Table 1: Simple model of true cost of ownership for a new high density data center

Energy and power use/costs

% of racks
# of racks
# of U per rack
% filled
# of U filled
Power use/filled U
Total power use/rack
Total Direct IT power use
Total electricity use
IT (UPS) load
Cooling
Auxiliaries
Total power use

Units

Servers Disk storage Tape storage Networking

Totals

Notes

80%
160
42
76%
5120

8%
16
42
76%
511

2%
4
42
76%
128

10%
20
42
76%
638

100%
200
42
76%
6397

1
2
3
4
5

W
kW/rack
kW

385
12.3
1971

200
6.4
102

50
1.6
6

150
4.8
96

340
10.9
2175

6
7
8

kW
kW
kW
kW

1971
1281
690
3942

102
66
36
204

6
4
2
13

96
62
34
192

2175
1414
761
4351

8
9
10
11

W/sf elect. Active

W/sf elect. Active
W/sf elect. Active
W/sf elect. Active

99
64
34
197

5
3
2
10

0
0
0
1

5
3
2
10

109
71
38
218

12
12
12
12

M kWh/year
M kWh/year
M kWh/year
M kWh/year

16.4
10.7
5.7
32.8

0.9
0.6
0.3
1.7

0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1

0.8
0.5
0.3
1.6

18.1
11.8
6.3
36.2

13
13
13
13

M $/year
M $/year
M $/year
M $/year

1.11
0.72
0.39
2.23

0.06
0.04
0.02
0.12

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01

0.05
0.04
0.02
0.11

1.23
0.80
0.43
2.46

14
14
14
14

86
4.5
189
23.0

30
6.7
280
3.4

6
8.3
350
1.1

100
1.5
63
1.0

28

15
16
17
18

Electric power density

IT load
Cooling
Auxiliaries
Total power use
Total electricity consumption
IT load
Cooling
Auxiliaries
Total electricity use
Total energy cost
IT load
Cooling
Auxiliaries
Total electricity cost
Capital costs (Cap Ex)
IT capital costs
Watts per thousand $ of IT costs watts/thousand $
Cost per filled U
k $/U
Cost per filled rack
k $/rack
Total IT costs
M$

Other capital costs

Rack costs
External hardwired connections
Internal routers and switches
Rack management hardware
Rack costs total
External hardwired connections total
Internal routers and switches total
Rack management hardware total

Units
k $/rack
k $/rack
k $/rack
k $/rack
M$
M$
M$
M$

Servers Disk storage Tape storage Networking

3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
0.48
0.80
0.80
0.48

0.05
0.08
0.08
0.05

0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01

0.06
0.10
0.10
0.06

Cabling costs (total)

Point of Presence (POP)

M$

kW related infrastructure costs

M$

Other facility costs (elect. active)

Interest during construction
Land costs
Architectural and engineering fees
Inert gas fire suppression

M$
M$
M$
M$
M$

Total installed capital costs

Capital costs with 3 year life
Capital costs with 15 year life
Annualized capital costs

46.9

2.4

0.2

2.3

M$
$/sf elect. active
M$
M$
M $/year

Totals

Notes
19
20
21
22

0.6
1.0
1.0
0.6

23
23
23
23

1.3

24

3.5

25

51.8

26

5.2
4.0
0.50
2.9
1.0

27
28
29
30
31

101.8
5091
30
72

32
33

19.3

34

2.5
0.5

35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

Annual operating expenses (Op Ex)

Total electricity costs
Network fees
Other operating expenses
IT site management staff
Facilities site management staff
Maintenance
Janitorial and landscaping
Security
Property taxes
Total other operating expenses

M $/year
M $/year

2.2

0.1

0.01

0.1

M $/year
M $/year
M $/year
M $/year
M $/year
M $/year
M $/year

0.39
0.52
0.42
0.16
0.70
0.72
2.91

Total operating expenses

M $/year

5.9

44

Total Annualized costs

Total
Per unit of electrically active floor spac
Per server

M $/year
$/sf/year
$/server/year

25.2
1260
4922

45
46
47

Assumptions (Note: All costs are 2007 dollars. Contact JGKoomey@stanford.edu with questions or comments)
1) Fraction of racks allocated to different categories based on Uptime institute consulting experience and judgment for high
performance computing in financial applications.
2) Number of racks calculated based on 20ksf electrically active floor area, 100 square feet per rack, and percentage breakdown
from previous row.
3) Racks are standard (6.5 feet high with 42 Us per rack).
4) % of rack filled based on Uptime consulting experience.
5) The total number of Us filled is the product of the number of racks times total Us per rack times the % filled.
6) Energy use per U taken from selective review of market/technology data. Server power and costs per watt assumes IBM X-3550
1U system.
7) Energy use per rack is the product of the total number of Us filled times watts per installed U.
8) Total direct IT energy use is the product of watts per rack times the number of racks of a given type.
9) Cooling electricity use (including chillers, fans, pumps, CRAC units) is estimated as 0.65 times the IT load .
10) Auxiliaries electricity use (including UPS/PDU losses, lights, and other losses) is estimated as 0.35 times IT load.
11) Total electricity use is the sum of IT, cooling, and auxiliaries. Cooling and auxiliaries together are equal to the IT load (Power
overhead multiplier = 2.0).
12) Electricity intensity is calculated by dividing the power associated with a particular component (eg IT load) by the total
electrically active area of the facility.
13) Total electricity consumption is calculated using the total power, a power load factor of 95%, and 8766 hours/year (average
over leap and non-leap years).
14) Total energy cost calculated by multiplying electricity consumption by the average U.S. industrial electricity price in 2007 (6.8
cents/kWh, 2007 dollars).
15) Watts per thousand 2007 dollars of IT costs taken from selective review of market and technology data. Server number
calculated assuming IBM x3550 1U server as described in next note.
16) Cost per filled U taken from selective review of market and technology data. Server street cost calculated assuming IBM
x3550 1U server with 8 GB RAM, two dual core 2.66 GHz Intel processors (19.2 GFLOPS max/server).
17) Cost per filled rack is the product of the cost per U and the total # of Us per rack (42).
18) Total IT costs are the product of the number of filled Us and the cost per filled U.
19) Rack costs are the costs of the rack structure alone.
20) External hardwired connections costs are Uptime estimates.
21) Internal routers and switch costs are Uptime estimates.
22) Rack management hardware costs are Uptime estimates.
23) Total costs for racks, hardwired connections, and internal routers and switches are the product of the cost per rack and the
number of racks.
24) Cabling costs totals are Uptime estimates.
25) Point of presence costs are Uptime estimates for a dual POP OC96 installation.
26) kW related infrastructure costs (taken from Turner and Seader 2006) are based on Tier 3 architecture, $23,801 per kW cost.
Assumes immediate full build out. Includes costs for non electrically active area. Construction costs escalated to 2007$ using
Turner construction cost indices for 2005 and 2006 (http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=20) and 2007
forecast (http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=5952). Electricity prices escalated to 2007$ using the GDP
deflator 2005 to 2006 and 3% inflation for 2006 to 2007.
27) Other facility costs are based on $262 per square foot of electrically active area (taken from Turner and Seader 2006. Costs are
in 2007 $, escalated as described in the previous footnote).
28) Interest during construction estimated based on total infrastructure and other facility capital costs assuming a 7% real interest
rate for one year.
29) Land cost based on $100,000 per acre, 5 acres total.
30) Architectural and engineering fees are estimated as 5% of kW related infrastructure costs plus other facility costs (electrically
active). Cost percentage is based on personal communication with Peter Rumsey of Rumsey Engineers, 9 July 2007.
31) Cost for inert gas fire suppression are Uptime estimates ($50/sf of electrically active floor area).
32) Capital costs with 15
three
year
life include
equipment
(which
include
internal
routers
and rack,
switches).
33)
year
lifetime
includeallallITcapital
costs costs
besides
IT costs
(these
costs also
include
cabling, and external
hardwire connection costs).
34) Capital costs are annualized with the capital recovery factor calculated using the appropriate lifetime (three or 15 years) and a
7% real discount rate.
35) Total electricity costs include both IT and infrastructure energy costs (see notes 11, 12, 13, and 14).
36) Network fees are Uptime estimates.

37) Other operating expenses based on Uptime Institute estimates for a Midwest mid-size town location. Benefits are assumed to
be equal to 30% of salary.
38) IT site management staff costs assume $100k/yr salary, 3 people per shift, 1 shift per day.
39) Facilities site management staff costs assume $100k/yr salary, 3 people per shift, 1 shift per day.
40) Maintenance costs assume non-union in-house facilities staff, $80k/yr salary, 4 people per shift, 1 shift per day.
41) Janitorial and landscaping costs assume $4/gross square foot of building area per year (based on Uptime estimates).
42) Security costs assume $60k/yr salary, 3 people per shift, 3 shifts per day.
43) Annual property taxes estimated as 1% of the total installed capital cost of the building (not including IT costs).
44) Total operating expenses include electricity costs, network fees, and other operating expenses.
45) Total annualized costs include capital and operating costs.
46) Costs per square foot per year are calculated by dividing total annualized costs by the total electrically active floor area.
47) Costs per server are calculated assuming that all servers are 1U Volume servers and by dividing total annualized costs by the
number of Us occupied by servers.

For the report

IT capital costs

Site infrastructure capital costs

Other operating expenses

Energy costs

Ba

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Percentage of total annualized cost

For presentations

IT capital costs

Site infrastructure capital costs

IT capital costs

Site infrastructure capital costs

Other operating expenses

Energy costs
0% 5% 10% 15%

Percentage of total annua

Bars sum to 100%

% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

al annualized cost

Bars sum to 100%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

ntage of total annualized cost

Price indices

From
Table 1.1.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product
Downloaded 1 Feb 07 from http://bea.gov/bea/dn/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=Y
1929
11.943
1930
11.48
1931
10.334
1932
9.15
1933
8.91
1934
9.351
1935
9.534
1936
9.644
1937
9.998
1938
9.81
1939
9.688
1940
9.771
1941
10.405
1942
11.255
1943
11.885
1944
12.165
1945
12.478
1946
13.934
1947
15.488
1948
16.372
1949
16.364
1950
16.493
1951
17.626
1952
18.009
1953
18.24
1954
18.434
1955
18.709
1956
19.36
1957
20.039
1958
20.512
1959
20.754
1960
21.044
1961
21.281
1962
21.572

1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003

21.801
22.134
22.538
23.18
23.897
24.916
26.153
27.538
28.916
30.171
31.854
34.721
38.007
40.202
42.758
45.762
49.553
54.062
59.128
62.738
65.214
67.664
69.724
71.269
73.204
75.706
78.569
81.614
84.457
86.402
88.39
90.265
92.115
93.859
95.415
96.475
97.868
100
102.402
104.193
106.409

2004
2005
2006
2007

109.429
112.744
116.053
119.535 assume

3% growth in prices 2006 to 2007

Price indices based on turner construction cost indices, http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/c

Index
2005
2006
2007

Annual growth
717
793
853

10.6%
7.60% Use 7.6% forecast Q2 2007 rel to Q2 2006, http

nerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=20

ast Q2 2007 rel to Q2 2006, http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=5952

Report #: DOE/EIA-0383(2007)
Release date full report: February 2007
Next release date full report: February 2008
Table 3. Energy Prices by Sector and Source
(2005 dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted)

2004

2005

2006

2007

Residential
Liquefied Petroleum Gases
Distillate Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
Electricity

18.21
12.89
10.72
27.10

19.29
14.73
12.43
27.59

21.16
16.91
13.04
27.64

24.54
17.45
11.83
27.49

Commercial
Distillate Fuel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
Electricity

10.48
6.25
9.40
24.59

12.68
8.41
11.20
25.25

14.63
10.10
11.38
25.74

15.32
7.88
10.27
25.34

Industrial 1/
Liquefied Petroleum Gases
Distillate Fuel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
Natural Gas 2/
Metallurgical Coal
Other Industrial Coal
Coal to Liquids
Electricity

11.18
10.99
5.77
6.47
2.31
1.80
N/A
15.88

16.96
13.08
7.77
8.16
3.06
2.15
N/A
16.69

18.96
15.14
9.34
7.45
3.25
2.20
N/A
18.26

17.51
15.44
9.88
7.36
3.30
2.24
N/A
18.77

Transportation
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 3/
E85 4/
Motor Gasoline 5/
Jet Fuel 6/
Distillate Fuel Oil 7/
Residual Fuel Oil
Natural Gas 8/
Electricity

19.68
20.91
15.72
9.22
13.58
4.85
11.91
26.10

23.92
23.10
18.64
13.14
17.52
5.51
14.76
25.22

26.81
24.81
21.15
14.96
19.79
7.16
11.98
26.12

22.71
27.77
20.96
12.99
19.71
8.82
12.28
25.63

Electric Power 9/

Distillate Fuel Oil

Residual Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
Steam Coal
Average Price to All Users 10/
Liquefied Petroleum Gases
E85 4/
Motor Gasoline 5/
Jet Fuel
Distillate Fuel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
Metallurgical Coal
Other Coal
Coal to Liquids
Electricity

9.52
4.99
6.11
1.40

11.38
6.96
8.18
1.53

13.24
7.85
6.97
1.67

14.26
7.19
7.12
1.69

12.69
20.91
15.71
9.22
12.91
5.10
7.83
2.31
1.43
N/A
23.01

17.48
23.10
18.60
13.14
16.22
6.59
9.65
3.06
1.57
N/A
23.73

19.46
24.81
21.11
14.96
18.42
7.92
9.14
3.25
1.71
N/A
24.38

19.00
27.77
20.96
12.99
18.44
8.25
8.76
3.30
1.73
N/A
24.32

Non-Renewable Energy Expenditures by Sector

(billion 2005 dollars)
Residential
195.99
215.13
218.81
221.30
Commercial
141.78
154.38
157.85
156.07
Industrial
184.23
196.07
205.40
217.88
Transportation
385.00
474.66
545.72
538.79
Total Non-Renewable Expenditures
907.00 1040.25 1127.78 1134.03
Transportation Renewable Expenditures
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.04
Total Expenditures
907.02 1040.29 1127.82 1134.07

1/ Includes energy for combined heat and power plants, except those whose primary business
2/ Excludes use for lease and plant fuel.
3/ Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes.
4/ E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (non
varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast.
5/ Sales weighted-average price for all grades. Includes Federal, State, and local taxes.
6/ Kerosene-type jet fuel. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local ta
7/ Diesel fuel for on-road use. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and lo
8/ Compressed natural gas used as a vehicle fuel. Includes estimated motor vehicle fuel taxe
9/ Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants whose primary business is to
10/ Weighted averages of end-use fuel prices are derived from the prices shown in each secto
Btu = British thermal unit.
N/A = Not applicable.
Note: Data for 2004 and 2005 are model results and may differ slightly from official EIA data
Sources: 2004 and 2005 prices for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and jet fuel are based on

DOE/EIA-0487(2005) (Washington, DC, August 2006). 2004 residential and commercial natural
(Washington, DC, December 2005). 2005 residential and commercial natural gas delivered pric
2004 and 2005 industrial natural gas delivered prices are estimated based on: EIA, Manufactur
Natural Gas Annual 2004, DOE/EIA-0131(2004) (Washington, DC, December 2005) and the Natu
transportation sector natural gas delivered prices are based on: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2004,
federal taxes, and dispensing costs or charges. 2005 transportation sector natural gas delivere
EIA, Electric Power Monthly, May 2005 through April 2006, Table 4.11.A. 2004 and 2005 coal pri
(2005/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2006) and EIA, AEO2007 National Energy Modeling System r
2005, DOE/EIA-0384(2005) (Washington, DC, July 2006). 2004 and 2005 ethanol prices derived
Energy Modeling System run aeo2007.d112106a.

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

24.49
16.91
11.74
27.37

23.96
15.84
11.25
27.15

23.67
14.87
10.98
26.91

23.26
14.03
10.59
26.51

23.11
13.36
10.44
26.28

22.91
12.60
10.25
26.17

22.94
12.52
10.29
26.04

22.88
12.60
10.24
25.99

14.44
7.80
10.16
25.27

13.45
7.68
9.63
24.92

12.72
7.54
9.34
24.50

11.98
7.06
8.92
23.86

11.34
6.92
8.75
23.59

10.85
5.99
8.54
23.44

10.67
6.31
8.55
23.31

10.73
6.49
8.48
23.33

17.39
14.29
10.08
7.29
3.29
2.25
N/A
18.85

16.75
13.42
9.79
6.74
3.19
2.24
N/A
18.52

16.42
12.95
9.50
6.43
3.09
2.26
N/A
18.01

15.94
12.48
8.78
6.02
2.99
2.25
0.89
17.25

15.77
11.88
8.47
5.87
2.89
2.23
0.88
16.79

15.62
11.64
8.04
5.68
2.79
2.21
0.88
16.59

15.63
11.35
7.98
5.69
2.74
2.21
0.89
16.47

15.57
11.40
8.21
5.65
2.72
2.20
0.89
16.46

22.76
26.00
19.72
11.72
18.21
9.05
12.14
25.75

22.27
24.27
18.69
11.26
17.31
8.60
12.32
25.39

24.34
21.29
17.90
10.91
16.81
8.05
13.97
24.86

23.93
20.53
17.23
10.37
16.00
7.69
13.51
24.32

23.76
20.34
16.86
10.06
15.39
7.34
13.29
24.13

23.54
20.20
16.57
10.03
15.21
7.10
13.04
23.98

23.56
20.01
16.09
9.84
14.82
6.97
12.94
23.79

23.49
20.09
16.06
9.89
14.86
7.04
12.86
23.81

13.77
7.29
7.07
1.70

12.70
6.99
6.53
1.70

11.71
6.58
6.22
1.71

10.78
6.21
5.83
1.67

10.03
5.90
5.69
1.64

9.29
5.46
5.50
1.62

9.20
5.45
5.54
1.61

9.26
5.60
5.50
1.60

18.88
26.00
19.72
11.72
17.20
8.41
8.66
3.29
1.74
N/A
24.30

18.29
24.27
18.69
11.26
16.30
8.06
8.13
3.19
1.73
N/A
24.02

18.02
21.29
17.90
10.91
15.70
7.61
7.83
3.09
1.74
N/A
23.66

17.57
20.53
17.23
10.37
14.92
7.19
7.44
2.99
1.70
0.89
23.09

17.42
20.34
16.86
10.06
14.36
6.87
7.29
2.89
1.67
0.88
22.80

17.27
20.20
16.56
10.03
14.18
6.45
7.09
2.79
1.66
0.88
22.66

17.29
20.01
16.08
9.84
13.86
6.41
7.12
2.74
1.65
0.89
22.55

17.24
20.09
16.06
9.89
13.92
6.55
7.06
2.72
1.63
0.89
22.55

223.50
221.10
220.44
218.08
218.46
217.85
219.40
221.00
159.31
158.54
157.97
156.35
157.31
158.59
160.74
163.37
214.15
207.11
200.48
191.81
187.29
184.92
184.25
184.11
508.11
488.45
476.38
463.41
458.16
458.57
452.79
459.42
1105.07 1075.20 1055.27 1029.66 1021.22 1019.93 1017.18 1027.91
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
1105.12 1075.25 1055.33 1029.74 1021.30 1020.01 1017.26 1028.00

se primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.

motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol actually
for this forecast.
d local taxes.
g county and local taxes.
uding county and local taxes.
or vehicle fuel taxes and estimated dispensing costs or charges.
mary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
hown in each sector and the corresponding sectoral consumption.

m official EIA data reports.

et fuel are based on prices in the Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Annual

ommercial natural gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2004, DOE/EIA-0131(2004)
l gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2006/04) (Washington, DC, April 2006)
n: EIA, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey 1994 and industrial and wellhead prices from the
2005) and the Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2006/04) (Washington, DC, April 2006). 2004
l Gas Annual 2004, DOE/EIA-0131(2004) (Washington, DC, December 2005) and estimated state taxes,
natural gas delivered prices are model results. 2004 and 2005 electric power sector natural gas prices
4 and 2005 coal prices based on: EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2005, DOE/EIA-0121
Modeling System run aeo2007.d112106a. 2004 and 2005 electricity prices: EIA, Annual Energy Revie
anol prices derived from weekly spot prices in the Oxy Fuel News. Projections: EIA, AEO2007 National

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

22.98
12.63
10.33
26.09

23.19
12.74
10.56
26.30

23.13
12.83
10.49
26.45

23.09
13.05
10.44
26.36

23.18
13.15
10.54
26.37

23.15
13.26
10.54
26.42

23.29
13.42
10.67
26.42

23.42
13.36
10.83
26.46

10.87
6.45
8.55
23.48

10.93
6.59
8.74
23.75

11.02
6.70
8.66
23.94

11.29
6.99
8.60
23.89

11.35
7.07
8.67
23.95

11.46
7.24
8.64
24.00

11.69
7.40
8.75
24.01

11.51
7.24
8.87
24.08

15.68
11.63
8.41
5.74
2.71
2.19
0.89
16.61

15.87
11.63
8.56
5.92
2.71
2.19
0.90
16.85

15.87
11.74
8.61
5.88
2.70
2.18
0.91
17.02

15.86
12.06
8.81
5.84
2.69
2.18
0.95
17.00

15.91
12.04
8.91
5.90
2.71
2.18
0.97
17.07

15.88
12.14
9.07
5.89
2.72
2.20
1.01
17.13

15.99
12.42
9.21
6.00
2.72
2.21
1.03
17.14

16.11
12.17
9.15
6.12
2.71
2.21
1.03
17.21

23.56
20.20
16.11
10.03
15.12
7.03
12.89
23.88

23.75
20.43
16.24
10.09
15.08
7.12
13.03
24.07

23.65
20.41
16.32
10.21
15.16
7.14
12.95
24.26

23.58
20.62
16.67
10.52
15.48
7.17
12.95
24.18

23.66
20.61
16.63
10.51
15.42
7.36
12.98
24.22

23.63
20.62
16.75
10.59
15.49
7.49
12.95
24.25

23.74
21.07
17.05
10.89
15.77
7.65
13.08
24.22

23.87
20.97
16.92
10.79
15.47
7.68
13.11
24.31

9.28
5.63
5.60
1.59

9.44
5.74
5.79
1.59

9.54
5.81
5.72
1.58

9.75
6.01
5.67
1.58

9.84
6.08
5.76
1.58

9.96
6.23
5.73
1.59

10.11
6.42
5.84
1.60

10.08
6.32
5.95
1.60

17.36
20.20
16.11
10.03
14.15
6.57
7.15
2.71
1.63
0.89
22.69

17.56
20.43
16.24
10.09
14.14
6.68
7.35
2.71
1.62
0.90
22.95

17.56
20.41
16.32
10.21
14.24
6.74
7.29
2.70
1.61
0.91
23.14

17.56
20.62
16.67
10.52
14.56
6.87
7.24
2.69
1.61
0.95
23.09

17.62
20.61
16.63
10.51
14.53
7.00
7.32
2.71
1.61
0.97
23.15

17.60
20.62
16.75
10.59
14.62
7.14
7.31
2.72
1.62
1.01
23.21

17.72
21.07
17.05
10.89
14.90
7.31
7.44
2.72
1.63
1.03
23.23

17.84
20.97
16.92
10.79
14.65
7.27
7.57
2.71
1.63
1.03
23.30

224.59
228.53
230.97
232.57
236.03
237.58
240.44
243.39
167.21
172.04
175.58
178.09
181.74
185.01
188.79
192.87
186.81
189.66
190.50
192.03
194.88
196.87
200.07
202.13
469.74
478.67
487.87
505.29
511.07
521.65
538.78
540.64
1048.35 1068.91 1084.92 1107.99 1123.73 1141.11 1168.07 1179.04
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.19
0.22
0.24
1048.45 1069.01 1085.04 1108.12 1123.89 1141.30 1168.29 1179.28

of ethanol actually

um Marketing Annual 2005,

0131(2004)
ngton, DC, April 2006).
head prices from the
pril 2006). 2004
estimated state taxes,
tor natural gas prices:
2005, DOE/EIA-0121
, Annual Energy Review
IA, AEO2007 National

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

20052030

23.54
13.51
10.95
26.56

23.53
13.56
10.97
26.61

23.56
13.63
11.02
26.56

23.65
13.80
11.12
26.57

23.78
13.90
11.26
26.61

23.87
14.06
11.37
26.74

23.91
14.13
11.43
26.76

0.9%
-0.2%
-0.3%
-0.1%

11.68
7.38
8.97
24.20

11.85
7.17
8.96
24.23

11.86
7.30
8.98
24.18

12.05
7.40
9.05
24.16

12.25
7.46
9.17
24.21

12.33
7.24
9.25
24.29

12.45
7.31
9.30
24.27

-0.1%
-0.6%
-0.7%
-0.2%

16.25
12.36
9.29
6.24
2.69
2.22
1.12
17.33

16.22
12.62
9.26
6.21
2.70
2.23
1.23
17.35

16.23
12.58
9.38
6.25
2.70
2.24
1.27
17.31

16.32
12.79
9.50
6.33
2.72
2.25
1.28
17.30

16.42
13.07
9.50
6.43
2.73
2.27
1.33
17.33

16.51
13.06
9.61
6.51
2.74
2.27
1.33
17.43

16.55
13.25
9.58
6.56
2.75
2.29
1.33
17.43

-0.1%
0.1%
0.8%
-0.9%
-0.4%
0.2%
N/A
0.2%

23.97
20.96
17.10
10.91
15.64
7.85
13.20
24.43

23.95
21.26
17.32
11.10
15.91
7.90
13.22
24.47

23.98
21.10
17.14
11.05
15.83
8.04
13.18
24.39

24.06
21.32
17.29
11.23
16.03
8.18
13.24
24.35

24.17
21.44
17.53
11.52
16.33
8.12
13.36
24.40

24.26
21.40
17.53
11.51
16.26
8.38
13.40
24.48

24.29
21.50
17.76
11.75
16.47
8.27
13.45
24.46

0.1%
-0.3%
-0.2%
-0.4%
-0.2%
1.6%
-0.4%
-0.1%

10.22
6.53
6.06
1.61

10.25
6.58
6.05
1.63

10.32
6.64
6.07
1.64

10.49
6.73
6.15
1.65

10.57
6.75
6.25
1.67

10.74
6.85
6.31
1.67

10.79
6.85
6.33
1.69

-0.2%
-0.1%
-1.0%
0.4%

17.99
20.96
17.10
10.91
14.83
7.45
7.69
2.69
1.65
1.12
23.43

17.96
21.26
17.32
11.10
15.08
7.47
7.68
2.70
1.66
1.23
23.47

17.99
21.10
17.14
11.05
15.03
7.58
7.73
2.70
1.67
1.27
23.43

18.08
21.32
17.29
11.23
15.24
7.70
7.82
2.72
1.68
1.28
23.43

18.18
21.44
17.53
11.52
15.53
7.68
7.94
2.73
1.69
1.33
23.48

18.26
21.40
17.53
11.51
15.50
7.83
8.03
2.74
1.70
1.33
23.59

18.30
21.50
17.75
11.75
15.70
7.79
8.09
2.75
1.72
1.33
23.60

0.2%
-0.3%
-0.2%
-0.4%
-0.1%
0.7%
-0.7%
-0.4%
0.4%
N/A
0.0%

247.24
248.99
251.03
253.73
257.29
259.96
262.21
197.36
201.11
204.49
208.50
213.25
217.97
222.08
205.49
206.98
209.31
212.90
216.30
219.27
222.08
554.21
570.28
574.30
588.98
607.12
615.46
632.79
1204.30 1227.35 1239.13 1264.11 1293.96 1312.66 1339.16
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.39
0.44
0.47
0.51
1204.59 1227.67 1239.48 1264.49 1294.40 1313.13 1339.68

0.8%
1.5%
0.5%
1.2%
1.0%
11.5%
1.0%