Molecular Bonding

Unit One Parts 3 & 4:
molecular bonding
Unit One
Parts 3&4
H O H3C Br O Br
H CH3
Locating electrons
Describing bonds Pages
Shape of molecules 34 & 43
Unit One
3&4
if we know where
Parts
electrons are we can
predict reactions and
shape...they really are
key to understanding
chemistry
H O H3C Br O Br
H CH3
Locating electrons
Unit One
Parts 3&4
H O H3C Br O Br
H CH3
as I’ve taken the

material out of order,
I’ll give you some
Locating electrons
page numbers

what are bonds?
Na Cl
Na Cl
here we have an
atom of sodium (Na)
and an atom of
Ionic bonds
chlorine (Cl)
Pg
34
if we take one
electron from Na and
give it to Cl...
Na Cl
Na Cl
Ionic bonds Pg
34
Na Cl
Na + Cl-
we get 2 charged species

(cation = positive charge &
anion = negative charge)
Ionic bonds Pg
34
Na + Cl-
NaCl
opposite charges
attract and give us an
ionic bond
Ionic bonds Pg
34
covalent bonds
H H
if we bring 2 atoms
together and they...
Pg
34
covalent bonds
H H
share their 2
electrons we have a
covalent bond Pg
34
covalent bonds
H H
this is the bond we’ll be
dealing with most often
and is represented by
the black line
H H
2 electrons
per bond
Pg
34
covalent bonds
H H
H H
please remember
2
that this line is
2 electrons
electrons
per bond
Pg
34
chemistry
apain
these are
justextremes
reality is in the middle
where do we find
electrons?
Aufbau Principle
don’t worry about

the name...just that
electrons like to have
lowest energy
possible...
lowest energy orbital

rather like many
students...
1 18
1
H
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
1s 1
energy
2s 2px 2py 2pz
hydrogen
Pg
1s 43
1 18
1
H
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1s 1
energy
2s 2px 2py 2pz

just one electron
hydrogen
so in first orbital
Pg
1s 43
Pauli Exclusion Principle
no two electrons
are identical
1 18
2
H He
He
2 13 14 15 16 17
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1s 2
energy
2s 2px 2py 2pz
helium
Pg
1s 43
1 18
2
H He
He
2 13 14 15 16 17
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1s 2
energy
2s 2px 2py 2pz

one electron has spin
+½ (up) and the other
spin –½ (down)
helium
Pg
1s 43
1 18
2
H He
He
2 13 14 15 16 17
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1s 2
energy
2s 2px 2py 2pz doesn’t matter what it

means...just remember
helium
an electron can only be
up or down
Pg
1s 43
1 18
2
H He
He
2 13 14 15 16 17
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1s 2
energy
2s 2px 2py 2pz

so can only ever
have two electrons
per orbital helium
Pg
1s 43
1 18
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
3
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Li
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2px 2py 2pz
2
1s 2s 1
energy
2s
lithium
Pg
1s 43
1 18
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
3
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Li
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2px 2py 2pz
2
1s 2s 1
energy
lithium obeys both

rules...fill lowest orbital
2s first (until full) then fill
next lowest)
lithium
Pg
1s 43
1 18
H He
2 13 ...adding
14 15 16one
17 more
4 electron is easy...
Li B
Be
e B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2px 2py 2pz
2
1s 2s 2
energy
2s
beryllium
Pg
1s 43
1 18
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
5
Li Be B
B C N O F Ne
Na Mg ...and another... Al Si P S Cl Ar
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2px 2py 2pz
2 2
1s 2s 2p1
energy
2s
boron
Pg
1s 43
1 18
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
5
Li Be B
B C N O F Ne
Na Mg it could go in any
Al ofSi P S Cl Ar
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2px,11
2py12
or 2pz,
they’re identical...well
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Coenergetically
Ni Cu Zn they
Ga are
Ge As Se Br Kr
2px 2py 2pz
2 2
1s 2s 2p1
energy
2s
boron
Pg
1s 43
1 18
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
5
Li Be B
B C N O F Ne
but, where does
Na Mg the next (and most Al Si P S Cl Ar
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
important as its
K Ca Sccarbon)
Ti V go??
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
2px 2py 2pz
2 2
1s 2s 2p1
energy
2s
boron
Pg
1s 43
Hund's rule
electrons as far apart as

possible
(de ge n e r a t e or bit a ls )
(as long as it doesn’t
violate any of the
previous rules!)
Hund's rule
makes sense as like

charges always
repel...
electrons as far apart as

possible
(de ge n e r a t e or bit a ls )
1 18
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
6
Li Be B C
C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 2 1
1s 2s 2px 2py1
2px 2py 2pz
energy
2s 2 2
1s 2s 2p 2
carbon
Pg
1s 43
1 18
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
6
Li Be B C
C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 2 1
1s 2s 2px 2py1
2px 2py 2pz could be 2pz,
makes no
difference...
energy
2s 2 2
1s 2s 2p 2
carbon
Pg
1s 43
that's a lot of
electrons...
luckily we don’t care

about all them...
Valence electrons
1 18
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
6
Li Be B C
C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 2 1
1s 2s 2px 2py1
2px 2py 2pz
energy
2s
2 2
1s 2s 2p2
carbon
Pg
1s
43
Valence electrons
1 18
H He
2 13 14 15 16 17
6
Li Be B C
C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
only need consider high

energy electrons or those
on the outside called the
2 2 1
1s 2s 2px 2py1
2px 2py 2pz valence electrons.
energy
2s
2 2
1s 2s 2p2
carbon
Pg
1s
44
C C
if we consider the Bohr
model of the atom, the
one where we think of 2an 2
1s22s22p2 atom 2s 2p
resembling a planet
with moons orbiting (or
the solar system)
N N
1s22s22p3 2s22p3
group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne Pg
44
C C
1s22s22p2 2s22p2
then the valence
electrons are those on the
outer edge (like Neptune
for young-upstarts or
Pluto for us oldies) N N
1s22s22p3 2s22p3
group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
H He
44
C C
1s22s22p2 2s22p2
then the valence
electrons are those on the
outer edge (like Neptune
for young-upstarts or
Pluto for us oldies) N N
1s22s22p3 2s22p3
group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
H He
44
C C
1s22s22p2 2s22p2
N N
1s22s22p3 2s22p3
absolute
rubbish...but more
group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
comprehendible!
H He
41
C C
1s22s22p2 2s22p2
N N an easy we to
remember the number
of valence electrons is
1s22s22p3 2s 2p3 to take group
2
number...
group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
H He
41
C C
1s22s22p2 2s22p2
N N
...and ignore
1s22s22p3 2s22p3 first ‘1’
valence
electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H He
41
C C
1s22s22p2 2s22p2
N N
1s22s22p3 2s22p3
valence
electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 so oxygen
(group 16) has
H He 6 valence
Li Be B C N O F Ne
electrons
Pg
41
what do valence
electrons tell us?
the number of
bonds
?
how
atoms are
happy if they
have a full
valence shell...
Ne
1s22s22p6
noble gas
Ne ...commonly
this means 8
electrons
1s22s22p6
noble gas
C
1s22s22p2
4 bonds
1s22s22p3
3 bonds
1s22s22p4
2 bonds
Pg
36
4
so for carbon to
get to 8 it needs
C bonds 4 more electrons
1s22s22p2
1s22s22p3
3 bonds
1s22s22p4
2 bonds
Pg
36
C
1s22s22p2
4 bonds
or 4 new
covalent bonds
1s22s22p3
3 bonds
1s22s22p4
2 bonds
Pg
36
C
nitrogen has 5
2 2
valence1s 2s 2p
electrons...so
2
4 bonds
needs 3 more...
1s22s22p3
3 bonds
1s22s22p4
2 bonds
Pg
36
so forms1s
C
2 2
3 2s 2p
covalent bonds
2
4 bonds
1s22s22p3
3 bonds
1s22s22p4
2 bonds
Pg
36
C
1s22s22p2
4 bonds
oxygen needs 2
more electrons so
forms 2 covalent
bonds
N
1s22s22p3
3 bonds
1s22s22p4
2 bonds
Pg
36
C
1s22s22p2
4 bonds
hopefully, you can see
3
this is where those
magic numbers in
lecture one came
N bonds from!
1s22s22p3
1s22s22p4
2 bonds
Pg
34
Pg
8
36
H
H C H
H
Octet rule: 8 valence electrons
Pg
Lewis structures 44
Hydrofluoric acid HF
H + F H F ≡ H F
use octet rule to draw

Methanol CH OH
3 structure of stable
the
molecules...
H H
C + O + 4H H C O H ≡H C O H
H H
Pg
Lewis structures 41
H–F easy..H = 2
electrons (full s
orbital) & F = 8...
H + F H F ≡ H F
Methanol CH3OH
H H
H H
Pg
Lewis structures 44
Lewis structure shows
all valence electrons
represented by our
simple diagram H–F
H + F H F ≡ H F
Methanol CH3OH
H H
H H
Pg
Lewis structures 44
H + F H F ≡
works for
more complex
H F
molecules
Methanol CH3OH
H H
H H
Pg
Lewis structures 44
H + F H F ≡ H F
Methanol CH3OH
Note: it helps to leave
lone pairs (of electrons)
on diagram...this is
where a lot of chemistry
occurs... H
H
H H
Acetone CH3COCH3
3 C + O + 6H
how do we deal
with more complex
molecules?
Pg
44
Acetone CH3COCH3
3 C + O + 6H
first draw all the

atoms where you think O
they might go...
H H
C
H C C H
H H
Pg
44
Acetone CH3COCH3
3 C + O + 6H
now join all the atoms

together...some of the
atoms have full
valence shells so we
can draw them in as on O
the next slide...
H C H
C C
H H
H H
Pg
44
Acetone CH3COCH3
3 C + O + 6H
the central C and O

both have only 7
valence electrons...
H C H
C C
H H
H H
Pg
44
Acetone CH3COCH3
3 C + O + 6H
O
...but if they share 4
electrons they both have H C H
8 valence electrons...this C C
gives us a double bond
H H
(alkene)
H H
O O
C
≡ Pg
H3C CH3 44
–
Borohydride
anion BH4 –
what happens if
we have a negative
charge (anion)?
Pg
44
–
Borohydride
anion BH4 –
take the atoms

as normal and...
B + 3H + H
Pg
44
–
Borohydride
anion BH4 –
add electron
B + 3H + H
...add an electron
Pg
44
–
Borohydride
anion BH4 –
add electron
H H
B + 3H + H H B H ≡ H B H
H H
Pg
44
–
Borohydride
anion BH4 –
add electron
does it matter
which atom we give
the electron to?
H H
B + 3H + H H B H ≡ H B H
H H
Pg
44
–
Borohydride
anion BH4 –
add electron
does it matter
which atom we give
the electron to?
H H
B + 3H + H H B H ≡ H B
no! (but in this case
H
H H– makes more
H
chemical sense)
Pg
44
+
Ammonium
cation NH4 +
lose electron
if we have a
positive charge
(cation) we do
the opposite...
Pg
44
+
Ammonium
cation NH4 +
lose electron
start with our

normal atoms...
N + 3H + H
Pg
44
+
Ammonium
cation NH4 +
lose electron
N + 3H + H
then remove an
electron
Pg
44
+
Ammonium
cation NH4 +
lose electron
H H
N + 3H + H H N H ≡ H N H
H H
Pg
44
where is the
charge?
is it on one atom?
all over the molecule...
No, its all over the

molecule! But...
but the truth isn't useful, so...
formal charges localise
charge on an atom...
this is ‘electron book-
keeping’...we are just
assigning charge to one
atom to help explain
chemistry...
formal charges localise

charge on an atom...
formal number of number of ½ number
charge = valence – unshared – of shared
(fc) electrons electrons electrons
...on an atom
Pg
45
...according to
the atoms
position in the
periodic table
Pg
45
...in lone pairs...
Pg
45
...or the number
of bonds to that
atom
Pg
45
H H
N + 3H + H H N H ≡ H N H
H H
cation
N fc = 5-0-½(8)=+1
Pg
45
H H
N + 3H + H H N H ≡ H N H
H H
no charge on H as:
cation
H = 1-0-½(2) = 0 N fc = 5-0-½(8)=+1
Pg
45
O
O + O + O
O O
O ≡ O
O
O3 neutral
ozone
Pg
45
O
O + O + O
O O
O ≡ O
O
O3 neutral
ozone
lhs O; fc = 6-4-½(4)=0
Pg
45
O
O + O + O
O O
O ≡ O
O
O3 neutral
ozone
lhs O; fc = 6-4-½(4)=0
central O; fc = 6-2-½(6)=+1
rhs O; fc = 6-6-½(2)=-1 Pg
45
O
O + O + O
O O
O ≡ O
O
O3 neutral
ozone
lhs O; fc = 6-4-½(4)=0
central O; fc = 6-2-½(6)=+1
rhs O; fc = 6-6-½(2)=-1 Pg
45
O
O + O + O
O O
O ≡ O
O
≡ O O
O
O3 neutral atom's formal
ozone charges
lhs O; fc = 6-4-½(4)=0
central O; fc = 6-2-½(6)=+1
rhs O; fc = 6-6-½(2)=-1 Pg
45
O
O + O + O
O O
O ≡ O
O
≡ O O
O
ozone neutral as
+ & – cancel each
ozone charges
other out
lhs O; fc = 6-4-½(4)=0
central O; fc = 6-2-½(6)=+1
rhs O; fc = 6-6-½(2)=-1 Pg
45
these charges
explain why
ozone is so
reactive!
O
O + O + O
O O
O ≡ O
O
≡ O O
O
ozone charges
lhs O; fc = 6-4-½(4)=0
central O; fc = 6-2-½(6)=+1
rhs O; fc = 6-6-½(2)=-1 Pg
45
Atomic orbitals
it's a quantum world...
we’ve looked at a
nice simple model
so far...
Atomic orbitals
it's a quantum world...
mathematicians and
physicists have shown it’s a bit
more complicated in ‘reality’
but I don't like maths...
so...here's some pretty pictures...

90%
atomic orbital
atomic orbital is the

volume of space in which
there is a 90% chance of
finding an electron
Pg
36
2
remember: a
atomic orbital maximum of 2

electrons per
orbital
electrons
Pg
37
a 1s orbital is also
a sphere...just a
lot smaller
2s Pg
37
Pic: Dr. Jonathan Gutow
let’s ignore this
nasty little effect
of maths...
2s Pg
37
Pic: Dr. Jonathan Gutow
px z py z pz z
y y y
x x x
2p Pg
37
px z py z pz z
y y y
x x x
2p
each of the three
2p orbitals is
dumbbell
shaped... Pg
37
px z py z pz z
y y y
x x x
2p
...they are
identical in all
ways except...
Pg
37
px z py z pz z
y y y
x x x
2p
...they point in
different directions
(hence the names)
Pg
37
px z py z pz z
y y y
this is one orbital

(just has two different
x x coloured areas)
x
2p Pg
34
afraid?
you will be...
our simple Lewis model
helps explain a lot of
chemistry...especially
reactions... what is a
bond?
what is a
bond?
...but it fails to explain
such fundamental
concepts as shape...
...actually, it can explain
shape if we use VSEPR
theory...but anyways,
lets use those orbitals
what is a
bond?
single (σ) bond
H• + H• H H
energy
here we have 2
hydrogen atoms
(each with 1 electron
in a 1s orbital)
Pg
H•
1s
H•
1s 37
single (σ) bond
H• + H• H H
σ*
to form a covalent
bond they must
energy
share their
electrons...
σ Pg
H•
1s
H–H H•
1s 35
single (σ) bond
H• + H• H H
σ*
energy
...this is achieved
by combining the
two atomic
Pg
orbitals to give...
σ
H•
1s
H–H H•
1s 35
single (σ) bond
H• + H• H H
σ* ...a new molecular

orbital, a sigma σ
orbital (or bond)
energy
σ Pg
H•
1s
H–H H•
1s 35
single (σ) bond
H• + H• H H
...this bonding
σ* orbital is lower in
energy than the
atoms...so a bond
will form
energy
σ Pg
H•
1s
H–H H•
1s 35
single (σ) bond
H• + H• H H
a consequence of the
maths is we also get an
anti-bonding sigma
orbital (σ*)...2 orbitals
σ*
must give 2 new orbitals
energy
σ Pg
H•
1s
H–H H•
1s 37
single (σ) bond
H• + H• H H
σ*
energy
...but lets ignore this

confusing little devil for
the time being!
σ Pg
H•
1s
H–H H•
1s 37
single (σ) bond
it is called a σ orbital as
is symmetrical along
bond axis (you can rotate
it like a cylinder and it
doesn’t change)
Pg
H H 47
single (σ) bond all bonds to H are
sigma (as all are like a
cylinder)...here we
overlap 1s of H with 2p
of C and get sigma
bond)
C• + H• C H
Pg
37
Pg
single (σ) bond 38
σ*
energy
if we take two 2p
orbitals and combine
them head-to-head
C• σ C•
2py C–C 2py
Pg
single (σ) bond 38
σ*
...we get a sigma
σ bonding
orbital...it is still
energy
like a cylinder...
C• σ C•
2py C–C 2py
Pg
single (σ) bond 38
σ*
energy
...this is the
normal single
bond we observe
in alkanes etc.
C• σ C•
2py C–C 2py
Pg
single (σ) bond 38
σ*
this is one orbital
NOT three
energy
C• σ C•
2py C–C 2py
single (σ) bond
the blue bit is the

sigma orbital...ignore
Pg
the red orbitals for
the time being...
35
sp3
C
an atom with 4 σ
bonds is called an sp3
atom (as 1 x s and 3 x Pg
p used in bonding)
37
tetrahedral H
Br
C
Br
H
109°
sp3
Pg
41
tetrahedral H C
Br
Br
H
sp3 atoms are
tetrahedral in shape
(the bonds stay as far
apart as possible)
109°
sp3
Pg
41
Pg
double (σ + π) bonds 38
C C
C=C
π*
energy
C=C
π
two 2p orbitals can
combine side-to-side
carbon carbon
2pz C C 2pz
Pg
C C
C=C
π*
energy
the new bond

is a pi π bond
C=C
π
carbon carbon
2pz C C 2pz
Pg
C C
C=C
π*
energy
C=C
π
here we have a
C–C σ bond and
carbon a pi π bond carbon
2pz C C 2pz
Pg
C C
C=C
π*
energy
C=C
π
the pi π bond is
one orbital (with
two bits to it)
carbon carbon
2pz C C 2pz
double (π) bond
Pg
38
double (π) bond
it is called a pi π orbital as
rotation around the C–C
axis causes a change (from
red to blue) so no longer
like a cylinder Pg
38
double (π) bond
remember: this is ONE

orbital (just two different
coloured halves)
Pg
35
double (π) bond
we have an inner σ bond

(the rod) and an outer π
bond (the orbital) hence it
is a double bond
Pg
38
H3C CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
the p bond prevents
O H
alkenes from rotating (the
two bonds can’t twist pass
multistep enzyme- eachisomerises
light other)...
catalysed reverse complexed
process cis-retinal
H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 O
CH3
Pg
38
H3C CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
this can effect
O H
shape of molecule
multistep enzyme- light isomerises

process cis-retinal
H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 O
CH3
Pg
38
H3C CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
O H
we must break π
bond before
catalysed reverse complexed alkene can rotate
process cis-retinal
H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 O
CH3
Pg
38
H3C CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
the change in
O H
shape initiates the
visual cascade and
multistep enzyme- light isomerises our sight
process cis-retinal
H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 O
CH3
Pg
38
H3C CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
O H

process cis-retinal
H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 O why do you think

red path is easy
H but blue hard?
CH3
Pg
38
sp2
an atom with three σ
orbitals and one π
orbital is called an sp2
atom (we only count the
C
orbitals used in making
Pg
s orbitals)
38
trigonal
planar
120°
sp2 atoms are trigonal planar
sp2
(flat and pointing to the
corners of a triangle)...again,
this is because the orbitals
Pg try to be as far apart as
possible
40
triple (σ + 2x π) bonds
σ
H C C H
π (2pz + 2pz) σ
a triple bond (like an π (2py + 2py)
alkyne) is formed from one
σ bond and two π bonds (at
right angles to each other
due to the direct of the p
orbitals that made them) σ π
H C C
π
H Pg
39
triple (σ + 2x π) bonds so...two p orbitals combine
head-to-head to give a σ bond
and two pairs of p orbitals
combine side-to-side to give
the two π orbitals (& there are
only two π orbitals)
σ
H C C H
π (2pz + 2pz) σ
π (2py + 2py)
σ π
H C C
π
H Pg
39
sp
an atom with two σ
orbitals and two π orbitals
is called an sp atom (as
two orbitals made the
basic σ skeleton)
C
Pg
39
linear
an atom with two

groups on it will be
180°
sp Pg
linear (a straight line)
as the orbitals stay as
far apart as possible
40
H3C
H
CO2H
OH O
O
OCH3
H
here is a real
OH O molecule...we should be
dynemicin A able to identify the types
of atoms present...
Pg
40
four groups attached so
it must be sp3 and as
those groups try to stay
as far apart as possible
it is tetrahedral
H3C
H
CO2H
OH O
O
OCH3
H
OH O
dynemicin A
sp3
tetrahedral
Pg
40
...only three groups so
sp2 and flat, trigonal
planar
H3C
H
CO2H
OH O
O sp2
OCH3 trigonal
H
planar
OH O
dynemicin A
sp3
tetrahedral
Pg
40
sp
linear
straight line, two
groups must be sp
H3C
H
and linear
CO2H
OH O
O sp2
OCH3 trigonal
H
planar
OH O
dynemicin A
sp3
tetrahedral
Pg
40
what is
oxygen?
H3C
H
CO2H
OH O
O
OCH3
H
OH O
dynemicin A
Pg
40
...is it sp as
what is attached to two
oxygen? carbon atoms?
H3C
H
CO2H
OH O
O
OCH3
H
OH O
dynemicin A
Pg
40
sp, sp2 or 3
sp ?
H
O look at a simpler
system...water, sp,
H sp2 or sp3?
sp, sp2 or 3
sp ?
H
O H draw Lewis
structure...
sp, sp2 or 3
sp ?
H
O H we have FOUR
groups around O,
two lone pairs &
two H atoms. So it
is...
tetrahedral
H
O
H sp3
tetrahedral
H
O
H sp3
that is why we draw
water as a bent
molecule...its shape
is based on a
tetrahedron...
tetrahedral
H
O
...any atom with
four atoms or lone
pairs around it is
sp3 with all that
entails!
H sp3
sp, sp 2
or sp ?
O
3
what kind of atom
is the oxygen?
C
H H
1 double
bon d
O ...and two lone
pairs, so three
groups around the
C oxygen so it is...
H H
trigonal
pla n a r
H
O
C
H
sp2
sp, sp 2
3
or sp ?
N C H
what kind of atom
is the nitrogen?
1 triple
bond
N C H
and one lone pair
so two groups so it
is...
linear
sp
N C H
what have
....we learnt?
•e l e c t r o n s
where they are
•b o n d s
what they are
Courtesy: National Science Foundation
•s h a p e

Molecular Bonding

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Molecular Bonding

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Unit One Parts 3 & 4:

as I’ve taken the

Describing bonds Pages

we get 2 charged species

don’t worry about

lowest energy orbital

2s 2px 2py 2pz

2s 2px 2py 2pz

2s 2px 2py 2pz

2s 2px 2py 2pz

2s 2px 2py 2pz doesn’t matter what it

2s 2px 2py 2pz

2px 2py 2pz

2px 2py 2pz

lithium obeys both

2px 2py 2pz

2px 2py 2pz

2px 2py 2pz

2px 2py 2pz

electrons as far apart as

makes sense as like

electrons as far apart as

luckily we don’t care

only need consider high

hopefully, you can see

use octet rule to draw

first draw all the

now join all the atoms

the central C and O

take the atoms

start with our

No, its all over the

formal charges localise

so...here's some pretty pictures...

atomic orbital is the

atomic orbital maximum of 2

this is one orbital

σ* ...a new molecular

...but lets ignore this

the blue bit is the

the new bond

remember: this is ONE

we have an inner σ bond

H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 O

multistep enzyme- light isomerises

H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 O

H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 O

H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 O

multistep enzyme- light isomerises

H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 O why do you think

an atom with two

oxygen? carbon atoms?

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