Wavelet-based multicarrier CDMA system and its

corresponding multi-user detection

A. Muayyadi and M.A. Abu-Rgheff
Abstract: A novel digital transmission system based on wavelet signalling has been proposed and
analysed. The basic system consists of a bank of lters derived using the quadrature constrained
least square (QCLS) algorithm and satisfying the perfect reconstructed quadrature mirror lter
(PR-QMF) theory. A multicarrier CDMA system is constructed using this technique, where a
users data is spread in the frequency domain and constraints are imposed to ensure channel
orthogonality. The system exploits the localisation properties of the wavelets in time and frequency
to develop data channels that have compact PSD characteristics and are resilient in an environment
exposed to fading. Practical implementation of the wavelet transmission system using a bank of
polyphase lters is considered. Simulation results are presented which show the wavelet system can
better combat ISI and multiple access interference than an FFT-based multicarrier modulation
system when both systems operate in identical fading environments. A wavelet detection scheme
based on the MMSE criterion and then made adaptive using the LMS algorithm is theoretically
analysed and software simulated. The proposed wavelet detector is nearfar resistant and shows
better BER performance compared with a decorrelator, but with higher computation costs.

Introduction

Wireless connectivity of mobile devices and notebook

computers is the hallmark feature of the next generation
of network infrastructure. A major challenge to the trafc
capacity of such systems is the complex characteristics of the
mobile channel encompassing multipath propagation,
nearfar effects, and multiple access interference.
Signicant research effort has been directed at the design
of vital building blocks of mobile wireless networks. The
main purpose of this effort is to develop spectrum-efcient
modulation, and to achieve low cost, reduced complexity
receivers and their signal processing solutions. An attractive
transmission scheme that is capable of providing such
features is a combination of (code-division multiple access,
CDMA) and multicarrier (orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing, OFDM) modulation [1, 2].
Conventionally, multicarrier modulation is generated
using fast Fourier transform (FFT) devices but the
subcarrier orthogonality and synchronisation are very
sensitive to signal phase offset and frequency errors. The
FFT processing generates many sidelobes, and the rst
sidelobe is only 13 dB lower than the main lobe component,
so that any destruction of orthogonality generates a high
level of intercarrier interference.
Wavelet pulses have discrete time and frequency
representations in contrast to rectangular pulses, which
are discrete in time but ideally have unlimited response in
the frequency domain. The use of wavelet signalling was
proposed in 1994 [3] such that data symbols linearly
r IEE, 2003
IEE Proceedings online no. 20030715
doi:10.1049/ip-com:20030715
Paper rst received 14th November 2002 and in revised form 21st May 2003
The authors are with the Mobile Communication Networks Research Group,
Department of Communication & Electronic Engineering, University of
Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
IEE Proc.-Commun., Vol. 150, No. 6, December 2003

modulate the envelope of the scaling and wavelet functions.

The authors in [3] argued that wavelet signalling fulls
Nyquists rst criterion on ISI removal.
Multicarrier modulation using wavelet pulses can be
implemented in three ways: by using a dyadic wavelet
transform [4, 5] that applies a two-band discrete wavelet
transform to produce logarithmic band division; by the
wavelet packet [4, 5] generating a multiband transmission
system using the full dyadic tree; and by the M-band
wavelets [6] scheme dividing the available spectrum into M
equal bands. The M-band wavelets system is simple and
exible with a higher degree of freedom compared with the
other two types of wavelet systems [4]. In the M-band
wavelets system, it is possible that only one low-pass
prototype lter with the desired characteristics (stop-band,
ripple, etc.) is designed and its frequency response is shifted
by modulation with a cosine function to generate the higher
subbands. The M-band transmission system, used in this
project, comprises a lter bank of perfect reconstructed
quadrature mirror lter (PR-QMF) [79] and the prototype
lter is derived using a quadratic constrained least square
(QCLS) algorithm [4, 10, 11].
In this paper, we extend our work presented in [12] to
include the theoretical analysis of the wavelet transmission
system, the group detection based on the adaptive minimum
mean square error (MMSE) receiver [2], and frequency
diversity techniques.
2

Wavelet transmission system

The transmission system comprises M branches, each

consisting of an up-sampler followed by a synthesis lter
whose impulse response, derived from the wavelet functions orthogonality conditions, generates a specic wavelet
pulse. The block diagram of the baseband wavelet
processing is shown in Fig. 1.
The transmitted signal is generated as follows. A single
data symbol is copied into the M branches. In the mth
445

F0 (z)

G0(z)

F1 (z)

G1(z)

ck,0
X

ak(n)

0ck,0

ck,1

sk(n)

GM 1(z)

X

M 1 ck,M 1

ck,M 1

Fig. 1

Wavelet multicarrier CDMA transmission system

branch, the symbol is multiplied by the mth chip, ck[m], upsampled by M factor and then ltered using synthesis lter
Fm(z). The transmitted signal of the kth user, sk (z), is given
by:
sk z Fz C k ak zM

where F(z) [F0(z)F1(z)yFM1(z)] is a row vector representing the transmitter synthesis lters in which Fm(z) is the
wavelet generator lter of the mth branch, Ck is the users
signature code which is the kth column vector of the code
matrix:
2
3
c1; 0

cK1; 0
c0; 0
6 c0; 1
c1; 1
cK1; 1 7
6
7
2
C 6 .
7
4 ..
5
c0; M1

c1; M1

cK1; M1

rk z H k zsk z nz

where Hk(z) is the channel carrying the kth user signal and
the term n(z) is the AWGN with a two-sided power spectral
density of N0/2.
Wavelet multi-user detection

3.1 Theoretical analysis of the wavelet

detection system in a multi-user channel
Consider K active users (KrM) sharing the AWGN
channel. The received signal, r(z), is given by:
rz

K 1
X

H k zsk z nz

k0

where Hk(z) is the kth column vector of channel matrix H,

and each element of the vector represents the channel
amplitude scaling for each subband in use.
Let the inner product of the spreading sequence and the
channel amplitude scaling be Ek where:
Ek C k  H k

is the kth column vector of the M  K matrix E, and Ek also

represents the effective spreading sequence of the kth users
signal at the output of the channel. Let bk be the kth row of
446

the K  M matrix b where bk,m ak,mck,m is the subband

gain factor (which depends on the combining strategy
employed) multiplied by the code chip.
We have shown in the Appendix (Section 10.1) that the
decision variables for all K users, y(z), are given by:
yz bEaz nz

where a(z) [a0(z) a1(z) a2(z) y aK1(z)] , n(z) is the ltered

Gaussian noise, and y(z) [y0(z) y1(z) y2(z) y yK1 (z)]T.
The signal, y(z), can be split up into three terms,
identied as the desired signal that is given by
Diag/bES, the multiple access interference (MAI) that is
given by [bEDiag/bES], and the channel noise n.
Consequently, we have:
y DiaghbEia bE  DiaghbEi a
|{z} |{z}
desired signal

and ak is the kth users input symbol. Throughout the

paper, bold characters are used to indicate vector and
matrix variables.
The basic wavelet receiver, shown in Fig. 1, consists of
M parallel branches; each consists of an analysis lter
followed by a down-sampler. Each of the analysis lters is a
matched counterpart of the corresponding synthesis lter.
Furthermore, the two lter banks must satisfy the
biorthogonality constraint [13]. The receiver lter bank is
G(z) [G0(z)G1(z)yGM1(z)]T.
Consider the transmission through the additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The kth user received
signal, rk(z), is given by:

y(n)

1ck,1

channel

FM 1(z)

r(n)

MAI signal

n
|{z}

filtered noise

It can easily be shown that for a single-user channel, the

MAI term becomes zero.

3.2 Optimisation of the wavelet multi-user

detection algorithm
The detection scheme described in the previous section
optimises the system performance in the AWGN channel.
However, as the user roams within the wireless network, the
mobility generates multipath transmission that disturbs the
channels orthogonality causing degradation in the systems
performance. We propose a two-stage optimisation technique, which is described in this section. The rst stage is
based on the fact that signal energy is spread in the
frequency domain, so a frequency diversity scheme (minimum mean square error (MMSE) combining technique) is
used to combat the fading effects of the mobile channel. The
second stage uses a MMSE multi-user detector to eliminate
the MAI interference.
Let the received signal at the output of the downsamplers be xk(z), where
xk z xk;0 xk;1    xk;M1 T
The minimum mean square error criterion chooses the
M  1 vector a which minimises:
2
Eak  aH
k xk 

where the superscript H denotes hermitian transposition.

The estimated data signal is given as:
^ak sgnaH
k xk

Using the WienerHopf equation in the adaptive lter

theory [1], we have shown in the Appendix (Section 10.2)
that:
aopt EHH H r2 I1 H k

10

IEE Proc.-Commun., Vol. 150, No. 6, December 2003

Equation (10) gives the optimum coefcients aopt that

minimise the mean square error between the estimated data
signal and the desired data signal and it is similar to the
expression given in [2] when the same assumptions are
considered.
So far the received signal is processed using frequency
diversity and MMSE combining to combat variations in the
kth user channel. The output signal is still distorted by the
multiple access interference but the distortion can be
minimised using an MMSE multi-user detection (MUD)
lter.
Applying the MMSE criterion again in the wavelet multiuser detection, the problem is then simplied to choosing
the K  K matrix x that minimises
Ea  xH y2

4 Practical implementation of the wavelet

signalling system
In practice, using the identity in [4], the up-samplers,
synthesis lters and summing operator can be replaced by
polyphase lters plus a multiplexer. The block diagram of a
practical wavelet baseband transmitter is shown in Fig. 3.
The practical receiver consists of a bank of polyphase lters
to replace the analysis lters and the down-samplers as
shown in Fig. 4.

X
ak(n)

ck,1

The optimum lter coefcients xopt are given in the

Appendix (Section 10.3). Now let
c bE

xopt cc r b  c

PM 1(z)

ck,M1

Fig. 3
2 2 1

Wavelet multicarrier CDMA transmitter (implementation)

14

Equation (14) gives the lter coefcients that optimise the

performance of the wavelet group detection. The optimised
receiver is shown in Fig. 4 below.

x0(n)

P 0(z)

P 1(z)

r(n)

xn 1 xn mynaH n  yH nxn

r(n)

wavelet
demod

MF
User k

MMSE
comb yk(n)

ck,1

MMSE
comb

0
1

xM 1(n)
M1

PM1(z)

y0(n)

y1(n)

MUD

y /0(n)

X
ck,M 1

K1
yM 1(n)

Fig. 4 Wavelet multicarrier CDMA optimised receiver (implementation)

The design of the synthesis and analysis lters are based

on the following equations:




p
1
1 N
kp
k
n 
 1
fk n 2 pn cos
M
2
2 2
4
16




p
1
1 N
kp
k
gk n 2 pn cos
n 
1
M
2
2 2
4

X
k,0
z1

17
X

yk (n)

k,k
X

DC
z1

where p(n) is the prototype lter derived using the QCLS

algorithm. In the z-domain, this lter becomes
P z

yK1(n)
DC: decision circuit
TSG: training sequence generator
X
MF: matched filter

N
1
X

pnzn

18

n0

k,K1

where N is the lter length.

The polyphase components, Pm(z), of the prototype lter
come from the following equation:

z1

X
u

P z P0 zM z1 P1 zM
   zM1 PM1 zM

TSG

P z
Fig. 2

x1(n)

15

The value of the step size m restrains the rate of convergence

(ROC) of the LMS algorithm and modies the minimum
square error (MSE). Incorrect step size causes the system to
lose convergence. The optimum value of m is chosen to
compromise between ROC and the MSE. The block
diagram of the adaptive LMS wavelet receiver is shown in
Fig. 2.

X
C

3.3 Adaptive wavelet LMS multi-user

detection
The LMS adaptive algorithm used in this project applies the
following recursive expression on the multiuser axis:

X
ck,0

DEMUX

sk(n)
MUX

M1

13

Thus:

y0(n)

P 1(z)
^
C 1

12

^
a sgnxH y

P 0(z)

ck,0

11

and the estimated data is given as:

Wavelet multicarrier CDMA adaptive LMS receiver

IEE Proc.-Commun., Vol. 150, No. 6, December 2003

M
1
X

zm Pm zM

19

m0

447

From (18) and (19), the polyphase lters Pm(z) can be

written as:

pm lMz

The modulation matrix (C1) in Fig. 3 and the corresponding demodulation matrix (C) in Fig. 4 are given in [4, 10].
5

20

Complexity considerations

The cost of the modulationdemodulation in the wavelet

transmission system is analysed and found to be higher by
an additional M(g+1) operations per symbol (where g
N/M is the overlap factor) than if the processing is achieved
by the conventional FFT processor. The cost of computing
the coefcients of various detectors considered in this paper
is shown in Fig. 5. Clearly the complexity of the
decorrelator is less than the complexity of the proposed
MMSE detector. However the BER performance of the
decorrelator is inferior to the MMSE detector when data is
transmitted through an AWGN or multipath channel.

normalised power, dB

Pm z

M 1
X

25

0.4
0.6
normalised frequency
a

0.8

1.0

0.1

0.2
0.3
normalised frequency
b

0.4

0.5

10

30
normalised power, dB

Decor

4.5

MMSEComb
4.0
3.5

40
50
60

3.0

70

2.5

80
90

2.0

10

15

20

25

30

35

number of users

Fig. 5

0.2

MMSEMUD
MMSECombMUD

1.5

20

5.0

log10(computations)

15

20

5.5

10

Cost of computing the detector coefficients

Fig. 6 Channel frequency transfer function of 16-channel multicarrier CDMA system

a FFT processing
b Wavelet processing

Simulation results
0.10

448

FFT system
wavelet system

0.08

0.06
PSD

The power spectral density (PSD) of a 16-channel multicarrier system generated by FFT is shown in Fig. 6a and the
PSD of a similar system produced by wavelet processing is
shown in Fig. 6b. The side components are about 13 dB
below the main component in FFT and about 80 dB
below the main component in the wavelet system. The
PSDs of an individual channel produced by the two systems
are compared in Fig. 7. The energy of the FFT channel is
spread over many sidelobes but the spectrum of the wavelet
channel is more compact.
The peak to average power ratio (PAPR) was assessed
using a single-user 16-channel multicarrier transmission
system generating FFT-based and wavelet-based signals. It
was found that the PAPR in the wavelet-based signal is 0.79
dB higher than in the FFT-based signal. Furthermore,
6.25% of the measured instantaneous powers in the
FFT-based signal are found to be higher than the average
power compared to only 2% for the wavelet-based signal.
The variance of the instantaneous power is 9.28 for the
wavelet-based signal and a maximum of 15.00 for the FFT
signal.

0.04

0.02

0.1

0.2
0.3
normalised frequency

0.4

0.5

Fig. 7 Signal PSD for a single-channel multicarrier CDMA

system using FFT processing and wavelet processing

The Rayleigh fading channel used for the simulation

consists of four users, each with four rays with delays
[0, 1/M, 2/M, and 3/M] symbol intervals where M denotes
IEE Proc.-Commun., Vol. 150, No. 6, December 2003

the number of carriers. The fading factors are chosen from

four independent Rayleigh random sources with different
variances.
The BER performance of the fading channel was
evaluated using conventional matched lter detectors in
order to have a perception of the performance of the
proposed system compared with the conventional FFT
system. A 16-channel MC-CDMA wavelet-based and FFTbased systems are simulated with Rayleigh fading sources
with variances [0.8, 06, 0.4 and 0.2]. The BER performance
for both systems is shown in Fig. 8.

0.5
0.4

0.3
0.2

0.1
0

100

0.1

0.2

FBMCCDMA
WBMCCDMA

0.3

0.4

0.5

101

102
BER

0.5
0.4

103
0.3
104

105

0.2

6
Eb /N0, dB

10

0.1

12

Fig. 8 BER performance under multipath channel for both FFT

and wavelet-based systems

IEE Proc.-Commun., Vol. 150, No. 6, December 2003

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Fig. 9

A main source of distortion in a mobile channel in an

urban area is due to intersymbol interference (ISI). A 32band wavelet system and 32-carrier FFT system were tested
for ISI by simulating a single user transmission in the
multipath channel with amplitude fading factors drawn
from Rayleigh sources with variances [1, 0.8, 0.5, 0.2]. The
simulation parameters are given in the Appendix (Section
10.4). A second ISI simulation was performed for both
wavelet and FFT systems with the same parameters, apart
from choosing non-integer delays of [0, 1.2/32, 2.5/32, 4.3/
32] symbol duration but are not displayed as explained
below.
The PSDs of the ISI signal for the wavelet and FFT
transmissions in Fig. 9 are shown with very little changes in
the PSDs when the delays were non-integer. Simulation of
2000 symbols resulted in a signal-to-ISI power ratio of 9 dB
for the wavelet system and 7 dB for the FFT system
whether the delays were integer or non-integer.
The mathematical expression for the MAI generated by a
number of users sharing a wavelet transmission channel at
the output of a matched lter is given by (7). This equation
is used to compute the MAI in a fading channel where the
fading factor is selected from a Rayleigh random source
with mean value of 1.45 and variance 0.43. The calculated
values and the simulated results are compared in Fig. 10a
when the subbands are independent. A similar curve is
plotted in Fig. 10b for a Rayleigh fading channel with mean
of 1.25 and variance 0.43 but with partially correlated
subbands. The correlation values are uniformly distributed
between 0.3 and 1. In both simulations, the minimum value
of the fading random variable is kept greater than zero to
avoid deep fading.
A 32-band wavelet transmission multiple access system
was considered and the BER at the output of the MMSE

PSD of the ISI signal under Rayleigh fading

a FFT system
b Wavelet system

and decorrelator (decor) detectors were simulated. The

MMSE detector was optimised along the band axis only
(MMSE-comb), and along the user axis only (MMSEMUD), and nally it is optimised along both the band and
the user axis simultaneously (MMSE-comb-MUD) and
made adaptive on the user axis (LMS-MUD). The BER
performance of MMSE and the decorrelator detectors in
the multipath fading channel and with varying number of
users is shown in Fig. 11a and with varying Eb/N0 is shown
in Fig. 11b. In both cases, the variances of the Rayleigh
random sources are [1, 0.8, 0.5, and 0.2].
7

Conclusions

A new digital transmission system that is a combination of

CDMA and multicarrier modulation based on wavelet
processing has been proposed and analysed. The basic
system consists of a bank of lters satisfying the PR-QMF
criterion and derived using the QCLS algorithm.
The superiority of the proposed scheme is demonstrated
by being more resilient in a mobile transmission environment as shown in Fig. 6 and offers BER performance
improvement compared with the conventional system. For
example, when Eb/N0 8 dB, the BER for the waveletbased system was 0.0048 and for the FFT-based system was
0.019 as shown in Fig. 9.
Furthermore, when the proposed system is stationary,
there will be no interference on adjacent channels since these
channels are orthogonal. However, when transmission
fading is considered, the proposed system is slightly more
resistive to ISI than the FFT channel. Simulation has shown
449

20
calc
sim

101

16
102
BER

SIR, dB

12

MMSEcomb
MMSEmud
decorr
MMSEcombMUD
LMSMUD

104

103

6
8
10
number of users
a

12

14

105

16

10

15
20
number of users
a

25

30

30
calc
sim

101

25

20

102

15

BER

SIR, dB

MMSEcomb
MMSEMUD
decorr
MMSEcombMUD
LMSMUD

103

10
104

6
8
10
number of users
b

12

14

Fig. 10 Signal-to-interference ratio for multi-user system with MF

detection under Rayleigh fading channel
a Independent subbands
b With partial correlation between subbands

about a 2-dB improvement in the signal-to-ISI power ratio

compared to FFT-based modulation when both systems
operated in identical fading environments.
The proposed system has the potential for greater
bandwidth efciency as it generates more compact channels
and does not require the cyclic prex (guard time) nor the
pilot tone to achieve synchronisation. Instead, the time
synchronisation is performed based on the correlation
properties of the wavelets [14]. The proposed system shows
robustness against narrowband interference compared with
the FFT-based system as in [12].
The proposed system is more robust against interchannel
interference than the FFT-based system since the processing
at the transmitter and receiver are independent among
subbands while they are interrelated in the FFT-based
system. Moreover, further processing of the signal in multiuser detection in the proposed system enhances the
performance of the detection process better than in the
FFT-based system.
The proposed joint detection scheme uses frequency
diversity to combine the energy of various bands and
applies the MMSE criterion in multi-user detection and is
then made adaptive using the LMS algorithm. The adaptive
MMSE detector is nearfar resistant and shows better BER
performance compared with the decorrelator. However, the
complexity of the proposed detection scheme is higher than
the complexity of the decorrelator.
450

105

16

10

15

Eb /N0
b

Fig. 11 BER of wavelet multicarrier CDMA system with MUD

under multipath channel
a Different number of users
b Various Eb/N0

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the University of Plymouth

and STT Telkom (Indonesia) for providing the nancial
support for this research.
9

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where bk is the kth row of matrix b

2
3
b0;1
b0;M1
b0;0
..
6
7
6 b1;0
7

.
6
7
b6
7
.
4 ..
5
bK1;0   
bK1;M1

30

which is a K  M matrix of bk,m, and bk,m ak,mck,m is the

subband gain factor (which depends on the combining
strategy employed) multiplied by the code chip.
In general for all K users these decision variables are:
yz bxz
31
The ltered noise term becomes

10 Appendix

nz bGznz1=M
and the column vector is

10.1 Derivation of (6)

Substituting for sk(z) from (1) into (4), we obtain:
rz

K 1
X

FzC k  H k ak zM nz

xz x0 z x1 z    xK1 zT :
21

k0

where Hk is the kth column vector of the channel matrix H,

and
2
3
h1;0

hK1;0
h0;0
6 h0;1
h1;1
hK1;1 7
6
7
22
H6 .
7
4 ..
5
h0;M 1 h1;M1
hK1;M1
Equation (21) can be simplied to the following equation:
rz

K 1
X

FzEzak zM

23

k0

where Ek is given by (5). For a at-faded channel, Ek is

constant across each of the subbands.
E
2
6
6
6
6
4

c0;0 h0;0
c0;1 h0;1
..
.

c1;0 h1;0
c1;1 h1;1

c0;M1 h0;M1

c1;M1 h1;M1



cK1;0 hK1;0
cK1;1 hK1;1

7
7
7
7
5

cK1;M1 hK1;M1
24

The signal at the output of the mth branch of the kth user
receiver is:
xz Gzrz1=M

25

where x (z) [w0 (z) w1 (z)?wM1(z)] . Substituting for

r(z), we have:
xz

K 1
X

32

Substituting for x(z), the decision variables become:

yz bEaz xz
33

10.2 Derivation of (10)

Let the received signal at the output of the down-samplers
be dened by vector xk(z) such that
34
xk z C k  xz
Substituting for x(z) from (15), we obtain:
xk z C k  Ezaz Nz

35

Using the WienerHopf equation in adaptive lter theory

[15], the optimum condition is achieved when the lter
coefcients (ak) satisfy the following equation
aopt R1
XX RXa

36

where RXX is the autocorrelation of the input signal x and

RXa is the cross-correlation between the input signal and the
data signal a. Substituting for xk(z) in (35), we obtain
RXX EEaaH E H ENN H

37

The noise signal, nm(z), at the output of the analysis lter

Gm(z) in the mth branch is
nm z Gm znz1=M

38

The variance of this noise is

h
 o i
Ev2m EG2m zn2 z1=M E G2m on2
39
M
Simplifying further this equation and taking the approximation
Z1
o
s2
40
do 
Ev2m G2m on2
M
M
0

GzFzE k ak z N z

26

in matrix form, the variance is

k0

ENN H EG 2 zn2 z1=M 

where the ltered noise N(z) is given by:

Nz Gznz1=M

27

Using the biorthogonality property, (26) can be simplied

to:
xz Ezaz Nz

28

The decision variable in the kth users receiver is written as

follows:
yk z bk xz
IEE Proc.-Commun., Vol. 150, No. 6, December 2003

29


s2
M
I r2 I
M

41

The autocorrelation matrix of the input signal x can be

shown to be
RXX EHH H s2 I
The cross-correlation RXa is
RXa Exak

42
43

Substituting for x in (43) and simplifying, RXa is given by

44
RXa H k
451

Substituting RXX and RXa into (36), we obtain

H

1

aopt EHH s I H k

Substituting Ryy and Rya into (46), we obtain:

45

xopt bEE H bH r2 b2 1

bE

52

Now using (13), (52) can be rewritten as

10.3 Optimum filter coefficients

Applying the MMSE algorithm to wavelet multi-user
detection, the optimum lter coefcients are given by
adaptive lter theory and satisfy the following equation
xopt R1
yy Rya

46

The autocorrelation of the input signal y is

Ryy EbEaaT E T bT E nnT

47

where n(z) is dened as

nz bGznz1=M

48

Further simplication reduces (47) to

Ryy bE 2 bT r2 b2

49

Now the cross-correlation between the input signal y and

the desired data a is given by
Ray EyaT

50

Substituting for y, (50) becomes

Ray EbEaaT bE

452

51

xopt ccH r2 b2 1 c

53

Equation (53) gives the optimum lter coefcients that

minimise the mean square error between the estimated data
signal and the desired data signal and consequently optimise
the performance of the wavelet group detection.

10.4 Simulation parameters

Channel bandwidth 5 MHz
Number of subchannels, M 32
Subchannel bandwidth 5 MHz/32 0.1563 MHz
Symbol period 1/0.1563 6.4 ms
The delay spread is chosen to be much less than the symbol
period, i.e. delay spread 1.6 ms
Thus the coherence bandwidth for each subchannel is
1/1.6 ms 0.625 MHz
Therefore since the coherence bandwidth is greater than
the subchannel bandwidth, the channel is subjected to
frequency non-selective (at) fading.

IEE Proc.-Commun., Vol. 150, No. 6, December 2003