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Ministry of Defence
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Artwork and photos: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defence or Danish Defence Media Centre unless otherwise noted.
Photo on front cover left and centre: Corbis/Polfoto
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The absence of an effective central
administration and the collapse of
law and order in Somalia, combined
with great poverty, have led to a stark
increase in piracy activities off the 1,800
nautical mile coastline of Somalia
and since 2009 also in the Arabian Sea
and the Indian Ocean. The increased
piracy activity has a great human cost
for those held hostage and their relatives. It also affects those who carry out
their jobs onboard the ships passing
through these waters. Moreover, piracy
has had a significant negative impact on
international commercial shipping and
trade, which has also affected the African countries which are experiencing
declining trade and growing commodity
prices.
Piracy is a global challenge. For a maritime nation like Denmark, who handles
about 10 percent of global maritime
shipping measured by value, the problem is felt clearly. Countering piracy is
therefore a high priority for the Danish
Government.
With this strategy, the Government
intends to create a coherent framework
for the comprehensive Danish effort
against piracy over the next three years.
At the same time, the Danish effort is
placed within an international context.
The overall aim of the Danish Strategy effort is to contribute to making
the waters off the Horn of Africa and
the Indian Ocean safe and navigable
for Danish and international maritime
shipping. The effort includes bilateral
and multilateral political, military, legal
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Current situation and challenges
Strategic considerations
The international framework
Combating piracy
Protection of maritime shipping
Capacity building
Risk factors
Reporting on the Strategy
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INTRODUCTION
The overall goal of the Danish efforts
to combat piracy is to contribute to
making the waters off the coast of the
Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean
safe and navigable for Danish and international maritime shipping.
For a long time Denmark has been
making a considerable military, political, legal and financial contribution
towards the international communitys
fight against piracy off the coast of the
Horn of Africa. With this Strategy, the
comprehensive Danish counter-piracy
efforts will be placed into a single political framework with the aim of strengthening coordination, consistency and
coherence between many aspects of
the Danish efforts. The Strategy views
the Danish contribution to combating
piracy in a time frame that stretches to
INTRODUCTION
Map: Corbis/Polfoto
CURRENT SITUATION
AND CHALLENGES
CURRENT SITUATION
AND CHALLENGES
STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS
There are many challenges, and no
quick or simple solutions. In order to
defeat piracy a whole string of instruments must be applied in the short,
medium and long term. This Strategy
describes initiatives directed at combating piracy activities in the short and
medium term.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
sures that are also crucial in combating piracy are described in detail in the
Somalia Policy Paper. The development
initiatives and other efforts are mutually enhancing and cannot stand alone.
STRATEGIC
CONSIDERATIONS
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THE INTERNATIONAL
FRAMEWORK 11
COMBATING PIRACY
OBJECTIVE: TO PROMOTE MARITIME
SECURITY AND STRENGTHEN THE
INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-PIRACY
EFFORTS OFF THE HORN OF AFRICA
AND IN THE INDIAN OCEAN.
There are no exact records of the number of piracy attacks and hijackings off
the coast of Somalia. There is, however,
no doubt that piracy continues to pose
a sizeable challenge. The number of
successful hijackings has grown slightly
from 2008-2010 whereas the number
of attempted hijackings has increased
dramatically at a time where the pirates
operational area has also expanded
significantly. The fact that the number
of successful hijackings has only risen
slightly should be attributed to the coordination and efforts of the international community. The piracy attacks were
previously concentrated in the Gulf of
Aden, including the international transport corridor, which is patrolled by the
international naval forces. In this area
the number of attacks has been halved.
The reduced number of actual hijackings in the Gulf of Aden is, however,
COMBATING PIRACY
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PIRAT-ANGREB
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COMBATING PIRACY
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COMBATING PIRACY
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parcitipate in possible future international considerations on adjustments to the mandate for the international effort, including within the
NATO framework.
DENMARK WILL FURTHERMORE WORK TO:
COMBATING PIRACY
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COMBATING PIRACY
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from the Danish Defence, the National Police and the public prosecutors office. The working group has
been charged with producing a set of
guidelines for the Danish naval vessels
on how to handle cases that may result
in prosecution of pirates in Denmark.
These guidelines are under preparation,
but are expected to contain specific
directions on collection of evidence and
communication between authorities in
order to ensure a suitable execution of
a potential criminal case about piracy.
- for all states to introduce contemporary piracy legislation ensuring that piracy, including complicity
and attempts at piracy, is punishable
under national law.
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The character and scale of the problem underlines the need for protection of the ships that navigate the area.
It is estimated that 80 per cent of the
attacks are averted as a result of the
shipping companies compliance with
the so-called Best Management Practices (BMP). The interaction between
the ships compliance with the Best
Management Practices and the military
effort is therefore important. This underlines the significance of cooperation
with the shipping industry to curb the
piracy activities.
ARMED GUARDS
MILITARY GUARDS
PROTECTION OF
MARITIME SHIPPING
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Source: Corbis/Polfoto
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It is the opinion of the Danish Government that it would create an undesirable precedent, if Danish soldiers
were to provide military protection for
Danish ships. Denmark has a general
interest in avoiding contributing to a
potential international tendency for the
various military forces to concentrate
their resources on protecting their own
national ships rather than cooperating
for a more proactive and coordinated
counter-piracy effort. It will not serve
long-term Danish interests if national
protection tasks are performed at the
expense of international cooperation.
Furthermore, the use of military guards
is not assessed to be a cost-effective
application of sparse military resources.
On these grounds, it is the position of
the Danish Government that the option
of using military guards onboard
Danish ships should not be pursued.
PROTECTION OF
MARITIME SHIPPING
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PROTECTION OF
MARITIME SHIPPING
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CAPACITY BUILDING
OBJECTIVE: TO BUILD CAPACITY, THEREBY ENABLING THE COUNTRIES IN THE
REGION TO MEET THE CHALLENGES OF
PIRACY BY THEMSELVES IN THE LONG
RUN.
CAPACITY BUILDING
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Source: Corbis/Polfoto
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CAPACITY BUILDING
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Through the Africa Programme for Peace Denmark has since 2004 been supporting the
building of regional capacity for conflict management and prevention. The effort, which
has included the African Union, IGAD and EASF amongst others, has not been aimed
directly at piracy. Danish support has, however, enhanced the general capacity and
ability of the organizations to handle African challenges in the area of security policy,
including piracy.
CAPACITY BUILDING
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work to promote regional cooperation between the concerned countries in the region at the operational
level, e.g. through strengthened
information sharing and joint training activities,
examine the possibilities for bilateral cooperation with relevant coastal states in the region especially
Kenya with a view to building
capacity of coast guard functions,
enhance the coordination of capacity building initiatives by promoting a leading role for the UN, also
in relation to initiatives in the parts
of Somalia where such initiatives
are possible to launch,
CAPACITY BUILDING
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36
Source: Corbis/Polfoto
construction of two new prisons in Somaliland and Puntland that can accommodate convicted pirates. The support
also covers training of prison staff and
The need for an effort against the financiers and sponsors of piracy is increasingly gaining international attention.
The financiers play a part in planning
and promoting piracy and they are the
ones who end up with the majority of
the earnings. Work is currently underway internationally to target those who
back the pirates, amongst other things
through anti-money laundering instruments. Denmark will continue to play
an active role in this work.
The Danish-led judicial working group,
CGPCS, has contributed to placing the
question of piracy financing on the
international agenda. The international
organization against money laundering,
the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
CAPACITY BUILDING
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CAPACITY BUILDING
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RISK FACTORS
The counter-piracy efforts are associated with certain political and financial
risks as well as risks related to security.
The military effort naturally entails
security risks for the Danish troops,
for the pirates and for those who are
held hostage by the pirates. It cannot
be excluded that pirates will escalate the
situation by threatening to and actually
executing hostages in the face of an
increased and sustained international
military effort that could threaten their
livelihood. Even despite the fact that
the hostages are the most crucial element of the pirates negotiations for a
ransom. In this case Denmark and the
international community will be faced
with a new situation, which will require
renewed considerations.
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