Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Types of building structures in Taiwan on the basis of their architectural functions are
reviewed. Structural systems and forms of these buildings, along with materials of
construction are described. New directions in structural systems in Taiwan are also
discussed.
Types of Buildings
Residential Buildings
Taiwan was once ruled by Japan for 50 years (1895-1945). Before that period, some
parts of the island was invaded by Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and British people during the
18th and 19th centuries. Some historical buildings built at the end of the 19th century by
British are still in good condition. British consulate adjacent to Fort San Domingo (knows in
Chinese as Red Body-Hair City) in Tamsui was built in 1891. It has now opened as a
museum.
Since Taiwan was ruled by Japan for half century, the Japanese influence was extensive
and even today many of older people speak Japanese. Although the Japanese ruled with an
iron fist, they were also efficient and contributed substantially to Taiwans economic
development. The Japanese built roads, railroads, schools, and hospitals. Some modern
architecture was developed during this period. The White House (Presidential Building) of
Taiwan, for example, was designed and built by Japanese in 1910s.
The building form of the Presidential Building belongs to a Victorian architectural style.
Other building examples having similar architectural style built in the same period are
National Taiwan University Hospital and Taichung Railway Station.
Most of the government buildings built in the 1920s used brick walls extensively as
bearing walls. The Greek columns were used mainly for decoration purpose. Reinforced
concrete was used for the horizontal components. It is not known whether these building did
any seismic design or not. However, they have been well preserved over these years.
The majority of the residential building built before 1945 were Japanese style houses,
Chinese courtyard houses, or street houses (houses built right up to the front street). These
houses were all single story, some of the street houses were 2- or 3-story houses. Basically,
these houses were made of brick and wood, and most of them were demolished by now.
In the period of 1945 to 1960, Japanese-style houses, Chinese courtyard houses, and
street houses were built continuously with a decreasing rate. Japanese-style houses have
tatami rooms. A tatami room consists of straw mats or quilts laid out on the floor. You
need to take your shoes off before entering these places. Japanese-style houses usually were
built from wood or brick. The pitched roofs were generally tile or slate.
The courtyard houses are the most common dwelling type in the southeastern area of
China. The traditional Taiwanese house follows the design seen in mainland China. A
courtyard house or homestead is basically a one-story farmhouse , and is commonly built in a
U shape with a courtyard in front of the main entrance. In crowded urban areas you might
find a fully enclosed courtyard. Fig 1 shows a typical courtyard house plan. The courtyard
house can usually accommodate three generations in a family.
In the 1980s, the volume of the four story apartment complex, and the tow tien houses
became smaller. New housing variations were developed in the period of 1976 to 1990.
This is the age of the high rise apartment, or the age of the elevator housing.
One form of the new dwelling type was the cluster of housing. It is a high rise
dwelling community, or a cluster of condominium buildings. The number of the buildings
varied from two to ten or so depending on the size of the lot. The stories of a building are in
the range of 7 to 16 stories. A 13-story condo, for example, may accommodate up to 50
families. It is not uncommon for 200 families live in a cluster of housing. The ground
floor of the building may be used for business depending whether it is allowed for business
activities or not. A typical floor plan of the high rise condominium is shown in Fig.5. It is
a four-family attached arrangement which was a popular choice in the late 80s.
For a 16-story condo, a typical size of columns in the lower levels may be 100100 cm,
and a typical girder size could be 6080 cm. A 15 cm thick two-way slab is a common floor
system for RC buildings. The RC walls in the centered service core can be used as shear
walls to assist moment frame resisting lateral loads. The design strength of concrete are
usually in the range of 3000 to 4000 psi. High strength concrete was rarely used in that
period.
Another new dwelling type developed in the period of 1976 to 1990 was the public
housing. It was also a housing cluster except it was built by the government rather than
private developers. A majority of public housing were built from the existing military
family houses. The existing military family houses were usually numerous of one-story
houses. The building lot, however, was usually quite huge.
Hundreds of old military family houses community had been rebuilt throughout the
years. The volume of the newly built military housing community is normally larger than a
private cluster of housing. It is not uncommon for a military housing community having 30
high rise buildings in a community. Other public housings were built using the land owned
by the government. The number of stories of public housing is similar to the private cluster
of housing. The public housing structure, including the exterior walls and the common wall
between adjacent family units, were usually built from cast-in-place reinforced concrete.
The interior partition walls, however, were usually brick walls.
Due to the new construction techniques, and the new construction materials, the structural
forms in the late 80s and 90s had evolved into new varieties. The high rise residential buildings
became taller. Twenty to thirty-story high rise condominiums sprouted throughout the urban
areas. The construction materials no longer restricted to RC, steel structure (SS) construction,
steel reinforced concrete (SRC) construction, or steel concrete (SC) construction became popular
during the economy booming. To facilitate the high housing demands, the precast construction
method was introduced. The precast construction first started from the precast wall panels, then
extended to the precast slabs, and precast beams. They were no really fully precast buildings.
Recently, however, a few fully precast residential buildings have been built. Fig.7 shows a
typical floor plan with a SRC framing system.
The cross section of a SRC column is usually a cruciform shape steel section as shown
in Fig.8a. The box type section has also been used (Fig.8b). Reinforced concrete is used to
enclose the steel section in a SRC construction. The reinforced concrete can enhance the
performance of steel members. The SRC framing has the advantage of providing higher
lateral stiffness. It is preferable to a slender building. Nevertheless, the construction time
of a SRC building is usually longer than a RC or SS building.
For a residential building structure which has a lack of lateral stiffness, a steel concrete
(SC) construction may be considered as an alternative scheme. A SC girder is a steel beam
encased in concrete with light reinforcement in concrete to hold the concrete, and to control
the cracking. Unlike the SRC construction, the reinforcement in the SC construction is not
for the strength purpose. They are essentially for the ease of construction and for the
serviceability purpose. The column in SC construction is usually a cast-in-place SRC
column.
The slab system in SC construction may also have a choice of cast-in-place on metal
deck or precast slab construction. More often, a precast slab is usually the choice since it
would match the precast SC beam.
Fig.10 illustrates a typical precast slab system called KT truss slab system. A 60 mm
thick precast concrete slab panel, embedded with wire mesh and small steel truss, is ready to
be lifted to the floor slab location. The 120 mm thick pour-in-place topping is then casted on
the top of the precast panel afterward.
In the years of the 90s, the country continued to pursue for a better quality of living.
Developers started to pay attention to the environmental problems, and to seek a balance
among air, land, and water on Earth. Thus, the idea of Green Earth buildings were created.
After the Chi-Chi Earthquake in 1999, people began to have a renew look on the meaning of a
safe dwelling. Structural or non-structural members can not be removed arbitrarily for
remodeling purpose like many occupants usually did prior to the Chi-Chi Earthquake. More
and more inhabitants have reached a consensus on the significance of living safety.
4. Commercial Buildings
In the period prior to 1970, the economy of the country mainly relied on agriculture.
Only a few commercial buildings were built prior to that period, except for government
building as described in the previous section. Taiwan Cement Co. Building, built in 1960,
was one of the earliest commercial building example. The 1960 was approximately the year
as nationwide industries started to rise. After a ten-year industrial growth, people had
accumulated enough wealth, and were ready to welcome the consumers age.
During the years of 1970s, the business of department stores start booming. Many of
the first generation department stores were built during that period. Shin Kong Department
Store, Far Eastern Department Store, Today Department Store, First Department Store in
Simen(West Gate)area were all opened in the early 70s. Since the number of stories of the
department store are usually 10 stories or so, thus a RC structure was a favorable choice for
these department stores.
Another type of commercial buildings surged during the department store prosperous
period was the restaurant / hotel building. Ambassador Hotel, Leofoo Hotel, and Taipei
Hilton were all built in the early 70s. The common structural features of department stores
and restaurants compared to residential buildings are
(1) higher design live load due to public use
(2) deep basement excavation due to parking demand
(3) large column distance due to space demand
(4) large floor height due to space demand
New structural systems and methods of the construction were introduced because the
higher design demands. Taiwan Cement Co. Building built in 1960 was a milestone of RC
building structure. It was a seven-story RC building with one level of basement. Raft
foundation was first used in this building. Since there were two levels of parking within one
basement floor, flat slab was used to increase the floor clearance , and to reduce the
excavation depth. Taipei Hilton was probably the first high-rise building(20F) to use steel
construction(1973). Century Hotel (1973) was the first building to use rolled steel section
for the bracing system during the basement excavation. China International Commercial
Bank(1975) was the first building to use slurry wall for basement retaining walls. It was
also the first building to use top-down construction to facilitate the construction speed. Fig.
12 is a conceptual sketch of the top-down construction. To assist the progress of the
construction schedule, the glass curtain wall and the precast panel wall were brought into the
market at the end of 70s. Headquarter of the First Bank(22F), and the Taipower
Building(26F) were the first two buildings to use precast walls at that time. Light partition
wall such as gypsum stud wall was also adopted by the market during that period of time.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Research data have shown that the RBS connection can develop at least 3% plastic
rotation. Nonetheless, Pre-Northridge moment connections can only develop on the order
of 1% plastic rotation or better. Other variation of RBS connection, by trimming the beam
flanges according to the moments gradient has also been used on many building
projects(Fig.16b). The 101-story Taipei Financial Center currently under construction has
used RBS connection(Fig. 16b) for seismic resistant frames.
The seismic provisions of the AISC Code specifies that one needs to demonstrate the
connection can withstand an inelastic rotation of at least 0.03 radians(3 percent), in order to
qualify as a Special Moment Frames(SMF) [3]. In this regard, the RBS moment connection
is probably a favorable choice for the qualification of a SMF.
The design philosophy of developing ductility-enhanced members or connections may
not be adequate from the building performance point of view. Since a more ductile frame
means more deformation of the frame, and it would result in more damage of nonstructural
elements in the buildings. One way to achieve a better performance of building is to reduce
the ductility demands imposed on structural elements[2]. Increase the damping of a
structural framing is a simple way of reducing the ductility demands of structural elements.
Among these is the steel triangular-plate added damping and stiffness(TADAS) energy
dissipation device. It consists of several triangular plates welded to a common base plate as
shown in Fig.18. This device has been used in the newly opened Core Pacific Shopping City
in Taipei.
Damage
Control
Limited
Safety
Very
Likely
Limited
Likely
Likely
Limited
Likely
Not
Practical
Limited
Table 1 suggests that isolation systems may be considered for achieving the Immediate
Occupancy Structural Performance Level and the Operational Nonstructural Performance
Level. On the other hand, isolation may not be an appropriate design strategy for achieving
the Collapse Prevention Performance Level.
In general, isolation systems provide
significant protection to the building structure and nonstructural components, but at a cost
beyond practical application when the budget is limited. The Tzu Chi General Hospital
currently under construction in Taipei has used isolation system for seismic resistant design.
Energy dissipation systems may be considered in a somewhat broader contents than
isolation systems. For the taller buildings where isolation systems may not be feasible,
energy dissipation systems may be considered as a design strategy when performance goals
include the Damage Control Performance Range. One the other hand, certain energy
dissipation devices are quite economical and may be practical for performance goals that
address only Limited Safety. In general, energy dissipation systems are more likely to be an
appropriate design strategy when the desired Performance Level is Life Safety or Immediate
Occupancy.
Many construction projects have used energy dissipation systems for seismic or wind
resistant design. The Taipei MRT(1996) Chientan Station has used VE dampers to control
the vibration caused by wind. Taishin Bank(2001) at Neihu was the first commercial
building to use FVD seismic dampers. Fig.19 illustrates a typical FVD damper and its
framing elevation.
A few buildings constructed with ductile bracing, also known as unbonded brace from(UBF)
system, are currently also under construction. Typical UBF systems can dissipate large
amount of the input earthquake energy through hysteretic yielding of low-yield strength steel
bracings. Fig. 20 illustrates a typical UBF frame elevation.
The advent of seismic isolation, and energy dissipation systems has moved the design
philosophy from ductility-based toward performance-based design. As the researchers
continue to pursue a better performance of building structures, other special seismic
systems-includng active control, hybrid combinations of active and passive energy devices,
and liquid dampers-are being developed and may provide practical solutions in the near future.
It would be a new era and challenge for the structural engineers.
10F
1980s
20F
1990
> 30F
RC
MRF, Shear wall
RC, SS , SC, SRC
MRF, Shear Wall
RC, SS, SRC
Precast
SMRF, EBF, Shear Wall
Base Isolation
Energy Dissipation
School buildings play an important role in public buildings as far as the number of
buildings, and the extent of the area are concerned. Unlike commercial or residential
buildings, school buildings are usually low-rise concrete building, and the typical plan layout
for elementary or the middle school classrooms is usually a long, narrow plan. Fig. 21 is a
typical classroom plan of an elementary school or a middle school building.
Buildings in the university contain a variety forms, and are often a good place for an
architect to express his or her design talent. The libraries, student unions, and other
institutional buildings all have different space and loading requirements, thus results in
various forms. Like elementary school or middle school buildings, the buildings in
universities are usually not tall buildings, and concrete structure is the most common
construction material for buildings in the university. For place having long spans such as
performing art centers or sports stadiums, prestressed girders, or steel girders may be used.
One of the striking features of local buildings is the temples. There are probably over
5000 temples in Taiwan, ranging in size from a back-alley hut to a monumental, multistoryed
structure that wound make a European cathedral look like a dwarf. The temple structures are
predominantly concrete structure, and sometimes built with a bit timber. Taoist temple roofs
are complicated detailed with colorful figures such as dragons and phoenix. Lungshan
Temple and Hsingtiengon Temple are two of the most popular temples in Taipei. By contrast,
Buddhist temples are relatively sedate. Buddhist pagoda is essentially a building to house
the ashes of the deceased.
Closing Remarks
The building structure types of Taiwan inherited Japanese style and Chinese style in the
early stage, and followed the western types after the industrialization of the country in 1970s.
The unique tow tien street houses are still popular in some area, and temples are pervasive in
the rural area.
Concrete (RC) buildings with ceramic tiles faade are still the most popular building
structure type for residential buildings. The SRC, SC, and precast constructions are other
variation of residential buildings. The RC and SS constructions are usually the favorable
choice of an office building.
During the last decade, concern for the effects of buildings on people became deeper.
More stringent regulations for fire safety were set forth. Requirements were established that
prevented construction of a building until its full environmental impact could be assessed.
Furthermore, the need for energy conservation in building operation to conserve natural
resources became apparent. These requirements placed additional constraints on building
design. Both design and construction became even more complex.
As the design philosophy has gradually been shifting from ductility-based to
performance-based design, the isolation systems and energy dissipation systems may become
a more favorable choice for building design. We might say that the building structural
engineering has become a combination of art and science, and there would always be
challenges ahead for the Structural Engineers.
References
1. MD Engelhardt, Design Recommedations for Radius Cut Reduced Beam Section
Moment Connections Workshop on Design Technologies of Earthquake-Resistant
Moment-Resisting Connections in Steel Buildings, Taipei, May 1999.
2. KC Tsai, Seismic Energy Dissipation in Steel Frame Buildings, Asia-Pacific
Workshop on Seismic Design & Retrofit of Structures, Taipei, Aug. 1998.
3. Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, AISC, April 1997.
4. SJ Chen, Ductile Steel Beam-to-Column Connections, Asia-Pacific Workshop on
Seismic Design & Retrofit of Structures, Taipei, Aug. 1998.