Professional Documents
Culture Documents
smooth-skinned and comes out with his hand around Esaus foot. The detail is not gratuitous; it
indicates Jacobs desire to upset Esaus status as the firstborn son and to subvert the social
customs and expectations that would favor the firstborn.
The social status of these twin brothers is complicated by the Ancient Israelite expectation that the
first- born son should be favored. The firstborn son typically takes on his fathers profession (Cain
becomes a farmer, like Adam in Genesis 4:2), succeeds his father as the family patriarch, and
inherits a larger portion of the family goods than his other brothers (Deuteronomy 21:15-17). These
privileges make up the birthright (25:31) and collectively provide a level of social and material
security that the younger brother would not enjoy. The younger sibling would have to depend on the
mercy of the older brother or make his own way in the world. It may be that these customs
developed to create consistency and fairness in families, to prevent parental favoritism from running
amok. When the older and younger brothers in question are twins born just minutes apart, however,
then the custom seems a bit more arbitrary and unfair.
Jacob is determined, even before birth, to have the birthright and the blessing of the firstborn. But
since he is not the outdoorsy type, he uses brains, not brawn, to gain it. Jacob is a trickster, an
underdog character who uses his wit and cunning to change the status quo. As a man who prefers
the tents to the hunt, Jacob knows how to cook and he uses this skill and his knowledge of Esaus
weakness to trade some red soup for Esaus birthright. It is a trade that Esau willingly makes.
The story of Jacob and Esau has profoundly influenced western literatures treatment of sibling
rivalry and parental favoritism. Katherine Patersons award winning novel, Jacob Have I
Loved, about twin sisters,is just one fine example of how the riches of this story can be brought to
bear for contemporary readers. Nevertheless, it is often difficult for Christian readers to appreciate
these as religious narratives. Seen through the lens of a traditional Protestant or Catholic piety,
there seems to be little about Jacob to inspire us.
When I teach these narratives, my students often think that Jacob victimizes Esau. They read
Esaus comment in verse 32 quite literally and think that Jacob is trading on Esaus dire situation. In
fact, Esau has just come in from hunting. He is not starving to death, he just prefers immediate
gratification over the long term benefits of his birthright. His family inheritance, which in this story is
tied to the covenant promises, means little to him.
American Christians have been taught to correlate piety with traditional personal virtues like
selflessness and guilelessness. Moreover, we tend to view our personal successes as rewards for
our piety and virtues. But these stories challenge our first-world sensibilities by lifting up an
otherwise disadvantaged character who must use guile and ambition to claim his status as a son of
the covenant.
Esau may not value his familial and spiritual inheritance, but Jacob does. Moreover, Jacob doesnt
see any immediate reward for his efforts; it will be decades before he actually sees success. Jacob
is not deterred by the prospect of delayed gratification.
These stories illuminate a different view of grace. God chose Jacob even before his birth, a choice
that was clearly not based on Jacobs merits or achievements. Indeed, this is one of many stories
about siblings (see also Genesis 4; Genesis 21; Genesis 48; 1 Samuel 16; Luke 15:11-32) in which
God acts contrary to the social custom of favoring the firstborn.
Firstborns are no more virtuous by the fact of being born first, but being born second in the ancient
near eastern world made one an automatic underdog. These stories show that God seems to prefer
underdogs and tricksters, something that might rankle conventional American notions of grace.