UMBANDA RELIGION

Spiritual Healing Artwork

It was approximately 4:30 pm, when we headed out to attend an Umbanda
ceremony in Goias, Brazil. Although the trip was long, the pleasant evening
breeze and panorama made the car ride quite enjoyable. When we arrived at our
destination, the driver parked in front of a modest looking house.
i

Brazil Religion
The complexity of religion in Brazil only testifies once again to its depth as a
country. Its religious inclination is also extremely diverse, despite the fact that
around three-quarters of the population claim to be Roman Catholics. In fact,
there are more Catholics in Brazil than in any other country in the world.
ii

Macumba, Umbanda, and Orishas in Brazil

African slaves shipped to Brazil in the 1550's, who continued to worship their
African Gods. Their Gods are called ORIXAS. The slaves incorporated their
religion into Brazilian culture and religion (Roman Catholic). They summoned
their Gods with their drums. Brazilian slave owners, unlike owners in the United
States, allowed slaves to continue to use their drums. Thus began the rhythm of
the saints, the samba, and it explains why Brazilian "batucadas" reign unequaled
today. Brazil got the samba, and the U.S. got "the blues" Read more on Brazilian
slavery and its impact on Brazil.
iii

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In Brazil it appears that male adepts often are involved in the dispensing of
Macumba knowledge/spells/materials. In other states, Macumba stands as a
strand of an Afro-Brazilian religion called Umbanda. Macumba is considered an
underground religion in Brazil but it is secretly practiced all over the world where
there are Brazilian communities. Many Brazilians continue to practice their
traditional religions (Christianity, Judaism, etc.) but also practice Macumba
secretly, usually at night or the weekends. The spiritual leader of a Macumba
center is usually a woman of African decent but could be from any ethnic
background, wearing an all-white garment smoking a corn pipe.
iv

A A A RIO DE JANEIRO Rita Coccaro is the high priestess of the Umbanda Temple
of Caboclo Virgin Forest, if temple is not too grand a word for the small room in
the modest house Coccaro shares with her mother and dog on the outskirts of
one of Rio de Janeiro s slums. Once a week, Coccaro and a dozen followers
gather here to sing prayers, beat drums and burn incense in the hope of
connecting with the spirits of long-dead African slaves, and of the indigenous
people who populated Brazil before the Europeans came. Connecting with the
spirits is like going to school to develop a deeper knowledge of Umbanda and the
world, said Coccaro, who s 4 Contacting spirits is at the center of Umbanda, a
uniquely Brazilian religion that blends African slave traditions and strains of
spiritism with the more familiar shapes and symbols of Roman Catholicism.
African slaves were brought to Brazil for more than 300 years to work on sugar
and rubber plantations, both during Portuguese colonial rule and after
independence in 182. Forced to convert to Catholicism by their Portuguese
masters, the slaves responded by masking their religion, pairing their spirits with
Catholic saints. Today, Umbanda claims more than 400,000 followers throughout

the country; Umbanda temples also can be found in the United States and
Europe. But despite its deep roots in Brazil, Umbanda s growth hasn t come
without friction. People think that Umbandistas do voodoo, magic, so you can
have success in love and finance.
v

Umbanda, Brazilian Religion

Umbanda In The USA Brazilian Umbanda (religion) HOME About Umbanda,
Brazilian Religion By creating this blog I think I got myself into something that is
going to be quite difficult, not because Umbanda is a complicated religion, which
it is, but because it is such a Brazilian religion that most words, names and
rituals simply do not translate into English so bear with me and try to understand
what I may sometimes say in a very clumsy way. There is so much to write about

Umbanda, so let s take slowly and pace ourselves in a way that things will make
some sense reading the blog is pleasurable, instead of me just yapping all the
time. There are numerous resources about Umbanda on the Internet, so this blog
is just another one.
vi

AFRO
Umbanda is a syncretic religion that incorporated Catholicism, Native South
American beliefs and Kardecism -- French spiritualism -- into the African
possession cults that survived Jesuit extermination. The origins of Umbanda go
back to the Yoruban religion, brought to Brazil by the African slaves in the 16th
century. This African religion, based on the channeling of deities who represent
forces of nature while sharing, like the Greek gods, human passions, is the
foundation for a variety of possession cults of which Umbanda is a later
manifestation. Notes For the purposes of this paper, domhmf culnue refers to the
state apparatus and those empowered by it and to the institutional Roman
Catholic Church.
vii

Umbanda (Brazilian religion)

In the Umbanda cult of Brazil, altars hold small plaster images of the Christian
saints associated with the orixs. TITLE: Macumba (religion).by a marked
syncretism of traditional African religions, European culture, Brazilian
Spiritualism, and Roman Catholicism.
viii

Beliefnet Community
Brazilian new religion drawing on native Brazilian, African, spiritist, and Christian
traditions, led by ritual priestesses and priests under whose guidance mediums
accept possession by disembodied spirits in order to enhance personal spiritual
development. Regarded as the most recent and most Brazilian of the Afro-

Brazilian groups, the origins of Umbanda are linked with a small group in Niteroi
in the 1920s led by Zelio de Moraes that integrated neo-African religion with
spiritist cosmology. Guided by the spirit, O Caboclo das Sete Encruzilhadas ("The
Brazilian-Indian Spirit of the Seven Crossroads"), Moraes and his followers
abandoned African-centered doctrines and ritual practices, especially animal
sacrifices, and emphasized the charitable spiritual healing rendered by exalted
souls in a cosmic hierarchy. Umbanda communities, now found throughout Brazil
after explosive growth in the 1970s and 1980s, continue aspects of all of Brazil's
religious past. Brazilindian influence is seen in the prominence of native spirits,
use of tobacco and herbal potions, and the mostly stereotypic native symbolism;
Roman Catholic theological concepts of salvation, immortality, and hierarchical
but benevolent divine-human relationships are central tenets, while saints-construed in terms reminiscent of late medieval traditions--are identified with
Indian and African divine powers.
ix

Also known as Spiritism, Candombl and Umbanda. The Macumba religion is

practiced by a large number of Brazilians, and involves the apparent possession
of worshippers by their gods; in a process that in some respects resembles that
of Voodoo ceremonies. There is an initiation ceremony before anyone can
become a member of one of the numerous Macumba cults. The initiate having
gone into a trance, the priest must decide which god has taken possession, in
order to prescribe the appropriate ceremony.
x

Diana DeGroat Brown explores the history and development of the syncretistic
Brazilian religion of Umbanda, from its beginnings in Rio de Janeiro during the
1920's to the late 1970s, examining its changing spectrum of practices,
followers, and beliefs. The defining features are an eclectic blend of Catholic
belief and practice, Kardecism, Afro-Brazilian practices, aspects.more Diana
DeGroat Brown explores the history and development of the syncretistic Brazilian
religion of Umbanda, from its beginnings in Rio de Janeiro during the 1920's to
the late 1970s, examining its changing spectrum of practices, followers, and
beliefs. The defining features are an eclectic blend of Catholic belief and practice,
Kardecism, Afro-Brazilian practices, aspects of Buddhism and Hinduism, and
currents of mysticism.The author describes the dramatic changes in ritual forms
and geographic distribution, and the exponential increase in followers that have
characterized the development of this religion.
xi

Religion Today In Brazil, African

RIO DE JANEIRO Rosa Cardoso has practiced the Afro-Brazilian religion of
Umbanda almost all of her 89 years, yet she hasn't stopped hiding her faith from
the rest of the world. At the same time, the owner of another Umbanda temple in
the same city, Sao Goncalo, across the bay from Rio, is fighting an eminent

domain order to turn his house into a sports center. Such tensions have come
into relief in Sao Goncalo, where Mayor Aparecida Panniset, an outspoken
Pentecostal, has been accused of failing to protect Umbanda sites, or even
destroying them.
xii

It's a "terreiro" a place of worship for followers of the "Umbanda" faith. The
people here burn incense and puff on cigars as they move with eyes closed and
faces tense. All appear entranced. They say they are mediums, working to
become possessed by spirits who have the power to help the living. The spirits
they say offer "consultations" on health and other personal matters to an
audience that's come here for help. Umbanda may be Brazil's only truly homegrown religion.
xiii

Candombl to Catholicism: A Closer Look at Religion in Brazil

While the Brazilian government is banned from supporting or obstructing religion
on every level, it is hard to miss clearly overt religious symbols such as the Cristo
Redentor (Christ the Redeemer) statue which one can spot from nearly anywhere
in Rio de Janeiro. However, in spite of this ostentatious display of Christianity,
religion in Brazil has had no issue being diversified in both beliefs and practices.
With a significant presence of Catholics, Protestants, Pentecostals, Episcopals,
Methodists, Lutherans, Baptists, Jehovahs Witnesses, Mormons, Muslims,
Buddhists, and even people who practice Candomble and Umbanda. AfroBrazilian religions stemming from the Yoruba religion, such as Candomble and
Umbanda.
xiv

Religion and Politics in Brazil

Umbanda has many branches, each one with a different set of believes and
practices. Some of the Umbanda's basic beliefs are the existence of a One
Supreme Creator God (the Orix Olorum); deities called Orix s related to Catholic
Saints that act as God's energy and plain power expansions; spirits of deceased
people that counsel and guide believers through troubles in our material world;
psychics called mediums who have a natural ability that can be perfected to
bring messages from the spiritual world of Orix s and guiding spirits,
reincarnation and spiritual evolution through many material lives (Karmic Law)
and the practice of Charity. The information here presented is just a general view
of all Umbanda branches, so some beliefs and practices here described could be
different from those observed in a specific place.
xv

umbanda Vs candomble
About what is traditional Umbanda, well, currently is very difficult to say who is
the traditional Umbanda. Yes there is always new traditions entering but if the
objective is the same, assist people, then it is also traditional umbanda.
xvi

Macumba, Candomble, and Umbanda: Brazilian Spirituality

There's no such thing as bad religions, except those, and it seems to be yours,
that tell us to "repudiate" whatever you might call "devilish". Hail the true
Brazilian culture, which is not Protestant and belongs to ALL colors.
xvii

Soon, all the dsons and ddaughters of the house were incorporating, according to
their belief, the spirits of wise old black ancestors, and later offering one-on-one
advice to the dozens of followers attending the ceremony. Brazil s post-

dictatorship 1989 constitution enshrined the freedom to hold such ceremonies,

but Umbanda s followers say official disdain and intense prejudice still put their
lives and shrines at risk. According to police reports, followers of Afro-Brazilian
religions report on average 100 cases of physical or verbal attacks a year
because of their faith, in the state of Rio de Janeiro alone. Another report, which
was submitted to the U.N. Human Rights Council by a Brazilian religious-freedom
group, details 39 cases of discrimination around the country in 2009. Cases
range from a bank s refusal in Minas Gerais state to give an Afro-Brazilian
religious association an account to the partial destruction of a Candomble temple
in Bahia state.
xviii

Patheos Library
Headquarters None Indigenous Afro-Brazilian Religion refers to the unique
religious traditions of Brazil that have formed out of a mixture of the religions of
enslaved Africans and those practices and beliefs native to Brazil. Many of these
so-called "new religions" originated in northeast Brazil, but now are common in
urban and coastal areas. Three of the most common of these traditions are
Umbanda, Candombl, and Batuque (others are Xango do Nodeste, Xamba,
Egungun, Ifa, Macumba, Tambor de Mina, Irmandade, and Quimbanda). Umbanda
is a blend of African, Amerindian, and Catholic beliefs characterized by a great
variety of spirits, African deities, saints (including Jesus and Mary), leaders,
ancestors, and natural forces.
xix

Famous adherents of Candombl, Umbanda, Spiritism list

Umbanda is related to, and has many similarities with, other Afro-Brazilian
religions like Candombl and Quimbanda, but has its own identity. Although
some of its beliefs and most of its practices existed in the late 19th century in
almost all Brazil, it is assumed that Umbanda originated in Rio de Janeiro and
surrounding areas in the early 20th century, mainly due to the work of a psychic
(medium), Zlio Fernandino de Moraes, who practiced Umbanda among the poor
Afro-Brazilian population. Since then, Umbanda has spread across mainly
southern Brazil and neighboring countries like Uruguay and Argentina. Umbanda
has many branches, each one with a different set of beliefs and practices. Some
common beliefs are the existence of a single, supreme creator god represented
in the Orix Olorum, sometimes called Obatal or Zambi.
xx

Hale spoke about traditional Afro-Brazilian religions at Elon University on

Tuesday, March 15, 201. Photo courtesy of coloradanmagazine.org. While he was
researching and living in Rio de Janeiro, Lindsay Hale lived upstairs from a 72year-old medium named Luciana. Luciana s spirit is Yemaja, a mermaid and
goddess of the sea. When she goes into a trance, Luciana will sing beautifully but
never remember it when she comes out of it. Lindsay Hale, a social
anthropologist, spoke about traditional African and Brazilian religions and spirits
that are still practiced in Afro-Brazilian regions Tuesday. Mediums enter trances
that allow spirits to speak through them, he explained.
xxi

Associated Press defends Umbanda as an Afro

Because Christianity is religion, and Afro-Brazilian religions are dculture. Her
example shows that the Afro-Brazilian religions are now an international interest.
The AP omission hit other aspects of this dthreatened religion.
xxii

Umbanda: Beliefs, History, Quotes and Facts

Many Other Topics Umbanda: Beliefs, History, Quotes and Facts Umbanda is an
Afro-Brazilian religion that blends African religions with Catholicism, Spiritism and
Kardecism, and considerable indigenous lore Some common beliefs are the
existence of a single, supreme creator god represented in the Orix Olorum or
Oxala; the existence of natural forces or deities called Orixs that act as divine
energy and forces of nature; spirits of deceased people that counsel and guide
believers through troubles in the material world; psychics, or mediums, who have
a natural ability that can be perfected to bring messages from the spiritual world
of Orixs and the guiding spirits; reincarnation and spiritual evolution through
many material lives (karmic law) and the practice of charity and social fraternity.
In 1974 Umbanda practitioners (Including declared and undeclared) were
estimated to be about 30 million in a population of 120 million Brazilians. After
the 1970s the Umbanda cults begun to be opposed and, in some cases,
persecuted. The practice of Umbanda and all the African-Brazilian religions has
been condemned rightly as black witchcraft and devil worship, as evil and of the
devil, and the incorporation of Orixs is called demon possession. A large
number of the Umbanda followers have left their false religion, especially in the
favelas. The Favela de Dona Marta, a shantytown in Rio de Janeiro, had in the
middle of 1980s, six Terreiros de Umbanda, one Terreiro de Candombl and one
Spiritism Center.
xxiii

THE MEANING OF RELIGION

Quimbanda has continued to distinguish itself as a religion, while resisting
Catholic and French Spiritist influences that have penetrated Umbanda and other
Afro-Brazilian religions. Freemasonry, Eastern Star, and other similar "secret"
organizations appear to be harmless fellowship gatherings.
xxiv

Brazilian religions
Associated Press defends Umbanda as an dAfro-Brazilian religion under threat By
Julio Severo. Lying in a pentagram is Rosa Cardoso, a woman that has practiced
the Afro-Brazilian religion of Umbanda most her life and, according to the
Associated Press (AP), has been dhiding her faith from the rest of the world. Meus
outros blogs Escola em Casa Dedicado a equipar famlias crists para a
importante responsabilidade de dar a seus filhos uma educao escolar em casa
dentro da tica crist.
xxv

Umbanda Facts, information, pictures

Like Santeria, it is basically a possession religion in which members assume the
form of deities both for worship and magic. It was founded in 1920, at a time
when a wave of anti-European feelings was sweeping through the country,
fanned by the inspiration of a young man, Zlio de Moraes, by an alleged Indian
spirit. Among the initial leaders were former Spiritist mediums who became
known for receiving spirits of caboclos, Brazilian Indians, and pretos velhos,
former African slaves. Umbanda's stronghold is Rio de Janeiro and the
surrounding area in the south of Brazil.
xxvi

Umbanda In The USA: UMBANDA

I live in the United States and unfortunately I was not yet able to find an
Umbanda Temple in my area (New York City). If you are depicted on this blog but
does not want to have your image shown here, I will gladly remove your photo. It
is very hard to specify the exact date when the religion Umbanda was born.
xxvii

UMBANDA (Religious Movement)

A doctrinally and ethnically inclusive movement Umbanda drew together
teachings and practices from African-Brazilian religions, Kardecist spiritism (see
Kardecism, Kardec, Allan), Amerindian religion and Catholicism, bring together in
this way three of the major ethnic groups that make up the population of Brazil:
African, Amerindian, and European. An Umbanda centre is headed by a pai or
mae de santo (father or mother of the saint) who is assisted by filhas and filhos
de santos (sons and daughters of the saint). The father or mother of the saint
has a spiritual parallel known as the guia-chefe or chief guide of the centre and
together with this guide the former prepares the sons and daughters of the
saints for initiation and trains them to serve as ritual assistants and mediums.
The eclectic character of Umbanda and the virtual autonomy of local groups
mean that there can be considerable variation in belief and practice from one

Umbanda centre to another. There is, however, a federation to which each centre
is affiliated and which takes care of the material side of the various centres.
xxviii

Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It was created in November 15th, 1908 in Niter ii, a city from Rio de Janeiro, by Z
lio de Morais and a Spirit called Caboclo das Sete Encruzilhadas. This short article
about religion can be made longer. Christianity k Gnosticism k Judaism k Islam k
Rastafari movement k Samaritanism Indian.
xxix

FRIEND OF UMBANDA RELIGION? URGENT HELP!

I tell you to see if I can help, is that I am in a course in beauty, and this week is
to pointed to a girl, and we started talking about and everything, is nice and
such. the fact is that I was telling me by clothing carrying it was rather peculiar,
and came to the conclusion that it was of the Umbanda religion, the fact is that I
have not read very good things about that religion or whatever, I have read bad
things. Then'm me afraid because we get along well and such, but'm me afraid
that what she can do affect me mi or ami family, could affect me Hello how are
you you dire there is something people things them growing in such a way that
not we know which is the reality or evidence of something and when it comes to
of religions fanaticism is such that people often is carried by the decires of others
that happened in the middle ages during the holy war had thousands of people
condenadasa death unfairly by inpedermidos fans I just you dire that is not very
difficult enters the internet and read a little about this cult and in my way of
seeing if there is a kind of secret worship only thing to investigate that kind of
magic used by if it is white magic is not bad by that even in the Vatican used it
as black magic that is already more complicated and dangerous, but these magic
not afctan to people who do not know nothing she or practice what I think is that
if a young girl is not an experienced person to which you should have fear if the
girl is more than 35-40 years already the thing is be careful and nothing else and
avoid talking about faiths or religions yacon this do not think you have problems.
Atte.
xxx

Umbanda Religion
Ok Caboclo! Comments: Author ktinho2 (3 years) umbanda e galinha preta
estatua de chifre sutaque nordestino e dinheiro a troco de desgraa farofa e
galinha preta encarnamento de seres estranhos. religiao e muito mais serio que
uma cultura seus hipocritas deus nao sa faz imagens nem mesmo traz maldiao.
nao pode a arvore boa dar frutos maus toda arvore que nao da bons frutos e
cortada e lanada para ser queimada no inferno. sai fora tem terrero de
umbanda que so tem magia negra. Author LILCISCO1604 (2 years) ok who is
bayano grande. Author thothrespa (3 years) @natruska I've had the same
problem. I'm not a part of Umbanda, but I am part of Haitian Vodou, so I know
the feeling.
xxxi

Umbandamiami
From Brazil he moved to Venezuela to establish Umbanda there and prepare all
those who at present are now conducting Umbanda in different countries like
Colombia, Spain, Panama, Chile and locally in Miami, Dallas and New York. And
with all these places active, he has earned a minimum of 1200 followers around
the world.
xxxii

Umbanda by Kassidy Collins on Prezi

They believe in a supreme deity called Olorum (or Zambi) Also believe that
Catholic saints emit divine energies and forces called Orixas Orixas are spirits
that reflect one of the manifestations of God. Believe in interaction with the
deceased. Reincarnation and Karma are integral to Umbanda Catholicism,
Spiritism, and Indigenious Catholicism- supreme deity and adoration of saints.
Spiritism- communicating with dead through various ways including mediums
and physics. Indigenous Brazilian religions- Orixas. Their place pf worship is
called a "terreiro" Who, When, Where Holy Days December 31, is the Dia de
Yemanja (day of Yemanja), is Rio's major Umbanda holy day. They worship in a
"terreiro" Here the people puff cigars and burn incense. They walk around with
their eyes closed and faces tense.
xxxiii

In Brazil, requests to kill a husband and remove a curse are all part of a unique
religion. In Brazil, requests to kill a husband and remove a curse are all part of a
unique religion. Umbanda, Brazilian religion, derived from Catholicism,
kadercismo, shamanism and African religions.
xxxiv

In Brazil, requests to kill a husband and remove a curse are all part of a unique
religion. As imagens e cantigas deste vdeo foi baixado da Internet e tem como
objetivo homenagear nossos Babalorixas e Ogns. Postado em 9 de Janeiro de
2014 Apresentao: Gro Maita, Sacerdote Umbandista do Centro Espiritualista
de Umbanda Esperana.
xxxv

Africa
Penna refused and instead sought help from Candomble, Brazil's Africa-rooted
religion based on worship of deities known as orishas that link humans to the
spiritual world. Doctors told Julio Penna in 1976 that he needed to undergo
corrective spine surgery but faced an 80 percent chance of being condemned to
life in a wheelchair. Saraceni estimates that with 600,000 Umbanda centers
operating nationwide, the faith has at least eight million declared followers and
keeps growing every year.
xxxvi

Universal Church of the Kingdom of God

In response, there were violent public protests and bomb threats against UCKG
temples. Von Helde was charged with violating a law that forbids "public
discrimination and contempt against another religion", and was criticised by the
President. The ban was lifted after the church appealed to the Supreme Court.
xxxvii

The sacrifice of animals is killing ritual of animals as part of a religion. It is

practiced by many religions as a means of meeting the god or gods or changing
the course of nature. Animal sacrifice can be found in almost all cultures, from
the Hebrews to the Greeks and Romans and from the Aztecs to the Yoruba.
Remains of ancient rituals of animal sacrifice are evident in many cultures, for
example in the bullfighting Spanish, or kapparos of Judaism , or ritual
prescriptions for slaughter procedures as shochet or dhabihah. ritually kill lambs
is a common practice in the Islam, consumed his flesh, instead of burning it. In
ancient times, animal sacrifices were common in the Middle East and in some
islands of the Mediterranean.
xxxviii

Religion umbanda: ceremonies, rituals and hierarchies

The ritual umbanda named Ritmado is the most primitive of the religion, and
there are used percussion instruments that accompany the dance steps and also
there is a variant of this ritual that is named Ritmado and ritualizado and is hard
influenced by the Candombl. During this rite several musical instruments are
used and the clothes that is used must be coloring, but this will depend on the
color corresponding to Orix that is protecting the rite. Finally, two of the most
important characteristics of the rituals umbanda are the gifts and the sacrifices.
xxxix

Umbanda (252 words)

, from the Bantu word mbanda, dhealing, is an authentically Brazilian syncretistic
religion. It was officially constituted in 1941 at the 1 Congresso Brasileiro do
Espiritismo de Umbanda in Rio de Janeiro. According to its foundation myth,
Umbanda appeared when Zlio de Moraes incorporated Afro-Brazilian spirit
during a sance.
xl

XS for Higher Education

The word Umbanda started to appear in Rio de Janeiro around the 1920s to
designate various syncretic cults. In the Angolan, quinbundo language, however,
it means "the art of healing". Umbanda is a cult of possession. There can be two
types of possession. One is the trance that is a possession by the higher spirits.
The other one is the obsession that is the possession by the spirits of darkness.
The Umbanda has established itself through Umbanda Federations working in Rio
and in Sao Paulo, and also through assemblies that took place in 1941, 1961, and
197 Although it started in Rio it is now spread though out the whole Brazil. In the
sixties it was included in the official list of registered religions.
xli

List of religions and spiritual traditions

Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that

establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral
values. While religion is hard to define, one standard model of religion, used in
religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz, who simply called it a
"cultural system". 1 A critique of Geertz's model by Talal Asad categorized
religion as "an anthropological category". 2 Many religions have narratives,
symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life
or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality,
ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos
and human nature.
xlii

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This period of religious history begins with the invention of writing about 5,200
years ago (3200 BCE). The prehistory of religion relates to a study of religious
beliefs that existed prior to the advent of written records.
xliii

The Story of America's Religions; New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston (1960)
1st printing 1957 ; pg. The others range from 200,000 of serbian extraction,
130,000 Ukrainians, 100,000 Carpatho-Russians, 80,000 Syrians and 50,000
Rumanians, to a small group of Estonians and Latvians. " Ukrainian Orthodox USA
130,000 - - - 1963 Rosten, Leo (ed.).
xliv

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Both terms refer to systems of concepts that are of high importance to a certain
community, making statements concerning the supernatural or sacred.
Generally, mythology is considered one component or aspect of religion. Religion
is the broader term: besides mythological aspects, it includes aspects of ritual,
morality, theology, and mystical experience.
xlv

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Philosophy of religion is a branch of philosophy concerned with questions
regarding religion, including the nature and existence of God, the examination of
religious experience, analysis of religious vocabulary and texts, and the
relationship of religion and science. 1 It is an ancient discipline, being found in
the earliest known manuscripts concerning philosophy, and relates to many
other branches of philosophy and general thought, including metaphysics, logic,
and history. 2 Philosophy of religion is frequently discussed outside of academia
through popular books and debates, mostly regarding the existence of God and
problem of evil. The philosophy of religion differs from religious philosophy in
that it seeks to discuss questions regarding the nature of religion as a whole,
rather than examining the problems brought forth by a particular belief system.
The second question, "Do we have any good reason to think that God does or
does not exist ", is equally important in the philosophy of religion.
xlvi

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Its homeland is in Southwestern Nigeria and the adjoining parts of Benin and
Togo, a region that has come to be known as Yorbland. Yorb religion is
formed of diverse traditions and has no single founder.
xlvii

Macumba Religion
Various explanations of its meaning include "a musical instrument", the name of
a Central African deity, and simply "magic". Last update.
xlviii

Brazil Religions
In addition to Candombl which is the survival of West African religion, there is
also Umbanda which blends Spiritism, Indigenous and African beliefs. There's still
lots of prejudice about "African cults" in Brazil's south, but there are lots of
Catholics, Protestants and other kinds of Christians who also believe in the
Orishas, so they use to go both to Churches and Terreiros. Candombl, Umbanda,
Batuque, Xango, and Tambor de Mina, were originally brought by black slaves
shipped from Africa to Brazil. These black slaves would summon their gods,
called Orixas, Voduns or Inkices with chants and dances they had brought from
Africa.
xlix

Encyclopedia of African and African

An A-to-Z encyclopedia containing some 150 entries discussing the religious
movements and churches of Sub-Saharan Africa, including major indigenous
religious such as those of the Zulu, Yoruba, Akan, and Nuer peoples; North
America, including black churches within mainstream religions, African-American
religions and churches, and associated institutions such as the Rainbow
Coalition; and South America and the Caribbean, including major religions such
as Rastafari, Santeria, and Vodou and the more localized Umbanda and Tambor
de Mina.
l

96. "Candomble is a religion that mixes African folk beliefs with Catholic symbols.
It centers in Bahia state, where it originated among African slaves. Macumba and
umbanda are variations found in other parts of the country. " Afro-Brazilian
religions Brazil - - - - 1998 *LINK* "AFRICAN RELIGION syncretism " (viewed 5
April 1999) "In Brasil there seems to be four distinct movements, Candomble of
Bahia and the northeast, Spiritism of Rio and the more advanced urban centers;
Umbanda in the urban centers not influenced by Bahia and Quimbanda a form of
black magic that is practiced clandestinely everywhere. " Afro-Brazilian religions
Brazil - - - - 1998 Gall, Timothy L. (ed).
li

Encyclopedia Thelemica

This system uses a filter system for categorization. A group will be listed in a
category as close to the top of the page as the definitions for the category allow.
Even if multiple definitions are applicable a religion will only be listed once.
lii

Trke Bilgi
It originated in Brazil in the early 20th century through a medium, Z lio
Fernandino de Moraes, who worked among the Afro-Brazilian population of Rio de
Janeiro. It has since spread across Brazil and to Uruguay and Argentina. The term
"Umbanda" derives from Kimbundu, an Angolan language, and means "religious
practitioners". Some of the classic characteristics of Umbanda include: (a) the
practice of sacrifices, (b) the demanding and, at times, exorbitant obligations for
the saints, (c) the idea that the gods routinely come to meet with the humans so
that they may demand from them favors and intervene in their lives, and not the
idea that the humans can rise to the level of the gods through an ecstatic
experience, (d) the absence of a unifying sacred book (e) the idea possession
1.Umbanda is a syncretic religion based on the worship of Angolan spirits,
brought to Brazil by the African slaves during the colonial period, and on
elements drawn from Brazilian popular culture.
liii

Umbanda, Brazilian religion, derived from Catholicism, kadercismo, shamanism

and African religions. which means that you can copy and modify it as long as
the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
liv

umbanda Santeria Church of the Orishas

It is worn diagonally across the chest and reaches from a person s shoulder to
their opposite hip. One of the fraudulent initiations that SAFE recently came
across was the practice of giving out dPalo Elekes. The word eleke comes from
the Yoruba word dbead; note, YORUBA word, not Bakongo.
lv

Umbanda, an Afro-Brazilian religion that combines African religions with

Catholicism and local indigenous beliefs, uses rituals to induce trances in
worshippers who dincorporate the spirits of slaves born in Africa and buried in
Brazil. During the ritual trances, the followers will smoke tobacco and drink
alcohol, stagger like old slaves, beat their chests and prance around as
prostitutes or drunks.
lvi

What is Kimbanda (Quimbanda)?

Some believe that Quimbanda and Umbanda represent aspects or tendencies of

a single system. 11 Others believe that Quimbanda and Umbanda have morphed
into their own religions with their own influences and beliefs.(see Table Two for
differences between Quimbanda and Umbanda) Table Two: Differences Between
Quimbanda and Umbanda. In Quimbanda the male spirits are known as Exus,
they are considered very aggressive and immoral spirits.
lvii

Umbanda Christianity Ceremonies

The religion spread throughout the south of the country, and is now practiced in
Argentina and Uruguay as well as Brazil. As in another popular Brazilian religion,
Candombl, ceremonies are led not by an orthdox priest, but by a Pai de santo, a
Father of saint . (It should also be noted that a Me de santo, Mother of saint , is
just as common; unlike in Catholicism there has been no sexual discrimination
throughout the history of Umbanda). He not only leads the entire ceremony, but
is also consulted by the followers or Filhos de santos, Children of saints , on how
to live their lives and overcome difficulties.
lviii

DISCOURSE OF RITUAL POSSESSION IN A BRAZILIAN UMBANDA TEMPLE (25

pages) Download (.pdf) DISCOURSE OF RITUAL POSSESSION IN A BRAZILIAN
UMBANDA TEMPLE Uploaded byA. DISCOURSE OF RITUAL POSSESSION IN A
BRAZILIAN UMBANDA TEMPLEmore by Adail Sebastiao Rodrigues-Junior.
lix

Umbanda In The USA: Introduction to Orishas/Orixas

I live in the United States and unfortunately I was not yet able to find an
Umbanda Temple in my area (New York City). If you are depicted on this blog but
does not want to have your image shown here, I will gladly remove your photo.
The spirits of the phalanges represent the Orishas and sometimes they are even
believed to be the Orisha itself, as its strength is the pure emanation of the
Orisha. The spirits of the phalanges do not smoke, do not drink, do not speak.
The spirits that work in the temples and use smoking, drinking (amongst other
procedures) to heal are usually called dentities.
lx

Ritual Agency
His main research interests are the social history and the history of religion in
Hellenistic Greece and in the Roman East, primarily in light of the epigraphic
evidence. Friday, 3 October from 10:00 - 16:00: "Staging Religion: Traditional
Performances in New Public Spheres and Media" (Cluster of Excellence LAsia and
Europe in a Global Context: Shifting Asymmetries in Cultural Flows / B7) Institut
fr Medizinische Psychologie, Bergheimer Str.

lxi

MetaReligion
Umbanda supposedly works "for good," while Quimbanda is distinguished by its
intention to work "for evil". This is a simplistic interpretation, however, because
the ambivalence between good and evil seems, in reality, to be characteristic of
the fundamental myths of this strand of religion, which conceives of the cosmos
as divided between different factions, which relate to each other through
mystical attacks and defenses. As in the struggles of love and other competitive
situations, what is good for one party may be bad for the other, and vice versa.
lxii

UMBANDA: The Orixs

In the last Umbanda article, we covered a little bit about the origins of Umbanda,
and that it is a miscegenistic religion made up of Traditional African, European,
Native Brazilian religious/spiritual traditions. Today s installment is a general
exploration of those aspects of Umbanda drawn from Traditional African Religion
(TAR), practiced in Brazil since colonial times as a religion called dCandombl
(cahn-dohm-BLAY.) Umbanda s African elements are drawn from Candombl. THE
ORIXS (oh-ree-SHAHS) As the story goes, God (Olorum (oh-lo-ROOM)) created
the world by emanating 7 energetic vibrations, called dOrixs. Each of the 7
Orixs has a positive and a negative aspect, a masculine and feminine, a yin and
a yang, resulting in a total of 14 Orixs. The Orixs manifest as all the diverse
natural features of our planet, and also as the non-physical realities that govern
our lives things like love, hate, life, death, rebirth, decay, etc. The fascinating
benefit of studying the Orixs is learning how to connect nature to the inner
realities of our lives. For example, in Umbanda a river, and its inevitable flowing
to the sea, also describes the manner in which our hearts grow from the
experience of loving our tribe, pour family, our lover, to loving all of creation and
everyone in it without prejudice. When the Portuguese brought the Africans into
Catholic churches to be baptized and worship in the European manner, the
Africans intuitively recognized the 7 Orixs in Jesus, Mary, and various the Saints.
lxiii

Umbanda: Disappearing World

Umbanda combines elements from orthodox Catholicism with submerged African
and indigenous Indian spiritual beliefsas in dramatic trances, people believe
themselves seized by the spirits of old plantation slaves, Amazon Indians,
children, and mermaids. In spite of past attempts at suppression, Umbanda
flourishes in the heterogeneous culture of contemporary urban Brazil.
lxiv

The "Great" One's Blog

By JULIANA BARBASSAAP Sat, Dec 10, 2011 RIO DE JANEIRO (AP) Rosa Cardoso
has practiced the Afro-Brazilian religion of Umbanda almost all of her 89 years,
yet she hasn t stopped hiding her faith from the rest of the world. The door to the
temple she runs in a middle-class neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro sits behind a
plain, dilapidated door and has no sign out front announcing its presence. Inside,
worshippers pay homage to images of African-descended gods, the Orixas, but
the figures are stored discreetly behind a wooden lattice beneath an altar
adorned with a nearly life-sized image of Jesus flanked by St. Barbara and the
Virgin Mary. Although an estimated 400,000 Brazilians such as Cardoso follow the
religion, they also continue to face prejudices that clash with the country s public
image of racial and religious harmony. Intolerance and outright hostility against
Umbanda, as well as Brazil s other major African-descended religion Candomble,
have recently returned to the spotlight as religious-freedom activists denounce
the demolition of a house known as Umbanda s birthplace. At the same time, the
owner of another Umbanda temple in the same city, Sao Goncalo, across the bay
from Rio, is fighting an eminent domain order to turn his house into a sports
center. Cardoso said she s learned not to let down her guard when it comes to
protecting herself from religious scorn.
lxv

African Diaspora Religions

Quimbanda Quimbanda developed parallel to Umbanda, but in many ways in an
opposite direction. While Umbanda was more likely to embrace additional
religious thought and step away from traditional African religion, Quimbanda
more strongly embraces African religion While rejecting much of the Catholic
influence seen in other diaspora religion. The continent of Africa has been home
to hundreds of indigenous tribes speaking a wide variety of languages and
believing a wide variety of different spiritual ideas. One certainly cannot speak of
"African religion" as if it was a single, coherent set of beliefs. The versions of
these religions as they developed in the New World became known as African
Diaspora religions. Origins. While Umbanda was more likely to embrace
additional religious thought and step away from traditional African religion,
Quimbanda more strongly embraces African religion While rejecting much of the
Catholic influence seen in other diaspora religion. The continent of Africa has
been home to hundreds of indigenous tribes speaking a wide variety of
languages and believing a wide variety of different spiritual ideas. One certainly
cannot speak of "African religion" as if it was a single, coherent set of beliefs. The
versions of these religions as they developed in the New World became known as
African Diaspora religions. Origins. When African slaves were transported to the
New World between the 16th and 19th centuries, they each brought their own
personal beliefs. However, slave owners deliberately mixed slaves from a variety
of different backgrounds together in order to have a slave population that could
not easily communicate with itself, and thus curtail the ability to rebel. Moreover,
Christian slave owners frequently forbade the practice of pagan religions (even
when they also forbade conversion to Christianity). As such, groups of slaves
practiced in secret among strangers united by circumstance. Traditions from

multiple tribes began to mix together. They might also adopt New World native
beliefs if natives were also being used for slave labor. Finally, as slaves started
being allowed to convert to Christianity (with the understanding that such a
conversion would not free them from slavery), they began mixing in Christian
beliefs as well, either out of actual belief or out of a need to disguise their actual
practices. Because the African Diaspora religions draw strongly from multiple
distinct sources, they are also commonly identified as syncretic religions. The
Diaspora.
lxvi

rooted religions have strong hold in Brazil

Some estimates put it at two million members, but the real figure is likely to be
considerably higher. And today, Candomble, also practiced in neighboring
countries, is enjoying a revival as an affirmation of African identity and pride,
particularly in the northeastern state of Bahia state, the heart of Afro-Brazilian
culture. Official persecution of Candomble was part of a bid to eradicate African
influence and led to the emergence of Umbanda in 1908, said Mae Sylvia. -Umbanda: broader appeal among whites -- Umbanda incorporates not only the
cult of the orishas, but also elements of Catholicism, indigenous beliefs and the
European spiritist movement developed by Frenchman Allan Kardec in the 19th
century. Because it is less Africa-centered and excludes animal sacrifice, it has a
much broader appeal among white Brazilians. Rubens Saraceni, a white Brazilian
medium, is a prominent Umbanda priest and writer. "Candomble keeps a very
strong heritage from Africa, while Umbanda gives equal weight to indigenous
beliefs, spiritism and Christianity," he explained during a festival honoring the
deity Ogun in April. Nearly 1,000 disciples, most of them whites, attended the
Ogun festival, chanting, dancing and breaking into trance during spirit
possession. Saraceni estimates that with 600,000 Umbanda centers operating
nationwide, the faith has at least eight million declared followers and keeps
growing every year.
lxvii

ReligionFacts
South America and Europe Number: Approximately 2 million worldwide {1} What
is Candomble Candomble is a religion found primarily in Brazil that is strongly
influenced by religions from Africa, which came to Brazil by means of the slave
trade from the 16th to 19th century. Candomble is found in small numbers in
Uruguay, Argentina, Venezuela, Columbia, Germany, Italy, Portugal and.
lxviii

AFRICA: Santeria, Woodoo, Egyptians

Voodoo-Hoodoo Africa is a big place, with 51 independent countries today, and
hundreds of independent tribes before. and each one has its own way to practice
religion!

lxix

Macumba, another source of African spirituality

This date in 1550 celebrates the Macumba/Candomble religion, one of many
African-based faiths practiced in the Americas. Macumba is the "umbrella" term
used for two principle forms of African spirit worship: Candomble and Umbanda.
It is the Brazilian equivalent of Voudon and Santeria. Although macumba is
connected with black magic, a more suitable term is Quimbanda. When the
Portuguese began shipping Black slaves to Brazil in the 16th century, the country
already had a mixture of religions.
lxx

A Brief Overview of Candombl and Umbanda

What are two major Brazilian religions that have their base in African traditions
How are they the same and different. Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS)
University Center for International Studies 230 South Bouquet Street 4200
Wesley W.
lxxi

UMBANDA/CANDOMBLE
Such powers are usually discarded by official ideologies, but find a home in
Umbanda, where they can give a positive meaning to experience and destiny.
CANDOMBL CANDOMBL Candombl is a religion based on African beliefs which
is particularly popular in Brazil. It is also practised in other countries, and has as
many as two million followers. The religion is a mixture of traditional Yoruba, Fon
and Bantu beliefs which originated from different regions in Africa. It has also
incorporated some aspects of the Catholic faith over time. A religion which
combines elements of many religions is called a syncretic religion. Enslaved
Africans brought their beliefs with them when they were shipped to Brazil during
the slave trade. The name Candombl means 'dance in honour of the gods'.
Practitioners of Candombl believe in one all powerful God called Oludumar who
is served by lesser deities.
lxxii

Sitio do Blues BG @ Macumba

Various explanations of its meaning include "a musical instrument", the name of
a Central African deity, and simply "magic". It was the name used for all Bantu
religious practices mainly in Bahia Afro-Brazilian in the 19th Century. Later (20th
century) these practices re-aligned themselves into what are now called
Umbanda, Quimbanda and Omoloko. "Macumba" became common in some parts
of Brazil and this word is used by most people as a pejorative word meaning
"black witchcraft".
lxxiii

Lea's Blog: Brasil's Syncretic Religions

They are concentrated mainly in large urban centers in the Northeast, such as
Salvador (Bahia), Recife, or Rio de Janeiro in the Southeast. The capitals of S o
Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina have a great number of followers
too, but in the South of Brazil the most common African influenced Ritual is
Almas e Angola, which is an Umbanda-like religion that blends Catholicism, and
Kardecist Spiritualism 19th century mediumistic based phenomena , and AfroBrazilian religions ritual. Nowadays in Santa Catarina's capital there are over 70
"Terreiros", which are the places where the rituals run.
lxxiv

Umbanda Macumba
Afro-Brazilian religion open to all spirits (including cobclos). The trickster, makes
fun of humanbeings, but also the messenger, a mediator between humans and
Orixs. All in white, associated with sky, purity, seniority, carries a staff.
lxxv

BRAZIL: Vibrant, Convivial, Complex

African based religions such as Candomble and Umbanda, as well as Kardecist
Spiritism are often practiced along with the traditions of Roman Catholicism.
Candomble planted its roots in Brazil during the 17th century when slaves
brought from Africa wanted to practice their own religious beliefs. Their belief in
the "orixas" or guardian spirits corresponded to the guardian angels or saints of
Catholicism, so the slaves were able to maintain their religious customs, and the
religion with its traditions of chanting and rituals where contact is made with
otherworldly spirits survived through the centuries. Spiritism, with its roots in
France and a man named Allan Kardec, found its way to Brazil in the 19th
century and stresses contact with spirits, reincarnation, charity and selfimprovement ("Celebrate Brazil," 2010). Umbanda, another religion with African
roots, also is centered on contact with other worldly spirits. In my discussion with
Claudia Costabile (personal communication, October 27, 2012), she verified the
phenomenon of this syncretic approach to religion in her own family. While her
mother and sister are strictly Catholic, her father practices Catholicism, but also
attends meetings of one of the African cults, although she was not that certain of
the exact one.
lxxvi

Zenfolio
African at its core, the religion developed a distinct Brazilian identity. Current
forms of Umbanda blend African, Native Indian, Catholic beliefs and a mix called
Spiritism influenced by Allan Kardec, a French spiritualist. From Catholicism,
Umbanda adopted the concept of only one God, the creator, represented in
Umbanda by the Orisha Olorm or Oxal. Allan Kardec s contribution focused on

social fraternity and good works. Gatherings or conventions of UmbandaSpiritism belief include contacting the spirits of deceased people, Karmic law
(reincarnation and spiritual evolution).
lxxvii

The spirits are drawn eclectically from African ancestors or deities, from
legendary figures among the African ex-slave population, from notable
Amerindian leaders, from nature spirits in Brazilian tribal religions, from the
Virgin M ary or the saints of Portuguese folk Catholicism, and from O ccult powers
and spirits that feature in Alan Kardec's (180469) French philosophic form of S
piritualism that has been highly influential in Brazil. The latter explains the
appeal to the educated and upper classes; the spirits, who become equivalent to
local Catholic patron saints, appeal to the masses. In Brazil members of
Umbanda and Spiritism, which parallel elements in the same movement,
generally have dual affiliation with the Roman Catholic church, in part because
the Catholics offer status, and neither Umbanda nor Spiritism is given official
status.
lxxviii

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Constitution of Brazil guarantees freedom of religion and strongly prohibits
the establishment of any religion by banning government support or hindrance of
religion at all levels. 3 In the 2010 census 1 6 6% of the population declared
themselves as Roman Catholic, 2 2% as Protestant, 8% as non religious, and
5.2% as followers of other religions (mostly Spiritists or Kardecists who follow the
doctrines of Allan Kardec, Umbandists, Candomblers, Jehovah's Witnesses,
Mormons, and minorities of Buddhists, Jews, Muslims, and other groups).
Brazilian religions are very diversified and inclined to syncretism. They were
mainly Moroccan Jews, descendants of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews who had
been expelled from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1497. The first wave of
Sephardic Jews was exceeded by the larger wave of immigration by Ashkenazi
Jews that came at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries,
mainly from Russia, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. A final significant group came,
fleeing Nazism or the destruction that followed World War II. Brazil has the 9th
largest Jewish community in the world, about 107,329 by 2010, according to the
IBGE Census. 24 The Jewish Confederation of Brazil (CONIB) estimates that there
are more than 120,000 Jews in Brazil, 25 with the lower figure representing
active practitioners.
lxxix

Religion in Brazil
While Brazil still boasts the largest number of Roman Catholics in the world,
there has been a decline in the percentage. It has dropped to around seventythree percent of the overall population. Part of the reason for the decline is that

there are a fewer number of active Catholics in Brazil. Many of those who declare
themselves to be Catholic are not practicing members. For instance, while most
Brazil Catholics are baptized and married in the church, many do not attend Mass
or participate in church activities. More women attend church than men and you
will see more elderly people in church than younger members. The Catholic
Church has made attempts to interest younger people in an effort to increase
attendance. Another reason for the decline of Roman Catholicism is the growth of
other religions throughout the country. Syncretism has become part of Brazilian
religion over the years. It is a combination of religious beliefs to incorporate
different aspects of each of them. It is mainly a blending of Roman Catholicism
with the Afro-Brazilian cults. The two most well known and widely accepted
blended religions are umbanda and candomble. Many of the followers of these
two religions and other similar ones live in urban areas such as Rio in the north
or Sao Paulo in the south. Many of their rituals were originally brought to Brazil
by the slaves from Africa where they gradually were integrated into Brazilian
religion. The African people would summon their Gods through chants, songs,
and dances. They were persecuted by non-followers as pagans or satanics.
Today, they give food offerings or candles and flowers to the spirits and leave
them in public places. They are still treated differently in southern Brazil even
though many Christians follow both religions. You will find many other religions
represented in Brazil in today s society. There are a small number of Jews,
Buddhists, Islamic people, and many others. In the Amazon, you will find Indians
who still practice their traditions. Some of their beliefs, including the use of
plants, are incorporated into other African and folk religions. There is a small
number of Brazilians who are agnostic or atheists, but they are a tiny percentage
of the population. In fact, they make up only about seven percent for all of Brazil.
How Religion Affects the Brazil Culture. As with many other countries, Roman
Catholicism played a heavy role in society at its height. Divorce was not allowed
in the country until 1977 even if the couple had other beliefs. Since the 70s, the
Roman Catholic religion has lost much of its influence; however, it and other
religions still play a large part in Brazil s culture and celebrations. Catholicism
can be seen in the festivals that are celebrated in Brazil, such as the Cirio de
Nazare in Belem and the pilgrimage to the National Shrine of Our Lady of
Aparecida (Our Lady of Appearance). They celebrations are enjoyed by large
numbers of Brazilian citizens and visitors. Many cities in the central part of the
country celebrate the Festo do Divino (Feast of the Holy Ghost). It is a large
celebration that lasts a week and takes place fifty days after Easter. The whole
town gets involved and provides food and entertainment. Meals are given to the
poor and needy and dances are held in the streets. Children receive bags of
treats during the celebration. One recent trend that is affecting the culture of
Brazil is the increase in other Protestant religions in many areas of the country.
Considerately more conservative than many of the other religions, they have
strict standards in many areas. They have rules of conduct on personal behavior
with regards to drinking, smoking, gambling, and dressing. Their appeal is to the
migrants in urban areas who are adapting to a new life. Brazilian religion is as old
and as varied as the country itself. Like any other country, the social and cultural
behaviors are reflective of the influence that the various religions have on it.

While you still see the influence of the Roman Catholic religion, other belief
systems are becoming more dominant in many areas of Brazil society. The fact
that Brazil is a country steeped in religious tradition is recognized by visitors and
residents alike.
lxxx

I know many other people who also have found themselves in Umbanda".
lxxxi

Brazil Travel Northeast

Religion in Brazil The Brazil religion is predominantly Catholicism, with Brazil
having the largest Roman Catholic population in the world. In a census which
took place in 2000, seventy percent of the Brasil population declared being
Roman Catholic, with approximately ninety percent declaring some religious
belief system. The Brazil culture and religion is part of the worldwide Roman
Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, Benedict XVI, who
visited Brazil in. In addition Christianity - Pentecostalism, Babtistism and
methodism, which are also growing in numbers, there are many other belief
systems, many of which have been absorbed into Catholicism. There is also a
large number of.
lxxxii

Brazilian Religion
During the years of slavery in Brazil, Candomble was introduced by Nigerian and
Benin slaves coming into the country. Many times, you will see this religion and
the Catholic religion co-exist in an odd manner. This is due to the fact that years
ago slave owners were almost always Catholic. They wanted their slaves to
convert, but of course the slaves wanted to keep their own religion. Brazil
religion and practices are extremely diverse and span several different belief
systems and religious traditions. Brazilians enjoy complete freedom to practice
their personally held religious beliefs, so the country has every religion from
Catholicism to Candomble. The Influence of Brazilian Religion.
lxxxiii

What is Candomble, Beliefs, History

It is a syncretic religion, meaning that it is a combination of various beliefs. At
the core of the religion are the traditional African beliefs of Yoruba, Fon and
Bantu. Candomble also has elements of Christianity, particularly of Catholicism.
Although many slaves converted to Christianity, others still practiced their
religions in secret or disguised their practices as those of Catholicism. Up to the
1970s, Africans were persecuted if they were caught practicing Candomble. Ever
since that time, the religion has become very popular in Brazil, especially in the
northeastern city of Salvador da Bahia.

lxxxiv

Candombl and Umbanda in Lisbon

While originally thought of as a clear representation of the blending of Roman
Catholicism with the African religions, it was later realized that this discredited
the political motivations not to incorporate Roman Catholic beliefs into their
religious practices, but rather to preserve the ability to practice their religion
under the imposition of Catholicism. And although this better explains the intent
of early practitioners of these religions, it is not to say that the incorporation of
Roman Catholic imagery in their religion left the beliefs themselves untouched,
as indeed the religious practices were constantly negotiated and religious
meanings recreated in relation to the Catholic hegemony and the now present
Catholic symbolism in the religions themselves. In fact, much of the impetus for
claims that these religious practices represent dAfrican memory or preserve
African ritual and religious meaning are born out of political movements of the
late-nineteenth and early twentieth century. Lorand Matory writes, dreturnees
from Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, North America, the Virgin Islands, and Sierra Leone
converged on Lagos during the nineteenth century and not only composed a
novel African ethnic identity Yoruba , but through a literate and politicized
struggle, guaranteed that it would be respected in a unique way by generations
of students of Africa and its diaspora. Indeed, a cross-continentally mobile class
of Black students composed a Yoruba ethnicity out of many smaller ethnic and
political groups along and near the Nigerian coast, centered on the port city of
Lagos. Connected to in many ways, if temporally far removed from the
contemporary negotiations of national identity and religious practices that will be
discussed later in this paper, these black students constructed anew a historical
nation but also negotiated self-identities drawing on a mix of nationalisms in the
Americas and their colonial referents.
lxxxv

The Roman Catholic Church is the largest religious denomination of Christianity

with over one billion members. It claims that it is both organizationally and
doctrinally the original Christian Church, founded by Jesus Christ.
lxxxvi

It is only since the late 1950's that accurate studies by anthropologists have
been published. Other religions (Macumba, Candomble, Umbanda and Santeria)
bear many similarities to Vodun.
lxxxvii

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The dominant religion of Brazil historically was and still is Christianity. Brazil
possesses a richly spiritual society formed from the meeting of the Roman
Catholic Church with the religious traditions of African slaves and indigenous
people. This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led

to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the

overarching umbrella of Brazilian Roman Catholicism, characterized by
traditional Portuguese festivities. 3 Until recently Catholicism was
overwhelmingly dominant.
lxxxviii

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Constitution of Brazil guarantees freedom of religion and strongly prohibits
the establishment of any religion by banning government support or hindrance of
religion at all levels. 3 In the 2010 census 1 6 6% of the population declared
themselves as Roman Catholic, 2 2% as Protestant, 8% as non religious, and
5.2% as followers of other religions (mostly Spiritists or Kardecists who follow the
doctrines of Allan Kardec, Umbandists, Candomblers, Jehovah's Witnesses,
Mormons, and minorities of Buddhists, Jews, Muslims, and other groups).
Brazilian religions are very diversified and inclined to syncretism. Brazil has the
largest number of Catholics in the world. 9 Roman Catholicism has been Brazil's
main religion since the beginning of the 16th century. It was introduced among
the Native Brazilians by Jesuits missionaries and also observed by all the
Portuguese first settlers. During colonial times, there was no freedom of religion.
lxxxix

Top 10 Lesser Known Religions

Also, the Umbanda religion rejects the witchcraft of Macumba and Quimbanda
rituals such as animal sacrifice. Spiritism is a religion that is not seen as a
religion at all to its followers. Spiritism does not support formal adoration, require
regular frequency or formal membership and says that they are not opposed to
science, instead trying to harmonize with it. Mainly Christianity and Western
traditions are the roots of Spiritism.
xc

The Umbanda religion summons the spirits of old slaves and Brazilian Indians to
speak through the mouths of mediums in trance. Its practitioners worship African
gods, often calling them by the names of Catholic saints; simultaneously
embrace the concepts of karma, reincarnation, and Christian charity; and believe
in the capacities of both modern science and ancient magic. A relatively new
religion dating to the beginning of the twentieth century, Umbanda has its
origins in Rio de Janeiro and its surrounding urban areas where Afro-Brazilians,
many ex-slaves or the descendants of slaves, practiced versions of the religion
handed down to them by their ancestors.
xci

Religions in World Cultures

Umbanda merges African religions with Catholicism, Spirtism and other

indigenous aspects. It is believed that there is a supreme God called Olorum with
many other gods who come second to Olorum called Orixas.
xcii

Alternative Religions
Umbanda was developed in Brazil, Obeah was formed in Jamaica, and Abakua
was formed in Cuba. Although based on ancient traditional Witchcraft, Wicca is
quite a modern religion.
xciii

Religion
Throughout the year, the two religions had many corresponding festivals. While
the slaves kept their traditional observances (some native Indian beliefs were
also added to candombl ), their owners celebrated too, apparently convinced
that they and their slaves were practicing one faith. The Catholic Church was
content to let matters lie, hoping that, over the years, African tradition would
eventually die out and that Christian belief would be strengthened.
xciv

Candombl, Umbanda e MacumbaOh My!

It s much easier to maintain Umbanda outside of Brazil when compared to
Candombl. California, New York, and D.C are a few cities that come to mind that
I know have established Umbanda temples and regular worship.
xcv

Patriarca Profeta Elia

Shamanism is to learn how to use the healing art and spiritual practice. The
noticeable growth in the West of the ancient tradition of Shamanism derives from
a personal, deep, primal need to reconnect with ourselves; to connect and enjoy
mother earths gifts, and to connect to others. Shamanism is a spiritual way to be
conscious and stay awake and aware in order to bring you home to your whole,
true self. During the Shaman Journey you travel to meet your animal helpers,
guides, ancestor s, higher self, earths dimensions and others on your team in the
spirit world for the purpose of problem solving, obtaining guidance, healing,
receive information in balancing, for yourself and others. This ancient healing art
has few tools and you need only bring the following to this group: a candel, a
blanket, a pillow, a cover for your eyes (scarf), journal and pen, water and snack.
of continuous studying and practicing of healing arts. I began to study Shamanic
Practices specifically in 1970 in Brazil So Salvador da Bahia, Umbanda.
Umbanda (Portuguese pronunciation: bd ) is a Brazilian religion that blends
African religions with Catholicism, Spiritism, and considerable indigenous lore.
Umbanda is related to, and has many similarities with, other Afro-Brazilian

religions like Candombl and Quimbanda, but has its own identity, connected to
the deities called Orixas.
xcvi

Brazilian religions
Umbanda blends African religions with Catholicism, Spiritism, and considerable
indigenous lore, while the others are based in the anima (soul) of the natural
environment, the rituals involving the possession of the initiated by Orishas
(spirits or deities that reflects one of the manifestations of God), offerings and
sacrifices of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdom, healing,
dancing/trance, and percussion. Candombl temples are called houses (casas),
plantations (ro cas), or yards (terreiros), the priesthood being organized into
symbolic families.
xcvii

Kardecism
The significance of the cane rises from an old legend and Umbanda, an afroBrazilian religion that blends ideas from African religions, Catholicism, Spiritism,
Kardecism and native folklore. Great care has been taken to prepare the
information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical
knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources.
xcviii

All About Religions in Brazil

In the early 20th century, Umbanda followers (as well as any practitioner of
African religions) were victims of religious persecution, being chased and beaten
up by government representatives. Umbanda followers believe in the existence
of a supreme god named Zambi, preaching fraternity, charity and respect to
others. As Umbanda has incorporated practices originated from Spiritualism, the
practice of mediumship is adopted as means of contact between the physical
and the spiritual world. Umbanda is based on the pursuit of a peaceful life and
respect to humankind, nature and god, respecting all different beliefs, regardless
on religion. However, its followers still suffer a great prejudice in Brazil,
especially because most Brazilians believe that African religions are directly
connected to witchcraft. Another practice highly condemned in Brazil is the
sacrifice of animals to be offered as gifts to dorixs, who are important deities of
Umbanda.
xcix

Angelfi re
THE SONGS (SOON) THE OFFERING (EBO) (SOON) HISTORY OF UMBANDA
UMBANDA is the new designation of an old Religion. Since immemorial times the
mankind worships its Gods tying them to the forms or elements of the Nature.

Thus, we have several THEOGONIES (1), amongst which stood out: the Egyptian,
the Greek and the Roman. Among the Black People of Africa several Theogonies
was developed, standing out the ORISHA (2) Theogony, Divinities that dominate
the Nature elements and second a Main God (and Only) in the control of the
Earth and its inhabitants. That Religion of Orixs arrived to Brazil, through the
African blacks originating from of the area where today it is located Nigeria,
brought as slaves, since the first years of Brazil, untill II Empire. By virtue of the
disaggregation of the Cult of Orixs, motivated by the deliberate dissemination
of the blacks by the several Brazilian areas, mixing the several groups, the
UMBANDA appeared, a simplified form of the African model of the Religion of
Orixs, which is, still, very complex, requesting a long initiation period. That new
form of Cult of Orixs mixed with strange practices to the African model, such as:
Practices of Occultism, Kardec's Spiritism, Oriental Religions, Indigenous Cults
and Catholic Practices. Even so, its base stayed africanist, because the main
purpose of UMBANDA is still the Cult to Orixs, which and done in a imitation (*)
of the Cults of Nation (3), the today called CANDOMBLS (4). (*) We don't want to
give pejorative sense to the word " imitation ", but yes to say that the
ceremonies of Umbanda are similar to the one of the Candombls, of course with
variations. Several classifications have been given to the forms of Umbanda
practiced nowadays, but we preferred not to enter in this subject for too much
polemic.
c

View topic
Today in Brasil that is thousands of terreiros e centros the practice Umbanda in
different way, sometimes calling themselves Umbanda but beeing tottally
different. One important characteristic of Umbanda it that is no official book, so
everything is ruled by the spirit of the house, like days of gira, types of work, and
so on. The spirit rules of the terreiros are most of the time a Preto-velho or a
Preta-velha (a spirit the show themselves as a wise old slave) that presente
themselves to help his brother with words, advices, healing and so on. On the
material side, the terreiro itIs ruled by the Chefe de Terreiro and Me Pequena
(Little mother) That is also the Cablocos who is the people of the forest, the Exus
and the Pomba gira, Linha do Oriente (Spirits that are working in the Umaband
but that lived in other countries and tradition like tibetan Monks, Catolic Priests,
Nunes, or a Jew rabbi) and also the children spirits and many other. The Exu of
Umbanda is different from the Candomble, in the Umbanda Exu and Pomba Gira
are spirits, dead people, like all the other spirits that possess or not the mediuns
to help.
ci

Umbanda no Brasil :: Movie Download

The book studies the Brazilian religion known as spiritism, a syncretism of African
beliefs and magical rites, Indian beliefs and images, and Catholic symbols.

cii

Macumba: The Teachings of Maria

Umbanda, called by outsiders for "Macumba", have more than 15 milion Brazilian
followers and have only grown bigger and bigger during the past century.
Umbanda and the other Afro-Brazilian religions, like Kimbanda, Candomble and
Catimbo, can be compared to the Haitian Vodou religion and is in the same way
as Vodou a synthesis of pagan African religion and Catholicism. The author of the
book have interwied different people who are part of this religion, like the "Mae
de Santo" Maria Jos, who is a high priestess of an Umbanda Terreiro or Temple
of. In the book the author explains about how the African religions was brought to
brazil along with the African slaves, and how the slaves had to mask their own
spirituality in the form of catholicism and hide their own gods in the form of the
christian saints, in order to survive. In the different chapters of the book we can
read about the differnt gods of Umbanda who are called Orixas and about the
different rituals that are used by the followers of this religon to contact and get
the blessings and the help from the different spirits.
ciii

Umbanda Wikipedia
Die Umbanda ist eine synkretistische oder esoterische Religion aus Brasilien, in
deren Zentrum das Verkrperungsgeschehen von Geistwesen sozialer
Randgruppen sowie das Gesprch mit ihnen stehen. Die Sprache ist das
Verbindungsglied zwischen den materiellen und den immateriellen Welten.
Geschulte Medien treten in Trance, um sie in ihren Krpern manifestieren zu
lassen. 1 Umbanda grenzt sich sowohl vom Spiritismus nach Allan Kardec
(Kardezismus), als auch vom Candombl ab und integriert in ihrem
Glaubenssystem sowohl christlich-katholische, kabbalistische als auch
hinduistische bzw. buddhistische Werte. 2 Sogenannte (weibliche) Caboclas und
(mnnliche) Caboclos, spirituelle Wesen indigener Ureinwohner Brasiliens, und
Pretas Velhas und Pretos Velhos, spirituelle Wesen afrikanischer Sklaven aus
Brasiliens Kolonialzeit, bilden die zentralen Figuren des umbandistischen
Pantheons.
civ

A uniquely Brazilian religion celebrates 100 years

Although the religion is legal now, Brazil's mushrooming Pentecostal churches
still regularly condemn Umbanda and other Afro-Brazilian religions as the work of
the devil. Armando Fernndes, the president of a temple in a poor Rio de Janeiro
neighborhood, said that such persecution shows a lack of understanding of the
religion and its ceremonies. He spoke while embodying an indigenous spirit
known as the Seven-Arrows Indian. ''We've suffered a lot of discrimination, but
people just need to understand us,'' Fernandes said in the heavy lisp that's
characteristic of the indigenous spirit. ``We're helping communities in need of

spiritual healing.'' According to Zumira dos Santos Magalhaes, a manicurist who

visited Cardoso's temple, many attend Umbanda ceremonies to ask counsel from
spirits on everyday problems. At Friday's ceremony, dozens of people paid $4
each to ask worshipers embodying the spirits about everything from how to get a
pay raise to what to do about an unfaithful spouse. The questions commonly
sparked long discussions reminiscent of therapy sessions. ''Each entity speaks in
a different way with different words, so you have to figure out what they mean,''
Magalhaes said. ``But their advice helps a lot of people.'' Cardoso said she joined
the religion at age 17 after a possessed worshipper held her hands and cured her
of a mysterious illness.
cv

RELIGION OF BRAZIL
Umbanda: Another Pagan religion is Umbanda which is made up of several
religious practices. Some of these practices have been borrowed from Hinduism,
Buddhism, the Yoruba religion and Brazilian Indian religions. They use the names
of the catholic saints instead of the African names for their orix.
cvi

Umbanda. followed by an estimated 400.000 Brazilians, was founded a little

more than a century ago, drawing from Catholicism, the beliefs of enslaved
Yoruba people from West Africa and the teachings of 19th century French
spiritualist Allan Kardec. Comments comments Afro Brazilian Religion Umbanda
Most Popular Saints in Brazil World Saint George Attends Sao Jorges Day
Celebrations 2014 2014-04-24 Admin Share ! tweet Tagged with: Afro Brazilian
Religion Umbanda Most Popular Saints in Brazil World Saint George Attends Sao
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cvii

Brazilian religion under threat

Rosa Cardoso has practiced the Afro-Brazilian religion of Umbanda almost all of
her 89 years, yet she hasn't stopped hiding her faith from the rest of the world.
In this photo taken on Monday Nov. 25, 2011, a woman, left, laughs as another
lights a candle during the 'Exu' and 'Pomba Gira' ceremony at an Umbanda
house of worship in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Intolerance and outright hostility
against Umbanda, as well as against Brazil's other major African-descended
religion Candomble, have recently returned to the spotlight as religious-freedom
activists cry foul over the demolition of a house known as Umbanda's birthplace.
cviii

About Us

To dedicate oneself to the study of the works of Afro-Brazilian Umbanda and

works codified by Allan Kardec, promoting them in all of their scientific,
philosophic and religious aspects, with the goal of of the student living in a
disciplined, conscious and permanent way. 5) The intention to promote
interchange with scientific entities and international organizations, for the
elaboration and creation of educational centers or of educational nuclei and
social and educational orientation and help for children, the elderly and
adolescents.
cix

No reports on the treatment of followers of the Umbanda religion by authorities

or the general population could be found among the sources consulted by the
Research Directorate. Various reports refer to the practice of Umbanda rituals at
"houses" (casas or terreiros) and public places in Brazil, as well as art exhibits
related to Umbanda and other Brazilian belief systems that combine African and
Catholic elements. However, the only references found on conflict between
authorities and members or followers of Umbanda are crime-related. In one case
a live chicken being taken by visitors to inmates at a prison for use in Umbanda
rituals was found by guards to have cocaine in it, with the apparent purpose of
smuggling the drug inside the prison (O Estado de Sao Paulo 4 June 2000).
cx

Journeying to the Goddess

The Festa da Conceio da Praia (Feast to Our Lady of Conception of the church
at the beach) is a city holiday dedicated to the Catholic saint and also to
Iemanj. Another feast occurs on this day in the Pedra Furada, Monte Serrat in
Salvador, Bahia, called the Gift to Iemanj, when fishermen celebrate their
devotion to the Queen of the Ocean. Outside Bahia State, Iemanj is celebrated
mainly by followers of the Umbanda religion. On New Year s Eve in Rio de Janeiro,
millions of cariocas, of all religions, dressed in white gather on Copacabana
beach to greet the New Year, watch fireworks, and throw (white) flowers and
other offerings into the sea for the Goddess in the hopes that she will grant them
their requests for the coming year.
cxi

Amazonian Crossroads: Carimb, Batuque And Umbanda

Most of this music was recorded during live ceremonies involving spiritpossession in two religions, Batuque and Umbanda, brought into Bel m by
successive waves of migration and increased contact with the rest of the country.
Batuque was brought in from the neighboring state of Maranh o, which, like Haiti,
had received large numbers of slaves from Dahomey in West Africa. Maranh o s
capital city of S o Luis was like an island of African culture in the region, which
then spread to Bel m. But no African religion could survive there without
incorporating elements of Brazilian Indian origin, and this would explain why on

track 4, spirits traceable to forest shamanism appear alongside Ado cu, a

Dahomean fodun, or spirit, of royal lineage. Umbanda has been called Brazil s
truly national religion, and its spread to Bel m was assisted by the opening of the
Bel m-Bras ilia highway in the 1960s. Umbanda has acted like a "front of national
penetration," to use a local phrase that reflects the region's historic isolation and
lack of integration with the rest of the country. The most spectacular track in this
collection Is Ogum-I , an Umbanda festival for an orix , a spirit of Yoruba origin.
The tremendous energy heard here is not only spiritual d it also reflects the joy of
being integrated into the national sphere, and of attaining a national identity at
the religious level.
cxii

Practitioners of Umbanda in US or outside Brazil ?

I think most of the Brazilians who emigrate to the US originate from smaller city
centers, not Rio (where I'm from) or Sao Paulo, and these are the major centers
for Umbanda. I'm very familiar with spiritismo (Allan Kardec) but there are a
great many similarities between these two religions, you will just want to stay
away from Quimbanda, or any of the other religion that emphasizes on the
pombagiras. Really, you don't want to mess with that. Good luck exploring!
Asker's rating & comment Thanks for the info ! I didn't think it was very likely,
but thought I'd ask anyway. 0 0 Comment Other Answers (1) La Nokta Besto
answered 5 years ago I seriously doubt there are any Umbandistas on Yahoo!
Thanks in.show more Best AnswerAsker's Choice runninlola answered 5 years
ago Umbandistas (practitioners) are few and far between even in Brazil, I doubt
you would find any terreiros in the US, but it's possible. I think most of the
Brazilians who emigrate to the US originate from smaller city centers, not Rio
(where I'm from) or Sao Paulo, and these are the major centers for Umbanda. I'm
very familiar with spiritismo (Allan Kardec) but there are a great many similarities
between these two religions, you will just want to stay away from Quimbanda, or
any of the other religion that emphasizes on the pombagiras. Really, you don't
want to mess with that. Good luck exploring! Asker's rating & comment Thanks
for the info ! I didn't think it was very likely, but thought I'd ask anyway. 0 0
Comment Other Answers (1) La Nokta Besto answered 5 years ago I seriously
doubt there are any Umbandistas on Yahoo! Brazil Brazil is way ahead of the
world on Alternative Energy usage, why do you think the US has not followed suit
CNN out of gas story last night.
cxiii

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The primate of Brazil is Dom Murilo Ramos Krieger. Roman Catholicism is the
largest denomination in the country, where 130 million people, or 6 6% of the
Brazilian population, are self-declared Catholics. 1 These figures makes Brazil the
single country with the largest Roman Catholic community in the world. 2 3 4
However, for some sociologists of religion, Catholicism in Brazil is more of a
tradition than a religious practice itself. Although it is common for Brazilian

Catholics to be baptized and married in the Catholic Church, only 20% of selfdeclared Catholics attend Mass and participate in church activities, according to
the CNBB. 3 Thus, Brazil also has the largest number of lapsed Catholics in the
world.
cxiv

Brazil Religion Roman Catholicism

Brazil Religion Roman Catholicism Brazil Religion Roman Catholicism Roman
Catholicism Brazil's strong Roman Catholic heritage can be traced to the Iberian
missionary zeal, with the fifteenth-century goal of spreading Christianity to the
infidels. In the New World, these included both Amerindians and African slaves. In
addition to conversion, there were also strong efforts to enforce compliance with
Roman Catholicism, including the Inquisition, which was not established formally
in Brazil but nonetheless functioned widely in the colonies.
cxv

People and Society

Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion, with 90 percent of the population
claiming at least nominal affiliation. About 6 percent are defined as members of
Protestant churches. In recent years Pentecostal groups, which believe in the
experience of holiness, or Christian perfection, have grown rapidly.
cxvi

Religion in Brazil
There are followers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints; small
minorities of Jews; Moslems, Buddhists and numerous followers of Candomble
and Umbanda. The famous statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro. There
are over a million and a half Spiritists or Kardescists who follow the doctrines of
Allan Kardec.
cxvii

For instance, when Brazilians were asked in a 2006 Pew Research survey whether
it was important to live in a country where there is freedom of religion for
religions other than their own, nearly the same percentage of people indicated
that this was important (95%) as indicated that it was important to live in a
country where they can practice their own religion freely (96%). An expression of
such support for religious freedom occurred this spring when the government of
So Paulo - Brazil's commercial center and the western hemisphere's most
populous city at 20 million - declared that henceforth May 25th will be "religious
freedom day". This declaration coincided with a multi-faith religious freedom
festival that drew nearly 30,000 participants, including the participation of the
Catholic archdiocese, leading politicians and celebrities. Low religious restrictions
and support for religious freedom are notable in a country that is undergoing

what is perhaps one of the most dynamic religious shifts in the world today.
Religious Shifts Since the Portuguese colonized Brazil in the 16th century, it has
been overwhelmingly Catholic. And today Brazil has more Roman Catholics than
any other country in the world an estimated 123 million. And today Brazil has
more Roman Catholics than any other country in the world an estimated 123
million. But a recent Pew Research analysis finds that the share of Brazil s overall
population that identifies as. Catholic has been dropping steadily in recent
decades, while the percentage of Brazilians who belong to Protestant churches
has been rising.
cxviii

Brazil Religion Information

In the late nineteenth century, the original Roman Catholic populace of Iberian
origin was reinforced by a large number of Italian Catholics who immigrated to
Brazil, as well as some Polish and German Catholic immigrants. According to all
the constitutions of the republican period, there is no state or official religion. In
practice, however, separation of church and state is weak. Government officials
generally avoid taking action that may offend the church. Brazil is said to be the
largest Roman Catholic country in the world.
cxix

Face of religion changing in Brazil

The thought of having "no religion" was unthinkable in Brazil in the 1970s when
less than one percent of the population identified themselves as such. But by
2000 it was up to 7 percent, and by 2010 8 percent. While the percentages do
not look good for the Catholic Church in Brazil, digging deeper into the IBGE data
revels the raw numbers paint a more promising picture. The total population of
Brazil is 198.4 million, as of last year.
cxx

What is the religion of Brazil

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Disk Drives Answer it! In Religion & Spirituality What is the religion of Brazil
Answered Most Recently Tobias Cooper It is about 7 6 percent Catholic, 15.4
percemt Protestant and the balance is either non-religious or a variety of other
religions. According to the CIA World Factbook, the predominent religions of
Brazil are: Catholic 7 6% Protestant 15.4% Spiritualist 3% Bantu/voodoo 0.3%
other 8% unspecified 0.2% It is about 7 6 percent Catholic, 15.4 percemt
Protestant and the balance is either non-religious or a variety of other religions.
According to the CIA World Factbook, the predominent religions of Brazil are:
Catholic 7 6% Protestant 15.4% Spiritualist 3% Bantu/voodoo 0.3% other 8%
unspecified 0.2% Minor edit Save Cancel Did this answer your question Yes No
Partially Thanks for your feedback! +1 pt Edit Share to: Nathan Mceleny
Answered in Religion & Spirituality What is the main religion in Brazil catholic 7
6% protestant 15.4% spiritualist 3% Bantu/voodoo 0.3% CONTINUE READING
Kanopus Answered in Countries, States, and Cities Where is Brazil In South
America, on the Atlantic side.Brazil is located South America. It's the biggest
country in this continent. It's in. CONTINUE READING Mrsbrebre baby Answered
in Brazil What is the capitol of Brazil The capital of Brazil is BrasiliaThe Brazilian
Capital is Braslia, a planned city build in the 1960's. It was designed. CONTINUE
READING Rikveda Answered in Religion & Spirituality Why are there religions
There are religions because people had traditions and beliefs that eventually
became formalized.
cxxi

Umbanda In The USA: WHAT IS UMBANDA?

This short article was found on umbanda.org website. "The word Umbanda is a
sacred term from Abanheenga language, spoken by members belonging to the
Tupy Lineage. Contrary to what many may think this word has not been brought
by the African slaves. In fact, its usage has been found in Afro-Amerindian cults
only after 193.
cxxii

Folklore Forum
The spirits talk to members of Umbanda centers through the mediums and help
them work through issues and problems they are experiencing. Mediums take on
the full mannerisms of the spirit they are channeling during the trances. It
involves mediums who summon spirits of old slaves, Indians, saints, and even
young children through trance. It is a mixture of traditional African religious
practices brought over by slaves, Catholicism, and sometimes the writings of
Allen Kardec; full of African rituals and magic, it still manages to tie in Catholic
ideas. Many Afro-Brazilians particularly identify with this religion because of its

undeniable African roots. Recently, however, Brazilian people of European

descent have begun to practice Umbanda. There are multiple kinds of spirits that
serve different purposes.
cxxiii

In Rio de Janeiro some citizens are being shown going about tehir daily activities.
cxxiv

Religion
Umbanda is an Afro-Brazilian religion that blends African religions with
Catholicism, Spiritism (influenced by, but not limited to, Kardecism) and
considerable indigenous lore. Umbanda is related to, and has many similarities
with, other Afro-Brazilian religions like Candombl and Quimbanda, but has its
own identity. Although some of its beliefs and most of its practices existed in the
late 19th century in almost all Brazil, it is assumed that Umbanda originated in
Rio de Janeiro and surrounding areas in the early 20th century, mainly due to the
work of a psychic (medium), Zlio Fernandino de Moraes, who practiced
Umbanda among the poor Afro-Brazilian population. Since then, Umbanda has
spread across mainly southern Brazil and even to neighboring countries like
Uruguay and Argentina. Umbanda has many branches, each one with a different
set of beliefs and practices. Some of the Umbanda's basic beliefs are the
existence of a One Supreme Creator God represented in the(the Orix Olorum Or
Oxala );natural forces or deities called Orixs;some of them synchronistic with
Catholic Saints that act as God's energy and forces of nature; spirits of deceased
people that counsel and guide believers through troubles in our material world;
psychics called mediums who have a natural ability that can be perfected to
bring messages from the spiritual world of Orixs and the guiding spirits; and
reincarnation and spiritual evolution through many material lives (Karmic Law)
and the practices of Charity and social fraternaty. The information here
presented is just a general view of all Umbanda branches, so some beliefs and
practices here described could be different from those observed in a specific
place. Contents show Basic beliefs and practices Edit.
cxxv

Spiritism (Kardecism) is an European religion, created in France by Allan Kardec

in the 19th century. In some parts of Brazil where the African religions
(Candomble, Umbanda) are popular, like in Salvador, for example, there is some
degree of "syncretism" between those African religions and Spiritism, because
both believe in "obsession" by spirits. But you should not confuse Spiritism and
Candomble. Most believers of Spiritism don't have any relations at all with
Candomble, as well as most believers of Candomble don't have any relations at
all with Spiritism. Yes, the Protestant / Evangelical churches are expanding a lot
in Brazil. There are thousands of different denominations, and the temples are
everywhere. The largest denominations are the "Assembleia de Deus"
(Assemblies of God) and the native "Igreja Universal" (created by "bishop" Edir

Macedo, who is now a very rich man, and is owner of Rede Record, Brazil's
second largest television network). But the Catholic Church is still by far the
largest in Brazil.
cxxvi

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Spiritualism is a name common to various religions, philosophies or other names,
refers to the opposite of materialism.
cxxvii

Africa: Hystory, Folklore and Religion

The Catholic Church s attack on the religion of Umbanda was just as vicious as
the Rio de Janeiro police force s, if not more so. The Catholic Church undertook a
well-organized campaign to misrepresent, discredit, and undermine primarily
African Brazilians from their preaching pulpits and through mass media channels
to the point of excommunicating those who displayed a dual religious affiliation.
Despite the aggressive police mandates and intense Catholic religious offensives
to eradicate Umbanda from Rio de Janeiro, this was not accomplished due to the
deep African spiritual consciousness of thousands of Brazilians, which could not
be unearthed and moved from its center. In fact, the physical and religious
assaults caused the African-centered form of Umbanda in 1952 to develop the
Spiritist Umbanda Federation, whose explicit aim was to provide legal
registration, attorney advice, and governmental support to avoid infringement on
religious rights.
cxxviii

Fodder: Religion in Brazil

Today, a blending of Catholicism and Candomble is practiced by many people
throughout Brazil. Umbanda is a religion derived from Candomble coupled with
Christianity and Kardecism and is widely practiced thoughtout Brazil. Umbanda
believes there is one supreme creator god who gives power to spirits of
deceased people to counsel and guide believers. These dead spirits are also
being transformed through spiritual evolution into other life forms and physical
material. Hmmm.
cxxix

Guided by Spirits
It seems Umbanda was an attempt to create a religion by the upper classes that
would allow them some contact with the African religions yet be separate. Then,
in the period between 1950 and 1980, the African religions became more
acceptable and popular, which undermined Umbanda. The subject of the Egun,
the dead, was very interesting to me, as it is very important in all the African
derived religions. It is an area that seems problematic to me with regard to the

Cuban and Caribbean forms of African religion that are more prevalent in the
United States. Numerous books on the subject, and my own experience confirms,
that the cult of the dead did not travel to Cuba as the other parts did. Thus, in
the 19th century when Spiritualism and Kardecism became popular, Kardecism
was substituted for the parts of the missing cult of the dead. I had wondered if
the African cult of the dead had travelled to Brazil because they had more African
slaves sent to Brazil up to about 1850. In the United States and I think much of
the Caribbean, fewer slaves from Africa were brought during the 19th century.
Unfortunately, the survival of the cult of the dead in Brazil is not answered by
this book, unless by its absence, it is indicated that it did not, just as in the other
areas like Cuba.
cxxx

The entities in Umbanda are divided in Right side (good entities) and Left side
(evil or pragmatic entities). The exus (not to be confounded with Eshu, Legba)
and pombagiras are in the left side. Pombagiras are always very sensual. They
frequently show themselves laughing loud, saying curse words, dressed in
explicit way, displaying rude behavior but may also come in a very refined,
sophisticated quality.
cxxxi

Western Michigan University

Spiritism based in large part on African religions brought by slaves but
________________ lb. had to survive in ______________ lc. has incorporated
___________________________________ lC. _____________________: originally a
European philosophy and mystical religion of the educated middle classes
centered on miraculous cures through spiritual healing and on moral instruction
from devolved spirits of philosophers and political leaders la. rituals carefully
controlled by _____________________________ lb. rejects dignorant
____________________________________ spirits as lacking culture and uncouth lC.
________________: urban twentieth century religion centered on the Brazilian
spirits excluded by Kardecism; synthesizes Kardecism s European roots with
African spiritism for the educated white middle class la. focus on
_______________________________ for the faithful via advice dispensed by spirits,
support network of followers, and charity by religious leaders l
_____________________: religion based on African religious traditions as brought to
Brazilian plantations, but closer to African traditions than Umbanda la.
_______________________, more often rural, and more likely to be black than those
of umbanda lD. Protestantism, and especially ________________________, the
fastest growing religions in Brazil l popular among ___________________ because
they provide a new family for isolated urban residents and offer power via efforts
to provide new resources l may have ____________________ followers, and more
Protestant preachers than Catholic priests in Brazil today.
cxxxii

XS for Higher Education

Spiritism was introduced into Brazil at the end of the nineteenth century. In
Brazil, the rather scientific tendency gave room to a more religious
understanding, despite the claim that spiritism is a philosophy, a science and a
religion. Spiritists believe that so far there have been three major revelations to
humankind. The first is the Old testament, the second is the new testament, and
the third is the spiritists' law that is found in the five books written by Allan
Kardec. History Spiritism was developed by Hippolyte Leon Dnizard Rivail, a
French man that adopted the name of a Celt poet -Allan Kardec. According to
Allan Kardec, he elaborated his system based on a dialogue he had with
"superior spirits". From this dialogue he wrote five books in which he presented
his basic doctrines.
cxxxiii

Umbanda: 100 year old

The Umbanda is a religious-philosophical cult developed basically in Brazil,
mixing African mythology and some of the practices of candombl , myths of the
native Brazilian and Christian concepts - with influence from the catholic church
as well as from KardecIs spiritism. The Umbanda workship the Orishas, but with a
different status that is given in the Candombl. In the first one, mediuns
incorporates ' guides' , the sp irits of the dead, that function as messenger of
gods, the orishas, which never have direct contact with the living creatures.
cxxxiv

Brazil the Steidingers

Today, especially in the North- East, many Brazilians of all socio-economic
classes practice both Catholicism and Candombl. Umbanda, a religion derived
from candombl coupled with the Christian and spiritist beliefs found in
Kardecism, is also practiced widely. In recent decades, Protestantism has grown
rapidly in Brazil. According to the 2000 Census, approximately 15 percent of the
population identify themselves as Protestants, an estimated 85 percent of which
are Pentecostal/Evangelical. These Evangelical churches have different
denominations which include the Assembly of God and the Universal Church of
the Kingdom of God.
cxxxv

The social strength of umbanda

For followers of the religion the first manifestation of umbanda without links to
Kardecism or with candombl occurred in S o Gon calo, in Rio, on November 15,
1908. On this day in the Tenda Nossa Senhora da Piedade, medium Z lio
Fernandino de Moraes, then 17 years old, received Caboclo Sete Encruzilhadas.
The religion was founded, as was the first umbanda terreiro, both of which were
officially recognized from then on.

cxxxvi

Candombl Overview
Candombl should be distinguished from Umbanda, a religion founded in the
early 20th century by combining African elements with Kardecism; and from
similar African-derived religions in other New World countries, such as Haitian
Voodoo, Cuban Santera, and Obeah, which developed independently of
Candombl and are virtually unknown in Brazil. Nations. Brazilian slaves came
from a number of ethnic groups, including Yoruba, Ewe, Fon, and Bantu. Slave
handlers classified them by the shore of embarkment, so the relation to their
actual ethnicity may be accurate or not.
cxxxvii

Ancestral Voices: Esoteric African knowledge

Umbanda is a syncretic religion that incorporated Catholicism, Native South
American beliefs and Kardecism French spiritualism into the African possession
cults that survived Jesuit extermination. The origins of Umbanda go back to the
Yoruban religion, brought to Brazil by the African slaves in the 16th century. This
African religion, based on the channeling of deities who represent forces of
nature while sharing, like the Greek gods, human passions, is the foundation for
a variety of possession cults of which Umbanda is a later manifestation. (via nokind) Dec 10, 2013 11:10 am yearningforunity 150 notes african spirituality
Traditional African Religion umbanda nok-ind: Certain archetypes existed in Africa
in ancestral African religions long before the advent of European Christianity.
Recommended reading: Pagan Origins of the Christ Myth (John G. Jackson) The
Jesus Mysteries: Was The Original Jesus A Pagan God (Timothy Freke & Peter
Gandy ) Nov 25, 2013 4:58 pm 112 notes Christianity african spirituality African
Traditional Religion nok-ind: Obatala Nov 25, 2013 4:52 pm 132 notes traditional
yoruba religion Traditional African Religion Obatala african history african
spirituality anunation: Speaking to Your Guardian Angel. Speaking to Your
Guardian Angel What is the texture of character .
cxxxviii

Spiritism in Brazil
Umbanda spiritism is a synthesis of Afro-Brazilian religions and Kardecism which
rst appeared in the 1920s. Although many sects exist within umbanda, it is
primarily a religion of the less educated, urban lower classes in which white
magic is ever present. Umbanda recognizes not only the saints of the Catholic
Church but also orix I as (Yoruba deities), and accepts the spirits of pretos velhos
( old blacks ), caboclos (Amerindian spirits) and ex I us (trickster Yoruba spirits).
cxxxix

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It is maintained that this is the source of religious belief, each religion simply
casting that one reality through the prism of that particular time and in a way
that is meaningful to their circumstances. Universal Sufism seeks the unity of all
people and religions. Universal Sufis strive to "realize and spread the knowledge
of Unity, the religion of Love, and Wisdom, so that the biases and prejudices of
faiths and beliefs may, of themselves, fall away, the human heart overflow with
love, and all hatred caused by distinctions and differences be rooted out" 26 In
Vietnam, Caodaism blends elements of Buddhism, Catholicism and Taoism.
Several new Japanese religions, (such as Konkokyo and Seicho-No-Ie), are
syncretistic. The Nigerian religion Chrislam combines Christian and Islamic
doctrines. Thelema is a mixture of many different schools of belief and practice,
including Hermeticism, Eastern Mysticism, Yoga, 19th century libertarian
philosophies (i.e. Nietzsche), occultism, and the Kabbalah, as well as ancient
Egyptian and Greek religion. Examples of strongly syncretist Romantic and
modern movements with some religious elements include mysticism, occultism,
Theosophical Society, modern astrology, Neopaganism, and the New Age
movement. In China, most of the population follows syncretist religions
combining Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism and elements of Confucianism.
cxl

January 28, 2009 When one thinks of Brazil in terms of religious affiliation, one
probably thinks most Brazilians are Catholic. Brazil is indeed known for being a
Catholic country. But how Catholic is Brazil today Are there other religions
thriving in Brazil What are these religions These are some of the questions we
will approach in this paper. Brazil was originally a colony of Portugal, beginning in
1500, when the Portuguese first set foot in Brazil, unto 1822, when Brazil got its
independence. Despite the fact that Brazil got its independence from Portugal in
1822, it remained closely linked to the mother country. For three hundred years
Church and State were linked in Brazil and Catholicism was the religion of the
State. Brazil had brought slaves from Africa, starting in the mid-16th Century, to
work in the sugar plantations of the Northeast, then in the 17th and 18th
Centuries to work in the gold mines, and finally in the 19th Century to work in
the coffee plantations. The Africans brought to Brazil were not allowed to worship
their gods freely. Some plantation owners allowed their slaves to worship in their
living quarter, and that's how African religions survived during the slave period,
from the 16th Century to the end of the 19th Century. Even though slavery was
abolished in 1888, Catholicism remained the religion of the State. A year later
there was finally separation of Church and State in Brazil and the establishment
of the republic. However, Afro-Brazilian religions were persecuted into the mid20th Century. Thus, by the end of the 19th Century, 95% of Brazilians were
Catholic, at least nominally Catholic. With the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the
establishment of the Republic in 1889, Afro-Brazilians moved into the cities from
the countryside and slowly formed their own communities, trying to regain their
heritage through music, religious practices, and fellowship. Candombl had
remained the purest form of African religion in Brazil. It retained most elements
of the slaves' ancestral religions, with worship of the Orixs, the gods of nature,
such as Iemanja, the goddess of the sea. The practice of Candombl, however,

did not lack its share of troubles after the abolition of slavery in Brazil. The
faithful and their terreiros suffered police raids and other forms of social
discrimination. Nevertheless, Candombl persisted and flourished. Candombl
terreiros became centers of solidarity for blacks struggling to overcome social
and economic barriers. They provided a refuge, a source of mutual assistance
and a substitute protector, in the form of the cult leader. Not only has Candombl
survived the cultural genocide carried out by slavery as well as official
campaigns to suppress it, but also it has represented an important model of
resistance to the status quo in Brazil. Afro-Brazilians, by differentiating
themselves as Candombl practitioners, were able to maintain a sense of their
community, thus, making it stronger. Through its clear distinction from the
religion of white masters, Candombl has provided meaning and belonging to
many Afro-Brazilian people of both past and present generations. In the early
part of the 20th Century, with the widespread displacement of Afro-Brazilians
from the interior to the urban areas, communities and networks of AfroBrazilians were formed to help them cope with their new life. One of these sets of
communities was the Afro-Brazilian religion Umbanda, which emerged in Rio de
Janeiro around 1920. In need of a religion that would retain some of the
traditional African features that were familiar to them and that would be more in
tune with their urban environment, the creators of Umbanda incorporated
Brazilian spirits in its pantheon, such as the quintessential urban Brazilian
antihero known as malandro. Along the years Umbanda has continued to
accommodate to Brazilian culture by incorporating other spirits into its pantheon,
especially spirits drawn from Brazilian folklore, such as gypsies, sailors, cattle
drivers, and others. Former slaves and children of former slaves who inhabited
Rio de Janeiro in the 1920s were able, through Umbanda, to gain access to the
spiritual world through community ritual. This ritual differentiated the followers of
Umbanda from the Candombl practitioners and also differentiated them from
the Catholic faithful. Today Umbanda is often claimed to be the fastest growing
religion in Brazil and is considered Brazil's national religion. This dimension of
nationalism arises from the types of spirits typically incorporated at Umbanda
terreiros. They usually incorporate the spirits of Preto Velhos, who are understood
to be the old black slaves of colonial Brazil, or the Caboclos, who are the spirits
of the original inhabitants of the Brazilian land. In Umbanda the spirits actually
take possession (or incorporate) in the body of the medium and people in the
terreiro talk directly with them. Umbanda can be seen as another product of
Brazil's rapid urbanization and industrialization and represents the increasing
desire and ability of the middle sectors of society to develop ways to express
their identity. Even if Umbanda does not help adherents improve their lives in the
material sense, it gives them some control over the sacred realm and a sense of
community. In the late 19th Century when the Catholic Church was starting to
lose its hold in Brazil, intellectuals were united to change the face of Brazil by
cultivating positivist and evolutionist ideas. It was then that another religion
arrived in Brazil: Spiritism. Spiritism arrived in Brazil from France during a time
when the Catholic Church was no longer able to cater to the special needs,
interests, and wants of all segments of society. Influenced by positivism, the elite
in Brazil was on a quest for reason. They wanted to obtain answers to the many

questions they had about the spiritual world, and Allan Kardec's doctrine, which
had emerged in France in the second half of the 19th Century, seemed to give
them much more plausible answers than the traditional Catholic Church did.
Spiritism provided its followers with a new sense of identity and meaning by
giving Brazilians a new orientation toward life and the world through the belief in
karma, reincarnation, spiritual communication, and especially through the belief
in the evolution of the spirit. Even though slaves practiced dmediumship
religions that allegedly made contact with spirits, the white intellectuals of Brazil
did not want to identify themselves with such practices. By establishing their
boundaries, the first generation of Spiritists in Brazil was able to practice a
dmediumship religion and still not be labeled as backwards. Throughout the
years, Spiritism established itself as the religion of those who sought more
reason than faith in their religious beliefs and practices. Usually people who
sought a more positivist approach to their beliefs were those who had achieved a
certain level of formal education. This is one of the reasons that Spiritism has
attracted the middle and upper-middle sectors of the Brazilian society since its
arrival in Brazil in the late nineteenth Century. The practice of Spiritism requires
a certain amount of dedication and study of Kardec's doctrine. Therefore, only
those able to afford Spiritist books and magazines were able to fully understand
the spirits' message recorded in Kardec's books and in the hundreds of books
that were later written by Brazilian mediums. In summary, Spiritism emerged in
Brazil during a period in which the original monopoly of the Catholic Church was
losing the support of the State. Spiritism was able to thrive in Brazil due to the
fact that it catered to specific needs and wants of a group of people who sought
reason more than faith in their contact with the sacred. Currently, Spiritism
continues to thrive and to accommodate itself to the needs of Brazilians. Also in
the latter part of the 19th Century, when the Catholic Church started to lose its
monopoly in Brazil, the first Protestant missionary arrived from Scotland and
founded the Congregational church in Rio de Janeiro. Four years later in 1859
Presbyterian missionaries arrived from the United States. Later, American
Methodists, Baptists, and Episcopalians also arrived, opened churches, and
sought Brazilian converts. They wanted to introduce Protestant patterns of
behavior and reproduce the American churches they had left in America.
American Protestants in Brazil were able to attract a modest number of converts
and convince them to reject things that they thought were detrimental to their
spiritual growth, such as the use of alcohol, dancing, carnival, and promiscuity.
Protestant converts remained a small minority until the second decade of the
20th Century when a charismatic branch of the Protestant church arrived in
Brazilthe Pentecostals. Pentecostalism teaches a literal interpretation of the
Bible, urges its converts to follow a strict moral code, and calling on its believers
to seek a religious experience that matches the appearance of the Holy Spirit
before the apostles of Christ. They believe in the ability to speak in tongues as
well as in the ability to cure the sick and make prophesy. In contrast to classical
Protestant churches, Pentecostal services are highly emotional and spontaneous,
which played an important role in attracting followers in Brazil because people
could express themselves during worship. They could sing, shout, applaud,
dance, and even bring their musical instruments to aid during the service. Their

freewheeling style of worship was well suited to Brazilian temperament. The fact
that Pentecostals did not openly try to impose their American culture on Brazilian
people was also an important factor in the upsurge of popularity of
Pentecostalism in Brazil. Pentecostalism did not begin to enjoy a rapid growth in
Brazil until the 1950s and the 1960s. This growth has continued to the present
day. Much of the development of Pentecostalism in Brazil is due to the growth of
Brazilian industry, which increased the size of the working class. The urban
setting fostered a sense of alienation and bewilderment among people who
sought for community and certainty. Many were able to find this sense of
community and certainty in Pentecostal congregations. Pentecostalism in Brazil
became the faith of the poor and disenfranchised. The vertiginous growth of
Pentecostalism in Brazil is explained by the fact that it helps people cope with
poverty. When the Brazilian poor go to a Pentecostal church, they are looking for
an enchanted religion with magic, miracles, and emotion. They go to a
Pentecostal church because they are trying to control the changes that have
taken place in Brazilian society, such as modernization and industrialization, and
create a better life for themselves and for their families. Anthropologist, John
Burdick, calls Pentecostalism a dcult of affliction, a religion that does not call for
patience and perseverance in the face of suffering but rather promises prompt
relief. Historian, Andrew Chesnut believes that the reason for the enormous
success of Pentecostalism in attracting Brazilian's popular classes is that it offers
a powerful remedy of faith healing.
cxli

Profi les of World Religions

Modern Judaism is a complex phenomenon that incorporates both a nation and a
religion, and often combines strict adherence to ritual laws with a more liberal
attitude towards religious belief. The religions practiced in the Greek city-states
were characterized by their rich variety.
cxlii

Religions of Brazil
A Town that's a Sanctuary Brief descriptions of the churches and religious
ceremonies in So Paulo plus more information for the visitor. Feasts Descriptions
of religious and secular festivals and holidays. Iemanja "Iemanja was a riverine
Orixa in Africa, but became associated with the Sea after the "Middle Passage" (a
euphamism for the terror of the slave trade). She is the Orixa of the phototropic
ocean (as opposed to Olokun, who is the Lord of the Deep). She is also the
ultimate mother figure and the "national" Orixa of Brazil".
cxliii

Brazil 82
Umbanda actively incorporates elements of the African Nago religion, indigenous
Brazilian religions, Roman Catholicism, Kardicism, and other popular forms of

spiritualism. From its humble origin in Rio de Janeiro in 1908, it grew quickly
during the next few decades and was sufficiently large enough to hold a
successful congress in 1941, to found the Spiritist Umbanda Congregation of
Brazil in 1950, and to be an integral member of the National Union of AfroBrazilian Cults, founded in 195 Umbanda Umbanda s popularity is seen in the
number of terreiros (special plots of ground on which rituals are conducted) that
have been established within the past several decades.
cxliv

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Tag Archives: Umbanda - Umbanda | The "Great" One's Blog

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Candomble - ReligionFacts - Religion, World Religions ...

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Religion and Cults - AFRICA: Santeria, Woodoo, Egyptians

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Macumba, another source of African spirituality | African ...

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A Brief Overview of Candombl and Umbanda | Center for ...

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Sitio do Blues BG @ Macumba - Umbanda - Candombl ...

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Flashcards - Umbanda - Umbanda Macumba | StudyBlue

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Brazil's Umbanda Religion Finds Strength in Its Credo of ...

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Brazil Religion - Brazil Travel Northeast

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Brazil Religion - Brazilian Religion - Religion in Brazil

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Candomble - What is Candomble, Beliefs, History & Facts

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Candombl and Umbanda in Lisbon | How. Now.

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Catholicism: History, Beliefs of Catholic Religion ...

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VODUN (and related religions: Candomble, Lucumi, Macumba ...

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Religion in Brazil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Religion in Brazil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Top 10 Lesser Known Religions - Akorra

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wintony | Religions in World Cultures - Lafayette College

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Alternative Religions - Fun Facts, Questions, Answers ...

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Religion | Brazil
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Candombl, Umbanda e MacumbaOh My! | Candombl in the

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Shamanism | Patriarca Profeta Elia - Giuseppe Savazzi

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510-513 BRAZIL - The Afro-Brazilian religions

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Kardecism | RM.com
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All About Religions in Brazil - The Brazil Business

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Ing-txt - Angelfi re
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View topic - Umbanda.. Where begin? - Index page

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Umbanda no Brasil :: Movie Download

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Macumba: The Teachings of Maria-Jos, Mother of the Gods ...

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Umbanda Wikipedia
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A uniquely Brazilian religion celebrates 100 years

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RELIGION OF BRAZIL
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Saint George Attends Sao Jorges Day Celebrations 2014 ...

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Century-old Afro-Brazilian religion under threat

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About Us
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Brazil: Treatment of followers of the Umbanda religion by ...

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umbanda | Journeying to the Goddess

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Amazonian Crossroads: Carimb, Batuque And Umbanda

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Practitioners of Umbanda in US or outside Brazil ?

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Roman Catholicism in Brazil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Brazil Religion Roman Catholicism - Florida Brasil

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Religion - People and Society - Brazil - South America ...

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Religion in Brazil | Visual Geography

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Brazil has lowest government restriction on religion among ...

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Brazil Religion Information - U.S. Passport Service Guide

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Face of religion changing in Brazil - Al Jazeera Blogs

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What is the religion of Brazil - Answers.com

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Umbanda In The USA: WHAT IS UMBANDA? - blogspot.com

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Belief | Folklore Forum

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Spiritism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Africa: Hystory, Folklore and Religion - Part 6

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Fodder: Religion in Brazil - blogspot.com

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Guided by Spirits - blogspot.com

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Religion in Latin America - Western Michigan University

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Spiritism/Kardecism - RE-XS for Higher Education

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Umbanda: 100 year old - outmind visions

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Brazil the Steidingers

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The social strength of umbanda | Revista Pesquisa FAPESP

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Candombl Overview - Interfaithforums.com

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Syncretism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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ii http://www.brazil.org.za/religion.html
iii http://www.stirlinglaw.com/ea/macumba.htm
iv http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macumba
v http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/jul/03/followers-of-brazils-umbanda-religionworship/
vi http://umbandaintheusa.wordpress.com/2010/10/27/umbanda-brazilian-religion/
vii http://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2012/12/afro-brazilianumbanda-religion.html
viii http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/613771/Umbanda
ix http://community.beliefnet.com/go/thread/view/34789/13144019/Umbanda
x http://www.occultopedia.com/m/macumba.htm
xi http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3660776-umbanda
xii http://www.phillyburbs.com/in-brazil-african-based-faith-fights-foracceptance/article_2ac3d156-6562-5949-876d-928ee09b2edf.html
xiii http://www.pri.org/stories/2013-03-12/brazils-only-indigenous-religion-coming-itsown
xiv http://sites.lafayette.edu/rel101-sp12/2012/03/02/candomble-to-catholicism-acloser-look-at-religions-in-brazil/
xv http://religionandpoliticsinbrazil.blogspot.com/
xvi http://tribes.tribe.net/braziliancandomble/thread/f5c9b436-3cf5-4175-9a62b9e702e2a36e
xvii http://www.tvclip.biz/video/dr3zQRXzuvY/macumba-candomble-and-umbandabrazilian-spirituality.html
xviii http://newsone.com/2000142/african-religion-under-fire-in-brazil/

xix http://www.patheos.com/Library/Afro-Brazilian.html
xx http://www.listal.com/list/famous-adherents-candomble-african-religions
xxi http://marlenachertock.com/spirits-trances-and-tradition-anthropologist-speaksabout-afro-brazilian-religions-at-elon-university/
xxii http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-bloggers/2819233/posts
xxiii http://www.doomsdaytube.com/umbanda/
xxiv http://themeaningofreligion.blogspot.com/
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xxvi http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Umbanda.aspx
xxvii http://umbandaintheusa.blogspot.com/2004/07/umbanda-religion-is-born-part-1of-3.html
xxviii http://what-when-how.com/religious-movements/umbanda-religious-movement/
xxix http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbanda
xxx http://answers-en.bianminchaxun.com/rbyvOjefl1D=_i/
xxxi http://www.tvclip.biz/video/qyrS7TQnoAo/umbanda-religion.html
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xxxiii http://prezi.com/99gj8-omdnq4/umbanda/
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xxxvi http://www.medindia.net/news/africa-rooted-religions-connect-humans-tospiritual-world-120217-1.htm
xxxvii http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God

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xxxix http://www.coventina.net/umbanda.php
xl http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/religion-past-and-present/umbandaSIM_026211
xli http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/latam/umbanda.html
xlii http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions
xliii http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religion
xliv http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_636.html
xlv http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_mythology
xlvi https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion
xlvii http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion
xlviii http://www.wellnesshouseyakima.org/tag/macumba-religion
xlix http://www.thefullwiki.org/Brazil_Religions
l http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-African-African-American-ReligionsReligion/dp/0415922453
li http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_14.html
lii http://www.lashtal.com/wiki/List_of_religions
liii http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Umbanda
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lix
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lx http://umbandaintheusa.blogspot.com/2004/07/introduction-to-orishasorixas.html
lxi http://www.rituals-2008.com/p_3.php
lxii http://meta-religion.com/World_Religions/Other_religions/macumba.htm
lxiii http://www.alangaskill.com/umbanda-the-orixas/?print=1
lxiv http://ffh.films.com/id/25275/Umbanda_Disappearing_World.htm
lxv http://thegreatone22.wordpress.com/tag/umbanda/
lxvi http://altreligion.about.com/od/alternativereligionsaz/tp/African-DiasporaReligions.htm
lxvii https://sg.news.yahoo.com/africa-rooted-religions-strong-hold-brazil161220702.html
lxviii http://religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/candomble.htm
lxix http://reocities.com/Athens/Forum/2945/africa.html
lxx http://aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/macumba-another-source-africanspirituality
lxxi http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/clas/node/269
lxxii http://deathandreligion.plamienok.sk/UMBANDA-s-CANDOMBLE.htm
lxxiii http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTieH0cUx4E
lxxiv http://learekow.blogspot.com/2008/05/brasils-syncretic-religions.html
lxxv http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/umbanda/deck/5884171

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lxxvii http://iemanjainfo.zenfolio.com/umbanda-general-facts
lxxviii http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?
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lxxix http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_Religions
lxxx http://www.celebratebrazil.com/brazilian-religion.html
lxxxi http://articles.latimes.com/1988-11-26/local/me-277_1_umbanda-religion
lxxxii http://www.brazil-travel-northeast.com/brazil-religion.html
lxxxiii http://www.celebratebrazil.com/brazil-religion.html
lxxxiv http://www.typesofreligion.com/candomble.html
lxxxv http://stiffquilt.wordpress.com/2010/06/11/118/
lxxxvi http://www.spaceandmotion.com/religion-catholicism-catholic-church.htm
lxxxvii http://www.religioustolerance.org/voodoo.htm
lxxxviii http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil
lxxxix http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil
xc http://akorra.com/2010/03/04/top-10-lesser-known-religions/
xci http://www.unmpress.com/books.php?ID=12167395710133
xcii http://sites.lafayette.edu/rel101-sp12/author/wintony/
xciii http://www.funtrivia.com/en/subtopics/Alternative-Religions-319162.html
xciv http://pear.com/brazil/facts-about-brazil/religion
xcv http://candombleusa.wordpress.com/2010/06/27/candomble-umbanda-emacumba-oh-my/

xcvi http://www.giuseppesavazzi.com/2014/05/shamanism/
xcvii http://worldcometomyhome.blogspot.com/2013/02/510-513-brazil-afro-brazilianreligions.html
xcviii http://www.realmagick.com/kardecism/
xcix http://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/all-about-religions-in-brazil
c http://www.angelfire.com/ca4/Umbanda/Ing.html
ci
cii http://movies-dl.net/en/movie/256289/Umbanda+no+Brasil-1977
ciii http://www.amazon.com/Macumba-Teachings-Maria-Jos%C3%A9-MotherGods/dp/0872862860
civ http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbanda
cv http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/religion/umbanda.htm
cvi http://www.braziltravel.com/view/culture/religion/religion-of-brazil.html
cvii http://friendsmania.net/admissions/saint-george-attends-sao-jorges-daycelebrations-2014-afro-brazilian-religion-umbanda-most-popular-saints-in-brazil-world19176/
cviii http://www.kyivpost.com/content/world/century-old-afro-brazilian-religion-underthreat-118633.html
cix http://www.temployemanja.com/temployemanja.com/About_Us.html
cx http://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be1534.html
cxi http://journeyingtothegoddess.wordpress.com/tag/umbanda/
cxii http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/mortonmarksrecordistprod
cxiii https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090305170539AAOrlFi
cxiv http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Brazil

cxv http://www.floridabrasil.com/brazil/guide-about-brazil-religion-romancatholicism.htm
cxvi
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cxvii http://www.visualgeography.com/categories/brazil/religion.html
cxviii http://theweeklynumber.com/1/post/2014/02/brazil-has-lowest-governmentrestriction-on-religion-among-25-largest-countries.html
cxix http://www.us-passport-service-guide.com/brazil-religion.html
cxx http://blogs.aljazeera.com/blog/americas/face-religion-changing-brazil
cxxi http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_religion_of_Brazil
cxxii http://umbandaintheusa.blogspot.com/2004/08/what-is-umbanda.html
cxxiii http://folkloreforum.net/category/belief/
cxxiv http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGwn_0eVPvI
cxxv http://religion.wikia.com/wiki/Umbanda
cxxvi http://www.city-data.com/forum/americas/1432514-popularity-spiritismkardecism-brazil.html
cxxvii http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism
cxxviii http://patachu.com/page/6/
cxxix http://drhalvey.blogspot.com/2010/03/religion-in-brazil.html
cxxx http://guidedbyspirits.blogspot.com/
cxxxi http://orisha.tribe.net/thread/b12e4b1f-2b95-4205-b759-1d9d1848f4d3
cxxxii http://homepages.wmich.edu/%7Epciccant/335LA9a1.htm
cxxxiii http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/latam/kardec.html

cxxxiv http://marcelobolshaw.blogspot.com/2008/10/in-spiritist-session-of-november15th.html
cxxxv http://thesteidingers.com/brazil/
cxxxvi http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2011/10/01/the-social-strength-of-umbanda/
cxxxvii http://www.interfaithforums.com/candomble/218-candomble-overview.html
cxxxviii http://ancestralvoices.tumblr.com/
cxxxix http://www.scribd.com/doc/203907686/Spiritism-in-Brazil
cxl http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism
cxli http://www.campbellsville.edu/religion-in-brazils-free-market-of-faith
cxlii http://www.religionfacts.com/religions.htm
cxliii http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/brazreligions/
cxliv