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Nazli Azimikor
Abstract
Design of Steel-Concrete
Composite Decks
For:
Dr. Stiemer
CIVL 510
University of British Columbia
By:
Nazli Azimikor
41055021
4/28/2010
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CIVL 510
Nazli Azimikor
Table of Contents
Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Decks ................................... 1
Abstract ....................................................................................... 1
Table of Contents ............................................................................ 2
Table of Figures .............................................................................. 2
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................... 3
2.0 Background ............................................................................... 3
3.0 Statement of the Problem and the Solution Approach .............. 4
4.0 Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet .................................................... 5
4.1 Calculation of Specified and Factored Loads ....................... 6
4.2 Analysis and Design Procedure ............................................ 6
5.0 Visual Basic Analysis Tool..................................................... 12
5.1 Limitations on the Use of the Visual Basic Analysis Tool . 13
5.2 Program Set-Up .................................................................. 13
6.0 Conclusion .............................................................................. 15
7.0 Bibliography ........................................................................... 16
Appendix A: Visual Basic Code ............................................... 17
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Composite T-Beam cross section . Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 2: Stress distribution along member's width and equivalent
width. .............................................................................................. 7
Figure 3: The possible locations of neutral ..................................... 8
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1.0 Introduction
Design of composite steel and concrete structures has become an
essential component of engineering due to the widely popular use
of the two materials in construction. Applications of design with
composite sections range from buildings, to bridges, to
foundations, and to special structures.
The high tensile resistance of steel and the compression strength of
concrete complement each other in construction and their
combination makes for highly efficient design. Therefore, steelconcrete composite sections can be advantageous in that they allow
for use of shallower steel beams in construction, consequently
reducing the steel weight. The highly efficient cross section also
means stiffer floors and/or decks for the same depth and therefore
increased span.
To ensure composite action between concrete and steel, shear
connectors such as Nelson studs are required. Therefore some of
the disadvantages of composite section design can be the extra cost
of shear connector and their presence as a tripping hazard during
construction. Also, during service, the vibration of the floor/deck
may sometimes be an issue due to the shallow depth of the
sections. Finally, design of composite sections requires more
engineering time and effort.
Therefore, it is worthwhile to develop tools to help with rapid
analysis and design of steel-concrete sections and to assess the
usefulness of their application for projects. The objective of this
project is to develop simple and easy to use tools to allow rapid
engineering calculation and documentation. As such, a spreadsheet
has been developed that takes user input information with regards
to loads and dimensions of the section and performs step-by-step
analysis to aid with design. For the purposes of very quick
Nazli Azimikor
2.0 Background
Composite structural members are made by joining a steel
component to a concrete component. For the purposes of this
project, the composite steel-concrete section for a deck is analyzed.
Such a section consists of a steel member, such as a wide flange
steel beam, connected to a concrete component, such as a floor
slab. The connections between the materials are created by the use
of shear connectors such as Nelson studs, as is shown in figure 1.
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shear transfer
Sum of factored resistances of all shear connections, Qr, for 100
percent connections
Transformed moment of inertia, It
Transformed section modulus, St
In addition to the above outputs, the Excel spreadsheet performs
checks to ensure conditions during construction are satisfactory
and determines the number of shear connectors required.
In the sections that follow, the functions of each tool and their
methods of development are discussed in more detail.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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CISC Sections
Loads
User Input
Analysis
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(1)
If the steel section's moment capacity as determined above is lower
than the factored bending moment due to construction loads as
previously discussed, then the user must specify a larger steel
beam/girder.
Next, section properties in composite action must be determined.
Calculating the section's strength and its properties requires finding
the location of its neutral axis. This is because at the neutral axis,
the section does not experience any strains and therefore, this point
is an important reference point in determining the magnitude and
direction of internal forces and subsequently the section's bending
moment capacity. The sections moment of inertia and section
modulus are also dependent on the location of the neutral axis.
The neutral axis can be located by satisfying equilibrium
conditions. The location of the neutral axis may vary depending on
the value of the compressive strength of concrete in relation to the
tensile strength of steel. Assuming a rigid-plastic approach, the
unfactored axial strength of steel can be determined by multiplying
the area of steel in tension, As, by its yield strength, Fy. Similarly,
the compressive strength of concrete is equal to the area of the
concrete in compression, Ac, multiplied by the compressive
resistance of concrete, fc.
However, before the area of concrete in compression can be
calculated, the effective width of the concrete slab must first be
determined. The concept of effective width is useful in design of
composite steel-concrete structures since the stress is non-
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member and the span of the member. This effective width is then
used in the subsequent calculations.
f A
f A
(2)
(3)
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if N. A. in steel
if N. A. in concrete
(4)
Step 7 through 10: Find the exact location of neutral axis and
corresponding moment resistance
Whether the neutral axis was found to be in concrete or in steel,
solving the equation of equilibrium for Tr = Cr provides the exact
location of the neutral axis in either case.
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A
A
(5)
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(6)
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Ad
(7)
When using equation (7), the transformed width of concrete and its
depth in compression must be used. Also, note that di is the
distance between the centroid of each area segment to the centroid
of the section.
Step 15: Transformed section modulus of the composite section
In this step, the transformed section modulus is determined using
the calculated transformed moment of inertia and the centroid of
the section as follows:
S
(8)
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Since the spreadsheet allows the user to specify wide flange beams
or built-up sections, before determining the shear capacity of the
section, its slenderness ratio must be checked. This is to ensure that
the cross section does not buckle before reaching its shear
capacity. To prevent this from happening, clause 14.3.1 of the CSA
S16-01 specifies a maximum slenderness ratio
of
, for
In Steps 19 and 20, the shear buckling coefficient, kv, and the
aspect coefficient, ka, are determined based on the calculated value
of aspect ratio, respectively given the following equations as
provided in CSA S16-01 section 13.4.1.1:
4
k
5.34
k
Considering the above, the slenderness ratio of the web is
calculated in Step 17 and a warning message is displayed if web
buckling is determined to be an issue. The user may choose to
change the design if the web slenderness becomes an issue.
It must be kept in mind, however, that the web of a slender girder
can carry loads even after it has buckled inelastically in shear.
Shear buckling is characterized by diagonal tension strands in the
web. The diagonal pattern of shear buckles allows the development
of zones of tension called tension fields. The shear strength
arising from the tension-field action in the web develops a band of
tensile forces that occur after the web has buckled under diagonal
compression. Equilibrium is maintained by the transfer of forces to
the vertical stiffeners. As the girder load increases, the angle of
tension field changes to accommodate the greatest carrying
capacity. The longitudinal component of the tension field must be
transmitted to the flange in the adjacent panel.
and
if
if
a
a
h
h
1
1
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
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h
w
439
k
F
and 27 the area of shear studs and the concrete pull-out area are
calculated based on user input values for stud diameter and height.
In Step 28, the factored shear resistance per stud in concrete is
determined based on type of slab specified. In Step 29, the factored
shear resistance of each stud is determined based on their cross
sectional area and ultimate capacity using the following equation
given in CSA S16-01 clause 17.7.2.1:
q
0.66F
if
290
0.5F
0.5F
F k
h
w
if
439
k
F
h
w
502
k
F
0.866 F
if
502
k
F
h
w
621
k
F
0.866 F
if
621
k
F
h
w
A F
(13)
where Aw is the area of steel web calculated in Step 23. In Step 25,
the shear resistance of the section is compared with the factored
applied shear and a warning message is displayed if the applied
shear exceeds shear resistance of the section.
Steps 26 through 32:
To ensure that composite action is achieved, shear flow must be
transferred from the concrete slab to the steel section. This is why
shear connectors, such as Nelson Studs are used to connect the
concrete deck to the steel beams or girders. Therefore, in Steps 26
Nazli Azimikor_Composite Deck Design Report.docx
Nazli Azimikor
smaller of
0.5 A
f E
A F
(14)
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1.
As is the case with any engineering software, the person using the
composite section program for analysis must fully understand the
fundamentals and methodologies used in the calculations. The
results obtained from engineering software should never be taken
to be flawless; the user must have at least an idea of what results
are to be expected, and sample verifying calculations should
always be completed.
The composite design program provided as part of this assignment
is limited in that it assumes linear elastic-perfectly plastic
behaviour of both the steel and concrete. It also calculates the
transformed moment of inertia and section modulus based on 100
percent shear connection. Moreover, the area of steel is calculated
based on the assumption that the steel section can be divided into
perfectly rectangular segments. When using the program for
analysis, the user must keep these limitations of the program in
mind.
2.
3.
The remainder of the VBA module created for this tool contains
several functions that will appropriately be called upon by the
operator subroutine CompositeSection().
The first of such functions in the VBA module is called
AreaSteel(). This function simply calculates the total area of the
steel section according to the dimensions specified by the user. The
value of the area of steel returned by this function is used in the
main subroutine, other functions and is also output at the user
interface.
Function EffecitveWidth() takes the values for the length and span
of the concrete member, as provided by the user, and through the
procedure described in section 4.2 determines the effective width
of concrete in compression.
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6.0 Conclusion
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7.0 Bibliography
Bradford, Mark A., Deric J. Oehlers. "Elementary Behaviour of
Composite Steel and Concrete Structural Members." ButterworthHeinemann, 1999. 1-15.
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction. "Handbook of Steel
Construction." Toronto, Ontario: Quadratone Graphics Ltd., 2006.
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'compression resistance
'tensile resistance
'shear flow
'distance from the top of the
'deck thickness
'Modulus of elasticity of steel
Sub CompositeSection()
Dim Asteel As Double
section
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Es = ActiveCell.Value
section
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Qr = shear()
'Output the shear transfer on cell F17 in kN
Sheets("Composite Sections").Activate
ActiveSheet.Cells(17, 6) = Qr / 1000
'Calculate the Moment resistance Mr for 100% shear transfer
Dim Mrc100 As Double
'If the shear flow calculated earlier was equal to Tr then N.A. is in
concrete
If Qr = Tr Then
Mrc100 = NAinConcrete()
Else
'Otherwise the N.A. is in steel and Mrc should be calculated accordingly
Mrc100 = NAinSteel(1, Asteel)
End If
'Concrete Length
'Concrete span
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'a=(fi_s*fy*Asteel)/(0.85*fi_c*fc*beff)
'also (0.85*fi_c*fc*beff)=Cr/tc
A = Tr / (Cr / t)
End Sub
Public Function AreaSteel()
'calculate area of steel
AreaSteel = (2 * tf * bf) + (tw) * (d - (2 * tf))
End Function
Public Function EffectiveWidth() As Double
'calculate effective width of concrete according to S16-01
If (L / 4) < S Then
EffectiveWidth = L / 4
Else
EffectiveWidth = S
End If
End Function
Public Function AreaConc() As Double
'calculate area of concrete
AreaConc = beff * t
End Function
Public Function shear() As Double
'Qr=min of (Tr & Cr)
If Cr < Tr Then
shear = Cr
Else
shear = Tr
End If
End Function
Function NAinConcrete() As Double
'calculate a
Dim e As Double
'lever arm for the couple moment
'calculate e
e = t + h + (d / 2) - (A / 2)
'Moment resistance = Tr * e (kN.m)
NAinConcrete = Tr * e / 10 ^ 6
End Function
Function NAinSteel(PercentageShear As Double, Area As Double) As
Double
Dim Asc As Double
Dim Af As Double
If Qr = Tr Then
'if Qr=Tr then for the incomplete shear transfer the Area of steel in
compression simplifies to
Asc = 0.5 * (1 - PercentageShear) * Area
compression for Qr=Tr
'Sheets("Composite Sections").Activate
'ActiveSheet.Cells(11, 9) = 1 - PercentageShear
'Sheets("Composite Sections").Activate
'ActiveSheet.Cells(11, 8) = Asc
'Area of steel in
'checked
'checked
Else
'if Qr=Cr then the N.A. was in the steel to begin with and it
remains in the steel
'simplified calculations for
Asc = (Tr - Cr * PercentageShear) / (2 * fi_s * fy) 'Area of steel in
compression for Qr = Cr
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End If
'calculate area of one of the steel flanges
Af = bf * tf
'Sheets("Composite Sections").Activate
'ActiveSheet.Cells(11, 10) = Af
'checked
'compare the area of steel in compression Asc
'if the area of steel in compression is less than the area of one flange, then
N.A. is in the flange
If Asc <= Af Then
NAinSteel = NAinSteelFlange(Asc, PercentageShear)
Else
'otherwise the N.A. is in the steel web
NAinSteel = NAinSteelWeb(Asc, PercentageShear)
End If
End Function
Function NAinSteelFlange(Area As Double, Percentage As Double) As
Double
'Declare variables to calculate individual areas and their centroids
Dim x As Double
'distance from the top of top flange to
NA
Dim Af1 As Double
'Area of each flange (bottom flange)
Dim Cf1 As Double
'Centroid of bottom flange
Dim Aw As Double
'Area of web
Dim Cw As Double
'centroid of web
Dim Af2 As Double
'Area of the part of top flange in tension
Dim Cf2 As Double
'Centroid of tension part of top flange
Dim Cf3 As Double
'Centroid of part of top flange in
compression
Dim V As Double
'Total shear force transferred
Dim CC As Double
'Centroid of concrete in compression
x = Area / bf
Af1 = tf * bf
Cf1 = tf / 2
Aw = tw * (d - (2 * tf))
Cw = d / 2
Af2 = Af1 - Area
Cf2 = d - (tf / 2) - (x / 2)
Cf3 = d - (x / 2)
V = Qr * Percentage
percentage of total Q
CC = t / 2 + d + h
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Af1 = tf * bf
Cf1 = tf / 2
Af2 = tf * bf
Cf2 = d - (tf / 2)
x = (Area - Af1) / tw
Aw2 = tw * x
Cw2 = d - tf - (x / 2)
Aw1 = tw * (d - (2 * tf) - x)
Cw1 = tf + 0.5 * (d - (2 * tf) - x)
V = Qr * Percentage
'shear transferred in concrete is the
percentage of total Q
CC = t / 2 + d + h
Dim Mr1 As Double
Dim Mr2 As Double
Dim Mr3 As Double
Dim Mr4 As Double
Dim Mr5 As Double
'Calculate each individual moment
Mr1 = (fi_s * fy * Af1 * Cf1) / 10 ^ 6
Mr2 = (fi_s * fy * Aw1 * Cw1) / 10 ^ 6
Mr3 = (fi_s * fy * Af2 * Cf2) / 10 ^ 6
Mr4 = (fi_s * fy * Aw2 * Cw2) / 10 ^ 6
Mr5 = (V * CC) / 10 ^ 6
'take the sum of moments acting on the cross section about the bottom of
the steel
NAinSteelWeb = Abs(Mr1 + Mr2 - Mr3 - Mr4 - Mr5)
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End Function
Public Function MomentInertia() As Double
Dim n As Double
Dim btr As Double
Dim dweb As Double
Dim y As Double
Dim c As Double
Dim ybar As Double
n = Es / 4500 / Sqr(fc)
btr = beff / n
dweb = d - 2 * tf
y = (t * btr * (d + h + t / 2) + AreaSteel() * d / 2) / (AreaSteel() + btr * t)
If y > d Then
c = -AreaSteel() / btr / 3 + Sqr(AreaSteel() ^ 2 + 6 * btr * AreaSteel()
* (d / 2 + h + t)) / btr / 3
ybar = (c * btr * (d + h + t - c / 2) + AreaSteel() * d / 2) / (AreaSteel()
+ btr * c)
MomentInertia = 2 * bf * tf ^ 3 / 12 _
+ bf * tf * (ybar - tf / 2) ^ 2 _
+ tw * dweb ^ 3 / 12 _
+ tw * dweb * (d / 2 - ybar) ^ 2 _
+ bf * tf * (d - tf / 2 - ybar) ^ 2 _
+ btr * c ^ 3 / 12 _
+ btr * c * (d + t + h - c / 2 - ybar) ^ 2
Else
ybar = (t * btr * (d + h + t / 2) + AreaSteel() * d / 2) / (AreaSteel() +
btr * t)
MomentInertia = 2 * bf * tf ^ 3 / 12 _
+ bf * tf * (ybar - tf / 2) ^ 2 _
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End Function
Public Function SectionModulus()
Dim c As Double
c = d + h + t - ybar()
If ybar() > c Then
SectionModulus = MomentInertia() / ybar()
Else
SectionModulus = MomentInertia() / c
End If
End Function
Public Function ybar() As Double
Dim n As Double
Dim btr As Double
Dim dweb As Double
Dim y As Double
Dim c As Double
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End Function
n = Es / 4500 / Sqr(fc)
btr = beff / n
y = (t * btr * (d + h + t / 2) + AreaSteel() * d / 2) / (AreaSteel() + btr * t)
If y > d Then
c = -AreaSteel() / btr / 3 + Sqr(AreaSteel() ^ 2 + 6 * btr * AreaSteel()
* (d / 2 + h + t)) / btr / 3
ybar = (c * btr * (d + h + t - c / 2) + AreaSteel() * d / 2) / (AreaSteel()
+ btr * c)
Else
ybar = (t * btr * (d + h + t / 2) + AreaSteel() * d / 2) / (AreaSteel() +
btr * t)
End If
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