PAPER

WRITING
Lecture II

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

ACADEMIC WRITING

Style sheet is a document's

appearance in terms of such
elements as:
-the default typeface, size, and
color for headings and body text
-How front matter (preface, figure
list, title page, and so forth) should
look
-How all or individual sections
should be laid out in terms of space
(for example, two newspaper
columns, one column with headings
having hanging heads, and so
forth).

Top
Bottom
Left
Right

: 4 cm
: 3 cm
: 4 cm
: 3 cm

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The SPACE between

rows is 1.5 or 2, except
for the direct quote, title,
list of tables and pictures,
and a list of
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libraries,
use SINGLE
SPACE.

The TITLE should be

capitalized, centred,
bolded, and 4-spaced
distance from the
beginning of writing.
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The FONTS normally

used is Times New
Roman 12.
Use 14 WRITING
for the title.
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Capitalize each word,

except function words.

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No period at the end of

headings or sub
headings.
Bold-typed.

A-4 sized
paper
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In general, it is a
reference to a published
or unpublished source
(not always the original
source).
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Specifically, an abbreviated
alphanumeric expression embedded
in the body of an intellectual work that
denotes an entry in the bibliographic
references section of the work for the
purpose of acknowledging the
relevance of the works of others to the
topic of discussion at the spot where
the citation appears.

Direct citations are

those that include the
surname of the author
as part of the text of
the sentence and the
date within
parentheses.

Indirect citations give both the surname and the date

parenthetically. Indirect citations help maintain the
"flow" of the writing because people are very good at
reading around parenthetical information.

Further detailed examples and

information about DIRECT vs
INDIRECT CITATION is provided
in pdf file

MLA style was developed by the Modern Language

Association and is most often used in the arts and
the humanities, particularly in English studies, other
literary studies, including comparative literature and
literary criticism in languages other than English, and
some interdisciplinary studies, such as cultural
studies, drama and theatre, film, and other media,
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including
television.

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The Modern Language Association uses

parenthetical references instead of
footnotes or endnotes in the body of the
research paper to acknowledge the use of
borrowed material. These references point
to the Works Cited page (see examples of
entries
above)
at the end to fully
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document this material with necessary
author, title, and publishing information.

PLACEMENT AND PUNCTUATION GUIDELINES

1. Keep the parenthetical references as brief
as possible. Do this by inserting the
authors last name and a page number in
parentheses after the statement you are
documenting:
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A large percentage of the suicides in this
category are centered in the New York City
area (Hyde 126).

PLACEMENT AND PUNCTUATION GUIDELINES

2. If you include the authors name in a
sentence, you need only put the page number
of the reference in the parentheses:
Hyde notes that a large percentage of the
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suicides in this category are centered in the
New York City area (126).

PLACEMENT AND PUNCTUATION GUIDELINES

3. If you are citing an entire work rather than
a specific passage or section, omit any
parenthetical reference and give the authors
last name in your sentence:
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Throughout her book, Hyde argues that
suicide among the young constitutes a
national epidemic.

EXAMPLES OF PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES

1. A work by an author of two or more works
you are using
Use last name, comma, short title and
relevant page numbers:
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(Grossman, Aesthetics 5)

EXAMPLES OF PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES

2. A work by an author with the same last name as

another author in your list of Works Cited.
Supply first name:
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(James Brown 317)

EXAMPLES OF PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES

3. A work by more than one author

Two authors: (Hyde and Forsyth 47)
Three or more authors: (Quirk et al 96)
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EXAMPLES OF PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES

3. A work by more than one author

Two authors: (Hyde and Forsyth 47)
Three or more authors: (Quirk et al 96)
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4. A multivolume work
Indicate volume used: (Laszlo 2: 787)

EXAMPLES OF PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES

5. A work with no author

Use shortened version of title or whole title if it
is short. If you shorten the title, begin with the
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word by which the source is alphabetized in the
list of Works Cited:
(Americana 8: 63)

EXAMPLES OF PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES

6. Corporate author or government agency

You may include author and title, but it is often
best to use information as part of a sentence
since the citation may be long:
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(IBM Annual Report 1990 6)

EXAMPLES OF PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES

7. Literary Works
Because of differences in editions, use more
than the page number to locate the passage
cited. After page number, add a semicolon and
other appropriate information using
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abbreviations such as ch., pt.:
(Conrad 15; ch. 3)

EXAMPLES OF PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES

8. More than one work in a single parenthetical
reference
Use normal pattern but separate each citation
with a semicolon:
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(Kabotis 214; Perkins 58)

Further detailed
information is provided
in pdf file

The style of the American Psychological

Association, or APA style, is most often used
in social sciences. APA style uses Harvard
referencing within the text, listing the author's
name and year of publication, keyed to an
alphabetical list of sources at the end of the
paper on a References page.

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Further detailed
information is provided
in pdf file

The Chicago Style (CMOS)

was developed and its guide is
The Chicago Manual of Style.
It is most widely used in
history and economics as well
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as some WRITING
social sciences.

In the Chicago Style, bibliographic entries

are arranged alphabetically by the last
name of the author. They are not
numbered; however, to make the
bibliography easier to correct please
separate entries into the four
categories
a heading for each:
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books, articles, encyclopedias, and
websites.

Below is a style sheet for a Chicago Style

bibliography. It will give you examples for the
different types of publications you may need to
cite.
Please note these basic formatting rules.
First line of the entry is flush left and subsequent
lines of each entry are indented
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five
spaces.WRITING
Double-space only between entries.
Anonymous works are alphabetized by title
Capitalize all nouns in a title
End each citation with a period.

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Further detailed
information is
provided in pdf
file

A reference list contains only those sources

you actually referred to in your assignment.
Each resource on your list, there will be some
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citation inWRITING
your assignment.

A bibliography, sometimes, is taken to be a list

of all those sources you looked at.
This list, also attached to the back of your
assignment, contains all those books, articles,
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website,
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so on, you cite in your
assignment but also those ones you consulted
but didn't actually cite in your assignment.

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Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya