PARTS OF SPEECH

1.) Nouns - Is a word that name a person, place, thing, or

idea. Nouns are often used with an article (the, a, an), but not
always. It can be singular or plural, concrete or abstract. It shows
possession by adding 's. Nouns can function in different roles
within a sentence; it can be a subject, direct object, indirect
object, subject complement, or object of a preposition. In
sentence, it answer the questions who and what.
a. Proper Nouns - are words that name a specific person, place, thing or idea. Since these
nouns are naming specific things, it begins with a capital letter. Sometimes, it contains
two or more important word.
e.g., The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions.
February is the month of love.
b. Common Noun - It is the non-specific names of a person, things, places, or idea. Since
these nouns are not naming anything specific, they do not need to start with a capital
letter unless it begins in a sentence.
e.g., The dog ran after the ball.
I want to visit the new building near in our place.
c. Collective Nouns - It is refers to the groups of person, animals, or things. Though the
collective noun refers to more than one in a group, the noun itself is considered a single
thing. However, they can be used as either singular of plural. It all depends on the
sentence.
e.g., Our class need to portray a movie.
She was reminded of a scene from a movie, where an army mobilized for war.
d. Possessive Nouns - these are nouns that show ownership. When we want to show that
something belongs to somebody or something, we usually add 's to a singular noun and
an apostrophe ' to a plural noun.
e.g., I like Leannes hair.
Who was Jesus father?
e. Compound Noun - Is a noun that is made with two or more words. A compound noun
is usually [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other combinations. Each
compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and other nouns.
Compound nouns tend to have more stress on the first word. In the phrase "pink ball",
both words are equally stressed. In the compound noun "golf ball", the first word is
stressed more (even though both words are nouns, and nouns are always stressed). Since
"golf ball" is a compound noun we consider it as a single noun and so it has a single main
stress - on the first word. Stress is important in compound nouns. For example, it helps us
know if somebody said "a Green House" (a house which is painted green) or "a
Greenhouse" (a building made of glass for growing plants inside).
There are three forms for compound nouns:
1. open or spaced - space between words (tennis shoe)

2. hyphenated - hyphen between words (six-pack)

3. closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (bedroom)
Here are some combinations of compounds words:
noun + noun = bus stop, fire-fly, football
adjective + noun = full moon, blackboard, software
verb(-ing) + noun = breakfast, washing machine, swimming pool
noun + verb(-ing) = sunrise, haircut, train-spotting
verb + preposition = check-out
noun + prepositional phrase = mother-in-law
preposition + noun = underworld
noun + adjective = truckful
e.g., I like to get up at sunrise.
Her mother-in-law lives with them.

2.) Pronouns - Are small words that take the place of a noun. We
can use a pronoun instead of a noun. If we didn't have pronouns,
we would have to repeat a lot of nouns.
a. Personal Pronouns - Personal pronouns represent specific people or things.
Subjective
case

Objective
case

Possesive
Adjective

Absolute
Possesive
Pronoun

First Person
Singular

Me

My

Mine

Second Person
Singular

You

You

Your

Yours

Third Person
Singular

he/she/it

Him/her/it

His/her/it

His/hers/its

First Person
Plural

We

Us

Our

Ours

Person

Second Person
You
You
Your
Yours
Plural
Third Person
They
Them
Their
Theirs
Plural
e.g., I want you to be here .
They are both single.
b. Indefinite Pronoun - An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing
or amount. It is vague and "not definite".
List of Indefinite Pronoun

all
another
any
anybody/anyone
anything
both
each
either
enough
everybody/every

everything
few
fewer
less
little
many
more
most
much
nobody/no-one

none
nothing
one
other
others
several
some
somebody/some
such

e.g., We can start the meaning because everybody was arrived.

I phone many times but nobody answered.
c. Reflexive Pronoun- are object that refer to the subject of the sentence. Since these
pronouns always refer to the subject of the sentence, their antecedents will always be a
subject. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).
e.g., I saw myself in the mirror.
They cannot look after themselves.
d. Intensive Pronoun - Are used to emphasize another noun or pronoun. That means that it
do not need to refer to the subject. They can refer to any old noun or pronoun in the
sentence.
e.g., She herself spoke to me.
They recommend this book even though they have never read it themselves.
e. Possessive Pronouns - Refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the
"antecedent") belongings or ownership.
e.g., All the essays were good but his was the best.
Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one.
f. Interrogative Pronouns - It use to ask a question.
Who/whom person
Which person/ thing
What thing
Whose- thing

e.g., Whom did you tell?

What is your most embarrassing moment?
g. Demonstrative Pronoun - it represents a thing or things.

nearby

away

far

Singular

e.g., Those were the days.

This is heavier than that.

this
that

Plural

these

those


h. Relative Pronouns - a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a
"relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies.

e.g., The person who phoned me last night was my best friend.

Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.

3.) Verb - Are sometimes described as "action words".

This is partly true. Many verbs give the idea of action,
of "doing" something. But some verbs do not give the
idea of action; they give the idea of existence, of state,
of "being".

a. Action Verb - Are verbs that describe actions and things taking place rather than
states.

e.g., I ate pizza.

I turned the page.

b. Linking Verb - Is a verb that links the subject with either a noun that renames it
(predicate nominative) or an adjective that describes it (predicate adjective).

COMMON LINKING VERB

has been
have been

be
am

had been can be

is
are

maybe
might be

was
were

should be could be

shall be shall have been

become
would be

will be will have been

appear
seem

SENSORY LINKING
VERBS

look

smell

sound

taste

VERB

LESS COMMON LINKING

grow
remain
prove
stay

e.g., I will not be late.

She seemed so nervous.

c. Auxiliary Verb - Always help either an action verb or linking verb. Also known
as helping verb.

e.g., I am cooking dinner for my family.

I will obey what my mothers have told me.

d. Transitive Verb - These action verbs transfer their action to someone or

something. That means that something or someone is always being acted upon. The
receiver of the action in this kind of verb is called the direct object. Every single
transitive verbs must have a direct object, and the direct object always receives the action.

e.g., He read a book.


Mary saw the eagle after it escaped.

e. Intransitive Verb - This type of verb does not transfer its action to anyone or
anything. These verb make sense without having to transfer the action.

e.g., Bus move.

Cat drink.

f. Active Voice - Is a quality of a verb that describes when its subject is acting out
the verb. In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb.

e.g., The kite soared high in the air.

Rikka chased the butterfly with a net.

g. Passive Voice - Is less usual. The subject receives the action of the verb.
The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.

e.g., Fish are eaten by cats.

A trap was devised to catch the killer.

4.) Adjectives - describes a noun or pronoun. It is

used either before or after a noun (or pronoun) to
modify its meaning. It is sometimes said that the
adjective is the enemy of the noun. This is because,
very often, if we use the precise noun we don't need an
adjective. For example, instead of saying "a large,
impressive house" (2 adjectives + 1 noun) we could
simply say "a mansion" (1 noun).

Adjectives usually answer one of a few different

questions: "What kind?" or "Which?" or "How many?"
For example:
"The tall girl is riding a new bike." Tall tells us which girl
we're talking about. New tells us what kind of bike we're
talking about.
"The tough professor gave us the final exam." Tough tells
us what kind of professor we're talking about. Final tells
us which exam we're talking about.
"Fifteen students passed the midterm exam; twelve students
passed the final exam." Fifteen and twelve both tell us how
many students; midterm and final both tell us which exam.

a. Articles / Determiners - are special kind of adjectives. It is

a word (or prefix or suffix) that is used with a noun to indicate the type of
reference being made by the noun.

There are only three articles in the English Language.

a & an - are called indefinite articles. This is because they do not point out a
specific person, places or things.

the - is called a definite article. This is because it points out a definite or specific
person, place, or thing.
e.g., Read a book

The children know the fastest way home.

b. Proper Adjectives - it is start with capital letters just like proper nouns. In fact,
proper adjectives are made from proper nouns. They normally answer the
question what kind?
e.g., I love real Italian cuisine.

Many Christian didnt obey the words of God.

c. Degrees of Adjectives - It is the form of an adjectives which is divided into
three; positive degree, comparative degree and superlative degree.
Positive Degree - The positive of an adjective is the form in which the word
appears in the dictionary or vocabulary lesson, or that which can be described as
its standard form. Adjectives in the positive degree don't compare the nouns they
modify to others.
Comparative Degree - Adjectives in the comparative degree often take the
inflected suffix "-er" without any spelling changes. However, whenever a twosyllable adjective ends in "-y," the "-y" is dropped and "-ier" is added instead of "er." An example would be the augmentation of "lovely" to "lovelier." However,
some adjectives, such as "beautiful," don't take any suffixes, and instead take the
word "more" in front of them. Therefore, "beautiful" becomes "more beautiful."
Superlative Degree - The superlative degree is used to express the most extreme
degrees of comparison. For adjectives that take suffixes, "-est" or "-iest" is added.
"Rich" becomes "richest" and "lovely" becomes "loveliest." And while
comparative adjectives can take the word "more" in front of them, superlative
adjectives take the word "most." When comparing three beauties, the superlative
example would be "most beautiful."

Positive

Comparativ
Superlati
e
ve

fine

Finer

finest

happy

Happier

happiest

silly

Sillier

Silliest

little

Less

least

many

more

most
e.g., Being with my family is the happiest moment of my life.
All of my friends are silly, but Carl is the silliest among them.

5.) Adverbs - An adverb is a part of speech that

describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, another
adverb, clause, or sentence. Adverbs answer the
questions "How?", "When?", "Where?", "Why?", "In
what way?", "How much?", "How often?", "Under what

condition?" The easiest adverbs to recognize are those

that end in-ly. Some adjectives end with -ly also but
remember that adjectives can modify only nouns and
pronouns. Adverbs modify everything else. It can be
placed anywhere in a sentence.

a. Modifying Verb

e.g., He walked quickly. ( 'quickly' modifies verb 'walked')

I accepted new task willingly. ( 'willingly' modifies verb 'accepted')

b. Modifying Adjective

e.g., They were really unhappy. ('really' modifies adjective 'unhappy')

My brother is completely fearless. ('completely' modifies adjective
'fearless')

c. Modifying Another Adverbs

e.g., John plays tennis very well. ('very' modifies adverb 'well')
You never can work too carefully. ('too' modifies adverb 'carefully')

d. Degrees of Adverbs - tell us about the intensity or degree of an action,

an adjective or
another adverb.

POSI
TIVE

Hard

bright
ly

COM
PAR
ATIV
E

SU
PE
RL
ATI
VE

hard
er

har
dest

mos
t
bri
ghtl
y

more
brigh
tly

quietl
y

Badly

more
quiet
ly

wors
e

mos
t
qui
etly

wor
st

bette
Bes
r
t
e.g., My mother is the best mom in the whole universe.
I missed her badly

Well

6.) Preposition - s a word governing, and usually

coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a
relation to another word or element, and it always in a
prepositional phrase.

List of
Preposition

abaft

aboard
about

abo

acc
ording to
acro
ss
afte
r
against

among
apar
t from

ve

amid

ahe
ad of
along with

aro
und as
as
far as

as
well as
at
back of

because of
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between

beyond
but
by
concerning
contrary to
despite
down
during
except
excepting
for
from in
in addition
to
in back of
in front of
in place of
in regard to
in spite of
in view of

of

inside
instead of
into
like
near
of
off
on
on account

on top of
out
out of

outside
over

past
rather than

regarding
round

since
through
throughout
till to
together
with
toward
towards

under
underneath
until
unto
up
up to
upon
versus
via
with
with regard
to
within
without
worth


e.g., In view of the late hour, we'll have to put off
that discussion until our next meeting.

The wedding traditions in India vary on account of language,

geographical
differences, caste and religion.

7.) Conjunctions - is a words joints two or more

words, phrases, or clauses.

a. Coordinating Conjunction- are used to join two parts of a sentence that are
grammatically equal. It always come between the words or clauses that they join. They
are only seven of these.
and - To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another.

To suggest that one idea is the result of another.

To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another.

To suggest an element of surprise.

To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another.

To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause

but - To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause

To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence

implied in a negative way.

To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of".
for - To introduce the reason for the preceding clause.
nor - Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair.
or - To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the
other.

To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives.

To suggest a refinement of the first clause

To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the

sentence

To suggest a negative condition.

To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative.

so - Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a comma, but
sometimes it can't
yet - Function as an adverb and has several meanings: in addition ("yet another
cause of trouble" or "a simple yet noble woman"), even ("yet more expensive"),
still ("he is yet a novice"), eventually ("they may yet win"), and so soon as now
("he's not here yet"). It also functions as a coordinating conjunction meaning
something like "nevertheless" or "but." The word yet seems to carry an element of
distinctiveness that but can seldom register.

e.g., Megan heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house.

John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton.

b. Subordinating Conjunctions - are used to join a subordinate dependent

clause to a
main clause. Usually come at the beginning of the
subordinate clause.
e.g., He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment
all his life
Unless we act now, all is lost.
c. Correlative Conjunctions - are those conjunctions which are in the form
of pair of
words.
e.g., Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be."
She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her
enthusiasm.

8.) Interjections - a word that shows emotion. It is not

grammatically related to rest of a sentence.

e.g., Congratulations! You finally got your Masters degree.

Oh dear! I dont know what to do about this mess.