Index

- diagram, 5
- diagram, 413
A
angle of rotation, 81
angle of shear, 413
angle steel, 306, 335, 377
anisotropic material, 10
average shear stress, 281, 313, 378, 380
axial stiffness, 22, 165, 700, 712
B
bar axis, 17, 26, 30
beam axis, 679, 706
beam with central and eccentric prestressing, 209
beam with rectangular cross-section, 209, 311, 709
bending curve, 543, 547, 637
bending moment, 28, 162, 681, 691, 693, 696
bending stiffness, 166, 701
bending stiffness tensor, 700, 706, 736
bending stress, 170

Bernoulli, Jacob, 17, 153

Bernoullis hypothesis, 17, 153, 680
boundary conditions, 32, 46, 222, 558
box girder, 190, 345, 346, 456
Bredt, Rudolph, 431
Bredts first formula, 431, 440
Bredts second formula, 436, 442
brittle material, 6
C
carpenter dowel, 288
central coordinate system, 722, 845
central prestressing, 64, 209, 211
centre of (point) symmetry, 80
centre of force, 152, 184, 204, 690, 694, 774
centre of rotation, 81, 503, 610
centre of tension, 184
centroid, 29, 74, 77
centroidal coordinate system, 96, 845
centroidal moments of inertia, 96
change in length, 6, 21, 34, 484

866

ENGINEERING MECHANICS. VOLUME 2: STRESSES, DEFORMATIONS, DISPLACEMENTS

characteristic polynomial, 742

circular cross-section, 116, 361, 421, 469
with hole, 91
closed thin-walled cross-section, 121, 345, 463, 469
closed thin-walled circular cross-section, 350, 415, 424, 427, 453, 469
coefficient of thermal expansion, 224, 227, 569, 791
compliant material, 6
composite concrete-steel beam, 814
composite concrete-steel column, 785
compressive bending stress, 185, 761
conjugate-beam method, 633, 637
constitutive equation (relationship), 15, 19, 151, 157
for bending, 161, 220, 227, 598, 700
for combined bending and extension, 164, 698
for extension, 21, 220, 227, 700
for torsion, 419, 436, 468
constrained structure, 796
continuity in shear flow, 328, 331, 334
core of the cross-section, 152, 203, 232, 777
core point, 206, 208, 778
core radius, 206, 232
core, 203, 777
corner weld, 286
cross-section, 17, 679, 680
cross-sectional deformation quantities, 146, 164, 227, 684, 714, 795
cross-sectional shear stress, 300, 307
cross-sectional stiffness matrix, 698
Culmann, 746
curvature of a beam, member, 160, 685, 686

D
de Coulomb, Charles Augustin, 153
de Saint Venant, Adhmar Jean Claude Barr, 229, 426, 809
deformation due to bending, 541, 761
deformation due to extension, 21, 34, 484
deformation due to torsion, 417, 421, 424, 432, 441
deformation of trusses, 483
deformation symbol, 451
differential equation for bending, 221, 557
differential equation for combined bending and extension, 220, 221
differential equation for extension, 31, 221
direction centre in Mohrs circle, 750, 751
displacement diagram, relative, 490
displacement due to bending, 541, 761
displacement, positive, 681
disruption zone, 4, 229, 321
double cut, 296, 327, 341, 345, 348, 351
double letter symbols, 697, 721
dowel, 288
dowelled wooden beam, 288
ductile material, 6
ductility, 1
E
earth pressure, 209, 215
eccentric prestressing, 209, 213, 785
eccentric shear force, 458
eigenvalue, 742, 743
eigenvalue problem, 742

Index

eigenvector, 742
elastic curve, 543, 547
elasticity, 2
elastic-plastic material, 11
end condition, 32, 36, 221, 558
engineering notation, 52, 132, 200
equilaterial triangular cross-section, 356
equilibrium equation (static relationship), 15, 19, 151, 157
for bending, 166, 221, 821
for extension, 23, 166, 221
EulerBernoulli beam theory, 698
extension, 15
F
fibre, 17, 679, 680
fibre model, 15, 16, 151, 153, 228, 679, 680
field, 32, 221, 554, 556
first moment of area, 72, 74
force-elongation diagram, 2
forget-me-not, 576, 590, 761
formal notation, 52, 132, 200
free deformation due to a change in temperature, 227
G
general normal stress formula related to the principal direction, 199, 232
global coordinate system, 577, 607
H
hard material, 6
high tensile bolts, 380
hinged beam, 591

homogeneous cross-section, 4, 18, 26, 78

Hooke, Robert, 12
Hookes law, 1
in extension, 11, 18, 153, 161, 412, 680
in shear, 413
I
inhomogeneous cross-section, 18, 26, 78, 679, 680
invariant, 101, 739, 743, 748
I-section, 322, 374
isotropic material, 10
J
joining condition, 32, 46, 221, 558, 629
K
kinematic equation (relationship), 15, 19, 151, 157, 565
for bending, 159, 220, 227, 598, 684
for extension, 19, 219, 227, 684,
for torsion, 418, 468
L
laminated wooden beam, 182, 190, 282
lap joint, 379
limit design, 11
limit of proportionality, 3
line of (mirror) symmetry, 75, 80, 94, 96, 185, 327, 680
line of force, 694
linear moment of area, 72
linear theory of elasticity, 12
local coordinate system, 104, 605, 722

867

868

ENGINEERING MECHANICS. VOLUME 2: STRESSES, DEFORMATIONS, DISPLACEMENTS

longitudinal shear stress, 281

L-shaped cross-section, 87
M
mass centre, 709
material behaviour in shear, 412
material behaviour in extension, 5
Maxwells reciprocal theorem, 773
mirror symmetry, 80
modulus of elasticity, 6, 18, 161, 412, 682
Mohr, Christian Otto, 746
Mohr correction diagram, 484
Mohrs circle, 736, 746
moment of inertia, 72, 92
moment-area theorem, 541, 598
first, 599
second, 601
Myosotis Palustris, 576
N
nailed wooden box beam, 294
necking, 3
neutral axis, 155, 156, 169, 685, 689, 701, 705, 801, 802
non-prismatic column, 42
normal (force) centre, 16, 26, 74, 77, 681, 699, 706
normal force, 162, 681, 690
normal stress diagram, 24, 169
normal stress, 4, 170
normal stress diagram, 24, 168, 716

O
offset method, 8
open thin-walled cross-section, 121, 322, 444, 463, 470
open thin-walled circular cross-section, 126
orthogonal matrix, 738
P
parallel axis theorem, 708
for static moments, 76
for moments of inertia, 98
for weighted static moments, 708
parallelogram-shaped cross-section, 106
Parent, 153
plane of curvature, 688, 701, 736
plane of loading, 693, 701, 736, 821
plastic flow, 3
plastic design, 11
point of inflection, 552, 558, 574, 578, 596
point symmetry, 80
polar moment of inertia, 73, 92, 100, 419
pole, 750, 751
prestressed beam, 179, 209
prestressed concrete, 189
principal axis, 96, 101, 766
principal coordinate system, 96, 734
principal direction, 96, 152, 543, 701, 734, 741
principal value, 96, 701, 735, 741
product of inertia, 72, 73, 92
punching, 378

Index

purlin, 201
Q
quadratic moment of area, 72
R
radius of curvature, 155, 161
radius of inertia, 96, 775
reciprocal theorem, 773
rectangular cross-section, 101
with holes, 119
rectangular hollow cross-section, 177, 345, 453, 458, 463
rectangular thin-walled tube, 453
reduced (bending) moment, 600
redundant constraint, 804
reinforced concrete, 189
released structure, 804
rigid-body rotation, 484, 502, 504, 508, 610
rigid-plastic material, 11
ring dowel, 288
rolled steel section, 125, 285
rotation of a truss member, 487, 489
rotation of the cross-section, 158, 449
rotation, positive, 681
rotational symmetry, 81
rules for the cross-sectional shear stress distribution, 308, 384
S
Saint Venants principle, 229, 809
section force, 23, 28, 52, 162, 220, 225, 681, 690
section modulus, 184, 215, 231

semicircular cross-section, 86
thin-walled, 85
serviceability limit states, 11
shear connector, 288
shear (force) centre, 311, 367, 372, 465, 809, 829
shear deformation, 228, 413
shear flow, 328, 331, 346, 384, 428, 429, 809
shear flow formula (alternative), 279, 383, 818
shear flow formula (traditional), 274, 382, 809
shear force
cross-sectional, 271, 277
longitudinal (alternative formula), 279, 383, 818
longitudinal (traditional formula), 274, 382, 809
shear joint, 379
shear modulus of elasticity, 413, 468
shear strain, 413
shear stress diagram, 312, 829
shear stress distribution due to shear, 271, 459
shear stress distribution due to torsion, 411, 460
shear stress formula, shear, 303, 367, 809
alternative, 306, 818
traditional 305, 812
shear stress formula, torsion, 415, 422, 425, 427, 438
shear stress-strain diagram, 413
shearing element, 274
sliding element, 275
slope of the strain diagram, 156, 159, 225, 685
soft material, 6
solar radiation, 569
solid circular cross-section, 116, 361, 421, 446
solid square cross-section, 365

869

870

ENGINEERING MECHANICS. VOLUME 2: STRESSES, DEFORMATIONS, DISPLACEMENTS

solid triangular cross-section, 83, 109, 171, 356, 703, 705

square thin-walled tube, 461
static moment (of area), 72, 74, 276
static redundant, 804
static relationship, see equilibrium equation
statically determinate structure, 48, 542, 564, 791
statically indeterminate structure, 49, 219, 558, 564, 590, 791, 797
Steiner, Jacob, 99
Steiners parallel axis theorem, 98, 115
stiff material, 6
stiffness, 1, 13
strain diagram, 24, 155, 685, 716
strain fomula for bending and extension, 156, 231, 773, 776
with temperature effects, 792
strain, 4
strain hardening, 3, 8
strength, 1
strength calculation, 10, 190, 193
stress diagram, see normal stress diagram, shear stress diagram
stress formula for bending and extension, 168, 171, 231, 716, 735, 754
stresses in the principal coordinate system, 734, 752
stress-strain diagram, 1, 4, 5
strong material, 6
summary formulae, 34, 72, 220, 229, 382, 468
superposition, 152, 199, 460, 467, 542, 582, 586, 806
symmetric tensor, 739
symmetrical I-section, 121
T
tail-wagging effect, 578
T-beam, 179, 190, 196, 207, 308, 316, 797

temperature gradient, 225

tensile bending stress, 185, 761
tensile strength, 5
tensile test, 1, 2
theory of plasticity, 11
thermal effect, 223, 233, 569, 570, 791
thick-walled circular cross-section, 119, 424, 444, 469
thin-walled circular cross-section
closed, 350, 415, 424, 427, 453, 469
open, 126
thin-walled cross-section
closed, 121, 345, 463, 469
open, 121, 322, 444, 463, 470
thin-walled half ring, 85
thin-walled I-section, 123, 285, 322, 374, 785
thin-walled L-section, 377
thin-walled strip, 105, 438, 461, 470
thin-walled triangular cross-section, 129
thin-walled T-section, 377
thin-walled U-section, 200, 339, 368, 373, 465
thin-walled Z-section, 125, 717, 752
three-letter symbol, 791
throat cut, 287
toothed plate connector, 288
torsion, 411
torsion constant, 71, 419, 426, 436, 468, 469, 470
torsion of thin-walled cross-sections, 426
torsion test, 414
torsional stiffness factor, 71
torsional stiffness of the solid circular cross-section, 422
torsional stiffness, 418, 419, 468

Index

torsional strain, 418, 469

transformation matrix, 738
transformation rules due to a translation
moments of inertia, 98
static moments, 74, 76
weighted static moments, 708
transformation rules due to a rotation
bending stiffness values, 741
second order tensor, 741
vector, 687, 737
truss member, 36, 484
U
ultimate limit states, 11
ultimate-load design, 11
ultimate (tensile) stress, 5
unconstrained, 796
unconstrained structure, 796, 802
unity matrix, 742
unsymmetrical cross-section, 679, 711, 782
upsetting stress, 380
V
vector addition, 451
W
warping, 427, 433, 436
warping function, 437
warping of the cross-section, 435
weak material, 6
weighted area, 707, 709, 723

weighted moment of inertia, 723, 728

weighted static moment, 709, 710
welded steel section, 285
Williot diagram, 483, 487, 490
with rigid-body rotation, 484, 504, 506
WilliotMohr diagram, 484, 514
wooden beam
dowelled, 288
laminated, 182, 190, 282
nailed, 294
Y
yield point, 5
yield shear stress, 413
yield strain, 5
yield strength, 5
0.2% offset, 9
yield stress, 5
yielding, 3
Youngs modulus, 6, 161

871

ENGINEERING MECHANICS. VOLUME 2: STRESSES, DEFORMATIONS, DISPLACEMENTS

Homogeneous and symmetrical cross-sections

Strain formula for bending and extension

Definition cross-sectional quantities

area

static moments

A= A dA

Sy = A y dA


Sz = A z dA

moments of inertia


Iyy = A y 2 dA


Iyz =Izy = A yz dA

2
Izz = A z dA

(z) = + z z
polar moment
of inertia


Ip = A r 2 dA=Iyy +Izz

Coordinates of the normal centre NC (or centroid C) of an

homogeneous cross-section

Normal stress formulae for bending and extension

N
A
Mz z
M
=
Izz

extension:

bending (bending stresses):

combined extension and bending: (z) = N + M =

N =

Mz z
N
+
A
Izz

Maximum bending stresses

Sy
S
yNC = yC =
and z NC = z C = z
A
A

These stresses occur in the outermost fibre layers z = et and z = +eb .

non-symmetrical cross-section:

Steiners parallel axis theorem

2A
Iyy = Iyy(centr) + yC

Iyz = Iyz = Iyz(centr) + yC z C A

2A
Izz = Izz(centr) + z C

Basic relationships for prismatic members subject to extension and

bending1

tM =

Mz et
Mz
Izz
=
in which Wz;t =
Izz
Wz;t
et

bM = +

Mz eb
Mz
Izz
=+
in which Wz;b =
Izz
Wz;b
eb

(section modulus)
(section modulus)

symmetrical cross-section:
M =
max

M
W

General normal stress formula for combined bending and extension

(y, z) =

My y
Mz z
N
+
+
A
Iyy
Izz

Coordinates of the centre of force in the cross-section

ey =
1

My
Mz
and ez =
N
N

All formulas related to bending are derived for the principal directions. For bending in the
xz plane the z axis is therefore a principal axis of the cross-section.

Formulae

Core of the cross-section

Shear stresses due to torsion

non-symmetrical cross-section:
Wz;t
kb =
(lower core radius)
A
Wz;b
(upper core radius)
A
symmetrical cross-section:
kt =

k=

Vz Sza
(traditional approach)
sxa =
Izz

 a
NM (due to Mz )
sxa = Vz
(alternative approach)

Mz

Mz Sza
Izz

Basic relationships for members subject torsion

Constitutive relationship: Mt = GIt

dx
Kinematic relationship: =
dx

Closed thin-walled cross-sections (general formula):

Mt
2Am t

Thin-walled strip:
Mt em
in which It = 13 ht 3
= 1
2 It

Open thin-walled cross-sections:

1 3
Mt em
with It =
= 1
3 ht
I
t
2

Shear stresses due to shear force

Vz S a
xm = a z (traditional approach)
b Izz
 a

(due to Mz )
V z NM
(alternative approach)
xm = a
b
Mz

Mt r
in which It = Ip = 12 R 4
It

s = t = constant (the shear flow is constant)

Resultant shear force in the longitudinal direction

a =
Rx;s

Mt r
in which It = Ip = 12 (Re4 Ri4 )
It

Solid circular cross-section:

=

Shear flow (shear force per length) in the longitudinal direction

Mt R
in which It = Ip = 2 R 3 t (torsion constant)
It

Thick-walled circular cross-section:

=

W
A

Thin-walled circular cross-section:

Change in rotation due to torsion

General formula:


Mt
dx
x = dx =

GIt

Prismatic member with constant torsional moment:

x =

Mt
GIt

ENGINEERING MECHANICS. VOLUME 2: STRESSES, DEFORMATIONS, DISPLACEMENTS

Coordinates of the normal centre NC of the cross-section

Torsion constant

4A2m

a closed thin-walled cross-section: It =  1

t dm
other cross-sectional shapes: see the shear stress formulas.

yNC =

ESy
ESz
and z NC =
EA
EA

Strain formula for combined bending and extension

Change in length due to extension

(y, z) = + y y + z z

General formula:


 = dx =

N
dx

EA
Prismatic member with constant normal force:
N
 =
EA

Normal stresses due to combined bending and extension

(y, z) = E(y, z) (y, z) = E(y, z) ( + y y + z z)
Constitutive relationships1
(extension)
N = EA
 
 


EIyy EIyz
y
My
(bending)
=
=
Mz
EIzy EIzz
z

Deformation due to bending

First moment-area theorem:

 B
M
 = B A =
dx
A EI
 

In inverse form:

area M/EI
diagram

Second moment-area theorem:

w = wB wA = A (xB xA )

N
EA

 



1
My
y
EIzz EIyz
=
=
z
Mz
Det(EI ) EIzy EIyy
=

 B
M
(xB x) dx
A EI



static moment
M/EI diagram wrt B

in which Det(EI ) is the determinant of the bending stiffness matrix:

Inhomogeneous and/or non-symmetrical cross-sections

2
Det(EI ) = EIyy EIzz EIyz

Definition cross-sectional quantities

axial stiffness


EA= A E(y,z)dA

weighted static moments

ESy = A E(y,z)y dA


ESz = A E(y,z)z dA

bending stiffness quantities

EIyy = A (y,z)y 2 dA


EIyz =EIzy = A E(y,z)yz dA


EIzz = A E(y,z)z2 dA

The origin of the yz coordinate system coincides with the normal centre NC of the crosssection.

Formulae

Transformation rules for the bending stiffness tensor

EIyy = +EIyy cos2 + 2EIyz sin cos + EIzz sin2
EIyz = EIzy = (EIyy EIzz ) sin cos + EIyz (cos2 sin2 )
EIzz = +EIyy sin2 2EIyz sin cos + EIzz cos2

Strain distribution
(y, z) = + y y + z z
Stress distribution
(y, z) = E(y, z) (y, z) = E(y, z){ + y y + z z T (y, z)}


 


(y,z)

Principal directions
Unconstrained temperature deformations
EIyz

tan 2 = 1
2 (EIyy EIzz )

T =

Shear flow (shear force per length) in the longitudinal direction

traditional approach (in a principal yz coordinate system)

sxa =

Vy ESya
EIyy

ET (y, z) dA
EA

y ET (y, z)
, dA
EIyy


yT =

Vz ESza
EIzz

zT =

alternative approach

 a
NM (due to M )
sxa = V

z ET (y, z)
, dA
EIzz

Constitutive relationships

The dummy moment M acts in the same plane as the resultant shear force V .

N = EA( T )

Shear stresses due to shear force

My = EIyy (y yT )
Mz = EIzz (z zT )

sa
xm = xa
b

Temperature effects1
Strain
(y, z) = (y, z) + T (y, z) =

(y, z)
+ T (y, z)
E(y, z)

The yz coordinate system is a principal coordinate system.

T (y,z)

ENGINEERING MECHANICS. VOLUME 2: STRESSES, DEFORMATIONS, DISPLACEMENTS

Formulae

ENGINEERING MECHANICS. VOLUME 2: STRESSES, DEFORMATIONS, DISPLACEMENTS

Supplementary List of Symbols

Latin lower case

Latin capitals
Quantity

SI unit

Quantity

Name

Symbol1

Symbol

Aa

cross-sectional area of the sliding element

m2

Am

area enclosed by the centre line

of a closed thin-walled crosssection

m2

modulus of elasticity

N/m2

EA

axial stiffness

EI

bending stiffness

Nm2

EIyy

bending stiffness in the xy

plane

Nm2

EIyz = EIzy

bending stiffness quantity

Nm2

EIzz

bending stiffness in the xz

plane

Nm2

shear modulus

Nm2

GIt

torsional stiffness

Nm2

Symbol

Ev

Quantity

SI unit

Name

Symbol

Name

Symbol1

Na

resultant of all normal stresses

on the cross-sectional area of
the sliding element

ba

width of the sliding segment,

width of a cut

eb

resultant of all normal stresses

on the cross-sectional area of
the sliding element, due to
bending

distance of the lower fibre

layer to the member axis

a
NM

em

distance to the centre line m

(for thin-walled parts) of the
cross-section

radius, radius of curvature

et

outside radius of a circular

tube

distance of the upper fibre

layer to the member axis

Re

ey , ez

inside radius of a circular tube

coordinates of the centre of

force in the yz plane

Ri
a
Rx;s

resultant shear force in the longitudinal direction, acting on

the sliding element

f0.2

0.2% offset yield strength

N/m2

ft

tensile strength

N/m2

first moment of area, static moment

m3

fy

yield point

N/m2

factor of proportionality

Sy

static moment in the xy plane

m3

core radius

Sz

static moment in the xz plane

m3

kb

lower core radius

static moment in the xz plane

of the cross-sectional area of
the sliding element

m3

kt

upper core radius

coordinate axis along the centre line (of a thin-walled part)

of the cross-section

qy

distributed load acting in the y

direction

N/m

distributed load acting in the z

direction

N/m

second moment of area,

moment of inertia

m4

moment of inertia in the xy

plane

m4

Iyz = Izy

product of inertia

m4

Izz

moment of inertia in the xz

plane

m4

temperature; increase in temperature

Ip

polar moment of inertia

m4

section modulus

m3

It

torsion constant

m4

Wt

m3

qz

dummy bending moment

Nm

section modulus with respect

to the upper fibre layer

Wb

section modulus with respect

to the lower fibre layer

m3

1 Expressed in the basic units.

Wz

section modulus in the xz plane

m3

I
Iyy

SI unit

Symbol1

Sza

ENGINEERING MECHANICS. VOLUME 2: STRESSES, DEFORMATIONS, DISPLACEMENTS

Greek letters
Quantity

SI unit

Quantity

Quantity

SI unit

SI unit

Symbol

Name

Symbol1

radius of inertia, radius of

gyration

coefficient of thermal expansion

1/K

shear strain associated with the

yield strain stress y

ry

radius of inertia in the y direction

strain

angle, angle of rotation

rad
N/m2

rz

radius of inertia in the z direction

limiting value of the normal

stress, admissible value

shear flow (shear force per

length)

N/m

sin

flow-in, shear flow towards the

joint

N/m

Symbol

Name

Symbol1

Symbol

Name

Symbol1
1

unconstrained strain due to

temperature effects

pl

strain at the end of the yield

stage

normal stress due to bending,

bending stress

N/m2

strain associated with the tensile strength ft

normal stress due to extension

N/m2

strain at failure

normal stress in the lower fibre

layer

N/m2

u
y

yield strain, strain at the start

of the yield stage

normal stress in the upper fibre

layer

N/m2

distortion, torsional strain

rad/m

upset

upsetting stress

N/m2

curvature

1/m

mx

N/m2

unconstrained curvature due to

temperature effects

1/m

shear stress in the longitudinal

direction

xm

shear stress in the plane of the

cross-section

N/m2

limiting value of the shear

stress, admissible value

N/M2

yield shear stress

N/m2

sm

shear flow in the m direction

N/m

sout

flow-out, shear flow from the

joint

N/m

sxa

shear flow in the longitudinal

direction, acting on the sliding
element

N/m

wall thickness

tf

web thickness

curvature in the xy plane

1/m

curvature in the xz plane

1/m

yC , zC

coordinates of the centroid

yNC , zNC

coordinates of the normal centre of a cross-section

load factor

coordinates of the shear centre

of a cross-section

change of the right angle due

to shear, shear strain

rad

ySC , zSC

coordinates of the centroid of

the sliding part of the crosssection

load factor related to the permanent load

load factor related to the variable load

a , za
yC
C

Other symbols
( )

d()
dx , derivative with respect to x

1 Expressed in basic units.