Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BRUCE BARTON
TH RT Y
CENTURIES
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fee
DC
to
HB
BOSTON
PUBLIC
LIBRARY
THIRTY
CENTURIES
OF
RAPHIC
DESIGN
ITHDR AWN
oia
No longer the
property
Library.
Boston Public
Sa5e dthis
material benefited
^^^
thel***
Also by
James Craig
for the
Phototypesetting:
Basic Course
in
Typography
Graphic Designer
A Design Manual
m
JAMES CRAIG
BRUCE BARTON
THIRTY
CENTURIES
OF
RAPHIC
DESIGN
>LU
Z)
00
Q
LU
fee
CC
I
00
WATSON-GUPTILL PUBLICATIONS
NEW YORK
Dedicated
who has
everyone
to
practiced the
ever
graphic design
art of
and
wish
First
to
to
published
who
their heritage.
1987 by
in
Watson-Guptill Publications
a division of Billboard Publications, Inc.
1515 Broadway. New York, NY 10036
1930-
Thirty centuries of
graphic design.
Bibliography p
Includes index
3
5
Writing History
Visual
2 Printing History
Graphic arts History
communication History
1930Title
Z116 A3C83 1987
686
ISBN 0-8230-5355-5 (pbk)
I.
Barton. Bruce.
II
Published
Littiegate
the United
House,
Copy
87-21694
Kmdom
Ebbe's St
St
All rights
reserved
No
may be
Manufactured
First printing,
1
mUSA
1987
5
'
92
91
90
89
88
87
CONTENTS
Preface 7
Introduction 9
30,000-5000
B.C.
Prehistoric Period
10
5000-1000
B.C.
East
500-1300
Middle Ages:
300- 1400
Early Renaissance
1400-1500
1
14
Romans 26
48
500- 1 600
High
600- 1 700
Age
700- 1 800
Age
800- 1 900
Age
of Imperialism, Nationalism,
102
900- 1 920
1920-1940
940- 1 960
World War
960- 1 980
Age
1980-
126
II
Credits
Index
216
218
215
192
PREFACE
1980s
first
as a single chapter in
James
Craig's
make
decided to
which would
it
a rather short
we
or captions and
We would
and
like especially to
expertise:
thank two
of their time
Denise Schmandt-Besserat,
Sumerian contribution
valuable
to our
Our
thanks, also, to
designers
made many
people
book
who
all
the graphic
work
to be included in
this
colleagues
numerous
to mention:
M.D., Alan
Anyone who
printers of incunabula.
more than
who did
their jobs
this for us
Bill Valerio,
Sandecki,
demand.
who do
Among
those
N.W
Houghton
Thomas Grischkowsky
and Mikki Carpenter, The Museum of
Modern Art; Mary Kaye Freedman, the
Library of Congress;
National
Museum
of American Art,
Smithsonian Institution;
Rita
M.
and
Ira Bartfield
Needham Worldwide;
&
book.
Edward Greene,
Wagman, and
whose names we
the
many
shall
INTRODUCTION
The
is
magic of the
fascination: the
one of endless
visual
first
time periods;
centuries
century.
With
that
a heritage so rich,
many
it is
unfortunate
know
is
may
is
by
later
story
the emphasis
on
is
Next
is
an overview of the
which has
manageable
by millenia and
organized
with the
One of the
first
history,
is
graphic designers.
simply
The
for
is
arts,
or visual
which
in prehistoric
when
appropriate,
basis.
carefully selected to
communication
commercial
began
artists,
and even
is
examined
seldom
artists, writers,
designers,
Most
specialized
and
The books
and tend
to be highly
visually intimidating.
that
do
It is
hoped that
arts.
and
easier to
making
composers, graphic
it
remember.
this
entertaining,
Each
events.
if it
and to
Columbus
diversity
show
students.
on a nation-by- nation
fine artists.
are
use.
and stimulating
to read
30,000-5000 B.C.
Prehistoric Period
art of
graphic design
munication
past,
has
its
roots
visual
deep
Around 30,000
com-
first
the essence of
graphic design.
message
cap.
visually,
which
a race of
attempts to
communicate
in the
is
knowl-
years.
arts.
is
known about
may be
is
known about
Magnons, only
first
people to
the Cro-
in
New
10,000 to
5000
B.C.
What
tools
(1).
Magnons
lived
It is
as
when
Perhaps the
early
first
humans was
tool
used by
the all-purpose
handaxe
2 The images of animals painted
on the walls and ceilings of the
Lascaux caves in southern
France are believed to have
played a major role in religious or
magical rites Archaeologists
have dated these images from
approximately 15.000 B C
10
GRAPHIC ARTS
FINE ARTS
Early
humans made no
distinction be-
fine arts
arts.
concerned primarily
the changing seasons, lunar cycles, animal migrations, or the number of kills,
the same way a modern hunter would
and graphic
arts
notch a gunstock.
is
It is also
images served
as a
memory
or
referred to as mnemonic.
From
there, the
and
surfaces,
later
such
It is also
wood
memory
on more permanent
more
A common
or animal
Whatever
images may
form inad-
tell
aid for
to recall an incident
skins,
are believed to
vertently.
on pieces of
would be
it
How
lines incised
starts
date from
may
difficult, if
earliest
survived
[and] sculpture
The
to copy.
it
does seem
aid.
at
Lascaux in
Around 15,000
B.C., cave
More
they hunted
likely the
pragmatic function
or symbolic
earliest
thus
(2).
religious, magical,
these early
now
(3).
refer to these
images
of
We
A pictograph is a symbol
representing a person, animal,
plant, or
inanimate object
as pictograpbs
were the
first
11
30,000-5000 B.C.
Around 10,000
B.<
.,
FINE ARTS
during the
New
began
no longer
down
on
to farm.
in the
of life first
tools,
New
Age (5).
known what purpose, if any,
markings served. Some could very
Stone
It is
not
these
Crescent
well be the
first
own
created by people
>.
made
a predictable supply of
communities.
As
society
more
efficient tools,
dyeing
for clothes
With
and blankets.
came new
social
orders.
humans
came about
Mesopotamia
Early
the east
CYPRUS^?
Szf
i
PHOENICIA
/
Sidon./
MEDITERRANEAN
SEA
**
"
SYRIAN DESERT
sake
examples of art
for its
who had
an
it
brought.
GRAPHIC ARTS
As
cultures
need
for
keeping records
Mesopotamia
(in
what
is
arose. It
today
was
Historical Events
in
B.C.
30,000-20,000 Blade tools of bone and
antler. Bone fragments with markings.
First sculpture: female figurines. Stone
Iraq),
developed.
the use of
a different
With
(6).
these
10,000-5000
tication of
of
pottery.
Mining
of
copper.
illiterate
shepherds
still
V^^M^J'WVtfjrtAO'Ja.-jVI-ki***b%}
use
was
it
it
was
beginning
of written
language.
13
5000-1000 B.C.
The Ancient Near East
THESUMERIANS
The
B.<
early
saw the
tions:
document
developed civilization
a fully
one having
an
view
partners,
ot life.
Liter, the
who
lived
around the
seafaring people
fertile
made unique
re-
called
Sumer, and
12).
its
major
city,
Uruk,
functioned as an administrative,
re-
written language.
ligious,
and commercial
The
center.
and controlled
by
1):
was the
in-
a people.
the
beer
14
rec-
FINE ART
and fragments of
portable objects.
large
number
modeled
stylized,
The
with
many
lost
One
Sumerian
of the same
characteristics.
of-pearl
and
lapis lazuli.
The
subject
flat
and fighting
unique
art
image
(3).
seal
known means
of
15
5000-1000
B.C.
GRAPHIC ARTS
It
Erst written
who
use of clay
control of goods.
established the
first
track of animals
success of farming
and the
rise
levied
by the
in
temple
areas,
it is
The
became more
administration
(4).
believed that
who
many
was widely
development of many
had a
made
written languages.
rebus,
role in the
time.
By 3500
lopes,
lump
link between a
new
local
first
of
found
Jar of
B.C. by shepherds
Metal ingot
of the
Later, the
Tokens were
J0k
developed the
made on
were
as these civilizations
By
By 3100
was
re-
forms
Measure
of
honey
new
4
of
(7).
These
which means
"wedge shaped," made up the first
written language based on abstract signs.
16
Pictographs
1 I
LA
to
Ideographs
.*
The
earliest
Above on
things.
and a foot. On
the
'foot"
can be
As
society
now
No
longer
to representing objects or
$*$ -ofc
yew rfjwt
sun;
it
mean
to
Or
stand
or to walk.
We now
refer to these
expanded pic-
an
is
primarily ideographic.
from pictographs
major
to
ideographs represents
of a written
language.
civilization became more
complex so did tokens. Here are
five tokens shown at actual size
with their assumed meanings. All
date from around 5000 B.C.
4 As
6 Clay
tablet from
pressed
rectangle
was
rosette patterns
clay.
a seal.
3000 B.C.
made by
at
represents
were
around 3000
7 This
fully
top center
sheep.
five
developed cuneiform
and
The
in
soft
after
17
r
5000-1000 B.C.
THE EGYPTIANS
Egypt was known
the Land of the
north, centered
FALCON.
EARLY
HIEROGLYPHIC
River,
to
its
inhabitants as
MENES WEARING
WHITE
CROWN OF
map page
It is
12).
believed that
UPPER EGYPT
PAPYRUS
first
pharaoh, thus
The
(8).
for
supe-
far
Sumerians.
inventive
rise
and
fall
of the
DECAPITATED
ENEMY
WARRIORS
mental architecture
brick,
in stone instead of
a conservative
little
New
gods
PALETTE AREA
FOR MIXING
COSMETICS
AS BULL
passing of time
Egyptians.
first
Pharaoh,
18
it
was extended to
all
FINE ARTS
most of
with
it
a vast
amount of
and painting,
life after
death.
They
built
monu-
Kingdom by
the
The
interiors of the
tombs were
cov-
life,
which they
permanence
(9).
>
right.
19
5000-1000 B.C.
GRAPHIC ARTS
The
earliest
II
which
(10),
in
is
17).
called hieroglyphic
carving."
Sometime
after
development took
3000
B.C. a major
place. In
some
cases, a
sound, that
is,
owl
wisdom
(ideograph), or m, the
nant sound in
(syllable). In
know
was added.
Hieroglyphics were highly stylized in
monu-
>
i:
plaster,
papyrus
1
RUMS
jar
'
of
\
r^
'-
'
iVi
\
vV
v
\^/
proportions
I
\
10
/
r
this goal,
\
i
-I
'4
tical for
\
j
as
them
I
-\
To achieve
/
>,
as clarity.
scribes
early
"
/
In-i
important
fl
-is
-v*
/
left.
/V\
11 -
tj
>3
^ d^
hiero-
Most commonly,
to be read
right to
(11).
umns
f~>
"""^
.
or brush on papyrus.
20
in
cut in wood,
ii
rZ^\
>
II
) \
t.
on
pen
The
which
in
glyphics, and
official inscriptions.
skills,
&--i~
up with the demands of everyday writing. Around 500 B.C., a new writing
style, called demotic, came into use (see
page 22). Demotic, in Greek, means "of
<x.
11
more rapid
writing.
Although hieroglyphic,
demotic writing
ferent times in
styles
hieratic,
appeared
Egyptian
and
at dif-
history, they
did
weight
12 Detail
It
Roman
is
the jackal-
a feather.
of
a scroll showing
alphabet
_r^
12
version of hieroglyphics
>
designed
for
more rapid
writing
5000-1000 B.C.
iwi
PTOLEMY V (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)
READS FROM RIGHT TO LEFT
miri'trw
Papyrus
Scrolls
creation
stone
was appropriated by
after the
now
in the British
The
the English
inscription,
and fifty-four
thirty-two
lines
of
Two men
and the
demotic
scripts.
hieroglyphics
the pith,
was
to
form a
sheet
and polished
a smooth
to
The
surface.
and up
length.
Thomas Young
(1790-1832)
districts
Greek,
the hieroglyphics
marshy
tian,
illus-
the
Museum.
of demotic,
made from
and is
lines
to
roll
measuring
to seventeen inches in
Papyrus
shorter.
example of combining
tions to tell
story.
text
with illustra-
Perhaps the
best-
the
dead when
(see
page 21).
to be
used by
4500-31 10
B.C.
Old Kingdom
3110-2258
B.C.
Middle Kingdom
2258-1786
B.C.
New Kingdom
1570-1085
B.C.
Predynastic
ca.
or Empire
1085-332
Late Dynastic
332-30
Foreign Dynasties
Roman
B.C.
B.C.
A.D. 30-395
and Menkaure
Old Kingdom
it
was
the boy
23
5000-1000 B.C.
THE PHOENICIANS
FINE ARTS
An
now
is
established an exten-
reliefs
and using
it
as a veneer
on
their zenith
mained powerful
re-
little
of their
and
much
city of
later to the
Carthage
Romans
fell
146 B.C.
in
Their literature
such
as
it
was
Roman
The only
conquerors.
based on the
principle that
one
z\
WAW
H
HE
D
DALETH
WEAPON
HOOK
UNKNOWN
DOOR
Wl
I
z
ZAYIN
1
G
GIMEL
THROW-STICK
BETH
HOUSE
*
STOP
ALEPH
ox
to left
NUN
M
MEM
FISH
WATER
X
T
13
24
and
eclectic
style,
Their major
Israel.
The Phoenicians
sive
what
artists
W1
SH
LAMEDH
OX-GOAD
TAW
SHIN
RESH
MARK
TOOTH
HEAD
9
Q
QOPH
MONKEY
KAPH
I
>ALM OF
\
HAND
YODH
HAND
TETH
UNKNOWN
HETH
FENCE
r 9 O #
s
MUTE
SADHE
FISHHOOK
PEH
AYIN
SAMEKH
MOUTH
EYE
SUPPORT
ar-
GRAPHIC ARTS
As
Historical Events
B.C.
keep records. To
in
in
Middle East.
Egyptian calen-
dar.
3760
they carried
it
one step
The Phoenicians
further.
spoken language.
It
First
ca.
was obvious
two signs
(13, 14).
brilliant idea
writing
what we now
made
introduced.
2258 End
call phonetic
pictographic/ideo-
graphic/syllabic writing
ca. 1800
outmoded.
two
letters: aleph, (meaning "ox") and beth
(meaning "house"). To record the sound
their alphabet, analyze its first
of
2000 Bronze
Europe.
ca.
as religious center.
1750
ca.
Babylon
Code
the
of
Hammurabi
first
in
written legal
system.
found in Crete
undeciphered.
ca. 1500 Moses receives Ten Commandments on Mt. Sinai.
ca. 1385 Pharaoh Ikhnaton attempts to
establish a religion having the sun god
Aton as the supreme god.
ca.
as
it
beth,
they followed
and
of
still
1350 Tutankhamen
Egypt.
War. Iron
number
becomes
ruler
comes
into use.
ca.
ca.
1002 Saul
becomes
first
king of
Israel.
still
ca. 1000
Phoenicians import
Cornwall, England.
use
in
Camels
tin
in
from
common
Middle East.
left,
ca.
fifty-six
languages.
14
Phaistos disc
25
and Romans
THE GREEKS
Greece, Etruria, and
Rome
made up
(1).
Western
civi-
lization
Romans
to
European
civilization.
The contributions
many and
varied.
However,
signer,
for the
graphic de-
Roman
alphabet.
Around the
the
Hellas, the
The Greeks,
were great
sailors
and
and
traders,
it
began to establish
their
own
dent
city-states.
was their
common
factor
The Greeks used their written language for more than commerce. They
gave Western civilization
its first
great
and
literature.
Homers
epics, the
///Wand
the Odyssey;
NORTH AFRICA
Map
Rome
of
Greece.
Etruria.
and
26
FINE ARTS
It is
Greek
art that
As no
motifs
(2).
period
(725550
B.C.),
shows the
influ-
as the
human
The
fourth, the
(530-475
now
on the
(3).
red on a black
detail: Figures
ground
(4).
475
By studying
over.
Roman
city of
frescoes recovered
We know
somehow
the
fore-
never compre-
21
GRAPHIC ARTS
The Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet sometime after 800 B.C. during
period of commercial expansion. Along
finally settled
left to right.
theorized
It is
fifth
(5).
Phoenician letterforms
The
them: A, ,
/,
0, U.
five
By doing
of
this,
the
all
develop
forms
Adding the
and
number
By
the
of alpha-
in the east
in the
west.
In
403
B.C.
Athens
officially
adopted
The
the
Greek
left for
spoke their
various
right to
on
all
but
(7).
Now
all
Theoretically, any
experimented with
that alternated
first
in
lines
alter-
They
writing boustrophedon
which means
"as
tion.
The
uncial,
writing tablet
The
\^W$M^M
*l*k
(8).
differences
illustrate
how
affect letter-
have perished.
28
m^mmmiMEs^m^
left
to
right
then right to
left.
Ionic version of
In
was
officially
parchments and
writing tablets,
smoothed out
for
of
wax
after use.
29
THE ETRUSCANS
Little
is
FINE ARTS
From
Etruscans.
in Italy
their art,
influenced by Greek
Greek
known
Rome.
In fact,
many
Romans seem
to have
and not
their
tombs
and hunting
(9).
Another unique
during
life
to be used
sarcophaggi.
The
latter
an influence on early
30
in Italy
in Greece.
after
the
art. In fact,
as Etruria.
and
strongly
confederacy was
artistic,
who were
Roman
sculpture.
GRAPHIC ARTS
largely a
PHOENICIAN
mystery.
tions
been found,
of the language
It is
known
is still
at right (11).
*
-\
-\
3)
*l
unknown.
left
ROMAN
A
B
c
D
E
F
H
ETRUSCAN
-i
GREEK
to right.
"f
*1
1
v
o
7
9
4
tl
O
1
9
1
X
ffl
V
X
4>
Y
11
.*
origin.
11
31
THE ROMANS
Around 8oo
Romans were
B.C., the
on seven
Rome,
B.C. the
Romans
With
Isles.
this
to
villa at
Antioch. Dated
legalized
During
on the
called Constantinople,
site
manage
expansion
laws, engi-
of
city of
Antony
effectively
Marc
Actium, thus
as
200, the
Roman Empire
reached
its
collapsed in
Ottoman
The
was during
at bay.
Roman
as the
Pax Romana, or
Rome
Peace, that
and
fortifications to
cities,
keep out
and columns
to
commemorate
finally
or
Roman
first
it fell
to the
Turks.
literature
period, from
240
to
80
B.C.,
Age
80
B.C. to
feats
reunification.
greatest extent
It
Over the
From 27
continued to
at the Battle of
government. The
Rome
the West.
skills.
Roman
who
Christianity in 313.
12
administrative
sole
proved to be a strong,
He
the British
.-
hills
500
victories.
poem On
rerun/ natura)
by
poems of Catullus,
work of
this
The
period was
greatest single
Virgil's epic
on
32
by Suetonius.
FINE ARTS
and
Pompeii,
line engravings
floor
mosaics
containers,
all
man
artists
(12),
The Pompeiian
frescoes
were created
before A.D. 79, the year Vesuvius eruption buried the city under volcanic ash,
and
been painted by
Greek or Roman artists workan earlier Greek style. The frescoes
provincial
ing in
show the
figure,
light
artists
mastery of the
human
and shade
(13).
number
of styles, one
Romans never
fully
understood
perspective.
Roman portraiture
many encaustic heads
is
first
Fayum
oasis region of
realistic tradition
are
from the
Egypt.
combined with
cithara.
gives
Roman
portraiture
changed
its
of
unique
body
14
33
GRAPHIC ARTS
-l^5MMllAffi3ffl(lM
(,oM
Sometime
after
700
B.C., the
Romans
Romans spoke
Latin, a
thirteen letterforms
jpVL'VSQVEROMANVS
IMPCAESARPDlVlNERVAEFNERvAE
ITRAIANOAVGGERMOACICOPONTIF
MAXIMOTRI BPOTXVII IMPVlCOSVirP
ADDECLARANDVMQVANTAEALTITVDINIS
MONsETLOCVSTANii^'^CkBVS
Mvs S IT E G ESTVS
and gamma,
alpha, beta,
simpler A, B,
in favor of the
Praeneste near
Rome
(15).
me
for
When
trans-
"Manius made
Numasius."
It
after
Roman,
its classical
of Trajan's
column
in
Rome
on the base
16).
and
stylus. It
was
such
wax
15 Earliest example of Latin
writing, dating from around 700
B.C.. was found on a clasp, or
fibula, near Praeneste. Italy. The
inscription reads from right to left,
made me
"Manius
for
Numasius"
closeup
top.
final
Among
early
the
Roman
Early
and half
Roman
scripts, early
uncial.
cursive.
Also
known
as
first
century B.C.
letters,
34
letter-
uncial,
from the
forms.
in
example of Roman
Shown below is a
as
tablets, that
commonly
bookkeeping, and
(17).
It
was a
fast,
based originally on
When
Roman
capitals.
for
tablet, a
Romans. Wax
tablets
Roman
One
of
l'<
that
is,
Mt.y-IOMvKVtMKHitVl
CM5CI v,tUN)V)t'NTMMCCCUMnfNLCHM
MvlDlJAUV
first
and
Jvj\rcis5vjm.w :U'i"xn\cvj:<<ivji\
i\..\:.\
tMUMl$H!Dt.\XSiII\.\\Ms;:iSllTC.\
MYJ
Rustica.
script
was developed
as
an inexpensive
of advertising.
ally
early forms
and
flat
brush on
fourth and
being used as
Square
It
fifth
capitals.
One
still
late as
reached
19
named because
letters
Roman
upon which
Although intro-
inscriptional caps,
duced
(19).
form
reach their
most
fourth and
fifth centuries.
refined
until the
Roman
capitals.
for
Many
became more
rapid.
used
and
political
slogans on walls
were
difficult to
for the
Difficult to write,
capitals
used
square
works.
re-
remained
when
Uncial.
\etofiLiu$
hoiVUNMAJUI
By
u:T?rn\eTe<.
(20).
As the
eT5icurmo5e<5
sercxo
By
come
iTv\cvaL
ursxLuercm
the
msuOfVCKJiCRp
4i
OH IMC U r.;,aON
QUlCTieblTiN
NVONOWJV
MIS- UTOmNfS
fifth
20
It is
which
i [
Roman
believed
from
cursive and
name might
its
culmina-
manu-
on page 41.
ciiMf uitinbcip.cjiclotxcx^clicicvcMr*il. tifli' ro
lEfeOC*
itself
to even greater
uloacifxcixodcicCJ^crTDpopa'uir*
n;
CdMrxaropiX
>t^cr43rruMxool>irvliCiOtiOCxxhaCUrv'ic*de A^^IcxcillpC
Gcs-Co'iroLppctlcttxin^rt
pONU.^rc'rn'
'^iM
-imi
Ma
ciitlc^ci;>ocivurocieocrvr\c
CltcLetCLC(r<il>CCMvtcboca noatniN
.
*
f
citxlcLixic<Ar^icJcxoiipr.cxt. c
>
cv
dci*4C
21
show
beginning
of the
is
impor-
of
cule)
The Romans
development
which they
of the
with the
the tentative
use of
ascenders and descenders
around the
first
fifth
appeared
century.
Roman
It
evolved
cursive
and
made
to
finding information
either from
of the two.
The
skins
36
made
into a book.
Historical
Events
B.C.
1000 King David rules Israel and
925 Death
of
Solomon.
883 Ashurnasirpal
II
becomes
king of
Assyria.
Rome.
ca.
750
Literature (Greek)
Aeschylus (525-456
ca.
Judea.
776
Homer
Odyssey.
744 Beginning
and the
Assyrian conquests.
Heraclitus
struction.
War. Hannibal
crosses Alps with elephants.
control.
of
II.
mathematician and
Buddha.
builds palace
II
509
Buddha preaches
Rome
first
sermon.
declared a republic.
in Battle of
483 Death
of
becomes Athenian
ca.
and execution
ends
of
in
Spar-
Socrates.
St.
of
becomes
Macedonia.
326 Alexander extends empire
Valley.
invades
Britain.
ca. 55-140)
Rome.
all
17)
Plautus
255-184 B.C.)
(ca.
Younger
(A.D. ca 62-114)
Seneca
(4
its first
ends persecution
of
Terence
(ca.
190-159 B.C.)
(A.D. 39-65)
Pliny the
Lucan
in
Rome
to
Constantinople.
Rome sacked by
Visigoths.
God.
(ca.
Polygnotus
500-432 B.C.)
(ca. 5th century B.C.)
432
St.
435
Attila,
to
Rome
410
B.C.)
Juvenal (A.D.
A.D.
to
ca. 125)
(A.D. 354-430)
37 Antony
43
Augustine
Roman
ruler of
Indus
500 B.C.)
411 St.
Trial
B.C.)
(Roman)
Literature
Christians.
War begins.
B.C.)
(ca.
Apuleius (A.D.
313 Constantine
general.
399
Sappho
Caesar.
of history, born.
Buddha.
431 Peloponnesian
fire
443 Pericles
(ca.
Pythagoras
de Milo sculpted.
written.
433 B.C.)
140 Venus
ca.
of
550 Nebuchadnezzar
B.C.)
(ca. 493-ca.
71
philosopher, born.
563 Birth
Empedocles
Second Punic
218
ca.
450-385 B.C.)
Carthage.
Nebuchadnezzar
(ca.
Democritus (460-370
147 Greece
581 Pythagoras,
Aristophanes
religion, born.
B.C.)
(legendary)
ca.
Rome and
Aesop
last
emperor
Rome, deposed.
Kingdom
in Italy.
37
500-1300
Middle Ages:
Early, High,
and Late
Empire
in
fall
of the
Roman
1300 is
Middle Ages, a term originated by scholin
ars
years intervening
and the
Rome.
classical periods of
Greece and
Roman Empire
economic
and cultural decline. This
period
now
time of
modern world
Although
seen
more
do not
as a
time of
During
grouping of political
(1).
historical periods
is
transition
of the
political confusion,
social
forces,
is
preferred.
was a
re-
and new
emerge. The
(Gothic).
Italian,
The
rise
OCEAN
exchange
for
their land.
vassals, in
As people returned
to the
Money was no
old
Roman Empire.
a
Holy
dwindled
in
In 919, a
power and
German
prestige.
noble,
Henry the
of the
Holy
Roman Empire
Dynasty ended
Henry
38
II.
in
FINE ARTS
The
is,
and formal.
On
and metal
for the
personal adornment
Most
(3).
stylized, suggesting a
Mass or
are highly
combination of
late
Emperor Charlemagne
church
Italy.
sixth
39
500-1300
GRAPHIC ARTS
It
priests
F/\
rsoi
heirs
to the culture
their
network
lu|US[U|SSC
h\
works by hand
At
iLuc\sui\n
Ul|SI\ iCSHl'
C
\
Ct Pi r>
styles
first,
>tjJ
ciit^itXT- oncvi
vno--*<*TV>
and
10).
were the
uncial,
and secular
(see figures 3
Roman
square capitals,
time
as
As
com-
t-Jotirqutcvot<mopnuicier-
rt~t-\. l.ttaeT--u'>-rr
fer^r-iotM/r>->
i**t
Emperor Charlemagne
After 800,
uer-u*T- (Vppt fHirr~cA.<mcv u.(q:cvdpr-efet>jr-d->ptir
*1
,5^/
tk:
rr.o^irT>ef^rcx ClecL*r-cv>Jr qucvccvcJtuer-fircviicro.-
territories.
rtJiT- .Aiuct-fi%r-Ufr~eftufuer-ty>ri**cif>t~.ii
One means
adoption of a single
to be used
'<
^r^rfrquof^rnquift^rfpu
er 5 cxa*J7co+u*xiru*>rt
many
existing styles,
monk who
in his
empire.
who
for
a script
There
adoption
served as one of
recommended
is
writing style
C'">-^cxcx^Tu"i>.pr-/roJTi^t-uf ^ccrTf>ftrdic^r-rrx
official
studying the
rrm,u
cvpetlxf cvCi~e4iquot-xrquort>J ur^er-cxr-eloN^
of holding to-
Roman Empire
Irish-trained English
monk
been instrumental
determining the
in
should have
Charlemagne and
Alcuin of York.
style
is
im-
first fully
combines small
developed script
letters
with roman
printing types.
40
first
became
roman lowercase
it
administration with a
many
,*
new
of which
scarce
No
Roman Empire,
'-(
/'
'ill jQR
&T\
was
it
fifth
missionary
i*7
St. Patrick.
--'if
monks introduced
their version of
kN
I"
6).
(oaiiinoHT^v
swlannaoumis puTi:,'
hum.iliiiuise
mvtuu
u<\i
liiiiiiiOi.i
o>
u'ui.
ius
yunJuii
_uuis-qmiimnotKui)K puiioinuur\jio&y
Ipsc.Mi^K. nlioinoquulain pai(.
oatu
uuii
StronnnsmnnuDhopuiri
with
initials.
iwiKOTttJospn]
ctTUjesnuosfiaiuc CDgiaoctwuwiot
(.jinu
lampauaustifK
oniiJiu
QirnranspKapcluirrjiuii
hi
Iwni
a mmibi mwsiiwM-moi rc
oarnnutcnsannbcMabusrcmcF itfibe
iHv
uikuuismnrt diiXUinoa
\j laoinTm-qmusc
trabuftiiK
elaborate display
Rcannbc umoui8snno.Locou<
A
'4'.
noCDe
v-
Lindisfarne Gospels,
O^
maposxmntrsvicporac. @.n>^1(rl
lvniiuju. SptfcnbmftiJ^juaoswifl'
doadoQ
caDocosOdbcaiiis
cei
to
luibanc twisMuiiii-^gUburp
ojvk.
m^rboiiumemuiumqiie-
GOpKobOTW
'
-
-
"
ejjcusaruni
&
41
500-1300
FINE ARTS
The Romanesque
Roman
barrel vaults
iooo to 1200.
The magic associated with the Millenand the predicnium
the year iooo
coming of Christ as
the Book of Revelation com-
Roman
age of
the
mood
of excitement,
in
which
faith, a
its
craft guilds
culture and
commerce
flourished,
and
in
Normandy
show concern
appearance of
an omen, what we now know was
Halley's comet
English subjects
over the sudden
to the
covers
of
books.
open Carolingian
style.
make
corrections.
(7).
founded in
that the
first
Bologna
Oxford
invasion of William of
in 1167.
saints.
is
love.
Many
crusades.
first
Norman
worship.
greatest influence
and
the
of
revealed in
bined to create a
the
in the
and
in
tinued as well
(8).
GRAPHIC ARTS
By
the
Romanesque
(9).
and
becoming more
by strange
crease in the
manuscripts.
production of
scriptoria created
books
for
in the
two major
crafts-
fanciful titles as
scribes consisted
legal
documents,
text-
sons,
and
much
went unpaid
in poverty.
for
tKraifapuiiffuis.
f
t"
'
Scmfquu poll
some
biduumpjifcaficr
bidu
Ctflll uf bortimif
j
rtndcmr
ut cruci
Tunc con
ft<mn.ir.^
pnn
crrcir^n fiint
ui
cvpcf fvcerdotum
etfcniorcf ppt~iin
lunrarc dvfTitniLcf.fcd
mormtw pre
fine feint?
ccpnf ru if ob teperan
L> LoruLtuf
-l-.otioi-.
[enps
(.
rccttr.i
xocdiSSor
vpb.if. ct
ocmfiUum fr
b ic cban r
a utc
Hon
vrmrandum bumilinvns
cxcmplum
Cum
laltiATorcTD
vnbe
m d omo fymo
tb.mu
ccm fubvrc
fccifh .conce-
de tppmuS.ut
ct
pAncn
pcrcundem dnmnrm
L\\6> LO DOcr>lN 1 NO
STtU lb CI Xpl^'Tl
avxTbop
mainly of writing
fcmpircrnc di'qm
in guilds
NlUoTpU: Oivu
mluic
uxoxl fiLAm
beasts.
increase in the
cr
ited
line-
l^unc trrco^m
ct
cf
recubcnnf.Vidcntts
autc difcipuli .mdicrn.i
ucnimdan multo.
500-1300
FINE ARTS
The
If
Middle Ages,
gradual,
beginning
its
Abbey Church
coming
had never
in Paris
of St. -Denis
really
in Italy,
first
where
it
exteriors were
em-
as gargoyles, manticorcs,
trefoils, crockets,
and
finials.
Sculptural
it
was also
period, Giovanni
stabilized.
Magna
bringing a
new freedom
di
to the art of
King John
Italian painting.
Carta,
time.
first
in the Divine
Comedy
hold
as "believed to
with
vary-
feudal
who
same
year was
Rucellai
(12).
from
Rome
to
Avignon
ghis
of China
China
in 1271;
silk
and
Hamclin
is
the children of
Germany.
Hamelin
commissioned
Madonna
in northern
in the
to paint the
for a Florentine
church
completed
in 1309.
44
and
interiors
ornaments such
are softer,
influence lingered
Madonna,
its
the Rucellai
and
windows.
In
example,
a time of conflict
12
buttresses,
Gothic
for
glass
Madonna,
painted in 1285 by Cimabue,
illustrates the slow movement
toward naturalism and away from
was earthbound,
scholars place
Trinita
style
Most
choir of the
The Santa
Romanesque
11
the
in 1311;
art of Giotto.
GRAPHIC ARTS
By
tffH
monly
texere,
"to weave." It
com-
is
One
English (13).
of Textura was
nrn4
many books
they were
more
in
fBMMr^Mrtm
!itmnuaarami>RMt
itnmtnn^in^ufKtiu
tfkMfldtaiu (|Mi
ftxtctns
-oKtongwnnraamanft
of this
mm int&num ftHHH
Ctttt&ftim'io
iftnu u&flrehndcoDn)
iauuw mfinotmrm tor
irfTttt uiabutCRliflflTntUlMr
HI tofloi HHHMSIP
aapdtoittaiznftmuyuftiaotinga
why
mwimmnwmnHHHU 'iffqniohwu
fit
explains
JJilUOiOltftlOfl)BWXPttUCBI>^W?HfnC
<
swmmi fn tfinrpnj-rr,
nmwnw ?Mgoiuunaa in f
*'O
Old
copy could
MM
mm BHtTOaft0iBmniSaiHa-mp
-Oft!gf^l>ll!llU!IIUlUlUCUU UipfTl'4b
AtnTntutm flhjMOTktfNM^Hl
economy
gun
pi uuirirxm flMNMMMrii
iiindiw<
ww H
short ascenders
its
iytn<momlomKft tfHflj
i iiwi'
mmi>-
n#ytiny& nnftHBMB<
aesthetically,
<
I
(Uonfthjttr|xrtnniQKTuntpfn^Mt
Dt*uniAau{rKTS^mnffUlUlll(X(9
art.
less
Italy,
ft uuiumhnn^rttCKbtsr
condensed
t><tnntttn<ttettyvn nHTtin<y
emu on
JtanniXBtfbtr.tfbiiiiuBUtfPibti*4
umnn
tvnhcaaBORato a c\m (t Jt d
otnnilxtQRM ftffntnsuttut ftuuu
initials,
Sen dome
to imftwwinm iBMrnnutaonmuiH
ff
ll
ttnyMnpowni
l 'l (
nf < ii twfcfum^
l
qtnaTi^tTrttiiiumiim.' InqiTfl*
ftpiwwi rannyptcftntBHJiFflBKi
iwqmaaTAnaimum rmy'lnjTio
nMnBiirilnii'iii inqnnmrTiTTr
wqutnin&eftnpftiwtinuatnann-tf
otrm r. uolmtrvlAtcrrmattrit btico
less
tyttHBWHiftxoiittfcww^OK^
tuMlkdratrntwrmrtBrntprurm <cq
move
iiytiiinrfVttliuifigitwUjlU'UO*citrtftt
toward naturalism.
This trend toward naturalism had a
strong influence on the design of early
cathedrals (15).
13
manuscript
illustration.
called Textura,
lupmonranfv
lugnumitm
raiictcumcoccn
more commonly
referred to as Gothic or
Old
English.
mi qiuougiti
cjmojmilulAilai
aonomcnaua?
nomepnoauo
icnpmimnfionn
14
45
500-1300
History of Paper
It
was
and
was printing
it
word paper
made
printing possible,
word papyros.
meaning
from which
"reed'."
tians, Greeks,
and
pared a uriting
early
Egyp-
the
Romans
pre-
surface.
time from
105
it
to
It
and
rope.
a pulpy
shallow, porous
pulp.
substance, which
As
the
vat.
Next, a
mold was
into the
mold and
When removed
dried, this
mat became
sheet of paper.
Samarkand
Chinese papeiinakers
had
been taken
Arabs
in turn
From Spain,
first
it
Spam
spread through-
paper mills u en
own
46
style.
Germany
It
first
and
in
in 1391.
Historical Events
511 Clovis,
King
527 Justinian
emperor.
1040
550
St.
570
Muhammad, founder
Omar Khayyam
1066 Battle
Marco Polo
of
1094
St.
Mark's Cathedral
begun.
St.
1123
First
Crusade
Omar Khayyam,
Persian poet,
Second Crusade.
in
Old English.
712 Arabs conquer Seville, Spain.
732 Charles Martel stems Arab
expansion at Tours and Poitiers.
735 Venerable Bede dies.
790 Golden Age of Arabic learning.
800 Charlemagne crowned emperor.
814 Building of Doge's Palace in
Venice.
use crossbow.
in
warfare.
of
Mongol
1163
Notre-Dame de
1170
in
1185 Tristan
und
de
built.
Isolde written.
crowned
England.
King
of
1200
Cambridge
University founded.
1214 Roger
Bacon
born.
1216
1218
mi.
1230s)
built.
(fl.
Paris built.
and
Canterbury Cathedral.
1211
of
England.
1130s)
crowned King
(fl.
Eastern
re,
Gislebertus
Spain by
in
Empire, born.
solfeggio: do,
Bonnoof Pisa
1180s)
Cimabue (ca. 1240-1302)
Giovanni
Fine Arts
Moors.
dies.
la
1151
700 Heroic
Music
Adam de
dies.
in
1324)
Venice
in
Jerusalem
to
1220s)
(fl.
1144 Failure of
calendar.
Muhammad
(fl.
(ca. 1254-ca.
completed.
of Islam,
Augustine of Canterbury
christianizes England.
600 Pope Gregory institutes
Gregorian chants.
622 The Hegira, Muhammad's flight
from Mecca. First year of Muslim
ca.
1095
632
born.
597
Literature
St.
notes.
becomes Byzantine
of Franks, dies.
1255 Kublai
St.
theologica.
1271
Marco Polo
Kublai Khan.
ca. 1285
Charlemagne's mark
47
1300-1400
Early
Renaissance
when
new
development. As teachers
own
for the
self-
in secular uni-
of literature,
critical spirit
began
to find expression.
the
as
Humanists,
clerics,
immersed themselves
Greek and Latin
in the
were
They
study of
classics in order to
Although
language was
spoken
their
in
versities
It
that
art,
and
science.
some
in Latin.
expressiveness. In Italy,
And with
came
new
Dante Alighieri
bawdy Decameron
ous and
by the
his
Italians, Geoffrey
(1).
his
humor-
Influenced
Chaucer wrote
Tales.
It
was during
referred
Eu-
is
million people.
Conflict continued within the papacy.
Rome
papacy returned to
in
Schism
48
(2);
Petrarch
Boccaccio
(4).
(3);
and
FINE ARTS
The same
arts.
Hu-
In
first
and
sional
lifelike
Dead Christ
at the
was in sharp
worked
style
who
Byzantine or Gothic
in either the
(3).
By capturing
dramatic
moments with
characters, he
Giotto was so
that
it
recognizable
humanized
far
biblical events.
to understand
and appreciate
he had achieved.
Many
what
fully
artists
borrowed
such
Two French
artists
worth noting
are
Dead
completed by Giotto in
1306. His work broke new ground
by the introduction of more
Christ
lifelike,
real
in
3 Lamentation of Christ
completed by Duccio in 1311
Compared to Giotto, Duccio's
painting continues to reflect the
more conservative Byzantine
style.
49
1300-1400
GRAPHIC ARTS
who
was they
it
Humanist passion
Oiismifnrar
hnfrlnifOirar
lUmmiur mil
nmifmnnfiiprna&
frmifnraninm.Hi
nobis
taisnrtnuDirarnos
trus
mnmuutrmm
classi-
cal
open handwriting
been written in
Roman
times. In actual
fact,
Wtmmoftanmsm
trna mam main m
for
admired were mostly from the Carolingian period, and their script, which
we
call
omiubHsgnmOHs
ramrairmiim.an
Hloiifimumirabi
script
was used
more
faster,
popitti ftns:amfitiraii
sive,
was developed
JBtfmuuramiitrc
these
everyday writing
for
It
two Humanistic
scripts replaced
griiirs(|flimDirfp)pu
(osmajmnntn-gnm
Humanists
imrrciomgrc
tnraftDirfiumunfu Z^tomiHo-IrTHtorrrrfu
Ultimately, as
Humanistic
Jontaimirnln
popauttM8:(onftcra
JcncOinttoima
\ irrrrdlnnrmmmfc
JSHnwoifciniostais
detested.
d mia-
reached
tional
its
we
scripts
The
illustrations
tempera.
of oil paint.
as
most
fa-
commis-
Tres Riches
art
sioned by Jean,
Due de
brother of
and architecture.
use of realism in
the illustrations was an element
that would eventually influence
of
Gothic
art
Flemish painting
than as
a text to
be studied.
God.
50
Heures
Bern-, the
It
(4).
glorified
much
as
all
when few
growing demand
for inexpensive
err tutoltiuit
mn jFJrVraq)
utp
was
lib
cu ouMvlU+ipRn winpfn
ttumotinam it feprati
b9 Ubcrttrf pcrpif itvpfor
facft Irrprrcm aieil rtru
1
fttrt! fll
individuals could
vimmw> %m&vai
tct>
oil)
b"Tuu
paRra*
ajplo
cnitf iitttcp ituir
irluTcrUj fiCvlro nuiaferprfe
cnfhTm
im-
(5). To
woodcut printing became popular (6). It was the woodcut
groundwork
for
Guten-
page
52).
^^rOTfH
A more
elaborate form
of the
51
1300-1400
bodcu t Printing
before the
Christian era
was a short
it
It
step to
From
silk.
printing
Diamond
868,
it is
paper
Sutra (below)
is
the
scroll from
700.
closer to
papermaking
later,
shortly
process arrived.
The
may
two ways;
either
and
woodcut
such as
rubbing
a wooden
block on
it
with a burnisher,
the screw to
apply pressure.
Diamond
52
muuftwo
ff(f
-* -*-
ariftofrnfootmfrrQttAMmfBarrnfi.:.
s m mm
ir
*i
#5
First
woodcut
St.
Christopher, 1423.
Historical Events
Literature
in
Arena
Dante
Alighieri (1265-1321)
(1304-1374)
Comedy.
1309 Seat of
papacy moves
Dante dies
1323
St.
to
Avignon.
silk industry.
Ravenna.
Thomas Aquinas canonized.
in
(ca.
1300-1376)
exile at
Fine Arts
Maso
Jean de Bondol
Bernardo Daddi
sweeps Europe.
1353 Boccaccio writes Decameron.
1348 Black Death
di
Banco
1340s)
(fl.
(fl.
(fl.
1368-1381)
1312-1348)
Messe de Notre-Dame.
Limbourg Brothers
Music
Guillaume de Machaut
at
Poitiers.
ca.
1375 Robin
Hood
story
composes
in Paris.
becomes
popular.
Gentile
Lippo
Memmi
1317-1347)
Giovanni da Milano
Tales.
Orcagna (Andrea
in
England.
1380-1416)
to Rome. Great
Schism sees two popes elected.
1380 Chaucer begins Canterbury
(fl.
Lorenzo
(ca.
(fl.
Monaco
(fl.
1370-1427)
(1370-1422)
di
Cicone)
1308-1368)
Andrea Pisano
(ca.
1290-1348)
Screw press
53
1400-1500
Renaissance and Printing
The
tance of
Humanism was
accep-
especially strong
in the universities
learning. In
As
a result, Europe
and expansion.
In 1492, Christopher
Columbus
at-
tempted
progression.
In Italy,
it
commercial
rivalries
and
instead
to reach India
(3).
Five years
explorer, Vasco
political tur-
by crossing the
later, a
Portuguese
da Gama, succeeded
in
for
power and
vastly expanded.
By
city-states
governments
spirit thrived
Humanist
and
art flourished.
One
of
as the
eval
states. In Spain,
(1).
Pope Alexander
During the
Medici of Florence
and
Sforza of Milan,
(2),
the
Isabella
Ferdinand and
last
of the
VI
Among
Alexander
II,
and
vi.
the
first stir-
to build
riage in the
Austro-German
areas. In
England, Henry
Thomas
Kempis produced
his
im-
ist
of Fools in 1494,
nesses
and vices of
his time.
first
d' Arthur,
Henry
VIII,
Tudor
began
to
modern
acy,
composed
The
new
were used
mass marketing.
54
fc
MILAN
fvE N
\f\
I
Milan
V^-O
Padua
CE
jji \/enice
rtlf
Jp-'s
_-*
"
VV
r-^
,-^Genoa-s
>,
Florence
\vT"
^\/""VP\
FLORENCE/V Vj^
1~^
\->fS
<!
r^ Siena v\/ \- \
siena
/>^alS.
\ / states f
ADRIATIC SEA
c/\
Rome
\
(
KINGDOM OF
NAPLES
/
\^
MEDITERR/*vNEAN SEA
~N
C>
Naples
^~^
Map showing
major city-states
during
the Renaissance.
and
55
1400-1500
FINE ARTS
all
(Tommaso
such
artists,
influas Paolo
Among
Leonardo da Vinci
(7),
Andrea
(5),
Sandro Botticelli
del Verrocchio,
and the
ing with
oils
gave
artists
means of expression.
artist
Up
an entirely
new
to then the
immediate liking
to
making
glazes, thus
possible greater
realism.
It is
was the
believe
first
first
it
some
undisputed masterpiece in
oils
was
brothers in 1432
When
reached
the
Italy,
first
(6).
Flemish
oil
paintings
It
details
who had
visited Flanders.
tempera
56
for
all
By
the end of
panel painting.
Trinity
fresco by Massaccio
the
in
1425,
in
was
first
one-point perspective.
Leonardo da
shows his
anatomy and
Vinci,
early mastery of
his
create an atmospheric
effect, known as sfumato, from
ability to
'
shows the
painter's ability to
still
retain a
sense
of
classical harmony.
57
1400-1500
GRAPHIC ARTS
Printing in
The most
Johann Gutenberg
tury
and one
was Johann
(8). Little is
1397
years,
man
The
thousand
more
40,000
editions, or 10 to
20 million
a total that
but
it is
known about
clear that he
his early
was born in
phenomenal.
Germany
He
and commercial
was
Mainz was
in the
a cultural
center. It
thirst for
knowledge was creating a growing market for books that could not be satisfied
to order
They were
who had
or have
read to
it
many
errors,
which had
to be corrected.
Adding
to the expense
As
relatively inexpensive
means of
been developed
Gutenberg began
his
experiments with
in
friars
to the
City of
58
Mainz
urban working
class
preach-
of
and the
God
poor.
The
irtLC
EJfigiej
the Original
^^fiO&K
%^k f|
u
^Bt^^Mk
m\:
J.
S^w^-t^S^
i^^
n
1
1 1
u
ffi
>
,/i
(M
fo
jfiffiufiJL /
^ffl^vl'
'
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Jr
t iten
jw^^BI
f
IjSgF^MjmmR
iiiiimttBT
M
J
Ss
ABCl)E N ^
FGlTTKLMN'O
If
r]
W^^J
"Of"-*'SI
gmt
59
1400-1500
Inks
Casting Type
The first
was
take
to
steel
bar
and create a
die, or
and
raised
base
steel
older, believed to
letter
of casting type
oil-base.
hundred years
before
a
and
pigment, glue or
a mold,
or matrix.
locked inside
adjusted
widths.
to
By changing
to create
and from
beautiful red,
was
so rare
and expensive
mollusks, the
that
it
color
was used
to
and printing
small
be
harden.
binder,
cases
and antimony,
each
as
water as a solvent.
larger
gum
caps in
letters
in
an upper
a lower
storage case
case.
and
Piece of type
Although the
had
to be cast.
and
gouache.
letters
stored in
would
berg developed
ink, which,
a slow-drying,
it is believed,
oil-base
was similar
to
Flanders.
a pigment, Gutenberg
compounds of lead
results
Gu ten-
hundred years
Mold
or matrix
60
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de faniltatibiia fuie pie (MgMWfc* tn cnto_hiiiufino3i mdulgcntijc pouCcrc debet -In vetitah6 refcimomu fipilinaibocotiinatLi
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,,
<T nn
mtnmiln atq? Sclictie quotuciiq; ptauibifeSi apfire le'efiiatie Hccu? qiiibiifcuq; cvcorconoiin fiifpenfiouii intetiuli
ainfq; fentenrns cetifun? peine eccriafrinoaiureuclab bof; ;miulganfiqiin!v mrurrifri oati3o nbipleiufTitna oftn pecou niou
indulgtttnatrvmifTioiielnquatil rlaincfnnr>ematri6ctcric 111 bat parte feevtviiii1c-}niiofepatrie*filqifpirmisfaucti. iihi-
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fiicliufacramenfiC ecrfe/ie RetnittmJotibi peaaopurgatoriiquaopioprer culpac-ioffenfac- incut nfcidanSotibiplenanao.nl
,
With
more
efficient
if,
woodblock
to
were cast
as separate blocks
and
Peter
errors
It is
his
that was
Guten-
establishment for
to Fust.
The
no evidence
as to
whether Gutenberg
arts (9).
efforts.
ceived that
letterpress,
it
is
vention, the
Using
columns were
Gutenberg
set
it is
believed that
ter for
years.
Mainz.
61
1400-1500
the jorty-two-lim
The edition
is
of
two
aajfci
re
t>aniaiui
anmiflcltii
copies,
and
about three-quarters
"
*^
b3 1^001
luilimamm
nan funis
ipfam
in
to exist.
make
the
script as
seen in the
faahJ rtum
found
in
a hand-
font of about
2jo
letters
turmoil Fed
same
(lrnfiriarT pidctlrrriTmr
qturpiuo
riTr
man*
umfx-f
Vrrimu
ail rrffciimoiir
muninouu raquu
ocnrs EHbiimns
mn fr
.ioufu9
rubiumuTarnriam inotjcoimorim
frnbiriibnirnnaaCunsltitrns rruflxniarb
mrnafluoni lanoma nr nrbrbgrtr gwnantqur
ciaai rfr n prr inpjftnmimi manua plhacn)
Citop-mpir urinirrrnrcUDmuasfpRUD)a^af
lL-nu (mnonr Ctpimnr uunruiqiUHp moo dnar
fmpoixni: ^bmintimi mquit ami qm Cdfan bsr
miuimrO
ho;r,in
fmnonrm a^urpxmaftra
horlnn
m tortnn j
fauri rr ronnnflcamits
quoft
Urrmuinrcrr
^^_^
and
pjmnmii
mm uriums bunpuLoe
letter cut in
rr
i^^l
rwomi
n>rtBOOflino8-prtrthas-$ini9-pMoiiit3
."unbre prtUlhno* itunfiieOinswb:unptT
mrir %opidin ur grnmofopliilbis rr rainofuTi
tmimlolifi mnifit intmr infttbulo iminnr iHr
btr Din"
quooatfhm afmujrTpafwnie^
fnnprtfrmriu^nnrt- ^mflKfuiurrhnr puuir ubira
nt flTiinr ortD
variations of the
ti
called ligatures,
oaitwr
luteins
cr
a itnr
n^arOrr^iinnaoituurr frgtaaotr
variety of letterforms
>ngm:ii ronir
the
nmtm uunnrtDiiun rC
rr
pnban acnaii
%r?mAfl
tuu9
i"r
Utouoiiffimrumigmutr XirquiOitimioiiu
I giOtr am rt usmie nuulnji mrtnruu ,uf*irrmu
^Yiul rmpiifmtrr
a handuritten
it
known
rtlrgnrrur
nmrhJrttriiViiiiCia.iiui'-uif+jnmijflir
7v
a outuumi
Irgitmis
noiUm
ub ^onaunna
fcuru qtuin oaiuua rum lioteatav- na ihii
rr
mum nrpxii
combined
ft Cud nrpif
rruifm
umi rumfs(kA
lU'fQctrmiuuuuc
n/iniu tunmr ma aieur
[ha quill
tun U
Unrnaa ain?ir
I ^rtber nrfhari
uiuf uom ctttua ft m nuffi Cifopuli CrauinsM
ccr raiiUniia nrtuia (iuuu <1 urfr rr ffdnutn
1,286 pages.
llii
uritten
around 180
chose as his
ftih kmiimm
ft
mm
mom
Hin.ojrft
on paper
luaji
column. Published
around 1455.
<,
has forty-
so called because it
Latin Bible,
h)
uolumtmbiis plnlofmtnK
..- .-
J'.'piniluiii rjfninOiiiii
different widths.
Further
berg
left
to
enhance his
efforts,
Guten-
of
by hand.
The
with the
papa
one-third the
was a
success
cost
fa
Jbm
opra a? D ingttat.
10 itaq? geBieraoiDit ut
cy
vl
(Right) Full
approximately
ligatures,
62
thirty
by
forty
forty-two-line Bible
measuring
initials
irii*.
ttait^ngcdTuofaijratfau^^bmi^
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mrttudieprou^ag^e.fyabuauuin
fcnmtulrrurarttofaqutpOTabto
Dirini t raanu illtf.lnumitq; ioFtpI?
gran a coram Ono Funr* miniftrabat
tujft quojpoFttue omnito gubaxta*
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bobit
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litbamtorammtuimninquatrant
paUiuoRmlntnmruoreutamtomn*
Mponoitto&pb-Bitcjftintpmam
1400-1500
book they
printed and published was the Mainz
Psalter of 1457.
number
for a
first
of reasons:
It
was the
first
The
by hand
(10).
number
partners printed a
Cicero of 1465.
While on
\4^^=^^^^m^^^^^^^^
ink,
,>.
science. Its
and the
continued publish-
death in 1502.
m ^a
quality depended
and press.
a good
The
press
and
impression.
was laid on
even
own
It
had to
dampened
be
frisket. or mask,
and inked
was placed
with two
was
accomplished by turning
and hung up
Later the
to dry.
m fplmoq
was
When
into signatures.
they ivere
64
The
wen printed,
into
book.
and gathered
binder,
where
iA
tirti
ig$illrua-rm>lui]ijnmgfia flffupraia,
onr falnu
illujFit
nofi (
on-
ftitmtt
fittbn riuirorus
rina&irioanf uirmrr:
aD mflndirntus mftiftratore
mas Out
10
65
1400-1500
were a number
of other
cpfi;a& gal:tbaocrpofttul.hn-j:.i 1 ruagclio c-mcTbacucs ptimc $Mrcuu tpih? pftancn unpatrcio litb
<\ct moctuus andocbic fepulruc eftrapl'm-jcrri(^vripbihuG cnpnlceanfisfiuclcuconthiDn cp
"clocgnfTimuo fucctatioct fubrcgrpfrantino
first
book
(11).
In 1473,
to be illustrated
Thomas
(12).
with woodcuts
GONTHER ZAINER
of
first bestseller,
Five years
later,
Heinrich Quen-
Low German
Anton Koberger,
printer, publisher,
first
Bible in
(13).
Germany's largest
toioftmmc Icijuntut
is
best
remembered
liben'o
for a single
which
(14).
Diirer's
prindpc ftitopolim
known
ui liano
terat
(ol
ctmccruS
eft
pfaln^ra
Capitoiumjrt>n
|ottunanuonad>eafaaqui'dciiri8cpirfopuG
Ji andante oftanaoicuanjclipticuliGp^iaiiH
am *w*
ot.rfln at iota*
8Sn*0 nun inn^0
'
'
iurtrt , ,,,
mnnlh
..
r*
7&
S
S5SSSgS
,u,,o.
m JW*J
.U.uMuonuiiBl'1
66
it
latiru \i r=
valcnnnianp ct vukntc rr&ncib?
rt
impatrccao cocTajrcuetfuGCOit
?mtaruB cafcbi?
as incunabula.
S5S?i
""'-'
fmn M "">
12
Catbocck*
m
m
tencrettroiipngen-l(lnbel;ere fprak to
Mop
^lofiic
*)lck
bcnljebbembpncmangeMjtc-rowvrc my
byn angcfrjcl;!* vp bat ik bv wy tts vn bat
ik gnabe vpnbt vot by ne oge fee an bpn volk
fceffc lube- On bo fprak gob- AXpn angtfrjcbte
fulue
Vn
13
11
The
first
Edelstein,
Albrecht
illustrated
was
book,
in 1461 by
printed
Pfister.
in
1473 by Gunther
Zainer.
in
67
1400-1500
Printing in Italy
Incunabula
It
is
"
"swaddling
and by
it
tories,
mean
1501
in
textbooks, his-
Many
classics.
letters
preferring the
style.
new
German
clients, the
printers adopted
The
first
roman
typeface based
by
typefaces
to
Shown below
is
Conrad Sweynheim
Pannartz, who
set
up
and
the
on
in
1466
Arnold
first
Italian
copper engraving by
and
religious or
to
flee
years.
has come
spread was
take with
anything. In English
Its
Latin for
Humanist
near
Rome
(15).
results
were not
still
characteristics,
The
condensed.
It
such
as
roman
who
cut the
first
typeface.
fatabs:fmcor
dicut effe form
ud no ex alio
68
H
contra cos qui pro defrtTionc cojc quos
.fjg^Mt
U, ........ ._.
JlmpfiMff $
effc fell/
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eddonuda:ctidco
nullu dc u
eolendum
Vndc
fi
dicercc.
ilia
f dices
ct
bac ptatem
ptate ut uolcntcs
ifta
dccernant:magna
opmatur
fi
dci uolutate
multa
ex
ilia
dixim9
ct
iudtcui dc
aliqua
buano
demde
eclcftis neceffitas
ct fidcru Si
m tabb9ncccflitanb9
m gerendis lllius oio iuffa coplerc ita ne
fatalis:mcoru fniamftucopioncmqea
uifum
eft
qfaccrc:utqilocunoqucdi fitillapofino
ucl no
cormgut
tta folet
corngat. Cur.n.noboc
ficat
fj
ct a pfits
regulam ad ea
fe
ilh
q3 aliq abenar
cna bee pav
ilia
et
m euentis m profeffionibus
i
bononbus
ptmenbus
ectenf q? reb9ad
*tcf
ambus
buana uita?
m tpa morte
fit
plfrunqj
as fmt qcfi
fe gcmrniji?
coif,
fj
qui deoy
effc
cultorcs.
cxiguo tempons
rn nafcedo fcparati
mt eruallo
lcerodiatlpocratem ^Ca.fcctm-
\_
J^
<B UdlllH^llil'
15
15 Page from
St.
Augustine's
De
civitate
Dei
of
69
1400-1500
YSEBIVM
la:mum
exgrasco
tu
tu
mu
duximus.Quo qmdem
in libro quafi
Licet
eft:
quodam
pnrnum
aggreffi tra'
qux tamen
multo
certtus
atque diftuictius
ipfis
condu<
uin
o
if
mirabilem
"j:
fibi atqj
philofot fiorum
nnium
fecta.s
no ignorauit:
e\:
cxtcris tradi
lit.
pene gentium
hittonam ferie fua
infinitos
Lt.Quippe
fuerunt tnfi
quando
quom
qux i tcpore
ruhTeqdem nptcrconfuTionem
fiierut fcias:nec
itiam
f rip-
cun
ft
11
icurtconfecucu
ideo
rufanbus
fuum propofitum
fuis uoluitcofirmare.Itaqj
:us eft;
il'e
imqj de
uinbus
omnium
quarum
amore cdtempferit:
fduas uniuerfum
partis
traducta nobis
eft:
negotium
qua dlis
in France
cjuidempofiibiiceit
Mainz by
new craft of
and type founding. By 1470, he
King Charles
printing
VI I to learn the
as a
The
truly successful
first
was cut
as
spirit of the
roman
letterforms
time
(17).
Rome by Pope
printing
taf:
He
began
printing.
forces
To achieve
this end,
lint
K R
EN
IS qmdem u morca
p^cqthiiCavu adftanr."aln rxp.'i.fi lv
(18).
but
nudi
to stimu-
was
ojeacluf.
a Venetian,
porulibul uiQibif
Aldus Manutius,
monacborum
Sixtus IV to establish a
office,
ut ucrlumproaciTtuffi
artistic
caught the
dum
ccx-pec'lal
oraooru deect
for his
an
mar
roman type-
1470 by Jenson
in
ucl rurful
foccularc
successful printer-publisher.
face
fere
hmt. alu
fa(ce(
i'.i:
clipeoi
through
he joined
printer.
omuiem
Humanist
ita fe
Age
babent.
r
r
nam moao mueiptmil
scholars.
norubul dec
et rcci
y-
L~ r
17
initials
It
was the
roman
types.
71
'
1400-1500
AENEE re/hjnotnfttedis
I
ntrnditcj;
lib
,dt^ilicc/e/ht,
.irrr.
u'fifequdr^uidneduxilioiuudtdnteleudtvs,
Ap<u{mrr*Arrc WtimtfktWt fj i
IjJtfnC
fi(h:
QKijmf duttm(fkc uelle)finet' rdtibusty fuperbis
I
T
T
tr qvmndmcuWccttcntrid
S pdrfcrdt
V/rgrmjorjDuM.
Xucrni,
rrifimdcnpiet'ncfasheupcrdjtB,nccdum
I domedontt* fentis
penuridotnhs?
F dlnbusetmcpdiddlundmquterunturdhcnis
V ubentrs'ncrb wgricum IdcTe ueneni,
knTyriis,ommtymdnu{hpdtameorum
E
I
reuulfus,
pfit
V numexutapedem Hindis
T
(\HiAtum?{bldfi<q7iTiautdscvmihtboroUdntrs?
in ucfirr conch
men
ftr
efhturmoriturddcos,etconfcidfkti
<IC
orpordpcrterrdsfylute'cj^erfhiddwerm
ititos
: i
\jLCCjuora,cHmmcdjouoluunturfyderdldpfu,
'
R
L
illafiio
protmjjk Sicbteo-
rumpebdt peclvre
keneds eelfain
umtocvtomnisdqvr,pccudes,pift*ty uolmts,
Qttrffj; Idcus
puppi,idm
qucftus,
certus cundi,
Ulrlicjuidos^u^dfperddftms
in fomms,rurfusty
ita.
uifa monereefi,
A tnoninfilix dnwnvhcenifid,necunqudm
N dttDed,potes
bocfiub cafu ducere fomnos*.
KKap&circumfienttc dcindcpericuldcvrnis
5 icddeoinfifhtfecumtyitxcordeuolutat,
,*-
19
19
in
Q7X
1501
''''7/
l/\
mwf
a lectern
II
I
y^M
w
20
72
fiihJn
W//
//
1 |
iwju
tffUk
^^
"
^n\\jr^
Tiiy
Aldus Manutius
also
saw a market
for
would
tomes
He
published an inexpensive,
2 %mwduc^^r<mjU-^yrttcr^
'Ltrd c\A
pocket.
^onmdueffe^dAfdefS
punch
cutter from
c\pfua[farn*r'c\yi poetando
Bologna named
Francesco Griffo
to design a
new
\o trd drnuo
text
roman
J)a lirucenrrtte^de-t^trtw^ouue^
typeface, Griffo
\jtnon l^lirUpotuer^cUtpwvix.
the
fcr'uir'
cjuHtruofm-viut^'
typeface. Just as
first
first italic
comw
sfuulio
typeface (21).
doom
chAfTiuf
It
ftuio
l&OLWno^&weonuutzduolai-
^KvrdnAo
in 1495,
.-
qualities that
cessful
made
TUnordtto
making
JZ truorwntntt'suv merceJ^dfcoltx.
legibility.
lui
style lingered.
21
writing style
model
typeface.
73
1400-1500
POLIPHILOINCOMINCIAILSECONDO LIBRO DI
EMIEDEBILEVOCETALEOGRA
tiofe&diue Nympheabfoneperuenerano 8C
inconcinealla uolrrabenignaaudietia, quale
laterrificaraucitatedelurinanteEfachoalfua'
ti
lulceuigilocfulptnilintc.&KjprricteocxIitkpalpcbrc. EtiorrpniK
uihiiflimjanhelundoillaruainfprruirataanoni
>aKbraccv,piamcn(r,&cunidulcif1
ricciii
me&anttw
!a
A alquaiitulo realVumctc
( ZotOO jllH>rjcl!oiijlcii.i
tcdilTc.l-'olu Si^nora
il
contaminaio mgorc,
tiimtrviiniI.iiiocc,\f l| lp f
((
'.f1 ^ii^>
nicN)inpliccclcbcfniiic,mcrciitiiii.]iialidcdolccru.inio:iWj. l\pnio
CiAcxctUJuailacnuRtlrorcpmedtopiumoItoditactrarr.pcrcheqiicI
fjngijcchcpcrdol.'tf \tuiniiforimiiiiif iiilerr.tctiiiOn(lopfroppo&;
inunualxncu.Uxaiclcueaedfcnriiuc]ibaut1o,fictiiaabrortavBcaRoni
Dtgnor4uachtmedircaSinDncbcioaglianconpailidanlabn,cum((>'
luuaudada^liofitriiblandicuUunoufauo&mulluleniobano, AmnmftrefiiinamorofianipIexi.Qualinel Hermcrico< ail
ficongruerebbealtronde.dignamcnremeritanopiuuberrimo fluuio di
eloquenria.cumtroppo piu rotunda elegantia&cum piu exornata poli
.inicn
barulo inuoluto
ilfuogratiofoaffafro.Maauui Celibe
Nymphe&admealquato.quan
mileparendo.checumcnucIeataterfa.&uenuiheloquentiaplacedo.La
prifca dunque& ueterrimagcneologia,& profapia,& il fatale mio amore
dcldiuiiio Medico.
uo ceto di uui O Nymphe fedulefamularie dil accefo cupidine.Et itanto benigno&delaSeuole&facrofito.difincereaure &florigerifpirami'
niafflato.IoacconciamentecompuHadiaflumereunouenerabileaulb,
8aranquillotimorededire.Dunqueauanteiltutoueniadate,obcllifri'
23
22
22 Hypnerotomachia Poliphi a
large-format book published in
1499 by Aldus Manutius, is
considered to be the finest of the
incunabula. The exquisite
woodcuts harmonize perfectly
li.
with the
mood
pages
of quiet
23 The
text
of type, creating
grace.
were designed by
Francesco Griffo. A fine
typographic innovation was to
design the caps shorter than the
ascenders and thereby making
them less assertive
initials
74
Printing in
The
first
England
fyte ot*t*$ ty
(tt
years in Bruges,
England
first
where he
0tf
up the
set
Of fimpfcure
Cfaf
@te
on how
Caxton spent
fifteen years in
England;
He
WORDE, who
on
carried
was suc-
Wynkyn
his
*()tcGe
faffte
fc
tfyte t none
o^r mcuBus
(Jtoty (0 fefif
f)ata
11
1.
111.
1.
1.111.1
1.1.1,1,1''
0$ touae
Ct ma&m>
Qte
work.
atpettt* anb?
(Snb?
de
ffettfe
f j&ee (gurgle
words were
ferret)
^Cfftnge
Furthermore, as English
of fftgrge
2(fpeGe of
years.
fitf fifob?
Cte tBas
hundred
tbWt# &nty
ki&uz
minster Abbey.
rather than
ga^s pw&cp +
of
Caxton returned to
in 1476,
%ff
'
'
8u*
fc
ong *t$onout
t$ie a^na^
Wttout
'
$>3N
^&&4&?*&X&
24
was
The
text is set in
the running
initials
Batarde while
are handlettered
in
printer's
75
1400-1500
Printing in
France
It
set
up
own
their
presses.
The
first
book
France,
Two
period were
St.
Augustine's
who
(25).
known
La
Cite de
Antoine
as a prolific
G*c6aptrir
eff
par
mammbeprofo
in
rfjofc
mf c
timer.
ft
aup atigte
compuirjnif
were either
ou
if
fera
fre ( ompatgnie6
(bief rme btrfe 6 r| tie
oibonnere Grffaffauoir baip bee an
fome
bcmonffre
be u
r| t
for French-lan-
guage books
when
until the
bcmonffre
(.
'ccfarafionb* cr
fiurr.
25
25 Dupre
is
credited with
Shown here
St.
is
his
1486 edition
of
set in Lettre
Batarde and
woodcuts.
illustrated with
76
gothic or a
Lettre Batarde.
fre
efj* l a pparfir n
t aup
rreafuee* roifonno6ff6
morfrffre f. cdy
gee: rt
fiiruudf rdmriffou
set in regular
I'lrocequf ifbpebr
set
tic |oit
roman
roman
types.
^rfa
c feptiefmtdate W&toatt
ftequirngrnSiaSmgfiquatrr
f nfane f ant fifc qar ftf&e /9ef
friot)
f if t
rt
w .if r
'
iirfiil
on n.fr in
'
ilia
qurl';lrefioiiw|ai|iilurfif.a
'
Cp?*i
jfurftTrt
roufeetfiofee.
opfir
pxp'afopue:(cpp'cep6f>fue-(e
pp.'
mean8er:fc ppn'
pifftta: (e
ptjnii'/prrrCiaoif^m'frfo/
feiOCflapttrr pamirr.
9re 9iru]t
rt f rf file
mrtc. ~f
pr te 9t e rfio
fee. 15nnrrt)foi)fiurr9cfanarutrfe -(Mmim
hi ft 01 rr rt) foutjf rrft rfrmttt 9re ranr'
rr uf)t irp 9ifant. rra
9it. /Crrfrerrflrfrmenffeignrurtra
rnnureeeffeeeffrangfent frfprnt
9e
Crrffr gcrteetfaitfouf8:refe
mon8r 9ifroj8ant aurr fup. iOurffe
ir.
4~e
tfle ofogtee
011(11
onf
ocran auoir
rflefift9uriefetS<r
$eflefefquef$teeo'
fogireofirniiSftou
teerfjofrerfhr pint
Suttee
9ee6 r3m3
,
i)plU6fftiraiii5anon point
mome
fo
pareGepzoSutfee/ ou Son
tr
iitirnn
rt
tonfee
9r (JnfSirf re parof>
frefontSepfmr iSitrtmirnrSifrtrpr
poimafa8rffuf8irtr optmot)9rpfinr
faoHifrflnp^ittimir ftaitte 9e farf
9ee8ifiet9ifant.jCenfrqnifont(re)t
ci t q
Sopott qnr au
rurtrr6ofottrpouoitrf}trmg?8a-r on
mrronrouffrtap irronftetefj
naiffrefaneButneur. ^ctarrffrranfr
nr f. /Cerfre ire
prn 9r rf)o*
rrflotf
1
gt-ncafogic $n?(ettpfelotf&oc<xt>
|r
fi
f>i
bum'
fiqurut e.
fe anoit rten
fii;
ont
26
French translation
in
Lettre
of
Boccaccio
combined
77
1400-1500
Typeface Design:
Jenson and
on a
and
a wooden
example,
to exert
so
3400
used
to represent one
B.C.
one thousand by
lotus blossom.
III
\l
III
llll
llll
111
11
111
III
llll
III
llll
III
&
5>
1000
100
enson
and
Griffo typefaces
and the
Today designs
to
steady
strokes possible
was
nine.
and
and was
serifs
have
and
thin
Most ancient
remains
is
civilizations
Roman
numerals,
systems.
figures.
II
IV
III
VI VII VIII
to
IX X
C D M
10
50
100
500
1000
years ago, arriving in the West shortly before the year 1000.
possible route
Spain.
into
across
into
2,000
One
Moorish
below
had appeared
written
from right
During
in
to left.
they are
evoked
and
it
into those
to
as Arabic,
Hindu- Arabic
1234567890
Hindus are
78
and modern
mathematics
made
Literature
Graphic Arts
William Caxton
Jean Dupre
Events
Historical
1420
End
of
Great Schism.
Thomas a Kempis
writes Imitation
of Christ.
1431
Joan
of
Arc burned
Music
Josquin Desprez
(ca.
Johannes Ockeghem
1440-1521)
(ca.
at the stake.
Fine Arts
Antonello da Messina
becomes duke
Leone
of Milan.
(ca. 1430-1479)
Jacopo
Bible.
Giovanni
War
of Roses begins.
Romano.
1456 Frangois Villon writes Le Petit
Testament.
first
Botticelli
Doctor
of
becomes
paints La Primavera.
Spanish
Inquisition.
1483 Richard
his
III
of
murdering
nephews.
Kingdom
da
Bellini (1430-1516)
(fl.
1476)
1481-1504)
(fl
Albrecht Pfister
1476)
(d.
1461)
(fl.
Heinrich Quentell
1501)
(d.
Conrad Sweynheim
Anton Verard
(fl
(d.
1477)
i486)
Wynkyn de Worde
(fl.
Gunther Zainer
1468-1478)
(fl.
1490)
accused
(ca. 1421-1491)
Bonhomme
Arnold Pannartz
1455
1430-1495)
Pasquier
Vinci paints
of
foot in
The
Aldus Manutius
(1401-1428)
Hans Memling
(1435-1494)
Perugino (1445-1523)
da Sangallo
(1443-1516)
Sassetta (1399-1450)
Martin
Luca
Schongauer
(1430-1491)
79
1500-1600
High Renaissance and Mannerism
estant Reformation,
chiavelli
grew
on
and wealth.
It
In
1 5 17,
five theses to
his ninety-
German
sympathy and
people as well
as
Jean Clouet.
men
of
one
paintings to treat
nature rather than people as the
of the first
dominant subject.
He
later
and Leonardo da
then created a
Henry
VIII,
Church of En-
gland in 1534.
These challenges to the unity of
Western Christianity
Roman
itself
new
founded
Loyola.
in
Ma-
Prince, a cynical
and
guide
1527 Bal-
in
handbook on how
to be a Renaissance
and Architects
The Dutch scholar and Humanist
political power,
history,
their rulers.
Frangois
wrote The
Painters, Sculptors
attracted the
wide
support of the
1 Portrait of
Church but
sides,
teries in
in Spain.
in influence
for
fear
led to
an atmosphere of
1540 by
St. Ignatius
of
or the
By
essays.
It
found
its first
expression in the
Edmund
Spenser, Sir
Drake circumnavi-
Armada
in
Sir
Humphrey
settle
Virginia.
80
FINE ARTS
for
1495
School of Athens
commissioned
in
Santi's
1509 by
(2).
Michelangelo,
matic intensity to
In northern
Italy,
such
artists stressed
and
color.
works to infuse
his figures
with a
sense of monumentality.
Giorgione,
is
painterly technique
as the
(3).
ued
in the direction to
which
his
master
life,
Titian
These
spirit
artists
of the
1.
1500-1600
Elsewhere
spirit
in
real-
artists as
England
in
(4),
Rome and
on the visual
arts.
the
effect
way
to
its earliest
expression
tino,
and,
later,
Francesco Primaticcio,
VIII
is
5 Detail
of the
damned
from the
It
completed by Michelangelo
1542, that helped establish
Mannerism as an art style.
in
(5).
whose elongated
agitated look.
course,
to
From
that
82
GRAPHIC ARTS
Printing
wane
as France and then Flanders became the
centers of printing and book publishing.
Germany, the birthplace of printing,
continued to
make
valuable contributions
Francois
Hu-
manist
who
I,
This
was fortunate,
England
France
in
as
many
of the leading
Among
industry.
Colines, Claude
Granjon.
It
was they
who
set the
high
Henri Estienne,
the
first
French
During
9
1/
ORONTII
his career
FINE DELPHIN. R E*
Gil MATHEMATICARVM
PROFESSORIS:
utius
ARITHMETICA
BR
PRACTICA,
LI
tuorabfolura
Mi
"'X
IS
tLV
Man-
A>
partner,
omnibusqui Ma*
,vr
"/
.ft
'r
press
As
Cum
printer for
Simonis Colinai.
gratia
&
and
his court,
As
tienne published
priuilcgioChri
royal
publications.
i.
own
his
(6).
a friend of Francois
PARISIIS.
E.\ officina
death in 1546.
jtdiriotertu:
a scholar-publisher. Es-
many
fine editions of
public
(7). It
who
raM
the
first
ill
faces.
i
matching
roman and
italic
to cut
type-
By
hundred books
6
Title
in
1542,
in his Paris
workshop.
I,
Estienne,
who was
a declared Calvinist,
83
1500-1600
Estienne decided to
risk
flee
rather than
Liber Deuteronomii,hcbraicc
Ellchaddcbarim.
r
L-
locuira cftMoyfci -J
omncm
If
Mjrc rubrum,
[haran&Thophcl&Taba.' 1
HorcbperviammotisSur vfquc ad Camum.vi:
dcl barnc. Qiudragdimo anno, vndccimo milc.pnma die mtfa locum* eft Movfn ad filios Unci omnia qu* praccpeni llli
Domini, vr ducicr cis poftqua pcrcurtit Schon age Amorrh.roni.qui habitauii in Hcfcbon: & Og rege Bafan.qui manlit in AiUroih.eVin Edrai rras Iordanc in Terra- Moab.Cuepirq Movies ex-
inter
_
1
of
his family.
i.
members
time.
all
Bourges
in
>
.cTC.DommusDcusnoftcrlocuruseftadnosinHorcb.J.s.
:
;
bis
quod
in
rm
mans.TcrTam ChananroruA
Libaru vfquc ad
studying in
Italy,
lirus
n.incjuir, tradidi
sance. Tory
'
osfapicnrcse>.-gnaros,"quoruconucrfatiolirprobarain
mbubus vcftns,
\;
tarf. j.ti
^ cos vo j, ls pnnqpet.TaPC rcfpoJiftismihi.Bona res eft qua vis faccrc.TuIique dc rnbuqumconftirui cos principes.tribunosA cctunoncs
bus vcftns viros lapienrcs & nobile.
Prxccpiq; cis.diccs Auditc illosA quod
u*nt m*L quaqenanos ac dccanos.qui docercnr vos lingula.
pcrlonarum.ica
par
crir
diftanru
.'Nulla
luftum eft ludicare: Guc Ciuij lie ille.tiuc pcrcgrinus
uum
mas;num:nec
audictis vt
'
i.
difficile
accipictis
"
Tory
D
\ idil'ti-.pcr \
ot minus
Deus
murmuraftis
noftri'
;xit
afecdemusnutu
,ii
ad czlum vfquc
mumrx,
in
Maxima
rilios
raqu j
Dominu>A id
Odit nos
Lr
Quo
,':
obi>iplcpu;nj
'
fecit in
^^**
Domi;;
donci.
JJJJJJJJ*-
rusdHocu inquotctorufigcrc^K
lavlcsvooil irer per i^nc.&rd.i [\
namnubis. Cumq audilfct Dominus voce lc:monuvcftroru, iratus lura .
qmfpiam dc homimbm generations lituus rselTimx Terra bo:
ctopoliitirus lumparnhus vcftns:pra^er Caleb riiiu lepnonc. ipfc cnim videbit ea,4rmfi<laboTcr-
c**
raquitalcauit.'s
if
7iZ^m
Icrmoncm Do-
manu
cnacim v.dim.is
Do
and publisher.
worked for Henri Estienne
designer, printer,
Profccti
cere debcrcris.
"""
Gt?
'**
first
later, in
as a proofreader,
own
'c3r..vec|i
human
body.
The
is
debit
in
populu,cum
He
was also
As
tions.
tions, he Wets
awarded the
many
title
contribu-
of Royal
Tory died
I.
in
Little
MOND
is
that he
youth.
Garamond worked
tor
and
later
lished himself as a
punch
cutter, printer,
as a
Robert
Garamond is
among the first
and
who
LE SEGOND LIVRE,
designed
LAfpirationadoncques fon
printers.
Among
his
many
Francois
Perhaps
du
Roi,
successes was
Greek typeface
eftre ft raifoaable;
merit faides, quelles defirent fcimr
en cllcs auec naturelle raifon, toutc
(10).
greatest contribu-
make
Instead of trying to
now responded
Attiques veulent
commissioned by
Garamonds
to the qualities
Despite his
Garamonds
life
ended
in poverty;
he died
age of eighty-one.
la brifeure
in
de
point dela li
on the contemporary
eft fus le
lettres
Today,
(11).
Later,
ftngulicr.
many accomplishments,
though
Notable
de tignc diametralle.
of metal.
we
FEVIL.XIX.
tra=
was popular
in its day.
at
whom
he
Lettres
later.
The
The major
reasons
bulence between Protestants and Catholics after the death of Francois is in 1547.
This culminated in 1572 in the bloody
8,
9 Geofroy Tory
in his
Champs
the
human body
domi-
nance of printing.
85
1500-1600
its
present form.
no longer
Simon de
satisfied
Colines, were
EKKAHXIASTIKHS UTOPIAS
-afci-rev
Zsys
fly^a.<poi fAfi
taints
"(44
y^a.<po(\ti 'i&ejie(4,'Ai>'\it
fj. "(sis
cpcSoi n?}<npl-
<&> aiJoOffty
<pu^T^oun.^9y^a.^oi
tos
f&iCteif, a. 7)
IsSv
& >-v
*y* $
T$i"a__->i5t->'_<i'_5, 'flJr'ift
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lye* Si
0*
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tooi
(yx,tivo>v ij
xs&tySli
ili
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^jfjjiSw^. Si
Zitfarjtfj,
r$:u>Tfiuj&/j.iy*
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't<&z!iaj;
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A_-i/Uo; *} ,\i>cmio_,>yt-n>t_-a!__b)
%$<., tV
rj\syni
initials, fine
cA.yf^'na.T.yjni'^a.cLi 'Q. %[
%s
iyXsii
2>
m\ai<atof,'2xn
r cv-)\(jf.<py\i
,1s\s
tion, and illustration. Pages were handsomely decorated with engraved display
%o<$n*3u, QcL<n^X4,-m
TcJt ijjoovivpyuv
<PA"
TnioJVi
^u^
'l<not
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t tJmfjdju.',Qci
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S\.>i{cnn*i-1r*Ue' 5KjWon_',(t
Scf*
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M.
<jhi
jV
i-
(&l[>*af4)f.M''
|. 11
n_fi<ri
L r-rflH.r
-in-
|.Hft_i point_> -*
fccfr',
V" *,
10
10 Claude
Garamond was
commissioned by Francois to
design a Greek typeface. Known
was first used
as Grec du Roi,
I
it
in
Ecclesiastical History
designed by Robert
Granjon Although popular in its
11 Civilite,
86
Printing
With
Flanders
in
Antwerp,
genesis.
:i
ptile, qu,nv,
its
ca^nroa?]
nnnainN-iu.'xiny-ixn^n
Tranflat.B.I licroiiy.
Etdclcuiionincmfubltanriain quxcrat fu
pci terrain, abhomintvfqiic ad pccus,tam re*
terra.
volucics cxli
Ubtiniiciuntej,aqux terra
centum quinqiiagintadicbus. c a p, v
i.
REcordatus autrm DcusNoe.cunCtorumquc animantium 6c omnium iuincntoi
CHRISTOPHE
Plantin, who
Plantin
moved
his business to
Antwerp,
-m cwt?k "tan
nonnn-S?
am pftn
cajan o^ n
D^nn
r&fjq
^Snvnn'anv
largest
'
ft claufi
(line
fontcs abjili.&cat.iracrecc-
'Rcucifxqucfunraqua: dctcrr.i,cumcs&rcdcuntcs:
ili:
ar men
itadics.
and
and
ni
Rpy
nnnn Win
<
<minamontium
draginta
Sj?n
became the
>
lunnNnn hyvrirbaviy]}
before long he
o'pn
ruin
!
anyn-nx nSi;-n
press in 1555,
own
established his
-quam
feccrat,
'Dimifit coruuir^qui cgrcdiebatur &; rcuertcbatur, donee ficcarc'tura-
s
,
>
Ii
>
bam poftcu
T.mifit quoquccolum-
vt vidcrct
li
bin
aqux
ccll'alTent
vl
work of Gara-
mond and
Granjon.
One
b]p ca>on
ex area. 'At
pxn
Icxit
!Ti^vS-awrraD-6in3in-nM
Bhrp
\wvra r-u
ttin*3
c-'lnai
!
:
caan
'Igitur
II
of Spain
(12).
For the
F.t
<
wajii ru ana -ismrsi Njfis ro wnpntn sop| ssip ipi xpnn ny trysj iy OTtfs-n
syw
Vt *np, bz rr kpci '
n
iro'M'^omnsoNjnshvs-oia'pni smana
ignoronpsi
^s.'ginjisviNSysrm^nw^sTOTO wrwK^^rmKnmSawnjri'm'WT!
"'
rorrc=mri ?.-o V Do N ;Dn D n u .a ?ir '7iNNpsSyo [c:o 1 aPi
woodcuts.
'
'
;.nimshooA3nVi K.n
in 3 ns-TW-3ris-i.e.'VNm!ii-ncm r V I N,,ns-:o,
'
m$
'
copper
nyiK
p tw n- rk) mi m^
"
"
,-
."^VxV
i^y^a-^^a^nnsmssrnTniop^
'
^.^n^y.,,^,
'
nn:i
:s-)vj-v.niNTnns yrn'S
sjnx Syr sin vr'aniy a-s-n
'
pryasjariNrfTan
a,onn
"
'"STW^^iJW^i^nw^maroiii
np
iTO.TrnVa^nffWNs^n^ninS^r.j^poi.ijgMTOTTiNi "
woodcuts
cu.
Ipcxit, viditquc qiiodcxice.ua effet fupctfiucies tcrrx. *Menfe (ecundo, fcptimo & viccfi-
fcxcentdimo
pcrtcrram.
title
:
fuper terra.
Philip
emiiltcolub^quxnocft rcuerfavltraad
>
njawa 'Jen
ergo
>
r-nNa-cvu.'i
King
trafcptcdicbusalus.rurfumdimifitcolumba
ilia venitadcu ad vcfpcra,portans
ramii dinar vircntibus foliis in ore luo.lnrcl-
nroon*i'
of Plantin
iann
greatest
ibjra nj
ls
"-,.
.!-',
- '1
-^
--
p?5 s Tl,;
.
who
12
museum.
is
87
1500-1600
Printing in
Germany
Intaglio
reer at the
end of the
began
his ca-
fifteenth century,
and bookseller.
Nurem-
SACRA
B1BLIA
lished
titles,
expanded
Albrecht Durer
metal engrav-
books on perspective,
human
human
figure.
By
the
new
heights.
One
New
German
(13).
The
drawn by hand or
1400s a new printing technique
was
However,
perfected.
it
it
effect
was
JOHANN FROBEN,
and
surface.
to
and a wider
range
can be seen
of tones
b)
the
image
Gutenberg's
letter-
etching.
comparing the
title
page of
Chris tophe Plan tin's Polyglot Bible, shown a bote, with the woodcuts on
the facing page. Furthermore, more prints could be
plates
for book publishing was that while the text was printed by
the illustrations
had
to be
intaglio press.
The
B8
modem
form
0/
letterpress,
intaglio printing
is
gravure,
a Bavarian, set
up
a raised surface.)
language.
Two
Holbein
for
woodcut
of
Hans
illustrations, title
djs ucb
rcrfamlctcn/ybicm <&:tt 9ag<x
cyn grofa opffer jirtbiw rri (id? 511 frvcn/fp:acl;cn fie / X>n(cr (gotr
f 'fo vim vnfcrc benoe gcgcben . cffclben
batt f us wfcm ftfiio
gldcbcn ale ybn bae pole? fabe/Iobtcn fie yb*cii <5ott /oemi fie fpw *
d?cn/ t>nfer (5ott bat pns p nfern ftynD ynn vnfcrc bence gcbcn/oer
aabcrbcrpbflifkr
farfecii ficb
Quia no
Ipfe moricrur.
phnam,& in
liabuit
dilci'a
mxdeapietur.
PROVES.
D6XXH
^nbcrfaflTctbfejwonrtttelfeule/'auff trflcbcobfls
baas
gefetjt
I!
mourra,Caril
n"a receu
voar Prtb bJuff ficb bide / cync ynn feync red?tc ofe anocr ynn feync
JfticPt nb tn fpw cb/OOqrn fceU ftcrbe mft ben phi? (tan /rno n^V
Et au nombrc
grtfic
fera
deecu
13
14
German. This
Bible, printed in
Samson
and
iij
edition of
Dance
of
Death
is
shown
above.
their building.
89
1500-1600
Printing in
England
HE RE
is
no thyngc in the
by the crown
wxHldefocouenict to a man
as to te holy and to louegod
and worfhyppc hynn
tarn
proprium <|pietas
to the cities of
submitted to a censor
much
to hinder the
industry.
Another
substituting
roman
15
It
518 before
Richard Pynson,
that
Wulf-
jfepenumero
les fapietes
in
mentem venit,qua-
diuabhincextiterunt in
du,quamdetemporah,cjuaq-fa'liciatLimtemporarLi-
enmt inter omnes Anglix populos, quemadmodilqregcs qui mncgubernationem habebantplebis, Deo
(3c
16
used
16 A
much
finer
roman typeface
90
shown
at right
Historical Events
1501 Michelangelo finishes David.
1506 Christopher
Columbus
Peter's Basilica in
Rome
dies. St.
under
rebuilt
around world.
El
Greco
settles
in
Toledo.
Sir
Fine Arts
in
Frangois Clouet
Bramante.
Virginia.
English.
(1472-1553)
1589 Henri
1507
to
1588 Spanish
iv
in
becomes
Correggio (Antonio
(ca.
Armada defeated by
king of France.
and
Giorgione
El
Giulio
1516
Thomas More
Literature
Pietro Aretino (1492-1556)
writes Utopia.
Bacon
Sir
1521
Spanish conquest
Aztecs.
of
v's
established.
St.
of
Navarre (1492-1549)
Thomas More
(1478-1535)
Frangois Rabelais
(ca.
1490-1553)
de Ronsard (1524-1585)
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Sir Philip
Sidney (1554-1586)
Edmund Spenser
(1552-1599)
River.
De Soto discovers
Mississippi
River.
ascends throne
Romano
(ca.
1492-1546)
Andrea
Palladio (1508-1580)
Pierre
Moscow.
1534 Henry vm heads English Church.
First book printed in Western Hemisphere in Mexico City. Order of Jesuits
Lawrence
Margaret
in
born.
(1561-1626)
Francis
1478-1510)
Ocean.
(ca.
Juliet.
covers Florida.
Allegri)
1494-1534)
Folly.
Music
William Byrd (1543-1623)
Graphic Arts
John Day (b. 1522)
Henri Estienne (1470-1520)
1579)
(d.
Simon de Colines
(d.
(fl.
1518)
Orlando
di
(ca. 1554-1612)
(ca. 1560-1613)
Lasso
(ca 1532-1594)
Thomas Morley
of
Thomas
1565
Tobacco introduced
Manufacture
of
pencils
England.
England.
into
in
name
to
1546)
England.
di
new map
form.
Martin Luther
1600-1700
Age
of Absolutism
and Expansion
who
of absolute
rise
It
divine right.
the
who dominated
in
when Charles
sandro Scarlatti.
xiv,
France throughout
from
was beheaded by an
by James
II,
succeeded
restored in
who was
II
power by
Dutch
its
William of Orange, a
Mary
of power
is
known
as the
Glorious Revolution.
The
now
cline of Spanish
rise
of
when
Louis
to
art of printing.
established, the
and commercial
nization.
The English
way to coloJamestown,
settled
Virginia, in 1607,
landed at
Massachusetts, in 1620.
to
expand
their
92
poem
Paradise
Don
Quixote.
FINE ARTS
It
em-
Baroque
Roman
Catholicism.
by
lies in its
colors.
The Flemish
Rubens, under the influence of Caravaggio and the Venetian school of painting,
created a vigorous, sensual,
ant
and exuber-
art.
Other Baroque
artists
who
Sir
An-
attained his
Baroque
it
had many
art
faces. In Italy,
classical
it
spirit
reflected a
evident in
Georges de
Lorrain,
Rigaud
la
Tour, Hyacinthe
and Mathieu.
was
little
demand
Dutch
and
still lifes.
Among
the leading
Dutch
Golden Age were Rembrandt van Rijn (3), Frans Hals, and Jan
artists
of this
Portrait of
for re-
Baroque
style that
combines
3 Self-Portrait by Candlelight is
an early etching done by
Rembrandt in 1630 when he was
twenty-one
Vermeer.
93
1600-1700
GRAPHIC ARTS
Printing in Holland
religious intolerance
would
flourish
and where
preemi-
its
to
Dutch Republic,
and
number of books approved for publishing. Antwerp did retain the Catholic
the
market, but
it
and engraved
buyer
attract the
In
title
many
pages designed to
(5, 6).
on the
larger read-
by publishing
classics in exceptionally
many Dutch
could afford.
The type
mil
Garamond, but
designer CHRISTOFFO
modified by the
van Dyck
serifs
and
little
many
ways,
its
reliability.
94
Van Dyck's.
fumma
Ciamina,iifcteneus cuifu
squore
Li
15)
If.
Laomedontius heros
CuncUvidciis.magiiocuraruniHuciuar xftu:
Arq, animum nunc hue celcre, nunc dividit iiltic,
In patteifque rapit varus, ptrque omnia verfat.
lufpenfo tumenti,
Illam omnis
volaret
liiilietatiflas;
pa medium, Hutu
Vel marc
Aminos
VlRGILII
I*.
I'la vcl
plantas.
Siciitaqu.t
teitis agtifqueefl'ulajuvectus,
rremulum
labtis ubi
lumen aenis
Nox erat.ttc
Erigitur.iuramique
ferit
laqueariate&i.
omneis
altus habebat:
il'l
L1BH.1
VIII.
AhGVMENTV
Htic
Tumi
tile
fibi
: hie
veto ^Arcades
.,
T belli
JH
Extulit
P^Sga
/CMS
*>'
cum
8c rauco frrepucrunt
Meflapus,& Vfens;
Heic
tibi
cettadomus,cerri,neab(ilie, Penates:
rumor omnis,&
ConcefTeredeum.
Iamque tibi,ne vana pures hxc fingere
irst
fomnum,
Inferte,8c fatis
regem
fe
dicere pofci,
Edoceat,muItafque virofeadjungeregemeis
Haud
Talia
Traditionally, cotton
stamping
into
and
and
mills, usually
driven by waterwheels.
The stampers
reduced rags to pulp by slowly crushing
The pulp was then mixed with
velabat amitrtl
Adve&um
the fibers.
Carbafus,Sc crineis
dumped
Vil'us.
(atma
lander beater
comua
Paltante adfungiu
canru,
membra quietem.
Euanirum-
FIuicdcusipfeloci.Huvio Tybetinusamoeno,
cjHcrtgem una
trilti
auxilia
tr.cjuorum
tntdtfiji
jtneas
technical
improvement came
incerra
inflar,
in
1630,
was aimed
at
the
The book
is
shown
slightly
in
1680 when an unknown Dutchman invented the Hollander beater. While the
old stampers crushed rags into fibers of
different lengths, the
produced
fibers
and with
less
Hollander beater
power.
As
a result, beaters
95
1600-1700
Printing
France
in
In Paris,
of
raise the
In 1639, Richelieu
crown.
LA
X D E L' I T A L
PAR LA MEDIATION DU ROY.
P A
E,
De
set up in the
book came off the press
was a sumptuous volume of
The
Louvre.
it
first
bnitatione Christi.
on Garamond and the copperplate enPape Urbain VIII, & le Due de Parme
le Pape s*efloit empare.avoit donnc
in ,dn hi aux Princes d'ltalie de prendre les armes pour leur propre feuKtt. DsVi nitidis, le grand Due dcTofcanc, & le Due deModene firciit unc liguc cntr'cux en fa\eur du Due de Parme. On commit reciproquement divcrfes lio(lilitez,6c Ton prit des Places de part 6c d'autre.
Le Due de Parme s'efloit avance juf(|u'aux portes de Rome, oil il avoit
au
Dm Ir
fujet cfn
(k(
le
all ro,
clout
&
jctte la tcrrcur,
loriquc
IcRoy
intcrpofa fa mediation.
&
presdes
ment dans
les
cette negociation
6c les
parties imcrcflecs.
Montalto,
divers voyages a
fit
6c le
grand
Due
I'ltalie,
s'employafiefficace-
qu'il
Le Pape
reflitua
(8).
ordered the
Academy
of Sciences to create
Imprimerie Royale.
tranquillite.
Cell
eft
le fujet
reprefentee
Grandjean,
1693 t0 Philippe
punch
cutter.
The
project,
the royal
which
ul-
was completed
pre.. M^
?&,
^r^
sHe:
totally rational
first
and
supreme example of
Medailles,
type designed in a
logical
its
manner. The
scholars point to
"*^
**mt*~-
iuajWi.
having
the
Grand|ean.
8 De Imitatione
Christi
by
the
IMITATIONE
CHRISTI
I
first
PR
IB] K
\l
VS.
IPVT
&
Deimil
contemotu
\\
\
\
inc.
fe,iiiiiciii
ambulat
in
Dominus.
(
bus
non
hi illi
Mi
qui
96
many
in
(7).
Romain du Roi
1694 and
Today,
as
of the characteristics
now
Printing
England
in
this period
seems
ing of
One
it.
which
limited the number of printers and the
cities in which they could operate. (The
lished in the previous century,
Another
lifted in
factor
was the
1694.)
political
and
War
mmt,3
j.iofh.8.
II-
fanM.
English.
happened
in 161 1,
when
more commonly
the King James Version
Because
it
was a large
Forhimihatis
(halt
befojetbent
1 *gifthoubupanc*
tycib fcruant , fire peeres
be (ball ferue,anb in tf)c ftuentb be (ball
goc out fete fo: nothing.
fct
folio
Leuit.ij.
4i.deut.ij
U-iere. 34.
14,
letter,
33
with roman
tUtkr.mth
kttkodj.
W0:S^^gQ?W
I
H4r.fi
Ibithher.
9 2nDifhehauebetrothebherbn
monep.
ii C*^cthatfmrtethaman,fothat
he ble, (haibc fur elp put to beam
2nDifamanipcnotinibatt,but
ob beliuer him into his hanb then * gi
first
Dcut. ip.
(hall flee:
14 25ut
ff
man tome
pjefumptu-
mme^ltar ,thathcmapbte.
C^nbhethatfmitcthhisfathcr,
mother , (hall bee furelp put to
02 his
Death.
16
C3mDhcthatftcalcthaman,anD
fcllethhim.o^ifhebefounbmhishanD,
he fhail furelp be put to beath.
17 C^nb*heethat||eurfcthhisfa
ther 02 htsmother, fhail furelp bee put
to beath.
18 C^nbifmcnttriue together ,anD
one
19
finite
|:
Lfuir. 10
9 prou. 10.
:0 matth.
7.10.
hth.
I
Or
gifheertfeagainc,atiDitoatt$ca
mfheD:
'
bp hunfelfe.
2lnDtf the fcruant tfballpiainclp
5
fap,gi loue mp ntafter nip ltoifcanD mp
ibill not goe out free
rt)Ub?en
6 %i)cn his matter (hall bnng him
bnto the gjubges, hec (hall aifo tying
him to the boo2c,oj tonto the boo?e pott,
anb his matter (hall boare bis eare
thjough ibith anaule,anb he (hall ferue
>7-
itoill
*Lcuit. 14.
ij
gjfhceamcmtbpbtmrctfe,befbai
goc out bp hunfelfe: ifbe tberc marrtcD,
then bis itoifc Cbail goeoutllntbbim.
4 gjf bis matter baue giuenbim a
ttoift, anD fb c haue borne him fonncs 02
Daughters s the ttiife anb her ebilbjen
(ban be her niaftcrs,anb he thall go out
j
11
1$
ict-
women
12.
Forauoxethatgoareth.
an occafion of harme.
11).
For
referred to as
Fortheferuam
an doi'diinances.
CHAP. XXI
Lawes formenferuams,
whofe care is boarcct. 7
first
15
(10,
itoill
lbiliblctfcthce.
The
off,
were
ii
restrictions
Chap.xxj
Diuers lawes,
11 /3oritotthttanDmg,ifhc continue
abap o2ntoo,heefhailnotbepuni(htD,
fo2hcis his monep.
11 cgifmcnftrtucanbhurtaibo
man Tbith
follotti,
13 3fiiD
for the
edition of
the King
edition
in
churches
Bible
was
at
a lectern. The
the traditional
black letters and printed by
Robert Barker in 1611.
set
in
97
mm
1600-1700
of the World.
Chap.).
notes,
c]LKtrro
In 1612, a small,
type (12,
roman
L3).
the
F IRST BOOKE OF
Mose called Genefis.
THE
s,
i_
playwrights death
M A
I'
I.
*"
The
(14).
was
set in
titfdtc,
vponchtci-
"
Jf.u.
roman.
"the beginning
Cod cremd
the
Hum,
tiic
uiJ
EjiiIi.
AJ
out forme
the
2nd
i>tdruinu
Oik,
were
tlic
JnJ
morning
'1
inJ fot
fe
>:n
ill.
fcnct,
Lcttfaac
Ut
Lgfw
pO-T
'
the
irti
light
-
quartv
3b.
InjG
ftbo
1
ichwmaboac
i6mc
..
3 imo
12
12 Diagram indicating
how
page
size
folio,
Designed
Title
Wl
LI-
AM
HISTORIES, &
TR AGE DIE
S.
for
To
the Reader.
the
with an
engraved
portrait of William Shakespeare.
was printed in 1623 by Isaac
Jaggard and Edward Blount
seven years after Shakespeare's
First Folio
sfo.
COMEDIES;
SHAKESPEARES
quarto,
the Bible
Mr.
the
13
as
...
It
was
It
ith
ftrife
Nature, toout-doothe]
As well m
death
His face
hi
All, diat
Not on
hisBooke.
B.I.
!\ V
-X
14
98
America
Printing in
The
first
Mexico City
The
in
in 1534.
2%
first
it
up
m BOOKEOFPSALMES
WHOLE m
m
in
!$&
tunately,
KH"
With
Stephen Day,
a printer
ENGLISH
ti(S
the press
trip,
mt.
OMetre.
the help of
TRANSLATED
lajQl
FditifiBj
ftt?,
J
"Jf
"sir*
jjg
The
pieces to
first
come
known
to exist.
No
>TT
gfe
[Y
as the
In 1642
ager,
and
'fijjfci
in 1663,
quin tongue
(17).
Indian Bible,
it
m
m
Tmpriutei
C'%9
(15, 16).
had
issued
John Eliot's
Algon-
Known
as the Eliot
first
Bible
for
PSALM
Harvard
later
is ruler
&
Soveraignc.
EartlK;fat-C)rtes,eat 8:
York,
'.
New
worfhip fuall:
allwhotoduftdefcend,
earth Iehovahs
THeandthefulneifeofit:
is,
jo \Vithfer\iceapofterity
-him fhall attend upon;
to God
(hall accounted
it
"
bee
a generation,
\*
'
'
a (hepheatd is
xx in, xxrtii.
lished in
PSALME
Three years
rxit,
press
With the growing popularity of printing came the need for a local source of
paper. The first paper mill was estab-
Vs.
metre."
a printer.
combine two
15
fij
Bradford,
to
was the
printed in British
it
referred to
until
''
Marmaduke Johnson,
College.
Lerdmtb
Zimes v.
r^fd
more commonly
iritwt/lSt*rs,Ji*pn to the
grnceinj*iir%ttrts.
The following
English Metre,
jj>
tT>(f3
copies of
I.
Ree
Bi
99
;:
1600-1700
Ea rly Se u spapers
>
jiiJiSM**ji*s*****is*iiftiJiw$smsjiiijiisi*
Zc t u ng u as first
->;
->
HOLY BIBLE:
CONTAINING THE
OLD TESTAMENT
...
OG
>:
*>g
>..
->:
v*
on both
AND THE
A'
news
to
sheets that
page 101 ).
IV.
Courante Uyt
INDIAN LANGUAGE
A
Ordered to be Printed by the
in
*>G
*>G
*G
At
VnacdCvlonu
*>^
the
Go
IN
ENGLAND
Duytslandt.
appeared weekly
a maritime
and to
to international
neus
from
Holland
censorship.
to its
freedom
M New-En c land.
it
CORPORATION
Italien,
7\tiy-tNGLAND,
the Charge,
neuspaper publishing
N D
Comm iflimert
center of
->
>
similar
sides,
dynamic
->G
*v:
*>.
o^
>;
was a
*X5
*>
-->
l"),
Strasbourg. It
->
-3
oder
published on January
and German.
glish. French,
>:
*^
These were
and
>r,
>;
v:
'
>
''4+52.
land
->G
Printed
*
a
M DC L XIII.
Jobofotfm
in
1620.
Domestick. had a
so
in
ww*wwwwwnwwfwwnRrtii
short
Published
life.
the paper
was declared
illegal
and
single issue.
purchaser wished
17 The
first
Bible printed
in
New
propagation
before
passing
The first
was
the
it
to
add neus
or comments
along.
successful
American newspaper
Boston News-Letter.
of the
Courant. published
daily.
by
The Daily
Londoner
100
ith four
Historical Events
Company
founded.
I.
Don
Monteverdi
composes
in
first
Comedie Frangaise
Dodo extinct.
1678
Cervantes.
1617 Death of Pocahontas.
1618 Sir Walter Raleigh executed for
treason.
1623 Shakespeare's
lished.
Jolliet
headwaters
River.
1616 Death of
1673
opera, Orfeo.
1609 Henry
First Folio
pub-
established.
iv.
Bank
1632 London's
first
Goose
of
becomes
czar.
Tales.
Rubens
becomes
king at age
Torricelli invents barometer.
Manchu
be-
gins.
George
Fox.
official
Leviathan.
1652 Minuet
danced
in
French courts.
Rome
Academy
of Painting in
founded.
York.
(d.
1645)
Literature
Thomas Hobbes
(1588-1679)
AviTa
ioflctta9m6ai/m$<u<fd?:tmb2BWfd>'
MM
bankrupt.
1664
trials.
England founded.
1694
(1573-1610)
1687
Fine Arts
Michelangelo da Caravaggio
St.
mathematica.
painter to Philip
kills
Music
Pier Cavalli (1602-1676)
Henry Purcell
(ca.
Samuel Scheldt
J.
newspaper, 1609
1659-1695)
(1587-1654)
H. Shein (1586-1630)
Alessandro
Scarlatti (1660-1725)
1700-1800
Age
of Enlightenment
and
Revolution
known
who
religious
and
as
man, and
political freedom.
The
1795
Yorktown, Virginia,
in 1781,
and two
American independence.
Among
the
many
benefits of the
Constitution with
tion
monarchy controlled by
Parlia-
made up
two
of the
parties
Liberal
Whigs and
Tories.
These
and Conservative
parties.
The
Bill of Rights.
its
on July
in ear-
14, 1789,
of the Bastille.
Man.
In 1793,
his wife
attempted to
tried,
the Directory,
government
sumed
agricultural revolution
came
to power. This
when
a
as-
dictatorial powers.
new and
of the
metric
system.
In the literary world
it
was a great
Adimtuns
of
Henry
credited
colonies.
model
Gilbert Stuart
first
FINE ARTS
more
playful, Rococo.
is
synonymous
by
influ-
padour and
The Rococo
style
As
and
Rome
cesco Guardi.
outstanding
Roman
An
artist inspired
by the
He
of
all
time
(3).
As an etcher, he
new technique
series.
first artist
of importance was
later
by
Thomas Gainsborough,
Blake.
in
Cezanne and
the
Cubists.
with
It
rendered in a straightforward,
precise manner.
103
1700-1800
GRAPHIC ARTS
By
England
Printing in
become
The City
as Europe's
no particular nation
center. In
in a position of
major
financial
and printing
won freedom
of
New
of
first
successful
The English
ABCD
ABCDE
ABCDEFG
ABCDEFGHI
ABCDEFGHIJK
ABCDEFGHIJKL
ABCDEFGHIKLMN
dem
ifte
quern ad finem
quamdiu
tuus eludet
ABCDEFGHJIKLMNOP
Quoufque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia noilra ? quamdiu nos etiam furor ifte tuus .eludet? quern ad finem iefe effrenata jadrabit
audacia
nexftumum pnefidium
bis vigilis, nihil
nihilne te
nihil ur-
palatii,
ABC D E F G H
MN
tan-
nihilne te
urbis
abutere,
pati-
^upufque tandem
fefc
nihil
vigiliae,
timor populi,
bonorum omnium,
nihil
munitiffimus
this
from
for typefaces
cast at local
first
came
step in independence
in
Pica Ro man.
Mtlium, novis rebus (hidentem, manu fua occtdit.
Fuit, fuit ifta quondam in hac repub. virtus, ut viri
fortes acrioribu] fupplicils civem perniciofum, quam
accrbuTunum hoftcm cocrcerent. Habemus enim fenatufconfulcum in te, Catilina, yehemens, & grave:
non deed reip. confilium, neque autorius hujus ordinis
no*, nos, dico aperre, confulej dtfumus. Dc-
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTVUWX
Noi.
rumramen mclu/um
recondjtum: quo tx
c(7e,
patientia nojlra?
nihil
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTVUW
abutere, Catilina,
palatii,
nihil confen-
hie
1720,
nafrurnum prafidium
volume of printing
QR
English Roman.
quern ad finem
increased
fus
Catilina,
noflxa
lina, patientia
With the
abutere, Cati-
French Cannon.
Quoufque
novel
dim,
&
Catilina, corivcnir.
led ad
conhrrrundam audaciam.
tile cafinentctn
cupio in
taniia
Cupio, P. C.,
me
non
di/"-
reipub. pericula
ABCDEEGHIJ1CLMNOPQR.STVUWXYZ
(5).
Caslon
is
considered the
English printing,
was considered
He
in his
began
to
make
most
the
Baskerville,
time to be an
up
as a
business in
at the
John
of the
amateur.
last
young man
japanning
Birmingham. After
retiring
returned to his
first
love, lettcrforms,
began printing
as a
wealthy amateur.
and
state of
104
it.
He
own books
to
typefaces,
designed his
JUVEMALIS SATTRA
own
all,
demanded
excel-
Quam
(7),
first
Ut
and went
quae
fpec~tct
cervical, arnicas,
Nutricem,
(6).
mandata, puellam.
quodcumque
paterni
and
brilliant
in his
reading difficult.
Much
Profpiciunt aliquando
Prodiga non
fed nulla
pudorem
metitur ad ilium,
viri
frigufque,
quidfit,
famemque,
fentit
eft:
fe
of the criticism
73
lence in presswork.
VI.
is
Ofcula delectent,
et
defperatio barba:,
Summa
eft
opus.
Ilia
et
voluptas
matura juventa
Ersro
would produce
woven
smoother paper
This
wove.
process
we now
Baskerville
his Virgil of
call calendering.
first
PUBLII V I R G I
clear,
open forms
Baskerville's type, as
MARONIS
B U C
O L C A,
I
of
seen
in this
Satires,
is
now
classified as a transitional
1757 and
6 The
typeface.
G E O R G C A,
I
Title
first
E T
AE N E
S.
I KM 1 VG HA M I AE
JOHANNIS BASKERVILLE.
B
Typil
MDCCLVI
I.
105
^
1700-1800
Printing in
France
In France,
two great
the Fourniers
-<(*
Pierre-Simon Fournier
bS
<*"*
the most
is
MANUEL
He
TYPOGRAPHIQUE,
VTILZ
TABLE GENERALE
|
de
established
Fournier,
70 ME I.
Ic
its
own
jeune^-
Typographiques.
144 points
an attempt to bring
in
tCHELLE FIXE
first
de la Proportion
created the
measuring type
typographique, an illustrated
C..M
""A
A PARIS,
\f
& fe
6
Chci
(8, 9,
veid
Barbou,
rueS. Jacques
rETIT-TEXIt
Petit-romain. -
6
"
PuiLOsoriiiE.
M. DCC.
2 Panlienncs.
Panf.
Nom-
>
I.
XIV.
acceptable system.
CictRO. (itnne
Nomp. =
Nomparcille
Mignones.
system
for
for
typeface
we
classify as
first in
He
system found
support
typographique
kerville
TlF
LXVIII.
66
illustrating the
type size called gros-paragnon.
L'homme
croit
fouvent
con-
duire
fe
(11).
Firmin
contrast
as Baskcrville are
tional, as
With
the intro-
faces, typefaces
now
such
classified as transi-
&
conduit ;
pendant que par
Ton efprit il tend
a un point , Ton
eft
duction of modern
lorfqu'il
when
first
cceur l'entraine
infenfiblement a
of his time.
un
years
autre.
o*
It
and trades
10
106
re-
first
GROS-PARAXGON.
twelve
line into six
modern
with extreme
combined
standardizing
Fournier's point
serifs
first
is
nowned
is
points
and so on.
Pciii-icxic.
"lines"
to
first
Pari-
Didots typeface
point
was the
Mignonc.
Saiht-Avcustih.
He
pcrcille.
refined Fourniers
.____
10).
Francois Didot
OKI
RES
\
di:
jean
u:im:
ii
By
TO Ml. PREMIER.
the
century, the
similar
paper
l)E
IMI'llIM
VI
I'llth
PARIS,
KM
Ml
MINIMI
I'll
111.1
screen permitted
in large sheets or as
continuous web.
Dinoi
l;i;i
made
to be
one used by
to the
The woven
Baskerville.
MIIMh
I.
MM
chine
II
M;
the
Is.
WIN.
VI.
IK (i
I.
(above).
cial
ceeded
England.
was
built in
1803 by
the engineer
Brian
Henry and
Sealy.
Although
it
produced a
Didot
designers
was one
to create
modern typeface,
of the
one
having extreme contrast between
the thick and thin strokes and
that
is,
unbracketed
serifs
interesting to
compare
It
is
the
of
Didot
in his
was not a
Two
Waters, Hertford-
shire.
Racine
ties.
New
in
Sauger-
107
1700-1800
Printing in Italy
Italy's
printer.
most
At
invited to set
foundry.
eria Reale
called Stamp-
by the duke.
k;
oh vii
'j.
Quousque
tan-
dem abutere,Catilina
patientia
iste
By using smooth,
(12, 13).
hard-surfaced
quern adfinem
se-
'on ICCHIO
and
ffl
it is
design.
nostra? quamcl iu
etiam furor
as a printer,
and
free
of
unnecessary decoration.
>j]
possono
il
quale se
soinini-
it
il
il
consista
due cose:
12 Giambattista Bodoni. a rival of
Firmm Didot, retained a delicately
bracketed serif to create a less
austere modern typeface. This
13 Text
tipografico.
modern
Forse
che
piii
in altro in
nine
tema
la
1813.
eome
comodo
Ma
12
lo
jji
fantasia,
immagiui
j)iii
che con-
serha in se certe
e figure, alle
coaformasi pin
le
la
style typefaces.
13
108
Printing
in
America
Campbell.
by
DISSERTATION
John
at-
O N
earlier
Liberty
and
Pleasure
Neceffify,
and
Pain.
of Independence, was
Franklin. Born
in
Benjamin
Boston
is, is
in
its
Caufts jufl
in 1706,
but purblind
That
to the
equal
Beam
Dryd.
com-
Alan
he
England
in 1726,
14
Upon
his return to
established his
own
(14).
America, Franklin
printing shop in
As
ries,
Printed
and a news-
15 The Declaration
LONTtON:
Title
set,
Year
the
in
Independence
MDCCXXV.
set
of
in
what was
14
In
his
By the
Old
In
the Declaration
REPRESENTATIVES
GENERAL CONGR'ESS
WHEN
(15).
,.
of the
assembled.
in the
to tr-e Separation.
joftitutcd
also a scientist
among Men,
hmbk
Richard's
4,
Courfe of human Events, it become* neceiTary for one People to diflblve the Political Band* which haw connected thcr.
with another, and to amimc among the Powers of the Earth, the feparate and cjual Statron to which the Laws of Nature and ol
Nature"* God entitle them, a decent Rcfpcft to the Opinion* of Mankind requires that they fhould declare the ciutc* which impel then,
July
CONGRESS,
DECLARATION
Almanack.
Hi
fatiguing
them
into
Compliance with
hi*
Meafura.
has diflblved Reprefcntative Houles repeatedly, for oppoung with manly Firmnefs hi* lnvafions on the Rights of the People.
whereby the Legillative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have rehas refufed for a long Time, after fuch DilTotutions, to caufc others to be elected
in the mean tune expofcd to all the Danger* of Invafion from without, and Cunvulfioni within.
turned to the People at large for their eierctfci the State remaining
Ht has endeavoured to prevent the Population of thefe State*; for that Purpofe obftrufiing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigner* ; rcfufmg to pais others
Conditions of new Appropriation* of Lands.
to encoonge the.r Migration* hither, and raifing the
Hi has obfWIcd Uic Admin ill rat ion of Juifcce, by rcfufmg hit Aflent to Laws for crtablilhing Judiciary Powers.
Hi has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the Tenure of their Offices, and the Amount and Payment of the.r Mlariei.
hither Swarms of Officers to harrafs our People, and eat out their SubiUnce.
and
lent
new
Offices,
of
Multitude
a
erected
ha*
He
Hi has kept among us, 10 Timrs of Peace, Standing Armie*, w.ihout the confent of our Lcgtllaturcs.
has affected to render the Military independent ol and lupcrior to the Civil Power.
Hi
He
Hi
He has combined frith others to fubjc3 us to a Jurifdiftion fore.gn to our Conihtution, and unacknowledged by our Law* 1 giving his AlTenl to their
pretended Legislation
Fox quartering large Bodies of Armed Troop* among us
Murders which they mould commit on the Inhabitants of these States :
lot, protecting them, by a mock Trial, frou Pumihment for any
A&>
oi
Fob
cutting
Ion
I"
ox depriving
and enlarging
its
Boundaries, fa
zs
15
109
1700-1800
B irtb
hi
Mezzotint,
of Lithography
Steel
Wood Engraving,
arid
Engraving
range
and diversity
of the
printed piece:
and wood
engraving.
Ludwig
who used
following century,
"stone writing,
was developed by a
"
ings.
Senefelder-'s
other printing
and grease
how
is
water solution
accepts the
ink
and
applied,
and
Lithography
the
and
The
is
was
is
of
letterpress
easy to
make and
and
and
of
And finally,
to
backwards Kvrong-reuding;
image had
order for
it
to
to be
drawn
its
engraving
print as intended
full commercial
is
copper- plate
steel
steel
'ill
engraving
is
used
and postage
stamps.
engraving was
same time
steel
and
boxwood.
perfected by
an
artistic potential
wd engrat tugs
of the extremely
It is the
an
cut
hard
denseness of the
wood
and
below
is
steel
reproduced
to be
Unlike u oodcuts
tin
by
/;/
Wood
110
make
graphic arts
Like mezzotint,
thousands. Today,
was drawn on
an intermediary having
inexpensive.
to the
yield hundreds,
reproduced without
an Amer-ican.
Perkins,
Stones
stone
Conations wen
without wear
directly on
nonimage areas
the
had a number
In
is
sheet of paper
image
drawn
solution of uater.
is
is
a forerunner- of
an American, Jacob
major contribution
be tipped
Steel
by
was
do not mix.
it
surface. It
printing
(letterpress) or
make
it to
are printed by
and steel
engravings.
unlike mezzotint
Historical Events
Scotland about 8
becomes
Commode
million.
popular.
1701 Captain
Kidd hanged
for piracy.
Edmund
1705
St.
comet.
1706 Benjamin Franklin born.
1709
First
Copyright Act
in Britain.
Encyclopaedia Bntannica.
1773 Boston Tea Party
1775 American Revolution begins.
1771 First
1711
in
1778
1779
Britain.
flight.
mercury thermometer.
1786 Mozart
bank
Concertos.
born.
Giacomo Casanova de
ratified.
1732
1734
First
Vivaldi
horserace
in
America.
New
Lisbon earthquake
30,000
Black Hole
kills
1764 Death
of
Madame de Pompadour.
Stamp
Act.
Academy
of
London
founded.
1769
1793 Louis
Rameau
P.
(1683-1764)
Scarlatti (1685-1757)
Telemann
(1681-1767)
(ca.
1675-1741)
Fine Arts
xvi
Eli
gin.
in
France.
Literature
killed. Voltaire
P.
Domenico
Sir
Gazette, launched.
nary.
Life of
adopted.
guillotined.
Antonio Vivaldi
G.
(1714-1788)
J.
poems.
1725 Giovanni
Seingalt born.
balloon
note.
1721
first
Music
CPE. Bach
David
Hume
Thomas
(1711-1776)
Jefferson (1743-1826)
Thomas
Paine (1737-1809)
Thomas Rowlandson
(1756-1827)
Graphic Arts
John Baskerville (1706-1775)
Thomas Bewick (1753-1828)
Giambattista Bodoni (1740-1813)
William Bowyer (1663-1737)
William Caslon (1692-1767)
Firmin Didot (1764-1836)
(d
1847)
111
1800-1900
Age
of Imperialism, Nationalism,
and
Industrialization
the
power His
tall
came
in 1815
with
his
The
particularly the
World War
Through
on national
became
history's
and German
areas
and lead to
i860 and of
in
1812.
ifest
and Alaska.
oil,
and
electricity.
surfaced roads.
It
new
political
commu-
Age of
The Romantic trend continued
during the long reign of Queen Victoria,
who ascended the throne in 18^7 and
the previous century during the
Reason.
died in 1901.
American master-
Industrial Revolution.
made
tions to literature:
Father of the
Species.
scientific controversy
gins of
today.
humans
concerning the
ori-
lems and
century was
all
found
Marx
112
a second
unification of Italy in
His
Italian
in
Napoleon
suit,
Detail from
it
all
and imperialistic
It
children.
in 1914.
expansion abroad.
had created
women and
unity, industrialization,
Political
in
in [867.
ment
Sigmund
Freud's announce-
of his discoveries
human
sexuality.
FINE ARTS
The
the
first
(1), Jean
Auguste Dominique Ingres (2), Theodore
Gericault, and Eugene Delacroix (3).
By
painters
forest of
major
artists
Madame
By midcentury
new
life
was best
and
He was also
painter of exotic
medieval subjects.
found
is,
Eugene
known as a
in
school of paint-
ers
Moitessier painted
1851.
Shown here
is
to
a
of
1827.
outside
The
Realists
1870s by the
Impressionists,
Claude Monet
who
included
Berthe Morisot,
sionists
Van Gogh.
The century closed with
group
called
among
with the Nabis was Henri de ToulouseLautrec, the great poster artist.
The
two great
J.
M. W.
Holman Hunt,
Sir
Edward Burne-Jones,
113
1800-1900
Expressionist
work
that
began to
United
free
traditions.
Although many
artists
con-
life
began to
The
first
images
It
was one
of
Claude Monet's
that
1894
contributed to magazine
illustration This wood engraving,
Raid on a Sand-swallow Colony,
was cut for the June 13. 1874,
GRAPHIC ARTS
Printing
and technology
there was a
and high-
speed printing.
With
came the
rise
in 1810
of
William Bulmer
Movement
by the publishers
JOHN
work
and
Crafts
re-
papermaking, and
demand
typesetting.
England
and
arts,
in
(7).
a transitional design
The
Martin, who
working
for
text typeface,
showing modern
William
John
Baskerville.
Lady Willoughby.
works
dramatic:
1642.
SHAKSP
A RE
Newes
Guard.
bolton,
Mr.
that
Hollis,
Lord KimSir
January
8,
Saturday
Arthur
,1
1R1
.1
S'l
EEVENS
The Commons
Armes
hidden there came
breake
to
them open of a
from the King to
a Meffage
deliver
The
7 One
English printing
DON
Shakespeare's works
ICO
I'RIN
in
1802
AD
MMCCCIJ
NICOL
1800-1900
The
first
was cut
in
true British
modern
typeface
Glasgow, Scotland, by
Richard Austin
By
were no
better. It
would seem
much
that
had been
lost
with mecha-
nization.
The
first
this situation
was taken
in
1844 by
in original
of
Caslon type,
(8).
step.
scripts
set
up the
own
For his
first
for inspiration
(see
and created a
10).
to
and printed
at his
signers.
This
is
setting
was an
and
Europe and America
inspiration to designers
printers in
effort,
known today
Z,b'\Q is
following century.
10
116
Power Comes
Printing
to
and Stereotyping
Over the years, wooden presses similar
to
but the
marginal at
modifications were
best.
1800 with
all-iron press
/^Stanhope,
developed in
(see
innovations
was
larger platen
allowing for
levers,
uniform
pressure.
and
the
Albion
Washington.
improved inks
and
leather balls
rollers,
permitting
a faster, more
Lord Stanhope
ing, that
and
illustrations
used
is
a forme of type
by making a mold and
a stereotype, which
is
a
then
Stereotypes save
and
there
is
wear on
no limit
to
press.
duplicate type.
made during
stereotyp-
was
not until
introduced
used for
The Times
to
a flat
bed, as
had
or
stereotypes.
web printing
printing on a continu-
a perfecting
same
was
web at
the
time.
Just as
these letterpresses
and
mechanization.
century by
first
Richard Hoe,
also
ing was
There are
be printed on
revolving impression cylinder that not only carried the paper, but
press.
to print.
typing,
He
contribution to stereotyp-
plate called
it possible.
duplicating
is,
make
Koenigs press,
even
application of ink.
making a major
the press to
a German
Frederick Koenig,
to
It
made
the
In
first
7856 an American
clamshell press,
inventor,
a foot
treadle. It
was
George
so called because
its shell.
P.
when
it
gave the
two-man printing
improved clamshell
Colt's
that
won
Colt's
known
offices.
an
Armory
Presses.
press possible.
117
1800-1900
Illustrator
Traditionally, paper
excellent sheet of
paper,
it
before the
rags.
demand
a new
wood
and
two new
processes for
Germany
making
chemical.
is
wood
into fibers,
with water
/ :
As
magazines,
novels,
for illustrators
During
commercial art,
and as a
and
newspapers appealing
the
><.
was
result
to
the nineteenth
between fine
better
fame for
Du
of animals
Daumier
and
life
and
a fantasy world
Ives
inexpen-
success
and
which produced
was
using sul-
created by
brothers.
Benjamin
was continued
b)
the
and
and the
satirized bourgeois
two Philadelphian
and
and
sive
fibers
Glass.
their contributions to
Burgess
to
later,
and
artists
magazines.
known
pulp.
and
form
newspapers
little distinction
and
to
-f
his
The first
salesmen.
Later,
and current
events.
Some
of
artists
the artists
who gained fame through the weeklies were Howard Pyle. Winslow
Homer (see page 114), Thomas Nast, and Frederic Remington.
and the
had
can be
corrected.
problems
Printing
in
America
The United
States, like
England and
own name,
Francis
named
prospered.
turing and
N. W. Ayer
comic
Manufacturers quickly
strip.
today
sion
new
buying
(11). It
and
still
first
in effect
agency to
art directors, to
advertising.
moving
commission, a system
hire copywriters
profes-
to
first
of this grew a
real-
fixed
Out
&
masses.
the agency
With
the increased
demand
for printed
shelf.
install
on
time.
to
buyer in mind.
A demand
new products
the factories.
had to be created
periods of time.
especially acute in
specific
it
A self-promotion ad created
during the latter part of the
nineteenth century by the first
major advertising agency,
N. W. Ayer & Son, established
1869.
11
wvxttC-
ddAJl/ltXdUlQ
in
it
for individuals
in placing advertise-
directly
tnjP
from news-
it retail.
See
Amerl^ebing
ica's first
The
advertising agency.
BOmsuHcltAiIJringsjyrcces'
first
also started
in Philadelphia
LAND Ayer,
the Point?
N.
'Wl^r
\J*t-ni.tnc
\ttni
Philadelphia
began
own
economics," as he put
it,
agency in 1869
age of twenty-one.
at the
his
119
1800-1900
Today,
it is
it
seemed
at the
arts
and
Even Mark Twain, who had been a
$200,000
see
it fail
(12, 13).
watchmaker
invented the
first
(14).
In 1886, he
successful typesetting
it
set
The
youthful
ma-
$200,000
13
principle of Mergenthalers
Mark Twain as a
their inventors
Mer-
molds
because
machine
It
New
circulated the
instead.
it
for
cast
line
complete
the Linotype
Mono-
called the
the
machine
it;
most was
just as
120
1.1
Didot
earlier.
demand
ers
who were
Theodore
influenced by William
De
Vinne,
is
per-
in
punch
which revolutionized type
production by eliminating the punch
the invention of the pantographic
cutter (16),
cutter.
M.
six or
man who
Boyd Benton
type of the
commissioned LlNN
Was Influenced by
Low DeVinne, who in
Oldstyle
letter.
Century
a
F.
15
Benton
for
(17).
BEING A
In
Form,
a result of
its
BIT
And
CONDENSED
Fitting Closely
As
in
the
Of monotone
is still
light
and
heavy
letter.
The
set
lean formation
and close
Style very
and
Boyd Benton
1894, has
in
popular choice
been a
for children's
cutting process.
17 Cheltenham, designed by
Bertram G. Goodhue in 1896,
became a popular book and
advertising typeface.
also
Cheltenham
17
121
1800-1900
last its
primacy
to the
printing of
and
sicks,
this shift
that
With
would
for typefaces
were
and
unobtrusive
was now
required. Advertisers
typefaces that
catching.
wanted
and eye-
densed
to
were heavy
or no contrast.
was
cast in
and
18 ij by the
name
Two
Egyptian, a
Egyptians
and
rose to the
from
to attract atten-
was
Latins.
little
Designed
and serifs
tion, strokes
had
serif typeface
was
con-
designed
reader.
dimensional, drop-shadowed, or
IV.
first
in
1832
Egyptian was
Gothic began
to be
serifs.
was
cast by the
in London.
By
Thorowgood Foundry
italic
It
wasn't until
1870
logs.
Some of
and are
Slab serif
still
popular today.
Most
caps.
a few
words long.
Wood
and larger
demand for
larger
a weight problem.
Type of any
heavy,
size,
and the
is
it is.
developed by the
1827
The
BCD
in
posters,
and adaptability
was due
to
sizes.
type
It
SI
Decorative
to their boldness
PRO
Clarendon
and
lowercase
Latin
vegetables,
Grotesque and
used for sans
serif,
very successful
and
Sans
drawn
anything
Egyptian.
Before long, the term
caps
dropped,
serif,
to
By 1850,
Sans
to
elaborate.
first called
CASLON
Wood
122
type
Photography
and Printing
Lithography
and Chromolithography
1 8 30s
1798
France,
Talbot
During
to the
coated
and Daumier.
Delacroix
artists as
found
making black-and-white
Printers
and
reproductions of
glass negative
was
century.
lithography
reproduced.
uses of photography in
was as an aid
into books
with
illustrations.
The
bound
mm
While
block.
lithography) in
1852 by
the French
was exposed
onto the
and pre-
By 1870,
was
letterpress
ings in black
be desired
than one
when
it
came
it left
to
much
to
printing more
and
registration could be
relative ease
and
made with
little expense.
By
the
using as
different colors
process, &z//&/
copper
photoengraving,
even-
hand
engraver.
successful use of photoengrav-
many
as thirty-two stones of
Divan Japonais,
and
tints.
The first
1882
to
that
a German, George
Meisenbach, developed
halftone process
who
Iitho stones
century.
and
two-
Among
Alphonse Mucha,
and Henri
de
Nicholson
andJames
today.
Czechoslo-
Penfield,
tography
rish,
to
gravure.
X)ar<fyJ
and white,
color.
the process of
Rhead, Edward
and
Ethel Reed.
123
1800-1900
Historical Events
British
official flag.
claimed emperor
1805 Battle of Trafalgar.
1812 United States declares
war on
Britain.
and
Seville.
1819
steamship launched.
Grimm
Brothers'
first
published.
fairy tales
1821
founded in London.
1825 First passenger railroad
r.s.p.c.a.
England.
currents.
American Dictionary.
1830 Delacroix paints Liberty Guiding
the People. Stendhal writes The Red
and the Black.
1831 Victor
Eyre. California
Gold Rush.
Samuel
F.
B.
Morse invents a
hand.
1838 Dickens writes Oliver Twist.
1839
First
Britain
1881
First
Cezanne
paints
Mont
Sainte-Vic-
toire.
lished.
Verdi
composes
Rigoletto.
Whitman
Liberty unveiled.
writes Leaves of
Conan Doyle
Study
in Scarlet. First
made
in
writes
contact lens
Germany.
1888 Van
Chair.
Gogh
safety elevator.
ciples of Psychology.
1891
Judson invents
zipper.
1861
Falls on tightrope.
American Civil War begins. U.S.
population around 32 million.
1862 Emancipation Proclamation frees
machine gun.
Camp
Thomson discovers
1897
1898 Spanish-American
football
First
college
game.
Sir
J.
electron.
War begins
War begins. Scott Joplm
composes "Maple Leaf Rag."
1899 Boer
Daguerre makes
Schliemann excavates
daguerreotype.
nograph.
ican.
reign.
first
la
Bell in-
1884
develops
Alexander Graham
Galette.
tales. Talbot
composes
Bizet
first fairy
Tom Sawyer.
Carmen.
lishes
of
1877 Henry
1835
Impressionist exhibition.
First
Niagara
1874
England.
1828
saxophone.
First Christmas card. Wagner
composes Tannhauser. Alexandre
Dumas writes The Three Musketeers.
1844 George Williams founds YMCA in
in
edition of
1871
1843
electric current.
1801
1841
Troy.
Literature
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Nicolai
Anton Chekhov
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
Robert
(1860-1904)
Feodor Dostoyevsky
Sir
Arthur
Alexandre
George
(1
821-1 881)
Conan Doyle
Dumas
Eliot
(1859-1930)
(1802-1870)
(1791-1864)
Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908)
Schumann
Johann Strauss
II
(1810-1856)
(1825-1899)
Graphic Arts
John James Audubon
Richard Austin
(fi.
Will
Charles
(1819-1880)
Bertram G.
Giuseppe Verdi
Grandville (1803-1847)
Hugo
(1813-1901)
(1780-1851)
1788)
Fine Arts
Frederich Koenich
(b.
Tolbert Lanston
1913)
Thomas Cole
Stendhal (1883-1842)
Eugene Delacroix
Victor
(1802-1885)
Herman
Melville (1819-1891)
Rimbaud
(1854-1891)
Whitman (1819-1892)
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
(1801-1848)
(1834-1896)
Edward
Penfield (1866-1925)
(1844-1916)
Gauguin (1848-1903)
Theodore Gencault (1791-1824)
Edward Hicks (1780-1849)
Winslow Homer (1836-1910)
Paul
EmileZola (1840-1902)
Music
Samuel
F.
B.
Morse
Louis
Rhead
(1857-1926)
(1791-1872)
J.
Vincent Van
Edouard
(1818-1893)
1815)
George Du Maurier
Thomas Eakins
Gounod
(d.
1833)
(1798-1863)
Walt
Charles
William Martin
(d.
Georges Seurat
(1859-1891)
M. W. Turner (1775-1851)
Gogh
(1853-1890)
Vuillard (1868-1940)
Stanhope press
Whistler
(1834-1903)
125
1900-1920
Peace. War, and Revolution
of
power
The
in
Anna
Europe.
first
vations in
tricity replaced
homes and
streets; in
1901 Guglielmo
first
radio signal
in 1903 the
Wright brothers made the first powered,
heavier-than-air flight; and in 1908
means of
relativity,
Henri
Charlie Chaplin
The
peace,
to last forever,
his theo-
War
on August
1914. This war marked the end of an era
that the English refer to as Edwardian
and the French as La Belle Epoque.
outbreak of World
a ferocity
claiming
and 20
million casualties.
the war
thrilled
of Igor Stravinsky.
on November
transportation.
It
11,
came the
lives
Germany surrendered
With the end of
end of many illusions of
1918.
dream of endless
progress.
ries
theories
came
Surrealism.
The
many
years preceding
World War
saw
reelers to individuals,
movies
To
for
were replaced by
group audiences.
moved from
Sr.
for
New
stars
such
1920, the
building their
new
Commu-
socialist state.
their
George
careers.
figures as Virginia
socially acceptable
Strachey.
In
126
as
demand
to
FINE ARTS
The
was a time of
experimentation and
paint-
arts:
The
a spirit of
it
which the
social
change
in the
vanguard.
in
were to be
arts
Initially the
color,
fine
and applied
arts.
Fauvism. Fauve
tieth century.
century,
it
first
it
decade
reached
its
rative,
had
and graphic
little
arts
movement,
it
on painting.
influence
lines, foliate
It
was strongly
paintings of
Among
who was
(3),
Andre Derain,
Maurice de Vlaminck, Raoul Dufy, Kees
van Dongen, Georges Braque, Georges
Rouault, Albert Marquet, and Henri
Manguin.
Fauvism had no direct influence on
joined by
who
German
in turn
MS
movement
Expressionist
produced posters
German
Expressionists.
Mucha and
in
123).
Vienna
Secession.
On
April 3, 1897, a
by Gustav
Klimt broke with the academic art
group of Viennese
society, the
1900,
dimensional decorative
tendencies.
artists led
The group
called the
created a
Vienna Secession.
members were
that
of his later
work.
organization
Among
the
new
dominate much
Hoffmann and
J. J.
Olbrich,
1900-1920
Expressionism. In
Movement
sionist
Emil Nolde
(4).
Their
later
style, principally
of line.
called
Der Blaue
was formed
Reiter
by Wassily Kan-
in 191 1
Munter. These
artists
were
later joined
by
While more
IGrdphistfie flusslellunS
PtrlirW SO
important
The
German Expressionism
as the
him
to create the
first
nonobjective paintings.
The
ideal
medium
abandoning
traditional perspective.
matter with
drawing to create an ambiguous
of torn printed
between
relationship
illusion
Space
fluctuates
is
reality
initi-
art
form that
In the
and
shallow and
first
dimensions
view
7 Dynamism of a
different points of
was painted
in
Dog on a Leash
1912 by the Italian
Giacomo Balla.
show time and
Futurist painter
an attempt
to
motion, the
artist
images
World War,
in
combined pieces
of the
This develop-
In
created multiple
(5).
The
art.
Synthetic Cubism, in
which
stencil letter-
128
(6).
how
aesthetics, not
was not
for texture. It
primary concern.
This radical use of printed matter
eventually influenced artists, typographers,
Futurism. In
called Futurism,
which concerned
itself
cepts of
.-
movement
and
r>
was their
rraaArwft
1"
ty
\.
free use of
and designers.
Metaphysical movement.
defined by
its
Its
aims were
de Chirico, as "constructing a
new
means of painting."
To accomplish this goal, de Chirico
removed functional objects from their
normal environment and painted them as
isolated phenomena (9)- Through isola-
0SLaxk%&^:<*>.
c,
*t& &y i
>^
l>nif-
a 3*
9 Premonitory
and an enigmatic
Apollinaire cut
qualities
aura.
way
movement prepared
Portrait of
by Giorgio de
The arbitrary
juxtaposition of everyday objects
and harsh shadows combine to
create an atmosphere of mystery,
typical of Metaphysical art.
Chirico
in
1914.
the
129
1900-1920
MM
rJiZLTTUL:
..
....
mm
De
Stijl.
World War
In 1917, during
I,
of
basic principles of
them
to painting.
means "the
Their
Stijl,
which
artistic
rectangles,
11
logical conclusion
yellow,
lines,
red,
In their compositions de
Stijl artists
metric shapes
background
called
12
1919 Casimir Malevich
painted his White on White to
assert the supremacy of pure
form over representational art
to
tri-
strove for
I,
tional art.
vocabulary consisted of
and blue
World War
Style."
10
on a white
(12).
magazine
its
logical conclusion.
that Malevich
group of Russian
Among
Alexander Rodchenko.
These were
later joined
by
Naum
1920 wrote
a manifesto
Con-
structivist style.
"I
12
130
By
many
artists associated
of the
and
textiles, furniture,
such as
photography, film,
groups of war
one centered in
resisters,
New
York
City.
Hugo
me
demonstrations
VErlag
aes
consisting of Jean
PrOSpekT
s
.
aBe
Hfllr
^nbcck
JuNg ma
r.
Herau
political
gebeR
haua
14 An early example of
photomontage from 1919.
Cutting with the
Cake
In
Knife
reality
various photographs.
by combining parts
of
13
Stieglitz's
The gallery's
name for
address, 291,
was used
as the
which they
dis-
When
Dadaists
Kurt Schwitters
published manifestos
including a
new technique
photomontage
(14).
The
Paris Dadaists,
Tzara, Picabia,
the poet
Man
who
Ray,
Andre Breton,
called
included
Duchamp, and
carried out
131
1900-1920
American
European
coming
art; in fact,
By 1908,
group known
Amer-
as The
National
Academy
to paint scenes of
ican
life,
of Design, preferring
contemporary Amer-
fashionable.
such as George
Edward Hopper (16), and Rockwell Kent, began to show with the
original eight (17). They were collectively
Later, other artists,
Bellows,
Ashcan
school.
Modern
Art,
and
American public.
Although the critical and public
sponse was one of outrage and deep
Picasso, Braque, Kandinsky,
Duchamp
shock,
it
to the
proved an inspiration to
16 Edward
atmosphere
younger
potential
life.
132
see artistic
scenes from everyday
artists to
in
Hopper was a
whose work imparted an
isolation
Realist
and
be seen in his
of loneliness
This can
books
artists.
re-
many
GRAPHIC ARTS
Although the
first
Graphic Design
effect
on
United
States,
Germany
very
An
in
where designers
architects,
Hermann
Movement.
The goal of the Deutscher Werkbund
ican followers.
closer together in
faces.
arts, crafts,
and industry
an attempt to produce
Among
were Peter
pius:
The
latter
the Bauhaus in
would go on to found
1919 and put into
Werkbund.
Peter Behrens began his career design-
Nouveau
AEG, Germany's
style.
as
His
first
design director
largest electrical
making him an
(18, 19).
Later,
Behrens acted
many
as
AEG's
for the
of their buildings.
Some
architect
design of
of the
ALLGEMEINE
EL EKI RICIX\T5 - GESELL5CHAFT
RERUN
AEG, Germany's
was responsible
19
products
and architecture. Shown here is a
brochure cover and logo, both
designed in 1908.
for
19 As a graphic designer,
of the
characters from a
face designed in 1901.
titling
133
1900-1920
Graphic Design
Austria's
in
Austria
SACRUM
unaaoui
OFJt VEJ
I
!H.UM, ML
l.i
(20).
The magazine
unity in which
all
elements, including
KONSTLCM
OSTHtKHi MS
The
and
flat
20
20 Cover
21
complex
Tall,
Art
Nouveau forms
among
such as this
1902 example by Koloman Moser
22 One
of the early
influences on
names.
TH& GLASGOW
INbTITVTF
?PirSE ART5
OPEN
134
22
IRgkVAKY
Tin
May
Graphic Design
in
England
and encour-
own
Although small
presses.
in size
private
and
commercial publishers
excellent presswork.
known
Press,
Among
Ashendon
and Eragny
Edward Johnston,
in
known
for his
England
a master cal-
Doves
Press
the better-
is
proba-
design in 1916 of
Railway
Type,
is still
in
use today.
his students
23
two
calligraphers:
in print.
and
in
Illuminat-
1906 and
still
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP
QRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopq
rstuvwxyz
I234567890&
24
for
some
of the finest
Shown here
1897 edition
is
of
Vaughan's Sacred
Poems
24 Johnston's Railway Type,
designed by Edward Johnston
in
London
Underground, was hailed as a
1916
for
the
typeface
"truly of
our time."
135
1900-1920
Graphic Design
in
America
FRA- LUCA
DEPACIOLI
proportions
O'
originally
MORISON
xTHEGRO:
LI ER- CLUB
NEW-YORK
MCMXXX'l
News
1903
with
to
BORGO-S-
SEPOLCRO
BSTANLEY
Museum
of Art in
William Morris
books
Merrymount
Press outside
Goudy
is
remembered
many
typefaces are
and
Use.
as a prolific
whose
use today:
book designer
His best-known
(25).
face,
By
at his
very
typographers.
much
in control of the
production
was responsible
production of a long
list
known
ATF
for the
of popular book
Among
the better
Broadway,
Franklin Gothic,
ATF
Style,
Garamond, Hobo,
in lithography
Centaur
26
effect
Goudy Old
Style
27
by a
Franklin Gothic
which the
flat
wrapped around
Instead of the image being
cylinder.
News
28
Gothic
first
it
was
offset,
Among
it
Historical Events
Literature
Carrie.
Sigmund Freud
terpretation of
quantum
formulates
theory. Arthur
Queen
message.
Ball (1886-1927)
1904
Hugo
Tommaso
Marinetti (1876-1944)
1906 Ruth
Russes
in Paris.
North Pole.
Madame
1911
Scouts founded.
Past. Girl
1913
art to
tax. Charlie
assembly
line.
1914 World
War
El
August Macke
Upton
(1856-1950)
Sinclair (1878-1968)
Tristan
(1896-1945)
begins. Robert
God-
1917
Russian
spy.
Revolution. Buffalo Bill dies.
1918
End
solved.
of
I.
Lissitsky (1890-1941)
(1887-1914)
Music
Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
Edward Elgar (1857-1934)
Manuel de Falla (1876-1946)
Gustav Hoist (1874-1934)
J.
P.
Oud
(1890-1963)
Man Ray
Giacomo
Puccini (1858-1924)
(1890-1976)
Giacomo
Balla (1871-1958)
Umberto Boccioni
(1882-1916)
Graphic Arts
Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
Morris Fuller Benton (1872-1948)
Goudy
Frederick W.
Georges Braque
(1882-1963)
Prize.
1905
Duchamp
(1865-1947)
(1887-1968)
Max
Ernst (1891-1976)
Goncharova
(1881-1962)
Heckel (1883-1970)
Hannah Hoch
(1889-1978)
137
1920-1940
Between the Wars
Germany was
German
citizens.
well under
way by 1924.
It
ended
series
ically, full
demand
fallen
rise
of
was during
left
proclaimed the
doom
of
Under Hitlers
Buster Keaton
German
this
the
rise in
and
II
its
boom-and-bust econ-
American
living. Electricity,
family's standard of
now
most
available in
common
the
it
use
toasters, radios,
The demand
on the
World War
war materiel.
Fascists
for
Francisco Franco.
rivals. It
In spite of the
omy,
Politically, Italy
Deal, a
began.
New
the outbreak of
The 1932
crats
and record
for these
players.
products was
new
media
radio. Purchase
was made
later."
the
self-
service
store.
Germany succeeded
supermarket
feasible,
not only in
Singer,
It
that Britain
and
it
Czechoslovakia.
and
silent,
began
the
first
commercial
airliners,
and the
now within
stagnation.
Paris. In the
the
family.
life
were vitamin
Hemingway and
in
Thomas Wolfe
document
his childhood.
struggled to
138
FINE ARTS
World War
I,
as
PARIS-1925
now
The name
fair
is
Modernes
et
Industriels
(1).
fair
was to give
still
such
retained lead-
and luxury
arts
EXPOSITION
INTERNATIONALE
^ ARTS DECORATIFS
ET INDUSTRIELS
=
AVRIL- OCTOBRE
MODERN ES
architects
the Atlantic.
sides of
Its
the posters of A.
M.
Cassandre and E.
New
York
City,
Radio City
trans- Atlantic
2 Poster
World's Fair by
style
the
et Industriels
popular
for
for
the 1939
New
York
Joseph Binder
signaled the end of the Art Deco
period.
musicals. Art
tion with the
York
City,
slowly declined
(2).
139
1920-1940
group of
came the
by the
Surrealists. Influenced
writings of
Sigmund
attention on the
dreamworld of the
forties,
sexuality
still
fashions, perfumes,
widely used
women's
and cosmetics.
One
in
leaned toward a
"magic" realism,
Collection
The
Museum
ol
Modern
Art
New
York
vador Dali
(3),
Man Ray
created
known
today as pbotograms.
Purism.
begun
later,
Fernand
(4).
The
many
respects the
same
as those of
de
Stijl
and
and objectivity
in
harmony
of the
4 The goal
Museum
ol
Modern
Art,
New
York
Arrangement.
widely read;
it
influenced a generation of
of the Purists
bring order to
Amedee
was to
Cubism as seen in
The
set forth
art to a
wide audience.
New
seem
life.
Many
of
to possess a haunt-
as those
life.
of Max
art in the
conservative.
ment was
New
essentially
which urban
who
Among
manner.
the artists
Collection.
The
Museum
ol
Modern
Art.
New
Objectivity
Precisionism, in
Dr.
York
Demuth, Charles
Sheeler,
and Georgia
O'Keeffe.
During the
thirties a
group known
as
Americana for
subject matter: The best-known of
life
by
During the
thirties these
on
Mexican
working
on Works Progress Administration
painters had an impact
(WPA)
artists
projects,
141
1920-1940
GRAPHIC ARTS
Graphic Design
It
did
for others
it
was a
Germany
in
much
in this century.
The
architect
Walter
GROPIUS was
as a loss of traditional
new
Weimar to integrate the local art academy with the arts and crafts school. The
new
institution
(7, 8).
city
classic.
and most
<| I'll
JM
IIS
Ii;iiiIi;iiis
It
director
mi ten
MEYER, who
lies s ii
<Lr
\7
12
Hannes
lnt*rnUonal
in turn
was replaced by
Once
relocate,
'
\M
^^
years
and
in
Bauhaus to
1932 they
set
up
per-
142
of the
New Typography
to Paris,
Feininger returned
home
to
America, and
Armour
In-
Moholy-Nagy was
In 1937
now known
invited to
New
Bauhaus,
as the Institute of
its
Design.
in existence
philosophy
One
of
its
art
producing objects
ing as anything
accomplish
this,
as aesthetically pleas-
made by hand. To
however, the designer
in Leipzig in
the Leipzig
Academy. Soon
designer, he
after
Traditionally, typography
type,
using ornaments
approach led
typography,
to
was based on
to give pieces
what Tschichold
style that
to typography.
how
was
to free design
from
restrictive rules
and flexibility.
Tschichold believed that information had to be clearly laid out or
it would be ignored. He proposed a "new" typography, one strongly
influenced by both the Bauhaus and the Constructivists Among the
and
else
Though common
in art
new approach.
to
many
individuals
affiliated
major
tenets
of the
New
design elements based on their relative importance, the preference for sans
In
arrested by the
of
1947 he
to
spent
1972 he embraced
both symmetric
and asymmetric
his
works
143
1920-1940
Sti/is
Photomontage
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noooppcjqn- fstu vwxx vz
i
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Final design for Futura
was
display advertising. It
to
not until this century that sans serif typefaces were seen also as text faces,
thanks
to the efforts
and designers
Gernuw
designers
had
and traditions
letter
had become
in
and express a
a functional
Sans
as
were
were not
serifs
new
in
Akzidenz Grotesk.
Venus,
cut in
1907 by
readable letterform.
cut in
Two popular
letter.
1898
Koch's
sans
and
In
reality.
it
was
possible to create
photomon-
903
expression.
the
to design
News
full potential
both artistically
mercially. After
brief career as
and coma
of this century
ting throughout
typeface to be
drawn with
before it
cast.
the thirties
type.
and even
the
way
offered in
By
completely geometric
T-square, triangle,
a full
Helvetica
and Univers.
thirties
Xazi
.
It
effec-
Heartfield's
italic.
serif 0/ choici
his career.
and early
and the rising
and
later.
and position
new
serifs
Kabel.
the
both Franklin
reject the
Of all
Heartfield first
was during
their
associated
It
condemning Hitler
Party.
tually forced
him
to leave
Germany and
continued
to
to
u ork as
Germany, where he
a graphic
designer
Graphic Design
By
in
number
of the
fine arts to
and exhibitions
an
in
effort to
advance
home and
abroad.
aiteren
cheldet.
1st
Melerel
er
c est qu'll
dieses:
tsl
Stijl
Typography.
the
rules,
space, heavy
en creation
sich
sfrebt
Among
color.
the
more
structivist designers
this
tends
s elever
ascreel.on
**>OlLIN.,R
to rise itself
APOkUHAIflE,
Schopfung htftuuu'
heben
IMUJNUM
StatldarlmpraulonliUachan
die
tleh
euf
influential
sur
natural. smus
le
le
cubisme donne
grUndet.
gibt
n.ssen lueinander
In
were El Lissitsky,
la
perspective de
the
tormes
isl
character
ruturlsles ont
qu. etude et
la
demon
Futurists
la
llao
have
quietness and
stat.que et de-
abolished
statism and
moveThey have
documentated the new con-
dei'inttneuretde I'axMrietir
tation of interior
montre
have
demonstrated
ment, dynamism
and e. tenor
entschieden
dynamischo
In their pre-
of
FUTURISM
moment
plus un
fixe
du dy-
relations
and measure
Les
um
space based on
of air and
ALLARO.
of
perspective
abstracted forms
DleFutunstenhabendieRuhe
und Statlk demoliert und das
Bewegle. Dynamische gelelgt
Sla habon die naua
Reumautfassung durch die
(Ur
Illusion
air et
FUTURISME
Est
les
Hj-
FUTURISMUS
will
universal dynamism
it
decdedlybethedynam.csen
namique
elernisee
comme
Sensai.on
aocciONt
ewigt
EXPRESSIONISMUS
EXPRESSIONISMS
muswurde
Con-
de lespace basse
sioniste
die
second
cubisme
leptlon, welche
Oie Geste
la
New
le
peinture precedente
de
Raumilluslon,
and the
qui distingue
untef-
nir
CUBISM
CUBISME
Ce
der
das melaphysischedeutsche
hachis,
allemand
le
mystique Beefsteak
lexpressiomsme
'
EXPRESSIONISM
From cubism and futurism
has been chopped the minced meat, the myst.c german
beefsteak expressionism
mua gehackt
was especially
influential, as
he
10
El Lissitsky's
cover design
government
projects.
typographic composition.
While
Germany
in
Lissitsky
worked
11
Page
layout
by
El Lissitsky
as
Kurt Schwitters,
and
serif
three columns,
one
for
type
page
each
into
language.
Laszlo
photograph of literary
poet Osip Brik.
the Bauhaus.
13
El Lissitsky's
critic
and
1927
to
of the
LIS*ITZ*Y
1919-23
10
145
1920-1940
Graphic Design
in
Holland
"H
^ W^^J
the
New
in the forefront of
making contributions
It
to graphic design.
Stijl that
their ideas
editorship of
SP^
which he
O
4
Werkman,
Piet Zwart,
Zwart, H. N.
who
de
14 Piet Zwart's personal mark
became
Stijl
15).
Influenced by
tradi-
is
15 Typographic advertisement
done by Piet Zwart in 1926
repeats the Hot Spots logo to
create contrast
and
visual
H. N. Werkman,
tions directly
a printer by trade,
wood
press,
furniture
interest.
de
Stijl
and Constructivist
(16).
philosophies
hibited
16 Cover
Call
for last
designed by H.
N.
Werkman,
The
Next Call, in
many
of his experiments.
Enschede Foundry
in
book typeface.
146
magawhich he ex-
zine, The
for the
Haarlem. In 1924
Lt/tetia, a
popular
Graphic Design
in
France
A. M. CASSANDRE,
who
Deco approach to graphic design. Cassandre, whose real name was Adolphe
Jean-Marie Mouron, was born in the
Ukraine
Paris,
in 1901
but moved
where he studied
as a
youth to
PEiqiviOT
by the
United
came
(17).
to the
States,
for
tion of
He
While Cassandre
and
is
life
primarily
ballet design.
best
remembered
WAGON-BAR
17
Collection
The
Museum
ol
Modern
Art
New
York
being
Peignot.
Two
their posters
for the
From
there, he
went on to produce a
instant
atrical or
entertainment figures
He
(18).
Duncan.
19 Jean Carlu's 1927 poster
promoting a popular toothpaste,
reduces the
head to a minimum in a Purist
manner and focuses the viewer's
attention on the bright white
Dentifrice Gelle,
in
becoming one
(19).
teeth.
work
at the
and remained
for the
New
his
was
LISA
U.S. Office of
War
Information
DUNCAN
18
147
1920-1940
Graphic Design
in
Switzerland
While
Legcr.
there,
Matter became
inter-
ested in
Deberny
et Peignot.
During
this time,
assist
inter-
to
came
to the
United
States,
Fortune.
free-lance
Collection
The
Museum
ol
Modern
Art
New
York
America, and in 1946 began a twentyfive year relationship with Knoll Associates as
tant.
Once again
this period
P.
Switzerland.
page
148
New
the landscape.
21
Lohse,
Max
186).
Huber, and
Max
Bill (see
Graphic Design
Adriano
in Italy
called a
graduate,
Xanti Schawinsky,
as a
appointed
all
Giovanni PlNTORl
to oversee
24).
Together
first
"styled" type-
writer.
Schawinsky
went
to
on
for thirty-one
design.
Among
Con-
America, IBM,
product.
24 Giovanni
Pintori's poster,
is
machines.
149
1920-1940
Graphic Design
An
England
in
design was
in
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
One
of
new
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
the
most
Times
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
faces
Morison
Turns of
London
1930
in
designed by
oiThe
(25).
Zht
k&imtti
the
TIMES
editor
otThe Fleuron,
typographic journal.
to the
a.
highly influential
He
was an adviser
Cambridge University
Press
and
S3t&i
sance
25
man who
scription cutting,
woodblock engraving,
was released
to
his three
One
Monotype
BEHOLD, TWO OF
illustrated
excellent
example
Although an
of fine English
sharp contrast
to the more experimental
graphics being designed on the
typography,
Continent
it
is in
THEM WENT
him. But
has-c
him
we
redeemed
to
l)c
America
at the outbreak of the Second World War,
where he continued his career working
for such clients as CCA, American
McKnight-Kauffer returned
Airlines,
trusted that
Israel
and beside
208
all this,
today
is
Shell Oil,
and went with them But their eyes w-erc holden that they
should not know him And he said unto them. What manner
of communications arc these that ye have one to another, as
yc walk, and arc sad? And the one of them, whose name w as
Cleopas. answering said unto him. Art thou only a stranger
in Jerusalem, and hast not known the things which are come
to pass there in these days' And he said unto them. What
things? And they said unto him. Concerning Jesus of Nazareth, which was a prophet mights in deed and word before
God and all the people: And how the chief priests and our
rulers delivered
expatriate
American (28, 29). Among his betterknown works were series of posters for
the London Underground Transport,
fied
the third
26
150
McKnight-Kauffer, an
and
best
is
in
typefaces
by
many of the
known today for
He
and the
New
to
York Times.
was
quickly
in
of
the
England.
PREFER
>
EpifflJii-ani
&
^Ks
OFCO
29
28 Edward McKnight-Kauffer's
1930 poster for the London
Underground reflects his
European experience and
understanding of modern art.
Here he has reduced a complex
concept into a forceful visual
28
image.
29 During the
mid-thirties
McKnight-Kauffer created a
series of memorable posters
the Shell Oil Company which
for
151
1920-1940
Graphic Design
VOGUE
in
America
Alarmed by the
particularly innovative.
whether
change,
when
a small
on
began to
group of pioneer-
new
ideas based
was then,
MID-^EA/ON rA/MON/
as
Although
work
York
City,
which
in the thirties,
30
New
received
it
more
M.
influential designers:
F.
trained in Eu-
1929
its
United States in
publisher,
magazine by
typographer (30,
31).
He
as
Agha was
and
insisted
from
and
production.
He
Among
30 M F Agha, art director of
Vogue magazine, believed that
layouts should be logical, legible,
and luxurious. This practice was
evident
in
designed
Vogue
the covers he
or art directed for
152
serif
types
and
arts.
Herbert Bayer,
as a
student at the
a typeface
influence.
up
33
a free-lance practice
photomontage.
34 This spread
command
in
J.
Thompson and
Walter
director for
first
traditional
(36, 37).
He
was
also a
new typography
use of type, rules,
space, and the
of the
his effective
boxes, bullets,
as a
a 1925
grid.
later as art
for
uppercase and
lowercase alphabets.
founder of the
LIEFER- BEDINGUNG EN
Tischlerei
Metallwerkstatt
Weberei
Wandmalerei
Druckerei
SnSJTiln.n.TTln.l.-l.nTr-
1|
:'"j?T^v."?iS'':*',:'::r;
2|
EfsSKSTL-
3|
,o
Raumen un d Gebaudcn
4|
.liar
AH
5|
nt
i.hiunj
tHotK*
>'
.Ham
Wunwd
War.
<*>
E-j'Jfpr,
daa Ba<*ia'
Oaaaau
34
obcdefqhijKlmno
pqrstuvtuxqz
35
153
1920-1940
Bj
knoum
CCA
simply as
and fine
art as
program
36
an
CCA from
distinguish
its
was
competitors.
37
steps
Herbert
to hire
to oversee
would
and artists
Man
In
into
Ray,
beginning a policy
copy with
of
CCA
resulting in
's
The
CCA program
II
initiated,
being seen as
World War
the
combining precise
excellence.
continued during
and into
the
postwar
Rand. Rene
Ma'grit h.
was
series
that the
"the best
Great
campaign that
CCA
is
design program in
America. Furthermore, in
its effort to
CCA
the
has
through
and
and
154
of
with
success.
it
art
a graphic designer.
His
first
as
A year
later,
studio in
New
created a series
for the
Beall set
up
his
own
program (39).
During his career Beall did packaging,
ads, advertising promotion, and corpotion
rate identity
programs
for
such corpora-
and Martin
38 Lester
had an understanding
of
39 One
of a series of
posters for
Administration designed
in 1936
knowledge of
Purism and Bauhaus principles.
reflects Beall's
155
1920-1940
Alexey Brodovitch,
began
his career in
like
Europe
M.
(41).
F.
Agha,
Bro-
1930 and
ment
at the
in
set
Philadelphia
Museum
Art
School.
clients (42).
During these
years,
level of editorial
Many
photographs,
42
Illustration in
the Art
Deco
Ink
first
Brodovitch created
many
I.
He
also
/F*^
UNI
156
in
a Surrealistic
where the
trylon
perisphere become a
two mysterious eyes.
I
and
mask
with
|V.
44,
'!
'-
,...-,
I-
ll
,;
,.
i
.
...
ll
'
I"
was
!....;:
It
with
.!.
Bazaar
)*
H.
t-
'
'<"
liB)
I.
'<
....
1.
'
..
,.
.1
1,
...
.,
'I
'
I)
ll
Itl
I.
.,1
M.
,,
..
I,
,.
it
IIHKSULK
45
157
^**
1920-1940
in
Cologne,
coming
to the
Among
United States
was
the development of
in 1938.
Army
Air
Force
In 1945, Burtin
tor for Fortune
became the
art direc-
magazine, a position he
own
design
office.
Among
pany,
his clients
as
design decade
visualize
46
complex material
technology.
He
created
Will Burtin's
Architectural
cover
latest technologies,
sum up
158
and
such
utilized the
as film, tele-
for
Forum combines a
many experimental
in science
many award-
designs.
to
vision, audiovisuals,
and holography.
first
advocates
first
is
47
to use
initially
World War
after the
Lilliput
assured,
that
And
was
priv-
Abhorrence of what
Second
adopted.
vowing Revenge.
CHAPTER VI
OF THE INHABITANTS OF LILLIPUT; THEIR
LEARNING, LAWS, AND CUSTOMS. THE MANNER OF EDUCATING THEIR CHILDREN. THE
AUTHOR'S WAY OF LIVING IN THAT COUNTRY.
HIS VINDICATION OF A GREAT LADY.
lthough
am
mean time
common
ideas.
As
somewhat under
six
Inches, so there
is
is
an exact Proportion in all other Animals, as well as Plants and Trees: For Instance, the tallest
Horses and Oxen are between four and five Inches in Height,
the Sheep an Inch and a half, more or less; their Geese about
the Bigness of a Sparrow; and so the several Gradations downwards, till you come to the smallest, which, to my Sight, were
almost invisible; but Nature hath adapted the Eyes of the
Lilliputians to all Objects proper for their View: They see
LAYOUT
49
DWIGGINS
XV.
Caledonia
50
abundance of
text
is
is
copiously illustrated
widely
known
R P E R
ail
copy-writers.
It
contains an
The
with sketches by the author, who
in the
BOTHERS
H E D
48 W. A Dwiggins' handlettered
title page for his 1928 book,
Layout
in
Advertising.
48
159
1920-1940
born
1908
in
in
Academy
working
as a
own
design
A
into
visit to
1939
New
York Worlds
great versatility:
He
has
worked
shown
in
He
and served
as the
Agency
Geigy Pharmaceuticals.
Giustis strength as a designer comes
George Giust is Fortune
magazine cover draws the viewer
51
a US Coastal
rendered in the
into the
breech
Artillery
gun
manner
of the Precisionists.
It
of
is
Museum
of
for
Modern
The
Art
emblem
160
in
the sky
from
no distinction between
cial art:
its
He
purpose.
believes art
Now
fine
is
should be
and commer-
art,
whatever
in his seventies,
he
new
is
Gyorgy Kepes
Hungary,
and graphic
met
Moholy-Nagy (54).
Kepes moved to London in 1936 to
work for Moholy-Nagy, an association
designer in Berlin, where he
that continued
Moholy-Nagy was
the
New
Bauhaus
later.
to
When
Chicago, he invited
moved on
to the
was during
this
time that he
set
up
it
the
Kepes continued
work
for
CCA
many
of his
54 Gyorgy Kepes' cover for a
1937 Cahier d'Art combines a
photogram with type and linear
elements to create a surrealistic,
(55, 56).
avant-garde look.
55
In
Responsibility,
created a surrealistic
and
Kepes has
illustration
excellence
56
of
CCA
products.
Kepes
enhanced a photograph of a
chambered nautilus shell with
gouache and airbrushing to
suggest a parallel between the
strength of a shell and the
products of CCA.
In
56
161
1920-1940
When
moved
in
Holland
in
moving
to
Genoa,
As
painting, Lionni
became an art
N. W. Ayer agency.
1947 Lionni moved to New York
Philadelphia, where he
director for the
In
City,
57
where he opened
and became
his
own
studio
zine, a position
maga-
He now
fifty,
Lionni
Italy,
where he
bombing mission
of B-17s.
of means,
communicated CCA's
162
Laszlo
Moholy-Nagy
wounded
in the First
STAATLICHES
Moholy-Nagy was
AU
where he remained
to Berlin,
1919
< 1923
2
where he created
With
Germany,
first
Bauhaus
in
Chicago,
Institute of Design.
He
now
the
untimely death
at the
age of
greatest contribution
Zusammenfassen der im
letzlen Jahrzehnt
fifty-one.
book
Das Buch, welches an1a8lich der ersten Ausstellungvom 1 5. August bis 30. September 1923
des Staatlichen Bauhauses zu Weimar nach
dessen 3' jjahngem Bestehen erschemt, ist in
erster Lime Dokument dieser Anstalt, es reicht
aber, dem Charakter der Anstalt entsprechend,
weit uber erne brtliche oder spezidsche Angelegenheit hmaus ins allgememe, gegenwartige
und zukunftige Gebiet kunstlenschen Schaffens
continued to
Moholy-Nagy s
60).
New
AU
Nagy went
Although the
59
Bauhaus bo cher
magazine
SCHRIFTLEITUNG
WALTER GROPIUS
L. MOHOLY-NAGY
LMOHOLY-NA6Y:
MALEREI
L.
MOHOLY-NAGY:
PHOTOGRAPHIE
FILM
ALBERT
60
Constructivist design.
163
1920-1940
in
He
Switzerland, in 1908.
Lausanne,
began
his
Munich and
them
in
1929, Nitschc
Paris. In
Maximilian Vox, a
becoming
free lance
European publications.
many
He
Nitsche's best-known
book
jack-
work was
for the
nhrk'irh
came
n
61
its art
director in 1955.
Most
recently, he has
government.
61 Erik Nitsche.
advertisement
department
in this
for
store,
Ohrbach's
enlarged the
common
of
Georges
"Carmen," Nitsche
combined Spanish lace with a
closeup of a woman's eye to
create a sense of mystery and
passion
Bizet's
63
stifled
164
scream
West German
Paul
Rand
was born
in
Brooklyn and
He
twenty-three,
at the
Rand became
enjoyed
age of
art director
maga-
zines, for
reveal
concepts of
94 1, Rand
the world of
left
As the art
the William H. Weintraub
challenges of advertising.
director for
DIRECTION
in the
postwar years.
Rand
own
volume 2 number 1
cializing in corporate
the
left
established his
Among
1939
many
communications.
most
books
influential
for the
design
Through
his
his teaching,
Designers Art.
Rand
considered by
many
to be the
He
most
65
all
time, a view
munication
first
Com-
in the field of
for
graphic design.
66
In this
1939 cover
for
World's
Fair,
New
York
Rand combines
165
1920-1940
slovakia before
coming
to the
United
States in
Czech Pavilion
Fair,
at the
New
York Worlds
the
forcing
States.
From 1941
until
Services,
work
reflects his
complete understanding
While
in the
67, 68,
69 Ladislav Sutnar.
in
the
designer, created
many
166
Bradbury Thompson,
Washburn College
home town,
in
a graduate of
engineers on
civil
and bridges.
Thompson came
New
to
skills
York City
in
early
clients
New
Other
1).
York Worlds
He
all
through
his
more than
both
has also
FFICIAL GUIDE
BOOK
thirty years of
magazines
Smithsonian
stamps
and numerous
for the
Among
many major
his
postage
more
recent accomplish-
FOR PEACE
AND FREEDOM
73
Bradbury Thompson, as
designer and editor of Westvaco
Inspirations, was able to create
many award-winning designs
71
72 A bird's-eye view
soldier
combined
of
wooden
with three-
VOLUME
25
DECEMBER
NO.
1935
72
all
combine
to give this
mood
festive
of anticipation.
167
1920-1940
Magazines and
Events
Historical
Illustrators
During
the Untitles
1920
First
KDKA,
Charac-
Search of an Author.
Among tbt
Howard Chandler Christie, J. C. LeyenJame Montgomery Flagg.John
Held, T. M. Cleland, and Norman
Rockwell.
1923 Adolf
illustrators.
many
tnnoi at ne magazines. In
Henry Luce
and
1923,
Time magazine.
was soon followed by Newsweek
the first
This
news weekly:
around
the world.
and the
1924
J.
writes
My
direc-
Constantin Stanislavsky
Winter
tor of FBI.
Olympics.
1925 Sergei Eisenstein's masterpiece,
The Battleship Potemkin. Hitler writes
Mein Kampf. F. Scott Fitzgerald writes
The Great Gatsby. Franz Kafka's The
Trial published. John T Scopes
"Monkey"
founded in 1936.
3
oruuc
trial.
becomes
1928 U.S.S.R.'s
First
designed by
hit.
first
Five-Year Plan.
1930 Noel
168
in Frankenstein.
Charlie Chaplin releases City Lights.
Pearl Buck writes The Good Earth.
Salvador Dali paints The Persistence
of Memory. Empire State Building
Tobacco Road.
1933 Hitler appointed chancellor. King
Kong abducts Faye Raye. United
States abandons gold standard. Louis
Communist
Party.
France launches
History.
1936 King
viii
becomes
hit
song
casting.
Music
Graphic Arts
Buck (1892-1973)
Agatha Christie (1891-1976)
Noel Coward (1899-1973)
Hart Crane (1899-1932)
George Gershwin
Literature
W. H.
Auden
(1907-1973)
Pearl
Marc
Blitzstein (1906-1964)
(1898-1937)
Honegger
T.
S. Eliot (1888-1965)
Arthur
F.
Aram Khachaturian
(1892-1955)
(1903-1978)
C. S. Forester (1899-1966)
Gian-Carlo Menotti
E.
M. Forster (1879-1970)
Hemingway (1889-1961)
Herman Hesse (1877-1962)
Ernest
Oliver
Messiaen
(b.
(b. 1911)
1908)
Thompson
(b.
1896)
William Walton
(b.
1902)
Balthus
Eugene
O'Neill (1888-1953)
Waugh (1903-1966)
Wodehouse (1881-1975)
Thomas Wolfe (1900-1938)
Evelyn
P.
G.
Fine Arts
(b.
1908)
F Agha (1896-1978)
Thomas M. Cleland
(1880-1964)
(1883-1931)
Dwiggins (1880-1956)
James Montgomery Flagg (1877-1960)
D. W.
George
Raoul
Giusti
(b.
Hausmann
1908)
(1886-1971)
McKnight-Kauffer (1890-1954)
Jeaneret) (1887-1965)
E.
Salvador Dali
(b.
1904)
Nitsche
Erik
Paul Delvaux
Giovanni Pintori
(b.
1897)
Rand
(b.
1908)
(b.
1912)
Paul
(b 1914)
Werkman
(1882-1945)
Zwart (1885-1977)
169
1940-1960
World War
II
and
the Atomic
Age
had
In 1940, France
was
neutrality.
siege,
It
television
TV
life-
revolutionized communication
style.
By June
magaand newspapers.
Other innovations that helped to define the period were FM radio broadcast-
cember
It
United States
zines,
sistors, lasers,
fighting on
two
fronts,
itself
Pacific.
and
thetic fibers.
ment
Normandy on June
The war
a
the
first
atomic
bomb
when
6, 1945,
and communication
was dropped on
for business
on the
Amer-
first
earth
Tokyo Bay.
satellite,
Sputnik
/,
Sputnik
An American
were bogged
down
in a cold war.
under
American
ally
Communism
The
flict
fifties
in
boom
of
life in
Wales. In
their novels
in
Camus
aligned itself
170
and
plays.
'
FINE ARTS
tempted
ers
Dali,
ican artists
and helped
New
York City.
The first group of American artists to
achieve international fame were the New
from Paris to
art
who
numbers,
targets, flags,
X*
artists
own
Hans Hofmann,
Arshile Gorky,
Willem de Kooning
of
(1),
Pollock
(2),
Motherwell.
less
Clyfford
Still,
Baziotes,
and
By
Ad
of
is
Number
3,
characteristic of his
energy.
Newman, William
Reinhardt.
with
The major
Mark
Rothko,
were
group
Barnett
an early example
1949: Tiger
artists of this
is
2 Jackson Pollock's
1948
The major
artists of this
come
of
group were
major
generation, Jasper
(3, 4).
;jmk %$W~
:
171
1940-1960
GRE
:%;
*>!&&&.<
3 Numbers
Jasper Johns
9 created by
1962 with pastel,
crayon, and ink wash on paper. In
reaction to the extreme
subjectivity of the Abstract
Expressionist,
to
in
to work.
172
groundwork
for
Pop
Art
GRAPHIC ARTS
The postwar
years
Graphic Design
saw an explosion of
was a time of
The
in
America
solutions for new graphic design concepts. This new approach was aided by
the publics growing acceptance of mod-
ern art,
lishers
which
in turn
encouraged pub-
place in
New
York
which,
City,
as the
adventurous.
national recognition.
to a
from
attracted talent
all
States
moved
number
for a
to Los
in
AT&T
of years, Bass
1955
Man
His
first
for the
Arm
(5).
Quaker
on the
attests:
AT&T,
list
of clients
Celenese Corporation,
(6, 7).
ComWARNER COMMUNICATIONS
6
humor.
173
1940-1960
born
in
United
women
in
first
in the
States.
first
industrial
Cipe Burtins
1932, when
assistant to M.
of Conde Nast
first
breakthrough came
in
F.
Agha, the
art director
success of Vogue
(8).
In 1947 she
missioned such
became
artists as
Ben Shahn,
to
do
became an independent
Among her more
In 1961 she
and director of
known graphic
Golden, and,
designers:
William
Will
felt
free to
art
draw upon
first
174
in this
in
New
Cooper Union.
He
began
and went on
to
York Worlds
From 1943
Dorfsman served
to 1946,
Army
as art
newspaper and
later,
in the U.S.
The
his career as a
New
do
York
tion of excellence in
TV
THE GALINDEZ
MURPHY BROADCAST
A RADIO EVENT
.
10
graphics, pro-
12).
visual wit
and typography
to
11
graphics of the
new headquarters
de-
vice president
CBS
and
CBS
CBS, Dorfsman
illustrator,
creative director of
Andy
Warhol.
Inc.
fifties,
was expanding,
Dorfsman created this ad
when
television
remind advertisers
of the
to
unique
qualities of radio.
NftlM
12
175
1940-1960
Gene Federico
was born
in
New
York
career
U.S. Army.
In 1946 Federico
became
associate art
Grey Advertising. During the next decade he gathered experience from several
agencies before
own
becoming
a partner in his
stein (13,
14,
15).
more than
longevity.
his ability to
famous
in part
for
from
13
to
1951
ran
ad
in
for
The
in this
New
Yorker.
for
torn
paper and
15 This
of
straight pins.
was
176
unique and
forceful.
as
mem-
Dane, Bernbach
Bob Gage,
vice
work
as a
team:
art director
Copy was
to
to
the product.
Among
Ohrhach^
Bread (16,
16
17).
A good
can be seen in
his 1958 Ohrbach's ad where a
snobbish cat comments on her
resorting to visual tricks.
example
New
of this
neighbor
York
17
In this
Gage
ad
for Levy's
reinforced the
bread.
message by
is
eating
it
up
LEWS
WHITE BREAD
17
177
1940-1960
New
on
Lower East Side, Golden
vocational high school where
1
York's
attended a
Golden moved to
work first with a
After graduation
photoengraver and
Angeles Examiner,
ing layouts.
City in 1936
him
to
He
to the history of
New
returned to
when M.
work on
tions. It
later
F.
Agha
York
invited
Conde Nast
was during
Publica-
this year
with Agha
CBS Radio
art director.
II.
CBS,
PLAYHOUSE 90
Ben Shahn
combines a
illustration with
simple
artists
of
Once
theme
of the
drama.
195
again, typography
complements the
aired
fresh
in
the early
now as when
fifties, it's
first
shown
fine
for
CBS
on November
6,
(20).
months before
as
OF M ANOLETE
THEDE
forty- nine.
JACK PALANCE
SUZY PARKER
Produt.d by Martin Manulh)
In
Talaviaion City
9:30 TONIGHT
!>
ovtr th
CBS
T.Uvtu.on N.twotk t
ON CHANNEL 2
AUH^l
19
178
New
illustration
and
19).
illustrators
talents of
Morton Goldsholl
was born
in
Chi-
Among
Design.
were the
for
which
programs
Paper
for the
Company and
Hoffman Company,
corporate films and
Today he
his
own
is
Kimberly-Clarke
the
H.U.H.
as well as
TV
producing
commercials.
Northfield, Illinois.
22
21
forties.
Above
design
for
is
shown
his
the Martin-Senour
Paint Company, a paintbrush with
dots of color. Below is the
trademark
for Paul
Theobald, a
22
In
this "integrated
23 Symbol designed by
Goldsholl
Corps
in
for
the U.S.
Peace
1961.
21
179
1940-1960
the
economics
at the
height of the
supplemented
his
major by taking
For the
college,
first
as
was
His career
Upon
became
NBC,
Hurlburt
where he
Rand
Hurlburt worked
1,
for Paul
at the
in
1953 to
remained until 197 1 (24, 25).
Hurlburt was both a teacher and a
writer on design education.
Among
his
life
25 Allen
Hurlburt's reputation
rests primarily
on
his long
Shown here
180
design strength
spent the
last
24,
He
in 1983.
in the Bronx,
New
where he remained
As
photography
/ ..S
S.
/...
.....
<.,.,'<...
/.
'</...
/,
/,.
27
Alone
Darkness
in
in
28
Miller
Art Kane's 1956 ad for
was photographed by Bert Stern
and communicates a feeling of
26
I.
romantic eroticism.
28 During
his tenure
director at
Seventeen
as
art
Art
Kane
181
1940-1960
in
Ir
magazine
Vu. In
In
States
M.
Agha
F.
later
he succeeded
as art director. In
1961
K
CO
I.
PA
ECT O
I.
N S
Comi
A M
CO
I.
[CAN
OXS
L LE C TI
\
30 These Alexander
Liberman magazine spreads
29,
enhanced by
his
March
Vogue combines fashion
illustration and photography to
issue of
create a
182
new
reality.
in
CISTS
31
Herb Lubalin, according to Lou Dorfsman, was "the quintessential typographer" and certainly one who believed in
Evri
'.:
>
\i)Kt
They
type,
was a
stone
and a
went
was
to Sudler
&
Hennessey, where he
twenty years
up
his
own
studio,
where he took on
much
in
demand
as a
was a
33
hiiii
magazine
with
Tom
Post.
He
Carnase, a
first
designers
up
letters for
expressive purposes.
He
lower
case").
for
fresh
183
1940-1960
in Denver,
for a short
opening
his
own
York City
as visual
New
design director
moved
at
there perma-
Lustig s finest
many book
in the
Noonday
New
Press
One
commitment
35 Alvin Lustig was the
first art
what was
inside.
at Yale
him
program
afflicted
by 1954. Nevertheless,
he continued to design with the aid of
was
totally blind
36,
creating dramatic
Publishers.
184
Cohen, until
his
OTTO Storch
He began knocking on
first
becoming
left
On
the
Dell and
graphic design
field.
Living and,
later, art
director for
its
40). Later,
when
the
own
m%mm
'
ft
art direction.
w!
v Btll
3b
40 Otto Storch's
magazine layouts are an
excellent example of what can be
38, 39,
was given a
Mayes and
join
forces
hand,
which allowed experimentation
Storch
free
185
1940-1960
Graphic Design
kunstgewerbemuseum
Zurich
During the
became
First
in
Switzerland
and
With
World War,
torn Europe.
speaking
Most
cities
settled in the
German-
Max
Bill
was one
of the
Among
the
v
r
unified design.
movement combines
Max
their
at
action.
41
Style, or,
more
The major
the
and
New
founded
in
1944 (45),
Graphic Design, published by,
in
(46).
186
Mfc
ft
IV
A H
I*
NeueGrafik
New Graphic Design
Graphisme actuel
for
an
Hofmann
combined two
exhibition of lace.
dramatically
Hofmann
46
New
Graphic Design,
published
in
1959.
first
was a
187
1940-1960
Graphic Design
During the
in
Holland
First
Stijl
it
Some
privately.
H.N. Werkman
in
their
work
lives:
liberated.
The postwar
tinue
work is
recognized by his use of
bold type, textured papers, rough
its
forms,
and strong
especially in the
easily
edged
years
by studying
his career
figure
psychology and
ground designs.
S,ed
*museu
am *erdam
-19sepi. >eo
47
art history.
work of H. N.
Werkman,
particularly
types,
official
the Stedlijk
wood
create interest-
position as
Museum, and
Museum
in
Amster-
museums around
the world.
the Inner
MtfH
principle
49
188
Comes of Age
Offset Lithography
typefaces, especially
With
the
letterpress
to lose its
primacy over
nance.
In 1957,
Swiss, took
it
redrawn by
Max
was Helvetica,
and many
typeface of the
others
around
is
creating
be
designer
As
layout to
or paste- up, to
and made
everything
responsible for
a mechanical,
photographed
plate.
is
flexibility:
is
into
a printing
done photo-
the world.
gramma and
an old
domi-
Micro-
freedom
and control
printed piece.
Eurostyle.
Craw
faces:
Helvetica
Univers
MICROGRAMMA
Eurostile
WATER
PLATE
CYLINDER
"
SOLUTION
FOUNTAIN
Palatino
Melior
Optima
Craw Clarendon
Craw Modern
189
1940-1960
Packaging
Packaging
is
one
the
War
of
World
products
and
merchandising techniques.
upon
jobs are
to design
handled
many
packaging,
by industrial design
graphics.
An
which may be a
bottle, box,
or carton
Germany invades
1941
deter-
Among
the
Soviet Union.
composes
has
Fall of
Mussolini.
Jackson Pollock
first
among
suit
popular
duced as
in
No
Exit.
1946
1947 India and Pakistan achieve independence. The Diary of Anne Frank
published. Dead Sea Scrolls discovered. Le Corbusier's Marseille
Apartment Block
built. First
supersonic
Pacific.
black
in
The Catcher
Randolph Hearst
dies. Electric power produced from
atomic energy in Acron, Idaho.
1952 George VI dies; Elizabeth
1951
in
J.
D. Salinger writes
and
Julius
Rosenberg executed
DNA
hit
shown
film,
1954 U.S.
antibiotic.
Death of a
Salesman. "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed
Reindeer" becomes hit. Apartheid
established in South Africa. People's
Republic of China established.
1950 Korean War begins. Al Jolson
dies. Rashomon, first major Japanese
II
George Orwell
established.
NATO
1949
1943
made from
Events
Historical
man
dies.
Thompson
writes Eloise.
1956 Khrushchev
denounces
Stalin
Common
Market.
Little
Rock, Arkan-
desegrega-
writes Lolita.
gene lonesco
writes Rhinoceros
Literature
Fine Arts
Karl
Albert
Camus
(1913-1960)
Appel
Francis
Bacon
Max
1904)
(b.
Hans Hofmann
Jasper Johns
1923)
1910)
Willem de Kooning
Norman
(b.
(b.
Graphic Arts
Theo Balmer (b. 1923)
Saul Bass (b. 1920)
1921)
(b.
(b
1908)
Adrien Frutiger
Bob Gage
William
1930)
Golden
(1911-1959)
Morton Goldsholl
Armin Hofmann
Arthur Miller
Alfred Leslie
Max Huber
1915)
(b.
Alberto Moravia
Vladimir
George Orwell
1907)
(b.
Nabokov
(1899-1977)
(1903-1950)
Thomas
Dylan
(1914-1953)
Tennessee Williams
Music
Samuel Barber
Luciano Berio
(1911-1985)
(1910-1981)
(b.
1925)
Elliott
(b.
(b.
Joan Mitchell
1927)
(b.
Barnett
Newman
(b.
(b. 1911)
1920)
(b.
1919)
(b.
1926)
Robert Motherwell
1928)
(b.
1921)
(b.
(1880-1966)
(b.
Bill
Art
1915)
Kane
(b.
Ernst Keller
(1905-1971)
1925)
(b.
1891)
Robert Rauschenberg
Josef Muller-Brockmann
(b.
Ad Reinhardt
(1913-1967)
Mark Rothko
(1903-1970)
1925)
Still
Bert Stern
(1904-1980)
Graham Sutherland
(b.
1914)
1929)
(1903-1980)
Hermann Zapf
(b.
1918)
1908)
Alberto Ginastera
(b.
Aram Kachaturian
1916)
(1903-1978)
Nono
(b.
1924)
Gunter Schuller
William
Stefan
(b.
Schuman
Wolpe
48
49
1925)
(b.
1910)
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
univers
(1903-1972)
univers
Adrien hrutiger's Univers family of type
191
1960-1980
Age
of Youth,
mood
in a
return to normalcy.
of disillusionment and
frustration. In i960,
John
Kennedy
F.
He
spirit
saw
through
The
sit-ins
sixties
bewildering
inspired
(NASA) was
Admin-
man on
number
of social changes
after
music of their
the
moon.
By
dragged on.
at the
Then,
of
On
Carter was
Jimmy
elected president,
including
idols,
Bob
civil
Jr.
had
Vietnam War
from running
for a
new term
in 1968;
Who,
the Doors,
in,
If
In fashion,
States
gical concerns,
Women
asserted themselves
menced
and recom-
from
office;
oil cartel,
prices
and
OPEC,
the international
and the
first
of
many
shortages.
it
"New Wave"
in-
among
the notables
and working
their
way up
new
and R2D2.
On
its
invasion of
visions,
192
tele-
FINE ARTS
By
Among
more
important were Pop, Color Field, Op,
Minimalism, Hard Edge, Conceptual,
and Kinetic. The seventies saw a return
only a few years.
the
of adherents.
The
attract a
best
known Op
artists
referred to
as
form to flat
or simple shapes. Examples of
colors
se-
wide number
by contrasting or
artists
lived
are the
works of
and
artists created
Youngerman.
Andy
paintings and
soup cans
(1,
3).
Warhol's Campbell's
Many Pop
artists,
such
as
Tom
Warhol and
plaster casts of
mances
artists
spontaneous perfor-
called Happenings.
flat
brushstrokes.
The
in various ways:
rags, or
it
this school
artists
of
Collection, The
Museum
of
Modern
Art
New
York
193
1960-1980
Conceptual artists
jects
tions,
to create
a heightened
awareness
of a consumeroriented society.
Some Conceptual
grand
scale, for
was done on a
art
example, Robert
Warhol
rejected the emotionalism and
islands.
Andy Warhol
Other
artists,
such
as
Joseph
as a
intensity of Abstract
Expressionism.
Some
those of
or fluorescent lights.
Dan
Flavin.
194
i*
GRAPHIC ARTS
in
forth
between the
graphic
arts.
freely
fine arts
back and
and the
Rauschenberg, Warhol,
Graphic Design
in
The
saw
a continuation of
Thompson, and Gene Federico had become the new Establishment and were
agencies and
corporations.
By
early sixties
America
the midsixties a
boom
its
own
taste.
Psychedelic
art,
with
was
(4, 5).
But
it
had
on mainstream design.
work of graphic design
was being produced by a new generation
little
influence
The
serious
of designers.
4,
5 The psychedelic
midsixties
gave
and
art of
the
early seventies
and
mind-expanding drugs. Images
and type were distorted and
printed in Day-Glo colors to
create hallucinatory effects. The
posters were designed to be
experienced rather than read.
counter-culture of rock music
195
1960-1980
Robert Brownjohn.
In i960 Cher-
own
tan
program
Bank
(6).
for the
Chase Manhat-
for
Mobil,
They
sign
small
museum
in
the
early sixties
US
Bicentennial.
A dromotuatonof
Beginning November 20
Mode
pce*en'ed on PSS-TV
possible by
National Enaowment
*ot The Humonihes
& MoOi
Oil
exhibits to interna-
example, they
Corporahon
in
official
symbol
seen in his
ments
many
Museum
is
also a
Broadcasting System
196
(7).
of
Modern Art
New
(8).
Muriel Cooper
another outstanding
is
more than
IHI^HnJ
first
institutions to
communicator of excellence.
MIT
as
BAUHAUS
director of the
MIT
look
(10).
example of
is
MIT
Press,
where
now known
as the
this look
10
MIT. She
is
of the
new
graphics in an
electronic environment.
anniversary
school's founding.
fiftieth
in
1969
of the
197
1960-1980
born
Culver
in
self-taught
his career
on the West
moved
New
York,
influ-
designer, he
began
to
In addition to
for Esquire
numerous
illustrations
magazine, covers
for
Columbia
book
r^jfc* sii
(11,
^^^H^^
McGraw-Hill
jackets for
was
at this
time that
tawDM
is
thirty-five years.
at
YI.TVHI
On
$o-saj IB
much
New
larger scale de
become famous
11
for
Company's corporate
program
identity
Anthropologyand
; =
- ..
MraMOB
Human Nature
Ashley Montagu
to
13, 14
by de Harak
Hill
same sans
serif
typeface.
The
13
198
City.
Harak has
Among
York
12
He
Emeritus
more than
Osaka, Japan.
for
his
Expo
George
In the
in 193 1, Lois
at Pratt Institute in
He
was by his
terrible
fifties,
own
description
"WASP"
ethic,
and the
safe.
Lois shook
up
this
humorous
and
when
own
agency,
16
is
ugly,
"Oh my God
-we hit
a little girl."
Xaiisalmle
17
15, 16
George
Lois' ability to
make
a memorable visual
statement was never more
evident than in the series of
covers he created for Esquire
17
One
was
his
of Lois'
sense
sixties.
greatest assets
of
humor. Here he
199
1960-1980
LOVE
formed
a successful
1954 by three
graduates of The Cooper Union: MlLTON
enterprise
in
Ed
as illustrators
artist,
had
many
in
was
he
Push Pin Studio.
The poster shown here is one of
one
brought
many
It
to the
recognizable.
strict dictates
more
eclectic
inspiration
from
all art
many
years
commercial. In
illustrators
its
forms, the
(18, 19).
To publicize
their
for
affili-
1983 issue
promote
The
artists
il-
Davis.
first
in 1970
American
Decoratifs in
to pursue his
to establish
directs the
Pushpin Group.
19
200
20
born in 1924 in
where he studied
Institute in Brooklyn,
industrial designers.
In 1955,
his
own
work on
free-lance firm
a
Among
the
many
tions
corpora-
for are
Texasgulf,
well
He
classic.
past twenty-five
21
1962
Museum
process
for this
Modern
22
In this
poster
Cultural Center,
for
the
of
German
Tscherny
images
to represent
technology,
music,
literature, painting,
21
201
1960-1980
Italy,
where he started
an architect. Vignelli
America
first
his career
came
to
up an
trial,
in
office to practice
graphic, indus-
United
States,
ternational
work
for
cofounding
in
Unimark
In-
tional (24).
Among
Vignelli's better-
for the
Washington
Associates
and
in
New
York
City,
award-winning designs.
24
24 Massimo
Vignelli,
who
started
System Map
Knoll International.
Downtown
& Brooklyn
The Transit
abandoned Vignelli's
favor of one of its own
controversial.
26
Authority
map
in
after
a few years.
25
202
where he
continue to create
Graphic Design
in
Switzerland
gan searching
They
felt
were
often predictable.
To counteract
breathe
ers
new
such as
life
this
tendency and
Wolfgang Weingart,
with
this tradition
and began
27
young designers.
Weingart carried
his
experiments the
de force of visual
effects
of
the
first
new
rigid
excitement.
28,
Tissi,
In
together since
Odermatt's design for
was handled
Company, type
a totally free
manner, even turned upside
down. In Tissi's design, the letters
of the word "tips" have been
overlapped or reversed to create
a strong logo effect.
in
203
1960-1980
Graphic Design
Bertrand Russell
An Inquiry into Meaning
and Truth
in
England
postwar generation:
was a
It
and antiestablishment
protests,
ments.
It
senti-
for
new.
Forbes,
many
Over the
Gill.
many
Perelli
of the early
for
unseen figures
passengers
Gill
Bob
Theo Crosby.
assignments. Here an ad
eclectic
left
Bob
Fletcher, Forbes
An
DOG
One
of the
30
rations
major corpo-
as
Pentagram
Punk
styles in
life-style
of
Punk
design in the
were meant to
fl
Graphic Design
The Japanese,
at the
in
in
Japan
modernizing themselves
II,
attempted to
The
results
Western
an
reflect a
and energy.
new
direction
known abroad
is
is
probably
Games
at
Ikko Tanaka
(35),
33 Yusaku Kamekura is
considered by many to be the
dean
of Japanese graphic
design and one of the first to
integrate Western ideas into his
ORYU 11964
35
33
205
1960-1980
ITC
Phototypesetting
Although thf
wen
patents
first
Photo-Lettering, Inc.
Edward
was
not
ting.
it
Rondthaler of
still
being
set
Fotosetter.
The
was simply
Fotosetter
the old
substituting
a camera for
casting matrix.
By
(ITC) has
could
set
the sixties
basic fonts
from 4-
From two
to
36-point
Corporation. Founded in
Monotype
1970 by Aaron
thaler,
ing
type.
a far-
in metal.
Fotosetttr
Baskerville,
and Cheltenham.
had to
Cen-
Originally de-
and linecasting,
and
these classics
electronically controlled,
to be set
An
Electronically controlled,
a xenon
The
seventies
and which
No
lines.
Once
letters
makeup was
spaced vertical
Among
1,000
and
later.
To speed
set,
which
set,
stored digitally in
as
series
of small dots or
letters.
10,000
the quality.
By manipulating
and made
thin or heavy.
to
Intertype Fotosetter
206
digital equipment.
designs
Matthew
Carter,
typeface
Hermann Zapfi
tape.
closely
disc
roll of light-
generating characters.
computer
onto
developed
saw
a spinning
cassette to be
strips.
the Photon.
now
was
be reinterpreted
many
Ed
of
Historical
Events
1960 John F. Kennedy elected president of the United States. Laser developed. Alain Renais directs Lasf Year
at
Twist
1961
cide.
sui-
Yuri
Gagarin
Shepard
Cobb
first
American
in
space. Ty
defects
in
Dr.
artificial
in
3:51.3. Indira
Gandhi
and
after
and
J.
in
1928)
(b.
Donald Judd
(b.
1928)
Kaprow
(b.
1927)
Allan
1977
Saul Lewitt
1978
A Gutenberg
baby born
in
England. Norman Rockwell dies. Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin sign
Camp David Accords. 911 die in
ain's first
woman
prime
minister. Three-
Afghanistan.
Agnes
Martin
Jules Olitsky
Jean Tinguely
Victor Vasarely
(b.
(b.
1938)
1930)
Roth (b 1933)
1918)
1937)
(b.
(b.
Alan Fletcher
(b.
1925)
(b.
(b.
1908)
Graphic Arts
Robert Brownjohn (b 1925-1970)
Ivan Chermayeff (b 1932)
Seymour Chwast (b 1931)
Theo Crosby (b 1925)
Muriel Cooper (b. 1925)
Paul Davis
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1936)
Harold Pinter
1939)
(b.
(b.
Literature
(b.
1922)
(b.
Murdoch
1912)
(b.
Frank Stella
Iris
1945)
1928)
(b.
Richard Serra
1923)
1938)
1931)
(b.
1929)
Milton Glaser
1929)
(b.
Rudolph de Harak
George
(b.
George Crumb
Philip
Glass
1925)
(b.
(b 1937)
(b
Lois
(b.
1926)
Massimo
Wolfgang Weingart
1936)
Karlheinz Stockhausen
1924)
Odermatt (b 1928)
Herb Lubalin (b 1918-1981)
Ed Sorel (b 1929)
George Tscherny (b 1924)
Rosemarie Tissi (b 1937)
Steve Reich
(b.
(b.
1931)
Siegfried
1929)
Edgar
1930)
(b
Luciano Berio
(b.
1940)
(b.
Joseph Kosuth
Plath's
Chuck Close
Music
United States. Twenty-Sixth Amendment to U.S. Constitution gives eighteen-year-olds the vote.
(b.1935)
(b.
1971 Louis
Andre
Richard Anuszkiewicz
Ellsworth Kelly
Tom Stoppard
dies.
Fine Arts
Carl
(b.
1941)
1928)
1980Terrorism
and
Star Wars
The
a
eighties
of
The mood
right of
where
liberalism
and
it
social
programs. During
national debt.
mained
NASA
but in 1986
streets.
Limited wars
Iran;
in
re-
lands, precipitating
Israel
Is-
Grenada. Mean-
States intervened in
Ireland,
continued to push
Salvador, to
its
By
the middle
spots.
name but
to seek drastic
On
more
Street, the
solutions.
Other concerns
in the
United States
illegal aliens
talks.
positive note,
Dow Jones
on Wall
Industrial Average
basic structure of
Acquired
(AIDS).
Immune
Deficiency Syndrome
life,
possibly leading to
one day
may
the universe.
In medicine, the transplanting of
human
many
some
for
it
legal
complications.
continued.
The introduction
TVs
of personal
VCRs, and
digital instant
worked.
208
lived
and
FINE ARTS
Many
of the art
movements
that were
still
pressionists
dif-
seemed
to have erupted
worldwide
(1),
No
achieved acceptance
when
group of
geometric painting.
nent
Neo-Geo
Among
the promi-
(2),
Philip Taaffe,
David Salle
is
one
Neo-Expressionlsts.
is
his
of the
major
Shown
here
is
in
No
Disgrace.
one of the
a group of
young painters whose work has
been described as Neo-Geo
Seen here is his Blue Cell with
2 Peter Halley
is
leading figures
Triple
in
Conduit, painted
in
1986.
209
1980
GRAPHIC ARTS
The
produced
faster
and
Once
will
a job
ted by satellite
reproduction.
moved
design
much
role of pencil
we
into computer-
makeup
needs
terminals where
from
all
design
typeface selection to
il-
anywhere
Will
tions
all
laser
change the
designer?
technology instead.
Not
really; in spite of
mary function is still visual communication. While the images may be more
Design
by
possibilities will
human
and so on.
be limited only
imagination.
more
for
will be
world
in the
imaging and
The
is
varied, type
still
has to be read.
in
1935
What
will
want what
still
be
is
is
troublesome
to read."
If the past
is
an indication, new
They
in
more
The
Stravinsky
Festival
10
Ballets
210
FQr
memo SchOlcr
new
Id.
'
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3 Wolfgang
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4 Rosemane
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5 Pentagram Design
.
6 Siegfried Odermatt
^ % yip
7 Bradbury
air
8 Armin
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Thompson
Hofmann
Gene Fedenco
10 George Giusti
ll _..!.. J
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211
1980
80
i-
2
to
z
E
_
7
CD
111
Q
12
Tho sign of
the NeXT generation
of computers
for
Education
13
11
Art
Kane
jr.
12 Erik Nitsche
13 Paul
Rand
Surface. Texture.
14 Jacqueline Casey
15 Seymour Chwast
Only Words.
16 Milton Glaser
17 Warren Lehrer
L'litilitiiArtist
18 Martin Pedersen
Uses Ih'i/i.
19 April Greiman
20 George Lois
21
mt
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213
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
York:
Edmond
Arnold,
New
York:
C. Ink
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Harper
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A Chronology of
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York: Frederick A.
New York:
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Age of the
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an
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Modern
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Publishing, 1967.
Mengel,
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Geneva:
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(England):
Typography. Cambridge
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and
The Grid.
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Its Illustration
1984.
Craig,
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Book:
Melot, Michel.
History
Phillips,
James. Phototypesetting: A
Design Manual. New York: Watson-
Holt,
Winston, 1978.
Meggs,
Craig,
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of Printing.
Sutton,
Anatomy
Century, 1938.
1976.
Praeger, 1969.
McGraw-Hill,
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Steinberg, S. H. Five
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Art:
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Reinhold, 1984.
Press, 1963.
Grant, Michael.
Francis. The
The
New York:
Gwyer.
Saff,
Lewis, John.
ed. Chicago:
Printmaking: History
1945.
Gelb,
1983.
Roy.
Scripts.
Thoughts on Design,
and
Fabre, Maurice.
Paul.
Rand,
Poster.
American Wood
Type 1828-1900: Notes on the
Evolution of Decorated and Large
Type and Comments on Related
Trades of the Period. New York: Van
Rob
Kelly,
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Paul,
Modern
Stewart. The
J.
New
Influence.
Johnson,
American
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George
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Bunker,
1958.
and Richard G.
Croix, Horst,
la
Publishing, 1951.
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in
the
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CREDITS
Art Resource.
New
York City
30 9
detail,
Tomba
detta dei
Museo
fresco.
Nazionale, Florence
Mana
panel,
Musee
National
oil
on
du Louvre.
Stanza
in
Rome.
82 4
British
oil
Florence
Giraudon:
Marburg
DC
97 70 Engraved
Bible,
known as
title
the King
James
Book
William
Shakespeares Comedies.
Histories
&
known as
Tragedies,
Washington,
DC.
1924,
(HMSG
Hirshhorn, 1972
72.235).
to
and ink
Joseph H.
wash on paper.
Gift of
Hirshhorn, 1966
(HMSG
66.2599).
oil,
Gift of
cloth, and
Joseph H.
(HMSG
66.4187).
paper collage,
metal on canvas.
Hirshhorn, 1966
81 3
on canvas. Accadamia.
oil
vas
Gift of
Joseph
(HMSG
H. Hirshhorn.
Venice
1966
Scala
Library of Congress,
82 5
Chapel.
85/9 Vitruvian Man.
Vatican,
Rome
ca 1490,
ink
on paper. Accademia,
Venice
Washington.
66.402)
DC
70 76 Eusebius Pamphili,
De evan-
by
SEF:
89
translated into
Musee
by Melchior Lotther,
Wittenberg. 1523 99/75, 76 The
Whole Booke ofPsalmes. printed
by Stephen Day, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1640 100/77 The Holy
Bible, known as the Eliot Indian
Bible in the Algonquin language,
printed by Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1663 109 74 Benjamin Franklin, A Dissertation on
National
du Louvre,
Paris
Museum, London
21 77 The Final Judgment from
the Book of the Dead, written on
British
tion
British
German by
Martin
Luther, printed
The Metropolitan
Museum of Art.
York City
Matter. All
151
Roads Lead to
29 Edward McKnight-Kauffer.
Magicians Prefer
Shell. 1934.
Roy Lichtenstem.
1963. oil and synthetic paint on canvas Philip
Johnson Fund (by exchange) and
gift of Mr. and Mrs Bagley Wright
signer 193
Drowning
Girl.
National Gallery of
Art.
DC.
Washington.
artist.
Vinci.
oil
Mellon Col-
Gilbert
George Washington
Stuart.
shape
a rooster
Buccheroware Etruscan, ceramic.
7th-6th century B.C. Fletcher Fund.
1924 (24.97.21). 32 72 Mosaic. Ro-
in
of
man.
1st
century
AD
Rogers
wood
panel. Fayum.
AD
Gift of
(18.9.2).
42 8 Crucifixion, Champleve
enamel plaque, Mosan, 12th century Gift of J Pierpont Morgan.
1917(17 190 431)
The Museum of Modern Art,
New York City
London, 1725
oil on
canvas Given anonymously 140 4
Amedee Ozenfant. Arrangement.
ca 1924, etching Purchase 141 5
Otto Dix. Dr Mayer-Hermann. 1926.
oil and tempera on wood Gift of
Philip Johnson 147 77 A.M. Cassandre. Restaurez-vous au Wagon-
Liberty
Rosenwald
Giovanni Boccaccio. De la
Genealogie des Dieux. published
New
9.
by Fust and
66 72
Thomas a Kempis. De Imitatione
Chnsti. printed by Gunther Zamer.
Augsburg, 1473 74/22,23 Francesco Colonna. Hypnerotomachia
Pohphili. published by Aldus Manutius, Venice. 1499 76/25 St Augustine, La Cite de Dieu. printed by
Jean Dupre. Abbeville, 1486 77 26
Latin, printed
Library
Alinan
of
AD.
Ingres.
Madame
Moitessier.
on canvas Samuel H.
Kress Collection. 1946 (1946 7.18).
113 3 Eugene Delacroix. The Duel
Between Faust and Valentin. Plate
1851.
oil
Andrew
Bridge
oil on
Mr and Mrs
at Argenteuil. 1874.
canvas Collection
of
Peppermint
on canvas.
Chester Dale Collection, 1963
(1963.10.104). 114/6 Winslow Homer, Raid on Sand-swallow Colony:
How Many Eggs?, from Harper's
Weekly for June 13, 1874, wood
engraving. Rosenwald Collection,
1958 (B-21. 844). 127/3 Henri
Matisse, Pot of Geraniums, 1912, oil
on canvas. Chester Dale Collection
Cezanne,
Still
Life with
(1963.10
41).
oil
Yellow,
on fiberboard.
Herbert and Nannette Roths-
oil
National
Museum of American
Smithsonian
Art,
WashingContainer
Institution,
Corporation of America
gouache and
pencil
Library,
andria, Epistola
ad Acaceum,
ligraphy by Sigismundus
cal-
de
Antwerp,
Museum
Edward Drummond
Libbey.
tion
(PML
107/77 Jean
Iversen
in
in
Ltd.,
Canon and
collaboration with
and
Phillips
century B.C. 29/8 Greek wax tablet, Alexandria, Egypt, ca. 4th-5th
century B.C. Translates as "the true
beginning of life is writing" and was
tip-
Kuntsthistorisches
St.
Museum, Wien.
41/5,
St.
Museum of American
Art,
York City
ment,
Trinity
Whitney.
Kent, Bluebird,
Vatican Library,
wood
engraving,
3375 page
Rome
Italy,
Vat. Lat.
St.
France,
National
tomb
de
Prehistorie, Perigueux.
of Ur. University
Museum,
Christopher,
wilt at least
in
that
from
Other sources
10/2 Bison and Horses, detail from
"The Hall of Bulls" cave at Lascaux,
Bible, Polyglot,
of
88
51908-11).
Art Gallery,
Toledo
2170). 105/7
Bucolica, Georgica, et
page 22 (PML
lapidary inscription.
1569-72,
ca.
Palaeolithic Gravet-
Proportions
Bir-
Upper
DDR.
Berlin,
31-2900
Museum,
Version),
B.C. Vorderasiatisches
and gouache.
Morgan
Whitney
York City
51908-11).
James
New
New
page (PML
Pierpont
title
(PML 23051-52).
1569-72,
Museum,
U.S. Play-
Weltgericht (Sibyllenbuches) or
Gutenberg Mu-
Susa,
printed
in
a separate impression.
Elzevir. The Newberry Library, Chicago (case Y672.V866) 95/6 Engraved title page for 95/5. 103/4
MR
Bequest
of A.
Con-
Cambridge, Mas-
maga-
Salle,
Poverty
is
No Disgrace,
1982,
oil.
acrylic,
York
(MBG
1445).
Gallery
All
217
INDEX
Abbey Church
of St Denis, Pans,
56
Absolutism, 92
Ad
in,
153,
162,165.176.177.178,199,
origins
of,
typography. 122
AEG. 133
Aeneid
Babylonia, 24
Aeschylus, 26
African art. 128
Cubism
Bacon,
and
35
Bonhomme,
Carracci brothers, 93
Carroll, Lewis,
Pasquier,
76
Carter,
Pierre, 113
80
Sir Francis,
118
Jimmy, 192
in
Carter, Matthew,
Casabella, 162
Hugo, 131
Balla, Giacomo, 128, 129
Ballmer, Theo, 186
Akkadian. 16
Barbizon school
After
(Le Corbusier
Ozenfant), 140
Agha, M.
Alberti,
Ball,
Leone
Battisti.
182
Baroque
Alcum
of York,
Battle of Hastings,
16, 21;
Etruscan, 31;
American
Institute of
Graphic Arts
(AIGA), 159,176
(ATF), 121,136,
42
Bayeux tapestry, 42
Bay Psalm Book, 99
Baziotes, William, 171
Amsterdam
88;
206
Pope, 54
VI,
Alphabet,
Roman,
104-5, 115
144
155
Beall, Lester,
Beckmann, Max,
141
Cubism, 128
Anglo-Dutch War, 97
Anglo-Saxon letterform, 40
32
Antwerp (Belgium),
Belle
Analytical
Antony, Marc,
87,
94
John, 116
Epoque,
Bellini,
La,
126
Giovanni, 81
Bellini family,
Bembo,
56
Cardinal, 73
Beneventan
letterform,
40
202
Benton, Morris
Benton,
Fuller, 121,
Thomas
136, 144
Hart, 141
66;
illustration,
engraving
Batarde typeface, 75
Battle of Actium, 32
Alexander
Book
98
93
200
40
copper
in
James
Art
News, 167
Nouveau, 127, 133, 134
Art ol Advertising, The (Lois), 199
Arts and Crafts Movement, 115, 116,
127,133
Ascenders, 35, 36
Ashcan School, 132
Ashenden Press, 135
Aspen Design Conference, 153
Astaire, Fred, 139
ATF Bulmer typeface, 136
ATF Garamond typeface. 136
translation
Art
Washburn, 167
Bill. Max, 186
Binder, Joseph, 139
Bingham, George, 114
67;
of
Triple
Conduit,
209
CBS
Cedilla,
84
Cezanne,
132
Chalcidian alphabet, 28
Champs
Fleury, 84,
85
Byzantine
174
I,
Emperor, 81
King
France, 71
of
44
Caesar, Julius, 32
papermakmg
printing
in,
Chiswick Press,
Albert,
56
170
woodcut
129
115, 116
Catholic Church,
40 See also
Monks and
monasteries, Protestantism
Canaletto, 103
Christie,
Cancellaresca Corsiva, 73
Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer),
Christo, 194
48, 75
60;
52
Calendar, 18
Robert,
of,
46;
in,
Calendering, 105
Camus,
vase
Campm,
27
Cave
II,
monasteries
VII,
81,
92.
Charles
Byzantine Empire, 32
arts; Painting
126
See Fine
80
Irene,
Art
Vernon and
Charles
50-51
Castle,
Berry, Jean,
de,
Castiglione, Baldassare,
88
Arrangement, 140
Due
Aristotle, 26,
77, 87,
26
88
in,
Aristophanes,
Movement,
Roman
of art, 113
Baskerville, John,
56
style,
41, 43,
50
139
Bonfils, Robert,
Bonnard,
32
(Virgil).
Chnstus, Petrus, 51
Chromolithography 123
Chryssa, 193
Curry,
Bavon, Ghent, 56
of San Vitale, Ravenna, 39
Church
Church
of St.
Cimabue, Giovanni,
Cite de Dieu, La, 76
44,
typeface, 85,
86
John
48
Doves
Steuart, 141
Cake
Knife, 131
Cylinder seal, 15
Clay tablets,
16, 17, 18
Clay tokens,
13, 16, 17
Dali,
Civilite
Dance
Dante
T.
M.,
Cloister
Cole,
Thomas, 114
Samuel
Coleridge,
112
147
Colin, Paul,
Colines,
Taylor,
83,
Alighieri, 44,
Duchamp, Marcel,
84
Dupre, Jean, 76
Day, Stephen,
Edwardian
99
18-23
109
209
F Scott, 138
Flagg, James Montgomery, 168
Fitzgerald,
126
Ekman, Carl
Elamite, 16
Deepdene
typeface, 136
de Kooning,
Eliot
Constantine, Emperor, 32
Delacroix,
Constantinople, 32
de
la Tour,
Eliot,
Willem, 171
Eugene, 113,
George, 93
118,
21,
123
23
Daniel, 118
Flanders: painting
printing
Flavin,
John, 99
Deram, Rene, 92
Descenders, 35, 36
Design Laboratory and Center for
Advanced Research and Design,
154
Dessau (Germany), 142
44,48,54,80,92,112,138;
Architecture, 198
Copper engraving, 87
Copperplate Gothic typeface, 136
26
92
See
de
Corinth (Greece),
de
Comeille, Pierre,
Determinative sign, 20
175,178,179,196,201
Correggio, 81
Council
of Trent,
80
Counter-Reformation, 80, 82
CouranteUytltalien, 100
Courbet,
Gu stave,
113
Currier
and
Ives,
118
Stijl.
Stijl,
DeutscherWerkbund, 133
De Vinne, Theodore Lowe,
Diamond Painting
in
Red,
121
Yellow,
Blue, 130
The, 115,
116
106
Didot, Firmin, 106, 107
Didot, Francois, 106
Dine, Jime, 193
Disasters of War, The, 103
Disney, Walt, 138
Divan Japonais, 123
Diderot, Denis, 102,
Divine
Comedy
Divine
right,
(Dante), 44,
in,
in,
118; literature
42,
of,
54,
80,92,102,112,126,170;
papermaking
contribution
in,
of,
108; printing
in,
75,
90,97,104-5,115-16,117,122.
135, 144, 150
206
absolutism
in,
92; Avignon
papacy
in,
Enlightenment, 102
dynasty
of,
38; Enlightenment
in,
graphic design
in,
118; literature
170; printing
in.
147; illustrators
of,
in,
106, 147
Francesca, Piero
della,
56
Francois
I,
Benjamin, 109
Domus, 162
Donkm, Brian, 107
Donne, John, 80
Experimenta typographica
(Sandberg), 188
81.
83,85
84
Estienne, Robert, 83-84, 86
Etruscans, 30-31,32
Euripides, 26
in,
113,127,128,131,139,140;
48
Fotosetter,
Este family, 54
92
illustrators
(Italy),
95
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 102
Encyclopedie, 106
Elzevir, Louis, 94,
and
204
161,162,163
of Art
Dan, 194
Florence
in,
87
75,
in,
Fletcher, Alan,
Greco, 82
(Morison), 150
Fischl, Eric,
Einstein, Albert,
Typography, The
First Principles of
serif
132
America
126
typeface
Eight, The,
El
of
Fiorentino,
Container Corporation
era,
Romanesque, 42;
See also Painting;
33;
15.
92
Roman,
Sumerian,
66
Edict of Nantes,
(Bembo), 73
Deberny et Peignot, 148
Early Christian/
Edelstein,
De Aetna
11;
39, 42,
art,
Colt's
Thomas, 114
44
132
90
defined,
Early Christian/Byzantine
R.,
arts:
Eakins,
200
126
Leash,
128,129
Decameron (Boccaccio), 48
193
Dog on a
Day, John,
Colophon, 64
of a
Colonna, 73
Dynamism
Davis, Paul,
131
48
Sr.,
Fauvism, 127
art,
88
Color Field
Fairbanks, Douglas,
Sir
89
of Death,
Davies, Arthur
Simon de,
Drake,
168
Cleland,
Press, 135
Doyle, Dane,
Exposition Internationale
des
Fry,
George, 118
Adnen, 189
Decoratifs et Industriels
Frutiger,
Modernes,
Paris,
1925, 139
219
INDEX
Fust.
Johann. 61.64. 65
Bauhaus influence
34;
on,
of,
84-85. 86.
in
210;
in
in Italy,
149;
in
Ged.
Russia, 145;
William, 117
da Fabnano, 49
Geometric period,
in
in
vase painting,
26,27
George
Great Schism, 48
III,
fine arts
design
in,
in.
Germany,
112, 126;
118; printing
in,
Saxon
Dynasty of, 38
Gerstner Karl, 186
Ghent
Grid,
57
55
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 80
Gill. Bob, 204
Gill
Altarpiece, The,
Sans
Ghirlandaio, Domenico,
Gill, Eric,
papermakmg
use
Griffo,
151
Bondone, 48. 49
Girl with a Mandolin, 128
Giotto di
100; printing
in,
also Book(s),
Briton,
168
Benjamin, 100
Hausmann,
Adolph, 171
Held,
Kandmsky
Kane,
Kapital,
Katsui. Misuo,
International
204
23
123
Gustav 127
202
La Fontaine. Jean, 92
Lamentation of Christ. 49
Lamentation Over the Dead
205
Typeface Corporation
206
alphabet. 28
Isabella,
Italic
Language
40. 41
Queen
Islam, 38.
of Spain,
54
See Alphabet;
names of letterforms
of Vision (Kepes). 161
Lapidary letterforms, 28
Lascaux cave paintings. 10
Last Judgment. 82
122
44.
49 56
11
Lasf Supper. 81
written.
Christ.
54
49
Language,
Writing;
Hieroglyphics, 20. 21
184
(ITC), 183,
Italy.
186
Fnednch, 118
Ellsworth, 193
Keller, Ernst.
Irish letterform.
205
Ionic
162.165,176,177.178,199;
181,212
Das, 112
113
Art, 156,
Pope, 81
Klic, Karl.
Ernest, 138
II.
Juvenal, 105
Klimt,
Hemingway,
Ingres,
116
In
26
80
Impressionism, 113
Eric,
Al.
Hellenes,
Jesuits.
144
128
193
Held, John, 168
Heckel,
(Thomas a
209
Imperialism. 112
Industrial Design,
Neil,
Indulgence, 61
44-46
Jenney,
letterform
See
Graphic
design
Harris.
200.
illustration;
Compagnie, 147
in,
205
Kelly,
61,62-64
92
Age, 10
Gothic period,
in,
Homer, 26
Homer, Winslow, 114, 118
Hopper, Edward, 132, 141
Horace, 32, 108
Horst. 152
House and Garden, 152
House of Cards, 103
Hoyninghen-Huene, George. 152
Huber, Max, 186
Huguenots, 92
Humanism, 48, 50. 54
Humanistic letterform, 50, 68, 71;
cursive, 50
Hundred Years War, 54
Hunt, Wlliam Holman, 113
Hurlburt, Alan, 180
Huszar. Vilmos, 130. 146
Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, 73. 74
93
Hapsburgs, 54
Hard Edge, 193
146,
Ideographs, 17,20
Hals, Frans,
in,
82,
Imprimene Royale. 96
Incunabula. 66. 68
India. 44. 54, 78
Indiana, Robert, 193
in,
newspaper publishing
Ice
et
(Virginia), 80,
99
Jamestown
Janson, Anton, 94
Japan, 170. 192; graphic design
Glorious Revolution, 92
Glover, Jesse,
Jaggard. Isaac, 98
Keller,
Hachard
Hadden,
42
typeface
serif
Johannes. 142
123
Itten.
89
188;
68-74, 108,
Ives, Frederick,
Switzerland, 148,
Hans
in,
149; printing
in,
16
165,167,174,176,180,181,182,
183. 184, 185, 199; in England,
83.
Hittite,
Garamond. Claude,
87,206
Hindu-Arabic numerals, 78
Hitler. Adolf, 138, 143, 170
Latin
81
Lawrence.
D H
126
41,
48
Millet,
Milton, John,
See also
names of magazines
Magna Carta, 44
Minimalism, 193
Le
Nam
Leo
X,
92
Monaco, Lorenzo, 49
Mondrian,
Number 3,
Monet, Claude,
types
Letterpress, 64, 110, 123, 136, 189;
limitations
51
11
initials,
Monotype, 120
43;
43
71, 72, 74, 79,
94
Olbrich.J. J, 127
Moretus, Jan, 87
Morte d'Arthur, 54
Mosaics, 39, 42
Moser, Koloman, 127
Literature.
Mannetti, Filippo
Tommaso, 129
Mansol, 193
Marlowe, Christopher, 80
Marquet, Albert, 127
Martin,
country
Lois,
Claude, 93
193
Louis, Morris,
103
148
Mayes, Herbert, 185
Luce, Louis, 96
Strike, 141
32
Ludlow typesetter, 120
Luks, George, 132
Lully, Jean Baptiste, 92
Lucretius,
Lustig, Alvin,
Lustig
184
Cohen,
Elaine, 184
Lutetia typeface,
146
89
Ozenfant,
Academy of
Nebuchadnezzar, 24
Nelson, George, 190
Mexico City, 99
Meyer, Hannes. 142
141
(Tschichold),
oils,
New
56. 81 -82;
Maesta, 44
44-46
arts
in,
(Neolithic), 12,
131, 171:
century,
13
VolneyB, 119
Pannartz, Arnold, 68
Pantographic punch cutter, 121
Papermaking: in colonial America,
Palmer,
139; fine
graphic design
152,173,202
Renaissance, 49.
Rococo, 103;
portraiture, 33;
33
(Gothic),
in
143
New Bauhaus.The, Chicago.161,163
McKnight-Kauffer, E
114. 131.
132,141,171.193-94,209;
Baroque, 93; cave, 10, 11,12;
Neo-plasticism, 130
Newsweek, 168
167,174,176,180,181,182,183,
84, 136
Michelangelo, 81,82
Lucade.
Racioli,
Medici family 54
Amedee. 140
Pace, Richard, 90
Design, 132
130
Thomas, 118
Mezzotint, 110
80
Machiavelli, Niccolo,
J.J.P.,
Ovid, 32
Nationalism, 112
83
Orontii,
Oud,
vase
27
Nabis, 113
National
55
painting,
Nast,
96
193
60
Lucky
32
Orientalizing period, of
112
206
On
123, 127
Medailles,
Masaccio, 56, 57
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 161, 197
Masson, Andre, 140, 171
Karl,
Op Art,
Marx,
Matter, Herbert,
(Gothic) letterform
Matrix,
Melchior 88, 89
Mucha, Alphonse,
Simone, 49
154
Ogilvy, David,
146
Monteverdi, Claudio, 92
162
Lisa Duncan, 147
The, 173
Linotype, 120
66
Chronicle, The,
Oath of the
150, 151
Nuremberg
Monotype Corporation,
Manutius, Aldus,
Lindisfarne Gospel, 41
Numerals, 78
113, 114
43
141
devices,
Mannerism, 82
Mannheim (Germany),
illustration,
The, 194
Mnemonic
Moliere, Jean,
Manuscripts: display
Fail,
Thomas, 54
62
140
168
Miro, Joan,
71
100
Nickelodeons, 126
Malory, Sir
Leslie's Illustrated
Ligatures,
Ltd.,
204
Writing; specific
Life,
Ulyanov), 126
Mallet, Elizabeth,
See
146
Pope, 54
Call, The,
Nicholas
Magazine, 118
93
llyich
Pope, 80
Letterforms.
Next
Nijinsky 126
Nineteen Cents, 194
Nitsche, Erik, 164, 212
Nixon, Richard, 192
Noland, Kenneth, 193
Nolde, Emit, 128
Normandie, 139
Novarese, Aldo, 189, 206
brothers,
Lenin (Vladimir
in,
99; history
in,
of,
mechanization
1939, 139,
pulp, 118;
of,
107; from
wood
INDEX
Papyrus.
36
41,
58
Paul
92
Realist school of
187. 196
Rebus, 16
Postimpressionists, 113
Poverty
Rand A Designer's
Art (Rand),
Red
is
93
(Neolithic).
Pax Romana. 32
Pedersen, Martin, 213
Peignot, typeface, 147
Penfield, Edward, 123
Penguin books. 143
Penn, Irving. 156
(Paleolithic),
events
Pre-Raphaelites. 113
humanism
Pnmaticcio. Francesco, 82
The
Prince,
60, 61;
in
80
(Machiavelli),
56
Petrarch,
48
Flanders, 87;
Pfister,
66
Albrecht,
Philadelphia
156
Philip
King
of
64;
in
France, 76,
in
for,
II,
of,
Spam, 87
of,
68-74, 108;
in Italy,
Philosophies, 102
24-25, 60
Phonetic alphabet, 28. 34
Phonetic writing, 55
Photoengraving. 123
Photograms, 140
Photography: innovative, 152, 156;
and printing, 123: surrealist, 140
Photolithography, 123
Photomontage, 131, 144, 145, 148,
153, 162
117,
Phoenicians,
14,
206
Phototypesetting.
engraving, 110;
117,119-21,122,136,153,159;
woodcut, 51, 52; wood engraving,
110. See also Graphic design;
Typeface design
Printing Types: Their History,
Form
(Updike), 136
Movement,
20
Pierce's Almanack. 99
Pilgrams, 92
Pindar, 26
149
Pucelle, Jean,
Pope, 54
26
Plautus. 32
Poe, Edgar Allan, 112
Plato.
116,
135
49
Marco, 44
67
illustrators
Rand.
for,
Roman, 33
92
Portraiture,
Portugal.
80
Hall,
118
139
80
212
Raphael. 80, 81
Rauschenberg, Robert,
193, 195
Ray. Man, 131,140, 154
Reagan, Ronald, 208
Saxon Dynasty, 38
96
Scarlatti,
Rigaud, Hyacinthe. 93
Allessandro.
92
Seal, 15
Riley,
Bridget, 193
Rittenhausen, William. 99
Rivera, Diego, 141
Robin Hood, 48
Rockwell, Norman, 168
Rococo
style. 103
Rodchenko, Alexander,
Romain du
130, 145
Secretary. 171
127
96
Roi typeface,
82
Romantic Movement:
Roman
Seneca, 32
Senefelder. Aloys, 123
Seurat. Georges, 113
Giulio,
literature.
103;
in art,
in
matching
85
Rome (Italy). 32, 34, 44, 81: Sack of,
81. 82, Rome, ancient, 32-36; fine
90, 97;
of.
italic,
83,
of,
Sforza family. 54
112
language
of.
of,
of.
32,
34-36
206
Sfumato. 57
80
Sisley. Alfred.
113
Sistme Chapel, 81
Pope. 71
Sixtus
Slab
Ira.
93
Madonna, 44
Paul.
200
155
IV,
Serif typeface.
122
Smithsonian. 167
136
Rubens. Peter
Rucellai
171, 172.
118.
168,183
George, 194
Rietveld, Gerrit, 130
Rubel.
170
Saturday Evening Post. The.
Rickey,
Rossetti,
156
Sartre, Jean-Paul,
Rondthaler, Ed,
Howard. 118
Poorman's Bible. 51
Poor Richard's Almanack, 109
Pop Art, 172, 192. 193
Popular press, 119;
styles
Rabelais. Francois,
Richelieu, Cardinal,
144.
189
48; literature
145, 152,
Sappho. 26
83-90,
of, 50-51
79,
Pompeii, 27, 33
Portfolio.
writing style
arts
88-89;
of,
209
Samarkand, 46
Sandberg, Willem, 188
Sandburg, Carl. 126
Sans serif letterform, 28, 134
Sans serif typeface, 122, 135.
Salle, David.
37; Latin
Pynson, Richard, 90
Pyramids, 19
120
58-78,
of,
Punch, 118
Punch, 60; cutter, 121
Pyle,
of,
printing
Roller, Alfred,
Plantm-Moretus, 87
Robespierre, 102
United States,
126
Prud'hon, Pierre, 103
Pryde, James, 123
Psychedelic art, 195
Ptolemy V, 23
Publick Occurrences Both Forreign
and Domestick. 100
Pictographs, 11,17.
in
of,
Proust, Marcel,
II,
offset
and
80
Plantin.
Pius
Private Press
Pinton. Giovanni,
of,
and Use
Photon, 206
St Patrick, 41
Perspective, 33.
93
Rijn,
129
211
Rembrandt van
Republics (USSR.)
Russian Revolution, 126, 145
Age
of,
145 See
141
art,
of,
Rustica letterform 35
123
Ethel,
Regionalist school of
Precisionism, 141
Prehistoric period:
165
Reed,
No Disgrace, 209
75
The,
113
art,
26
Sophocles. 26
Sorel. Ed,
200
Spain,
11.
138
Sparta (Greece). 26
Spectator, 104
Tokens,
Edmund, 80
Square capitals, 35
Wolfe.
Tomb
Tools, 10, 13
Uruk (Sumer), 14
Wood,
Stampena
Spenser,
17
20
painting, 19,
127
Stereotyping, 117
Tudor dynasty, 54
Stanhope
Howard, 176
Trajan column, Rome, 34
Trechsel, M. and G., 89
Tres Riches Heures, 50-51
Trinity with Donors, 57
press, 117
Trafton,
Tsf ai
Stijl.
Stijl,
cte,
Still,
Clyfford. 171
for,
103
46
magazine, 146
wood, 122
Typeface design:
in
decorative, 122;
advertising, 122;
in
England, 75,
35
Lun,
123
in
in
der Leek,
de
146
Victoria,
166
Sweynheim, Conrad, 68
Swift, Jonathan, 102
Swiss National Tourist Office, 148
Swiss Style, 186, 200
in,
148,
in,
See
also
Vignelli
Old
Style,
names of
Synthetic Cubism,
128-29
typefaces
32
Typesetting: mechanization
104
Tatler,
Visual
130. 145
Terence, 32
36
Unimark
(J.
Walter)
Company, 153
Union
202
of Soviet Socialist
(U.S.S.R
).
170.
Young, Thomas. 23
Mane
Zaid. Barry.
200
Hermann,
Zero, concept
189,
of,
206
78
Edouard, 113
in.
Bible,
167
Wax
132,141,171,193-94.209;
graphic design in, 136, 152-68.
173-85, 195-202; historical
Web printing,
events
in,
118; literature
of,
112,
Time, 168
117,119-21,122,136,144,153.
159. 189.
America
in.
in,
Werkman, H. N, 146,188
Wesselman, Tom, 193
West, Benjamin, 103
Westvaco
Whistler,
Inspirations,
James Abbott
167
McNeill. 114
Whitman,
Tintoretto, 81
William of
William of Orange.
Universities, 42,
35
117
in,
Titian, 81
Writing
Washburn
Republics
40
36.41
illustrators
Tissi,
16, 17;
118
Sumenan,
Wagon-Bar, 147
half uncial,
Square
56
68
Thomas, Dylan, 170
Thomas a Kempis, 54, 66, 96
Thompson. Bradbury, 167, 195, 211
Roman,
Rustica, 35;
81, 84,
Vuillard,
54
Kurt, 192
Voskens, Durk and Bartholomew, 94
180
Thompson
Francois,
ideographic/syllabic.
102
Vonnegut.
Uccello, Paolo,
Associates, 202
Voltaire.
of,
Vollter,
New
Tatlin, Vladimir,
34-35; demotic,
85
Visual
of,
Typographishe Gestaltung
(Tschichold), 143
Typography: Dadaist, 131; of
Vinci,
Queen of England,
Visigothic letterforms,
Villon,
Virgil,
Type metal, 60
Syllabary, 16
United
Vermeer, Jan, 93
Andrea del, 56
Ver Sacrum ^27, :34
paper, 105
Wove
126
1,
II,
Veronese, Paolo, 81
122,
World War
World War
Verrocchio,
serif,
139.
sans
135,143,144,152,189;
New York,
Sumenans. 14-17
(WPA), 141
56, 81
(Italy),
73, 90;
Sutnar, Ladislav,
type, 122
122;
italic,
Suger, Abbot, 44
Wood
Wood
Wood
Suetonius, 32
in Italy,
illustration,
Dyck, Anthony, 93
Dyck, Christoffo, 94
Venice
Bart, 130,
in
Grant, 141
van
van
van
van
van
Van
Van
Van
Van
Thomas. 138
204
Woodcuts:
86
Reale, 108
76
54
Williams,
Walt, 112
Normandy, 42
92
Tennessee, 170
223
James
was born
Paris before
coming
to the
United
B FA.
from The Cooper Union and his
He
design director
is
Watson-Guptill
Publications and a member of the
New York Art Directors Club. Craig
teaches graphic design at The
for
lectures widely.
He
in
New
at City University of
New
York.
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