Artificial Lift

ARTIFICIAL LIFT
Copyright 2007,
, All rights reserved
ARTIFICIAL LIFT ASSISTED PRODUCTION
INITIAL PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE
6500
Outflow
6000
NATURAL FLOW
Pwf, psi
5500
Reservoir Inflow
Performance
5000
4500
4000
0
3000
6000
9000
Flow Rate ( STB/day )

Copyright 2007,
12000
15000
FINAL PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE
6500
Outflow
6000
NOT FLOWING
Pwf, psi
5500
5000
Reservoir Inflow
Performance
4500
4000
0
3000
6000
9000

Copyright 2007,
12000
15000
6500
BACK TO PRODUCTION BY
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
6000
Outflow
Pwf, psi
5500
5000
Reservoir Inflow
Performance
4500
4000
0
3000
6000
9000

Copyright 2007,
12000
15000
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
As pressure in the reservoir declines, the producing capacity

of the wells will decline. The decline is caused by a decrease
in the ability of the reservoir to supply fluid to the well bore.
Methods are available to reduce the flowing well bottom hole
pressure by artificial means.
BOMBEO CAVIDADES
PROGRESSIVE
CAVITYPROGRESIVAS
PUMP (PCP) (BCP)
BOMBEO
ELECTRICAL
ELECTROSUMERGIBLE
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
(BES)
(ESP)
SUCKER ROD
BEAM PUMP
(BP)
BOMBEO
MECANICO
(BALANCIN)
BOMBEO
HYDRAULIC
HIDRAULICO
PUMP (piston
(pistn
or jet)
o jet)
POZOS
EN FLUJO
NATURAL
FLOWNATURAL
WELL
GAS
CONTINUOUS
LIFT CONTINUO
GAS LIFT
PLUNGER
LIFT
PLUNGER
LIFT
(GL)
CHAMBER
CHAMBER
LIFT LIFT
INTERMITTENT
GAS LIFT
GAS
LIFT INTERMITENTE
ARTIFICIALPLUNGER
PLUNGERLIFT
LIFT
ARTIFICIAL
Copyright 2007,
Comparison of Lift Methods

Typical Artificial Lift Application Range
Ft./Lift
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Rod
Pumps
Copyright 2007,
2,000
3,000
PC Pumps
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Hydraulic Lift
8,000
9,000
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 BPD
Submersible Pump
Gas Lift
Comparison of Lift Methods

System Efficiency by Artificial Lift Method
100
Overall System Efficiency (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
PCP
Hydraulic Piston
Pumps
Beam Pump
ESP
Artificial Lift Type
Copyright 2007,
Hydraulic Jet
Pump
Gas Lift
(Continuous)
Gas Lift
(Intermittent)
SCHEMATIC OF A CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT WELL
Flowline
Gas Lift involves the supply of high

pressure gas to the casing/tubing annulus and its
injection into the tubing deep in the well. The
increased gas content of the produced fluid
reduces the average flowing density of the fluids
in the tubing, hence increasing the formation
drawdown and the well inflow rate.
Gas Injection
Pwh
Pressure
Tubing
Operating Valve
Depth
Surface Casing
Production Casing
Static
gradient
Gaslift valves
Packer
Pwf
Copyright 2007,
Pr
SCHEMATIC OF A CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT WELL

SIDE POCKET MANDREL WITH GAS LIFT VALVE
Flowline
Gas Injection
Surface Casing
Production Casing
Tubing
Gaslift valves
Packer
Operating Valve
video
Copyright 2007,
TYPES OF CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT VALVES
Casing Pressure Operated Valve
Tubing Pressure Operated Valve
Pressure chamber
Bellows
Stem
Piod
Ball
Ppd
Copyright 2007,
Piod
Ppd
Valve Mechanic
Casing Pressure Operated Valve

Required Pressure to open the valve
Po = Pd - Pt R
1-R
Pd
Ab
where R = Ap / Ab
Required Dome pressure to get the
opening pressure at P, T:
Pc
Ap
Pd = Po (1 R) +Pt R
Pt
Copyright 2007,
GAS LIFT MANDRELS
SIDE POCKET
MANDRELS
CONVENTIONAL
MANDREL
14
Copyright 2007,
RK / BK LATCH
15
Copyright 2007,
KICKOVER TOOL
THE KICKOVER TOOL IS RUN ON WIRELINE
AND USED TO PULL AND SET GAS LIFT
VALVES. THE ABILITY TO WIRELINE
CHANGE-OUT GAS LIFT VALVES GIVES
GREAT FLEXIBILITY IN THE GAS LIFT
DESIGN
16
Copyright 2007,
17
Copyright 2007,
18
Copyright 2007,
UNLOADING PROCESS OF A GAS LIFT WELL
Copyright 2007,
Valve 1
open
Valve 1
open
Valve 1
open
Valve 2
open
Valve 2
open
Valve 2
open
Valve 3
open
Valve 3
open
Valve 3
open
Valve 1
closed
Valve 1
closed
Valve 1
closed
Valve 2
open
Valve 2
open
Valve 2
closed
Valve 3
open
Valve 3
open
Valve 3
open
Video 2
PRESSURES AND
PRESSURE GRADIENTS
VERSUS DEPTH IN
CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT
WELLHEAD
PRESSURE
GAS INJECTION
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
AVAILABLE
PRESSURE
DEPTH
INJECTION POINT
BALANCE
POINT
BOTTOMHOLE
FLOWING
PRESSURE
100 PSI
AVERAGE.
RESERVOIR
PRESSURE
Copyright 2007,
Pr
Excessive GLR
Inflow Performance
IPR
LIQUID PRODUCTION RATE, QL
(a) Gas lift well analysis
Copyright 2007,
LIQUID PRODUCTION RATE, QL
BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
GAS LIFT WELL PERFORMANCE
Maximum liquid production
Available gas
volume
Eonomic Optimum
GAS INJECTION RATE, Qgi
(b) Effect of gas injection rate
EFFECT OF THE POINT OF GAS INJECTION DEPTH
LIQUID RATE, QL
Injection Depth
Maximum Injection Depth
Available Gas Volume
GAS INJECTION RATE, Qgi
Copyright 2007,
GAS LIFT DESIGN FOR CASING PRESSURE OPERATED VALVES
Available gas surface pressure
Psep Pwh
pko
pressure
Closing pressure
pvc1
depth
pvc2
pcv3
Tubing flowing pressure
Copyright 2007,
Opening pressure
GAS INJECTION RATE (MMSCF/D)
Gas Injection Rate
SUB-CRITICAL
FLOW
ORIFICE FLOW
PTUBING = 55%
PRESSURE (PSI)
Copyright 2007,
PCASING
Different Injection Gas

Rates
Gas Passage through a RDO-5 Orifice Valve with a 1/2" Port
(163 deg F, Gas S.G. 0.83, Discharge Coefficient 0.84)
9
Gas Flow Rate MMSCF/D
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Pressure psi
Copyright 2007,
Gas Lift Performance Curve

Technical
Optimum
SLOPE = 1.0
Economic Limit
4
x
Kick-Off
Lift-Gas Requirement
2 Initial Oil Rate at Kick-off
3 Technical cut-off limit

4 Max. Oil Rate
Incremental
Lift-Gas Volume
x
x
NET OIL PRODUCTION

OR REVENUE
x
x
x
x
2
x
3
1
Copyright 2007,
LIFT-GAS INJECTION RATE

OR PRODUCTION COSTS
OPTIMIZATION OF GAS LIFT GAS DISTRIBUTION
Qo
Optimum total field gas lift
performance curve
Qo1
WELL 1
Qgi
Qo
Qo2
WELL 2
Qot
Nodal
analysis
Qgi
Qo
WELL n
n
Qgi
i=1
Qon
Qgi
Qgi
Copyright 2007,
n
Qoi
i=1
Qgit
GAS LIFT WELL DIAGNOSIS
SCENARIOS
1.
CONTNUOUS GAS INJECTION AND LIQUID

PRODUCTION.
2. CONTINUOUS GAS INJECTION AND NO LIQUID

PRODUCTION.
3.
Copyright 2007,
THE WELL DOES NOT RECEIVE GAS AND THERE

IS NOT LIQUID PRODUCTION

CONTINUOUS GAS INJECTION AND LIQUID PRODUCTION SCENARIO
DETERMINATION OF THE WORKING GAS LIFT VALVE
Pwh
.
Pr
Inj.Pressure
.
Pr
A
Val. 1
Depth
Val. 2
Val. 3
A
B
C
QA
QB
QC
QL
When there is not consistency in the data, then a hole in the tubing or multiple injection points
may exist, in which case a temperature log is necessary to arrive at a final conclusion.
Copyright 2007,

CONTINUOUS GAS INJECTION AND NO LIQUID PRODUCTION SCENARIO
Under this scenario the well is circulating gas due to the following possible causes:
Under this scenario the well is circulating gas due to the following possible causes:
Hole in the tubing
Hole in the tubing
No transference of the injection point to the next valve
No transference of the injection point to the next valve
Formation damage restricts the inflow capacity of the reservoir
Formation damage restricts the inflow capacity of the reservoir
Organic or inorganic deposits in the tubing or flowline
Organic or inorganic deposits in the tubing or flowline
The causes of no transference of the injection point to the next deeper valve are:
The causes of no transference of the injection point to the next deeper valve are:
High tubing pressure

High tubing pressure
Low gas injection pressure
Low gas injection pressure
Copyright 2007,

NO GAS INJECTION AND NO LIQUID PRODUCTION SCENARIO
Possible causes:
Possible causes:
Gas injection valve closed
Gas injection valve closed
Gas line broken
Gas line broken
Gas line restriction due to hydrates formation (Freezing Problems)
Gas line restriction due to hydrates formation (Freezing Problems)
High gas lift valve opening pressure
High gas lift valve opening pressure
Copyright 2007,
CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT
Range of application
Medium-light oil (15 - 40 API)

GOR 0 - 4000 SCF / STB
Depth limited to compression capacity
Low capacity to reduce the bottom hole flowing pressure
High initial investment (Gas compressors cost)
Installation cost low (slick line job)
Low operational and maintenance cost
Simplified well completions
Flexibility - can handle rates from 10 to 50,000 bpd
Can best handle sand / gas / well deviation
Intervention relatively less expensive
Copyright 2007,
ROD PUMPING SYSTEM

Walking Beam
CounterBalance
Pitman
Horse Head
Gear Box
Elevator
Polish Rod
Stuffing Box
Flowline
Gas line
Prime Mover
SUCKER RODS
PLUNGER
TRAVELING
VALVE
Casing
crank
Tubing
Sucker Rods
FLUID
WORKING
BARREL
STANDING
VALVE
FLUID
Plunger
PLUNGER MOVING UP
PLUNGER MOVING DOWN
Traveling Valve
Standing Valve
ANIM
Copyright 2007,
ROD PUMPING SYSTEM

SUBSURFACE PUMP COMPONENTS
SUCKER ROD
PLUNGER
BARREL
STANDING
VALVE
Copyright 2007,
BALLS AND
SEATS
ROD PUMPING SYSTEM

RANGE OF APPLICATION
Extra heavy-light oil (8.5 - 40 API)

Oil Production: 20 - 2000 STB/day
GOR: 2.000 PCN / BN (can handle free gas, but pump
efficiency is decreased)
Maximum depth: 9000 feet for light oil and 5000 feet
for heavy-extra heavy oil
Subsurface equipment stands up to 500 F
Tolerant to solids production (5-10 % volume)
Tolerant to pumping off conditions
Copyright 2007,
Types of Pumping Units
Mark II
Beam Balanced
Low
Profile
Copyright 2007,
Air Balanced
Drawings Courtesy of Lufkin Industries, Inc. Lufkin, Texas
BEAM PUMPING SYSTEM

(AIR BALANCED UNIT)
1. Mtodos de Levantamiento Artificial

2. Situacin Actual de los Mtodos de Levantamiento
Artificial en Venezuela
3. Descripcin de los diferentes Sistemas de

Levantamiento Artificial
4. Estado del Arte del Levantamiento Artificial
Copyright 2007,
How can we change the flow rate ?

Change the pump stroke length
Typical range 54 306 inches
Change the number of strokes

Typical range 5 15 spm
Copyright 2007,
Downhole Pumps
Insert Pump - fits inside the production tubing and is

seated in nipple in the tubing.
Tubing Pump - is an integral part of the production
tubing string.
Copyright 2007,
Insert Pumps
Pump is run inside the tubing attached to sucker rods
Pump size is limited by tubing size
Lower flow rates than tubing pump

Easily removed for repair
Copyright 2007,
Insert Pump
Tubing
Plunger
Traveling valve
Barrel
Standing valve
Seating nipple
Ball & seat
Copyright 2007,
Cage
Tubing Pumps
Integral part of production tubing string

Cannot be removed without removing production
tubing
Permits larger pump sizes
Used where higher flow rates are needed
Copyright 2007,
Tubing Pump
Tubing
Connection
w/tubing
Plunger
Traveling
valve
Barrel
Cage
Standing
valve
Ball & seat
Copyright 2007,
Tubing Anchors
Often a device is used to prevent the
tubing string from moving with the rod
pump during actuation. A tubing anchor
prevents the tubing from moving, and
allows the tubing to be left in tension which
reduces rod wear.
Copyright 2007,
Tubing Anchors
No buckling
Neutral point
Buckling
Downstroke
Standing valve closed; full
fluid load stretched tubing
down to most elongated
position. Tension in tubing
at maximum for cycle. No
buckling
Upstroke
Traveling valve closed;
portion of fluid load transferred to rods. Tubing relieved
of load contracts. Tension in
tubing at minimum for cycle.
Buckling occurs from pump
to neutral point
Breathing
Copyright 2007,
Pump Displacement
(Sizing)
PD = 0.1484 x Ap (in2) x Sp (in/stroke) x N
(strokes/min)
PD = pump displacement (bbl/day)
Ap = cross sectional area of piston (in2)
Sp = plunger stroke (in)
N = pumping speed (strokes/min)
0.1484 = 1440 min/day / 9702 in3/bbl
Manufacturers put the constant and Ap

together as K for each plunger size, so
PD = K x Sp X N
Copyright 2007,
Volumetric efficiency
Calculated pump displacement will differ
from surface rate due to:
Slip/leakage of the plunger
Stroke length stretch
Viscosity of fluid
Gas breakout on chamber
Reservoir formation factor (Bo) defines higher
downhole volume
Volumetric efficiency Ev = Q / PD
Typical values : 70 80%
Copyright 2007,
Exercise
A)Determine the pump speed (SPM) needed

to produce 400 STB/d at the surface with a
rod pump having a 2-inch diameter
plunger, a 80-inch effective plunger stroke
length, and a plunger efficiency due to
slippage of 80%. The oil formation volume
factor is 1.2.
B)If my pump speed is not to exceed 10 SPM
what is an alternative plunger design ?
Sol.
Copyright 2007,
Exercise (Equations)
A) SPM = (q x Bo / Ev) / (0.1484 x Ap x Sp)
B) Ap = (q x Bo / Ev) / (0.1484 x SPM x Sp)
Copyright 2007,
Rod Design Considerations
Copyright 2007,
Weight of rod string

Weight of fluid
Maximum stress in rod
Yield strength of rod material
Stretch
Buckling
Fatigue loading
Inertia of rod and fluid as goes through a stroke
Buoyancy
Friction
Well head pressure
Counterweight
Balances the load on the surface prime
mover
A pump with no counterweight would have
a cyclic load on the prime mover load
only on upstroke
Sized on an average load through the
cycle
Equivalent to buoyant weight of rods plus half
the weight of the fluid
Copyright 2007,
Prime Mover HorsePower Estimations
Hydraulic Horsepower = power required to lift a given volume of fluid

vertically in a given period of time
= 7.36 x 10-6 x Q x G x L
where Q = rate b/d (efficiency corrected), G= SG of fluid, L = net lift
in feet
Frictional Horsepower
= 6.31 x 10-7 x W x S x N
Where W=weight of rods in lb, S=stroke length,N=SPM
Polished Rod Horsepower (PRHP)= sum (hydraulic, frictional)
Prime mover HP = PRHP x CLF / surface efficiency
where CLF = cyclic load factor dependent on model of motor typical
range 1.1 to 2.0
Copyright 2007,
Gas Separators
Copyright 2007,
WF
A
rod
pump
is
designed to pump or
lift liquids only. Any
entrained
gas
(formation gas) must
be separated from the
produced liquids and
allowed to vent up the
annulus.
If gas is
allowed to enter the
pump, damage will
often occur due to gas
lock or fluid pound.
Pump Problems
Downhole pump failures can result from:
Abrasion from solids
Corrosion (galvanic, H2S embrittlement, or acid)
Scale buildup
Normal wear seal and valves
Gas locking
Stress from fluid pounding
Rod breaks
Plunger jams
Copyright 2007,
Rod Pumping
Advantages
Possible to pump off
Best understood by field
personnel
Some pumps can handle
sand or trash
Usually the cheapest
(where suitable)
Low intake pressure
capabilities
Readily accommodates
volume changes
Works in high
temperatures
Reliable diagnostic and
troubleshooting tools
available
Copyright 2007,
Disadvantages
Maximum volume
decreases rapidly with
depth
Susceptible to free gas
Frequent repairs
Deviated wellbores are
difficult
Reduced tubing bore
Subsurface safety difficult
Doesnt utilize formation
gas
Can suffer from severe
corrosion
Identifying Problems with

Rod Pumping
Dynamometer
Measures the load applied to the top rod in a string

of sucker rods (the polished rod)
A dynamometer card is a recording of the loads on
the polished rod throughout one full pumping cycle
(upstroke and downstroke)
A dynamometer load cell can be permanently
installed on a well to continuously monitor rod loads
and dynamics. This device is called a Pump-off
Controller
Copyright 2007,
CONVENTIONAL DYNAGRAPH CARD
Load
Upstroke
Downstroke
Displacement
Copyright 2007,
Dynamometer Card
Polished Rod Load
Upstroke
F Maximum load
End of
upstroke
and beginning
of downstroke
D
C
End of
downstroke
and beginning
of upstroke
Minimum load
Downstroke
Copyright 2007,
Polished Rod Position (0 - stroke

length)
Sonolog Fluid Level Survey
Charge ignited
Sonolog
Sound reflection
Tubing collars
Fluid level
Fluid level
Copyright 2007,
BEAM PUMPING WELL OPTIMIZATION
REAL TIME
DATA
MONITORING
Variables
Dynagraph Card
Motor Current Demand
Liquid Production Rate
Production Gas Liquid Ratio
Water Cut
Tubing Head Pressure and Temperature
Casing Head Pressure and Temperature
Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure and Temperature
(fluid level in the annulus)
Pumping Velocity
Copyright 2007,
BEAM PUMPING WELL OPTIMIZATION
Variables which could change once a year

Data required for calculations at a particular point
in time during the life of the reservoir :
Reservoir Average Pressure and Depth
Stroke Length
Pump Configuration
Tubing Configuration
Flowline Configuration
Production Casing Size
Oil PVT data
Copyright 2007,
AUTOMATIC BEAM PUMPING WELL

TARGET OPTIMIZATION
(a) Full pump card

Load
The conditions of an optimized beam pumping

well are maximum production with a dynamic
fluid level at 100 feet above the pump or sufficient
submergence of the pump to produce a full pump
card .
Displacement
Load
(b) Pump off card
Displacement
Copyright 2007,
For low productivity wells the full pump card

Condition is difficult to maintain and a pump off
condition is generated. When pump off condition
is detected, the pumping unit is shut down by a
pump off controller for a predetermined period
of time to allow fluid build up in the casing-tubing
annulus. The shut down time may be determined
from a build up test.
PUMP ROD PERFORMANCE FROM

Load
(b) Restriction in the well
(c) Sticking Plunger
Displacement
Copyright 2007,
Load
Load
Displacement
(d) Excessive friction in

the pumping system
Displacement
Load
Load
PUMP ROD PERFORMANCE FROM

Displacement
Displacement
(f) Gas pound
Load
Load
(e) Liquid pound
Displacement
(g) Gas lock

Copyright 2007,
Displacement
(h) Plunger undertravel
PUMP OFF CONTROLLER
Pump off Controller
Copyright 2007,
Typical ESP Installation
Copyright 2007,
The Basic ESP System

100 to 100,000 BPD
Installed to 15,000 ft
Equipment diameters from
3.38 to 11.25
Casing Sizes - 4 1/2 to 13
5/8
Variable Speed Available
Metallurgies to Suit
Applications
Copyright 2007,
ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
Range of Application
Extra heavy - light (8.5 - 40 API)
Gas Volume at bottom hole conditions:
less than 15 %
Maximum Temperature: 500 F

Very sensible to solids production and pump
off condition.
Copyright 2007,
The Basic ESP System
Each "stage" consists

of an impeller and a
diffuser. The impeller
takes the fluid and
imparts kinetic energy
to it. The diffuser
converts this kinetic
energy into potential
energy (head).
Copyright 2007,
ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP SCHEMATIC
Oil flows up, through

suction side of
impeller, and is
discharged with
higher pressure, out
through the diffuser.
Impeller
Diffuser
Shaft
video
Copyright 2007,
ESP PRESSURE GRADIENT PROFILE
Pwh
Pressure
Pwh
Depth
gas
ESP
Pdn
Pdn
Pup
P
Pup
Pwf
Copyright 2007,
Pwf
Pr
NODAL ANALYSIS FOR A PUMPING SYSTEM
FLOWING PRESSURE
Discharge Pressure, Pdn
P
Intake
Pressure,
Pup
FLOW RATE, QL
HP = 1.72x10-5P (QoBo + QwBw)
Copyright 2007,
ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE
OPTIMUM
RANGE
HORSE POWER
SP. GR: =1.0
0
Copyright 2007,
100
PUMP EFFICIENCY,%
PUMP EFFICIENCY
HP MOTOR LOAD
HEAD, ft / stage
HEAD CAPACITY
FLOW RATE, QL
ESP SELECTION
1) TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD = P / fluid density

2) FROM TYPICAL PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE
DETERMINE HEAD (FT) PER STAGE AND EFFICIENCY
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
3) NUMBER OF STAGES =
FEET/STAGE
4) HORSE POWER REQ.(HP) = 1.72x10-5P (QoBo + QwBw)
Copyright 2007,
Progressive Cavity Pump
Copyright 2007,
PROGRESSIVE CAVITY PUMP SYSTEM
Gear Box
Drive head
Wellhead
Electric motor
ROTOR
Flowline
Casing
Tubing
Rod String
STATOR
Rotor
Stator
Stop
pin
When the rotor and stator are in place,

defined sealed cavities are formed. As the
rotor turns within the stator, the cavities
progress in an upward direction. When fluid
enters a cavity, it is actually driven to the
surface in a smooth steady flow.
video
Copyright 2007,
When the rotor and stator are in place,

defined sealed cavities are formed. As the
rotor turns within the stator, the cavities
progress in an upward direction. When fluid
enters a cavity, it is actually driven to the
surface in a smooth steady flow.
video
Copyright 2007,
Range of Application and Capabilities
Extra heavy Light oil (8.5 - 40 API)

Production Capacity: 20-3500 STB/day
GOR: 0 -5000 SCF/ STB
Maximum Depth:
- 3000 feet: 500 - 3000 STB/day heavy-extra heavy oil
- 7000 feet : < 500 STB/day heavy-extra heavy oil
Maximum Temperature for subsurface pump: 250 F
Low profile surface components (very low environmental impact)
Does not create emulsions

Does
not gas lock.
Copyright 2007,
Range of Application and Capabilities (cont.)
Able to produce:
High concentrations of sand.
High viscosity fluid.
High percentages of free gas.
Copyright 2007,

Advantages
Simple two piece design
Capable of handling
solids & high viscosity
fluids
Will not emulsify fluid
High volumetric
efficiencies
Copyright 2007,

Limitations
Production rates 3500 bbls/day
Lift capacity 7000 ft.
Elastomer incompatible with certain
fluids/gases
Aromatics (12%)
H2S (max. 6%), CO2(max. 30%)
Other chemical additives
Max. Temperature up to 250 F.

Copyright 2007,
PROGRESSIVE CAVITY PUMP

WITH BOTTOM DRIVE MOTOR
Tubing
APPLICATIONS:
Progressing
Cable
Cavity Pump
Horizontal wells
Deep wells
Rotor
Stator
Intake
Gear Box &
Flex Drive
Intake
Gearbo
x
Protector
Protect
or
Deviated wells with severe dogleg

Motor
Copyright 2007,
Motor
Applications
Heavy oil and bitumen.

Production of solids-laden
fluids.
Medium to sweet crude.
Agricultural areas.
Urban areas.
Copyright 2007,
Progressing Cavity Pump Basics

Characteristics
Interference fit between the rotor and

stator creates a series of isolated
cavities
Rotation of the rotor causes the cavities
to move or progress from one end of
the pump to the other
Copyright 2007,

Displacement
Copyright 2007,

Flow Characteristics
Non Pulsating
Pump Generates Pressure Required To
Move Constant Volume
Flow is a function of RPM
Copyright 2007,

Pulsationless Flow
Q
Copyright 2007,
FLOW RATE
=A
CAVITY AREA
FLUID CAVITY VELOCITY

PC Pump Types
CONVENTIONAL 1:2
Copyright 2007,
MULTILOBE 2:3

Rotation
The Rotor turns eccentrically
within the Stator.
Movement is actually a
combination of two movements:
Rotation about its own axis
Rotation in the opposite
direction of its own axis about
the axis of the Stator.
Copyright 2007,

PCP Description
Stator Pitch
(one full turn)
Eccentricity
Stator
Copyright 2007,
Rotor

PCP Description
D = Minor Diameter of Stator
Major Diameter of Stator
P = Stator Pitch length

(one full turn = two cavities)
Copyright 2007,
4E

Pumping Principle
The geometry of the helical gear formed by the rotor and

the stator is fully defined by the following parameters:
the diameter of the Rotor
= D (in.)
eccentricity
= E (in.)
pitch length of the Stator
= P (in.)
The minimum length required for the pump to create
effective pumping action is the pitch length. This is the
length of one seal line.
Copyright 2007,

Pumping Principle
Each full turn of the Rotor produces two cavities of fluid.
Pump displacement = Volume produced for each turn of
the rotor
V = C *D*E*P
C = Constant (SI: 5.76x10-6, Imperial: 5.94x10-4)
At zero head, the flow rate is directionally proportional to
the rotational speed N:
Q = V*N
Copyright 2007,
Example
Given:
Pump eccentricity (e) = 0.25 in
Pump rotor diameter (D) = 1.5 in
Pump stator pitch (p) = 6.0 in
Pump speed (N) = 200 RPM
Find:
Pump displacement
Theoretical fluid rate
Copyright 2007,
HYDRAULIC JET PUMP
NOZZLE
THROAT
DIFUSSER
FLUIDOFLUID
DE
POWER
COMBINED
POTENCIA
FLUID
RETURN
PRODUCTION
INLET
BOQUILLA
NOZZLE
CHAMBER
THROAT
CASING
REVESTIDOR
DIFUSSER
DIFUSOR
FLUIDOS
FLUIDS
FORMATION
FORMACION
video
Copyright 2007,
HYDRAULIC JET PUMP

OPPORTUNITIES FOR APLICATION:
Can be installed in small tubing

diameter (down to 2-3/8) and with
coiled tubing (1-1/4).
Highly deviated/horizontal wells with
small hole diameter.
Can be hydraulically recovered without
using wireline.
Low equipment costs
No moving parts
High solids content
High GOR
No depth limitations
Extra heavy-light oil (8.5 - 40 API)
Production: 100 -20000 STB/day
Copyright 2007,

Artificial Lift

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Artificial Lift

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ARTIFICIAL LIFT

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ARTIFICIAL LIFT ASSISTED PRODUCTION

INITIAL PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE

Flow Rate ( STB/day )

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ARTIFICIAL LIFT ASSISTED PRODUCTION

FINAL PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE

Flow Rate ( STB/day )

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ARTIFICIAL LIFT ASSISTED PRODUCTION

Flow Rate ( STB/day )

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As pressure in the reservoir declines, the producing capacity

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Comparison of Lift Methods

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10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 BPD

Comparison of Lift Methods

Overall System Efficiency (%)

Artificial Lift Type

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SCHEMATIC OF A CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT WELL

Gas Lift involves the supply of high

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SCHEMATIC OF A CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT WELL

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TYPES OF CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT VALVES

Casing Pressure Operated Valve

Tubing Pressure Operated Valve

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Casing Pressure Operated Valve

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GAS LIFT MANDRELS

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UNLOADING PROCESS OF A GAS LIFT WELL

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LIQUID PRODUCTION RATE, QL

(a) Gas lift well analysis

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LIQUID PRODUCTION RATE, QL

BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf

GAS LIFT WELL PERFORMANCE

Maximum liquid production

GAS INJECTION RATE, Qgi

(b) Effect of gas injection rate

EFFECT OF THE POINT OF GAS INJECTION DEPTH

Maximum Injection Depth

Available Gas Volume

GAS INJECTION RATE, Qgi

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GAS LIFT DESIGN FOR CASING PRESSURE OPERATED VALVES

Available gas surface pressure

Tubing flowing pressure

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GAS INJECTION RATE (MMSCF/D)

Gas Injection Rate

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Different Injection Gas