Grid Interconnection

Grid Interconnection

Standardization approaches in various countries

Standardization approaches in various countries

1. IEEE 1547, Standard for interconnecting Distributed Resources

with Electric Power Systems

Other references:
UK: Electricity Standard G83/1, for embedded generators up to 16
Amps per phase

2. Switzerland: STI 219.0201d, Parallelbetrieb von EEA mit dem

Niederspannungsnetz

UK: Electricity Standard G59/1/NI: for embedded generators less

than 5 MW and 20 kV

3. Austria: Paralllelbetrieb von Erzeugungsanlagen mit

Verteilernetzen

Canada: Various work ongoing

4. Sri Lanka: CEB Guide for Grid Interconnection of Embedded
Generators, December 2000

Ireland: Grid Code Connection Conditions (CC), CER/0104/01, 2001

Australia: AS 4509.1-1999, .2-2002, .3-1999, Stand-alone power
systems
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Grid Interconnection

Grid Interconnection

IEEE standard

IEEE standard

27 pages
The actual technical part
covers only 10 pages

Terminology: Distributed Resource, Point of

Common Coupling

Micro-grid aspect is implicitely covered (Area

EPS) but not suitable for Nepali needs: The DR
shall not energize the Area EPS when the Area
EPS is de-energized.

Specified for 60 Hz

Grid Interconnection

Grid Interconnection

Switzerland

20 pages

Local grid is covered but only

as local 400V loads

Typical connection diagrams

are useful for showing area of
application. Applicable to 400V
only.

Swiss rules

1. Synchronous
generator without
isolated operation
(400 V)

Grid Interconnection

Grid Interconnection

Swiss rules

Swiss rules

2. Asynchronous
generator
(without isolated
operation)

3. Synchronous
generator
with isolated
operation

400V connection

400V

Grid Interconnection

Grid Interconnection

Swiss rules: Protection and tolerances

Setting of voltage relay:

Setting of frequency relay:

Austrian rules

UN +/- 10%
fN +/- 1%

31 pages

Frequency relay is optional if a vector shift relay is provided.

Slightly more global approach than

Swiss guideline

Synchronizing conditions: At least

UN +/- 10%
fN +/- 0.5 Hz
+/- 10
Cos Phi shall be between 0.9 capacitive and 0.8 inductive (exact
value may be fixed by the utility)

Defines system services:

- Power factor correction
- Voltage stabilization
- Frequency control

Remote command signals must not be disturbed (provide filters)

No detailed rules for protection;

these have to be fixed individually

Utility staff must permanently have access to an isolator switch

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Grid Interconnection

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Grid Interconnection

How the standards compare

The Nepali Model

Area of application

Remarks

Unique requirements not compatible with Western environment!

IEEE

<10MVA

Focusses on MW-size
Isolated start-up is
prohibited

There is the opportunity to let embedded generators contribute to

several major goals:

Switzerland

All kinds of plants but LV

only

Australia

Basically focussed on
inverter-based solar PV
Small systems = 10 kW

Rural income generation, community-based projects

Cost reduction of national grid extension
Increase of national grid stability

Not relevant for Nepali

micro-hydro context
Designed for use by
approx. 15 power retail
companies
Often identical sell&buy
rates
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Grid Interconnection

Grid Interconnection

The Nepali Model

The Nepali Model

The Nepali model is based on a long-term vision: The Dynamic Power Grid

The Dynamic Power Grid: Flexible topology and free flow of

energy. An information network is used to manage the power
network. Substations are generally equipped with synchrocheck
reclosers
Island

Island

Reduced network load

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Grid Interconnection

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Grid Interconnection

The Nepali Model

The Nepali Model

Islands can participate in the grid or not; innovative technical

solutions are to be developed.

Islands can participate in the grid or not; innovative technical

solutions are to be developed.

- New versatile distribution system designs for instance, overlapping

national grid with island grid for more flexibility

- New versatile distribution system designs for instance, overlapping

national grid with island grid for more flexibility

- Communication technology or other intelligent ways to exchange

grid information

- Communication technology or other intelligent ways to exchange

grid information

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