid
composites in any shape and in any size just as to fabricate ordinary CFRP. Although we have shown the
eectiveness of the method for cold drawn wires, the
same will be applied for cold rolled plates as well. This
method is not only suitable for fabricating TiNi/CFRP
composites, but also suitable for fabricating all the
SMA/thermoset composites. Our concrete results are
summarized as follows.
1. By cold drawing and subsequent electrical heating, the As temperature and recovery stress of
TiNi alloys were well controlled, and the TiNi/
CFRP hybrid smart composite was fabricated

Y. Xu et al. / Intermetallics 10 (2002) 361369

without using special xture jigs, which were

required in the previous process. Ti50 at.% Ni
wires cold drawn to 35% or more were found to
be the most suitable for fabricating TiNi/CFRP
hybrid smart composites with a curing temperature of 130  C.
2. TiNi wires and CFRP were observed to be well
bonded in the TiNi/CFRP hybrid composites
fabricated by this new method, and the damage
suppression eect of cold drawn TiNi wires
embedded in CFRP was conrmed.

Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere appreciation to
Professor N. Takeda of the University of Tokyo for
allowing them to use hot-pressing equipment in his
laboratory, and to Dr. J. Park for his kind assistance in
the use of the equipment. The authors also appreciate
Dr. N. Toyama and Dr. T. Okabe of AIST for critical
reading of the manuscript and helpful discussions on
CFRP composite. One of the authors (K.O.) appreciates
the support of R&D Institute of Metals and Composites
for Future Industries (RIMCOF). This work was supported by New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO), Japan.

369

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