You are on page 1of 13

Dawn (spacecraft)

2 Scientic background

Dawn is a space probe launched by NASA in 2007 to


study the two most massive protoplanets of the asteroid
belt: Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres.[6] Dawn has been
taking high-resolution images of Ceres since December
1, 2014,[5][7] and entered orbit around Ceres on March 6,
2015.[8][9]
Dawn was the rst spacecraft to visit Vesta, entering orbit on July 16, 2011, and successfully completed its 14month Vesta survey mission in late 2012.[10][11] Dawn is
the rst spacecraft to visit Ceres, to orbit a dwarf planet
and to orbit two separate extraterrestrial bodies.[8]

The mission is managed by NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with major components contributed by European
partners from the Netherlands, Italy and Germany. It is
the rst NASA exploratory mission to use ion propulsion
to enter orbits; previous multi-target missions using conventional drives, such as the Voyager program, were re- True-to-scale comparison of Vesta, Ceres, and Earths moon
stricted to ybys.[2]

1
1.1

The Dawn mission was designed to study two large bodies


in the asteroid belt in order to answer questions about the
formation of the Solar System, as well as to test the feasibility of its ion drive. Ceres and Vesta were chosen as two
contrasting protoplanets, the rst one apparently wet
(i.e. icy and cold) and the other dry (i.e. rocky), whose
accretion was terminated by the formation of Jupiter. The
two bodies provide a bridge in scientic understanding
between the formation of rocky planets and the icy bodies
of the Solar System, and under what conditions a rocky
planet can hold water.[19]

Project history
Initial cancellations

The status of the Dawn mission changed several times.


The project was cancelled in December 2003,[12] and then
reinstated in February 2004. In October 2005, work on
Dawn was placed in stand down mode, and in January 2006, the mission was discussed in the press as inThe International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted a
denitely postponed, even though NASA had made no
new denition of planet on August 24, 2006, which intro[13]
new announcements regarding its status. On March 2,
duced the term "dwarf planet" for ellipsoidal worlds that
[14]
2006, Dawn was again cancelled by NASA.
were too small to qualify for planetary status by clearing
their orbital neighborhood of other orbiting matter. If it
succeeds, Dawn will be the rst mission to study a dwarf
1.2 Reinstatement
planet, arriving at Ceres a few months before the arrival
of the New Horizons probe at Pluto in July 2015.
The spacecrafts manufacturer, Orbital Sciences Corporation, appealed NASAs decision, oering to build the Ceres is a dwarf planet whose mass comprises about onespacecraft at cost, forgoing any prot in order to gain third of the total mass of the bodies in the asteroid belt,
experience in a new market eld. NASA then put the and whose spectral characteristics suggest a composition
[20]
cancellation under review,[15] and on March 27, 2006, it similar to that of a water-rich carbonaceous chondrite.
was announced that the mission would not be cancelled Vesta, a smaller, water-poor achondritic asteroid, has exafter all.[16][17] In the last week of September 2006, the perienced signicant heating and dierentiation. It shows
core, a Mars-like density and lunar-like
Dawn missions instrument payload integration reached signs of a metallic
[21]
basaltic
ows.
full functionality. Although originally projected to cost
US$373 million, cost overruns inated the nal cost of Available evidence indicates that both bodies formed very
the mission to US$446 million in 2007.[18] The Dawn early in the history of the Solar System, thereby retaining
mission team is led by Christopher T. Russell.
a record of events and processes from the time of the for1

3 OBJECTIVES

Dawn image of Ceres from 46,000 km, 19 February 2015

A Dawn image of Vesta from orbit, taken on July 17, 2011

mation of the terrestrial planets. Radionuclide dating of


pieces of meteorites thought to come from Vesta suggests
that Vesta dierentiated quickly, in three million years or
less. Thermal evolution studies suggest that Ceres must
have formed some time later, more than three million
years after the formation of CAIs (the oldest known objects of Solar System origin).[21]
Moreover, Vesta appears to be the source of many smaller
objects in the Solar System. Most (but not all) V-type
near-Earth asteroids, and some outer main-belt asteroids,
have spectra similar to Vesta, and are thus known as
vestoids. Five percent of the meteoritic samples found
on Earth, the howarditeeucritediogenite (HED) meteorites, are thought to be the result of a collision or collisions with Vesta.
It is thought that Ceres may have a dierentiated
interior;[22] its oblateness appears too small for an undierentiated body, which indicates that it consists of a
rocky core overlain with an icy mantle.[22] There is a large
collection of potential samples from Vesta accessible to
scientists, in the form of over 1,400 HED meteorites,[23]
giving insight into Vestan geologic history and structure.
Vesta is thought to consist of a metallic ironnickel core,
an overlying rocky olivine mantle and crust.[24][25][26]

Objectives

The Dawn missions goal is to characterize the conditions


and processes of the Solar System's earliest eon by investigating in detail two of the largest protoplanets remaining intact since their formation.[27] The primary question
that the mission addresses is the role of size and water
in determining the evolution of the planets.[27] Ceres and
Vesta are highly suitable bodies with which to address this
question, as they are two of the most massive of the pro-

Dawn 's approximate ight trajectory

toplanets. Ceres is geologically very primitive and icy,


while Vesta is evolved and rocky. Their contrasting characteristics are thought to have resulted from them forming
in two dierent regions of the early Solar System.[27]
There are three principal scientic drivers for the mission.
First, the Dawn mission can capture the earliest moments
in the origin of the Solar System, granting an insight into
the conditions under which these objects formed. Second, Dawn determines the nature of the building blocks
from which the terrestrial planets formed, improving scientic understanding of this formation. Finally, it contrasts the formation and evolution of two small planets that followed very dierent evolutionary paths, allowing scientists to determine what factors control that
evolution.[27]

4.4

Payload

Specications

4.1

Dimensions

3
back-up copy put on display at the 2007 Open House
event at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

With its solar array in the retracted launch position, the 4.4
Dawn spacecraft is 2.36 meters (7.7 ft) long. With its solar arrays fully extended, Dawn is 19.7 m (65 ft) long.[28]
Total area of solar arrays is 36.4 m2 (392 sq ft).[29]

4.2

Payload

Propulsion system

Dawn 's solar array at full extension

The Dawn spacecraft is propelled by three xenon ion


thrusters that inherited NSTAR engineering technology from the Deep Space 1 spacecraft.[30] They have a
specic impulse of 3,100 s and produce a thrust of 90
mN.[31] The whole spacecraft, including the ion propulsion thrusters, is powered by a 10 kW (at 1 au) triplejunction gallium arsenide photovoltaic solar array manufactured by Dutch Space.[32][33] To get to Vesta, Dawn
was allocated 275 kg (606 lb) of xenon, with another
110 kg (243 lb) to reach Ceres,[34] out of a total capacity
of 425 kg (937 pounds) of on-board propellant.[35] With
the propellant it carries, Dawn can perform a velocity
change of more than 10 km/s over the course of its
mission, far more than any previous spacecraft achieved
with onboard propellant after separation from its launch
rocket.[34] Dawn is NASAs rst purely exploratory mission to use ion propulsion engines.[36] The spacecraft also
has twelve 0.9N hydrazine thrusters for attitude control,
which can assist in orbital insertion.[37]

4.3

Microchip

Dawn carries a memory chip bearing the names of more


than 360,000 space enthusiasts.[38] The names were submitted online as part of a public outreach eort between
September 2005 and November 4, 2006.[39] The microchip, which is about the size of a United States nickel
coin, was installed on May 17, 2007, above the spacecrafts forward ion thruster, underneath its high-gain antenna.[40] More than one microchip was made, with a

Dawn prior to encapsulation at its launch pad on July 1, 2007

NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory provided overall planning and management of the mission, the ight system and scientic payload development, and provided
the Ion Propulsion System. Orbital Sciences Corporation provided the spacecraft, which constituted the companys rst interplanetary mission. The Max Planck
Institute for Solar System Research and the German
Aerospace Center (DLR) provided the framing cameras, the Italian Space Agency provided the mapping
spectrometer, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory
provided the gamma ray and neutron spectrometer.[2]
Framing camera (FC) The framing camera
uses 20 mm aperture, f/7.9 refractive optical system with a focal length of 150 mm.[41][42] A frametransfer charge-coupled device (CCD), a Thomson TH7888A,[42] at the focal plane has 1024
1024 sensitive 93-rad pixels, yielding a 5.5 x 5.5
eld of view. An 8-position lter wheel permits
panchromatic (clear lter) and spectrally selective
imaging (7 narrow band lters). The broadest lter allows imaging at wavelengths ranging from 400

5 MISSION SUMMARY
to 1050 nm. In addition, the framing camera will
acquire images for optical navigation while in the
vicinities of Vesta and Ceres. The FC computer is
a custom radiation-hardened Xilinx system with a
LEON2 core and 8 GiB of memory.[42] The camera
will oer resolutions of 17 m/pixel for Vesta and 66
m/pixel for Ceres.[42] Because the framing camera is
vital for both science and navigation, the payload has
two identical and physically separate cameras (FC1
& FC2) for redundancy, each with its own optics,
electronics, and structure.[2][43]

5 Mission summary
5.1 Launch preparations
On April 10, 2007, the spacecraft arrived at the Astrotech Space Operations subsidiary of SPACEHAB,
Inc. in Titusville, Florida, where it was prepared for
launch.[52][53] The launch was originally scheduled for
June 20, but was delayed until June 30 due to delays
with part deliveries.[54] A broken crane at the launch pad,
used to raise the solid rocket boosters, further delayed the
launch for a week, until July 7; prior to this, on June 15,
the second stage was successfully hoisted into position.[55]
A mishap at the Astrotech Space Operations facility, involving slight damage to one of the solar arrays, did not
have an eect on the launch date; however, bad weather
caused the launch to slip to July 8. Range tracking problems then delayed the launch to July 9, and then July 15.
Launch planning was then suspended in order to avoid
conicts with the Phoenix mission to Mars, which was
successfully launched on August 4.

5.2 Launch

Diagram showing the location of various key components on the


Dawn spacecraft bus

Visible and infrared spectrometer (VIR) This


instrument is a modication of the visible and infrared thermal-imaging spectrometer used on the
Rosetta and Venus Express spacecraft. It also draws
its heritage from the Saturn orbiter Cassinis visible
and infrared mapping spectrometer. The spectrometers VIR spectral frames are 256 (spatial) 432
(spectral), and the slit length is 64 mrad. The mapping spectrometer incorporates two channels, both
fed by a single grating. A CCD yields frames from
0.25 to 1.0 m, while an array of HgCdTe photodiodes cooled to about 70K spans the spectrum from
0.95 to 5.0 m.[2][44]
Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND)
This instrument is based on similar instruments
own on the Lunar Prospector and Mars Odyssey
space missions. This instrument includes 21 sensors
with a very wide eld of view.[41] It will be used to
measure the abundances of the major rock-forming
elements (oxygen, magnesium, aluminium, silicon,
calcium, titanium, and iron) on Vesta and Ceres, as
well as potassium, thorium, uranium, and water (in- Dawn launching on a Delta II rocket from Cape Canaveral Air
Force Station Space Launch Complex 17 on September 27, 2007
ferred from hydrogen content).[45][46][47][48][49][50]
A magnetometer and laser altimeter were considered for The launch of Dawn was rescheduled for September 26,
the mission, but were not ultimately own.[51]
2007,[56][57][58] then September 27, due to bad weather

5.4

Vesta approach

delaying fueling of the second stage, the same problem that delayed the July 7 launch attempt. The launch
window extended from 07:2007:49 EDT (11:2011:49
GMT).[59] During the nal built-in hold at T4 minutes,
a ship entered the exclusion area oshore, the strip of
ocean where the rocket boosters were likely to fall after
separation. After commanding the ship to leave the area,
the launch was required to wait for the end of a collision avoidance window with the International Space Station.[60] Dawn nally launched from pad 17-B at the Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station on a Delta 7925-H rocket[61]
at 07:34 EDT,[62][63][64] reaching escape velocity with the
help of a spin-stabilized solid-fueled third stage.[65][66]
Thereafter, Dawns ion thrusters took over.

5.3

Transit (Earth to Vesta)

5
tied. The root cause of the event was reported to be a
software programming error.[70]
To cruise from Earth to its targets, Dawn traveled in an
elongated outward spiral trajectory. NASA posts and
continually updates the current location and status of
Dawn online.[71] The actual Vesta chronology and estimated Ceres chronology are as follows:[1]
September 27, 2007: launch
February 17, 2009: Mars gravity assist
July 16, 2011: Vesta arrival and capture
August 1131, 2011: Vesta survey orbit
September 29, 2011 November 2, 2011: Vesta
rst high altitude orbit

After initial checkout, during which the ion thrusters accumulated more than 11 days of thrust, Dawn began longterm cruise propulsion on December 17, 2007.[67] On Oc
tober 31, 2008, Dawn completed its rst thrusting phase
to send it on to Mars for a gravity assist yby in February

2009. During this rst interplanetary cruise phase, Dawn


spent 270 days, or 85% of this phase, using its thrusters.

It expended less than 72 kilograms of xenon propellant


for a total change in velocity of 1.81 kilometers per sec
ond. On November 20, 2008, Dawn performed its rst
trajectory correction maneuver (TCM1), ring its num5.4
ber 1 thruster for 2 hours, 11 minutes.

December 12, 2011 May 1, 2012: Vesta low altitude orbit


June 15, 2012 July 25, 2012: Vesta second high
altitude orbit
September 5, 2012: Vesta departure
March 6, 2015: Ceres arrival
Early 2016: End of primary Ceres operations

Vesta approach

As Dawn approached Vesta, the Framing Camera instrument took progressively higher-resolution images, which
were published online and at news conferences by NASA
and MPI.
Vesta from 265,000 km, June 14, 2011
Vesta from 152,000 km, June 24, 2011
Vesta from 100,000 km, July 1, 2011
Vesta from 41,000 km, July 9, 2011
On May 3, 2011, Dawn acquired its rst targeting image,
1,200,000 km from Vesta, and began its approach phase
to the asteroid.[72] On June 12, Dawns speed relative to
Vesta was slowed in preparation for its orbital insertion
34 days later.[73][74]
Greyscale NIR image of Mars (northwest Tempe Terra), taken by
Dawn during its 2009 yby

Dawn made its closest approach (549 km) to Mars


on February 17, 2009 during a successful gravity
assist.[68][69] On this day, the spacecraft placed itself in
safe mode, resulting in some data acquisition loss. The
spacecraft was reported to be back in full operation two
days later, with no impact on the subsequent mission iden-

Dawn was scheduled to be inserted into orbit at 05:00


UTC on July 16 after a period of thrusting with its ion
engines. Because its antenna was pointed away from the
Earth during thrusting, scientists were not able to immediately conrm whether or not Dawn successfully made
the maneuver. The spacecraft would then reorient itself,
and was scheduled to check in at 06:30 UTC on July
17.[75] NASA later conrmed that it received telemetry
from Dawn indicating that the spacecraft successfully entered orbit around Vesta.[76] The exact time of insertion

5 MISSION SUMMARY

could not be conrmed, since it depended on Vestas mass ify their activities upon arrival at Ceres for close range
distribution, which was not precisely known and at that geographical survey mapping. The Dawn team will oritime had only been estimated.[77]
ent the probe by what they have stated is a hybrid
mode. This mode will utilize both reaction wheels and
ion thrusters. Engineers have determined that the hybrid
5.5 Vesta orbit
mode will conserve fuel. On November 13, 2013, during
the transit, in a test preparation, Dawn engineers comAfter being captured by Vestas gravity and entering its pleted a 27-hour-long series of exercises of said hybrid
orbit on July 16, 2011,[78] Dawn moved to a lower, closer mode.[97]
orbit by running its xenon-ion engine using solar power.
On August 2, it paused its spiralling approach to en- On September 11, 2014, Dawn's ion thrusting unexpectter a 69-hour survey orbit at an altitude of 2,750 km. edly halted and the probe began operating in a triggered
It assumed a 12.3-hour high-altitude mapping orbit at safe mode. To avoid a lapse in propulsion, the mission
680 km on September 27, and nally entered a 4.3- team hastily exchanged the active ion engine and electrihour low-altitude mapping orbit at 210 km on December cal controller with another. The team stated that they had
a plan in place to revive this disabled component later in
8.[79][80][81]
2014. The controller in the ion propulsion system may
have been damaged by a high-energy particle of radia Image of Vesta from 16,000 km, July 17, 2011
tion. Upon exiting the safe mode on September 15, the
Image from 10,500 km, July 18, 2011
probe resumed normal ion thrusting.[98]
Image from 5,200 km, July 23, 2011

Further, the Dawn investigators also found that they could


not aim the main communications antenna towards Earth.
Image from 5,200 km, July 24, 2011
Another antenna of weaker capacity was instead retasked.
To correct the problem the probes computer was reset
In May 2012, NASA released the preliminary results of
and the aiming mechanism of the main antenna was reDawn 's study of Vesta, including estimates of the size
stored.
of Vestas metal-rich core, which is theorized to be 220
km across. NASA scientists furthermore stated that they
think that Vesta is the last of its kind the only remain- 5.7 Ceres approach
ing example of the large planetoids that came together
to form the rocky planets during the formation of the Dawn began photographing an extended disk of Ceres on
Solar System.[78][82][83] In October 2012, NASA stated December 1, 2014,[7] with images of partial rotations on
that data from Dawn had revealed the origin of anoma- January 13 and 25, 2015 released as animations. Images
lous dark spots and streaks on Vestas surface, which were taken from Dawn of Ceres after January 26 exceed the
likely deposited by ancient asteroid impacts.[84][85][86] In resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope,[99] while imDecember 2012, it was reported that Dawn had ob- ages taken of Pluto by New Horizons will exceed the resserved gullies on the surface of Vesta that were inter- olution of the Hubble telescope by approximately May 5,
preted to have been eroded by transiently owing liquid 2015.[100]
water.[87][88] More details about the Dawn missions scientic discoveries at Vesta are included on the Vesta page. Progression of images of Ceres by Dawn between
January and February 2015
Dawn was originally scheduled to depart Vesta and begin
its two and a half year journey to Ceres on August 26,
2012.[11] However, a problem with one of the spacecrafts
From 147,000 miles (237,000 kilometers) away on
reaction wheels forced Dawn to delay its departure from
January 25, 2015
Vestas gravity until September 5, 2012.[10][89][90][91][92]
From 90,000 miles (145,000 kilometers) away on
February 4, 2015
Central Mound at the South Pole on the asteroid
Vesta on August 12, 2011
From 52,000 miles (83,000 kilometers) away on
The snowman shaped craters on Vesta
Craters and ridges of Vesta
5.5.1

Results

February 12, 2015


From 29,000 miles (46,000 kilometers) away on
February 19, 2015

Because of the failure of two reaction wheels, Dawn will


make fewer camera observations of Ceres during its approach phase than it did during its Vesta approach. Cam5.6 Transit (Vesta to Ceres)
era observations require turning the spacecraft, which
During its time in orbit around Vesta the probe experi- consumes precious hydrazine fuel. Seven optical navigaenced failures of reaction wheels. Investigators will mod- tion photo sessions (OpNav 17, on January 13 and 25,

7
February 3 and 25, March 1, and April 10 and 15) and
two full rotation observation sessions (RC12, on February 12 and 19) are planned before full observation begins
with orbital capture. The gap in March and early April
is when Ceres appears too close to the sun from Dawn 's
vantage point to take pictures safely.[101]

Chang'e 2 4179 Toutatis yby

Dawn entered Ceres orbit on March 6, 2015,[5] four


months prior to the arrival of New Horizons at Pluto;
Dawn is thus the rst mission to study a dwarf planet at
close range.[102][103]

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) 253


Mathilde yby, orbited 433 Eros from 20002001

5.8

Ceres orbit

Dawn 's mission prole calls for it to enter polar orbit


around Ceres at an initial altitude of 13,500 km for a rst
full characterization (RC3). One RC3 orbit will take 15
days, during which Dawn will alternate taking pictures
and sensor measurements and then relaying the resulting
data back to Earth.[105] Dawn will then spiral down to
a survey orbit at an altitude of 4,430 km. This phase
will last for 22 days, and is designed to obtain a global
view of Ceres with Dawn 's framing camera, and global
maps with the visible and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIR). Dawn will then spiral down to an altitude of
1,480 km, where in August 2015 it will begin a twomonth phase known as the high-altitude mapping orbit.
During this phase, Dawn will continue to acquire nearglobal maps with the VIR and framing camera at higher
resolution than in the survey phase. It will also image in
stereo to resolve the surface in 3D. After spiralling down
for another two months, Dawn will begin its closest orbit around Ceres in late November 2015, at a distance of
about 375 km. This orbit is designed to acquire data for
three months with Dawn's gamma-ray and neutron detector (GRaND) and gravity investigation.[102]

5.9

Mission conclusion

It was initially hoped that after the primary mission, a


yby of the remaining protoplanet in the asteroid belt,
Pallas, might be possible when it crosses the ecliptic in
2018. (Because of the high inclination of the Palladian
orbit, only a quick yby would have been possible.) However, with two of Dawns reaction wheels out of commission, the remainder of Dawns hydrazine fuel will need to
be expended to orient the craft in low Cererian orbit.[106]
The supply of hydrazine will dictate the length of the primary mission; it will not be possible for Dawn to leave
Ceres. Dawn will become a long-term satellite of Ceres
when the hydrazine fuel is exhausted, with orbital stability on a time scale of centuries.[107]

See also

Other asteroid missions

Galileo probe 951 Gaspra and 243 Ida ybys


Hayabusa 25143 Itokawa rendezvous and sample
return

Rosetta 2867 teins and 21 Lutetia yby, is orbiting 67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko


Other related articles
List of asteroids visited by spacecraft
2007 in spaceight
2011 in spaceight
2015 in spaceight

7 References
[1] GSpace Topics: Dawn. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[2] Rayman, Marc; Fraschetti, Raymond, Russell (April 5,
2006). Dawn: A mission in development for exploration
of main belt asteroids Vesta and Ceres. Acta Astronautica 58 (11): 605616. Bibcode:2006AcAau..58..605R.
doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.01.014. Retrieved April
14, 2011.
[3] Dawn Spacecraft Successfully Launched. NASA.
September 27, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2013
[4] NASAs Dawn Spacecraft Begins Science Orbits of
Vesta. NASA. August 1, 2011. Retrieved August 6,
2011.
[5] Alan Boyle (March 6, 2015), Dawn Spacecraft Slips Quietly Into Orbit Around Dwarf Planet Ceres, NBC News,
retrieved March 6, 2015
[6] Asteroid Fact Sheet. NASA. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
[7] Dawn Journal. NASA/JPL. December 29, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
[8] Landau, Elizabeth; Brown, Dwayne (March 6, 2015).
NASA Spacecraft Becomes First to Orbit a Dwarf
Planet. NASA. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
[9] Rayman, Marc (6 March 2015). Dawn Journal: Ceres
Orbit Insertion!". Planetary Society. Retrieved 6 March
2015.
[10] NASAs Dawn Spacecraft Hits Snag on Trip to 2 Asteroids. Space.com. August 15, 2012. Retrieved August
27, 2012.
[11] Dawn Gets Extra Time to Explore Vesta. NASA. April
18, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012.

[12] Ambrosiano, Nancy (March 28, 2006). NASAs Dawn


mission is a go. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
[13] Chang, Alicia (2006). NASA Asteroid Mission Won't
Launch This Year. Space.com. Retrieved March 4,
2006.
[14] Clark, Stephen (2006). Probe built to visit asteroids
killed in budget snarl. SpaceightNow.com. Retrieved
March 4, 2006.
[15] NASA reviewing canceled mission. CNN.com. March
16, 2006. Archived from the original on March 21, 2006.
Retrieved March 27, 2006.
[16] Geveden, Rex (2006). Dawn Mission Reclama (PDF).
Retrieved March 27, 2006.
[17] Malik, Tariq (March 27, 2006). NASA Reinstates Cancelled Asteroid Mission. Space.com. Retrieved March
27, 2006.

REFERENCES

[28] Mission Overview. NASA Dawn Mission Overview. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
[29] Scott W. Benson (November 8, 2007). Solar Power for
Outer Planets Study (PDF). NASA. Retrieved November
27, 2014.
[30] Dawn Mission. NASA JPL. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
[31] Dawn, Ion Propulsion. NASA. Retrieved September
28, 2007.
[32] Dawn, Spacecraft. NASA. Retrieved September 28,
2007.
[33] Dawn Solar Arrays. Dutch Space. 2007. Retrieved July
18, 2011.
[34] Dawn: Mission description. UCLA Space Physics Center. October 17, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
[35] Watanabe, Susan (July 5, 2007). Dawn: Spacecraft &
Instruments. NASA. Retrieved August 10, 2006.

[18] Dawn. NASA National Space Science Data Center.


Retrieved July 16, 2011.

[36] Dawn Lifts O. National Geographic Society. Retrieved September 28, 2007.

[19] DAWN Mission Objectives. NASA. Retrieved March


2010.

[37] NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details. NASA. Retrieved 22 January 2015.

[20] Thomas B. McCord and Christophe Sotin


(2005).
Ceres:
Evolution and current state.
Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (E5):
E05009.
Bibcode:2005JGRE..11005009M.
doi:10.1029/2004JE002244.

[38] All Aboard the Dawn Spacecraft. JPL NASA. May


20, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2007.

[21] Calvin J. Hamilton. Vesta. Retrieved January 6, 2013.


[22] Thomas, P. C.; Parker, J. Wm.; McFadden, L.
A.; Russell, C. T.; Stern, S. A.; Sykes, M. V.;
Young, E. F. (2005).
Dierentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape.
Nature
437 (7056): 2246. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..224T.
doi:10.1038/nature03938. PMID 16148926.
[23] Meteoritical Bulletin Database. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
[24] Ghosh, A; McSween, Harry Y. (1998). A Thermal Model for the Dierentiation of Asteroid
4 Vesta, Based on Radiogenic Heating.
Icarus
134 (2):
187.
Bibcode:1998Icar..134..187G.
doi:10.1006/icar.1998.5956.
[25] Sahijpal, S.; Soni, P.; Gagan, G. (2007). Numerical
simulations of the dierentiation of accreting planetesimals with 26 Al and 60 Fe as the heat sources.
Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42 (9): 15291548.
Bibcode:2007M&PS...42.1529S. doi:10.1111/j.19455100.2007.tb00589.x.
[26] Gupta, G.; Sahijpal, S. (2010).
Dierentiation of Vesta and the parent bodies of other
J. Geophys.
Res.
(Planets) 115
achondrites.
Bibcode:2010JGRE..11508001G.
(E8):
E08001.
doi:10.1029/2009JE003525.
[27] Mission Objectives. JPL NASA. 2006. Retrieved
March 23, 2013.

[39] Send Your Name to the Asteroid Belt. JPL.NASA.gov.


November 4, 2006. Archived from the original on April
11, 2007. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
[40] Kennedy Media Gallery. NASA. May 17, 2007. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
[41] Dawn Spacecraft and Instruments. Retrieved August
17, 2014.
[42] Sierks, et al. The Dawn Framing Camera: A Telescope
En Route to the Asteroid Belt - MPS/DLR/IDA
[43] Sierks, H.; Keller, H. U.; Jaumann, R.; Michalik, H.; Behnke, T.; Bubenhagen, F.; Bttner, I.;
Carsenty, U. et al. (2011). The Dawn Framing
Camera. Space Science Reviews 163 (1-4): 263327.
Bibcode:2011SSRv..tmp...20S.
doi:10.1007/s11214011-9745-4.
[44] Sanctis, M. C.; Coradini, A.; Ammannito, E.; Filacchione, G.; Capria, M. T.; Fonte, S.; Magni, G.;
Barbis, A. et al. (2010). The VIR Spectrometer. Space Science Reviews 163 (1-4): 329369.
Bibcode:2010SSRv..tmp..103D. doi:10.1007/s11214010-9668-5.
[45] Science Payload. NASA. Retrieved March 21, 2010.
[46] GRaND science instrument moves closer to launch from
Cape. NASA. Retrieved March 21, 2010.
[47] Righter, Kevin; Drake, Michael J. (1997). A magma
ocean on Vesta: Core formation and petrogenesis of
eucrites and diogenites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 32 (6): 929944. Bibcode:1997M&PS...32..929R.
doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01582.x.

[48] Drake, Michael J. (2001). The eucrite/Vesta story.


Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36 (4): 501513.
Bibcode:2001M&PS...36..501D. doi:10.1111/j.19455100.2001.tb01892.x.
[49] Prettyman, Thomas H. (2004). Proceedings of SPIE
Mapping the elemental composition of Ceres and Vesta:
Dawns gamma ray and neutron detector. Instruments,
Science, and Methods for Geospace and Planetary Remote
Sensing 5660: 107. doi:10.1117/12.578551.
[50] Prettyman, T.H. (August 2003).
Gamma-ray
and neutron spectrometer for the Dawn mission
to 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta.
IEEE Transactions 50
Bibcode:2003ITNS...50.1190P.
(4):
11901197.
doi:10.1109/TNS.2003.815156.
[51] Oberg, James (September 27, 2007). Spacecrafts ion
drive gets its day in the sun. MSNBC. Retrieved January
7, 2012.

[66] Rayman, Marc D. (August 24, 2008). Dear Dawnivores. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[67] Rayman, Marc D. Dawn Journal: December 17, 2007.
JPL. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[68] Rayman, Marc D. Dawn Journal: Aiming away from a
bulls eye at Mars. The Planetary Society. Archived
from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved November
9, 2013.
[69] Malik, Tariq (February 18, 2009). Asteroid-Bound
Probe Zooms Past Mars. Space.com. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[70] Dawn Receives Gravity Assist from Mars. NASA/JPL.
February 28, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
[71] Dawn Spacecraft Current Location. Retrieved July 18,
2011.

[52] Dawn arrives in Florida. Spaceight Now. April 2007.


Retrieved June 28, 2013.

[72] NASAs Dawn Captures First Image of Nearing Asteroid. NASA. May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 1,
2012.

[53] Dawn at Astrotechs Payload Processing Facility. Space


and Astronautics News. April 11, 2007. Retrieved June
28, 2013.

[73] NASA'S Dawn Spacecraft Begins Science Orbits Of


Vesta. NASA. August 1, 2011. Retrieved August 7,
2014.

[54] Launch of Dawn asteroid mission postponed again. New


Scientist. 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2013.

[74] View of Vesta from Dawn. NASA/JPL MYSTIC simulator (updated periodically). Retrieved September 1,
2012.

[55] Expendable Launch Vehicle Status Report.


June 18, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2013.

NASA.

[56] NASA Mission to Asteroid Belt Rescheduled for


September Launch. NASA. July 7, 2007. Retrieved
November 9, 2013.
[57] Dawn Launch Date. NASA launch schedule. Retrieved
September 1, 2007.
[58] Russell, Christopher; Raymond, Carol (eds.). The Dawn
Mission to Minor Planets 4 Vesta and 1 Ceres. New York:
Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-46144903-4. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
[59] Expendable Launch Vehicle Status Report. NASA.
September 7, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[60] NASAs Launch Blog. NASA. September 27, 2007.
Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[61] Expendable Launch Vehicle Status Report.
May 11, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2013.

NASA.

[62] ULAOne Team for Assured Access to Space (PDF).


ulalaunch.com. Archived from the original on September
28, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[63] NASAs Launch Coverage. NASA. September 27,
2007. Retrieved November 9, 2013.

[75] Wall, Mike (July 16, 2011). NASA Spacecraft Now Orbiting Huge Asteroid Vesta ... Hopefully. Space.com.
Retrieved July 17, 2011.
[76] Amos, Jonathan (July 17, 2011). Dawn probe orbits asteroid Vesta. BBC. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
[77] Vega, Priscilla; Brown, Dwayne (July 16, 2011).
NASAs Dawn Spacecraft Enters Orbit Around Asteroid
Vesta. NASA. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
[78] Russell, C. T. et. al.; Raymond, C. A.; Coradini, A.; McSween, H. Y.; Zuber, M. T.; Nathues, A.; De Sanctis, M.
C.; Jaumann, R.; Konopliv, A. S.; Preusker, F.; Asmar,
S. W.; Park, R. S.; Gaskell, R.; Keller, H. U.; Mottola,
S.; Roatsch, T.; Scully, J. E. C.; Smith, D. E.; Tricarico,
P.; Toplis, M. J.; Christensen, U. R.; Feldman, W. C.;
Lawrence, D. J.; McCoy, T. J.; Prettyman, T. H.; Reedy,
R. C.; Sykes, M. E.; Titus, T. N. (May 11, 2012). Dawn
at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm. Science
336 (6082): 684686. doi:10.1126/science.1219381.
Retrieved August 7, 2014.
[79] Dawn Mission: Mission Status: 2011. JPL.
[80] The Dawn Mission to Vesta and Ceres. Space Science Reviews, Volume 163, Numbers 1-4 (2011), 323, DOI: 10.1007/s11214-011-9836-2, via SpringerLink.
Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[64] Dawn Spacecraft Successfully Launched. NASA.


September 27, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2013.

[81] 2011: The Dawn of Vesta Science (PDF). Spacegrant.org. September 2011. Retrieved November 9,
2013.

[65] Dawn Journal. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. September


12, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2014.

[82] Asteroid Vesta is 'last of a kind' rock. BBC. May 11,


2012. Retrieved January 20, 2015

10

[83] Incredible video 'y-over' by Nasas Dawn probe reveals


huge rippled asteroid Vesta is more like a small planet.
Daily Mail. May 15, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
[84] Reddy, Vishnu; Le Corre, Lucille; oBrien, David P.;
Nathues, Andreas; Cloutis, Edward A.; Durda, Daniel
D.; Bottke, William F.; Bhatt, Megha U.; Nesvorny,
David; Buczkowski, Debra; Scully, Jennifer E.C.; Palmer,
Elizabeth M.; Sierks, Holger; Mann, Paul J.; Becker,
Kris J.; Beck, Andrew W.; Mittlefehldt, David; Li,
Jian-Yang; Gaskell, Robert; Russell, Christopher T.;
Gaey, Michael J.; McSween, Harry Y.; McCord,
Thomas B.; Combe, Jean-Philippe; Blewett, David
(NovemberDecember 2012). Delivery of dark material to Vesta via carbonaceous chondritic impacts.
Icarus 221 (2): 544559. Bibcode:2012Icar..221..544R.
doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.08.011. Retrieved August 7,
2014.
[85] McCord, T. B., et. al.; Li, J.-Y.; Combe, J.-P.; McSween,
H. Y.; Jaumann, R.; Reddy, V.; Tosi, F.; Williams, D.
A.; Blewett, D. T.; Turrini, D.; Palomba, E.; Pieters, C.
M.; De Sanctis, M. C.; Ammannito, E.; Capria, M. T.;
Le Corre, L.; Longobardo, A.; Nathues, A.; Mittlefehldt,
D. W.; Schrder, S. E.; Hiesinger, H.; Beck, A. W.; Capaccioni, F.; Carsenty, U.; Keller, H. U.; Denevi, B. W.;
Sunshine, J. M.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T. (November 1, 2012). Dark material on Vesta from the infall of
carbonaceous volatile-rich material. Nature 491 (7422):
8386. doi:10.1038/nature11561. PMID 23128228. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
[86] NASAs Dawn Spacecraft Probes Proto-Planet Vesta,
Discovers Deposits that Give Scientists Insight into the
Origins of the Solar System. Latino Post. October 31,
2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.

REFERENCES

B.; Jaumann, R.; Roatsch, T.; Preusker, F.; Gaskell, R.


W.; Schrder, S. E.; Ammannito, E.; Pieters, C. M.; Raymond, C. A. (December 2014). Geomorphology and
structural geology of Saturnalia Fossae and adjacent structures in the northern hemisphere of Vesta. Icarus 244:
2340. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.01.013.
[95] Schfer, M.; Nathues, A.; Williams, D. A.; Mittlefehldt, D. W.; Le Corre, L.; Buczkowski, D. L.; Kneissl,
T.; Thangjam, G. S.; Homann, M.; Schmedemann,
N.; Schfer, T.; Scully, J. E. C.; Li, J. Y.; Reddy,
V.; Garry, W. B.; Krohn, K.; Yingst, R. A.; Gaskell,
R. W.; Russell, C. T. (December 2014). Imprint of
the Rheasilvia impact on Vesta Geologic mapping of
quadrangles Gegania and Lucaria. Icarus 244: 6073.
doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.06.026.
[96] Kneissl, T.; Schmedemann, N.; Reddy, V.; Williams, D.
A.; Walter, S. H. G.; Neesemann, A.; Michael, G. G.; Jaumann, R.; Krohn, K.; Preusker, F.; Roatsch, T.; Le Corre,
L.; Nathues, A.; Homann, M.; Schfer, M.; Buczkowski,
D.; Garry, W. B.; Yingst, R. A.; Mest, S. C.; Russell, C.
T.; Raymond, C. A. (December 2014). Morphology and
formation ages of mid-sized post-Rheasilvia craters Geology of quadrangle Tuccia, Vesta. Icarus 244: 133157.
doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.02.012.
[97] JPL Dawn Fills out its Ceres Dance Card jpl.nasa.gov
[98] Dawn Operating Normally After Safe Mode Triggered
jpl.nasa.gov
[99] Dawn Journal October 31. NASA. October 31, 2014.
Retrieved January 18, 2015.

[87] Scully, J. E. C. et.al. (2014). Sub-Curvilinear Gullies [100] New Horizons Mission Timeline. JHUAPL.edu. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Interpreted As Evidence For Transient Water Flow On
Vesta. 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.
Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved Au- [101] Dawn Journal January 29. NASA. January 29, 2015.
gust 7, 2014.
Retrieved February 13, 2015.
[88] Dawn probe spies possible water-cut gullies on Vesta.
[102] NASAs Dawn Fills out its Ceres Dance Card. NASA.
BBC. December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
[89] Dawn departs Vesta to become rst asteroid hopper.
New Scientist. September 6, 2012. Retrieved November [103] McCord, Thomas B.; Castillo-Rogez, Julie; Rivkin, Andy
(2011). The Dawn Mission to Minor Planets 4 Vesta and
9, 2013.
1 Ceres - Ceres: Its Origin, Evolution and Structure and
[90] Dawn Engineers Assess Reaction Wheel. NASA/JPL.
Dawns Potential Contribution. p. 63. doi:10.1007/978August 18, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
1-4614-4903-4_5. ISBN 978-1-4614-4902-7.
[91] "'Dawn has departed the giant asteroid Vesta'".
[104] Dawn Journal February 25. NASA. February 25, 2015.
NASA/JPL. September 5, 2012.
Retrieved March 1, 2015.
[92] Sta, Space.com. NASAs Dawn Spacecraft Says Goodbye to Giant Asteroid Vesta. Yahoo.com. Retrieved [105] Dawn Journal February 28. NASA. February 28, 2014.
September 6, 2012.
Retrieved February 13, 2015.
[93] Williams, D. A.; Yingst, R. A.; Garry, W. B. (December
[106] Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning:
2014). Introduction: The geologic mapping of Vesta.
McREL. Dawn Mission: Mission > Dawn Journal:
Icarus 244: 112. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.001.
November 30, 2013. nasa.gov.
[94] Scully, J. E. C.; Yin, A.; Russell, C. T.; Buczkowski, D. L.;
Williams, D. A.; Blewett, D. T.; Ruesch, O.; Hiesinger, [107] Dawn spacecraft gets an eyeful of dwarf planet Ceres.
BBC. January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
H.; Le Corre, L.; Mercer, C.; Yingst, R. A.; Garry, W.

11

External links
Dawn mission home page at JPL
Dawn mission home page at NASA
Visible and Infrared Spectrometer Instrument at
INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrosica)
Dawn Framing Camera at Max Planck Institute for
Solar System Research
Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer for Dawn,
short paper on the instrument, from 37th Lunar and
Planetary Science Conference
http://dawndata.igpp.ucla.edu
data here

Download

Dawn in the clean room, June 20, 2007

Dawn

12

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Dawn (spacecraft) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn%20(spacecraft)?oldid=650431874 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Rmhermen, Patrick, Ixfd64, Cyde, Stan Shebs, Darkwind, Conti, Stone, Tpbradbury, Tempshill, Wernher, Nickshanks, Chrisjj, Northgrove, Robbot, Ppe42, Wjhonson, PedroPVZ, Rursus, Craig Butz, Awolf002, Curps, JamesHoadley, Ryjaz, Niteowlneils, Patteroast, Yath, The Singing
Badger, Piotrus, Eregli bob, Kaldari, Hellisp, Willhsmit, N328KF, O'Dea, Jkl, Brianhe, Vsmith, ArnoldReinhold, YUL89YYZ, Moochocoogle, Bender235, RJHall, Huntster, Kwamikagami, PatrikR, Supersexyspacemonkey, Hektor, Miranche, Andrew Gray, VladimirKorablin, Aranae, Gene Nygaard, YixilTesiphon, Adrian.benko, Kenyon, Dismas, Oleg Alexandrov, Japanese Searobin, Pcd72, Amara, Benhocking, E. Brown, Benbest, Lincher, Bricktop, Duncan.france, Emerson7, Drbogdan, Rjwilmsi, Jivecat, Mike s, Ligulem, SchuminWeb, Kolbasz, Mirecki, Chobot, Ravenswing, YurikBot, Epolk, Shawn81, RadioFan, Hydrargyrum, Centurion328, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Lavenderbunny, Ergzay, Lexicon, Ravedave, Gadget850, Bota47, Barrymyles, Yabbadab, Ephemeral life, Georgewilliamherbert, Miraculouschaos, Aremisasling, Silverhorse, Chaos syndrome, Knotnic, Mike Selinker, Arthur Rubin, Reyk, Hurricane Devon, Afrigeri, Ilmari Karonen, GrinBot, Tirronan, SmackBot, Cdogsimmons, Nickst, Alsandro, Commander Keane bot, Skizzik, Marc
Kupper, Chris the speller, Hibernian, Sangrolu, CSWarren, Arsonal, Modest Genius, WDGraham, Writtenright, NickDupree, MJCdetroit, Andy120290, Nakon, IntrplnetSarah, MatthewBChambers, Vina-iwbot, NeilFraser, John, Shirifan, JorisvS, PowerCS, Ckatz, StikEmanon, Rock4arolla, Vedexent, MarkHardaker, Novangelis, Michaelbusch, Clarityend, Craigboy, Broberds, George100, VoxLuna, Drinibot, ThreeBlindMice, N2e, Badseed, Necessary Evil, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, Quibik, Ssilvers, Mtpaley, Tewapack, Thijs!bot, Davidelit,
Paulus Hook, PJtP, Dfrg.msc, Dawkeye, Dawnseeker2000, Oreo Priest, Ricnun, Dbrodbeck, Smcmanus, TuvicBot, HolyT, NapoliRoma,
CosineKitty, Something14, Arch dude, Jespley, Magioladitis, WolfmanSF, Bongwarrior, Tachypaidia, Tomhannen, Gg3369, Soulbot,
Shythylacine, Cardamon, BatteryIncluded, JefeMixtli, Lunsford2000, Afterthewar, NatureA16, Neonblak, Keith D, AlexiusHoratius,
CASfan, Dmosher, Lilac Soul, J.delanoy, Mange01, Cocoaguy, Derlay, Rod57, LordAnubisBOT, Xdado, AndrewMcinally, Nwbeeson,
Ohms law, Ljgua124, Potatoswatter, Pablogm, JohnBlackburne, Nburden, Sdsds, TXiKiBoT, XavierGreen, Vovven, Lucamauri, BotKung,
Synthebot, Djmckee1, Truthanado, SieBot, ToePeu.bot, JayJayEss, Jerryobject, Murlough23, RSStockdale, Joldy, Sean.hoyland, Gwpray, Shrewpelt, Martarius, ClueBot, Trojancowboy, CarolSpears, Wwheaton, Solar-Wind, Kukuciao6, Frenchbreadpizza, Kukuciao7,
Noca2plus, Njardarlogar, Chaosdruid, Jonverve, HumphreyW, DumZiBoT, Local hero, BodhisattvaBot, Little Mountain 5, Airplaneman,
CrackDragon, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Mortense, Roentgenium111, DOI bot, Fluernutter, OliverTwisted, AndersBot, Maddox1, SamatBot, Lightbot, Gail, Carlesrc, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Aldebaran66, Crispmuncher, Anypodetos, Tempodivalse, AnomieBOT, Thuvan Dihn,
Rubinbot, Xosema, Fordcat, Jo3sampl, Hunnjazal, Citation bot, Astor14, Xqbot, A aniq22, Suntanman, RibotBOT, Lee6597, Pikarl,
GreekAlexander, Fotaun, Io Herodotus, Kr2009, Cmdred, Cannolis, 117Avenue, Citation bot 1, JKDw, Abductive, Jonesey95, MastiBot,
Jedi94, Treaclecustard, Dinamik-bot, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, K6ka, Cashewntt, Cogiati, Josve05a, Dondervogel 2, H3llBot, GianniG46,
Sandwirt, Brandmeister, Hang Li Po, DinoSlider, EvenGreenerFish, SkywalkerPL, ChiZeroOne, ClueBot NG, Michaelmas1957, Xession,
Pinoyaussie, Lanthanum-138, Cntras, Parcly Taxel, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Bobherry, Bibcode Bot, Cgruda, BG19bot, Daboll, SirKeplan, Cusop Dingle, Trevayne08, Vesna Wylde, Zedshort, Hamish59, EricEnfermero, BattyBot, Ronin712, Fennfoot, Oranjblud, YFdyhbot, Dexbot, Kulpreet33, Mogism, Lumpman23, Rfassbind, Epicgenius, PhantomTech, Jakec, Evensteven, MKUV, Anythingcouldhappen,
Monkbot, Nlunning, Dawnatvesta, Epicchanger360, JezGrove, Jmt42, Jie Wu, Tetra quark, Wik20150113, K scheik, LL221W, Nocturnt,
Raparla.Eakanath, Chesare222862, Pewd!epie and Anonymous: 156

9.2

Images

File:4_Vesta_1_Ceres_Moon_at_20_km_per_px.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/4_Vesta_1_
Ceres_Moon_at_20_km_per_px.png License: Public domain Contributors: enWiki Original artist: NASA, composition by Urhixidur
File:Artist{}s_Concept_of_the_InSight_Lander.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Artist%27s_
Concept_of_the_InSight_Lander.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://insight.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/ (direct link) Original
artist: NASA/JPL
File:Collision_d'une_comte.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Collision_d%27une_com%C3%A8te.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Nasa
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Dawn_-_Sonda.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Dawn_-_Sonda.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Dawn_Flight_Configuration_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Dawn_Flight_Configuration_
2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Dawn_at_Launch_Pad.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Dawn_at_Launch_Pad.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=32660 Original artist: NASA/Amanda Diller
File:Dawn_ignition.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Dawn_ignition.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=33580 Original artist: Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray & Robert Murray
File:Dawn_logo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Dawn_logo.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=33416 Original artist: Unknown
File:Dawn_solar_panel.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Dawn_solar_panel.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=32158 Original artist: NASA/George Shelton
File:Dawn_trajectory_as_of_September_2009.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Dawn_trajectory_
as_of_September_2009.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.planetary.org/image/dawn_trajectory_20090900.png Original artist: NASA / JPL / courtesy Marc Rayman
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

9.3

Content license

13

File:Mars_image_by_Dawn_probe.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Mars_image_by_Dawn_probe.


jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/multimedia/mars-20090220.html Original artist:
NASA
File:NASA_logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Converted from Encapsulated PostScript at http://grcpublishing.grc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/Insig-cl.eps Original artist: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
File:PIA18788-VestaAsteroid-GeologicMap-DawnMission-20141117.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/1/1b/PIA18788-VestaAsteroid-GeologicMap-DawnMission-20141117.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors:
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA18788.jpg Original artist: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU
File:PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/
PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/images/
largesize/PIA18920_hires.jpg Original artist: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:RocketSunIcon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg License: Copyrighted free
use Contributors: Self made, based on File:Spaceship and the Sun.jpg Original artist: Me
File:Vesta_from_Dawn,_July_17.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Vesta_from_Dawn%2C_July_
17.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1], [2] Original artist: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA

9.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

You might also like